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11856881

DETAILED DESCRIPTION In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present disclosure. It will be apparent, however, that embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the present disclosure. Embodiments are disclosed in sections according to the following outline:1. GENERAL OVERVIEW2. EXAMPLE AGRICULTURAL INTELLIGENCE COMPUTER SYSTEM2.1. STRUCTURAL OVERVIEW2.2. APPLICATION PROGRAM OVERVIEW2.3. DATA INGEST TO THE COMPUTER SYSTEM2.4. PROCESS OVERVIEW—AGRONOMIC MODEL TRAINING2.5. IMPLEMENTATION EXAMPLE—HARDWARE OVERVIEW3. FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTIONS3.1 TRAINING SET AND DIGITAL MODEL CONSTRUCTION3.2 DIGITAL MODEL EXECUTION3.3 EXAMPLE PROCESSES4. EXTENSIONS AND ALTERNATIVES 1. General Overview A system for recognizing plant diseases producing multi-sized symptoms from a plant photo is disclosed. In some embodiments, the system is programmed to build from multiple training sets multiple digital models, each for recognizing plant diseases having symptoms of similar sizes. Each digital model can be implemented with a deep learning architecture, such as a convolutional neural network (CNN), that classifies an image into one of several classes. For each training set, the system is thus programmed to collect images showing symptoms of one or more plant diseases having similar sizes. These images are then assigned to multiple disease classes. For a first one of the training sets used to build the first digital model, the system is programmed to also include images that correspond to a healthy condition and images of symptoms having other sizes. These images are then assigned to a no-disease class and a catch-all class. Given a new image from a user device, the system is programmed to then first apply the first digital model. For at least the portions of the new image that are classified by the first digital model into the catch-all class, the system is programmed to then apply another one of the digital models. The system is programmed to finally transmit classification data to the user device indicating how each portion of the new image is classified into a class corresponding to a plant disease or no plant disease at all. In some embodiments, the plant is corn. Each image can be a digital image and is typically a photo showing a corn leaf infected with one or more diseases. The system can be programmed to build two digital models, a first one for recognizing those corn diseases producing relatively small symptoms, and a second one for recognizing those corn diseases producing relatively large symptoms. In some embodiments, for the first training set for building the first digital model, the system can be configured to include photos showing mainly symptoms of those diseases having relatively small symptoms. These photos would thus have relatively small sizes. Alternatively, the system can be configured to include scaled versions of these photos corresponding to similar field of views as the originals but having a fixed size. The system can be configured to also include photos corresponding to similar field of views but showing no symptoms or showing symptoms of those diseases having relatively large symptoms. Therefore, the first digital model is designed to classify a corn image into a class corresponding to one of those corn diseases having relatively small symptoms or a healthy condition or a catch-all class corresponding to a combination of those corn diseases having relatively large symptoms. In some embodiments, for the second training set for building the second digital model, the system can be configured to include photos showing mainly symptoms of those diseases having relatively large symptoms. These photos would thus have relatively large sizes. Alternatively, the system can be configured to include scaled versions of these photos corresponding to similar field of views as the originals but having a fixed size. Therefore, the second digital model is designed to classify a corn image into a class corresponding to one of those corn diseases having relatively large symptoms. The system can be programmed to build the first digital model and the second digital model as CNNs respectively from the first training set and the second training set. In some embodiments, the system is programmed to receive a new image, such as a new photo of an infected corn leaf, from a user device and apply the digital models to the new image. Specifically, the system is programmed to first apply the first digital model to the new image to classify each first region within the new image into one of the classes corresponding to corn diseases having relatively small symptoms, a healthy condition, or the combination of corn diseases having relatively large symptoms. The system is programmed to next apply the second digital model to each second region within the combination of first regions that have been classified into the catch-all class into one of the classes corresponding to corn diseases having relatively large symptoms. The second region is typically larger than first region corresponding to a larger symptom or a larger field of view. The system can be programmed to then send classification data related to how each first region or second region is classified into one of the classes corresponding to corn diseases or the healthy condition to the user device. The system produces various technical benefits. The system allows detection of multiple plant diseases from one plant image. The system also allows detection of one plant disease having relatively small symptoms even when such symptoms overlap with relatively large symptoms of another plant disease. In addition, the system also allows detection of plant diseases having multi-sized symptoms from one plant image. More specifically, the system enables association of each of a plurality of regions within a plant with one of a plurality of plant diseases or a healthy class, even when the diseases symptoms have different sizes. Furthermore, the multi-stage approach where different digital models designed to identify separate groups of symptoms are sequentially applied achieves accuracy while requiring relatively few sample images compared to the one-stage approach of detect different groups of symptoms at once. In particular, the multi-stage approach can utilize multiple images extracted from an image used to train the one-stage approach, with the image showing multiple groups of symptoms and each extracted image showing symptoms of only one of the groups. Other aspects and features of embodiments will become apparent from other sections of the disclosure. 2. Example Agricultural Intelligence Computer System 2.1. Structural Overview FIG.1illustrates an example computer system that is configured to perform the functions described herein, shown in a field environment with other apparatus with which the system may interoperate. In one embodiment, a user102owns, operates or possesses a field manager computing device104in a field location or associated with a field location such as a field intended for agricultural activities or a management location for one or more agricultural fields. The field manager computer device104is programmed or configured to provide field data106to an agricultural intelligence computer system130via one or more networks109. Examples of field data106include (a) identification data (for example, acreage, field name, field identifiers, geographic identifiers, boundary identifiers, crop identifiers, and any other suitable data that may be used to identify farm land, such as a common land unit (CLU), lot and block number, a parcel number, geographic coordinates and boundaries, Farm Serial Number (FSN), farm number, tract number, field number, section, township, and/or range), (b) harvest data (for example, crop type, crop variety, crop rotation, whether the crop is grown organically, harvest date, Actual Production History (APH), expected yield, yield, crop price, crop revenue, grain moisture, tillage practice, and previous growing season information), (c) soil data (for example, type, composition, pH, organic matter (OM), cation exchange capacity (CEC)), (d) planting data (for example, planting date, seed(s) type, relative maturity (RM) of planted seed(s), seed population), (e) fertilizer data (for example, nutrient type (Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium), application type, application date, amount, source, method), (f) chemical application data (for example, pesticide, herbicide, fungicide, other substance or mixture of substances intended for use as a plant regulator, defoliant, or desiccant, application date, amount, source, method), (g) irrigation data (for example, application date, amount, source, method), (h) weather data (for example, precipitation, rainfall rate, predicted rainfall, water runoff rate region, temperature, wind, forecast, pressure, visibility, clouds, heat index, dew point, humidity, snow depth, air quality, sunrise, sunset), (i) imagery data (for example, imagery and light spectrum information from an agricultural apparatus sensor, camera, computer, smartphone, tablet, unmanned aerial vehicle, planes or satellite), (j) scouting observations (photos, videos, free form notes, voice recordings, voice transcriptions, weather conditions (temperature, precipitation (current and over time), soil moisture, crop growth stage, wind velocity, relative humidity, dew point, black layer)), and (k) soil, seed, crop phenology, pest and disease reporting, and predictions sources and databases. A data server computer108is communicatively coupled to agricultural intelligence computer system130and is programmed or configured to send external data110to agricultural intelligence computer system130via the network(s)109. The external data server computer108may be owned or operated by the same legal person or entity as the agricultural intelligence computer system130, or by a different person or entity such as a government agency, non-governmental organization (NGO), and/or a private data service provider. Examples of external data include weather data, imagery data, soil data, or statistical data relating to crop yields, among others. External data110may consist of the same type of information as field data106. In some embodiments, the external data110is provided by an external data server108owned by the same entity that owns and/or operates the agricultural intelligence computer system130. For example, the agricultural intelligence computer system130may include a data server focused exclusively on a type of data that might otherwise be obtained from third party sources, such as weather data. In some embodiments, an external data server108may actually be incorporated within the system130. An agricultural apparatus111may have one or more remote sensors112fixed thereon, which sensors are communicatively coupled either directly or indirectly via agricultural apparatus111to the agricultural intelligence computer system130and are programmed or configured to send sensor data to agricultural intelligence computer system130. Examples of agricultural apparatus111include tractors, combines, harvesters, planters, trucks, fertilizer equipment, aerial vehicles including unmanned aerial vehicles, and any other item of physical machinery or hardware, typically mobile machinery, and which may be used in tasks associated with agriculture. In some embodiments, a single unit of apparatus111may comprise a plurality of sensors112that are coupled locally in a network on the apparatus; controller area network (CAN) is example of such a network that can be installed in combines, harvesters, sprayers, and cultivators. Application controller114is communicatively coupled to agricultural intelligence computer system130via the network(s)109and is programmed or configured to receive one or more scripts that are used to control an operating parameter of an agricultural vehicle or implement from the agricultural intelligence computer system130. For instance, a controller area network (CAN) bus interface may be used to enable communications from the agricultural intelligence computer system130to the agricultural apparatus111, such as how the CLIMATE FIELDVIEW DRIVE, available from The Climate Corporation, San Francisco, California, is used. Sensor data may consist of the same type of information as field data106. In some embodiments, remote sensors112may not be fixed to an agricultural apparatus111but may be remotely located in the field and may communicate with network109. The apparatus111may comprise a cab computer115that is programmed with a cab application, which may comprise a version or variant of the mobile application for device104that is further described in other sections herein. In an embodiment, cab computer115comprises a compact computer, often a tablet-sized computer or smartphone, with a graphical screen display, such as a color display, that is mounted within an operator's cab of the apparatus111. Cab computer115may implement some or all of the operations and functions that are described further herein for the mobile computer device104. The network(s)109broadly represent any combination of one or more data communication networks including local area networks, wide area networks, internetworks or internets, using any of wireline or wireless links, including terrestrial or satellite links. The network(s) may be implemented by any medium or mechanism that provides for the exchange of data between the various elements ofFIG.1. The various elements ofFIG.1may also have direct (wired or wireless) communications links. The sensors112, controller114, external data server computer108, and other elements of the system each comprise an interface compatible with the network(s)109and are programmed or configured to use standardized protocols for communication across the networks such as TCP/IP, Bluetooth, CAN protocol and higher-layer protocols such as HTTP, TLS, and the like. Agricultural intelligence computer system130is programmed or configured to receive field data106from field manager computing device104, external data110from external data server computer108, and sensor data from remote sensor112. Agricultural intelligence computer system130may be further configured to host, use or execute one or more computer programs, other software elements, digitally programmed logic such as FPGAs or ASICs, or any combination thereof to perform translation and storage of data values, construction of digital models of one or more crops on one or more fields, generation of recommendations and notifications, and generation and sending of scripts to application controller114, in the manner described further in other sections of this disclosure. In an embodiment, agricultural intelligence computer system130is programmed with or comprises a communication layer132, presentation layer134, data management layer140, hardware/virtualization layer150, and model and field data repository160. “Layer,” in this context, refers to any combination of electronic digital interface circuits, microcontrollers, firmware such as drivers, and/or computer programs or other software elements. Communication layer132may be programmed or configured to perform input/output interfacing functions including sending requests to field manager computing device104, external data server computer108, and remote sensor112for field data, external data, and sensor data respectively. Communication layer132may be programmed or configured to send the received data to model and field data repository160to be stored as field data106. Presentation layer134may be programmed or configured to generate a graphical user interface (GUI) to be displayed on field manager computing device104, cab computer115or other computers that are coupled to the system130through the network109. The GUI may comprise controls for inputting data to be sent to agricultural intelligence computer system130, generating requests for models and/or recommendations, and/or displaying recommendations, notifications, models, and other field data. Data management layer140may be programmed or configured to manage read operations and write operations involving the repository160and other functional elements of the system, including queries and result sets communicated between the functional elements of the system and the repository. Examples of data management layer140include JDBC, SQL server interface code, and/or HADOOP interface code, among others. Repository160may comprise a database. As used herein, the term “database” may refer to either a body of data, a relational database management system (RDBMS), or to both. As used herein, a database may comprise any collection of data including hierarchical databases, relational databases, flat file databases, object-relational databases, object oriented databases, distributed databases, and any other structured collection of records or data that is stored in a computer system. Examples of RDBMS's include, but are not limited to including, ORACLE®, MYSQL, IBM® DB2, MICROSOFT® SQL SERVER, SYBASE®, and POSTGRESQL databases. However, any database may be used that enables the systems and methods described herein. When field data106is not provided directly to the agricultural intelligence computer system via one or more agricultural machines or agricultural machine devices that interacts with the agricultural intelligence computer system, the user may be prompted via one or more user interfaces on the user device (served by the agricultural intelligence computer system) to input such information. In an example embodiment, the user may specify identification data by accessing a map on the user device (served by the agricultural intelligence computer system) and selecting specific CLUs that have been graphically shown on the map. In an alternative embodiment, the user102may specify identification data by accessing a map on the user device (served by the agricultural intelligence computer system130) and drawing boundaries of the field over the map. Such CLU selection or map drawings represent geographic identifiers. In alternative embodiments, the user may specify identification data by accessing field identification data (provided as shape files or in a similar format) from the U. S. Department of Agriculture Farm Service Agency or other source via the user device and providing such field identification data to the agricultural intelligence computer system. In an example embodiment, the agricultural intelligence computer system130is programmed to generate and cause displaying a graphical user interface comprising a data manager for data input. After one or more fields have been identified using the methods described above, the data manager may provide one or more graphical user interface widgets which when selected can identify changes to the field, soil, crops, tillage, or nutrient practices. The data manager may include a timeline view, a spreadsheet view, and/or one or more editable programs. FIG.5depicts an example embodiment of a timeline view for data entry. Using the display depicted inFIG.5, a user computer can input a selection of a particular field and a particular date for the addition of event. Events depicted at the top of the timeline may include Nitrogen, Planting, Practices, and Soil. To add a nitrogen application event, a user computer may provide input to select the nitrogen tab. The user computer may then select a location on the timeline for a particular field in order to indicate an application of nitrogen on the selected field. In response to receiving a selection of a location on the timeline for a particular field, the data manager may display a data entry overlay, allowing the user computer to input data pertaining to nitrogen applications, planting procedures, soil application, tillage procedures, irrigation practices, or other information relating to the particular field. For example, if a user computer selects a portion of the timeline and indicates an application of nitrogen, then the data entry overlay may include fields for inputting an amount of nitrogen applied, a date of application, a type of fertilizer used, and any other information related to the application of nitrogen. In an embodiment, the data manager provides an interface for creating one or more programs. “Program,” in this context, refers to a set of data pertaining to nitrogen applications, planting procedures, soil application, tillage procedures, irrigation practices, or other information that may be related to one or more fields, and that can be stored in digital data storage for reuse as a set in other operations. After a program has been created, it may be conceptually applied to one or more fields and references to the program may be stored in digital storage in association with data identifying the fields. Thus, instead of manually entering identical data relating to the same nitrogen applications for multiple different fields, a user computer may create a program that indicates a particular application of nitrogen and then apply the program to multiple different fields. For example, in the timeline view ofFIG.5, the top two timelines have the “Spring applied” program selected, which includes an application of 150 lbs N/ac in early April. The data manager may provide an interface for editing a program. In an embodiment, when a particular program is edited, each field that has selected the particular program is edited. For example, inFIG.5, if the “Spring applied” program is edited to reduce the application of nitrogen to 130 lbs N/ac, the top two fields may be updated with a reduced application of nitrogen based on the edited program. In an embodiment, in response to receiving edits to a field that has a program selected, the data manager removes the correspondence of the field to the selected program. For example, if a nitrogen application is added to the top field inFIG.5, the interface may update to indicate that the “Spring applied” program is no longer being applied to the top field. While the nitrogen application in early April may remain, updates to the “Spring applied” program would not alter the April application of nitrogen. FIG.6depicts an example embodiment of a spreadsheet view for data entry. Using the display depicted inFIG.6, a user can create and edit information for one or more fields. The data manager may include spreadsheets for inputting information with respect to Nitrogen, Planting, Practices, and Soil as depicted inFIG.6. To edit a particular entry, a user computer may select the particular entry in the spreadsheet and update the values. For example,FIG.6depicts an in-progress update to a target yield value for the second field. Additionally, a user computer may select one or more fields in order to apply one or more programs. In response to receiving a selection of a program for a particular field, the data manager may automatically complete the entries for the particular field based on the selected program. As with the timeline view, the data manager may update the entries for each field associated with a particular program in response to receiving an update to the program. Additionally, the data manager may remove the correspondence of the selected program to the field in response to receiving an edit to one of the entries for the field. In an embodiment, model and field data is stored in model and field data repository160. Model data comprises data models created for one or more fields. For example, a crop model may include a digitally constructed model of the development of a crop on the one or more fields. “Model,” in this context, refers to an electronic digitally stored set of executable instructions and data values, associated with one another, which are capable of receiving and responding to a programmatic or other digital call, invocation, or request for resolution based upon specified input values, to yield one or more stored or calculated output values that can serve as the basis of computer-implemented recommendations, output data displays, or machine control, among other things. Persons of skill in the field find it convenient to express models using mathematical equations, but that form of expression does not confine the models disclosed herein to abstract concepts; instead, each model herein has a practical application in a computer in the form of stored executable instructions and data that implement the model using the computer. The model may include a model of past events on the one or more fields, a model of the current status of the one or more fields, and/or a model of predicted events on the one or more fields. Model and field data may be stored in data structures in memory, rows in a database table, in flat files or spreadsheets, or other forms of stored digital data. In an embodiment, agricultural intelligence computer system130is programmed to comprise a classification model management server computer (server)170. The server170is further configured to comprise model construction instructions174, model execution instructions176, and user interface instructions178. In some embodiments, the model construction instructions174offer computer-executable instructions to assemble training sets and build digital models from the training sets for recognizing plant diseases having multi-sized symptoms from a plant image. Each digital model is designed to recognize plant diseases having similar-sized symptoms. Therefore, each training set includes images corresponding to a distinct field of view or a distinctly sized area within a plant leaf. The model configuration instructions172offer computer-executable instructions to specifically split given images with a sliding window into individual regions for the training sets. Each digital model can be implemented with a deep learning architecture that classifies a new image into one of a plurality of classes, each corresponding to a plant disease, a healthy condition, or a catch-call combination of multiple plant diseases. In some embodiments, the model execution instructions176offer computer-executable instructions to apply the digital models to new images for classification. Each new image can be a new plant photo showing multi-sized symptoms of one or more plant diseases. A first digital model for recognizing a first group of diseases having symptoms sized within a first distinct range is applied to the new image. More specifically, the new image can be scaled as necessary and different first regions of the new image can be classified with the first digital model into a class corresponding to one of the first group of plant diseases, a healthy condition, or a catch-all class for all other plant diseases. The size of each first region would correlate with the sizes in the first distinct range. Next, a second digital model for recognizing a second group of diseases having symptoms sized within a second distinct range is applied to the combination of first regions classified into the catch-all class. The remaining process related to the first digital model can similarly be performed with the second digital model or additional digital models until every area of the new image is classified into at least one class corresponding to one of the plant diseases. In some embodiments, the user interface instructions178offer computer-executable instructions to manage communications with other devices. The communications may include receiving initial image data for training purposes from an image source, receiving a new photo for classification from a user device, sending classification results for the new photo to the user device, or sending the digital models to another computing device. Each component of the server170comprises a set of one or more pages of main memory, such as RAM, in the agricultural intelligence computer system130into which executable instructions have been loaded and which when executed cause the agricultural intelligence computing system to perform the functions or operations that are described herein with reference to those modules. For example, the model construction module174may comprise a set of pages in RAM that contain instructions which when executed cause performing the location selection functions that are described herein. The instructions may be in machine executable code in the instruction set of a CPU and may have been compiled based upon source code written in JAVA, C, C++, OBJECTIVE-C, or any other human-readable programming language or environment, alone or in combination with scripts in JAVASCRIPT, other scripting languages and other programming source text. The term “pages” is intended to refer broadly to any region within main memory and the specific terminology used in a system may vary depending on the memory architecture or processor architecture. In another embodiment, each component of the server170also may represent one or more files or projects of source code that are digitally stored in a mass storage device such as non-volatile RAM or disk storage, in the agricultural intelligence computer system130or a separate repository system, which when compiled or interpreted cause generating executable instructions which when executed cause the agricultural intelligence computing system to perform the functions or operations that are described herein with reference to those modules. In other words, the drawing figure may represent the manner in which programmers or software developers organize and arrange source code for later compilation into an executable, or interpretation into bytecode or the equivalent, for execution by the agricultural intelligence computer system130. Hardware/virtualization layer150comprises one or more central processing units (CPUs), memory controllers, and other devices, components, or elements of a computer system such as volatile or non-volatile memory, non-volatile storage such as disk, and I/O devices or interfaces as illustrated and described, for example, in connection withFIG.4. The layer150also may comprise programmed instructions that are configured to support virtualization, containerization, or other technologies. For purposes of illustrating a clear example,FIG.1shows a limited number of instances of certain functional elements. However, in other embodiments, there may be any number of such elements. For example, embodiments may use thousands or millions of different mobile computing devices104associated with different users. Further, the system130and/or external data server computer108may be implemented using two or more processors, cores, clusters, or instances of physical machines or virtual machines, configured in a discrete location or co-located with other elements in a datacenter, shared computing facility or cloud computing facility. 2.2. Application Program Overview In an embodiment, the implementation of the functions described herein using one or more computer programs or other software elements that are loaded into and executed using one or more general-purpose computers will cause the general-purpose computers to be configured as a particular machine or as a computer that is specially adapted to perform the functions described herein. Further, each of the flow diagrams that are described further herein may serve, alone or in combination with the descriptions of processes and functions in prose herein, as algorithms, plans or directions that may be used to program a computer or logic to implement the functions that are described. In other words, all the prose text herein, and all the drawing figures, together are intended to provide disclosure of algorithms, plans or directions that are sufficient to permit a skilled person to program a computer to perform the functions that are described herein, in combination with the skill and knowledge of such a person given the level of skill that is appropriate for inventions and disclosures of this type. In an embodiment, user102interacts with agricultural intelligence computer system130using field manager computing device104configured with an operating system and one or more application programs or apps; the field manager computing device104also may interoperate with the agricultural intelligence computer system independently and automatically under program control or logical control and direct user interaction is not always required. Field manager computing device104broadly represents one or more of a smart phone, PDA, tablet computing device, laptop computer, desktop computer, workstation, or any other computing device capable of transmitting and receiving information and performing the functions described herein. Field manager computing device104may communicate via a network using a mobile application stored on field manager computing device104, and in some embodiments, the device may be coupled using a cable113or connector to the sensor112and/or controller114. A particular user102may own, operate or possess and use, in connection with system130, more than one field manager computing device104at a time. The mobile application may provide client-side functionality, via the network to one or more mobile computing devices. In an example embodiment, field manager computing device104may access the mobile application via a web browser or a local client application or app. Field manager computing device104may transmit data to, and receive data from, one or more front-end servers, using web-based protocols or formats such as HTTP, XML and/or JSON, or app-specific protocols. In an example embodiment, the data may take the form of requests and user information input, such as field data, into the mobile computing device. In some embodiments, the mobile application interacts with location tracking hardware and software on field manager computing device104which determines the location of field manager computing device104using standard tracking techniques such as multilateration of radio signals, the global positioning system (GPS), WiFi positioning systems, or other methods of mobile positioning. In some cases, location data or other data associated with the device104, user102, and/or user account(s) may be obtained by queries to an operating system of the device or by requesting an app on the device to obtain data from the operating system. In an embodiment, field manager computing device104sends field data106to agricultural intelligence computer system130comprising or including, but not limited to, data values representing one or more of: a geographical location of the one or more fields, tillage information for the one or more fields, crops planted in the one or more fields, and soil data extracted from the one or more fields. Field manager computing device104may send field data106in response to user input from user102specifying the data values for the one or more fields. Additionally, field manager computing device104may automatically send field data106when one or more of the data values becomes available to field manager computing device104. For example, field manager computing device104may be communicatively coupled to remote sensor112and/or application controller114which include an irrigation sensor and/or irrigation controller. In response to receiving data indicating that application controller114released water onto the one or more fields, field manager computing device104may send field data106to agricultural intelligence computer system130indicating that water was released on the one or more fields. Field data106identified in this disclosure may be input and communicated using electronic digital data that is communicated between computing devices using parameterized URLs over HTTP, or another suitable communication or messaging protocol. A commercial example of the mobile application is CLIMATE FIELDVIEW, commercially available from The Climate Corporation, San Francisco, California. The CLIMATE FIELDVIEW application, or other applications, may be modified, extended, or adapted to include features, functions, and programming that have not been disclosed earlier than the filing date of this disclosure. In one embodiment, the mobile application comprises an integrated software platform that allows a grower to make fact-based decisions for their operation because it combines historical data about the grower's fields with any other data that the grower wishes to compare. The combinations and comparisons may be performed in real time and are based upon scientific models that provide potential scenarios to permit the grower to make better, more informed decisions. FIG.2illustrates two views of an example logical organization of sets of instructions in main memory when an example mobile application is loaded for execution. InFIG.2, each named element represents a region of one or more pages of RAM or other main memory, or one or more blocks of disk storage or other non-volatile storage, and the programmed instructions within those regions. In one embodiment, in view (a), a mobile computer application200comprises account-fields-data ingestion-sharing instructions202, overview and alert instructions204, digital map book instructions206, seeds and planting instructions208, nitrogen instructions210, weather instructions212, field health instructions214, and performance instructions216. In one embodiment, a mobile computer application200comprises account, fields, data ingestion, sharing instructions202which are programmed to receive, translate, and ingest field data from third party systems via manual upload or APIs. Data types may include field boundaries, yield maps, as-planted maps, soil test results, as-applied maps, and/or management zones, among others. Data formats may include shape files, native data formats of third parties, and/or farm management information system (FMIS) exports, among others. Receiving data may occur via manual upload, e-mail with attachment, external APIs that push data to the mobile application, or instructions that call APIs of external systems to pull data into the mobile application. In one embodiment, mobile computer application200comprises a data inbox. In response to receiving a selection of the data inbox, the mobile computer application200may display a graphical user interface for manually uploading data files and importing uploaded files to a data manager. In one embodiment, digital map book instructions206comprise field map data layers stored in device memory and are programmed with data visualization tools and geospatial field notes. This provides growers with convenient information close at hand for reference, logging and visual insights into field performance. In one embodiment, overview and alert instructions204are programmed to provide an operation-wide view of what is important to the grower, and timely recommendations to take action or focus on particular issues. This permits the grower to focus time on what needs attention, to save time and preserve yield throughout the season. In one embodiment, seeds and planting instructions208are programmed to provide tools for seed selection, hybrid placement, and script creation, including variable rate (VR) script creation, based upon scientific models and empirical data. This enables growers to maximize yield or return on investment through optimized seed purchase, placement and population. In one embodiment, script generation instructions205are programmed to provide an interface for generating scripts, including variable rate (VR) fertility scripts. The interface enables growers to create scripts for field implements, such as nutrient applications, planting, and irrigation. For example, a planting script interface may comprise tools for identifying a type of seed for planting. Upon receiving a selection of the seed type, mobile computer application200may display one or more fields broken into management zones, such as the field map data layers created as part of digital map book instructions206. In one embodiment, the management zones comprise soil zones along with a panel identifying each soil zone and a soil name, texture, drainage for each zone, or other field data. Mobile computer application200may also display tools for editing or creating such, such as graphical tools for drawing management zones, such as soil zones, over a map of one or more fields. Planting procedures may be applied to all management zones or different planting procedures may be applied to different subsets of management zones. When a script is created, mobile computer application200may make the script available for download in a format readable by an application controller, such as an archived or compressed format. Additionally, and/or alternatively, a script may be sent directly to cab computer115from mobile computer application200and/or uploaded to one or more data servers and stored for further use. In one embodiment, nitrogen instructions210are programmed to provide tools to inform nitrogen decisions by visualizing the availability of nitrogen to crops. This enables growers to maximize yield or return on investment through optimized nitrogen application during the season. Example programmed functions include displaying images such as SSURGO images to enable drawing of fertilizer application zones and/or images generated from subfield soil data, such as data obtained from sensors, at a high spatial resolution (as fine as millimeters or smaller depending on sensor proximity and resolution); upload of existing grower-defined zones; providing a graph of plant nutrient availability and/or a map to enable tuning application(s) of nitrogen across multiple zones; output of scripts to drive machinery; tools for mass data entry and adjustment; and/or maps for data visualization, among others. “Mass data entry,” in this context, may mean entering data once and then applying the same data to multiple fields and/or zones that have been defined in the system; example data may include nitrogen application data that is the same for many fields and/or zones of the same grower, but such mass data entry applies to the entry of any type of field data into the mobile computer application200. For example, nitrogen instructions210may be programmed to accept definitions of nitrogen application and practices programs and to accept user input specifying to apply those programs across multiple fields. “Nitrogen application programs,” in this context, refers to stored, named sets of data that associates: a name, color code or other identifier, one or more dates of application, types of material or product for each of the dates and amounts, method of application or incorporation such as injected or broadcast, and/or amounts or rates of application for each of the dates, crop or hybrid that is the subject of the application, among others. “Nitrogen practices programs,” in this context, refer to stored, named sets of data that associates: a practices name; a previous crop; a tillage system; a date of primarily tillage; one or more previous tillage systems that were used; one or more indicators of application type, such as manure, that were used. Nitrogen instructions210also may be programmed to generate and cause displaying a nitrogen graph, which indicates projections of plant use of the specified nitrogen and whether a surplus or shortfall is predicted; in some embodiments, different color indicators may signal a magnitude of surplus or magnitude of shortfall. In one embodiment, a nitrogen graph comprises a graphical display in a computer display device comprising a plurality of rows, each row associated with and identifying a field; data specifying what crop is planted in the field, the field size, the field location, and a graphic representation of the field perimeter; in each row, a timeline by month with graphic indicators specifying each nitrogen application and amount at points correlated to month names; and numeric and/or colored indicators of surplus or shortfall, in which color indicates magnitude. In one embodiment, the nitrogen graph may include one or more user input features, such as dials or slider bars, to dynamically change the nitrogen planting and practices programs so that a user may optimize his nitrogen graph. The user may then use his optimized nitrogen graph and the related nitrogen planting and practices programs to implement one or more scripts, including variable rate (VR) fertility scripts. Nitrogen instructions210also may be programmed to generate and cause displaying a nitrogen map, which indicates projections of plant use of the specified nitrogen and whether a surplus or shortfall is predicted; in some embodiments, different color indicators may signal a magnitude of surplus or magnitude of shortfall. The nitrogen map may display projections of plant use of the specified nitrogen and whether a surplus or shortfall is predicted for different times in the past and the future (such as daily, weekly, monthly or yearly) using numeric and/or colored indicators of surplus or shortfall, in which color indicates magnitude. In one embodiment, the nitrogen map may include one or more user input features, such as dials or slider bars, to dynamically change the nitrogen planting and practices programs so that a user may optimize his nitrogen map, such as to obtain a preferred amount of surplus to shortfall. The user may then use his optimized nitrogen map and the related nitrogen planting and practices programs to implement one or more scripts, including variable rate (VR) fertility scripts. In other embodiments, similar instructions to the nitrogen instructions210could be used for application of other nutrients (such as phosphorus and potassium), application of pesticide, and irrigation programs. In one embodiment, weather instructions212are programmed to provide field-specific recent weather data and forecasted weather information. This enables growers to save time and have an efficient integrated display with respect to daily operational decisions. In one embodiment, field health instructions214are programmed to provide timely remote sensing images highlighting in-season crop variation and potential concerns. Example programmed functions include cloud checking, to identify possible clouds or cloud shadows; determining nitrogen indices based on field images; graphical visualization of scouting layers, including, for example, those related to field health, and viewing and/or sharing of scouting notes; and/or downloading satellite images from multiple sources and prioritizing the images for the grower, among others. In one embodiment, performance instructions216are programmed to provide reports, analysis, and insight tools using on-farm data for evaluation, insights and decisions. This enables the grower to seek improved outcomes for the next year through fact-based conclusions about why return on investment was at prior levels, and insight into yield-limiting factors. The performance instructions216may be programmed to communicate via the network(s)109to back-end analytics programs executed at agricultural intelligence computer system130and/or external data server computer108and configured to analyze metrics such as yield, yield differential, hybrid, population, SSURGO zone, soil test properties, or elevation, among others. Programmed reports and analysis may include yield variability analysis, treatment effect estimation, benchmarking of yield and other metrics against other growers based on anonymized data collected from many growers, or data for seeds and planting, among others. Applications having instructions configured in this way may be implemented for different computing device platforms while retaining the same general user interface appearance. For example, the mobile application may be programmed for execution on tablets, smartphones, or server computers that are accessed using browsers at client computers. Further, the mobile application as configured for tablet computers or smartphones may provide a full app experience or a cab app experience that is suitable for the display and processing capabilities of cab computer115. For example, referring now to view (b) ofFIG.2, in one embodiment a cab computer application220may comprise maps-cab instructions222, remote view instructions224, data collect and transfer instructions226, machine alerts instructions228, script transfer instructions230, and scouting-cab instructions232. The code base for the instructions of view (b) may be the same as for view (a) and executables implementing the code may be programmed to detect the type of platform on which they are executing and to expose, through a graphical user interface, only those functions that are appropriate to a cab platform or full platform. This approach enables the system to recognize the distinctly different user experience that is appropriate for an in-cab environment and the different technology environment of the cab. The maps-cab instructions222may be programmed to provide map views of fields, farms or regions that are useful in directing machine operation. The remote view instructions224may be programmed to turn on, manage, and provide views of machine activity in real-time or near real-time to other computing devices connected to the system130via wireless networks, wired connectors or adapters, and the like. The data collect and transfer instructions226may be programmed to turn on, manage, and provide transfer of data collected at sensors and controllers to the system130via wireless networks, wired connectors or adapters, and the like. The machine alerts instructions228may be programmed to detect issues with operations of the machine or tools that are associated with the cab and generate operator alerts. The script transfer instructions230may be configured to transfer in scripts of instructions that are configured to direct machine operations or the collection of data. The scouting-cab instructions232may be programmed to display location-based alerts and information received from the system130based on the location of the field manager computing device104, agricultural apparatus111, or sensors112in the field and ingest, manage, and provide transfer of location-based scouting observations to the system130based on the location of the agricultural apparatus111or sensors112in the field. 2.3. Data Ingest to the Computer System In an embodiment, external data server computer108stores external data110, including soil data representing soil composition for the one or more fields and weather data representing temperature and precipitation on the one or more fields. The weather data may include past and present weather data as well as forecasts for future weather data. In an embodiment, external data server computer108comprises a plurality of servers hosted by different entities. For example, a first server may contain soil composition data while a second server may include weather data. Additionally, soil composition data may be stored in multiple servers. For example, one server may store data representing percentage of sand, silt, and clay in the soil while a second server may store data representing percentage of organic matter (OM) in the soil. In an embodiment, remote sensor112comprises one or more sensors that are programmed or configured to produce one or more observations. Remote sensor112may be aerial sensors, such as satellites, vehicle sensors, planting equipment sensors, tillage sensors, fertilizer or insecticide application sensors, harvester sensors, and any other implement capable of receiving data from the one or more fields. In an embodiment, application controller114is programmed or configured to receive instructions from agricultural intelligence computer system130. Application controller114may also be programmed or configured to control an operating parameter of an agricultural vehicle or implement. For example, an application controller may be programmed or configured to control an operating parameter of a vehicle, such as a tractor, planting equipment, tillage equipment, fertilizer or insecticide equipment, harvester equipment, or other farm implements such as a water valve. Other embodiments may use any combination of sensors and controllers, of which the following are merely selected examples. The system130may obtain or ingest data under user102control, on a mass basis from a large number of growers who have contributed data to a shared database system. This form of obtaining data may be termed “manual data ingest” as one or more user-controlled computer operations are requested or triggered to obtain data for use by the system130. As an example, the CLIMATE FIELDVIEW application, commercially available from The Climate Corporation, San Francisco, California, may be operated to export data to system130for storing in the repository160. For example, seed monitor systems can both control planter apparatus components and obtain planting data, including signals from seed sensors via a signal harness that comprises a CAN backbone and point-to-point connections for registration and/or diagnostics. Seed monitor systems can be programmed or configured to display seed spacing, population and other information to the user via the cab computer115or other devices within the system130. Examples are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,738,243 and U.S. Pat. Pub. 20150094916, and the present disclosure assumes knowledge of those other patent disclosures. Likewise, yield monitor systems may contain yield sensors for harvester apparatus that send yield measurement data to the cab computer115or other devices within the system130. Yield monitor systems may utilize one or more remote sensors112to obtain grain moisture measurements in a combine or other harvester and transmit these measurements to the user via the cab computer115or other devices within the system130. In an embodiment, examples of sensors112that may be used with any moving vehicle or apparatus of the type described elsewhere herein include kinematic sensors and position sensors. Kinematic sensors may comprise any of speed sensors such as radar or wheel speed sensors, accelerometers, or gyros. Position sensors may comprise GPS receivers or transceivers, or WiFi-based position or mapping apps that are programmed to determine location based upon nearby WiFi hotspots, among others. In an embodiment, examples of sensors112that may be used with tractors or other moving vehicles include engine speed sensors, fuel consumption sensors, area counters or distance counters that interact with GPS or radar signals, PTO (power take-off) speed sensors, tractor hydraulics sensors configured to detect hydraulics parameters such as pressure or flow, and/or and hydraulic pump speed, wheel speed sensors or wheel slippage sensors. In an embodiment, examples of controllers114that may be used with tractors include hydraulic directional controllers, pressure controllers, and/or flow controllers; hydraulic pump speed controllers; speed controllers or governors; hitch position controllers; or wheel position controllers provide automatic steering. In an embodiment, examples of sensors112that may be used with seed planting equipment such as planters, drills, or air seeders include seed sensors, which may be optical, electromagnetic, or impact sensors; downforce sensors such as load pins, load cells, pressure sensors; soil property sensors such as reflectivity sensors, moisture sensors, electrical conductivity sensors, optical residue sensors, or temperature sensors; component operating criteria sensors such as planting depth sensors, downforce cylinder pressure sensors, seed disc speed sensors, seed drive motor encoders, seed conveyor system speed sensors, or vacuum level sensors; or pesticide application sensors such as optical or other electromagnetic sensors, or impact sensors. In an embodiment, examples of controllers114that may be used with such seed planting equipment include: toolbar fold controllers, such as controllers for valves associated with hydraulic cylinders; downforce controllers, such as controllers for valves associated with pneumatic cylinders, airbags, or hydraulic cylinders, and programmed for applying downforce to individual row units or an entire planter frame; planting depth controllers, such as linear actuators; metering controllers, such as electric seed meter drive motors, hydraulic seed meter drive motors, or swath control clutches; hybrid selection controllers, such as seed meter drive motors, or other actuators programmed for selectively allowing or preventing seed or an air-seed mixture from delivering seed to or from seed meters or central bulk hoppers; metering controllers, such as electric seed meter drive motors, or hydraulic seed meter drive motors; seed conveyor system controllers, such as controllers for a belt seed delivery conveyor motor; marker controllers, such as a controller for a pneumatic or hydraulic actuator; or pesticide application rate controllers, such as metering drive controllers, orifice size or position controllers. In an embodiment, examples of sensors112that may be used with tillage equipment include position sensors for tools such as shanks or discs; tool position sensors for such tools that are configured to detect depth, gang angle, or lateral spacing; downforce sensors; or draft force sensors. In an embodiment, examples of controllers114that may be used with tillage equipment include downforce controllers or tool position controllers, such as controllers configured to control tool depth, gang angle, or lateral spacing. In an embodiment, examples of sensors112that may be used in relation to apparatus for applying fertilizer, insecticide, fungicide and the like, such as on-planter starter fertilizer systems, subsoil fertilizer applicators, or fertilizer sprayers, include: fluid system criteria sensors, such as flow sensors or pressure sensors; sensors indicating which spray head valves or fluid line valves are open; sensors associated with tanks, such as fill level sensors; sectional or system-wide supply line sensors, or row-specific supply line sensors; or kinematic sensors such as accelerometers disposed on sprayer booms. In an embodiment, examples of controllers114that may be used with such apparatus include pump speed controllers; valve controllers that are programmed to control pressure, flow, direction, PWM and the like; or position actuators, such as for boom height, subsoiler depth, or boom position. In an embodiment, examples of sensors112that may be used with harvesters include yield monitors, such as impact plate strain gauges or position sensors, capacitive flow sensors, load sensors, weight sensors, or torque sensors associated with elevators or augers, or optical or other electromagnetic grain height sensors; grain moisture sensors, such as capacitive sensors; grain loss sensors, including impact, optical, or capacitive sensors; header operating criteria sensors such as header height, header type, deck plate gap, feeder speed, and reel speed sensors; separator operating criteria sensors, such as concave clearance, rotor speed, shoe clearance, or chaffer clearance sensors; auger sensors for position, operation, or speed; or engine speed sensors. In an embodiment, examples of controllers114that may be used with harvesters include header operating criteria controllers for elements such as header height, header type, deck plate gap, feeder speed, or reel speed; separator operating criteria controllers for features such as concave clearance, rotor speed, shoe clearance, or chaffer clearance; or controllers for auger position, operation, or speed. In an embodiment, examples of sensors112that may be used with grain carts include weight sensors, or sensors for auger position, operation, or speed. In an embodiment, examples of controllers114that may be used with grain carts include controllers for auger position, operation, or speed. In an embodiment, examples of sensors112and controllers114may be installed in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) apparatus or “drones.” Such sensors may include cameras with detectors effective for any range of the electromagnetic spectrum including visible light, infrared, ultraviolet, near-infrared (NIR), and the like; accelerometers; altimeters; temperature sensors; humidity sensors; pitot tube sensors or other airspeed or wind velocity sensors; battery life sensors; or radar emitters and reflected radar energy detection apparatus; other electromagnetic radiation emitters and reflected electromagnetic radiation detection apparatus. Such controllers may include guidance or motor control apparatus, control surface controllers, camera controllers, or controllers programmed to turn on, operate, obtain data from, manage and configure any of the foregoing sensors. Examples are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/831,165 and the present disclosure assumes knowledge of that other patent disclosure. In an embodiment, sensors112and controllers114may be affixed to soil sampling and measurement apparatus that is configured or programmed to sample soil and perform soil chemistry tests, soil moisture tests, and other tests pertaining to soil. For example, the apparatus disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,767,194 and 8,712,148 may be used, and the present disclosure assumes knowledge of those patent disclosures. In an embodiment, sensors112and controllers114may comprise weather devices for monitoring weather conditions of fields. For example, the apparatus disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/551,582, filed on Aug. 16, 2017, may be used, and the present disclosure assumes knowledge of those patent disclosures. 2.4. Process Overview-Agronomic Model Training In an embodiment, the agricultural intelligence computer system130is programmed or configured to create an agronomic model. In this context, an agronomic model is a data structure in memory of the agricultural intelligence computer system130that comprises field data106, such as identification data and harvest data for one or more fields. The agronomic model may also comprise calculated agronomic properties which describe either conditions which may affect the growth of one or more crops on a field, or properties of the one or more crops, or both. Additionally, an agronomic model may comprise recommendations based on agronomic factors such as crop recommendations, irrigation recommendations, planting recommendations, fertilizer recommendations, fungicide recommendations, pesticide recommendations, harvesting recommendations and other crop management recommendations. The agronomic factors may also be used to estimate one or more crop related results, such as agronomic yield. The agronomic yield of a crop is an estimate of quantity of the crop that is produced, or in some examples the revenue or profit obtained from the produced crop. In an embodiment, the agricultural intelligence computer system130may use a preconfigured agronomic model to calculate agronomic properties related to currently received location and crop information for one or more fields. The preconfigured agronomic model is based upon previously processed field data, including but not limited to, identification data, harvest data, fertilizer data, and weather data. The preconfigured agronomic model may have been cross validated to ensure accuracy of the model. Cross validation may include comparison to ground truthing that compares predicted results with actual results on a field, such as a comparison of precipitation estimate with a rain gauge or sensor providing weather data at the same or nearby location or an estimate of nitrogen content with a soil sample measurement. FIG.3illustrates a programmed process by which the agricultural intelligence computer system generates one or more preconfigured agronomic models using field data provided by one or more data sources.FIG.3may serve as an algorithm or instructions for programming the functional elements of the agricultural intelligence computer system130to perform the operations that are now described. At block305, the agricultural intelligence computer system130is configured or programmed to implement agronomic data preprocessing of field data received from one or more data sources. The field data received from one or more data sources may be preprocessed for the purpose of removing noise, distorting effects, and confounding factors within the agronomic data including measured outliers that could adversely affect received field data values. Embodiments of agronomic data preprocessing may include, but are not limited to, removing data values commonly associated with outlier data values, specific measured data points that are known to unnecessarily skew other data values, data smoothing, aggregation, or sampling techniques used to remove or reduce additive or multiplicative effects from noise, and other filtering or data derivation techniques used to provide clear distinctions between positive and negative data inputs. At block310, the agricultural intelligence computer system130is configured or programmed to perform data subset selection using the preprocessed field data in order to identify datasets useful for initial agronomic model generation. The agricultural intelligence computer system130may implement data subset selection techniques including, but not limited to, a genetic algorithm method, an all subset models method, a sequential search method, a stepwise regression method, a particle swarm optimization method, and an ant colony optimization method. For example, a genetic algorithm selection technique uses an adaptive heuristic search algorithm, based on evolutionary principles of natural selection and genetics, to determine and evaluate datasets within the preprocessed agronomic data. At block315, the agricultural intelligence computer system130is configured or programmed to implement field dataset evaluation. In an embodiment, a specific field dataset is evaluated by creating an agronomic model and using specific quality thresholds for the created agronomic model. Agronomic models may be compared and/or validated using one or more comparison techniques, such as, but not limited to, root mean square error with leave-one-out cross validation (RMSECV), mean absolute error, and mean percentage error. For example, RMSECV can cross validate agronomic models by comparing predicted agronomic property values created by the agronomic model against historical agronomic property values collected and analyzed. In an embodiment, the agronomic dataset evaluation logic is used as a feedback loop where agronomic datasets that do not meet configured quality thresholds are used during future data subset selection steps (block310). At block320, the agricultural intelligence computer system130is configured or programmed to implement agronomic model creation based upon the cross validated agronomic datasets. In an embodiment, agronomic model creation may implement multivariate regression techniques to create preconfigured agronomic data models. At block325, the agricultural intelligence computer system130is configured or programmed to store the preconfigured agronomic data models for future field data evaluation. 2.5. Implementation Example-Hardware Overview According to one embodiment, the techniques described herein are implemented by one or more special-purpose computing devices. The special-purpose computing devices may be hard-wired to perform the techniques, or may include digital electronic devices such as one or more application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) or field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) that are persistently programmed to perform the techniques, or may include one or more general purpose hardware processors programmed to perform the techniques pursuant to program instructions in firmware, memory, other storage, or a combination. Such special-purpose computing devices may also combine custom hard-wired logic, ASICs, or FPGAs with custom programming to accomplish the techniques. The special-purpose computing devices may be desktop computer systems, portable computer systems, handheld devices, networking devices or any other device that incorporates hard-wired and/or program logic to implement the techniques. For example,FIG.4is a block diagram that illustrates a computer system400upon which an embodiment of the invention may be implemented. Computer system400includes a bus402or other communication mechanism for communicating information, and a hardware processor404coupled with bus402for processing information. Hardware processor404may be, for example, a general purpose microprocessor. Computer system400also includes a main memory406, such as a random access memory (RAM) or other dynamic storage device, coupled to bus402for storing information and instructions to be executed by processor404. Main memory406also may be used for storing temporary variables or other intermediate information during execution of instructions to be executed by processor404. Such instructions, when stored in non-transitory storage media accessible to processor404, render computer system400into a special-purpose machine that is customized to perform the operations specified in the instructions. Computer system400further includes a read only memory (ROM)408or other static storage device coupled to bus402for storing static information and instructions for processor404. A storage device410, such as a magnetic disk, optical disk, or solid-state drive is provided and coupled to bus402for storing information and instructions. Computer system400may be coupled via bus402to a display412, such as a cathode ray tube (CRT), for displaying information to a computer user. An input device414, including alphanumeric and other keys, is coupled to bus402for communicating information and command selections to processor404. Another type of user input device is cursor control416, such as a mouse, a trackball, or cursor direction keys for communicating direction information and command selections to processor404and for controlling cursor movement on display412. This input device typically has two degrees of freedom in two axes, a first axis (e.g., x) and a second axis (e.g., y), that allows the device to specify positions in a plane. Computer system400may implement the techniques described herein using customized hard-wired logic, one or more ASICs or FPGAs, firmware and/or program logic which in combination with the computer system causes or programs computer system400to be a special-purpose machine. According to one embodiment, the techniques herein are performed by computer system400in response to processor404executing one or more sequences of one or more instructions contained in main memory406. Such instructions may be read into main memory406from another storage medium, such as storage device410. Execution of the sequences of instructions contained in main memory406causes processor404to perform the process steps described herein. In alternative embodiments, hard-wired circuitry may be used in place of or in combination with software instructions. The term “storage media” as used herein refers to any non-transitory media that store data and/or instructions that cause a machine to operate in a specific fashion. Such storage media may comprise non-volatile media and/or volatile media. Non-volatile media includes, for example, optical disks, magnetic disks, or solid-state drives, such as storage device410. Volatile media includes dynamic memory, such as main memory406. Common forms of storage media include, for example, a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, solid-state drive, magnetic tape, or any other magnetic data storage medium, a CD-ROM, any other optical data storage medium, any physical medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, a PROM, and EPROM, a FLASH-EPROM, NVRAM, any other memory chip or cartridge. Storage media is distinct from but may be used in conjunction with transmission media. Transmission media participates in transferring information between storage media. For example, transmission media includes coaxial cables, copper wire and fiber optics, including the wires that comprise bus402. Transmission media can also take the form of acoustic or light waves, such as those generated during radio-wave and infrared data communications. Various forms of media may be involved in carrying one or more sequences of one or more instructions to processor404for execution. For example, the instructions may initially be carried on a magnetic disk or solid-state drive of a remote computer. The remote computer can load the instructions into its dynamic memory and send the instructions over a telephone line using a modem. A modem local to computer system400can receive the data on the telephone line and use an infra-red transmitter to convert the data to an infra-red signal. An infra-red detector can receive the data carried in the infrared signal and appropriate circuitry can place the data on bus402. Bus402carries the data to main memory406, from which processor404retrieves and executes the instructions. The instructions received by main memory406may optionally be stored on storage device410either before or after execution by processor404. Computer system400also includes a communication interface418coupled to bus402. Communication interface418provides a two-way data communication coupling to a network link420that is connected to a local network422. For example, communication interface418may be an integrated services digital network (ISDN) card, cable modem, satellite modem, or a modem to provide a data communication connection to a corresponding type of telephone line. As another example, communication interface418may be a local area network (LAN) card to provide a data communication connection to a compatible LAN. Wireless links may also be implemented. In any such implementation, communication interface418sends and receives electrical, electromagnetic or optical signals that carry digital data streams representing various types of information. Network link420typically provides data communication through one or more networks to other data devices. For example, network link420may provide a connection through local network422to a host computer424or to data equipment operated by an Internet Service Provider (ISP)426. ISP426in turn provides data communication services through the world wide packet data communication network now commonly referred to as the “Internet”428. Local network422and Internet428both use electrical, electromagnetic or optical signals that carry digital data streams. The signals through the various networks and the signals on network link420and through communication interface418, which carry the digital data to and from computer system400, are example forms of transmission media. Computer system400can send messages and receive data, including program code, through the network(s), network link420and communication interface418. In the Internet example, a server430might transmit a requested code for an application program through Internet428, ISP426, local network422and communication interface418. The received code may be executed by processor404as it is received, and/or stored in storage device410, or other non-volatile storage for later execution. 3. Functional Descriptions 3.1. Training Set and Digital Model Construction In some embodiments, the server170is programmed to collect one or more training sets of images to train digital models for recognizing plant diseases. For corn, the one or more training sets of images may include photos of corn leaves. Each photo preferably shows non-overlapping disease symptoms. The common corn diseases include Anthracnose Leaf Blight (ALB), Common Rust (CR), Eyespot (EYE), Gray Leaf Spot (GLS), Goss's Wilt (GW), Northern Leaf Blight (NLB), Northern Leaf Spot (NLS), Southern Leaf Blight (SLB), and Southern Rust (SR). The symptoms of different diseases tend to look different. For example, CR, EYE, SR, and GLS at an early stage (GLS-Early) tend to produce relatively small lesions that are dot-like or slightly elongated, while GW, NLB, and GLS at a late stage (GLS-Late) tend to produce relatively large lesions that are strip-like or greatly elongated. Therefore, at least two training sets can be constructed to train at least two digital models, with each digital model designed to classify an input image into one or more classes corresponding to one or more plant diseases having similarly-sized symptoms. In some embodiments, given a specific image, the server170can be programmed to first resize the specific image to a standard size and then extract images from the resized image for a training set using a sliding window with a certain stride (the number of pixels to shift the sliding window over the input image). The server170can be programmed to further assign a class label of one of the one or more classes noted above to each of the extracted images. Specifically, the server170can be programmed to receive the class label from an expert or automatically determine the class label based on images of known disease symptoms. For example, an image of a symptom of a known disease at an appropriate resolution can be matched to an extracted image using any matching technique known to someone skilled in the art, and the extracted image can be assigned a class label corresponding to the known disease when the match is successful. FIG.7Aillustrates an example approach of extracting sample images from a photo showing symptoms of a plant disease that are relatively small. In some embodiments, the given image is a photo of a corn leaf having symptoms of SR. The server170can be programmed to resize the given image into the image702to a first size with a first scaling factor relatively to a fixed-sized sliding window, such as from 3,000 pixels by 4,000 pixels to 1,120 (224*5) pixels by 1,493 pixels with the first scaling factor being 5 relative to a sliding window having a size of 224 pixels by 224 pixels, using a resizing technique known to someone skilled in the art. The image720still shows relatively small symptoms of SR, such as the lesion in the area710. The server170is programmed to then apply a sliding window that is relatively small to the image702row by row or column by column with a certain stride that determines where the next position of the sliding window is relative to the current position. For example, with the sliding window having a size of 224 pixels by 224 pixels, the stride can be 224 pixels leading to no overlap between the next position and the current position, and a total of 30 images can be extracted when the image702has 1,120 pixels by 1,493 pixels. Therefore, from an initial position704of the sliding window, the next position in the same row would be706, and the next position in the same column would be708. The portion of the image702corresponding to each position of the sliding window can be extracted and assigned a class label. In this example, the portion corresponding to the position704can be assigned a label of “SW” for the SR disease class given the presence of SR lesions, the portion corresponding to the position706can similarly be assigned a label of “SR”, and the portion corresponding to the position706can be assigned a label that represents a healthy condition or a lack of disease symptoms for a no disease (ND) class. FIG.7Billustrates an example approach of extracting sample images from a photo showing symptoms of a plant disease that are relatively large. In some embodiments, the image can be a photo of a corn leaf having symptoms of GW. The server170is programmed to resize the given image into the image712with a second scaling factor smaller than the first scaling factor, such as from 3,000 pixels by 4,000 pixels to 448 (224*2) pixels by 597 pixels with the second scaling factor being 2, using a resizing technique known to someone skilled in the art. The image712still shows relatively large symptoms of GW, such as the lesion in the area718. The server170is programmed to then apply a sliding window that is relatively large to the image to the image712row by row or column by column with a certain stride that determines where the next position of the sliding window is relative to the current position. For example, with the sliding window having size of 224 pixels by 224 pixels, the stride can be 112 pixels leading to a half overlap between the next position and the current position, and a total of 12 images can be extracted when the image712has 448 pixels by 597 pixels. Therefore, from an initial position714of the sliding window, the next position in the same row would be716. The portion of the image712corresponding to each position of the sliding window can be extracted and assigned a class label. In this example, the portion corresponding to the position714can be assigned a label of “GW” for the GW disease class given the presence of GW lesions, and the portion corresponding to the position716can similarly be assigned a label of “GW”. In some embodiments, the server170is programmed to process a number of images to extract enough sample images for each of the plant diseases. The images can be retrieved from image servers or from user devices. The images preferably show symptoms of each plant disease in different conditions, such as at different points within the lifecycle of the plant, resulting from different lighting conditions, or having different shapes, sizes, or scales. To further increase the breadth of a digital model, the server170can be programmed to include more images showing overlapping symptoms of a plant disease having relatively large symptoms and a plant disease having relatively small symptoms to improve detection of the relatively small symptoms. For example, these images can show overlapping symptoms of GLS-Late (large) and CR (small), GW (large) and CR, GW and SR (small), NLB (large) and CR, or NLB and SR. The server170can be programmed to further assign each image extracted from one of these images to the class corresponding to the dominant disease based on the total area covered by the symptoms of each disease in the extracted image. In some embodiments, the server170is programmed to generate variants of the extracted images to augment the training set. More specifically, the server170can be configured to rotate or further scale the extracted images. For corn, there can be at least 200 images for the healthy condition and for each corn disease, including less than 10% that show overlapping symptoms. Two digital models can be constructed, a first one for detecting corn diseases having relatively small symptoms and a second one for detecting corn diseases having relatively large symptoms. Therefore, a first training set and a second training set can be built respectfully for the first digital model and the second digital model, as illustrated inFIG.7AandFIG.7B. Each training set can include images showing symptoms of the corn diseases to be detected by the corresponding digital model. Depending on how the digital models are to be applied to a test image, each training set can include additional images. When the first digital model and the second digital model are to be applied sequentially, as further discussed below, the first training set can include additional images that show symptoms of those diseases which the second digital model is designed to detect and that are assigned a common label representing a catch-all class of all those diseases. These additional images can be generated by processing (scaled to capture a certain field of view, etc.) an original image used for the second training set as an original image used for the first training set. In some embodiments, the server170is programmed to build the digital models for recognizing plant diseases from the training sets. The digital models can be any classification models known to someone skilled in the art, such as a decision tree or a CNN. For corn, the server170can be programmed to build the two digital models from the two training sets, as discussed above. The first digital model is used to recognize corn diseases having relatively small symptoms, such as CR, EYE, SR, or GLS-Early, and the second digital model is used to recognize corn diseases having relatively large symptoms, such as GW, NLB, or GLS-Late. To implement each digital model as a CNN, public libraries can be used, such as the ResNet-50 package available on the GitHub platform. 3.2. Digital Model Execution In some embodiments, the server170is programmed to receive a new image to be classified from a user device and apply the digital models to the new image to obtain classifications. For corn, the server170can be programmed to apply the two digital models in sequence to first detect corn diseases having relatively small symptoms and subsequently detect corn diseases having relatively large symptoms. FIG.8illustrates an example process of recognizing plant diseases having multi-sized symptoms from a plant image using multiple digital models. In some embodiments, the plant is corn, and the plant image is a photo of a corn leaf. Given a new image802to be classified, the server170is programmed to first apply the first digital model for recognizing corn diseases having relatively small symptoms. Specifically, the server170can be programmed to resize the new image802similarly by the first scaling factor noted above into a resized image, such as from 3,000 pixels by 4,000 pixels to 1,120 (224*5) pixels by 1,493 pixels with the first scaling factor being 5. The server170is programmed to then apply a sliding window that is relatively small to the resized image row by row or column by column with a certain stride that determines where the next position of the sliding window is relative to the current position. The size of the sliding window would generally be equal to the size of a sample image (an extracted image) used to build the first digital model. For example, the sliding window can have a size of 224 pixels by 224 pixels, and the stride can be 224 pixels. For each position of the sliding window, the server170can be programmed to apply the first digital model804to the portion of the resized image within the sliding window to obtain a classification corresponding to the healthy condition, one of the corn diseases having relatively small symptoms, or the collection of corn diseases having relatively large symptoms. For example, the portions806are classified into CR, EYE, SR, GLS-Early, or ND, and the portions812are classified into an other diseases (OD) class. In some embodiments, the server170can be programmed to map each portion of the resized image extracted by the sliding window back into a region of the new image802. The server170is programmed to further prepare a prediction map for the new image802where each mapped region is shown with an indicator of the corresponding classification. FIG.9Aillustrates an example prediction map showing results of applying a first digital model to a plant image to recognize plant diseases having relatively small symptoms. In some embodiments, given the scale between the size of the sliding window and the size of a new image, essentially a relatively small sliding window is moved through different positions within a new image920, including the position902. Each region (first region) of the new image920corresponding to a position of the sliding window is then labeled with the corresponding classification in the prediction map922according to the legend906. For example, the region912has been classified into the OD class representing the combination of corn diseases having relatively large symptoms. Referring back toFIG.8, in some embodiments, for the portions of the resized image that are classified into the OD class corresponding to the collection of corn diseases having relatively large symptoms, the server170is programmed to apply the second digital model808for recognizing corn diseases having relatively large symptoms. Referring back toFIG.9A, each such portion, such as the one mapped to the region912, corresponds to a relatively small field of view and thus typically only part of a relatively large symptom, as shown in the area932. Therefore, the server170is programmed to apply the second digital model808to multiple such portions at once. More specifically, for each such portion, the server170can be configured to also consider a certain number of surrounding portions or a certain fraction of a surrounding portion in each direction to approximately match the field of view used for building the second digital model. For example, each such portion of 224 pixels by 224 pixels can be considered together with one surrounding portion in each direction, leading to a combined portion of 672 (224*3) pixels by 672 pixels. The server170can be configured to further resize the combined portion to the size of an input image for the second digital model, effecting resulting in a scaling factor of 5/3. The server170can be configured to then apply the second digital model to the resized combined portion to obtain a classification corresponding to one of the corn diseases having relatively large symptoms. Referring back toFIG.8, the resized combined portions810are classified into GW, NLB, or GLS-Early. In some embodiments, instead of including into the combined portion a neighboring portion that has not been classified into the ND class, the server170can be programmed to mask (e.g., with zero values) each of the plurality of first regions in the new image802that is classified into a class corresponding to one of the first plurality of plant diseases or a healthy condition. In some embodiments, the server170can be programmed to resize the new image802with masked portions similarly by the second scaling factor noted above into a resized image, such as from 224 pixels by 224 pixels to 448 (224*2) pixels by 448 pixels with the first scaling factor being 2. The server170can be programmed to then apply a sliding window that is relatively large to the resized image row by row or column by column with a certain stride. The size of the sliding window would generally be equal to the size of a sample image (extracted image) used to train the second digital model. For example, the sliding window can have a size of 224 pixels by 224 pixels, and the stride can be 112 or 224 pixels. For each position of the sliding window, the server170can be programmed to then apply the second digital model804to the portion of the resized image or the portion corresponding to the combined portion classified into the OD class within the sliding window to obtain a classification corresponding to one of the corn diseases having relatively large symptoms. In other embodiments, the server170is programmed to include images corresponding to a catch-all class only in the second training set and apply the second digital model before applying the first digital model to a new image. Referring back toFIG.8, in some embodiments, the server170can be programmed to similarly map each portion classified by the second digital model back into a region of the image802. The server170is programmed to further update the prediction map for the image802where each newly mapped region is shown with an indicator of the corresponding classification. The server170can be programmed to then transmit classification data related to the updated prediction map to the user device. FIG.9Billustrates an example prediction map showing results of applying a second digital model to a plant image to recognize plant diseases having relatively large symptoms. In some embodiments, given the scale between the size of the sliding window and the size of a new image, essentially a relatively large sliding window is moved through different positions within the new image920or only within the portion classified into the OD class by the first digital model, including the position910. Each region (second region) of the new image920corresponding to a position of the sliding window is then labeled with the corresponding classification in the prediction map922, overwriting existing values. For example, the region912illustrated inFIG.9Athat was classified into the OD class is now under the region908classified into the class corresponding to GLS-Late. Therefore, while the new image920shows overlapping symptoms of SR and GLS-Late, both diseases are detected from different regions of the new image920. In some embodiments, the server170is programmed to further process the updated prediction map. The server170can be configured to compute the total area classified into each of the classes and conclude that disease corresponding to the class having the largest total area is the dominant disease in the plant captured in the new image. For example, the updated prediction map922shows that symptoms of SR and GLS-Late each occupy approximately half of the new image920and thus could be considered as the dominant disease for the particular corn captured in the new image920. The server170can be configured to further transmit dominance information related to the dominant disease to the user device. 3.3. Example Processes FIG.10illustrates an example method performed by a server computer that is programmed for recognizing plant diseases having multi-sized symptoms from a plant image.FIG.10is intended to disclose an algorithm, plan or outline that can be used to implement one or more computer programs or other software elements which when executed cause performing the functional improvements and technical advances that are described herein. Furthermore, the flow diagrams herein are described at the same level of detail that persons of ordinary skill in the art ordinarily use to communicate with one another about algorithms, plans, or specifications forming a basis of software programs that they plan to code or implement using their accumulated skill and knowledge. In some embodiments, in step1002, the server170is programmed or configured to obtain a first training set comprising a first photo showing a first symptom of one of a first plurality of plant diseases, a second photo showing no symptom, and a third photo showing a partial second symptom of one of a second plurality of plant diseases. The first plurality of plant diseases produce symptoms having sizes within a first range. The second plurality of plant diseases produce symptoms having sizes within a second range. The first symptom is smaller than the second symptom, and the first, second, and third photos correspond to a commonly-sized field of view. The server170can be configured to generate the first training set from photos showing multi-sized disease symptoms by using a sliding window suitable for capturing individual symptoms of the first plurality of plant diseases. In some embodiments, in step1004, the server170is programmed or configured to build a first CNN from the first training set for classifying an image into a class corresponding to one of the first plurality of plant diseases, a healthy condition, or a combination of the second plurality of plant diseases. Therefore, when the first CNN is configured to recognize symptoms of k diseases, the first CNN is configured to classify an image into one of k+2 classes. It is also possible to lump the no-disease class into the catch-all class and configure the second CNN to classify an image into the no-disease class. In some embodiments, in step1006, the server170is programmed or configured to obtain a second training set comprising a photo showing the second symptom. The server170can be similarly configured to generate the second training set from photos showing multi-sized or just multiple disease symptoms by using a sliding window suitable for capturing individual symptoms of the second plurality of plant diseases. In some embodiments, the server170is programmed or configured to build a second CNN from the second training set for classifying an image into a class corresponding to one of the second plurality of plant diseases. The server170can be configured to send the first and second CNNs to another computing device, which can then be configured to apply the two CNNs to classify a new photo of an infected plant. In some embodiments, in step1008, the server170is programmed or configured to receive a new image from a user device. The new image can be a photo of an infected plant showing multi-sized symptoms. In some embodiments, in step1010, the server170is programmed or configured to apply the first CNN to a plurality of first regions within the new image to obtain a plurality of classifications. The size of each of the first regions is suitable for representing individual symptoms of the first plurality of plant diseases. In some embodiments, in step1012, the server170is programmed or configured to apply the second CNN to one or more second regions within combination of first regions classified into the class corresponding to the combination of the second plurality of plant diseases to obtain one or more classifications, each of the plurality of first regions being smaller than the one second region. The size of each of the second regions is suitable for representing individual symptoms of the second plurality of plant diseases. In some embodiments, in step1014, the server170is programmed or configured to transmit classification data related to the plurality of classifications that are into a class corresponding to one of the first plurality of plant diseases or the healthy condition and the one or more classifications to the user device. The classification data may include, for one or more regions of the new image, the size of the region and the corresponding classification. The server170can be further configured to identify a dominant disease for the new image, such as the disease to which the largest area of the new image has been classified, and send information regarding the dominant disease as part of the classification data. 4. Extensions and Alternatives In the foregoing specification, embodiments of the invention have been described with reference to numerous specific details that may vary from implementation to implementation. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. The sole and exclusive indicator of the scope of the invention, and what is intended by the applicants to be the scope of the invention, is the literal and equivalent scope of the set of claims that issue from this application, in the specific form in which such claims issue, including any subsequent correction.

11856882

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Certain embodiments of the present invention are directed toward apparatus and methods of planting and/or harvesting farmland having terrain that is too steep for conventional farming operations. However, the apparatus and methods described herein can also be used on traditional shallow or flat farmland as well. Accordingly, the scope of the present invention should not be viewed as limited to steep terrain farming operations only. Embodiments of the present invention utilize a system of one or more ground mobile robots, or drones, that are serviced by one or more unmanned aerial vehicles, UAVs. The UAVs can service the drones by replenishing consumables necessary for drone operation and offloading harvested crops. In particular embodiments, the drones are utilized to resupply seed, fertilizers, pesticides, batteries, or fuel to the drones so that the drones can continuously operate within the field without being taken out of service for such operations. Likewise, the UAVs can be used to offload harvested grain, again, so that the drones need not be taken out of the field when their onboard storage bins are full. In addition, certain methods according to the present invention may also comprise inserting the drones into the field to be cultivated using a UAV and/or removing the drone from the field using a UAV once the farming operation has been completed. Unlike conventional farm implements that can plant and/or harvest wide swaths of farmland at a time, the drones for use with certain embodiments of the present invention are much smaller in size permitting them to more successfully operate on steep terrain. For this reason, it becomes important to operate the drones and UAVs as efficiently as possible in order to compete economically with conventional farming operations. Thus, certain embodiments of the present invention provide methods of optimal route planning for the drones working within the field and the UAVs that rendezvous with the drones to resupply their consumables (e.g., seed, fertilizer, batteries, and/or fuel), or to offload harvested crops from the air. In one embodiment of the present invention, a system of autonomous robots are provided that are capable of planting seeds, providing for crop management, and/or harvesting crops, especially small grain crops such as wheat, on steep terrain that is presently unsuitable for farming operations or inaccessible by conventional combines, tractors and other farming equipment. Such terrain typically has significant sections having a slope of up to 30 degrees. In certain embodiments, at least 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or 70% of the field comprises land having a slope or grade of at least 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%. The system comprises a plurality of ground-based mobile robots, also referred to herein as drones, that perform planting, crop management, and/or harvesting operations. In certain embodiments, the drones may be battery powered; however, it is also within the scope of the present invention for the drones to comprise internal combustion engines. The drones are serviced by one or more unmanned aerial vehicles, UAVs, that can replenish the drones configured for planting with seed, replace the drone batteries, or refuel drones powered by internal combustion engines. Crop management drones can be configured to apply water, fertilizer, or pesticides, for example, to growing crops. These management drones can also have their supplies replenished from the air. Harvesting drones may be configured to have their harvested crops, especially grain, offloaded by a UAV when their internal storage bins are full so that the drones can remain working in the field and not be taken out of the field for offloading.FIG.1depicts one such combination of drone10and UAV12that may be used in certain embodiments of the present invention. Exemplary devices are also described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/869,296, filed Jul. 1, 2019, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. The drones may be equipped with seed bins that are configured to receive seed from a UAV hovering over it.FIG.1illustrates an exemplary UAV12equipped to deliver seed to a drone10. In particular, the UAV comprises a bulk product handling system14that can be flown into a hovering position over the drone's seed bin16. Once in position, seed can be transferred from the UAV's bulk product handling system14to the drone's seed bin16. Such drone and UAV can be adapted for any particular farming operation, such as applying fertilizers or pesticides to growing crops. If applying granular fertilizers or pesticides, the UAV can be configured to transfer the granules from its storage bin into the drone's bin, much like what is depicted inFIG.1. If the drone is applying a liquid fertilizer or pesticide, the UAV can be equipped with an onboard liquid tank and contain a boom or other similar structure that can be extended and mated with receiving structure on the drone for transfer of the liquid into the drone's onboard liquid tank. If harvesting crops, the drone may be configured with a removable bin that can be picked up by the UAV and replaced with an empty bin. FIG.2illustrates an exemplary UAV12equipped to change battery packs18carried by the drone10. In the illustrated embodiment, the battery pack18is generally cylindrical with cone-shaped couplings20secured to each end. The battery pack is transported by the UAV's coupling mechanism22into position over the drone's battery compartment24, lowered into position, and then decoupled from the UAV12. The UAV12may also utilize the same coupling mechanism22to retrieve a depleted battery pack18from the drone10for recharging. In this manner, the drones10can operate nearly continuously and do not need to be removed from the fields once inserted. Insertion of the drones10into the fields can also be accomplished by the UAVs12or by other capable aerial support vehicle. If appropriate, the drones10may also be retrieved from the fields following completion of their respective planting or harvesting tasks by a UAV12. The UAVs12may also be equipped with pinpoint tracking systems. In certain embodiments, the pinpoint tracking systems use GPS to locate the drones10, and then, when in range, a special approach light system is used to pinpoint which battery compartment24or seed bin16the UAV should settle on. In certain embodiments, the autonomous farming system further comprise an autonomous farming control system that includes a processor and wireless communication equipment configured to permit communication between the at least one ground-based drone and/or the at least one unmanned aerial vehicle and/or the autonomous farming control system. The wireless communication equipment may comprise any wireless transmitters and receivers known to those of skill in the art, including but not limited to various radio communications equipment such as Wi-Fi systems, cellular systems, Bluetooth systems, and the like. The processor may be a microprocessor with associated memory for storing and performing computer-executable instructions such as those described herein. Turning toFIG.3, an exemplary autonomous farming system26is schematically depicted. System26comprises drones10that are serviced by UAV12and operate within a field28of arable land. System26comprises control system30that is configured to receive certain data that may or may not be collected and transmitted in real time. Examples of non-real time data include information regarding the topography of the field, such as ground and/or aerial maps32, field conditions34(such as type of soil, average moisture content, wind conditions, etc.), and various physical parameters36associated with the drone10and UAV12such as at least one of a drone weight, a drone seed capacity, a UAV weight, a UAV seed capacity, and an amount of seed required per planting site. Data regarding field conditions34can also be gathered and transmitted to control system30in real time through the use of sensors38that may be located within the field or carried by drones10or UAV12. The control system30is also configured to receive information from drones10and UAV12regarding at least one of an amount of energy used and an amount of time taken by the at least one drone and the at least one UAV to traverse between at least two sites. This data may be transmitted and received in real time, and thus, such information can be continuously communicated to control system30. In certain embodiments, the information received from the drones10and UAV12is received by one or more low rank updates modules40,41of control system30. If the drone10or UAV12is configured to transmit to the control system30the amount of energy expended or time taken in going from one planting site to an adjacent planting site, the low rank updates modules40,41are configured to perform rank-1 updates. However, if the drone10or UAV12is configured to transmit the amount of energy expended or time taken in traversing between odd numbered planting sites, for example, the low rank updates modules40,41are configured to perform rank-2 updates, and so forth. It is noted that although the following description may refer to “rank-1 updates”, it should be understood that such modules may be configured to perform updates with rank higher than one. As illustrated inFIG.3, control system30comprises two rank-1 updates modules, one 40 configured to receive data from drones12, and one 41 configured to receive data from UAV12. Each of modules40,41is also configured to receive the real time and/or non-real time data regarding field topography, field conditions and robot physical parameters. As described in greater detail below, the output of the rank-1 updates modules40is input into a linearly constrained integer quadratic programming (LCIQP) module42that uses linearly constrained integer quadratic programming to generate a time and/or energy optimized route plan for the drones10and the UAV12within the field28. The output from the LCIQP module42is converted into instructions that are executable by drones10and UAV12within a post-processing module44and then transmitted to drones10and UAV12via the wireless communication equipment. In certain embodiments, the rank-1 updates module40is configured to receive information from the drone as to energy used and/or time taken to traverse two planting sites along with information regarding the topography of the field28(e.g., a ground map) and convert the information into a distance matrix DG. As used herein, the term “planting site” refers to a location within the field where a seed has been deposited. The rank-1 updates module41is configured to receive information from the UAV as to energy used and/or time taken to traverse two rendezvous sites, at which the UAV meets up with a drone, along with information regarding the topography of the field (e.g., aerial map including elevational data) and convert the information into a distance matrix DA. As used herein, the term “rendezvous site” refers to a location within the field where a ground-based drone and a UAV rendezvous so that the UAV may service the drone. A rendezvous site may coincide with a planting site, but this need not always be the case. These distance matrices are not direct distance metrics, but rather mathematical expressions having a relationship to the actual distances traversed by the drone and UAV. In certain embodiments, the LCIQP module is configured to generate the optimized route plan for the at least one drone and the at least one UAV using the distance matrices DGand DAand at least one physical parameter associated with the at least one drone and the at least one UAV, such as those mentioned previously. In certain embodiments, the output from the LCIQP module42comprises a planting matrix PDand a rendezvous matrix XD. These matrices generally comprise the route planning instructions for the various drones10and UAVs12, but in a binary form. The matrices PDand XDare input to a post-processing module44that converts the binary instructions into instructions that can be executed by the drones10and UAVs. Because the matrices PDand XDare in binary form, a parameter updates module46can receive output from the LCIQP module42and apply mathematical corrections to the matrices and feed the corrected data back to the LCIQP module. In so doing, the feedback provided by the parameter updates module46improves the accuracy of the matrices output from the LCIQP module42. In certain embodiments, the methods for route planning comprise an algorithm that is implemented on a fully connected recurrent neural network that can be viewed as a primal-dual extension of a Hopfield network. These networks, for example, may be burned into field programmable gate array (FPGA) chips that can be carried by the drones and/or UAVs or a command and control center that remotely controls the guidance of the drones and/or UAVs. The processors can receive inputs associated with, for example, seed weight, coordinates, and distances, and identify the optimal ground and aerial routes to be taken by the drones and UAVs and rendezvous locations for resupplying the drones with seed, batteries, and/or fuel. Methods of autonomous farming using at least one ground-based drone10and at least one UAV12are provided that comprise the inputting of various bits of real time and/or non-real time information into the autonomous farming control system30. Non-real time information is input to the autonomous farming control system30regarding the topography of the field (ground and/or aerial maps, for example). This information includes the identification of a plurality of planting sites within the field. Other information can also be input into the control system30including real time information regarding soil and wind conditions in the field and/or non-real time information regarding a physical parameter associated with the at least one drone an the at least one UAV. Real time information is also transmitted to the autonomous farming control system30by the drones10and UAVs12. This information comprises at least one of an amount of energy used and an amount of time taken by the at least one drone to traverse between planting sites p1 and p2 within the field, and at least one of an amount of energy used and an amount of time taken by the at least one UAV to traverse between rendezvous sites x1 and x2 within the field. It is noted that sites p1, p2, x1 and x2 may be independently chosen, and, therefore, it is possible for one or more of the planting sites p(i) to also be a rendezvous site x(i). The rank-1 updates modules40,41convert the information received from the drone and UAV and the field topography information into distance matrices DGand DA. These distance matrices, along with at least one physical parameter associated with the at least one drone and the at least one UAV are input into the LCIQP module42. Time and/or energy optimized route plans for the at least one drone and the at least one UAV are output from the LCIQP module42as described above. Finally, route plans generated within the LCIQP are transmitted to the at least one drone and the at least one UAV by the wireless communication system, preferably after having undergone post-processing within module44. Embodiments of the present invention provide a framework for multi-robot route planning for selective crop operations in steep terrain with slopes of up to 30°. The team of robots includes at least one ground autonomous vehicles (drones) for crop seeding or harvesting, for example, as well as at least one UAV to service the at least one drone, such as to replenish the drones with seed supplies, batteries, or fuel. The problem of route planning of the drones and the UAV(s) has been formulated in terms of integer quadratic programming with linear constraints. The algorithm described below is capable of being implemented on a fully connected recurrent neural network, that can be viewed as an extension of a Hopfield network. Generally, seeding flat planting sites involves sprinkling seeds in parallel rows that are usually regularly spaced. However, such a pattern may not necessarily apply to steep, undulating landscapes. Although the present discussion planting sites are discretized into R rows and C columns, the terrain conditions introduce significant differences in the physical distances between adjacent pairs of points. For convenience, it is assumed that each discrete point in the two-dimensional grid requires an equal amount of seed, sP, to be delivered by the drone. The large variability in the physical distances that the landscape is addressed below. The two-dimensional points are indexed p=1, 2, . . . , P, where P=R×C. Furthermore, starting with a corner point, p=1, in column 1 of row 1, the plant indices are incremented by 1 going forward each odd numbered row but decremented in case of even numbered rows. Denoting the set of planting points by={1, 2, . . . , P}, and the set of drones as={1, 2, . . . , D} (D=||), it can readily be seen that a drone's movement would be either along unit increments or along unit decrements of plant indices.FIGS.4a-cillustrate this layout.FIG.4aillustrates positive drone directions, and the top right schematic illustrates negative drone directions.FIG.4billustrates drone start and end locations (in the positive direction). The direction of any drone i∈is denoted as diD=±1. The ithdrone begins planting at point pi,0and ends its schedule at point pi,max, (pi,0, pi,max∈), such that pi,0<pi,maxwhen diD=+1 and pi,0>pi,maxwhen diD=−1. The ground “distance” between any pair of points p, q∈is denoted as(p, q). This metric is proportional to the energy that a drone would use in moving from p to q with the constant of proportionality being conveniently treated as unity. Hence(p, q) must take into account not only elevation differences, but also ground and soil conditions, so that(p, q)≠(q,p). Although the term “distance” is used in this discussion, strictly speaking,(p, q) is a Bregman divergence instead of an actual distance metric. During physical deployment of the drones, the distances are determined by means of a manifold learning algorithm that performs regular iterative updates as soil conditions change over time. A. Constraints In a slight misuse of notation, pp,iDis defined to be a binary variable, with pp,iD=1 if drone i delivers seed to point p, and pp,iD=0 otherwise. All variables pp,iDare arranged into a P×D binary matrix PD. Since each planting site must be seeded by exactly one drone, PD1D=1P.  (1) In the above expression and elsewhere herein, 1Zdenotes a Z×1 vector of all ones. In order to ensure that all drones are deployed, an additional constraint may be included, PDT1P≥1D.  (2) The matrix PDis one of the decision variables of the route planning problem that is formulated below. Each column i of PDis the P×1 vector piD. Denoting xp,i,p∈(pi,0, pi,max) as the rendezvous points where the ithdrone is replenished with seeds by the UAV, the P×D rendezvous matrix, [XD]p,i=xp,iDis defined as the other decision variable. The direction vector dDwhose ithelement is defined as [dD]i=diD. Assuming that the ithdrone begins with full capacity, so that its total weight is wD+sD, at each plant site, the weight drops by an amount sP. The weight can never be lower than that of the empty drone, wD. At each replenishment point, seeFIG.4c, the weight increases to wD+sD. A P×1 vector of weights, wiDat each planting site for the ithdrone is devised as follows. First consider the case when diD=+1. Since the weight drop can neither be negative nor exceed the drone's capacity, sD, the threshold operator thr(⋅) is used to restrict its arguments to lie in the interval [0, sD]. Hence, the vector wiDis equal to (wD+sD)piD−thr(sPTP,PlpiD−θiDsDTP,PlxiD)∘piD. The quantity θiD∈[0,1] in this expression is the ratio of the mean weight of seed dropped by the drone between two replenishments as a fraction of its capacity sD. The negated last term thr(sPTP,PlpiD−θiDsDTP,PlxiD)∘piDrepresents the vector of weight drops. Whence thr(z)=min(max(z, 0), sD). The threshold operator yields the linear constraint, diD=+1⇒{sP⁢TP,Pl⁢piD-θiD⁢sD⁢TP,Pl⁢xiD≥0P,sP⁢TP,Pl⁢piD-θiD⁢sD⁢TP,PlP⁢xiD≤sD⁢1P.(3) In a similar manner, diD=-1⇒{sP⁢TP,Pu⁢piD-θiD⁢sD⁢TP,Pu⁢xiD≥0P,sP⁢TP,Pu⁢piD-θiD⁢sD⁢TP,Pu⁢xiD≤sD⁢1P.(4) In (3) and (4), TP,Pland TP,Puare P×P lower and upper triangular matrices. B. Drone Cost Function Combined with the linear constraints in (3) and (4), the weight vector wiDof the ithdrone can be simplified. When diD=+1, wiD=wDpiD(θiDsDTP,PlxiD−sPTP,PlpiD)∘piD.  (5) In a similar manner, when diD=−1, wiD=wDpiD+(θiDsDTP,PuxiD−sPTP,PupiD)∘piD.  (6) FIG.5. illustrates this scheme. The chart ofFIG.5illustrates weight as a function of plant index for a drone moving in the positive direction. The diagonal matricesandare defined as follows, []pq={(p,0),q=p,p=P;(p,q+1),q=p,p<P;0,q≠p.(7)[]pq={(0,q),p=q,q=1;(p,q+1),p=q,q>1;0,p≠q.(8) When diD=+1, the P×1 vector of distances traveled by the ithdrone between the plant sites pi,0, pi,maxis. Likewise, when diD=−1, the vector of distances is. Assuming a proportional constant of eD=1, the cost φi(diD, piD, xiD) incurred by the ithdrone is obtained according to the following expressions, φi(+1,piD,xiD)=piDT()piD+piDT()xiD+.  (9) φi(−1,piD,xiD)=piDT()piD+piDT()xiD+.  (10) C. UAV Cost Function Aerial distances between points(p, q) can be defined in a manner similar to ground distances, which are machine learnable Bregman divergences. The UAV whose weight is wUleaves its station with seed of weight sDto each location specified with a 1 in the piDof each drone i and returns empty. Define the vectorsas, {d𝒜+=[d𝒜(0,p)]p∈𝒫,d𝒜-=[d𝒜(p,0)]p∈𝒫.(11) Hence, the cost of the UAV due to any drone i is, φiD(diD,piD,xiD)=eU(wU+sD)(piD∘xiD)eUwU(piD∘xiD).   (12) a. Linearly Constrained Integer Quadratic Programming The 2P×P coefficient matrices are defined as follows, CiD={sP[-TP,PlTP,Pl],diD=+1;sP[-TP,PuTP,Pu],diD=-1.(13)CiU={sD[TP,Pl-TP,Pl],diD=+1;sD[TP,Pu-TP,Pu],diD=-1.(14) Additionally, the following vector is defined, siD=sD[0P1P].(15) Using (13), (14), and (15), the constraints defined in (3) and (4) can be expressed succinctly as, CiDpiD+CiUxiD+siD≤02P.  (16) The quadratic and linear coefficient matrices, QiDand RiDU, as well as the constant coefficient vector, riD, are defined in the following manner, QiD={-2⁢eD⁢sPTP,Pl,diD=+1;-2⁢eD⁢sPTP,Pu,diD=-1.(17)RiD⁢U={eD⁢sDTP,Pl,diD=+1;eD⁢sDTP,PJudiD=-1.(18)riD={eD⁢sDTP,Pl⁢xiD+eD(wD+sD)⁢1P,diD=+1;eD⁢sDTP,Pu⁢xiD+eD(wD+sD)⁢1P,diD=-1.(19) The expressions in (17), (18), and (19) can be combined with the ones that were obtained earlier in (9), (10), (11), and (12) for a more concise equation for the cost function, φiD(diD,piD,xiD)=½piDTQiDpiD+xiDTRiDUpiD+riDTpiD.  (20) Using (1), (16), and (20), the following LCIQP formulation is defined, Minimize: Ω⁡(dD,PD,XD)=∑i12⁢piDT⁢QiD⁢piD+∑ixiDT⁢RiD⁢U⁢piD+∑iriUT(xiD∘piD)+∑iriDT⁢piD.(21) Subject to: {CiD⁢piD+CiU⁢xiD+siD≤02⁢P,PD⁢1D-1P=0P,PDT⁢1P≥1D,diD∈{0,1},pp,iD∈{0,1}.(22) b. Recurrent Neural Network Implementation With the LCIQP formulation involving all binary decision variables, optimal routes for drones and UAVs can be planned through a variety of algorithms including those that are readily available as commercial of-the-shelf software. Real-time route planning is accomplished by means of recurrent neural network hardware. The binary decision variables, diD, piD, xiDare relaxed to lie anywhere in [0,1]D, where D reflects the appropriate dimensionalities of the variables involved. The binary variables are retrieved from the outputs of neurons with saturating nonlinear transfer functions. Simulations with two drones and a UAV are discussed below. All physical parameters used are provided in Table 1. TABLE 1SymbolsPsDwDeDeUValue1.008.0050.0010.005.50 The entire planting site was divided into R=10 rows and C=8 columns. The rows were regularly spaced 0.5 m apart, and the columns were spaced 1.0 m apart. However, the ground condition was not uniform.FIG.6shows the layout used in the simulations. The small, hollow circles are planting sites. The contours show how ground conditions varied spatially, with the slope of the terrain decreasing moving left to right. Given the direction of decreasing slope, moving a unit distance on the left side of the layout requires up to 3 times as much energy as moving a unit distance on the right side of the layout. The dashed arrows show the trajectory taken by the 1stdrone (left) and the 2nddrone (right). Since the extra energy required in navigating the left region in the layout the 1stdrone could cover 29 planting sites, whereas the 2nddrone, which was assigned an easier terrain, could cover 43 sites. The larger, filled circles are rendezvous points, where the UAV replenished the drones with seed supply.

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DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The following detailed description describes techniques (e.g. methods, processes, and systems) capable of creating two or three-dimensional vegetative health maps, as well as techniques for allowing a user to interact with such maps to monitor and improve vegetative health. As above, one factor which is indicative of vegetative health is moisture levels (or content) of the vegetation itself and/or any surrounding soil. Ensuring proper moisture levels may be dependent on the type of vegetation (e.g. some plants require more or less than others). A higher or lower moisture level than optimal may negatively impact health of the plants. Additional indicators of vegetative health are described in detail below (such as presence of pests, poor growth, lack of growth, presence of weeds, and the like). In addition to moisture levels, vegetative health may comprise a multitude of other indicators. Such techniques and system described herein may further recognize those other indicators and provide remedies to improve vegetative state (either autonomously, or by providing indication on the map created for a caretaker). As non-limiting examples, herbicides may be provided where weeds are detected, fertilizer in areas of poor growth, seed in areas of no growth (where expected), insecticides, and the like. Further, since the maps are updated from time to time, impact of such treatments can be determined for adjusting recommended treatments (increasing or decreasing watering, increasing or decreasing seed, fertilizer, pesticide, herbicide, etc.). By creating a three-dimensional vegetative health map of an area as described by the processes and systems described herein, landscapers, caretakers, superintendents, and managers can ensure that all areas of vegetation remain optimally healthy. As one example, such a system may be used by golf course caretakers to ensure that all areas of a golf course are properly watered and that the course remains healthy. A three-dimensional vegetative health map created by any system or process as described herein, and made available to such a caretaker, may indicate to the caretaker broken sprinklers, malfunctioning sprinklers, over and under-watered areas, areas of poor growth, areas of no growth, areas having pests, weeded areas, and the like. Additionally, or alternatively, by creating maps associated with different times of the day and/or times of a year, such a caretaker may adjust watering levels, as well as other vegetation treatments, to optimize moisture content and health of the vegetation throughout the year. Continuous moisture levels may be determined without contacting the ground, for example, by use of near-field and/or far-field radar attached to a vegetative health device which traverses an area of interest. Such a vegetative health device may traverse an area, for example, by mechanically coupling to a ground vehicle, such a mowing device, via an attachment (e.g. a pipe clamp), pushed manually by an individual to ensure desired coverage, or operated under its own power either autonomously, or by remote operation (e.g. powered under its own locomotive force with controls provided by a remote operator). Radar comprises emission of an electromagnetic signal and a corresponding detection of a reflected, coupled, or scattered signals off a target. The reflected signals (or lack thereof) may be used to determine the moisture content of the surface (e.g. far-field reflections may be increased due to higher scattering from moisture, whereas near-field returns may be attenuated as a function of moisture content due to water's impact on the dielectric constant of soil). As will be described in more detail herein, multiple radar devices may be disposed about the vegetative health device at varying positions and/or angles. While radar pointed directly at the ground (on-nadir) may have an increased sensitivity, radar angled (e.g. inclined between 0 and 90 degrees off-nadir, including 45 degrees) may provide a larger field of view for the radar sensor, thus ensuring continuous moisture mapping. By using multiple radar transmitters and receivers per device and/or having a fleet of devices, it is possible to make continuous determinations of moisture levels over a user specified area. Additionally, or alternatively, multiple radar receiver antennae may be used per radar emitter, the various radar antennae having one or more polarizations. In such examples, moisture content may be determined by measuring the relative, or differential, power of the reflected signals from different polarizations. In addition to the one or more radar on-board such a device, in some examples, the device may also comprise one or more additional sensors, such as, but not limited to, LIDAR(s), image sensors (RGB cameras, monochrome cameras, stereo cameras, depth cameras, infrared cameras, ultraviolet cameras, RGB-D cameras, IR cameras, etc.), inertial measurement units (IMUs), accelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetometers, global positioning systems (GPS), ultrasonic transducers (e.g. SONAR), wheel encoders, and the like. In some examples, two or more image sensors may have differing fields of view (e.g. wide and narrow) and have an associated baseline. Environment features, including depth estimates, may be determined based on multi-view geometry techniques of sensor data from the multiple image sensors and/or otherwise provided with depth sensors provided. Sensor data from such sensors may be used to create a three-dimensional map of the area through which the device passes. Multiple mapping techniques may be used to construct a three-dimensional map based on the acquired sensor data including, but not limited to Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM), Kalman filters (Unscented Kalman Filters, Extended Kalman Filters, etc.), bundle adjustment, sliding window filters, occupancy grids, and the like. Such a map may be stored as a signed distance function (SDF), truncated SDF (TSDF), triangle mesh, mosaics, or other data structure. Use of voxel hashing may improve memory requirements for both storage and raycasting. Vegetative health indicators (such as moisture content) may then be associated with the map generated, or otherwise determined as part of the three-dimensional map generation (e.g. simultaneously). In any of the above examples, it may be possible to estimate a ground plane to aid in mapping, determining moisture levels, and the like. In those examples, where multiple measurements are made for a single location (e.g. due to multiple measurements by a single vegetative health device and/or multiple measurements from a fleet of vegetative health devices), moisture content, soil density, ambient temperature values, amongst other indications (or indicators) of vegetative health may be combined and associated with the map based on a weighted average. Such weighting may be based on, for example, a reliability of the sensor modality, a number of measurements, how recent the measurement was performed, a time of day, time of year, time since a last watering, alternate and/or additional data sources (such as color, humidity, temperature, etc.), an uncertainty, a covariance, and the like. Further, by operating as a fleet of devices, vegetative health estimation may be more consistent, as moisture content changes with the time of day, vegetation color may change over a course of a year, and the like. By having multiple vegetative health devices simultaneously determining vegetative health (including moisture content) over a wide area, it is possible to minimize differences between measurements, thereby providing a more uniform and/or accurate estimate. Associations of moisture, soil density, temperature levels, additional indications of vegetative health (or other data to display to a user, such as actionable items, wind, pressure, etc.) of such a three-dimensional map may be indicated by shading, varying colors (e.g. red for low moisture and blue for high moisture), contour lines, etc. In some examples, it may be sufficient to store a UTM grid of GPS coordinates with associated vegetative health indicators (or other data). In such examples, additional computing power may not be required, as no raycasting or complex computations are necessary for indexing a position in the map. In some examples, the vegetative health device may comprise one or more additional health sensors, such as, but not limited to, thermal cameras, bolometers, pyrometers, ambient light sensors, and the like. Sensor data from these additional health sensors may be associated with the three-dimensional map. Additionally, or alternatively, sensor data from any one of the one or more sensors may be used in a machine learning algorithm for determining vegetative health. One non-limiting example of machine learning algorithms is an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). ANNs are biologically inspired algorithms which pass input data through a series of connected layers to produce an expected output. Each layer in a neural network may also comprise another neural network, or may comprise any number of layers (whether convolutional or not). As may be understood in the context of this disclosure, a neural network may utilize machine learning, which may refer to a broad class of such algorithms in which an output is generated based on learned parameters. Here, various neural networks may be trained to output vegetative health based on at least a portion of the sensor data. Such output may then be associated with the two- or three-dimensional map. For example, input having a known output may be provided to the ANN to adjust various internal parameters, such that when known input is given, an estimated output is provided. As a particular example, images may be taken of areas having known vegetative health indicators (such as moisture content levels, presence of pests such as insects and varmints, presence of weeds and/or invasive species, lack of growth, poor growth, and the like). By backpropagating the known vegetative health indications based on the input images (and/or other sensor data), an ANN can be trained to output vegetative health indications based on input sensor data. In some examples, such machine learning algorithms (including artificial neural networks), may be used to segment, detect, and/or classify sensor data. Segmentation is the process of extracting useful information from sensor data (e.g. separating different objects from each other and a background in image data). Classification is the process by which sensor data is associated with a label. For example, image and/or radar data may be segmented based on different objects in the environment and subsequently classified, such that the segmented and classified data indicates the existence of plants, golf balls, rocks, pipes, branches, leaves, or any other object detectable by any of the sensor data. In some examples, the same, or similar, techniques (detection/classification/segmentation/etc.) may be used, generally, to determine areas of poor vegetative health. As non-limiting examples, segmentation of sensor data (e.g., from the one or more cameras on the device, radars, and/or lidars, etc.) may indicate no vegetation where vegetation is expected (e.g., as provided by a user, or otherwise), areas of discoloration of vegetation (which may be with respect to an expected coloration (or previously observed coloration)), a deviation of sensor returns (e.g., camera, lidar, radar, sonar, etc.) as compared to an expected return associated with the area, and the like. In at least some examples, such comparisons may be dependent on a time of year, weather conditions, a most recently previously observed coloration, and the like. Additionally, or alternatively, detectors, segmentation algorithms, classification algorithms, etc. may be used to determine the presence of unwanted species (invasive species, weeds, etc.) and/or varmints, insects, etc. based at least in part on the sensor data. Such segmented and classified data may be used in both generating the three-dimensional map, as well as localizing the vegetative health device to the map. Although discussed in the context of neural networks, any type of machine learning may be used consistent with this disclosure. For example, machine learning algorithms may include, but are not limited to, regression algorithms (e.g., linear regression or logistic regression), least squared optimizations, Bayesian algorithms, clustering algorithms (e.g., k-means, k-medians, etc.), least squares (including linear and non-linear, for example), deep learning algorithms (including Deep Boltzmann Machine (DBM) and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), support vector machines, random forests, etc. As time impacts moisture levels (e.g. moisture is absorbed or evaporates over the course of a day), sensor data from any one or more of the sensors above may be associated with a timestamp. Multiple maps may be created based on, for example, time of day, time of the year, and the like. By creating maps consistent with a time of day and/or time of year, a landscaper or caretaker may be able to quickly determine vegetative health and/or if treatment has improved. Such time comparisons may also be used to determine actionable items. For example, if one area in a map has a degrading vegetative health indicator associated with an increasing moisture content over time, it may be indicative of a leak requiring patching, or a watering profile in need of adjustment, though any other actionable item is contemplated. Further, as above, previously generated maps may be compared to current sensor data to determine if a deviation exists (e.g., more than a threshold amount) in the associated sensor returns (e.g., regions of grass having poor vegetative health may comprise turning brown in image data, differing radar intensities and/or cross-sectional areas due to lower amounts of moisture, etc.). In some examples, such maps may be determined on the device. Additionally, or alternatively, sensor data from any of the one or more sensors may be stored on the device for processing on another, more powerful, system. In such an example, memory, processing power, and weight of the vegetative health device may be minimized. In additional or alternative examples, such as those in which the vegetative health device is dragged behind a large mower, data may be transferred (either wired or wirelessly) to a more powerful computing device located on the mower, or elsewhere, for processing and/or upload. Once a vegetative health map is created, it can be made available to a user (e.g. by direct data transfer or hosted on a cloud based server). By associating vegetative health indicators of an area with varying shading, coloring, contour lines, etc., such a user may be able to easily glean vegetative health and/or instruct the vegetative health device to collect additional measurements. Additionally, or alternatively, any such determinations indicative of poor vegetative health may also have an associated expected area (e.g., in m2), which may be determined based on the generated map. Once determined, an amount of water, herbicide, pesticide, insecticide, fertilizer, seed, etc. may be precisely calculated (e.g., in accordance with recommended application of herbicide, pesticide, fertilizer, seed, etc. as recommended per unit area), either by the device or computing device in communication with the device, and communicated to a care taker for application and/or applied to the vegetation by the device autonomously. By viewing multiple maps over a period of time, such a user may be able to determine if treatment has improved an area of vegetation. Though described herein with respect to golf courses for ease of illustration, there is no intention to limit the disclosure to golf courses alone. In fact, such a system may be equally used with respect to orchards, farms, landscapes, and any other area of vegetation requiring monitoring of vegetative health. Furthermore, though described as a device to be dragged, pulled, pushed, or moved under its own locomotive power near a surface, the disclosure isn't so limiting. Any of the techniques, processes, and systems described herein may be used in conjunction with other modes of transport (including, but not limited to attached to aircraft, helicopters, multirotors, watercraft, bicycles, tractors, automobiles, motorcycles, and the like), as well as used alone as a drone, unmanned aircraft vehicle, unmanned watercraft, or the like. Details of such a system are described in detail below with respect to the figures. FIG.1illustrates a vegetative health device100for creating three-dimensional vegetative health maps. As shown, such a vegetative health device100may have one or more radar devices110(i.e. radar transmitter/receiver pairs, or simply radar). In some examples, the radar devices110may be disposed about the system in a far-field configuration (e.g. the transmitter/receiver pair is located on the order of multiples of the wavelength, for example, three feet or more, from a surface as illustrated by radar devices110a,110b), or a near-field configuration (e.g. the transmitter/receiver pair is located close to a surface, e.g. 0.5 ft, as illustrated by radar devices110c-110f). Use of both near-field and far-field may improve moisture content determination, as far-field may indicate moisture content due to increased scatter in the far-field from moisture in the surface, while near-field may indicate moisture content from the fact that moisture increasingly capacitively couples the radar signal to ground. Additionally, or alternatively, any radar transmitter and receiver may be disposed apart from one another (e.g. from directly touching to on the order of several feet). Such spacing may be based, at least in part, on a wavelength of the transmitted signal and may increase sensitivity to moisture content. Furthermore, in at least one example, one transmitter may be associated with more than one receiver. In some examples where multiple receivers are used, each radar receiver antenna may have a different polarization. As a non-limiting example, transmissions of radar device110fmay be received by any one or more of radar devices110a-e. Any one or more of the radar devices110may operate in various modes and/or at different frequencies. For example, any of the one or more radar devices110may operate in the ISM band (such as around 900 MHz or around 2.4 GHz) or Ultra Wide Band (UWB), though any frequency range is contemplated, including two- or multi-band. Any of the one or more radar devices110may be configured as Continuous Wave (CW), monopulse, wide-band pulse, and/or Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW). In some examples, the radar device110may be a phased array radar. Further, in some examples, at least one radar device110(preferably in a near-field configuration) may perform time domain reflectometry (TDR) by sending pulses of electromagnetic radiation. In some examples, different wave forms may be used to determine different physical parameters of the vegetation and underlying soil (e.g. moisture content, soil density, vegetation thickness (e.g. grass or crop height), etc.). As non-limiting examples, a radar device110may use square waves, triangle waves, sinusoidal waves, or signal modulation using any waveform, and the like. In some examples where multiple radar devices110are used, different modes may be used for different purposes on each radar device110. For example, an FMCW may be used for determination of distance for compensation and calibration, whereas near-field TDR may be used to determine moisture and other soil parameters. In some examples, the transmitted signal from a radar device110may be optimized for a certain amount of ground penetration. For example, any one or more of frequency (or wavelength), power, focus, etc. may be adjusted to achieve a different depth of penetration. Such adjustments may be performed from time to time as the vegetative health device100traverses an area and tuned for subterranean object detection and/or soil density estimation. As illustrated inFIG.1, by adjusting any of the one or more parameters, different objects may be detected by the radar device110. As shown, any one or more of the radar may detect vegetation160, objects (such as a golf ball198, sprinkler head194, leaves, branches, roots, etc.), a ground surface level170, a subterranean rock196, a change in soil density and/or moisture content180, underground piping192, pipe coupling190, and the like. In such a manner, the vegetative health device100may discern differences between vegetation160, such as, for example, the difference between tees, rough, fairway, and holes of a golf course. In some examples, at least one of the radar transmitters and/or receivers may be angled with respect to a direction of travel of the vegetative health device, such as illustrated by radar device110e. In some examples, the radar device110may be inclined at 45 degrees relative to the surface, though any inclination between 0 and 90 degrees is contemplated. By inclining the radar device, a greater field of view is established for mapping and moisture estimation. Such an increased field of view may ensure a continuous mapping of moisture content (and/or soil density, etc.). In addition to the one or more radar devices110, the vegetative health device may additionally, or alternatively, comprise lidar(s)130, image sensor(s)120, Global Positioning System(s) (GPS), inertial measurement unit(s) (IMU), accelerometer(s), gyroscope(s), magnetometer(s), wheel encoder(s), ultrasonic transducer(s), thermal imagers, ambient light sensor(s), time of flight sensors, barometer(s), bolometer(s), pyrometer(s), and the like. Any of the radar devices110and additional sensors (e.g. lidar130and image sensors120) may be disposed about the vegetative health device100in poses (i.e. position and orientations) determined to optimize a field of view. Image sensors120may comprise narrow field of view cameras120aand wide-angled cameras120b. Multiple image sensors120may be disposed about the vegetative health device100to create various baselines (including dual baselines). As will be described in detail below, sensor data from such sensors may both aid in determination of vegetative health, as well as creation of the vegetative health maps. As shown, the vegetative health device100may comprise a coupling152to mechanically couple the vegetative health device100to a vehicle, such as a mower, tractor, etc., to pull (or push) the vegetative health device100over an area. In other examples, the coupling152may be used by an individual to push or pull the vegetative health device100. In some examples, the vegetative health device100may have one or more wheels150(e.g. one, two three four, or more). In some examples, the coupling152may provide sufficient tension such that when coupled, the vegetative health device100may remain suspended above the ground (as illustrated inFIG.3A), despite not having any wheels150. In those examples, (such as those examples where the vegetative health device100is coupled to a mower or scythe), the vegetative health device100may be located behind the vehicle to ensure consistency of measurement, as vegetation160scanned behind the vehicle has the same height after mowing, and to reduce any potential electromagnetic interference from the vehicle. The vegetative health device100may be releasably coupled to the vehicle such as, for example, by a pipe clamp (not shown), or similar attachment mechanism. Using such an attachment (or mechanical coupling), the vegetative health device100is able to easily connect and be secured to the vehicle. In some examples, such a mechanical coupling may also provide communicative coupling. For example, a wired or wireless transmission may relay data (e.g. sensor data from the one or more sensors) from the vegetative health device100to a more powerful computing system located on the vehicle. Though not illustrated inFIG.1, the vegetative health device100may alternatively move under its own power. In such a configuration, the vegetative health device100may comprise a motor (electric, gasoline powered, hydrogen powered, solar powered, etc. and/or combinations thereof) capable of causing the one or more wheels150to move (including, but not limited to accelerations and steering). In one example such configuration, the vegetative health device100may move either autonomously (by planning paths through an environment based at least in part on waypoints (or coordinates) along such planned paths provided either by a user or determined to ensure every point in the map, or geolocation provided by a user as a series of coordinates, is covered) and/or via commands received from a user remotely (such as, for example, as a remote control device and/or through an interface in a web browser or mobile application). One or more antennae140located on the vegetative health device100may serve to relay communication signals and/or data to and from the vegetative health device100. As non-limiting examples, such signals data may comprise any portion of sensor data from the one or more sensors (raw, compressed, downsampled, output of one or more machine learned models (such as feature maps), representations thereof, and/or otherwise) and/or control signals to operate the device, etc. FIG.2illustrates an example three-dimensional vegetative health map200as may be created by any system or method as described herein. For illustrative purposes, the three-dimensional vegetative health map200shows a single hole of a golf course. Boundaries210a,210bbetween different vegetation (e.g. demarcating a fairway210aand a rough210b) may either be provided by a user, third party database, and/or determined based on mapping directly (e.g. differences in sensor data from different vegetation may be used to create such boundaries210and/or combined with a confirmation from a user, confirmation from a machine learned model, or the like). As a non-limiting example, a three-dimensional map may be created and regions of differing sensor returns may be clustered, or otherwise grouped together. Such clusters may then be presented to a user to determine whether the differing regions correspond to different vegetation (e.g., fairway v. rough on a golf course) or regions having different vegetative health (a region of grass in good health and another region in poor health). In at least some examples, such determinations (whether the regions correspond to different vegetation or represent a region having degraded vegetative health) may be made by a computing device (such as the vegetative health device) by comparing various modalities of sensor data and/or relying on one or more machine learned models trained to output a type of vegetation. As a non-limiting example, comparisons of image data may indicate that vegetation in two regions are within a threshold of one another, whereas radar data may indicate a difference above some threshold. In such an example, one or more systems may determine that the differing region corresponds to a region of degraded vegetative health of the same type of vegetation. Any other multi-modal determinations are contemplated (image to image, image to radar, lidar to radar, lidar to image, and the like, whether as raw data or comparing outputs of other algorithms, such as detections, segmentations, classifications, feature maps, and the like). The three-dimensional vegetative health map200may be made available to a user either directly from the vegetative health device or from a cloud based server. Various methods may be used to indicate vegetative health of various regions, such as, but not limited to, moisture levels, poor growth, no growth, presence of weeds or invasive species, presence of pests, or any other user selected environmental feature. As non-limiting examples, moisture levels may be indicated on the map displayed to the user by color (where differing colors indicate differing moisture levels), shading (higher or lower shading areas indicating higher moisture levels), contour lines (where a density of lines may indicate moisture levels), and the like. The same and/or similar techniques may be used to indicate other information regarding vegetative health. In at least some examples, differing aspects of vegetative health may be displayed simultaneously by using differing techniques for different indicators. As a non-limiting example, moisture levels may be indicated by contour lines, presence of pests indicated in shades of red, poor growth indicated in shades of brown, and the like. As shown inFIG.2, moisture levels are indicated by contour lines220. By providing vegetative health as color, shading, contour, etc. a user viewing such a three-dimensional vegetative health map may be able to quickly glean vegetative health of an area. For example, as illustrated inFIG.2, high areas of contoured lines230a,230bmay indicate that several sprinklers are leaking from being destroyed by a lawn mower. Similarly, area240, with low density of contours may indicate that water is not being delivered to the area, the area is more exposed to the sun, or otherwise the vegetation is not receiving sufficient amount of water. The user, such as a caretaker or landscaper, may, upon seeing the map, check plumbing to the area and/or increase watering levels to the area in order to rectify the dry area and improve vegetative health. In some examples, the three-dimensional vegetative health map200may indicate more than simply moisture content. For example, as described in detail below, the three-dimensional map may also be associated with weather data, surface temperatures, ambient light, and estimations of vegetative health from accumulated sensor data. Such data may be presented similarly to a user and/or combined to depict the interaction with one another. FIG.3Adepicts an example in which a vegetative health device100′ (such as the vegetative health device100shown inFIG.1) is attached to an object, such as a ground vehicle, capable of pulling or pushing the vegetative health device100′. As illustrated, because the vegetative health device100′ is attached rigidly to a mower300A by a coupling152, the vegetative health device100′ may be suspended above the ground, without the need for wheels. As such, additional electromagnetic interference (EMI) may be reduced, as well as ensuring a consistent height above the ground. Additionally, or alternatively, the vegetative health device100′ may be wired or wirelessly coupled to a more powerful computerized system on the mower300A. As such, a more powerful computerized system on the mower300A may compute the three-dimensional maps and/or upload sensor data (raw, compressed, downsampled, or representations thereof) to another computerized system (such as a cloud based server, etc.). FIG.3Billustrates how the vegetative health device100may be pushed (or pulled) manually by an individual300B. By being pushed (or pulled) by an individual300B, it may be possible to have more control over which areas are mapped, as opposed to when dragged behind a large mower, since the individual300B may direct the vegetative health device100to targeted areas for scanning Additionally, by being operated by an individual300B, any electromagnetic interference may be further minimized. Though illustrated inFIGS.3A and3Bas purely passive (i.e. dragged or pushed), it is also contemplated that such a vegetative health device may move autonomously (e.g. moving between a series of waypoints (including GPS locations) as calculated by the device, or other computerized system and/or received from a user) and/or under the control of a received signal (e.g. as a remote controlled device). In such examples, the vegetative health device100may comprise one or more of a battery (or other power source) and motor for powering the one or more wheels for locomotion. FIG.4is an example system400capable of performing the operations described herein. Such a system400may comprise one or more of processors410, memory420, sensors430, communication subsystem450, and actuators460. Further, though depicted inFIG.4as a single system400for illustrative purposes, the intention is not to be so limiting. For example, the system400may be a distributed system (either locally or non-locally), where each block may be present on (or performed by) a remote system. The system400may include one or more processors410, any of which capable of performing the operations described herein. In some examples, the processor(s)410may be located remotely from the vegetative health device. In such examples, sensor data collected may be stored in memory420and transferred, e.g. over a wired or wireless connection via communication subsystem450, to a server (such as a cloud based server), with processor(s)410and memory420similar to that of system400capable of performing the operations described herein. For example, the one or more processor(s)410may comprise one or more central processing units (CPUs), one or more graphics processing units (GPUs), digital signal processors (DSPs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), or the like. Memory420is an example of non-transitory computer readable media capable of storing instructions which, when executed by any of the one or more processor(s)410, cause the system400to perform any one or more of the operations described herein. The memory420can store an operating system and one or more software applications, instructions, programs, and/or data to implement the methods described herein and the functions attributed to the various systems. In various implementations, the memory420can be implemented using any suitable memory technology, such as static random access memory (SRAM), synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM), nonvolatile/Flash-type memory, or any other type of memory capable of storing information. The architectures, systems, and individual elements described herein can include many other logical, programmatic, and physical components, of which those shown in the accompanying figures are merely examples that are related to the discussion herein. Additionally, or alternatively, the memory420is capable of storing raw sensor data from the one or more sensor(s)430, compressed or downsampled sensor data, output of one or more machine learning models (e.g., feature maps of neural networks), and/or representations of the raw sensor data. The sensor(s)430may comprise one or more radars432(such as any of the radar devices110, as shown inFIG.1). Radars432may be configured to be in either a near-field (e.g. close to the ground) or far-field (e.g. disposed about the vegetative health device at least an order of the wavelength from a surface). In some examples, near-field radar may operate at 900 MHz, while far-field radar operate at 2.4 GHz. One or more of the radars432may have their respective transmitters and receivers separated from one another by a fixed distance, ranging from being adjacent to one another to on the order of several feet. One or more of the radar receivers (or radar antennae), such as patch antenna, dipole antenna, yagi antenna, horn antenna, and the like, may be configured for differing polarizations (parallel, perpendicular, or circular in either direction). One or more of the radars432may be angled with respect to the surface (e.g. between 0 and 90 degrees, including about or around 45 degrees). Each of the one or more transmitters may operate in a different frequency. Such spacing and frequency differences may aid in reducing noise and increasing sensitivity to moisture content. Any such sensors may operate as FWCM, CW, TDR and the like. Additionally, or alternatively, the sensor(s)430may comprise one or more Global Positioning Systems (GPS)433, one or more lidars434, inertial measurement unit(s)435(which may comprise one or more accelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetometers, or the like), and one or more image sensors436. Image sensors436may comprise, for example, RGB cameras, intensity cameras (e.g. greyscale), stereo cameras, depth cameras (e.g. structured light sensors, time of flight (TOF) cameras, etc.), RGB-D cameras, infrared cameras, and the like. In those examples where multiple image sensors436are contemplated, various image sensors436may have varying fields of view. For example, where at least two image sensors436are used, one image sensor436may be a narrow field of view camera and the other a wide angle field of view camera. Other sensor(s)437may include, for example, encoders (such as wheel encoders), ultrasonic transducers (e.g. SONAR), thermal imaging sensors (e.g. infrared imagers), non-contact temperature sensors (e.g. sensors capable of determining the temperature of a surface), ambient light sensors (e.g. light sensors such as, but not limited to, photodiodes capable of determining an intensity of light at 600-1200 nm), humidity sensors, pressure sensors, bolometers, pyrometers, wind speed sensors, and the like. Sensor data from such other sensors437may provide additional insight into the health of vegetation in the vicinity of the vegetative health device, as well as be used to generate the three-dimensional maps and/or localize the device400. For example, when plants are wilting, or about to wilt, temperature rises. As such, higher temperatures associated with the certain regions may be associated with wilting. One or more ambient light sensors may be used in conjunction with temperature sensors to estimate an amount and/or quality of sunlight (and/or other light sources) the plants receive. As described in detail above, sensor data from any one or more of sensor(s)430may be used to determine regions of poor growth, regions of no growth, presence of pests, presence of weeds, and the like. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more other sensor(s)437may provide additional information about the movement of the vegetative health device400(including velocity) such as, but not limited to, wheel encoders, IMUs (any one or more of accelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetometers, etc.), GPS receivers, etc. In some examples, sensor data from one or more ultrasonic transducers may be used to both aid in detection of a ground level through the vegetation, as well as to detect features of objects to be used for mapping (i.e. to “see” through a canopy). Such ultrasonic sensors (e.g. SONAR) may be positioned and oriented in the same manner as the radar432so as to allow for comparisons or combinations of sensor data between the two. Determining the distance to the ground through vegetation by use of both ultrasonic transducers, as well as radar432, may provide information of vegetation height, which can be used, for example, as another indication of vegetative health, mapping and localization, and/or for input into moisture content determinations. As above, sensor data from the one or more other sensor(s)437may be associated with the map and/or used as additional data sources in the mapping processes. Any of the one or more sensor(s)430may also be associated with a timestamp including, but not limited to, a time of day, time of month, and/or time of year (e.g. Jan. 16, 2018 4:50 am UTC). As such, comparisons of vegetative health (e.g., moisture levels, growth, color, temperature, presence of pests, etc.) between multiple scans may be more accurate by updating or weighting the sensor data based at least in part on the time of day, month, and/or year. For example, moisture content may be higher immediately after a watering during the early morning hours than at midday. Similarly, moisture content may be higher in the winter months than in the summer, where temperatures remain cooler. In some examples, a new vegetative health map is created with respect to user-defined periods of time (e.g. a new map is created during each new day of scanning) In some examples, a user may specify whether to update an existing map and/or generate a new map. In at least some examples, two or more maps (including a currently generated map) may be compared to each other to determine one or more indicators of vegetative health. As a non-limiting example, if an indicator associated with a region in one map differs more than or equal to a threshold amount in a previous map, change of vegetative health may be determined (either a degradation or an improvement). Such an example system400as shown inFIG.4may additionally or alternatively comprise one or more communication subsystems450. An example communication subsystem450may be used to send and receive data either over a wired or wireless communication protocol, as well as provide data connectivity between any one or more of the processors410, memory420, and sensors430. Such protocols may include, but are not limited to, WiFi (802.11), Bluetooth, Zigbee, Universal Serial Bus (USB), Ethernet, TCP/IP, serial communication, and the like. As indicated herein, such a communication subsystem450may be used to send sensor data from the sensor(s)430to other systems (e.g. cloud based computers, etc.), for generating the vegetative health maps. In at least some examples, to minimize an amount of data transferred (as raw sensor data may amount to upwards of multiple gigabytes to multiple terabytes per day), raw sensor data from the one or more sensors430may be downsampled or compressed before transmission. In at least one example, sensor data (whether raw, compressed, downsampled, a representation thereof, or otherwise) may be automatically uploaded to another computing device when in a particular location (e.g. when in a shed, or other preselected user location). Representations of data may include, for example, averages of the data, feature maps as output from one or more neural networks, extracted features of the data, bounding boxes, segmented data, and the like. Vegetative Health Subsystem Depicted inFIG.4is a vegetative health subsystem421, which, in at least some examples, may reside in memory420in the form of non-transitory computer readable media. The vegetative health subsystem421may comprise any one or more additional subsystems, as will be described in detail below. In at least some examples, such subsystems may comprise, for example, a moisture subsystem422, a soil density subsystem423, and/or an additional subsystem424. Moisture Subsystem Moisture subsystem422is configured to take sensor data from any one or more of the sensor(s)430and output an estimated moisture content level. As non-limiting examples, an increase in far-field reflected power is indicative of more moisture content. Near-field reflected power may be used to determine moisture content, as near-field coupled power between transmitter is reduced as a function of additional moisture. By using multiple receivers per transmitter of radar432(whether spaced adjacent to the transmitter or within multiple feet of the transmitter), moisture content in addition to surface and sub-surface features may be determined based on relative reflected power. Additionally, or alternatively, any one or more of the radar432may be configured to be in a continuous wave (CW), frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW), or time domain reflectometry (TDR) mode. At least one of the radar432may be a phased array radar. Moisture subsystem422may also be configured to vary one or more parameters of the one or more radar432to determine additional environmental features. As non-limiting examples, the moisture subsystem422may instruct the one or more radars432to change one or more of a power level, a frequency, a modulated wave-form (e.g. triangle, square, sinusoidal, etc.), etc. For example, since different vegetation may react differently to such different parameters, vegetative health for a variety of different vegetation can be determined by altering such parameters. Additionally, ground penetration of the radar signal is dependent on such parameters. By adjusting such parameters, moisture content about different vegetation, soil density as a function of penetration depth, moisture content as a function of penetration depth, and multiple subterranean features can be determined. Additionally, or alternatively, the moisture mapping subsystem422may comprise one or more machine learning algorithms capable of segmenting sensor data, classifying sensor data, and/or otherwise providing additional information from the sensor data. As above, one such example machine learning algorithm is an artificial neural network, though any other machine learning algorithm is contemplated. Such an artificial neural network may take any sensor data of the one or more of the sensors as input and may output any one or more of a segmentation, a classification, vegetative health, a location of the sun, or any other estimate of an environmental parameter. Such machine learned algorithms (or models) may be trained, for examples, based on ground truth data. Such ground truth data may be obtained, for example, by acquiring sensor measurements of the one or more sensors and associating a vegetative health quality associated therewith (e.g., a moisture score from 0 to 1 with 0 being poor and 1 being good, and the like). Soil Density Subsystem As above, soil density may be an important factor in vegetative health, as some plants require a certain level of aeration. A soil density subsystem424may take in sensor data from any one or more of the sensors430to determine a soil density of the return. In some examples, the soil density subsystem424may be configured to optimize the one or more radars432for soil density operation. Such an optimization may comprise, for example, selecting a preferred frequency range of operation, selecting particular radar transmitter/receiver pairs for estimation, determining a preferred waveform for time domain reflectometry, or the like. As a non-limiting example, the soil density subsystem424may adjust the one or more parameters to vary a ground penetration level of one or more radar432. A return radar signal for various depths may be associated with the soil density, providing an estimate of the density with respect to depth. In at least some examples, such a soil density may be determined in accordance with machine learning algorithms as described in detail herein. Additional Vegetative Health Subsystem(s) Also depicted inFIG.4as a further subsystem of the vegetative health subsystem421are additional vegetative health subsystem(s)424. The additional vegetative health subsystem(s)424may receive data from any one or more of the sensor(s)430and determine additional indicators of vegetative health, as described in detail herein. In some examples, infrared data may be used to determine a red edge reflectance, which, in some examples, can be used to determine a normalized difference vegetation index (which may be one such indicator). As other non-limiting examples, sensor data may be input into one or more machine learned models to perform various operations, such as segmentations, classifications, detections, etc. In such examples, sensor data may be segmented based on, for example, color in image, radar intensity (power), radar cross-sectional area, and the like. Of course, multiple sensor data may be fused to increase likelihood of such determinations. As one example, a browner region in image data may correspond to lower moisture content as may be determined by the moisture subsystem422. Such correspondence may provide a higher confidence of poor vegetative health for that particular region. Segmentations (or clusters, groups, etc.) may be compared to previously acquired data (and/or data from other (third-party) sources, such as satellite data, etc.) and/or detections (e.g., output from a detector network indicating the presence of pests) to determine whether such data corresponds to, for example, a change (such as a degradation) of vegetative health indicative of regions of poor growth, regions of no growth, regions having pests, regions having weeds or invasive species, and the like. Similarly, such change may represent an improvement (e.g., where a previous treatment has improved the vegetation). In some examples in which a previously generated map has with associated vegetative health indicators (poor growth, low moisture, no growth, pests, weeds, etc.) is determined and/or received (e.g., from third-party data, such as satellite data), the one or more indicators may be compared to such previously determined values (e.g., using a Euclidian distance (which may be weighted) therebetween, a Mahalanobis distance, or the like). Differences of more than or equal to threshold values may be used to determine a change (e.g., a degradation, improvement, or no change) of vegetative health for the region and/or provide an indication that treatment is needed for the particular issue. As a non-limiting example, one area which was previously green and is now brown in image data may be associated with over-fertilization, for example. It is contemplated at any one or more machine learning models may be used to output such additional indicators of vegetative health based on any portion of the sensor data. Such output need not be binary (i.e., poor health or good health), but may indicate a range (e.g., 0 to 1) indicating a level of health associated with any one or more of health indicator (moisture level, expected growth, presence of pests, presence of weeds or invasive species, etc.). Additionally, or in the alternative, such additional vegetative health subsystem(s)424can calculate an area associated with those detected regions having poor vegetative health. In one example, segmentations of image data may be associated with the corresponding map (either two- or three-dimensional) by, for example, projecting the image onto the map using known camera extrinsics and intrinsics, and the area can be calculated based at least in part on the map. Based on a known area, treatment options can be calculated. For example, most pesticides, insecticides, and the like require an application per unit area. Such calculations may subsequently be performed to determine a recommended treatment, comprising an area (which may be demarked by GPS locations). In at least some examples, the recommended treatment may be communicated, via the communications subsystems450, to a user, additional computing system, and or to the planning and control subsystem440. Though depicted as multiple subsystems residing in the vegetative health subsystem421, any subsystems described herein may comprise a separate subsystem, module, component, etc., whether in the system400, or a remote system therefrom. Calibration Subsystem In order to accurately associate vegetative health (e.g., soil density, moisture level, temperature level data, etc.) with a map, sensor extrinsics and intrinsics for each sensor430need to be known. Such a calibration may be performed by a calibration subsystem426, for example, using a calibration target having radar visible fiducials (e.g. corner reflectors) associated with visual fiducials (e.g. augmented reality tags, QR codes, logos or other markers, precomputed patterns, and the like). By simultaneously recording responses from the image sensors and radars, it is possible to perform an optimization (e.g. non-linear least squares, gradient descent, etc.) to determine the relative extrinsics between the various sensor modalities. In some examples, approximate relative positions and orientations may be known based on mechanical constraints of the system and/or used as an initial assumption during optimization. Such an optimization may also provide estimations for sensor intrinsics. Calibration subsystem426may take in sensor data from any one or more of the sensors430and perform a calibration as above to output one or more sensor intrinsics and/or extrinsics. Mapping Subsystem A mapping subsystem428may take in sensor data from any one or more of the sensor(s)430, in addition to any one or more outputs from the moisture estimation subsystem422, the soil density subsystem423, the additional vegetative health subsystem(s)424, and/or the calibration subsystem426. In at least one example, sensor data from the one or more sensor(s)430may be used to construct a two- and/or three-dimensional map of the scanned area. Multiple mapping techniques may be used to construct a two- or three-dimensional map based on the acquired sensor data including, but not limited to SLAM, Kalman filters (Unscented Kalman Filters, Extended Kalman Filters, etc.), occupancy grids, bundle adjustment, sliding window filters, and the like. Such a map may be stored as a signed distance function (SDF), or truncated SDF (TSDF), triangle mesh, mosaics, etc. Use of voxel hashing may improve memory requirements for both storage and raycasting. In at least some examples, sensor data may include radar data indicative of subterranean objects (e.g. pipes, golf balls, rocks, etc.). Such subterranean objects may provide features for use in creating the map. For example, locations of sprinklers, piping, rocks, moisture levels, and the like may be combined (or fused) with other sensor data to both generate the maps and localize against them. Furthermore, various combinations of sensor data may be used to provide additional insight as derived sensor data. As a non-limiting example, sensor data from wide-angle, dual baseline, image sensors436may be used to reconstruct depth of the environment and provide additional features for use in generating the map and or localizing the vegetative health device. Additionally, or alternatively, sensor data from the one or more sensors430may be input into one or more machine learning algorithms (e.g. artificial neural networks) configured to output an estimation of an aspect of the environment (e.g. an indicator of vegetative health, a segmentation, a classification, solar direction, and the like). Any such derived sensor data may be either used for mapping and/or localization, as well as may be associated with the map after it has been generated (e.g. storing the value associated with the portion of the map where the data was collected). In some examples, GPS data from the GPS sensors433may be used to inform a Region of Interest (ROI) of satellite imagery to download to, or otherwise augment, the two- or three-dimensional map. Additionally, or alternatively, such a system400may download, or otherwise access, weather data as additional sensor data. The weather data may be indicative of, for example, weather conditions for the time of day associated with the other sensor data. Such maps may comprise signed distance functions (SDFs) or truncated signed distance functions TSDFs, mesh representations, UTM grids, mosaics, tiles, etc., including any topological relationship between such sensor data. In some examples, voxel hashing may be used to minimize memory requirements for both map storage and retrieval. Such a map may also be associated with additional sensor data (and/or data derived from the additional sensor data, such as segmentations, classifications, output from machine learning algorithms, etc.). For example, moisture level data, soil density data, vegetative health indicators (growth, absence of growth, presence of pests, presence of weeds or invasive species, etc.), thermal data, ambient light data, etc. may be associated with every location in the three-dimensional map. Additionally, or alternatively, image sensor data (e.g. color) may be associated with the map as well (e.g. by weighted averaging, or the like), so that a user viewing the map would quickly see a virtual representation of the scanned area, including color. Planning and Control Subsystem440 The planning and control subsystem440may determine commands for operating one or more of the actuator(s)460. In some examples, such a planning and control subsystem440may determine one or more trajectories for the system400to follow (e.g., by determining a series of steering commands, acceleration commands, etc. which cause the system400to follow an intended path). Such trajectories may be determined in accordance with waypoints (e.g., GPS-based waypoints) as may be received from a user via communications subsystem(s)450and/or calculated to optimize (e.g., minimize) a length of travel over a defined region of interest (e.g., as may be provided by a user). Such calculations may be determined, for example, using Bellman Ford's algorithm, Dijkstra's Algorithm, or otherwise. In at least some examples, such a planning and control subsystem440may additionally, or alternatively, receive the recommended treatment from additional vegetative health subsystem(s)424. In such examples, the planning and control subsystems440may determine additional signals to disperse any one or more of seed, fertilizer, insecticide, herbicide, pesticide, etc. at determined rates and at areas associated with the recommended treatment. Such additional signals may comprise signals to open and/or close one or more bays of the system400holding fertilizer, herbicide, pesticide, insecticide, seed, and the like so as to uniformly apply the selected treatment over the area associated with the treatment. Of course, in some examples, application need not be uniform and other distributions are contemplated. In those examples in which the system400is operated manually (e.g., by being pulled, pushed, attached to a mower, etc.), the planning and control subsystem440may still calculate an optimal control path for a user to take. As a non-limiting example, such a trajectory may comprise the shortest path needed to sweep an area (region) provided. In any such example provided herein, such trajectories and/or controls may be calculated iteratively (and/or periodically) such that the system400(and/or associated user(s)) always has the most relevant information. Actuators In at least some examples, the system400may have one or more actuator(s)460. Such actuators may comprise, for example, electric and/or mechanical motors, hydraulics, pneumatics, and the like. Upon receiving a signal from one or more of the planning and control subsystem440and/or the additional vegetative health subsystem(s)424, at least a portion of the actuator(s) may actuate in order to effectuate a trajectory (steering, acceleration, etc.), release fertilizer, seed, herbicide, pesticide, insecticide, seed, etc., and the like. FIG.5depicts an example user interface500, displaying an example three-dimensional vegetative health map200as may be accessible by a user. In the example shown, the three-dimensional vegetative health map200may be accessible via a computing device such as a smart phone510, though any other computing device is contemplated. The three-dimensional vegetative health map200may be downloaded from a cloud based server, directly from the vegetative health device (e.g. over a wired or wireless connection), or any other computing device which is able to generate the three-dimensional map from the sensor data, as described herein. The map may be accessible via a mobile application, via a web browser connected to the internet, and the like. As shown inFIG.5, the user may be shown a portion of (or all of) the three-dimensional vegetative health map200created by the one or more vegetative health devices (e.g. multiple mapping devices operating in a fleet and/or multiple scans of an area at different times and/or similar times, including the same time). As illustrated, the map200is indicative of a portion of a single hole of a golf course. The user may zoom in or out of particular areas of the map to better determine vegetative health. Here, one or more of moisture content, temperature, ambient light, and/or additional indicators of vegetative health may be displayed to the user by various shading (e.g. darker portions may indicate higher moisture), color (e.g. different coloring for different moisture levels), and/or differing contour levels (e.g. higher density of lines equated with higher moisture levels). In at least some examples, differing indicators of vegetative health may be represented differently in a same display simultaneously (e.g., moisture level by contour lines, detection of pests by shades of a first color, and/or lack of growth by a second color). In at least some examples, additional information, such as recommended treatments (e.g., as provided by the additional vegetative health subsystem(s)424), may be displayed to the user and/or associated with one or more regions on the displayed map. By providing such a representation to the user, the user is able to quickly glean vegetative health and assess and potential problems. By way of example, the user may be able to quickly tell that a sprinkler has burst where there is higher moisture content (such as in areas230aor230b), or that a sprinkler is malfunctioning where there is lower moisture content than required (such as in area240). In some examples, the user may select one or more previously generated maps based on, for example, time of day and/or time of year for comparison. By allowing the user to compare previously generated maps having similar times of day and/or times of the year (e.g. comparing a map generated one morning with a map generated the day before), the user may be able to quickly glean any improvements to, or degradations of, vegetative health. For example, the user may be able to determine that a replaced sprinkler is now functioning properly and providing the optimal moisture content to a previously dry area. In at least some examples, the user may place waypoints520, or otherwise designate a path530. Such a path530is indicative of a preferred travel route for the vegetative health device. For example, as shown inFIG.5, the user may want to confirm moisture levels determined during a previous mapping and request the device to move to the area having low moisture content. The path530may be communicated to an operator of a mower or the individual pushing the device, so that the device is brought along the preferred route or path in the environment. In some examples, where the device is capable of moving under its own power (e.g. the device is equipped with motorized wheels for locomotion), the device may autonomously traverse the path530indicated by the user (or generated based on the waypoints520, such as by Bezier curves, clothoids, etc.). Additionally, or alternatively, the user may use such waypoints520as boundary points for a region of interest (defining a geofenced region). In such examples, the device (e.g., system400) may calculate trajectories for filling in such a region (e.g., optimally computing a path(s) or trajectories to sweep such a defined region using minimal energy, minimal motion, and the like). Though not illustrated, the user may also choose to view the path the vegetative health device followed in order to generate the map. For example, the user may want to see the path that was taken in the most recent scanning Here, the user may opt to have the device velocities, directions, etc. overlaid onto the map. FIGS.6,7, and8illustrate flow diagrams of various processes as described herein. Each block of the flow diagram may represent a module of code to execute one or more processes described herein. Though illustrated in a particular order, the following figures are not meant to be so limiting. Any number of blocks may proceed in any order and/or substantially simultaneously (i.e. within technical tolerances of processors, etc.) to perform the operations described herein. FIG.6illustrates an example600for creating a three-dimensional vegetative health map in accordance with any of the descriptions herein. At610, a vegetative health device may be initiated for scanning Initiation may refer to a state of the vegetative health device in which the vegetative health device is collecting data from sensors and/or generating (or updating) a vegetative health map. As above, such a vegetative health device may be towed (or pushed) by a vehicle (such as, for example, a tractor, mower, etc.), towed (or pushed) by an individual, and/or propelled under its own power (autonomously or by remote signal). In some examples initiation may be associated with a geofenced region. For example, based on a user defined locus of GPS points (e.g. a geofence), the vegetative health device may be initiated if a current GPS location of the vegetative health device is within the geofence. For example, the vegetative health device may turn on when taken out of a garage or when approaching a hole of a golf course. Additionally, or alternatively, initiation may be manual. As non-limiting examples, a button or switch on the vegetative health device or a signal receivable by the device (e.g. over a wireless connection) may cause initiation. At620, a decision may be made as to whether to generate a new map or update an existing map. Updating the map may be based on the existence of a previously generated map (i.e. if there is no known map, create a new one), a time of day, a time of year, a current weather phenomenon (rain, wind, snow, etc.) or otherwise indicated by a user. As a non-limiting example, if a previously generated map was generated the same day (or within a day) of a current mapping, mapping may comprise updating the first map, as opposed to creating a new map. In those examples in which the map is updated, such updating may comprise weighted averages based at least in part on, for example, a time of day, weather, etc. At630, the vegetative health device may collect sensor data from any of the one or more sensors. At640, a decision is made whether to process sensor data at the vegetative health device is made. If so, at650at least a portion of the sensor data may be used for estimating moisture content, soil density, surface temperature, ambient light intensity, segmentations, classifications, feature maps, additional indicators of vegetative health, etc. and associated with a map such that each point of the map provides insight into moisture levels, soil density, additional indicators of vegetative health, etc. Such maps may be generated using any portion of sensor data, as described in any example herein (e.g., using SLAM, Kalman filters, or the like, as described herein). Otherwise, at660, sensor data is transferred (either stored in memory on the vegetative health device or to another device), including any transformations of the data (i.e. compressed, downsampled, represented by, etc.). Here, the sensor data may be transferred to local memory for storage, uploaded to a remote system, or otherwise wired or wirelessly transferred to another system for processing. At670, such transferred sensor data is retrieved by a second system for generating the vegetative health maps (the same or similarly as in650), determining heuristics, metrics, actionable items, and the like. At680, if the moisture mapping is still within a geofence (or not shut off manually by the user), the process proceeds to630. Otherwise, the vegetative health device stops receiving sensor data and may transmit any generated three-dimensional vegetative health maps and/or sensor data (whether raw, compressed, downsampled, representative, etc.) to another computerized system for storage and/or processing, whether over a wired or wireless communication link. In some examples, the system may stop collecting data after a predetermined period of time (e.g. on the order of seconds to hours). In other examples, the process600may continue until manually stopped (either via a physical switch or button on the device, or by a signal received by the device over a wired or wireless communication as initiated by a user). FIG.7illustrates an example700of how a user may interact with one or more of the three-dimensional maps. At710, the user may access a vegetative health map. Accessing the map may comprise downloading (wirelessly, or over a wired connection) at least a portion of map data, sensor data (whether raw, compressed, down sampled, and/or representations thereof) to a mobile application on a smartphone, a web browser and/or a software application on a computing system, and the like. In those examples where sensor data (whether raw, compressed, or otherwise) is relayed, one or more computing systems at the user's location may perform the methods and processes described herein to create the vegetative health maps. By accessing the map, the user is displayed at least a portion of the map and/or data about the area (moisture content, soil density, additional indicators of vegetative health, etc.). At720, the user may select a different area of the map and/or one or more physical parameters to display (e.g. actionable items, moisture content, additional indicators of vegetative health, ambient light, surface color, surface temperature, weather conditions associated with the scan, etc.). Based at least in part on the user selections, the three-dimensional map may be overlaid with any one or more representations of the selected data. Any such representations may be by color, shading, and/or contour lines and/or any one or more of such representations may differ and/or be displayed simultaneously to the user. Based at least in part on the user selected area and scale, that portion and scale of the three-dimensional map may be displayed to the user. In some examples, the user may be displayed actionable items (e.g. water is needed in a certain area, plants need trimming, an area is dry, presence of pests, plants in need of fertilization, locations in need of seeding, etc.) based on any one or more of the data available. At730, the user may select one or more waypoints and/or a path (e.g. by clicking, drawing a line with a finger or mouse, etc.). For example, the user may desire an area to be remapped and/or otherwise investigated. In at least some examples, the one or more waypoints may define a geofenced region in which a device may plan and navigate autonomously as described in detail herein. At740, the one or more waypoints and/or path may be communicated (over a wired connection or wirelessly) as a signal to the vegetative health device. In those examples where the vegetative health device is passive (e.g. is pulled by a mower or pushed by an individual), the signal may indicate to an operator of the mower or the individual to move to the points, or along the path. In those examples where the vegetative health device is capable of moving under its own power, the vegetative health device may use various path planning algorithms (e.g. A*, D*, Dijkstra's algorithm, etc.) to follow the path and/or waypoint(s) and/or otherwise optimize (minimize) a path to sweep over an indicated geofence region. At750, the user may decide to stop viewing the three-dimensional map. If the user desires to continue viewing the map, the process may proceed back to710. FIG.8depicts an example flow diagram of how a device (such as system400) may detect poor vegetative health and provide recommendations and/or perform actions in order to remedy such poor vegetative health. At802, one or more sensors on a vegetative health device, such as system400, may collect sensor data. Such sensors may comprise, for examples, cameras (RGB, intensity, depth, RGB-D, infrared, ultraviolet, etc.), radar, lidar, ultrasonics, GPS, IMU, wheel encoders, etc., as provided for herein and otherwise. At804at least a portion of the sensor data may be used to localize the device and/or create a map associated therewith. As described herein such localization and/or mapping may be done according to any techniques provided for herein, such as using SLAM in mapping subsystem428. At806, various indicators of vegetative health may be determined. As non-limiting examples described herein, such indicators may comprise, for example, moisture levels associated with a region, soil density associated with a region, presence of pests (insects, varmints, etc.) in a region, presence of weeds or invasive species in a region, lack of growth in a region, poor growth in a region, and the like. In any such example, indicators may be determined by inputting at least a portion of the data into one or more machine learning algorithms (or models) determined to output such indicators. In at least some examples, the output may be based on combinations of various sensor data and have a certainty associated therewith. In some examples, such indicators may comprise a range of values and/or a binary status. The one or more indicators may then be associated with the map such that every portion of the map is associated with the indicators determined. In at least some examples, such association may be determined in accordance with one or more interpolations (linear, bilinear, cubic, bicubic, etc.). At808, an effected area of poor vegetative health may be calculated. In some examples, previously recorded map data (and/or map data available from third party sources, such as satellite data) may be compared to currently determined indicators. One or more regions having one or more indicators which differ more than a threshold amount (e.g., as may be provided by a Euclidian difference, Mahalanobis difference, or the like) may be flagged as needing remedial action. In at least some examples, the various indicators of vegetative health may be clustered by a clustering algorithm (e.g., using k-means, etc.), or otherwise grouped or combined to define the one or more regions. Such regions may then be provided to a user such that the user may provide a determination whether or not one or more treatments need to be applied to the region. In additional, or alternate, examples, such determination may be made by one or more machine learning algorithms. In any such example provided herein, the region may then be associated with the map. As a non-limiting example, a segmentation of an image may be projected onto a map to determine an area in an environment associated therewith. The area and the indicator(s) may, in turn, be used to calculate a proposed treatment. As non-limiting examples, the area may be used to determine an amount of seed associated with an indicator of lack of growth, a determined amount of fertilizer associated with an indicator of poor growth, a determined amount of herbicide, pesticide, and/or insecticide associated with an indicator of pests, and the like. Such regions (areas) and treatments may comprise a recommended treatment. At810, a determination may be made as to whether the recommended treatment was previously applied to the region. If the same recommended treatment was previously provided, an alternate recommended treatment may be determined at812(e.g., one or more of increasing and/or decreasing the amount). In at least some examples, a time period associated with such difference may be determined in accordance with the particular treatment. As a non-limiting example, if a subsequent mapping determines that, after a week, treatment of an herbicide was ineffective, an increased amount may be recommended. In another example, no growth after applying seed two days prior may cause no additional seed to be dispensed as an expected growth time is on the order of weeks or months. If no recommended treatment was previously applied at810and/or after an alternate treatment recommendation is determined at812, the recommended treatment (which may be the alternate recommended treatment of812) is communicated. In some examples, such communication may be to a user for administration of the recommendation. In at least some examples, the communication may be to a planning and control subsystem, such that the planning and control subsystem may control one or more actuators to open and close one or more bays in accordance with the recommended treatment so as to provide the recommended amount over the detected region or area, whether homogeneously, or having some other distribution. As a non-limiting example, such actuation may comprise opening a seed bay to uniformly distribute grass seed in a region having no grass where grass was expected. The process may then return to802to collect more data. CONCLUSION Here multiple examples have been given to illustrate various features and are not intended to be so limiting. Any one or more of the features may not be limited to the particular examples presented herein, regardless of any order, combination, or connections described. In fact, it should be understood that any combination of the features and/or elements described by way of example above are contemplated, including any variation or modification which is not enumerated, but capable of achieving the same. Unless otherwise stated, any one or more of the features may be combined in any order. As above, figures are presented herein for illustrative purposes and are not meant to impose any structural limitations, unless otherwise specified. Various modifications to any of the structures shown in the figures are contemplated to be within the scope of the invention presented herein. The invention is not intended to be limited to any scope of claim language. Where “coupling” or “connection” is used, unless otherwise specified, no limitation is implied that the coupling or connection be restricted to a physical coupling or connection and, instead, should be read to include communicative couplings, including wireless transmissions and protocols. Any block, step, module, or otherwise described herein may represent one or more instructions which can be stored on a non-transitory computer readable media as software and/or performed by hardware. Any such block, module, step, or otherwise can be performed by various software and/or hardware combinations in a manner which may be automated, including the use of specialized hardware designed to achieve such a purpose. As above, any number of blocks, steps, or modules may be performed in any order or not at all, including substantially simultaneously, i.e. within tolerances of the systems executing the block, step, or module. Where conditional language is used, including, but not limited to, “can,” “could,” “may” or “might,” it should be understood that the associated features or elements are not required. As such, where conditional language is used, the elements and/or features should be understood as being optionally present in at least some examples, and not necessarily conditioned upon anything, unless otherwise specified. Where lists are enumerated in the alternative or conjunctive (e.g. one or more of A, B, and/or C), unless stated otherwise, it is understood to include one or more of each element, including any one or more combinations of any number of the enumerated elements (e.g. A, AB, AB, ABC, ABB, etc.). When “and/or” is used, it should be understood that the elements may be joined in the alternative or conjunctive.

11856884

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Referring now to the drawings,FIG.1shows an exemplary embodiment of an agricultural vehicle, illustrated in the form of a pull-behind agricultural mower-conditioner10, used for cutting and conditioning a standing crop1as it travels forwardly across the ground. The mower-conditioner10includes a chassis11supporting various components of the mower-conditioner10, which is operably connected to a tractor (not shown) and supported by a pair of trailing wheels12. The crop1is severed from the ground by a header100including a header frame101supporting one or more transversely disposed cutters110, illustrated in the form of rotary disc cutter modules arranged so adjacent pairs of modules counter-rotate, whereupon it is directed toward and engaged by a conditioning mechanism120. Adjacent pairs of the cutters110rotate so that the cutters converge crop material therebetween while other adjacent pairs divergingly rotate so that cut crop is directed away from the space between the cutters110. Consequently, the crop material being directed toward the conditioning mechanism120is concentrated into a number of crop streams2generally centered between pairs of convergingly rotating disc cutters120and less dense in the area downstream of divergingly rotating disc cutters110. The conditioning mechanism120includes at least one roll, illustrated as a pair of transversely elongate conditioning rolls121,122as shown, or it may comprise a flail-type conditioner in which crop passes between a single roll with radially arranged flails and a closely proximate adjacent surface in order to crush the crop material. Rolls121,122, which may also be referred to as a first roll121and a second roll122, may be cylindrical and closely spaced apart on parallel, transverse axes such that a crop flow gap is created therebetween through which crop material passes. The crop material is then ejected rearwardly from the rolls121,122in a plurality of airborne streams3along a trajectory whereupon it falls to the ground in a mat4. A swath gate130is provided to allow alteration of the crop trajectory and thereby control the configuration of the resultant mat4of crop material on the ground behind the mower-conditioner10. While the agricultural vehicle10is illustrated and described in the form of a mower-conditioner, it should be appreciated that the agricultural vehicle10can be provided as different types of vehicles according to the present disclosure, including but not limited to windrowers, spreaders, and windrow inverters. Movement of the crop material through the conditioning mechanism120typically does little to laterally redistribute the individual streams3of crop material, thus the mat4of crop material deposited on the ground would be of non-uniform density without additional crop movement guides. Further, it has been found that known mower-conditioners may not effectively converge the cut crop material into a windrow, which can make subsequent collection of the crop material difficult. To address some of the previously described issues with known agricultural vehicles, and referring now toFIGS.2-6, the swath gate130is coupled to the header frame101and movable between a spreading position (illustrated inFIG.3) and a converging position (illustrated inFIG.4). The header100also includes a spreader210coupled to the swath gate130that is configured to laterally spread a crop flow stream C as the crop flow stream C flows across the spreader210and a converger220coupled to the swath gate130that is configured to converge the crop flow stream C toward a centerline131of the swath gate130as the crop flow stream C flows across the converger220. While reference is made further herein to “the spreader210” and “the converger220,” it should be appreciated that multiple spreaders210and convergers220, i.e., a plurality of spreaders210and a plurality of convergers220, may be provided according to the present disclosure, as illustrated. As can be appreciated fromFIG.3, the spreader210is in the crop flow stream C when the swath gate130is in the spreading position, i.e., the crop flow stream C flows across the spreader210when the swath gate130is in the spreading position, while the converger220is out of the crop flow stream C when the swath gate130is in the spreading position, i.e., the crop flow stream C generally does not flow across the converger220when the swath gate130is in the spreading position. Similarly, as can be appreciated fromFIG.4, the converger220is in the crop flow stream C when the swath gate130is in the converging position, i.e., the crop flow stream C flows across the converger220when the swath gate130is in the converging position, while the spreader210is out of the crop flow stream C when the swath gate130is in the converging position, i.e., the crop flow stream C generally does not flow across the spreader210when the swath gate130is in the converging position. As used herein, the spreader210and the converger220are each considered to be “out of the crop flow stream C” if 30% or less of the crop material of the crop flow stream C flows across the spreader210or the converger220, e.g., the spreader210is out of the crop flow stream if 30% or less of the crop material of the crop flow stream C flows across the spreader210. In this respect, the spreader210is in a position to laterally spread the crop flow stream C when the swath gate130is in the spreading position while the converger220is in a position to converge the crop flow stream C toward the centerline131of the swath gate130when the swath gate130is in the converging position. As illustrated, the swath gate130may be pivotably coupled to the header frame101and adjustable by moving a lever230that is coupled to the swath gate130. The lever230may include a set pin231that can be disposed in slots241of a gate wedge240to adjust the angular position of the lever230, and the coupled swath gate130, with respect to the header frame101. It should be appreciated that the swath gate130may be movable in other ways, e.g., without being pivotably coupled to the header frame101, and may be moved by an actuator, such as a hydraulic cylinder. In some embodiments, the spreader210and the converger220are both carried by the swath gate130so movement of the swath gate130between the spreading position and the converging position carries the spreader210and the converger220to different positions. The swath gate130may include a gate surface132, with the spreader210and the converger220both coupled to the gate surface132so the spreader210and the converger220are carried by the swath gate130. The swath gate130has a front edge133and a rear edge134opposite the front edge133. The front edge133may be closer to the first roll121and the second roll122, and thus may also be referred to as a “leading edge,” with respect to the crop flow stream C. As can be appreciated fromFIGS.3-4, the rear edge134of the swath gate130may be elevated in the converging position (FIG.4) relative to the spreading position (FIG.3). In some embodiments, the converger220is disposed rearwardly of the spreader210, i.e., closer to the rear edge134of the swath gate130, so the converger220is in the crop flow stream C when the rear edge134is elevated in the converging position. However, it should be appreciated that the converger220may also be disposed in front of the spreader210, i.e., closer to the front edge133of the swath gate130, according to the present disclosure. As previously described, when a first roll121and a second roll122are provided, the first roll121and the second roll122may be spaced apart to define a crop flow gap therebetween and each be a cylindrical roll. The first roll121may have a surface123defining a closest point124(illustrated inFIGS.3-4) to the second roll122. A tangent line125may be defined through the point124and generally approximate the crop flow stream C. The tangent line125may extend through the spreader210when the swath gate130is in the spreading position (FIG.3) and extend through the converger220when the swath gate130is in the converging position (FIG.4). In such an embodiment, the tangent line125does not extend through the spreader210when the swath gate130is in the converging position and does not extend through the converger220when the swath gate130is in the spreading position. In this respect, the spreader210and the converger220may be positioned with respect to the point124and associated tangent line125so the crop flow stream C generally will not be directed at the spreader210when the swath gate130is in the converging position and will not be directed at the converger220when the swath gate130is in the spreading position. Referring specifically now toFIGS.5-6, the spreader(s)210and the converger(s)220are illustrated in greater detail. As illustrated, the spreader210may comprise a wedge having an entry511and an exit512that is disposed rearwardly from the entry511. The entry511and the exit512may be formed between two side sheets513A,513B that are joined to a base514that is coupled to the gate surface132of the swath gate130. The entry511may define an entry width ENW and the exit512may define an exit width EXW that is greater than the entry width ENW so the crop flow stream C laterally spreads as it flows rearwardly across the spreader210from the entry511toward the exit512. As illustrated, multiple spreaders210may be coupled to the swath gate130. With further reference toFIGS.5-6, it is illustrated that the convergers220can comprise at least one fin, illustrated as pairs of fins520A,520B, with each fin having a respective front edge521A,521B and a respective rear edge522A,522B. The fins520A,520B are directed toward the centerline131of the swath gate130in a direction523from the front edge521A,521B to the rear edge522A,522B so the crop flow stream C flowing across the fins520A,520B is converged toward the centerline131of the swath gate130as the crop flow stream C flows across the fins520A,520B. Referring now toFIGS.7-8, it is illustrated how the crop flow stream C can be spread by the spreaders210when the swath gate130is in the spreading position and converged toward the centerline131by the convergers220when the swath gate130is in the converging position. As illustrated inFIG.7, when the swath gate130is in the spreading position, the crop flow stream C from the rolls121,122flows rearwardly and across the spreaders210. The crop flow stream C is directed into the entry511of the spreaders210and spreads out as the spreaders210widen from the entry511to the exit512. In this respect, the crop flow stream C is allowed to laterally spread as the crop flow stream C flows across the spreaders210. When the convergers220are out of the crop flow stream C, as illustrated inFIG.7, the crop flow stream C flows past the convergers220without generally flowing across the convergers220and thus does not get converged toward the centerline131. As illustrated inFIG.8, when the swath gate130is in the converging position, the crop flow stream C from the rolls121,122flows past the spreaders210without contacting the spreaders210and instead flows across the convergers220. The crop flow stream C flows across the front edge521A,521B of the convergers220toward the rear edge522A,522B of the convergers220to converge toward the centerline131of the swath gate130. In this respect, the swath gate130can be moved between the spreading position and the converging position to either laterally spread the crop flow stream C or converge the crop flow stream C toward the centerline131. From the foregoing, it should be appreciated that the swath gate130provided according to the present disclosure with the spreaders210and the convergers220can be moved between a spreading position to laterally spread the crop flow stream C and a converging position to converge the crop flow stream C toward the centerline131. In this respect, the spreading or converging behavior of the crop flow stream C can be controlled by just moving the swath gate130, which simplifies the process of switching between spreading and converging the crop flow stream C. Controlling the flow behavior of the crop flow stream C can be further simplified by having the swath gate130carry the spreaders210and convergers220, which can reduce the complexity and cost of the system. It should thus be appreciated that the header100provided according to the present disclosure allows a convenient way to control the flow behavior of the crop flow stream C that allows spreading or converging of the crop flow stream C depending on the position of the swath gate130. These and other advantages of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing specification. Accordingly, it is to be recognized by those skilled in the art that changes or modifications may be made to the above-described embodiments without departing from the broad inventive concepts of the invention. It is to be understood that this invention is not limited to the particular embodiments described herein, but is intended to include all changes and modifications that are within the scope and spirit of the invention.

11856885

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Although those of ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize many alternative embodiments, especially in light of the illustrations provided herein, this detailed description is exemplary of the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the scope of which is limited only by the claims appended hereto. Referring now to the figures, and toFIGS.1and2in particular, the blade assembly10for cutting vegetation of widely differing characteristics, as implemented in accordance with the present invention, is shown to generally comprise a rotatable body11, which hingedly supports a plurality of inertially deployed blades34. As particularly shown inFIG.1, the blades34are contained substantially within circumference of the rotatable body11when the rotatable body11is at rest or rotating at very low speed. As shown inFIG.2, on the other hand, rotation of the rotatable body11causes the blades34to swing, under inertial forces, outward from the rotatable body11, and into operable position to engage vegetative material to be trimmed. As will be better understood further herein, however, should a blade34impact a rock or like object, the affected blade34will safely swing back into position within the circumference of the rotatable body11. In this manner, damage to the blade34is generally prevented, and the blade assembly will remain firmly under the control of its operator. Referring now also toFIGS.3and4, the rotatable body11is shown to comprise a substantially planar guide plate12, which is fixed in place between a top cover20and a bottom cover21utilizing a plurality of fasteners29. As shown in the figures, and particularly inFIG.5, the substantially planar guide plate12comprises a centrally located assembly mounting hole13, which, as will be better understood further herein, adapts the blade assembly10for attachment to a rotary drive46such as, for example, a brush trimmer or the like. In order to receive the fasteners29, the guide plate12further comprises a plurality of guide plate mounting holes14. Additionally and as also will be better understood further herein, the guide plate12also comprises a plurality of stand-off mounting holes15for dependently receiving a stand-off52, if desired, as will be described in greater detail further herein. As will be better understood further herein, and in an important aspect of at least the most preferred implementations the present invention, the guide plate12may be sized, shaped, and otherwise cooperatively adapted with each of the inertially deployed blades34to form a capture mechanism, which mechanism prevents discharge of a blade34in the event of any failure or unintended release of the hinge pin or other axle45holding the blade34in place. To this end, the guide plate12comprises a first full extension stop,16as well as a second full extension stop17for each provided blade34. Still further, and in another important aspect of the present invention, a backstop18is formed in the guide plate12for each blade34, each backstop18being adapted to receive the force of any blade34swinging back into the extents of the rotatable body11following impact with a rock or other like object. As shown inFIG.6, each inertially deployed blade34generally comprises a substantially planar body35, which body35is preferably formed from a hardened steel such as, for example, SAE4130or the like. A mounting hole36is provided through each substantially planar body35for receiving an axle45through which the blade34is hingedly affixed to the rotatable body11. A tang37or like shank projects, from the planar body35of each blade34, in a first, interior direction away from the mounting hole36and generally opposite the exteriorly deployable cutting portion39of the blade34. In at least the most preferred implementations of the present invention, and as will be better understood further herein, a semicircular catch38is formed in the elbow of the tang37for operably receiving selectively removable blade stops58. The exteriorly deployable cutting portion39of each planar body35comprises a leading edge40and a trailing edge43. As shown in the figures, the leading edge40includes a serrated or otherwise sharpened cutting edge41, and also an unsharpened portion42, which is formed and positioned as a ricasso for a knife. As shown in the figures, at least the cutting edge41is curved, which, when utilized in accordance with the present invention, enables the blade34to more effectively saw through grasses and the like. In any case, as will be better understood further herein, the tang37, the unsharpened portion42of the leading edge40, and the trailing edge43of the cutting portion39all cooperate with the guide plate12to provide the previously described safety features. As particularly shown inFIGS.3and4, a pair of shims44may be provided in connection with each blade34. In particular one shim44is placed about the mounting hole36of each blade34between the blade34and the top cover20, and a second shim44is placed about the mounting hole36through the blade34between the blade34and the bottom cover21. These shims44, which suitably comprise C260 brass alloy or a like material, form or otherwise act as a bearing between the corresponding blade34and the top and bottom covers20,21, respectively. In this manner, the blade34is free to rotate about its corresponding axis45in operation of the present invention. As particularly shown inFIG.7, the substantially planar plate22forming each of the top cover20and bottom cover21is shown to include a central aperture23through which the guide plate12is mounted to a suitable rotary drive46. Each cover plate22also comprises a plurality of guide plate mounting holes24corresponding to the guide plate mounting holes14of the guide plate12. As will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, especially with reference toFIGS.1through4, the fasteners29pass through the mounting holes24of the top cover20and bottom cover21, as well as the intermediate mounting holes14of the guide plate12. As shown inFIGS.8and9, each fastener29comprises a simple steel or like material pin30, which has a circumferential groove31provided adjacent each end thereof. Although those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize many alternatives, the described arrangement provides the desirable characteristic of a fixed length fastener29through the rotatable body11. In any case, as shown in the figures, each fastener29also comprises washers32and external circlips33to secure the pins30in place, thereby fixing the guide plate12within the space between the top cover20and the bottom cover21. Those of ordinary skill in the art, however, will readily recognize many alternative implementations of the fasteners29, all of which should be considered within the scope of the present invention. As also shown inFIG.7, the planar plate22of the top cover20and bottom cover21comprises a plurality of stand-off mounting holes26corresponding to the stand-off mounting holes15through the guide plate12. More importantly, however, the planar plate22of the top cover20and bottom cover21also comprises a plurality of hinge holes25for receiving the axle for each blade34. As a consequence, it should be noted that the top cover20and bottom cover21serve to fix the position of each blade34with respect to the guide plate12. Additionally, it is again noted that in implementations of the present invention including a capture mechanism, the relative positioning of the blades34with respect to the guide plate12, as well as the shapes of each, are critical to the previously described cooperative adaptations. Although the shapes of each may vary by particular implementation, the arrangement of the implemented shapes should not inadvertently change in use. As a result, the substantially planar plate22forming each cover20,21should comprise a structurally stable material such as, for example, A6061 aluminum alloy or the like. Referring now toFIGS.10through13, the assembled blade assembly10as heretofore described is depicted. Referring toFIG.12, in particular, the blade assembly10is depicted with the blades34in their respective fully retracted positions. As shown in the figure, the trailing edge43of each exteriorly deployable cutting portion39rests conformingly against the corresponding backstop18provided in the guide plate12. As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, with the aid of this exemplary description and reference toFIG.12in particular, this cooperative adaptation between each blade34and the guide plate12serves to prevent damage to the blades34or the rotatable body11in the event that a blade impacts a rock or the like. Similarly, as shown inFIG.13, which depicts the blade assembly10with the blades34in their fully extended positions, the unsharpened portion42of the leading edge40of each blade34rests firmly against the first full extension stop16provided in the planar guide plate12while the tang37of each blade34fits conformingly against the second fill extension stop17provided in the guide plate12. As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, with the aid of this exemplary description and reference toFIG.13in particular, this cooperative adaptation between each blade34and the guide plate12serves to form a capture mechanism preventing discharge of a blade even if the corresponding hinge pin or otherwise formed axle45through the blade34should break or become unintentionally dislodged. In the unlikely event that a blade34is ejected, however, the angular momentum of the released blade34will be reversed as the tang37slides out of place against the second full extension stop17. This in turn will at least cause the released blade34to travel a far less distance than would be the case in the absence of the capture mechanism. Referring now toFIGS.14through17, operation of the present invention is now described. In preparation for use of the blade assembly10, the blade assembly10is first affixed to a rotary drive46such as, for example, a brush trimmer or the like. Although a typical brush trimmer is shown for purposes of this exemplary only description, those of ordinary skill in the art should appreciate that the present invention is readily usable with any of a very wide variety of otherwise conventional rotary drives46. In any case, as shown inFIG.14in particular, such a rotary drive46will generally comprise a drive head47, which may include a gearbox or other like mechanisms, and which will generally have a driveshaft48extending therefrom. As shown in the figure, the blade assembly10is positioned with respect to the rotary drive46such that the driveshaft48inserts through the assembly mounting hole13provided in the guide plate12. With the blade assembly10so positioned, conventional coupling hardware49such, as for example, a thrust washer50, a thrust nut51, or the like, is utilized to secure the guide plate12to the drive head47of the rotary drive46. Those of ordinary skill in the art, however, will recognize that differing or additional hardware may be required to ensure that the blade assembly10is centered with respect to the driveshaft48, the selection and implementation of which is well within the ordinary skill in the art. If desired, a stand-off assembly52may be provided in connection with the blade assembly10, which stand-off assembly52is generally adapted to prevent the bottom surfaces of the blade assembly10from coming into contact with the ground, thereby preventing impact with rocks and the like. Although those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize many alternatives, such a stand-off assembly52may be formed as the depicted exemplary cup53of plastics or like material. Likewise, molded-in threaded inserts54may be readily provided in such an implementation. In such a case, as particularly shown inFIGS.16and17, conventional mounting hardware55such as, for example, machine screws56and washers57, may be utilized to readily attach the stand-off assembly52utilizing the previously described stand-off mounting holes26through each of the top cover20and bottom cover21and the stand-off mounting holes through the guide plate12. With the blade assembly10mounted to a suitable rotary drive46, herein defined as any device capable of applying a rotational force to the rotatable body11in accordance with the general requirements of the present invention, and a standoff assembly52affixed, if desired, a user operates the rotary drive46as otherwise is conventional, with the exception that it is to be expected that a lesser than conventional rotation speed will be required. in particular it is noted that the heavy and thick structure of each blade34, as well as the mass of the guide plate12, produce a flywheel type effect, whereby the momentum of the rotating blade assembly10will serve to readily cut through virtually any grass, weed, or light brush as may typically be found in the intended environment. Additionally, Applicant has discovered through experimental use that the curved blade structure of the blade assembly10effectively cuts through grass and the like at the lower speeds without pulling or otherwise throwing materials, both of which are well known deficiencies typical with conventional blade systems. In operation, the blades34will have the full range of motion between that depicted inFIG.12and that depicted inFIG.13, the exact position being a function of rotation speed applied to the blade assembly10. In the event that an is object is encountered, the blade34encountering the object will immediately return from its extended position to the position as depicted inFIG.12, whereby the force will be arrested by contact with the backstop18, and after which the blade34will again inertially deploy and return to operation undamaged. Although the described invention presents a dramatic improvement over the present state of the art, it is noted that extensions of the invention may be implemented. For example, the guide plate12may be provided with a plurality of fixed blades19, as particularly shown inFIGS.18through20. In such a case, the first full extension stop16is still provided but is elongated as shown in the figures. As shown inFIGS.19and20, the blades34will, in such an embodiment, retain the same full range of motion as depicted with respect to the first described embodiment of the guide plate12, and as particularly shown inFIGS.12and13. Although, as previously noted, the inertially deployed blades34in the implementation additionally comprising fixed blades19will ordinarily have the same full range of motion as previously described, it may be particularly desirable in such an implementation to limit the range of motion of the otherwise free blades34. To this end, as particularly shown inFIG.21, a second implementation of the planar plate22forming the top cover20and bottom cover21may include the provision of a first set of locking pin holes27, or the provision of both a first set of locking pin holes27and a second set of locking pin holes28. As particularly shown inFIGS.21through25, the first set of locking pin holes27are positioned to lock the blades34in their respective fully retracted positions. This may be desirable in a case where heavier than ordinary brush is to be attacked with the fixed blades19only, and it is therefore deemed desirable to retract the blades34in order prevent excessive wear or impact on the inertially deployable blades34. On the other hand, as particularly shown inFIGS.24and25the second set of locking pin is holes28are provided such that the inertially deployed blades34are limited in deployment to a partially extended position, which position may be used to temporarily align the blades34with the fixed blades19. In any case, selectively provided blade stops58are inserted into either the first set of locking pin holes27or the second set of locking pin holes28, if desired. As shown in the figures, suitable blade stops58may, for example, be formed identical to the fasteners29and the axles45. While the foregoing description is exemplary of the preferred embodiment of the present invention, those of ordinary skill in the relevant arts will recognize the many variations, alterations, modifications, substitutions and the like as are readily possible, especially in light of this description, the accompanying drawings and claims drawn thereto. For example, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize, in light of this exemplary description, that the implementation of selectively provided blade stops58is as fully applicable to the first described embodiment of the guide plate12as it is to the latter described implementation. In any case, because the scope of the present invention is much broader than any particular embodiment, the foregoing detailed description should not be construed as a limitation of the scope of the present invention, which is limited only by the claims appended hereto.

11856886

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENT The exemplary embodiment will be described in detail herein, and the embodiment is illustrated in the accompanying drawings. When the following description refers to the drawings, unless otherwise indicated, the same numbers in different drawings indicate the same or similar elements. The embodiment described in the following exemplary embodiment does not represent all embodiments consistent with present invention. On the contrary, they are only examples of devices, systems, machines and methods consistent with some aspects of the invention as detailed in the appended claims. Referring toFIG.1, a cutting deck lifting device100used for a mower300according to present invention has a pedal assembly1, a cutting deck200, a connecting assembly2for connecting the pedal assembly1to the cutting deck200and an adjusting assembly3connected to the pedal assembly1for adjusting the height of the cutting deck200. Referring toFIG.1toFIG.3, the pedal assembly1includes a pedal11and a locking mechanism12mounted to the mower300for engaging with the pedal11to lock the pedal11in a locking position. The pedal11has a pedal body111and a bracket112connecting the pedal body111to the connecting assembly2. The pedal body111is rotatably mounted to an end of the bracket112through a rotating shaft113. The pedal111has a retaining portion114corresponding to the locking mechanism12. The retaining portion114is located at one end of the pedal body111. The rotating shaft113and the retaining portion114are respectively located at two opposite ends of the pedal body111. The retaining portion114is separated from the pedal body111and the pedal body111has a groove1111corresponding to the retaining portion114. The groove111is formed by inwardly recessing the edge of the pedal body111. In other embodiment, the retaining portion114is integrally formed with the pedal body111when the pedal11is stably locked with the locking mechanism12. The bracket112has a limiting arm115for limiting the rotatable angle of the pedal body111. The pedal body111is rotatably mounted to one end of the limiting arm115through the rotating shaft113and abuts against the limiting arm115when depressed forwardly by the operator. The limiting arm115has an inclined guiding surface1151located at one end thereof for allowing the pedal body111to rotate along the axis of the rotating shaft113. A resetting spring116is sleeved on the rotating shaft13and mounted between the pedal body111and the limiting arm115of the bracket112for returning the pedal body111to the original position when the pedal body111is not depressed. An angle α is formed between an extending direction of the limiting arm115and the inclined guiding surface1151. The angle α is the maximum rotatable angle of the pedal body11when being depressed to rotate around the rotating shaft113. The bottom of the pedal body11abuts against the inclined guiding surface1151when the pedal body11rotates the angle α. In some embodiments of present invention, the angle α is within a range between 0 and 90°. In some embodiments of the present invention, the angle α is within a range between 0 and 80°. In some embodiments of the present invention, the angle α is within a range between 0 and 70°. In some embodiments of the present invention, the angle α is within a range between 0 and 60°. In some embodiments of the present invention, the angle α is within a range between 0 and 50°. In some embodiments of the present invention, the angle α is within a range between 0 and 40°. In some embodiments of the present invention, the angle α is within a range between 0 and 30°. In some embodiments of the present invention, the angle α is within a range between 0 and 20°. In some embodiments of the present invention, the angle α is 12°. In some embodiments of the present invention, the angle α is within a range between 0 and 10°. The locking mechanism12has a mounting portion121and an extending portion122extending upwardly from the mounting portion121. The extending portion122is provided with a locking protrusion123corresponding to the retaining portion114. When the pedal11is located at the locking position, the locking protrusion123passes through the groove1111and engages with the retaining portion114to prevent the pedal11from rotating backwardly, so as to limit the position of the pedal11. The cutting deck200is connected with the pedal assembly1through the connecting assembly2. The cutting deck200is lifted by the pedal assembly1through connecting assembly2. Specifically, the cutting deck200is in a first position when the pedal11is locked in the lock position by the lock mechanism12, and the cutting deck200is in a second position when the pedal11is separated from the locking mechanism12. The pedal11can lift the cutting deck200in a vertical direction between the first position and the second position through the connecting assembly2. In present invention, the connecting assembly2includes a lateral rotating shaft21and two connecting mechanisms22connected to two ends of the lateral rotating shaft21. The pedal11is fixedly connected to one end of the lateral rotating shaft21through the bracket112. The lateral rotating shaft21is driven to rotate by the pedal11when the pedal11is depressed by the operator, and the connecting mechanisms22are driven to move upwardly in the vertical direction by the lateral rotating shaft21. Furthermore, each connecting mechanism22has a fixing portion221for fixedly connecting the connecting mechanism22to the lateral rotating shaft21and a connecting rod222rotatably connected to the fixing portion221. In a preferred embodiment of present invention, the fixing portion221is a pair of U-shaped clamping plates. The connecting rod222has one end rotatably sandwiched between the clamping plates by a connecting shaft223and the other end connected to the cutting deck200. The connecting rod222can be easy to replace due to being sandwiched between the clamping plates221. The cutting deck200is driven to lift through the fixing portion221driving the connecting rod222to lift when the lateral rotating shaft21rotates. Of course, in other embodiments of present invention, the fixing portion221may also be another structure for connecting the connecting rod222with the lateral rotating shaft21, the connecting rod222may also be replaced by another structure for connecting the fixing portion221with the cutting deck200, when the stable connection between the connecting rod222and the connecting shaft223and the stable connection the fixing portion221and the cutting deck200are ensured. Referring toFIG.1,2andFIG.4, the cutting deck lifting device100further has an adjusting assembly3connected to the pedal assembly1. The adjusting assembly3configured to adjust the height of the second position of the cutting deck200comprises a sliding plate31rotatably connected to the bracket112, an adjusting plate32corresponding to the sliding plate31and a positioning member33detachably connected to the adjusting plate32. In present invention, the sliding plate31has one fixed end (not labeled) rotatably connected to the bracket112by a retaining shaft310and a free end (not labeled) opposite to the fixed end (not labeled). The sliding plate31has an engaging portion311located at the free end thereof. The engaging portion311is corresponding to the positioning member33. The adjusting plate32has an upper side parallel with the sliding plate31and a positioning plate321for fixedly mounting the adjusting plate32to the base of the mower. The sliding plate31can slide back and forth in a horizontal plane relative to the adjusting plate32when being driven by the pedal assembly1. The positioning member33is detachably connected to the adjusting plate32for locking the sliding plate31in a desired position when the retaining portion114is unlocked with the locking protrusion123of the locking mechanism12. Furthermore, the adjusting plate32is provided with a plurality of adjusting holes322arranged in columns. The engaging portion311can abut against the positioning member33to limit the relative position between the sliding plate31and the adjusting plate32when the positioning member33is inserted into the adjusting holes322, so as to limit the height of the second position of the cutting deck200. The cutting deck200drives the fixing portion221move upwardly in a vertical direction and drives the lateral rotating shaft21to rotate when the working terrain is uneven and the cutting deck200is bumped up by the ground or other objects. The lateral rotating shaft21further drives the bracket112moves forwardly, therefore the sliding plate31slides forwardly and away from the positioning member33. The engaging portion311of the sliding plate31re-engages with the positioning member33to retain the height of the second position of the cutting deck200when the cutting deck200is in free state. The collision between the cutting deck200and the ground or other objects can be effectively prevented and the service life of the cutting deck200can be improved. Preferably, each adjusting hole322is provided with a limiting slot323, and the positioning member33is provided with a limiting protrusion331at the bottom thereof and corresponding to the limiting slot323. The limiting protrusion331can prevent the positioning member33and the adjusting hole322from rotating relatively, so as to improve the stable engagement between the engaging portion311and the position member33. Furthermore, a scale is marked beside each adjusting hole322to denote the height of the second position of the cutting deck200(i.e. the working height of the cutting deck200), which is convenient for the operator to select and adjust the height of the second position of the cutting deck200. In a preferred embodiment of present invention, two adjusting plates32are parallelly arranged in a vertical direction. The sliding plate31is slidably sandwiched between two adjusting plates32. The adjusting holes322on each adjusting plate32are configured in a plurality of columns in front and rear direction and paralleled to each other in different columns. Each column contains different number of adjusting holes322. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the number of the adjusting holes322in each column is progressively decreased, furthermore, the adjusting holes322on the two adjusting plates32are arranged correspondingly to each other in a vertical direction. In this embodiment, the sliding plate31is sandwiched between the two adjusting plates32and abuts against the positioning member33which passed through two adjusting plates32simultaneously. Furthermore, the engaging portion311is configured as a step shape and has a plurality of step surfaces312. The number of the step surfaces312corresponds to the number of the columns of adjusting holes322, so as to effectively prevent the positioning member33from being deformed when the sliding plate31abutting against the positioning member33and improve the use safety of the cutting deck lifting device100. Meanwhile, more options can be provided for the operator to adjust the height of the cutting deck200when the stable connection between the sliding plate31and the positioning member33. In particular, the adjusting assembly3further comprises a connecting rope34, and the positioning member33is connected to the adjusting assembly3by the connecting rope34. The positioning member33can be prevented falling off or losing from the adjusting assembly3by the connecting rope34, so that the practicability of the cutting deck lifting device100is improved. Referring toFIGS.5ato5e, when the cutting deck lifting device100of the present invention is installed, the retaining portion114of the pedal body111is unlocked with the locking protrusion123of the locking mechanism12. Firstly, stepping the front end of the pedal body111to drive the pedal body111to rotate the angle α around the rotating shaft113, so as to form a space (not labeled) between the pedal body111and the bracket112for allowing the locking protrusion123of the locking mechanism12passing through (referring toFIGS.5ato5b). Secondly stepping the front end of the pedal body111to drive the bracket112to rotate around the lateral rotating shaft21(referring toFIG.5c) until the pedal body111transiting the locking protrusion123of the locking mechanism12. Thirdly, stepping the rear end of the pedal body111to drive the pedal body111to rotate back to the initial position of the pedal body111under the force of the resetting spring116(referring toFIG.5d). Finally, decreasing the force applied to the pedal body111to make the pedal11rotate reversely around the lateral rotating shaft21under the gravity of the cutting deck200and lock the pedal11at the locking position (referring toFIG.5e) through the locking protrusion123of the locking mechanism12passing through the groove1111of the pedal body111and engaging with the retaining portion114of the pedal11. The pedal11abuts against the limiting arm115when the pedal11is in a locking position. Therefore, the cutting deck200is retained in the first position (i.e., a maximum working height position). And the sliding plate31is located at a farthest position relative to the adjusting plate32and does not engage with the positioning member33. The mower can be transported in this configuration. When the work height of the cutting deck200of the mower (the height of the second position of the cutting deck200) need to be adjusted during operation, firstly inserting the positioning member33into corresponding adjusting hole322of the adjusting plate32. Secondly, downwardly stepping the rear end of the pedal body111to rotate an angle around the lateral rotating shaft21, so as to separate the retaining portion114of the pedal11from the locking protrusion123of the locking mechanism12. The sliding plate31is driven to move forwardly when the pedal body111is stepped. Thirdly, stepping downwardly the front end of the pedal body111to drive the pedal body111to rotate the angle α around the rotating shaft113, so as to form a space (not labeled) between the pedal body111and the bracket112for allowing the locking protrusion123of the locking mechanism12passing through. Finally, decreasing the force applied to the pedal11to make the pedal11rotate reversely around the lateral rotating shaft21under the gravity of the cutting deck200until the retaining portion114of the pedal11transiting the locking protrusion123of the locking mechanism12, so as to drive the sliding plate31to slide backwardly along two adjusting plates32until the engaging portion311of the sliding plate31abuts against the positioning member33. Therefore, the cutting deck200is positioned in a second position with a desired height. The cutting deck200is adjusted from the first position to the second position. The height of the cutting deck200when the cutting deck200is in the second position can be adjusted through repeating the steps described above. The height of the cutting deck200can be adjusted between the first position and the second position through the engagement between the pedal11and the locking mechanism12and the engagement among the sliding plate31, the adjusting plate32and the positioning member33of the adjusting assembly3. In present invention, the cutting deck lifting device100further comprises a plurality of assisting component4connected to the lateral rotating shaft21. The assisting component4and the pedal11are respectively arranged at two sides of the lateral rotating shaft21in a front-rear direction. The assisting component4is in a stretching state for assisting the pedal11to drive the lateral rotating shaft21to rotate when the pedal11is stepped. Therefore, the cutting deck200is conveniently adjusted between the first position and the second position by the pedal assembly1. In some embodiment of the present invention, the assisting component4is a spring. It should be noted that, in the above description, the cutting deck lifting device100is provided with one pedal assembly1, one connecting assembly2and one adjusting assembly3as an example for illustration. In other embodiment, the cutting deck lifting device100may be provided with two connecting assemblies2and two adjacent connecting assemblies2are connected to each other through an arc-shaped connecting rod5. Specifically, when the cutting deck lifting device100is provided with two connecting assemblies2, the connecting assemblies2includes a first connecting assembly2′ and a second connecting assembly2″ respectively located at two opposite sides of the cutting deck200in a working direction. The first connecting assembly2′ and the second connecting assembly2″ are arranged in parallel. The pedal assembly1and the adjusting assembly3are connected to the first connecting assembly2′ and located at the same side of a lateral rotating shaft21′ of the first connecting assembly2′ (referring toFIG.6). Furthermore, one end of the arc-shaped connecting rod5is connected to the first connecting assembly2′ or the pedal assembly1, and the other end of the connecting rod5is connected to the second connecting assembly2″. Preferably, one end of the arc-shaped connecting rod5is connected to the bracket112, and the other end of the connecting rod5is connected to the lateral rotating shaft21″ of the second connecting assembly2″. The bracket112is rotated to drive the lateral rotating shaft21′ to rotate and simultaneously drives the arc-shaped connecting rod5to move forwardly when the pedal body111is stepped, so as to drive the lateral rotating shaft21″ of the second connecting assembly2″ to rotate. Therefore, the cutting deck200connected to the first connecting assembly2′ and the second connecting assembly2″ can be lifted up and down in the vertical direction and the height of the cutting deck200in the second position is also adjustable. Furthermore, one end of the assisting component4in this embodiment is connected to the lateral rotating shaft21″ of the second connecting assembly2″ and the other end of the assisting component4is connected to the base of the mower. Preferably, the assisting components4are arranged in pairs and symmetrically disposed at two sides of the lateral rotating shaft21″ to ensure that the lateral rotating shaft21″ is uniformly stressed and prevent the lateral rotating shaft21″ from being broken due to uneven stress. The assisting components4assist the pedal11to drive the lateral rotating shafts21′,21″ to rotate when the height of the cutting deck200is desired to be adjusted by the operator. Referring toFIG.7, a mower300according to present invention is shown. The mower300comprises a base301operably coupled to wheel thereof, a controlling device302connected to the base301for controlling the movement thereof, a cutting deck200connected to the base301for mounting at least one cutting blade and the cutting deck lifting device100for adjusting the height of the cutting deck200between the first position and the second position. Specifically, the locking mechanism12is fixedly mounted to the right front region of the base301through the mounting portion121. The adjusting plate32is fixedly mounted on the right of the base301through the positioning plate321. The adjusting plate32is located at a portion where is easily operated by operator's hand. The pedal assembly1is located at the right front region of the base301where is easily operated by operator's foot. The locking mechanism12is staggered with the adjusting plate32when the cutting deck lifting device100is installed on the mower300. The pedal body111protrudes from a bottom of the base301through the bracket112and is located in a front of the mower300, so as to make the sliding plate31connected to the bracket112overlap on the adjusting plate32. The operator can conveniently step the pedal11and adjust the height of the cutting deck100through inserting the positioning member33into corresponding adjusting holes322when the cutting deck is in a second position. Preferably, the cutting deck lifting device100of the present embodiment comprises a first connecting assembly2′ and a second connecting assembly2″ arranged along a direction vertical to a front-rear direction of the mower300, and a pair of assisting components4(as shown inFIG.6). One end of the assisting component4is detachably connected to the lateral rotating shaft21″, the other end of the assisting component4is detachably connected to the base301, so that the assisting component4can be changed according to the size and the weight of cutting deck200by the operator. Therefore, the practicality of mower300is effectively improved. It should be noted that, in present invention, the mower300is a riding on mower, and the cutting deck200is a cutting deck for illustration, but in other embodiments of present invention, the types of the mower300and the cutting deck200can be selectively changed according to actual situations, i.e., the specific types of the mower300and the cutting deck200are not limited herein. In summary, the cutting deck lifting device100can lift the cutting deck200upwardly and downwardly to adjust the height of the cutting deck200through the positioning member33being inserted into different adjusting holes322and the sliding plate31being driven by the pedal11to abut against the positioning member33. Therefore, the cutting deck200can move upwardly freely and is prevented from rigid collision with the ground or other objects. The above embodiment is only used to illustrate present invention and not to limits the technical solutions described in present invention. The understanding of this specification should be based on those skilled in the art, although present invention has been described in detail with reference to the above embodiment. However, those skilled in the art should understand that those skilled in the art can still modify or equivalently replace present invention, and all technical solutions and improvements that do not depart from the spirit and scope of present invention should be within the scope of the claims of the invention.

11856887

DETAILED DESCRIPTION The invention relates to a brush cutter device10having a latch assembly for securing a movable guard11in a closed position when the brush cutter10is tilted beyond a predetermined angle. As shown inFIGS.1-3, the brush cutter10generally includes a connection assembly24for attaching the brush cutter10to a prime mover vehicle, such as the dipper stick of an excavator. The prime mover vehicle is configured to tilt the brush cutter10forward and backward around a tilt axis that is generally perpendicular to the direction of reach of the dipper stick. The brush cutter10further includes an engine, motor, or other means for rotating at least one tooth, chain, knife, blade, or other type of cutting member22. Any suitable engine or motor may be used to actuate the cutting member(s)22. In one embodiment the brush cutter10includes a hydraulic motor actuated by the hydraulic system of the excavator or other prime mover vehicle. A housing18generally covers the top and sides of the cutting member(s)22to help prevent unintentional contact with the cutting member(s)22and also help provide control of debris being created by the brush cutter10. The brush cutter10also includes a movable cutter guard11on one of its sides. The cutter guard11may be combined with any of the sides of the brush cutter10, however, as explained above, brush cutters10for use with excavators typically have movable guards11on a side (as opposed to the front or back, where “front” is the side farthest from the operator) of the brush cutter10since excavators typically move the brush cutter10side-to-side instead of forward and backward. The cutter guard11may have any suitable configuration. In the embodiment shown in the figures, the cutter guard11has a top portion11A and a side portion11B. The cutter guard11is combined with a side of the housing18and movable between a closed position (shown inFIGS.1,6, and8) and an open position (shown inFIGS.2,3, and9). In its closed position, the guard11shields the cutting member(s)22to help prevent debris from being thrown outward from the brush cutter10. In the guard's11open position, the cutting member(s)22are exposed to allow the cutting members(s)22to perform certain land clearing operations. For example, it may be desirable to expose the cutting member(s)22from a side of the housing18when cutting a tree or another tall or thick object so the cutting members22are able to cut through a side of the object instead of having to be placed over the top of the object. As shown inFIGS.1-3, in one embodiment the guard11is combined with the housing18by a retaining member such as a pin12. The pin12defines the guard pivot axis about which the guard11pivots between the open position and the closed position. In one embodiment, such as the embodiment shown inFIGS.1-3, the guard pivot axis is perpendicular to the tilt axis of the brush cutter10such that the guard11is on a lateral side of the housing18. In other embodiments the guard11is on the front side of the housing18such that the guard pivot axis is parallel to the tilt axis of the brush cutter10. In one embodiment, the guard11is moved from its closed position to its open position when the guard11is pushed or bumped against the object, as is known in the art. Some brush cutters use linkage assemblies such as the one disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,857,144 (Koester) to move the guard11from its closed position to its open position. The guard11falls back to its closed position when force is no longer present between the guard11and the object thereby allowing gravity to pull the guard11back closed. Since the guard11is biased in its closed position by gravity, another way to open the guard11is to turn the guard11upside down or tilt the guard11at enough of an angle that its center of mass moves beyond its pivot point. As shown in the figures and described in more detail herein, a latch assembly is used to prevent the guard11from opening by gravity when tilted beyond a certain angle by the operator. FIGS.1-3and6show the latch assembly combined with a portion of the housing18. The latch assembly includes a latch14(shown by itself inFIG.7) capable of moving between a retracted position wherein the guard11is able to move freely between its open position and its closed position and an engaged position wherein the latch14prevents the guard11from moving from its closed position to its open position. The guard11includes a proximal portion near the guard pivot axis and a distal portion near its outer edge (i.e., near the junction of the top wall11A and the side wall11B). In the embodiments shown, the latch assembly is positioned to engage the guard11closer to the distal portion than the proximal portion so that less force is needed to hold the guard11in its closed position. The latch14has a center of mass and a pivot point. In one embodiment the latch14uses gravity acting on its mass to move between its retracted position and its engaged position. Upon tilting the brush cutter10beyond a certain angle (the latch's14pivot point), gravity acts on the latch14causing it to pivot about an axis from its retracted position to its engaged position. Moving the brush cutter10back toward being level causes the latch14to reach its pivot point again. Continuing to move the brush cutter10to an angle less than the certain angle (the latch's14pivot point) causes the latch14to move back to its retracted position. The guard11also has a center of mass and a pivot point. The guard11would move from its closed position to its open position upon tilting the brush cutter10beyond a certain angle (the guard's11pivot point), however, the latch14is moved beyond its pivot point before the guard11is moved past its pivot point so the latch14moves to its engaged position before gravity acts on the guard11. The latch14engages to lock the guard11in its closed position even if the brush cutter10is tilted beyond its pivot point where gravity would otherwise cause the guard11to move to its open position. FIGS.4and5show additional views of the latch assembly wherein the latch14is pivotally combined with a support structure such as hinge16by a member20such as a pin. The member20secures the latch14to the stationary hinge16and also provides a latch pivot axis about which the latch14pivots. In some embodiments, such as the one shown inFIGS.1-3, the latch pivot axis is generally parallel to the tilt axis of the brush cutter10. In this configuration gravity moves the latch14to the engaged position as the brush cutter10is tilted back toward the operator. The hinge16may be part of the housing18or it may be a separate member combined with the housing18.FIG.4shows the latch14relative to the hinge16with the latch14in its retracted position andFIG.5shows the latch14relative to the hinge16with the latch14in its engaged position. The latch14may be any suitable shape, however, the center of mass is important to tip the latch14to its engaged position before the guard11moves beyond its pivot point. The latch's14pivot point may be adjusted by adding or removing weight from one side of the pivot axis or the other. In some embodiments the latch's pivot point is reached when the brush cutter's plane A (the general horizontal plane of the brush cutter's housing18) is tilted at an angle between about five and twenty-five degrees from horizontal. In some embodiments the latch's pivot point is reached when the brush cutter's plane A is tilted at an angle between about ten and twenty degrees from horizontal. By contrast, it is estimated that the guard11does not reach its pivot point until the brush cutter10is tilted to more than about fifty degrees, and probably more than about sixty to seventy-five degrees from horizontal. The latch assembly may be combined with the housing18in any suitable direction. However, since the latch14is preferably configured to pivot about a single axis, the latch14moves best in response to tilting the brush cutter10about an axis that is parallel to the latch's14pivot axis. In brush cutters10adapted for attachment to excavators, the pivot axis of the latch14is generally perpendicular to the reach of the stick (and thus generally parallel with the pivot axis of the brush cutter10). Thus, as shown in the figures, the latch assembly is combined with the housing18to move to its engaged position when the brush cutter10is tiled backward wherein the housing18is tilted toward the operator thereby exposing the cutting members22outward from the excavator. FIG.8shows the brush cutter10combined with the stick of an excavator. The side wall11B of the guard11has been removed for illustration purposes so the latch14is visible in the figure. InFIG.8Aboth the top wall11A and the side wall11B have been removed for illustration purposes. The operator has positioned the brush cutter10so that its plane A is tilted backward about the tilt axis toward the operator an angle X relative to the horizontal ground surface H. As shown, the tilt angle X is greater than the pivot point of the latch14because the latch14has moved from its retracted position to its engaged position. In the embodiment shown, a portion of the latch14passes through an opening22in the top portion11A of the guard11to secure the guard11in its closed position. In other embodiments the latch14engages a portion of the guard11but the guard11does not have an opening22for receiving a portion of the latch14. For example, the latch14may engage a top portion11A of the guard to hold it in the closed position. FIG.9shows the brush cutter10combined with the stick of an excavator. Similar toFIG.8, the side wall11B of the guard11has been removed so the latch14is visible in the figure. The plane A of the brush cutter10is generally parallel with the horizontal ground surface H. In other words, the brush cutter10is not tilted to any significant degree. In this position the latch14is retracted thereby allowing the guard11to move to its open position when pushed against an object. As described herein, one embodiment of the invention uses the force of gravity to move the latch14from its retracted position to its engaged position. Other embodiments include moving the latch between positions using a motor such as an electric motor or hydraulic motor. In this embodiment, a sensor is used to determine the angle that the brush cutter10is raised relative to horizontal. Upon reaching a predetermined angle, the sensor sends a signal to activate the motor to move the latch14to its engaged position. The predetermined angle is less than the pivot point of the guard11. When the sensor determines that the brush cutter10has been moved back below the predetermined angle or height, then another signal would be sent to the motor to move the latch14back to its retracted position. Having thus described the invention in connection with the preferred embodiments thereof, it will be evident to those skilled in the art that various revisions can be made to the preferred embodiments described herein with out departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is my intention, however, that all such revisions and modifications that are evident to those skilled in the art will be included with in the scope of the following claims.

11856888

Before any embodiments of the invention are explained in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the following drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. DETAILED DESCRIPTION FIGS.1and2illustrate a lawn mower10including a handle assembly14pivotally coupled to a main body18that supports a drive system assembly22(FIG.2). The drive system22includes, for example, an electric motor24powered by a battery pack80received within the main body18. The motor24drives a set of wheels26, which support the main body18for movement over a surface. In the illustrated embodiment, the rear wheels26are driven by the drive system22, but alternative embodiments include both the front and the rear wheels being driven by the drive system22. A transmission is coupled to the motor24to reduce the rotational speed from the motor24and to transfer the motor torque to the wheels26. The mower10further includes a cutting element28rotationally supported on a mower deck20positioned beneath the main body18. The cutting element28is ultimately driven by the motor24. In alternative embodiments, the cutting element28may be driven by a motor separate from the motor that drives the wheels26. As described in greater detail below, the mower10also includes a speed control assembly30that controls the operation of the drive system22. More specifically, the speed control assembly30automatically controls the ground travel speed of the lawn mower10based on a user's walking pace. With continued reference toFIGS.1and2, the handle assembly14is pivotally coupled to the main body18such that the handle assembly14may be rotated between discrete positions relative to the main body18. The handle assembly14includes a pair of lower arms35and a pair of upper arms32. The pair of upper arms32include a first upper arm33operable to translate along a first longitudinal axis433and a second upper arm34operable to translate along a second longitudinal axis434. In the illustrated embodiment, the first longitudinal axis433is parallel to the second longitudinal axis434. The handle assembly14further includes a cross member62that extends transversely between the first upper arm33and the second upper arm34to, among other things, provide lateral support for the handle assembly14. In the illustrated embodiment, the cross member62is integral with the upper arms32at an upper end33aof the first upper arm33and integral with an upper end34aof the second upper arm34. In particular, a first corner63is formed at the connection of the first upper arm33and the cross member62, and a second corner64is formed at the connection of the second upper arm34and the cross member62. In other embodiments, the cross member62is removably coupled to the pair of upper arms32. The pair of upper arms32are telescopically received by the pair of lower arms35through a first adjustment connector44and a second adjustment connector45. In other words, the distance the upper arms32extend away from lower arms35is adjustable by a user via the connectors44,45. The pair of lower arms35includes a first lower arm36and a second lower arm37. The first lower arm36is coupled to a first offset arm handle member39, and the second lower arm37is coupled to a second offset arm handle member40. The first offset arm39is pivotally coupled to a first bracket41of the mower deck20about a first handle pivot axis441. Likewise, the second offset arm40is pivotally coupled to a second bracket42of the mower deck20about a second handle pivot axis442. The handle assembly14also includes a locking mechanism38coupled to the pair of lower arms35to releasably retain the handle assembly14at various pivoted positions relative to the main body18. In other words, the locking mechanism38is operable to secure the handle assembly14in various positions (e.g., a storage position, a vertical position, a small-angle position, a large-angle position, etc.) relative to the main body18. With reference toFIG.3, the speed control assembly30includes a U-shaped grip46with a gripping portion50and a pair of grip legs54, including a first grip leg55and a second grip leg56. The gripping portion50is oriented substantially parallel to the cross member62, and the gripping portion50extends the entire width of the cross member62. The first grip leg55is slidably coupled to the first upper arm33, and the second grip leg56is slidably coupled to the second upper arm34. As such, the grip46is moveable relative to the handle assembly14. A bail control57is also positioned on the grip46. With continued reference toFIGS.2-3, the speed control assembly30further includes a first housing60and a second housing61. Both the first housing60and the second housing61are formed as clam-shell housings that partially enclose the grip46and the handle assembly14, and both housings60,61are coupled to the cross member62. In particular, the first grip leg55is partially received by the first housing60, and the second grip leg56is partially received by the second housing61. The first housing60is coupled to the first corner63of the handle assembly14and the second housing61is coupled to the second corner64of the handle assembly14. In other words, the U-shaped grip46is partially received within both the first housing60and the second housing61. With reference toFIG.4A, the legs54of the grip46are telescopically coupled to the upper arms32. Specifically, the first grip leg55is received within a hollow portion58of the first housing60, such that the grip46is linearly displaceable (e.g., slidable) along the first longitudinal axis433relative to the first upper arm33. In a similar manner, the second grip leg56is received within a hollow portion of the second housing61such that the grip46is linearly displaceable along the second longitudinal axis434relative to the second upper arm34. In particular, a rod59extends from the first grip46to the first upper arm33. In alternate embodiments, the upper arms32are received within a hollow portion of the respective grip legs54(or vice versa) while the grip46remains linearly displaceable relative to the pair of upper arms32. FIGS.4A and4Billustrate a section of the first housing60, the grip46, and the cross member62. The grip46is at least partially received within the first housing60and is coupled to the sensor66. A biasing member84is positioned within the first housing60and is biases the grip46along the first longitudinal axis433. Specifically, the biasing member84is positioned between the grip46and the handle assembly14. In the illustrated embodiment, the biasing member84is a linear spring element. In particular, the biasing member84acts upon the grip46and the upper arms32, to urge the grip46away from the cross member62, toward an extended, first position (FIG.4A). Similarly, the grip46is movable toward the cross member62, against the bias of the biasing member84to a compressed, second position (FIG.4B). With reference toFIGS.3,4A and4B, the speed control assembly30further includes a sensing device (e.g., a sensor66) positioned within the first housing60. The sensor66is supported, for example, by the cross member62adjacent one of the legs54of the grip46. The sensor66detects and/or measures the displacement of the grip46relative to the cross member62(and the upper arms32). In the illustrated embodiment, the sensor66is an optical-encoder array. In alternative embodiments, the sensing device66is a proximity sensor, a linear potentiometer, a rotary potentiometer, a magnetic transducer, a Hall-effect sensor, a photovalic sensor, a capacitive sensor, a digital position encoder, transducer, or other similar sensor. In further alternative embodiments, the sensor66may be an electrical switch that is opened and closed in response to the grip46moving to a predetermined location relative to the cross member62. Any suitable sensing device for measuring the displacement of the grip46relative to the cross member62and the main body18is considered as part of this invention. For example, the sensing device may detect a force on the grip46by a user, as described in greater detail with respect toFIG.7. With reference toFIG.2, the sensor66is electrically connected to a controller70(e.g., a drive system controller, motor controller, etc.) with memory74and a processor78. Specifically, the sensor66generates an electrical output signal (i.e., a control signal) that is received by controller70. The output signal from the sensor66is based on the position of the speed control assembly30. More specifically, the output signal is based on a position of the grip46relative to the handle assembly14. The memory74of the controller70stores software setting forth operational parameters for the drive system22as determined by the output signal received from the sensor66. In particular, the processor78of the controller70executes the software to control the function of the drive system22(e.g., a speed and/or a direction at which the drive system22drives the wheels26) based on the control output signal from the sensor66. In other words, the controller70receives the output signal from the sensor66and controls a speed of the drive system assembly22according to the output signal. In one example, the drive system controller70will measure a change in the control signal over time as an input to alter the speed and/or direction at which the drive system22drives the wheels26. The output signal from the sensor66varies with movement of the grip46relative to the cross member62. In other words, the sensor66generates a control output signal (e.g., an analog signal or a digital signal) that is proportional to the magnitude of displacement of the grip46relative to the cross member62, or other suitable portion of the handle assembly14. Alternatively, when the sensing device is an electrical switch, a circuit containing the switch may be open or closed, either activating or deactivating the motor24. The sensor66is positioned within the first housing60, underneath the biasing member84. A first portion66aof the sensor66is fixed with respect to the handle assembly14, and a second portion66bof the sensor66is coupled to the first grip leg55. In other words, the second portion66bis affixed within a recess88formed within the first grip leg55and is movable with the grip46as the grip46translates along the first longitudinal axis433. As such, the second portion66bis movable relative to the first portion66aof the sensor66. With reference toFIG.4A, the grip46is in a first position. That is, the spring element84is uncompressed, and the sensing device66is not actuated. In the first position, the tab66bis at one end of the sensing device66, and the mower10is controlled to have no ground speed. With reference toFIG.4B, the grip46is in the second position, which corresponds to maximum ground speed operation. That is, the spring element84is fully compressed and the sensing device66is fully actuated. In the second position, the mower10is controlled to have a maximum ground speed, and the tab66bis at a full actuation distance D1, indicating maximum compression of the spring element84. In operation, the grip46is moved between the extended, first position (FIG.4A), in which the control signal does not actuate the drive system22to drive the wheels26, and the compressed, second position, in which the control signal actuates the drive system22to drive the wheels26. The speed at which the wheels26are driven by the drive system22is determined by the compression of the grip46with respect to the handle assembly14(e.g., the cross member62). In other words, the ground travel speed of the lawn mower10is determined by the amount of compression that results from the user's pushing the grip46as the user is walking. More specifically, the grip46moves between the first position, in which the grip46is positioned at a first length L1measured from the gripping portion50to the cross member62. In the illustrated embodiment, the first length L1coincides with deactivation of the drive system22(i.e., zero ground travel speed). When the grip46moves to a second position, the grip46is disposed at a second length L2measured from the griping portion50to the cross member62. The sensor66detects the displacement of the grip46and generates an output control signal that ultimately actuates the drive system22to drive the wheels26at a speed that matches the user's walking pace. A full actuation distance D1is defined as the difference in the first length L1and the second length L2. Between the first position and the second position, the drive system22may drive the wheels26at a variable speed that is proportional to the percentage of the actuation distance D1that the grip46has been displaced. For example, if the grip46is moved halfway between the first position and the second position, the drive system22drives the wheels26at half of the predetermined speed. In response to the grip46moving with respect to handle assembly14, the output electrical signal is generated by the tab66bmoving with respect to the first portion66aof the sensor66. In other words, the sensor66measures the displacement of the grip46against the spring element84in order to gauge the user's desired speed. The output signal from the sensor66is received and processed by the drive system controller70and the controller70drives the motor24to drive the wheels26at a corresponding speed. An increase of force exerted on the grip46by the user results in the grip46further compressing the spring84and further moving the tab66bwith respect to the first portion66a. Such an increase in translation would alter the output signal from the sensor66to request an increase of power to the electric motor24and a greater speed of the mower10. With reference toFIG.5, a speed control assembly130in accordance with another embodiment of the invention is coupled to a corresponding handle assembly114. The speed control assembly130and the handle assembly114are similar to the speed control assembly30and handle assembly14shown inFIGS.1-3, and common elements will have the same reference numeral plus “100”. As shown inFIG.5, the speed control assembly130further includes a support member182, which extends between the grip146and the cross member162, and which is movable with the grip146relative to the cross member162. In this embodiment, the sensing device166A may be supported centrally on the cross member162for actuation by the support member182. In this configuration, the sensing device166A may be a “plunger style” sensor that is actuated when the support member182is displaced relative to the cross member162(i.e., when the grip146is displaced upon actuation) along the first longitudinal axis433and the second longitudinal axis434. Alternatively, as described above and shown inFIG.3, the sensing device166B may be a “slide style” sensor that is supported at one of the ends of the cross member162and that is actuated by relative movement between the grip146and the cross member162connected to the arms132. FIG.6illustrates a speed control assembly230in accordance with yet another embodiment of the invention coupled a corresponding handle assembly214. The speed control assembly230and the handle assembly214are similar to the speed control assemblies30,130and handle assemblies14,114shown inFIGS.1-3orFIG.5, and common elements will have the same reference numeral as the embodiment shown inFIGS.1-3plus “200”. The speed control assembly230includes a grip246pivotally coupled to the cross member262and/or the arms234of the handle assembly214. The sensing device266is actuated by pivoting the grip246from the first position (shown with line shading) to the second position (shown without line shading) in a clockwise direction about the first grip pivot axis455and the second grip pivot axis456from the frame of reference ofFIG.6. In other words, the sensing device266detects the amount of pivotal rotation of the grip246. Similar to the speed control assembly30described above, the grip246is biased towards the first position by a biasing member (e.g., a torsion spring). In further alternative embodiments, the sensing device266is a torque sensor to measure the amount of torque a user places on the grip246. FIG.7illustrates a speed control assembly330in accordance with a further embodiment of the invention coupled to a corresponding handle assembly314. The speed control assembly330and the handle assembly314are similar to the speed control assemblies30,130,230and handle assemblies14,114,214shown inFIGS.1-3,FIG.5orFIG.6, and common elements will have the same reference numeral as the embodiment shown inFIGS.1-3plus “300”. The speed control assembly330includes a grip346coupled to the pair of upper arms332of the handle assembly314. In this embodiment, the grip346is only marginally movable relative to the upper arms332of the handle assembly314. The sensing device366is a pressure or force-sensitive device (i.e., a force sensor) that detects a force F applied to the grip346by a user in the direction of the handle assembly314(e.g., down inFIG.7). Although the invention has been described in detail with reference to certain preferred embodiments, variations and modifications exist within the scope and spirit of one or more independent aspects of the invention as described.

11856889

DETAILED DESCRIPTION As discussed above, it can be very difficult for an operator to maintain high efficiency in controlling a forage harvester, or other type of harvesting machine, and also to optimally control the unloading mechanisms to achieve an efficient fill strategy in filling a receiving vehicle. Such a fill strategy desirably results in a receiving vehicle that is evenly full, so that there are no empty spots in the receiving vehicle, or sub-optimally filled spots, and so that the vehicle is not over filled. This often means that the operator needs to control the position of the spout relative to the receiving vehicle, and the flaps (to control material trajectory), offsets between the spout and the edges of the receiving vehicle (both front and rear edges, and side edges), among other things. In order to address these issues, some automatic or active cart filling control systems have been developed to automate portions of this process. These types of systems currently provide automation for simplifying the unloading process. One such automatic fill control system, as is described in greater detail below, uses remote sensing to track the position of the receiving vehicle and to determine the location of where to deposit crop in the receiving vehicle. A stereo camera on the spout of the harvester captures an image of the receiving vehicle. The stereo camera has a field of view that allows the automatic fill control system to capture images of the opening or receiving area of the receiving vehicle. An image processing system determines dimensions of the receiving vehicle, and the distribution of the crop deposited inside it. The sensing system also detects crop height within the receiving vehicle, in order to automatically aim the spout toward empty spots and control the flap position to achieve a more even fill, while reducing spillage. In some implementations, a camera view, such as a live video feed, from the camera is provided to the operator through a user interface display in the operator compartment. This allows the operator to observe the progress of filling the receiving vehicle in real-time. Also, the user interface display can include user actuatable controls that allow the operator to control various aspects of the filling operation (e.g., control the harvester speed, control the spout and/or flap position, control the receiving vehicle position, etc.). To accommodate differing field conditions and/or harvesting progress (e.g., whether the area of the field to the side of the current harvester position has already been harvested), the unloading mechanisms of the harvester are actuatable between a side unloading orientation in which the receiving vehicle is alongside the harvester and a rear unloading orientation in which the receiving vehicle is behind and follows the harvester. The stereo camera (which is often mounted on the spout) has a relatively wide field of view (e.g., one hundred and thirty degrees, or greater, in one example) that allows the automatic fill control system to capture images of the opening or receiving area of the receiving vehicle when in the side unloading orientation. However, when in the rear unloading orientation, the camera is positioned further away from the receiving area of the receiving vehicle than when the receiving vehicle is alongside the harvester. This increased distance between the camera position and the receiving area of the receiving vehicle (located behind the harvester) results in a viewing profile of the receiving area that is suboptimal or otherwise less desirable to the operator. That is, it is more difficult for the operator to observe details of the filling operation from the camera view when the receiving vehicle is behind the harvester than when the receiving vehicle is alongside the harvester. As discussed in further detail below, an example control system detects the relative position of the receiving vehicle (i.e., whether it is in the side or rear unloading orientation) and/or the distance from the camera to the receiving area of the receiving vehicle, such as by directly sensing the receiving vehicle and/or sensing a position of the spout. The control system automatically controls the view provided to the operator, such as by automatically zooming the view of the receiving vehicle. Before discussing the control system in further detail, examples of harvesters and receiving vehicles will first be provided. FIG.1is a pictorial illustration showing one example of a self-propelled forage harvester100filling a tractor-pulled grain cart (or receiving vehicle)102. In the example shown inFIG.1, a tractor104, that is pulling grain cart102, is positioned directly behind forage harvester100. Further, in the illustrated example, forage harvester100includes an automatic cart filling control system (described in greater deal below) that uses a camera106mounted on the spout108, which includes a flap109, through which the harvested material110is traveling. Camera106captures an image of the receiving area112of cart102. It is noted that while one camera is illustrated, in one example a plurality of cameras can be mounted on spout108. For example, a second camera107having different characteristics (e.g., different field of view, different focal length and/or zoom capabilities, etc.) can be utilized. The automatic cart filling control system includes image processing, as discussed above, that can gauge the height of harvested material in cart102, and the location of that material. It thus automatically controls the position of spout108to direct the trajectory of material110into the receiving area112of cart102to obtain an even fill throughout the entire length of cart102, while not overfilling cart102. By automatically it is meant, for example, that the operation is performed without further human involvement except, perhaps, to initiate or authorize the operation. It can be seen in the example ofFIG.1, that the camera106can capture an image of a portion of the cart102. For instance, it can capture an image of the forward portion114of cart102. Thus, in one example, optical or visual features of that forward portion114of cart102can be used to uniquely identify cart102, or to identify the type of the cart102. Also, the optical or visual features of cart102can be utilized in determining whether cart102is in a side-by-side orientation or is located behind harvester100. Further yet, the capture images can be processed to determine the distance of receiving area112to harvester100. A unique cart identifier, or type identifier, can be used to automatically determine and apply settings values to the automatic cart filling control system so that the cart102is filled, according to a predetermined strategy, without the operator needing to interact with the automatic cart filling control system to input settings corresponding to the cart. FIG.2is a pictorial illustration showing another example of a self-propelled forage harvester100, this time loading a semi-trailer (or receiving vehicle)116in a configuration in which a semitractor is pulling semi-trailer116alongside forage harvester100. Therefore, the spout108and flap109are positioned to unload the harvested material110to fill trailer116according to a pre-defined side-by-side fill strategy. Again,FIG.2shows that camera106can capture an image of semi-trailer116. In the example illustrated inFIG.2, the field of view of camera106is directed toward the receiving area of trailer116so that image processing can be performed to identify the height of the material110in trailer116, and to identify the position of the material along the elongate axis of trailer116(e.g., along the front-to-back axis). In this way, the automatic cart filling control system can control the position of spout108and flap109to direct the material110into trailer116according to a strategy that provides a relatively even fill, without over filling trailer116. In the example shown inFIG.2, it can be seen that camera106can be positioned to have a field of view that captures an image of the side portion118of trailer116. Thus, the visual or optical features of the side portion of trailer116can be used to uniquely identify trailer116, or at least to identify the type of the trailer116. Based on the unique trailer identifier or the type identifier, the settings values for the automatic cart filling control system can be obtained so that the cart is filled in a cart-specific way or in a cart type-specific way, depending upon whether the cart is uniquely identified or the cart type is identified. The visual features can be detected using a computer vision analysis system, using a deep neural network, or using other image processing techniques and mechanisms for identifying visual features or characteristics in an image, a set of images, or a video. Also, in the illustrated example, a portion of spout108comprises a removable extension120that can be selectively added by the operator to change the location of flap109(and camera(s)106,107) relative to harvester100. For example, a plurality of different extensions, having differing lengths, can be selectively coupled between a base portion122of spout108and flap109. Illustratively, the width of the selected header123defines a minimum distance of trailer116from harvester100, to avoid contact between harvester100and trailer116(or the semitractor pulling trailer116). Thus, the operator can attach different extensions for eight row headers, ten row headers, twelve row headers, etc. As discussed in further detail below, the control system of harvester100can be is configured to identify the particular extension120being used in the current operation. This identification can be done automatically, such as by automatic detection of a physical tag on extension120, and/or based on operator input. FIG.3is a pictorial illustration showing one example of a user interface display124that can be displayed on a display mechanism125, for the operator in an operator compartment of forage harvester100. The user interface display124inFIG.3includes a camera view display pane127that shows a view of images captured by camera106(or107) of material110entering trailer116. The image processing system in the automatic cart filling control system illustratively identifies the perimeter of the opening126in trailer116and also processes the image of the material110in trailer116to determine its fill height relative to opening126. User interface display124can be augmented (such as with overlays, icons, labels, etc.) to identify various aspects of the unloading process. For example, the crop landing point can be highlighted on display124. Also, areas of the display can be highlighted (or otherwise identified) based on the height or contour of the crop residing in trailer116. Thus, the operator can more easily identify areas of the receiving vehicle that are more or less full. Further yet, display124can include user interface controls that allow the operator to control the spout position, the flap angle, the speed of harvester100relative to trailer116, among other controls. It can also be seen that the camera can easily capture an image of the side portion118of trailer116so that visual or optical features of the side portion118of trailer116can be used to uniquely identify the trailer or the trailer type. Further yet, the capture images can be processed to determine the distance to opening126. FIG.4is a block diagram showing one example of a harvesting machine200, such as, but not limited to, harvesters100illustrated inFIGS.1and2. Harvesting machine200illustratively includes one or more processors or servers202, a data store204, a set of sensors206, a communication system208, a control system210(which can include a vehicle position detection system212), controllable subsystem(s)214, operator interface mechanism(s)216, and it can include other items218. Sensors206can include one or more optical sensors220(such as one or more stereo cameras222and224or other video capture system, or other types of optical sensors226), a LIDAR (light detection and ranging) sensor228, a RADAR sensor230, a positioning system sensor232, a speed sensor234, a spout position sensor236, and/or other sensors237. Vehicle position detection system212includes an image processing system238, a relative position determination system240, other sensor signal processing system(s)242, and it can include other items244. Controllable subsystems214can include a header subsystem246, material conveyance subsystem (e.g., spout, blower, flap, etc.)248, propulsion subsystem250, steering subsystem252, and it can include other items254. Subsystem(s)214are configured to perform a harvesting operation that gathers harvested material into harvesting machine200and conveys the harvested material from harvesting machine200to a receiving vehicle256using conveyance subsystem248. Examples of receiving vehicle256include, but are not limited to, cart102or trailer116, shown above. Also, it should be noted that any or all of system210can be located at a remote location, such as in the cloud or elsewhere. It is shown on harvesting machine200for sake of example only. FIG.4also shows that, in one example, operator258can interact with operator interface mechanisms216in order to control and manipulate harvesting machine200. Operator interface mechanisms216can include a display mechanism260(such as display mechanism125discussed above) and a wide variety of other items262. Therefore, operator interface mechanisms216can be any of a wide variety of operator interface mechanisms, such as levers, joysticks, steering wheels, pedals, linkages, buttons, a touch sensitive display screen, a microphone and speaker (where speech recognition and speech synthesis are provided), among a wide variety of other audio, visual, and haptic mechanisms. In addition, receiving vehicle256and remote system(s)264can communicate with harvesting machine200over network266. Network266can thus be any of a wide variety of different types of networks, such as a near field communication, wide area network, a local area network, a cellular communication network, or any of a wide variety of other networks or combinations of networks. As discussed above, optical sensor(s)220can capture an image of the receiving vehicle256(either the cart, or the pulling vehicle, or both). In one example, captured stereo images can be processed to identify a distance of receiving vehicle256from harvesting machine200. The same can be done with LIDAR sensor228or RADAR sensor230. In addition, positioning system sensor232can be a GPS receiver or other positioning system that receives coordinates of the receiver in a global or local coordinate system. Communication system208can be configured to communicate with receiving vehicle256over network266. Thus, harvesting machine200and vehicle256can communicate their positions, and these positions can be used to determine speeds of machine200and vehicle256, as well as the position of vehicle256relative to machine200. Speed sensor234can be a sensor that senses the speed of rotation of an axle, or a ground-engaging element (such as a wheel), or it can be another sensor that provides an indication of ground speed of harvesting machine200. It will be noted that receiving vehicle256can also be fitted with a speed sensor so that the speed of vehicle256can be communicated (using communication system208) to harvesting machine200. Spout position sensor236is configured to sense a current position of the spout (e.g., spout108). For example, spout position sensor236can detect a relative position and/or angle of the flap which indicates a direction of material discharge. Alternatively, or in addition, sensor236can detect a position of motor(s) or other actuator(s) that rotate the spout. Relative position determination system240detects the relative positions of harvesting machine200and receiving vehicle256, with respect to one another. For example, system240can include a relative speed processing system268configured to process the relative speed of receiving vehicle256and harvesting machine200, a distance determination system270configured to determine a distance between receiving vehicle256and harvesting machine200, and an unloading position determination system272configured to determine a current unloading position of receiving vehicle (e.g., whether it is in a rear unloading configuration shown inFIG.1or a side unloading configuration shown inFIG.2). As discussed in further detail below, the unloading position can be determined based on image processing performed by image processing system238on images from optical sensor(s)220(e.g., whether an image shows a front or side profile of receiving vehicle). The unloading position can also be determined based on the position signal of vehicle256(e.g., whether the GPS coordinates indicate that vehicle256is behind or alongside machine200). The unloading position can also be determined based on operator input through mechanisms216. Further yet, the unloading position can be determined based on sensor inputs relative to material conveyance subsystem248(e.g., a current spout position, a predicted crop landing location, etc.). In the illustrated example, control system210includes an automatic vehicle filling control system274, an automated settings control system276, an imaging control system278, and it can include a wide variety of other control system functionality280. Automatic vehicle filling control system274illustratively controls the fill operation for receiving vehicle256. System274can control various controllable features, such as the fill strategy (e.g., front to back, back to front, etc.), offsets, fill level, percent fill, etc. System274controls those portions of the filling operation based upon one or more settings282that it receives from a setting output component284. In some cases, operator258can manipulate operator interface mechanisms216to provide settings282. In other cases, automated settings control system276identifies the particular receiving vehicle256that is being filled (based upon its visual or optic features captured by sensors206) or it identifies the type of receiving vehicle256that is being filled, based upon those same features. If this particular cart (or cart type) has been seen before, then automated settings control system276accesses cart feature-to-settings maps or the cart type-to settings maps and obtains setting values based upon the particular cart or cart type. It then outputs those settings values as settings282to automatic vehicle filling control system274. The setting values can indicate a variety of different things, such as the desired fill strategy, the desired fill height, offset distances, etc. Imaging control system278is configured to control the capturing of images by optical sensor(s)220and/or the display of captures images on display mechanism260. Illustratively, imaging control system278includes magnification factor generation logic285configured to generate an image magnification factor and magnification control logic286configured to control harvesting machine200based on the generated image magnification factor. This is discussed in further detail below. Briefly, in one example, the image magnification factor indicates a magnification of the visualization of the receiving area being displayed to operator258on display mechanism260. For instance, the image magnification factor indicates an amount by which the visualization of the receiving area of receiving vehicle256is to be enlarged on the displayed view, which can enhance the operator's view of the receiving area when conveyance subsystem248is switched from side unloading to rear unloading. Magnification control logic286illustratively includes optical zoom logic288, digital zoom logic290, camera selection logic292, and it can include other items294as well. Optical zoom logic288is configured to control optical zooming of camera222and/or camera224to achieve a desired focal length or field of view. Digital zoom logic290is configured to control digital zooming of the captured images. Illustratively, an image captured by camera222includes a plurality of pixels within the camera field of view, each pixel having corresponding pixel values that represent the image acquired for a given field of view or focal area of the optical sensor. Example digital zoom operation selects a subset of these pixels (e.g., a portion of the image), effectively enlarging the selected portion of the image. This is often referred to as image cropping. Camera selection logic292is configured to select an active camera, from a plurality of cameras222,224, etc. to provide the camera view on display mechanism260based on the optical characteristics of the cameras and the image magnification factor. FIGS.5-1and5-2(collectively referred to asFIG.5) is a flow diagram illustrating an example operation of a harvesting machine. For sake of illustration, but not by limitation,FIG.5will be described in the context of harvesting machine200discussed above with respect toFIG.4. At block302, harvesting machine200is operating to gather harvested material into the harvesting machine and unloading the harvested material into receiving vehicle256. As discussed above, in one example, harvesting machine200comprises a forage harvester that unloads the harvested material as the machine traverses the field. Examples are shown above with respect toFIGS.1and2. At block304, control system210controls material conveyance subsystem248, to control how the material is unloaded into receiving vehicle256. In one example, this include automatic fill control by automatic vehicle filling control system274, based on fill settings282. This is represented at block306. At block308, one or more visual images of a portion of receiving vehicle256are captured using optical sensor(s)220. For example, a video feed or time series of images is received from stereo camera222mounted on the spout of material conveyance subsystem248. This is represented at block310. Of course, images can be captured in other ways as well. This is represented at block312. At block314, control system210controls operator interface mechanisms216to generate a user interface display for operator258on display mechanism260. One example of a user interface display is discussed above with respect toFIG.3. The user interface display can include fill setting controls that can display the fill settings from block306. The fill setting controls can also allow operator258to modify the fill settings, or to create new fill settings. This is represented at block316. The user interface display includes a camera view display pane (such as display pane127shown inFIG.3). This is represented at block318. The camera view display pane is configured to display the captured images, or at least a portion of the captured images. In one example, the user interface display includes automatic fill control overlays on the camera view display pane. This is represented at block320. For example, an overlay can be generated on the camera view display pane to highlight or otherwise indicate the opening of the receiving vehicle256, the crop landing point within receiving vehicle256, the height or level of material at various points within receiving vehicle256, etc. The user interface display can be generated with other elements and in other ways as well. This is represented at block322. At block324, a position of receiving vehicle256relative to harvesting machine200is determined. This relative position can indicate whether receiving vehicle256is in a side unloading orientation (block326) or a rear unloading orientation (block328). Alternatively, or in addition, the relative position can indicate a distance from the location of the camera on harvesting machine200to the receiving area of receiving vehicle256. This is represented at block330. The distance determined at block330can indicate a distance from machine200to a portion of the receiving vehicle256, a distance to the material receiving opening, or other distance indication. Of course, other relative position information can be generated as well. This is represented at block332. FIG.6is a schematic diagram illustrating one example of vehicle position detection system212detecting the position of receiving vehicle256at block324. As illustrated inFIG.6, system212can receive a set of inputs400and generate a set of outputs402. Examples of inputs400include sensor signals indicating a position and/or angle of a flap at the output end of the spout (e.g., flap109). This is represented at block404. Based at least in part on the position and/or angle of the flap, system212can predict a crop landing location, and then determine whether that predicted crop landing location is behind (to the rear of in a direction of travel) machine200. This can indicate that the conveyance subsystem248is currently in a rear unloading orientation. For example, the crop landing location can be determined using inverse kinematics. This, of course, is for sake of example only. The inputs can also include a rotational position of the spout. This is represented at block406. For example, a sensor signal can indicate a position of a spout actuator configured to rotate the spout between the side unloading orientation and the rear unloading orientation. The position of this actuator can be utilized to determine the rotational position of the spout. The inputs can also include a receiving vehicle position signal408indicating a geographic position of receiving vehicle256in a coordinate system and/or a harvesting machine position signal410indicating a position of harvesting machine200in the coordinate system. In one example, a distance to receiving vehicle256is directly detected by a non-contact sensor, such as LIDAR228, RADAR230, or other sensors237. This is represented at block412. In one example, vehicle position detection system212receives one or more images414which are processed by image processing system238. As discussed above, the images can be processed to identify a profile of the receiving vehicle256that is visible in the images (e.g., whether the front or side of receiving vehicle256is visible in the image(s)). Alternatively, or in addition, the image processing can identify a distance to the receiving vehicle256, such as by processing stereo images. In one example, an input representing a spout extension identifier416is received. As noted above, and illustrated inFIG.2, a spout extension of an operator-selected size can be coupled to the spout, which changes the position of the camera relative to the receiving vehicle256, for a given machine position. The spout extension identifier416indicates, either directly or indirectly, the length of the spout extension. For example, system212can identify the length of the spout extension by retrieving the dimensions from a lookup table based on identifier416. The spout extension identifier416can be automatically detected based on the coupling of the spout extension to the spout. For example, the spout extension identifier (or a connection assembly such as a pin or bracket that couples the spout extension to the spout) can include a tag that actively transmits the identifier, or from which the identifier is read. In one example, an active or passive radio frequency identifier (RFID) tag is positioned on the spout extension and is read by control system210automatically upon coupling of the spout extension. In another example, the spout extension identifier416is communicated over a controller area network (CAN) bus. In one example, the orientation and/or distance can be determined based on manual operator input. This is represented at block418, such as through operator interface mechanisms216. The orientation and/or distance can be determined in other ways as well. This is represented at block520. Returning again toFIG.5, at block334an image magnification factor is determined (or updated) based on the determined position at block334. In the illustrated example, the image magnification factor indicates a magnification of the visualization of the receiving area in the camera view display pane. This is represented at block336. In one example, the magnification factor represents a zoom level or factor for zooming the image display of the portion of receiving vehicle256shown in the camera view display pane. This is represented at block338. The magnification factor indicates, in one example, an amount by which the receiving area of the receiving vehicle256is to be enlarged on the displayed view to operator258. This enhances the view provided to the operator when the conveyance system is switched from side unloading to rear unloading (i.e., when the camera position is further away from the receiving vehicle256compared to the side unloading orientation). Of course, the magnification factor can be determined in other ways as well. This is represented at block340. At block342, the display mechanism260(or other display device) is controlled to display images of receiving vehicle256based on the image magnification factor determined at block334. For example, this can include controlling digital zooming of the visual images captured at block308. This is represented at block344. For instance, an image captured at block308has a plurality of pixels, each having pixel values, that represent the image acquired for a given field of view or focal area of the optical sensor. In one example, block342can optically zoom the camera (or other optical sensor) being used to capture the images at block308. This is represented at block346. The optical zooming at block346controls the components of the camera (e.g., lens position), to change the field of view or focal length. In one example where multiple cameras (e.g., cameras222,224, etc.) are provided, the active camera being used to acquire images for the camera view display pane is selected at block348. For example, but not by limitation, camera222can have a relatively wide field of view, and be utilized to acquire images of receiving vehicle256when in the side unloading orientation. However, upon switching to the rear unloading orientation, camera224having a more narrow field of view or longer focal length can be utilized to acquire images of receiving vehicle256which is positioned further away from the spout when in the rear unloading orientation, as compared to the side unloading orientation. In another example, displaying the images based on the image magnification factor includes providing a user input mechanism for the operator to control image zoom (digital and/or optical zooming). For example, block342can determine a particular zoom factor, or range of zoom factors, and provide a slider mechanism that allows the user to zoom the camera view display pane using the zoom factor. Of course, any of a variety of combinations of blocks344-350can be utilized. This is represented at block352. For example, block342can include selecting a second camera224and digitally zooming the image, based on the image magnification factor. Of course, the display device can be controlled in other ways as well. This is represented at block354. At block356, control system210determines whether harvesting machine200is continuing to unload harvested material into receiving vehicle256. If so, the operation returns to block308. Here, the image magnification factor can be updated at block334based on changes to the relative position of the receiving vehicle at block324, which in turn dynamically changes the magnification of the camera view in the display pane. It can thus be seen that the present description has proceeded with respect to a system that controls the capturing and/or display of images based on the relative position of a receiving vehicle during unloading or harvested material from a harvester. The operator is provided with a view of the receiving vehicle with a magnification factor based on the relative position of the receiving vehicle. This can improve the view of the unloading operation, the active fill control settings, as well as improve the operational efficiency in the unloading process. As noted above, even a momentary misalignment between the spout and vehicle can result in hundreds of pounds of harvested material being dumped on the ground, rather than in the vehicle. The above-mentioned control system facilitates improved control of the unloading process. The present discussion has mentioned processors and servers. In one example, the processors and servers include computer processors with associated memory and timing circuitry, not separately shown. They are functional parts of the systems or devices to which they belong and are activated by, and facilitate the functionality of the other components or items in those systems. Also, a number of user interface displays have been discussed. They can take a wide variety of different forms and can have a wide variety of different user actuatable input mechanisms disposed thereon. For instance, the user actuatable input mechanisms can be text boxes, check boxes, icons, links, drop-down menus, search boxes, etc. They can also be actuated in a wide variety of different ways. For instance, they can be actuated using a point and click device (such as a track ball or mouse). They can be actuated using hardware buttons, switches, a joystick or keyboard, thumb switches or thumb pads, etc. They can also be actuated using a virtual keyboard or other virtual actuators. In addition, where the screen on which they are displayed is a touch sensitive screen, they can be actuated using touch gestures. Also, where the device that displays them has speech recognition components, they can be actuated using speech commands. A number of data stores have also been discussed. It will be noted they can each be broken into multiple data stores. All can be local to the systems accessing them, all can be remote, or some can be local while others are remote. All of these configurations are contemplated herein. Also, the figures show a number of blocks with functionality ascribed to each block. It will be noted that fewer blocks can be used so the functionality is performed by fewer components. Also, more blocks can be used with the functionality distributed among more components. FIG.7is a block diagram illustrating harvesting machine200, shown inFIG.4, except that it communicates with elements in a remote server architecture500. In an example, remote server architecture500can provide computation, software, data access, and storage services that do not require end-user knowledge of the physical location or configuration of the system that delivers the services. In various examples, remote servers can deliver the services over a wide area network, such as the internet, using appropriate protocols. For instance, remote servers can deliver applications over a wide area network and they can be accessed through a web browser or any other computing component. Software or components shown in previous FIGS. as well as the corresponding data, can be stored on servers at a remote location. The computing resources in a remote server environment can be consolidated at a remote data center location or they can be dispersed. Remote server infrastructures can deliver services through shared data centers, even though they appear as a single point of access for the user. Thus, the components and functions described herein can be provided from a remote server at a remote location using a remote server architecture. Alternatively, they can be provided from a conventional server, or they can be installed on client devices directly, or in other ways. In the example shown inFIG.7, some items are similar to those shown inFIG.4and they are similarly numbered.FIG.7specifically shows that data store204, vehicle position detection system212, automatic vehicle filling control system274, automated settings control system276and/or imaging control system278(or other items504) can be located at a remote server location502. Therefore, harvesting machine200accesses those systems through remote server location502. FIG.7also depicts another example of a remote server architecture.FIG.7shows that it is also contemplated that some elements ofFIG.4can be disposed at remote server location502while others are not. By way of example, one or more of data store204, vehicle position detection system212, automatic vehicle filling control system274, automated settings control system276, imaging control system278or other items can be disposed at a location separate from location502, and accessed through the remote server at location502. Regardless of where they are located, they can be accessed directly by harvesting machine200, through a network (either a wide area network or a local area network), they can be hosted at a remote site by a service, or they can be provided as a service, or accessed by a connection service that resides in a remote location. Also, the data can be stored in substantially any location and intermittently accessed by, or forwarded to, interested parties. All of these architectures are contemplated herein. It will also be noted that the elements ofFIG.4, or portions of them, can be disposed on a wide variety of different devices. Some of those devices include servers, desktop computers, laptop computers, tablet computers, or other mobile devices, such as palm top computers, cell phones, smart phones, multimedia players, personal digital assistants, etc. FIG.8is a simplified block diagram of one illustrative example of a handheld or mobile computing device that can be used as a user's or client's hand held device16, in which the present system (or parts of it) can be deployed. For instance, a mobile device can be deployed in the operator compartment of harvesting machine200for use in generating, processing, or displaying the images from camera106, the settings are actuators, etc.FIGS.9-10are examples of handheld or mobile devices. FIG.8provides a general block diagram of the components of a client device16that can run some components shown inFIG.4, that interacts with them, or both. In the device16, a communications link13is provided that allows the handheld device to communicate with other computing devices and in some examples provides a channel for receiving information automatically, such as by scanning. Examples of communications link13include allowing communication though one or more communication protocols, such as wireless services used to provide cellular access to a network, as well as protocols that provide local wireless connections to networks. In other examples, applications can be received on a removable Secure Digital (SD) card that is connected to an interface15. Interface15and communication links13communicate with a processor17(which can also embody processors from previous FIGS.) along a bus19that is also connected to memory21and input/output (I/O) components23, as well as clock25and location system27. I/O components23, in one example, are provided to facilitate input and output operations. I/O components23for various examples of the device16can include input components such as buttons, touch sensors, optical sensors, microphones, touch screens, proximity sensors, accelerometers, orientation sensors and output components such as a display device, a speaker, and or a printer port. Other I/O components23can be used as well. Clock25illustratively comprises a real time clock component that outputs a time and date. It can also, illustratively, provide timing functions for processor17. Location system27illustratively includes a component that outputs a current geographical location of device16. This can include, for instance, a global positioning system (GPS) receiver, a LORAN system, a dead reckoning system, a cellular triangulation system, or other positioning system. It can also include, for example, mapping software or navigation software that generates desired maps, navigation routes and other geographic functions. Memory21stores operating system29, network settings31, applications33, application configuration settings35, data store37, communication drivers39, and communication configuration settings41. Memory21can include all types of tangible volatile and non-volatile computer-readable memory devices. It can also include computer storage media (described below). Memory21stores computer readable instructions that, when executed by processor17, cause the processor to perform computer-implemented steps or functions according to the instructions. Processor17can be activated by other components to facilitate their functionality as well. FIG.9shows one example in which device16is a tablet computer600. InFIG.9, computer600is shown with user interface display screen602. Screen602can be a touch screen or a pen-enabled interface that receives inputs from a pen or stylus. It can also use an on-screen virtual keyboard. Of course, it might also be attached to a keyboard or other user input device through a suitable attachment mechanism, such as a wireless link or USB port, for instance. Computer600can also illustratively receive voice inputs as well. FIG.10shows that a smart phone71. Smart phone71has a touch sensitive display73that displays icons or tiles or other user input mechanisms75. Mechanisms75can be used by a user to run applications, make calls, perform data transfer operations, etc. In general, smart phone71is built on a mobile operating system and offers more advanced computing capability and connectivity than a feature phone. Note that other forms of the devices16are possible. FIG.11is one example of a computing environment in which elements ofFIG.4, or parts of it, (for example) can be deployed. With reference toFIG.11, an example system for implementing some embodiments includes a general-purpose computing device in the form of a computer810programmed to operate as discussed above. Components of computer810may include, but are not limited to, a processing unit820(which can comprise processors from previous FIGS.), a system memory830, and a system bus821that couples various system components including the system memory to the processing unit820. The system bus821may be any of several types of bus structures including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. Memory and programs described with respect toFIG.4can be deployed in corresponding portions ofFIG.11. Computer810typically includes a variety of computer readable media. Computer readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by computer810and includes both volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example, and not limitation, computer readable media may comprise computer storage media and communication media. Computer storage media is different from, and does not include, a modulated data signal or carrier wave. It includes hardware storage media including both volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by computer810. Communication media may embody computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data in a transport mechanism and includes any information delivery media. The term “modulated data signal” means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. The system memory830includes computer storage media in the form of volatile and/or nonvolatile memory such as read only memory (ROM)831and random access memory (RAM)832. A basic input/output system833(BIOS), containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within computer810, such as during start-up, is typically stored in ROM831. RAM832typically contains data and/or program modules that are immediately accessible to and/or presently being operated on by processing unit820. By way of example, and not limitation,FIG.11illustrates operating system834, application programs835, other program modules836, and program data837. The computer810may also include other removable/non-removable volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media. By way of example only,FIG.11illustrates a hard disk drive841that reads from or writes to non-removable, nonvolatile magnetic media, an optical disk drive855, and nonvolatile optical disk856. The hard disk drive841is typically connected to the system bus821through a non-removable memory interface such as interface840, and optical disk drive855are typically connected to the system bus821by a removable memory interface, such as interface850. Alternatively, or in addition, the functionality described herein can be performed, at least in part, by one or more hardware logic components. For example, and without limitation, illustrative types of hardware logic components that can be used include Field-programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), Application-specific Integrated Circuits (e.g., ASICs), Application-specific Standard Products (e.g., ASSPs), System-on-a-chip systems (SOCs), Complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLDs), etc. The drives and their associated computer storage media discussed above and illustrated inFIG.11, provide storage of computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules and other data for the computer810. InFIG.11, for example, hard disk drive841is illustrated as storing operating system844, application programs845, other program modules846, and program data847. Note that these components can either be the same as or different from operating system834, application programs835, other program modules836, and program data837. A user may enter commands and information into the computer810through input devices such as a keyboard862, a microphone863, and a pointing device861, such as a mouse, trackball or touch pad. Other input devices (not shown) may include a joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, or the like. These and other input devices are often connected to the processing unit820through a user input interface860that is coupled to the system bus, but may be connected by other interface and bus structures. A visual display891or other type of display device is also connected to the system bus821via an interface, such as a video interface890. In addition to the monitor, computers may also include other peripheral output devices such as speakers897and printer896, which may be connected through an output peripheral interface895. The computer810is operated in a networked environment using logical connections (such as a controller area network—CAN, local area network—LAN, or wide area network WAN) to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer880. When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer810is connected to the LAN871through a network interface or adapter870. When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer810typically includes a modem872or other means for establishing communications over the WAN873, such as the Internet. In a networked environment, program modules may be stored in a remote memory storage device.FIG.11illustrates, for example, that remote application programs885can reside on remote computer880. It should also be noted that the different example described herein can be combined in different ways. That is, parts of one or more examples can be combined with parts of one or more other examples. All of this is contemplated herein. Example 1 is a harvesting machine comprising:a header configured to gather harvested material into the harvesting machine during a harvesting operation;a conveyance subsystem configured to convey the harvested material from the harvesting machine to a receiving vehicle during the harvesting operation;an image capture system comprising at least one optical sensor; anda control system configured to:determine a position of the receiving vehicle relative to the harvesting machine;determine an image magnification factor based on the determined position; anddisplay, on a display device, an image of a portion of the receiving vehicle based on the image magnification factor. Example 2 is the harvesting machine of any or all previous examples, wherein the at least one optical sensor generates a sensor signal representing a captured image comprising a plurality of pixels, and the control system comprises digital zoom logic configured to select a set of the pixels based on the image magnification factor. Example 3 is the harvesting machine of any or all previous examples, wherein the at least one optical sensor comprise a camera having a variable focal length, and the control system is configured to control optical zoom of the camera to capture the image based on the image magnification factor. Example 4 is the harvesting machine of any or all previous example, wherein the conveyance subsystem comprises a spout actuatable between a side-unloading configuration and a rear-unloading configuration, and the determined position indicates that the conveyance subsystem is in a particular one of the side-unloading configuration or the rear-unloading configuration. Example 5 is the harvesting machine of any or all previous examples, wherein the control system is configured to:receive a receiving vehicle position signal, indicative of a position of the receiving vehicle in a coordinate system, from a positioning system on the receiving vehicle;receive a harvesting machine position signal, indicative of a position of the harvesting machine in the coordinate system, from a positioning system on the harvesting machine; anddetermine that the conveyance subsystem is in the particular configuration based on the receiving vehicle position signal and the harvesting machine position signal. Example 6 is the harvesting machine of any or all previous examples, wherein the control system is configured to determine that the conveyance subsystem is in the particular configuration based on at least one of:a predicted crop landing location based on detected characteristics of the conveyance subsystem; ora detected orientation of the spout. Example 7 is the harvesting machine of any or all previous examples, wherein the control system is configured to determine that the conveyance subsystem is in the particular configuration based on image processing performed on the image. Example 8 is the harvesting machine of any or all previous examples, wherein the determined position of the receiving vehicle relative to the harvesting machine represents a distance between the harvesting machine and the receiving vehicle. Example 9 is the harvesting machine of any or all previous examples, wherein the control system is configured to:detect a spout extension; anddetermine the distance based on the spout extension. Example 10 is the harvesting machine of any or all previous examples, wherein the distance is determined based on image processing performed on the image. Example 11 is the harvesting machine of any or all previous examples, wherein the control system is configured to update the image magnification factor based on changes to the distance between the harvesting machine and the receiving vehicle. Example 12 is the harvesting machine of any or all previous examples, wherein the control system comprises:an automatic cart filling control system configured to automatically control a position of the conveyance subsystem based on the image. Example 13 is the harvesting machine of any or all previous examples, wherein the at least one optical sensor comprises a plurality of optical sensors with different field-of-view characteristics, and the control system is configured to:select one of the optical sensors based on the image magnification factor; andreceive the image from the selected optical sensor. Example 14 is the harvesting machine of any or all previous examples, wherein the control system is configured to generate an image zoom user input mechanism based on the image magnification factor, display the image zoom user input mechanism on the display device, and control image zoom based on actuation of the image zoom user input mechanism. Example 15 is a computer-implemented method of controlling a harvesting machine, the method comprising:controlling a conveyance subsystem to convey harvested material from the harvesting machine to a receiving vehicle;determining a position of the receiving vehicle relative to the harvesting machine;determining an image magnification factor based on the determined positioncontrolling a display device to display an image of a portion of the receiving vehicle based on the image magnification factor. Example 16 is the computer-implemented method of any or all previous examples, wherein the conveyance subsystem comprises a spout actuatable between a side-unloading configuration and a rear-unloading configuration, and the determined position indicates that the conveyance subsystem is in a particular one of the side-unloading configuration or the rear-unloading configuration. Example 17 is the computer-implemented method of any or all previous examples, wherein determining a position of the receiving vehicle comprises determining a distance between the harvesting machine and the receiving vehicle. Example 18 is the computer-implemented method of any or all previous examples, wherein the at least one optical sensor comprises a plurality of optical sensors with different optical characteristics, and controlling the display device to display an image comprises:selecting one of the optical sensors based on the image magnification factor; andreceiving the image from the selected optical sensor. Example 19 is the computer-implemented method of any or all previous examples, wherein controlling the display device to display the image comprises generating an image zoom user input mechanism based on the image magnification factor, displaying the image zoom user input mechanism on the display device, and controlling image zoom based on user actuation of the image zoom user input mechanism. Example 20 is a harvester control system that controls a harvester to load a receiving vehicle with harvested material, the harvester control system comprising:an image processing system configured to process images of at least a portion of the receiving vehicle;an automatic vehicle filling control system configured to automatically control a position of a conveyance subsystem that conveys the harvested material to the receiving vehicle based on the processing of the images; andan imaging control system configured to:determine a position of the receiving vehicle relative to the harvesting machine;generate a user interface display that visually represents a view of the portion of the receiving vehicle based on the images; andvisually zooming the view in the user interface display based on the determined position of the receiving vehicle. Although the subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.

11856890

DETAILED DESCRIPTION As discussed above, some guidance systems allow an operator of a machine to define a path and the guidance system automatically navigates the machine along the path. Some such guidance systems also allow a user to define turns (such as U-turns) through which the machine may be navigated. These types of guidance systems encounter difficulty in scenarios other than when the machine simply makes alternating turns through the field (such as a tillage operation in which the tractor first turns to the left, then turns to the right, then turns to the left, etc. to work the field from one end to the other). For instance, when harvesting corn, a combine harvester often has an unload auger that is only positionable over one side of the combine harvester. Therefore, in order to perform unloading while harvesting, the combine harvester must be controlled so that the unloading auger is always over an already-harvested portion of the machine (except, perhaps, during an initial pass opening up a field or a land). This ensures that a grain cart can always operate next to the combine harvester without running over crop. Therefore, during such harvesting operations the machine is controlled through a different series of turns (through a turn pattern) in order to keep the unloading auger over a previously worked area. Also, some harvesting operations are performed by navigating the harvester through “lands”, or sections of the field made up of some number of passes. Some current machine operators struggle to identify the correct guidance path to cut into the field to begin harvesting a land. If chosen incorrectly, the land can lead to inefficiencies by way of extra passes being required to harvest all of the crops. The present description thus proceeds with respect to a system that allows an operator to specify a desired turn pattern and land size, or alternatively allows the machine to learn a turn pattern and land size. For the pattern and land size that has been selected or learned, the system automatically determines the next path through the field by analyzing crop coverage data and the system generates signals to control the machine through the turn pattern until the land is completed, at which point, in one example, the system can identify a next land and a path for starting that next land. FIG.1shows one example of a field100in which a plurality of harvesters102,104, and106are working to perform a harvesting operation.FIG.1also shows an agricultural system108which can be deployed on each of harvesters102,104, and106or distributed across harvesters102,104, and106, or deployed in a cloud computing system or another remote server architecture or distributed in other ways. The portion of the field100shown inFIG.1includes twenty-eight navigation paths (paths0-27). Harvester102is shown harvesting a land110which includes navigation paths0-4. Harvester104is shown harvesting a land112which includes navigation paths5-9. Harvester106is shown harvesting a land114which includes navigation paths10-16. Harvester102is harvesting the land110in a spiral in pattern so that the first navigation pass through land110is along navigation path0in the direction indicated by arrows116. The second pass through land110is along navigation path4in the direction indicated by arrows118. The third pass through land110is along navigation path1in the direction indicated by arrows120. The fourth pass through land110is along navigation path3in the direction indicated by arrow122and the fifth pass through land110is along navigation path2in the direction indicated by arrows124. Harvester104is shown harvesting land112in a spiral out pattern in which the first pass through land112along navigation path7in the direction indicated by arrows126. The second pass is along navigation path6in the direction indicated by arrows128. The third pass through land112is along navigation path8in the direction indicated by arrows130. The fourth pass is along navigation path5in the direction indicated by arrows132and the fifth pass through land112is along navigation path9in the direction indicated by arrows134. Therefore, it can be seen that lands110and112are the same size, each including five navigation paths through field100. FIG.1also shows that harvester106is harvesting land114which includes7harvesting paths (harvesting paths10-16) and the passes and directions through land114are indicated by the numerals and arrows in a similar way to those shown in lands110and112. Agricultural system108illustratively provides functionality that allows the operator in each harvester102,104, and106to specify a turn pattern (such as spiral in or spiral out) and a land size (such as the number of navigation paths in the land). Agricultural system108also allows the operator to engage a learning system which automatically learns the turn pattern and land size. Agricultural system108then automatically determines the next navigation path through the field by analyzing coverage data (such as to ensure that the next path is not already harvested and that the unloading auger on the harvester is over already-harvested area) and to automatically generate turns until the specified or learned land size has been completely worked. At the completion of a land, agricultural system108can also automatically identify the next pass for starting the next land. Agricultural system108allows the operator to switch patterns at any time to continue a previous pattern, upon enabling the automatic turn system. For instance,FIG.1shows that, upon completion of land110, harvester102will continue along a path134through the already-harvested end rows to a different land in field100beginning at path20. Harvester104continues along path136to begin another land along path23and harvester106continues along a path138, through the already-harvested end rows, to begin another land with path26. FIG.2is a partial pictorial, partial schematic, illustration of a self-propelled agricultural harvesting machine102, in an example where machine102is a combine harvester (or combine). It can be seen inFIG.2that combine102illustratively includes an operator compartment558, which can have a variety of different operator interface mechanisms, for controlling combine102. Combine102can include a set of front end equipment that can include header503, and a cutter generally indicated at504. It can also include a feeder house506, a feed accelerator508, and a thresher generally indicated at510. Header503is pivotally coupled to a frame517of combine102along pivot axis505. One or more actuators507drive movement of header503about axis505in the direction generally indicated by arrow509. Thus, the vertical position of header503above ground511over which it is traveling can be controlled by actuating actuator507. While not shown inFIG.2, it may be that the tilt (or roll) angle of header503or portions of header503can be controlled by a separate actuator. Tilt, or roll, refers to the orientation of header503about the front-to-back longitudinal axis of combine102. Thresher510illustratively includes a threshing rotor512and a set of concaves514. Further, combine102can include a separator516that includes a separator rotor. Combine102can include a cleaning subsystem (or cleaning shoe)518that, itself, can include a cleaning fan520, chaffer522and sieve524. The material handling subsystem in combine102can include (in addition to a feeder house506and feed accelerator508) discharge beater526, tailings elevator528, clean grain elevator530(that moves clean grain into clean grain tank532) as well as unloading auger534and spout536. Combine102can further include a residue subsystem538that can include chopper540and spreader542. Combine102can also have a propulsion subsystem that includes an engine that drives ground engaging wheels544or tracks, etc. It will be noted that combine102may also have more than one of any of the subsystems mentioned above (such as left and right cleaning shoes, separators, etc.). In operation, and by way of overview, combine102illustratively moves through a field in the direction indicated by arrow546. As it moves, header503engages the crop to be harvested and gathers it toward cutter504. The operator illustratively sets a height setting for header503(and possibly a tilt or roll angle setting) and a control system (described below) controls actuator507(and possibly a tilt or roll actuator—not shown) to maintain header503at the set height above ground511(and at the desired roll angle). The control system responds to header error (e.g., the difference between the set height and measured height of header503above ground511and possibly roll angle error) with a responsiveness that is determined based on a set sensitivity level. If the sensitivity level is set high, the control system responds to, smaller header position errors, and attempts to reduce them more quickly than if the sensitivity is set lower. After the crop is cut by cutter504, it is moved through a conveyor in feeder house506toward feed accelerator508, which accelerates the crop into thresher510. The crop is threshed by rotor512rotating the crop against concaves514. The threshed crop is moved by a separator rotor in separator516where some of the residue is moved by discharge beater526toward the residue subsystem538. It can be chopped by residue chopper540and spread on the field by spreader542. In other configurations, the residue is simply chopped and dropped in a windrow, instead of being chopped and spread. Grain falls to cleaning shoe (or cleaning subsystem)518. Chaffer522separates some of the larger material from the grain, and sieve524separates some of the finer material from the clean grain. Clean grain falls to an auger in clean grain elevator530, which moves the clean grain upward and deposits it in clean grain tank532. Residue can be removed from the cleaning shoe518by airflow generated by cleaning fan520. Cleaning fan520directs air along an airflow path upwardly through the sieves and chaffers and the airflow carries residue can also be rearwardly in combine102toward the residue handling subsystem538. Tailings can be moved by tailings elevator528back to thresher510where they can be re-threshed. Alternatively, the tailings can also be passed to a separate re-threshing mechanism (also using a tailings elevator or another transport mechanism) where they can be re-threshed as well. FIG.2also shows that, in one example, combine102can include ground speed sensor547, one or more separator loss sensors548, a clean grain camera550, and one or more cleaning shoe loss sensors552. Ground speed sensor546illustratively senses the travel speed of combine102over the ground. This can be done by sensing the speed of rotation of the wheels, the drive shaft, the axel, or other components. The travel speed can also be sensed by a positioning system, such as a global positioning system (GPS), a dead reckoning system, a LORAN system, or a wide variety of other systems or sensors that provide an indication of travel speed. Cleaning shoe loss sensors552illustratively provide an output signal indicative of the quantity of grain loss by both the right and left sides of the cleaning shoe518. In one example, sensors552are impact sensors which count grain strikes per unit of time (or per unit of distance traveled) to provide an indication of the cleaning shoe grain loss. The impact sensors for the right and left sides of the cleaning shoe can provide individual signals, or a combined or aggregated signal. It will be noted that sensors552can comprise only a single sensor as well, instead of separate sensors for each shoe. Separator loss sensor548provides a signal indicative of grain loss in the left and right separators. The sensors associated with the left and right separators can provide separate grain loss signals or a combined or aggregate signal. This can be done using a wide variety of different types of sensors as well. It will be noted that separator loss sensors548may also comprise only a single sensor, instead of separate left and right sensors. It will also be appreciated that sensor and measurement mechanisms (in addition to the sensors already described) can include other sensors on combine102as well. For instance, the sensors and mechanisms can include a header height sensor that senses a height of header503above ground511. The sensors and mechanisms can include stability sensors that sense oscillation or bouncing motion (and amplitude) of combine102. The sensors and mechanisms can include a residue setting sensor that is configured to sense whether machine102is configured to chop the residue, drop a windrow, etc. The sensors and mechanisms can include cleaning shoe fan speed sensors that can be configured proximate fan520to sense the speed of the fan. The sensors and mechanisms can include a threshing clearance sensor that senses clearance between the rotor512and concaves514. The sensors and mechanisms include a threshing rotor speed sensor that senses a rotor speed of rotor512. The sensors and mechanisms can include a chaffer clearance sensor that senses the size of openings in chaffer522. The sensors and mechanisms can include a sieve clearance sensor that senses the size of openings in sieve524. The sensors and mechanisms can include a material other than grain (MOG) moisture sensor that can be configured to sense the moisture level of the material other than grain that is passing through combine102. The sensors and mechanisms can include machine setting sensors that are configured to sense the various configurable settings on combine102. The sensors and mechanisms can also include a machine orientation sensor that can be any of a wide variety of different types of sensors that sense the orientation of combine102. Crop property sensors can sense a variety of different types of crop properties, such as crop type, crop size (e.g., stalk width), crop moisture, and other crop properties. The crop property sensors can also be configured to sense characteristics of the crop as they are being processed by combine102. For instance, the crop property sensors can sense grain feed rate (e.g., mass flow rate), as it travels through clean grain elevator530, or provide other output signals indicative of other sensed variables. Environment sensors can sense soil moisture, soil compaction, weather (which may be sensed or downloaded), temperature, standing water, and other properties of the soil, crop, machine or environment. Some additional examples of the types of sensors that can be used are described below. FIG.3is a block diagram showing one example of agricultural system108, in more detail. It will be appreciated, as discussed above, that agricultural system108can be entirely disposed on an individual harvester. Agricultural harvester system108can be partially deployed on each of the individual harvesters102,104, and106or system108can be partially deployed in the cloud, or it can all be deployed in the cloud. The agricultural system108can be distributed in other ways as well. In the example shown inFIG.3, agricultural system108includes one or more processors or servers140, data store142, turn automation system144, pattern learning system146, operator interface system147, and other items148. Turn automation system144illustratively includes turn pattern detector150, next path identification system152, automated turn control system154, land size completion detector156, next land identifier158, field completion detector160, data store interaction system161, and other items162. Operator interface system147can generate an operator interface on one or more operator interface mechanisms164for interaction by one of the operators166of one of the agricultural harvesters102-106. Operator166can thus interact with operator interface mechanisms164to control and manipulate agricultural system108. In addition, operator166can interact with operator interface mechanisms164to control and manipulate the harvester which operator166is controlling. Therefore, operator interface mechanism164can be joysticks, a steering wheel, peddles, levers, buttons, switches, an interactive interface display that includes operator input mechanisms, such as icons, links, or other actuatable mechanisms. The operator input mechanisms can include a speech recognition system with microphone and speakers, or other audio, visual, or haptic interface mechanisms. Before describing the overall operation of agricultural system108, a description of some of items in agricultural system108, and their operation, will first be provided. Turn automation system144detects a turn pattern and identifies a next navigation path to be completed in the turn pattern after the harvester completes the path that the harvester is currently operating on. Turn automation system144then generates output signals to automatically control the harvester through that turn to enter the next path. The next path is identified by analyzing which part of the fields have already been harvested so that the output auger of the harvester may remain over the already-harvested portion of the field so that a grain cart can travel adjacent the harvester to perform unloading, during operation of the harvester, without driving over any crops. Turn automation system144can also identify the next land that the harvester should proceed to. Turn pattern detector150can generate an interactive operator interface that allows an operator to enter a turn pattern. Turn pattern detector150can also receive an input from pattern learning system146which learns the turn pattern without the turn pattern being specified by the operator. Based on the identified turn pattern, next path identification system152identifies the next path that the harvester will be traveling over, through the field. Automated turn control system154can generate outputs to control the harvester, automatically, through the identified turn. Further, when turn pattern detector150is disabled, automated turn control system154can navigate the harvester through a U-turn pattern in which the harvester makes alternating turns to work the field from one end to the other. Land size completion detector156detects whether the current land that the harvester is operating on will be completed after the present pass. If not, next path identification system152then identifies the next pass through the field. To determine whether the land is completed, land size completion detector156can detect the number of paths that have been skipped in a spiral in pattern to determine the number of paths that are left to harvest. Land size completion detector156can identify the number of paths skipped in a spiral out pattern, and compare that to the land size, to determine whether the land size has been completed. Once land size completion detector156detects that the land will be completed after the current pass, next land identifier158identifies a next land that the harvester should proceed to, within the field. Field completion detector160can detect when the field is completed so that a next land need not be harvested. Next land identifier158can identify the next land by analyzing a map of the field as well as by communicating with any other harvesters in the field to determine what portions of the field have already been harvested. The next land for the current harvester can be identified by calculating the next land for each of the harvesters that will result in the lowest time to completion of the field, the best fuel efficiency, or based on other criteria. Field completion detector160can determine whether the field is complete by analyzing a map of the field and information from any harvesters operating in the field to determine whether all rows have been harvested. Pattern learning system146can be enabled by operator166so that pattern learning system146automatically learns the pattern that the operator is using by identifying the directions of the turns being executed by the harvester and the number of row skips between turns. Pattern learning system146can learn the pattern in other ways as well. By automatically it is meant, in one example, that the system completes the operation without further involvement, except perhaps to initiate or authenticate the operation. FIG.4is a flow diagram illustrating one example of the operation of agricultural system108in identifying turns that the harvester should take and controlling the harvester to navigate those turns, in harvesting the field. Turn pattern detector150first detects a turn pattern and a land size in which the harvester is performing a harvesting operation. It will be assumed for the sake of the present description that the harvester is harvester102. Detecting a turn pattern and land size is indicated by block168in the flow diagram ofFIG.4. The turn pattern detector150can control operator interface system147to generate an operator interface164that allows operator166to select a pattern. Detecting a pattern based upon an operator input is indicated by block170in the flow diagram ofFIG.4. In another example, the operator can enable pattern learning system146to learn the pattern, as indicated by block172. The turn pattern and land size can be detected in other ways as well, as indicated by block174. FIG.7Ashows one example of a portion of a user interface display176that can be generated so that operator166can select the pattern to be used. The interface176includes spiral out actuator178, spiral in actuator180, and learn turn pattern actuator182. When a turn pattern actuator178or180is actuated, the turn pattern detector150loads a default turn direction (e.g., turn left or turn right) and a default land size for that pattern into memory so that next path identification system152can identify the next path and so that automated turn control system154can control the harvester to move through that turn. Table1shows examples of default turn direction, and a number of skips that will be used in performing the turn pattern. When conducting a spiral out pattern, for instance, the harvester does not skip any unharvested paths but instead proceeds to the next unharvested path and harvests it. When conducting a spiral in pattern, the number of paths will include the land size (in terms of the number of paths) less one. The default patterns and land sizes can be stored from the prior year in the same field, from the last time this machine or operator operated, or in other ways. TABLE 1DEFAULT TURNTURN PATTERNDIRECTIONDEFAULT # OF SKIPSSPRIAL OUTLEFT0SPIRAL INRIGHTLAND SIZE −1 FIG.7Bshows an example of an interface184that can be generated by turn pattern detector150to allow the operator166to modify the land size. For instance, the land size is set to a default value of 10 paths for both the spiral out and spiral in pattern detectors. By actuating an actuator186, operator166can change the number of paths through the field that define the land size for the spiral out pattern. By actuating actuator188, the operator166can modify the number of paths used to define the land size for the spiral in land pattern. Referring again toFIG.7A, interface176also includes the learn turn pattern actuator182that can be actuated by operator164to enable pattern learning system146so that pattern learning system146automatically learns the turn pattern and land size by allowing the operator166to perform a desired number of turns and monitoring the direction of those turns and the number of paths that have been skipped. This is described in greater detail below. Once the turn pattern has been detected by turn pattern detector150, then next path identification system152automatically identifies a next harvesting path through the field that the harvester will take, as indicated by block190in the flow diagram ofFIG.4. Next path identification system152identifies the next path based upon the detected pattern and the turn direction for that pattern, as indicated by block192. The next path can be identified based on an analysis of which portions of the field have already been harvested, as indicated by block194. The next path can be identified in other ways as well, as indicated by block196. Automated turn control system154then generates output signals to automatically control the harvester102through the identified next turn, as indicated by block198. Automated turn control system154can use a map of the field to identify a current location and a GPS receiver or other location sensor that identifies the current location of harvester102within the field, and the location of the next turn. The location of the next path is also identified so that automated turn control system154can navigate the harvester102through the turn, in the proper direction, cutting back into the field at the proper location to harvest the next path. Land size completion detector156detects whether the land size has been completed, as indicated by block200in the flow diagram ofFIG.4. If the land size has not been completed, processing reverts to block190where next path identification system152identifies the next path through the field in harvesting the current land. If, at block200, land size completion detector156detects that the land has been completed, then field completion detector160detects whether the field is completed, as indicated by block202. If not, next land identifier158identifies the next land, as indicated by block204. The next land can be identified automatically, as indicated by block206or based on an operator input, as indicated by block208, or in other ways, as indicated by block210. Once the next land is identified at block204, processing reverts to block190where the next path is identified so that the harvester can be automatically navigated to the next path. Once field completion detector160detects that the field is complete, then turn automation system144saves the pattern data identifying the pattern and the geographic location where the pattern was executed, the land size data indicative of the land size, among other data. Saving the pattern data, land size data, etc., is indicated by block212inFIG.4. FIGS.7C-7Oshow additional user interface displays that can be generated and provided over operator interface mechanisms164to operator166.FIGS.7C-7Fshow turn for a spiral out pattern. The spiral out pattern shown inFIGS.7D-7Fwill continue until the harvester102is on its final guidance path and the number of skips reaches that number defined by the land size being harvested.FIG.7C, for instance, shows a user interface display214that can be generated on a display device in the operator compartment of harvester102, on a mobile device in the operator compartment of harvester102, or on another device. Display214shows a rendering of harvester102navigating on a guidance path216. A super imposed display element218shows the direction of the next turn and the number of guidance paths that will be skipped (in the case ofFIG.7Cno guidance paths will be skipped) and the distance until the turn is commenced (in the example shown inFIG.7C, the distance to the turn is 166 feet). The superimposed portion218also includes a skip identifier219that identifies the number of guidance paths that will be skipped in making the next turn. The number of skips indicator219will be incremented by one in executing a spiral out pattern, and decremented by one when conducting a spiral in pattern. Display214also shows a plurality of guidance paths represented by lines220, along with a representation of the next turn indicated by number222. Display214also shows a shaded area224that represents already-harvested area in the field being worked. Display214also shows a pattern indicator226that identifies the current turn pattern. In the example shown inFIG.7C, the turn pattern is a spiral out pattern. FIG.7Dis similar toFIG.7C, and similar items are similarly numbered. However, inFIG.7Dthe pattern display element226is replaced by pattern/skip display element228which not only shows the pattern being executed (in the example shown inFIG.7D, a spiral out pattern) but also shows the number of skips of guidance paths that will be skipped in executing the next turn (in the example shown inFIG.7D, zero guidance paths will be skipped). FIG.7Eis similar toFIG.7D, and similar items are similarly numbered. However,FIG.7Eshows that harvester102is now harvesting along a different guidance path230, instead of on guidance path216. Therefore, inFIG.7E, harvester102has already made the turn identified by turn identifier222shown inFIG.7D.FIG.7Eshows that, in the next turn identified by turn identifier232, one guidance path will be skipped (the guidance path216that has already been harvested by harvester102).FIG.7Eshows that the next path to be harvested will be path234in the interface illustrated inFIG.7E. FIG.7Fis similar toFIG.7E, and similar items are similarly numbered. However,FIG.7Eshows harvester102harvesting along guidance path234, after it made the turn232shown inFIG.7E. Thus, inFIG.7F, pattern indicator228now shows that the pattern is still a spiral out pattern, but in conducting the next turn236, harvester102will skip two guidance paths (guidance paths216and230) which have already been harvested, and instead begin harvesting along guidance path238. FIGS.7G,7H, and7Iare similar interfaces to those shown inFIGS.7D,7E, and7F, except that the pattern being executed by harvester102is a spiral in pattern, instead of a spiral out pattern. Therefore, skip indicator228shows that the pattern is a spiral in pattern and, based on the land size, harvester102will skip five guidance paths, including guidance paths234,240,242,244, and246before beginning harvesting along its next path248. Therefore, turn indicator250shows that harvester102will reach the end of guidance path216, take a right turn, skip guidance paths234,240,242,244, and246, before executing another right turn to begin harvesting along guidance path248. FIG.7His similar toFIG.7Gand similar items are similarly numbered. However, inFIG.7H, harvester102has now executed turn250(shown inFIG.7G) and is harvesting along guidance path248.FIG.7Halso shows that the next turn250navigated by harvester102will cause harvester102to skip four guidance paths so that harvester102begins harvesting along guidance path234after executing turn250. FIG.7Iis similar to that shown inFIG.7H, and similar items are similarly numbered. However,FIG.7Inow shows that when conducting the next turn252, harvester102will skip three guidance paths (e.g., the guidance paths240,242, and244) and begin harvesting along guidance path246. The spiral in pattern is continued until the entire land is processed in which case the number of skips will be decremented to −1 (because harvester102will be on its final guidance path). FIGS.7J and7Kare user interfaces that illustrate that the operator can disable the pattern detector and re-enable it at any point. InFIG.7J, the turn pattern detector150is disabled and automated turn control system154is controlling the harvester102to perform a U-turn pattern so that a turn260is identified. Turn260would put harvester102on guidance path216, which has already been harvested. Therefore, when the operator166enables the pattern detector, the display switches to that shown inFIG.7Kin which turn automation system144analyzes the coverage in the field to identify the proper turn262with multiple skips so that harvester102is now harvesting on guidance path266, which has not yet been harvested. Also, in one example, operator166can switch the turn pattern at any point during operation of the machine.FIGS.7L and7Mshow user interfaces that can be generated illustrating how the operation of harvester102changes by switching the turn pattern.FIG.7Lshows that the turn pattern is a spiral out pattern so that the next turn that is identified is turn268which skips two guidance paths. However,FIG.7Mshows that the operator166has changed the turn pattern to a spiral in pattern. In that case, based upon the size of the land, the turn automation system144identifies a different turn270which includes three skips and indicates that the turn pattern is a spiral in pattern as opposed to a spiral out pattern. Also, in another example, next land identifier158attempts to automatically identify a next land to be harvested when the number of skips exceeds the threshold for the current type of pattern. Next land identifier158identifies a closest collection of unworked guidance paths (in which no significant harvesting has been performed) within the field that matches the land size. In the example shown inFIG.7N, harvester102is on its last pass for a spiral out pattern. The next land is to the left of harvester102. Therefore, next land identifier158identifies the four passes to the left of guidance path216as being the next land. Next path identification system152identifies guidance path272as the next guidance path for harvester102to perform a spiral out pattern in order to harvest a land that has a size of four guidance paths. It may be that harvester102is near the edge of a field, in which case the number of passes in the next land identified by next land identifier158may be smaller than the default or detected land size. By way of example,FIG.7Oshows a field boundary at274. Therefore, once harvester102finishes the pass it is on, there are only three guidance paths remaining in the field before reaching boundary274. In that case, next land identifier158identifies those three passes as being the next land and next path identification system152identifies guidance path276as the next guidance path so that the turn identified at278can be executed by harvester102in order to perform a spiral out pattern to harvest the final three rows prior to reaching boundary274. FIG.5shows one example of agricultural system108that is similar to that shown inFIG.3, but that has some items shown in more detail.FIG.5shows, for example, that data store142can include prior pattern types280, land sizes282, system flags284(which can include active learning flags286and other flags288), as well as other items290.FIG.5also shows, for example, that next path identification system152includes next path identifier292, coverage identifier294, next turn parameter setting system296, next turn identifier298, and other items300. Next turn parameter setting system296can include turn direction identifier302, number of skips identifier304, skip increment identifier306, skip threshold identifier308, and other items310. Land size completion detector156can include turn counter312, skip threshold comparison system314, skip counter316, operator control detector318, land size identifier320, and other items322. FIG.5also shows, for example, that pattern learning system146can include pattern learning enablement system324, turn direction detector326, track identifier328, pattern type identifier330, land size identifier332, learning cancelation system334, flag setting system336, output system338, manual turn completion detection system340, and other items342. Manual turn completion detection system340can include heading threshold comparison system344, active path ID change detector346, automation steering activation detector348, and other items350. Prior pattern types280can be georeferenced or otherwise indexed indictors that indicate the types of patterns that have been used by operator166at a particular geographic location, within a particular field, or otherwise. Land sizes282can indicate the land sizes that have been used by this operator, in this field, on this machine, at this geographic location, or in other ways. System flags284can be flags set by turn automation system144and/or pattern learning system146. The flags can indicate whether active learning is enabled so that pattern learning system146is actively learning the turn pattern and/or land size. In pattern learning system146, pattern learning enablement system324can detect an operator166enabling pattern learning. The enablement can be received as an operator input through a user interface or in other ways. Turn direction detector326then detects the turn direction that the operator166controls the machine through to determine whether it is a left hand turn or a right hand turn. Track identifier detector328identifies the particular path through the field that the harvester is taking. Pattern type identifier330then identifies the type of pattern (spiral in, spiral out, etc.) based upon the turn direction and the number of tracks that have been skipped between turns. For instance, if the turn direction detector326identifies a left hand turn, and track identifier detector328detects that the operator has commenced harvesting on the next path after having skipped three paths, and if turn direction detector326detects another left hand turn and track identifier detector328identifies that the next guidance path has only skipped one path, then pattern type identifier330can identify the pattern as a spiral in pattern, and land size identifier332can identify that the land size corresponds to four travel paths. Learning cancelation system334allows the operator166to cancel learning at any time during the operation, and flag setting system336can be used to set various system flags284to desired values. Output system338can generate an output indicative of the learned turn pattern and land size for use by turn automation system144or for other reasons. There are several ways for manual turn completion detection system340to detect when the operator166has completed controlling harvester102through a manual turn. Heading threshold comparison system344can identify when the heading has changed by a threshold number of degrees. For instance, if the heading has changed by 175 degrees, this means that the operator166has substantially turned harvester102around. Similarly, active path ID change detector346can detect when the guidance path identifier has changed from one path identifier value to another path identifier value. This also indicates that the operator166has controlled the harvester102through the turn. Automation steering activation detector348can detect when the operator enables and disables an automated steering system which is used to navigate harvester102along a guidance path. The operator often switches off the automated steering mechanism prior to manually turning harvester102, and then re-enables it once the operator has established harvester102on the next guidance path. Thus, when the automated steering system is re-enabled after a turn is started, this may indicate that the turn is complete. Manual turn completion detection system340can use one or more of system344, detector346, and detector348to generate an output indicative of whether the operator166has completed a turn. FIG.5shows that, in next path identification system152, next path identifier292identifies a next path that harvester102will be on after the next turn has been navigated, based upon the turn pattern that has been detected. For instance, if the turn pattern is a spiral out pattern, then next path identifier292may identify that the next path is the next path adjacent the current guidance path that harvester102is harvesting. Coverage identifier294then analyzes the coverage in the field to determine whether the next path has already been harvested and/or whether an adjacent path has been harvested so that a grain cart can travel an already-harvested portion of the field if harvester102is on that next path. Next turn parameter setting system296then sets the parameters for the upcoming turn. Turn direction identifier302identifies the direction of the turn and number of skips identifier304receives an input from coverage identifier294and next path identifier292to identify the number of guidance path skips that will be used in the next turn. Skip increment identifier306can identify whether the number of skips should be incremented or decremented on a skip counter306so that, on the next turn, the number of skips will be greater or less than the current number skips (depending upon whether the detected pattern is a spiral out pattern or a spiral in pattern). Skip threshold identifier308identifies a skip threshold that can be used by skip threshold comparison system314to determine whether the current land is complete. Skip threshold comparison system314determines whether the current number of skips has passed a threshold (such as crosses a threshold in the positive direction when the pattern is a spiral out pattern and crosses the threshold in a negative direction when the pattern is spiral in pattern. When the number of skips has crossed the threshold, this indicates that the current land will be completed after the harvester102has completed harvesting the current guidance path. Based upon the turn parameters set by system296, next turn identifier298identifies the next turn in terms of its direction, and how many skips will be made during the turn. Next turn identifier298outputs an indication of that turn to automated turn control system154which can generate control signals to control a steering subsystem of harvester102to move harvester102through the next turn, based upon the turn direction, the number of skips, the next guidance path and a location where the turn is to be executed. The location where the turn is to be executed can be based on a current location and heading of harvester102(such as from a GPS receiver or other location sensor) and the location where the current guidance path meets the headland (such as based on a map or prior sensor settings, etc.). Land size completion detector158detects when harvester102has completely harvested the current land. Skip counter316counts the number of skips (they are incremented or decremented based on the skip increment identified by skip increment identifier306). Skip threshold comparison system314then compares the skip count output by skip counter316to the skip threshold output by skip threshold identifier308to determine whether the number of skips has reached the skip threshold. Operator control detector318and land size identifier320can be used by pattern learning system to learn the size of the land. For instance, if the operator control detector318detects that the operator has taken control of harvester102and has navigated it through a turn (as indicated by manual turn completion detection system340), land size identifier320can then identify the land size, once the turn pattern is detected and once the number of skips has been detected, as is discussed in greater detail below. FIGS.6A,6B,6C, and6D(collectively referred to herein asFIG.6) show a flow diagram illustrating one example of the operation of agricultural system108in learning a pattern and land size and in automatically controlling harvester102through turns to accomplish automatic harvesting of a land. In one example, data store interaction system161loads the stored land sizes and the last pattern type used by this operator166, or used on this machine102, or otherwise, as a default pattern and land size. Loading the stored land sizes and the last pattern type is indicated by block350in the flow diagram ofFIG.6. Pattern learning enablement system324then sets the active learning flag286to off, if it is not already off, as indicated by block352. Turn automation system144then determines whether turn automation system144is enabled. This is indicated by block354. If not, processing reverts to block356where, unless the operation is complete, processing continues at block354until the turn automation system is enabled. Pattern learning enablement system324then determines whether the pattern type variable is set to “learn pattern”, as indicated by block358in the flow diagram ofFIG.6. If not, then that means that operator166provides an input to turn pattern detector150identifying the turn pattern, or that the turn pattern is detected in other ways. Assume, for instance, that the pattern type is set to “learn pattern” at block358. In that case, pattern learning system146stores the current navigation path identifier (the navigation path that harvester102is currently harvesting) and the next turn is not generated, because it is not yet known. Storing the current navigation path identifier and refraining from generating and rendering the turn path for the next turn is indicated by block360in the flow diagram ofFIG.6. Operator166then manually controls harvester102through a turn, as indicated by block362. It will be noted that, at any time, operator166can cancel the learning operation using learning cancelation system334. Assuming, at block364, that the operator has not canceled pattern learning, then, as operator166navigates the harvester102through the turn, manual turn completion detection system340determines when that turn is complete. Heading threshold comparison system determines whether the heading of machine102has changed by a threshold amount, indicating that the turn is complete, as indicated by block366. If the heading has not changed by a threshold amount, processing reverts to block362where the operator continues to manually control the machine102through the turn. Assuming that the machine heading has changed by a threshold amount, then active path change detector346detects the navigation path that harvester102is on to determine when the corresponding path identifier changes from identifying the current navigation path to a different navigation path, as indicated by block368. If this is true, it also tends to indicate that the operator has completed the turn. Again, if the active navigation path identifier has not changed, processing again reverts to block362where operator166continues to manually control the machine102through the turn. Assuming that the active navigation path identifier has changed, then automated steering activation detector348detects whether the operator has enabled the automated steering system which automatically follows the navigation path, as indicated by block370. This would also indicate that the manual turn has been completed. Again, if the automated steering has not been engaged, at block370, then processing can revert to block362where the user continues to manually control the harvester through the turn. Based on the heading of the machine, the navigation path identifier, and/or the engagement of the automated steering system, manual turn completion detection system340detects that the manual turn is complete, as indicated by block372. Turn direction detector326then detects the turn direction as indicated by block374. For instance, based upon the way that the heading changed, the direction of the turn can be identified (e.g., whether the turn was a left turn or a right turn given the original heading of harvester102prior to the turn and the way the heading changes). If the turn was a left turn, then, based upon the direction that the unloading auger extends from harvester102, the pattern type can be identified as a spiral out pattern. This is because, in order for the grain cart to follow harvester102on already-harvested land, and assuming that the unloading auger extends out the left side of harvester102, a left turn must be a spiral out pattern. Identifying the pattern as a spiral out pattern is indicated by block376in the flow diagram ofFIG.6. Land size identifier332then sets a turn counter to 0 and sets the active learning flag to true indicating that the land size is still being learned. Setting the turn counter to 0 is indicated by block378and setting the active learning flag to true is indicated by block380. Returning again to block374, assume that the turn direction detector326does not detect a left hand turn. Then, processing continues at block382where turn direction detector326determines whether the turn was a right hand turn. If not, then the pattern type cannot be identified, as indicated by block384, and processing returns to block360. However, assume at block382that turn direction detector326detects that the turn was a right hand turn. In that case, pattern type identifier330identifies the pattern as a spiral in pattern, as indicated by block386. Land size identifier332then sets the land size as set out in EQ. 1 below, and as indicated by block388. LANDSIZE=ABS(OLD_NAV.PATH_ID−CURRENT NAV.PATH_ID)+1  EQ. 1 Flag setting system336sets the active learning flag to false, indicating that the land size has already been determined, as indicated by block390. After processing at either block380or390, pattern type identifier330will have identified the pattern as either a spiral in or spiral out pattern, and processing reverts to block358where the pattern type is no longer set to “learn pattern”. Processing then continues at block392where the turn pattern detector150and turn automation system144detects the turn pattern either based on an operator input or based upon the output from pattern type identifier330. Detecting an input that identifies the pattern type is indicated by block392. If, at block394, turn pattern detector150detects that the pattern is a spiral out pattern, then turn direction identifier302sets the turn direction to left. Number of skips identifier304sets the number of skips to 0 and the skip increment identifier306identifies the skip increment as one. The skip threshold identifier308sets the skip threshold to the spiral out land size minus one. Setting these next turn parameters in this way is indicated by block396in the flow diagram ofFIG.6. If, at block394, the turn pattern is not identified as spiral out, then the turn pattern is spiral in and the turn parameters are set, so the turn direction is right, the number of skips is the spiral in land size minus one, the skip increment is set to minus one, and the skip threshold is set to 0, as indicated by block398in the flow diagram ofFIG.6. Given the turn parameters, next path identifier292identifies a target navigation path that harvester102will travel along on the next pass through the field. Coverage identifier294determines whether the target navigation path has already been harvested. Identifying the target navigation path is indicated by block400in the flow diagram ofFIG.6and determining whether it has already been harvested is indicated by block402. If the target navigation path has not been harvested, then next turn identifier298identifies the location of the next turn and operator interface system147generates an output rendering an indication of the next turn, such as the next turn indicator illustrated at222inFIG.7C, or the other turn indicators in the other user interface displays. Generating and rendering the next turn using the turn direction and the number of skips identified in the turn parameters is indicated by block404in the flow diagram ofFIG.6. When harvester102reaches the point at which to begin the turn, then automated turn control system154generates control signals to control harvester102to execute the turn, automatically, as indicated by block406. Automatically executing the turn continues until the turn is complete, as indicated by block408. Land size identifier332then determine whether the active learning flag286is set to true. If so, this means that land size identifier332is still attempting to learn the land size for the current pattern. If the active learning flag is true, then turn counter312is incremented by 1. Determining whether the active learning flag is true is indicted by block410in the flow diagram ofFIG.6and, if so, incrementing the turn counter by 1 is indicated by block412. Processing then continues at block414where the skip counter316adjusts the number of skips by the skip increment (such as an increase with a spiral out pattern and a decrease with a spiral in pattern). If, at block410, it is determined that that active learning flag is not set to true, then that means that the land size is not currently being learned. Therefore, processing continues at block416where skip threshold comparison system314determines whether the number of skips meets the skip threshold. If the current number of skips on the skip counter316does meet the skip threshold, at block416, then this means that the current land is finished and next land identifier158analyzes coverage information to identify where the field has already been harvested, and boundary information to identify where the field boundaries are. Next land identifier158can also analyze the location of other harvesters in the field to identify the next land where harvester102should begin harvesting. Next land identifier158identifies the next land and updates the turn direction and number of skips in order to perform the desired turn pattern on the newly identified land. Locating the next land and updating the turn direction and number of skips is indicated by block418in the flow diagram ofFIG.6. Assuming that the operator166has not taken control of harvester102(such as by turning the steering wheel, etc.) as indicated by block420, then processing reverts to block400where the next target navigation path is identified, given the newly identified land and the turn pattern. If, at block420, it is determined that the operator166has taken control of the steering wheel, than this may mean that land size identifier332is still attempting to learn the land size of the current turn pattern. Therefore, if the active learning flag286is still set to true, as determined at block422, then land size identifier332sets the land size to the turn counter, plus one, as indicated by block424. The data store interaction system161saves the land size for this turn pattern, as indicated by block426, and the active learning flag is set to false, as indicated by block428, because the land size has now been learned. If, at block422, it is determined that the active learning flag is not set to true, then this means that the pattern has already been detected, as has the land size, so data store interaction system161stores the information from the last pattern (e.g., the pattern type, the land size, etc.), as indicated by block430. Field completion detector160determines whether the field is complete, as indicated by block356. If not, processing reverts to block354. It can thus be seen that the present description proceeds with respect to a system that detects a turn pattern and a land size and automatically controls the harvester to perform a harvesting operation according to the detected turn pattern and land size. When the turn pattern and/or land size are not input by an operator, the present system can automatically learn the turn pattern and land size as well. The present discussion has mentioned processors and servers. In one example, the processors and servers include computer processors with associated memory and timing circuitry, not separately shown. The processors and servers are functional parts of the systems or devices to which they belong and are activated by, and facilitate the functionality of, the other components or items in those systems. Also, a number of user interface displays have been discussed. The user interface displays can take a wide variety of different forms and can have a wide variety of different user actuatable input mechanisms disposed thereon. For instance, the user actuatable input mechanisms can be text boxes, check boxes, icons, links, drop-down menus, search boxes, etc. The mechanisms can also be actuated in a wide variety of different ways. For instance, they can be actuated using a point and click device (such as a track ball or mouse). The mechanisms can be actuated using hardware buttons, switches, a joystick or keyboard, thumb switches or thumb pads, etc. The mechanisms can also be actuated using a virtual keyboard or other virtual actuators. In addition, where the screen on which they are displayed is a touch sensitive screen, they can be actuated using touch gestures. Also, where the device that displays them has speech recognition components, they can be actuated using speech commands. A number of data stores have also been discussed. It will be noted the data stores can each be broken into multiple data stores. All can be local to the systems accessing them, all can be remote, or some can be local while others are remote. All of these configurations are contemplated herein. Also, the figures show a number of blocks with functionality ascribed to each block. It will be noted that fewer blocks can be used so the functionality is performed by fewer components. Also, more blocks can be used with the functionality distributed among more components. It will be noted that the above discussion has described a variety of different systems, components and/or logic. It will be appreciated that such systems, components and/or logic can be comprised of hardware items (such as processors and associated memory, or other processing components, some of which are described below) that perform the functions associated with those systems, components and/or logic. In addition, the systems, components and/or logic can be comprised of software that is loaded into a memory and is subsequently executed by a processor or server, or other computing component, as described below. The systems, components and/or logic can also be comprised of different combinations of hardware, software, firmware, etc., some examples of which are described below. These are only some examples of different structures that can be used to form the systems, components and/or logic described above. Other structures can be used as well. FIG.8is a block diagram of harvesters102,104, and106, shown inFIG.1, except that they communicate with elements in a remote server architecture700. In an example, remote server architecture700can provide computation, software, data access, and storage services that do not require end-user knowledge of the physical location or configuration of the system that delivers the services. In various examples, remote servers can deliver the services over a wide area network, such as the internet, using appropriate protocols. For instance, remote servers can deliver applications over a wide area network and they can be accessed through a web browser or any other computing component. Software or components shown in previous FIGS. as well as the corresponding data, can be stored on servers at a remote location. The computing resources in a remote server environment can be consolidated at a remote data center location or they can be dispersed. Remote server infrastructures can deliver services through shared data centers, even though they appear as a single point of access for the user. Thus, the components and functions described herein can be provided from a remote server at a remote location using a remote server architecture. Alternatively, they can be provided from a conventional server, or they can be installed on client devices directly, or in other ways. In the example shown inFIG.8, some items are similar to those shown in previous FIGS. and they are similarly numbered.FIG.8specifically shows that agricultural system108can be located at a remote server location702. Therefore, harvesters102,104, and106access those systems through remote server location702. FIG.8also depicts another example of a remote server architecture.FIG.8shows that it is also contemplated that some elements of previous FIGS are disposed at remote server location702while others are not. By way of example, data store142can be disposed at a location separate from location702, and accessed through the remote server at location702. Regardless of where they are located, the items in system108can be accessed directly by harvesters102,104, and106, through a network (either a wide area network or a local area network), the items can be hosted at a remote site by a service, or the items can be provided as a service, or accessed by a connection service that resides in a remote location. Also, the data can be stored in substantially any location and intermittently accessed by, or forwarded to, interested parties. For instance, physical carriers can be used instead of, or in addition to, electromagnetic wave carriers. In such an example, where cell coverage is poor or nonexistent, another mobile machine (such as a fuel truck) can have an automated information collection system. As the harvester comes close to the fuel truck for fueling, the system automatically collects the information from the harvester using any type of ad-hoc wireless connection. The collected information can then be forwarded to the main network as the fuel truck reaches a location where there is cellular coverage (or other wireless coverage). For instance, the fuel truck may enter a covered location when traveling to fuel other machines or when at a main fuel storage location. All of these architectures are contemplated herein. Further, the information can be stored on the harvester until the harvester enters a covered location. The harvester, itself, can then send the information to the main network. It will also be noted that the elements of previous FIGS., or portions of them, can be disposed on a wide variety of different devices. Some of those devices include servers, desktop computers, laptop computers, tablet computers, or other mobile devices, such as palm top computers, cell phones, smart phones, multimedia players, personal digital assistants, etc. FIG.9is a simplified block diagram of one illustrative example of a handheld or mobile computing device that can be used as a user's or client's hand held device16, in which the present system (or parts of it) can be deployed. For instance, a mobile device can be deployed in the operator compartment of harvesters102,104, and106for use in generating, processing, or displaying the path and position data.FIGS.10-11are examples of handheld or mobile devices. FIG.9provides a general block diagram of the components of a client device16that can run some components shown in previous FIGS., that interacts with them, or both. In the device16, a communications link13is provided that allows the handheld device to communicate with other computing devices and under some examples provides a channel for receiving information automatically, such as by scanning. Examples of communications link13include allowing communication though one or more communication protocols, such as wireless services used to provide cellular access to a network, as well as protocols that provide local wireless connections to networks. In other examples, applications can be received on a removable Secure Digital (SD) card that is connected to an interface15. Interface15and communication links13communicate with a processor17(which can also embody processors or servers from previous FIGS.) along a bus19that is also connected to memory21and input/output (I/O) components23, as well as clock25and location system27. I/O components23, in one example, are provided to facilitate input and output operations. I/O components23for various examples of the device16can include input components such as buttons, touch sensors, optical sensors, microphones, touch screens, proximity sensors, accelerometers, orientation sensors and output components such as a display device, a speaker, and or a printer port. Other I/O components23can be used as well. Clock25illustratively comprises a real time clock component that outputs a time and date. It can also, illustratively, provide timing functions for processor17. Location system27illustratively includes a component that outputs a current geographical location of device16. This can include, for instance, a global positioning system (GPS) receiver, a LORAN system, a dead reckoning system, a cellular triangulation system, or other positioning system. It can also include, for example, mapping software or navigation software that generates desired maps, navigation routes and other geographic functions. Memory21stores operating system29, network settings31, applications33, application configuration settings35, data store37, communication drivers39, and communication configuration settings41. Memory21can include all types of tangible volatile and non-volatile computer-readable memory devices. It can also include computer storage media (described below). Memory21stores computer readable instructions that, when executed by processor17, cause the processor to perform computer-implemented steps or functions according to the instructions. Processor17can be activated by other components to facilitate their functionality as well. FIG.10shows one example in which device16is a tablet computer600. InFIG.10, computer600is shown with user interface display screen602. Screen602can be a touch screen or a pen-enabled interface that receives inputs from a pen or stylus. Computer600can also use an on-screen virtual keyboard. Of course, computer600might also be attached to a keyboard or other user input device through a suitable attachment mechanism, such as a wireless link or USB port, for instance. Computer600can also illustratively receive voice inputs as well. FIG.11shows that the device can be a smart phone71. Smart phone71has a touch sensitive display73that displays icons or tiles or other user input mechanisms75. Mechanisms75can be used by a user to run applications, make calls, perform data transfer operations, etc. In general, smart phone71is built on a mobile operating system and offers more advanced computing capability and connectivity than a feature phone. Note that other forms of the devices16are possible. FIG.12is one example of a computing environment in which elements of previous FIGS., or parts of it, (for example) can be deployed. With reference toFIG.12, an example system for implementing some embodiments includes a general-purpose computing device in the form of a computer810programmed to operate as described above. Components of computer810may include, but are not limited to, a processing unit820(which can comprise processors or servers from previous FIGS.), a system memory830, and a system bus821that couples various system components including the system memory to the processing unit820. The system bus821may be any of several types of bus structures including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. Memory and programs described with respect to previous FIGS. can be deployed in corresponding portions ofFIG.12. Computer810typically includes a variety of computer readable media. Computer readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by computer810and includes both volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example, and not limitation, computer readable media may comprise computer storage media and communication media. Computer storage media is different from, and does not include, a modulated data signal or carrier wave. It includes hardware storage media including both volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by computer810. Communication media may embody computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data in a transport mechanism and includes any information delivery media. The term “modulated data signal” means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. The system memory830includes computer storage media in the form of volatile and/or nonvolatile memory such as read only memory (ROM)831and random access memory (RAM)832. A basic input/output system833(BIOS), containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within computer810, such as during start-up, is typically stored in ROM831. RAM832typically contains data and/or program modules that are immediately accessible to and/or presently being operated on by processing unit820. By way of example, and not limitation,FIG.12illustrates operating system834, application programs835, other program modules836, and program data837. The computer810may also include other removable/non-removable volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media. By way of example only,FIG.12illustrates a hard disk drive841that reads from or writes to non-removable, nonvolatile magnetic media, an optical disk drive855, and nonvolatile optical disk856. The hard disk drive841is typically connected to the system bus821through a non-removable memory interface such as interface840, and optical disk drive855are typically connected to the system bus821by a removable memory interface, such as interface850. Alternatively, or in addition, the functionality described herein can be performed, at least in part, by one or more hardware logic components. For example, and without limitation, illustrative types of hardware logic components that can be used include Field-programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), Application-specific Integrated Circuits (e.g., ASICs), Application-specific Standard Products (e.g., ASSPs), System-on-a-chip systems (SOCs), Complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLDs), etc. The drives and their associated computer storage media discussed above and illustrated inFIG.12, provide storage of computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules and other data for the computer810. InFIG.12, for example, hard disk drive841is illustrated as storing operating system844, application programs845, other program modules846, and program data847. Note that these components can either be the same as or different from operating system834, application programs835, other program modules836, and program data837. A user may enter commands and information into the computer810through input devices such as a keyboard862, a microphone863, and a pointing device861, such as a mouse, trackball or touch pad. Other input devices (not shown) may include a joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, or the like. These and other input devices are often connected to the processing unit820through a user input interface860that is coupled to the system bus, but may be connected by other interface and bus structures. A visual display891or other type of display device is also connected to the system bus821via an interface, such as a video interface890. In addition to the monitor, computers may also include other peripheral output devices such as speakers897and printer896, which may be connected through an output peripheral interface895. The computer810is operated in a networked environment using logical connections (such as a controller area network— CAN, local area network—LAN, or wide area network WAN) to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer880. When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer810is connected to the LAN871through a network interface or adapter870. When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer810typically includes a modem872or other means for establishing communications over the WAN873, such as the Internet. In a networked environment, program modules may be stored in a remote memory storage device.FIG.12illustrates, for example, that remote application programs885can reside on remote computer880. It should also be noted that the different examples described herein can be combined in different ways. That is, parts of one or more examples can be combined with parts of one or more other examples. All of this is contemplated herein. Example 1 is an agricultural system, comprising:at least one processor;a data store that stores computer executable instructions which, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform steps, comprising:detecting a turn pattern of an agricultural harvester in a field;detecting a land size of a land in the field;automatically identifying a next path of the agricultural harvester through the field based on the turn pattern and land size; andgenerating a control signal to automatically control the harvester to execute a turn based on the identified next path. Example 2 is the agricultural system of any or all previous examples wherein automatically identifying the next path comprises:determining whether the next path has already been harvested; andif so, repeating the step of automatically identifying a next path. Example 3 is the agricultural system of any or all previous examples wherein the computer executable instructions include instructions which, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform steps comprising:identifying when the agricultural harvester has completed harvesting the land; andautomatically identifying a next land in the field. Example 4 is the agricultural system of any or all previous examples wherein the computer executable instructions include instructions which, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform steps comprising:generating a control signal to automatically control the agricultural harvester to drive to the next land. Example 5 is the agricultural system of any or all previous examples wherein detecting a turn pattern comprises:receiving an operator turn pattern input indicative of the turn pattern and wherein detecting a land size comprises receiving an operator land size input indicative of the land size. Example 6 is the agricultural system of any or all previous examples wherein detecting a turn pattern comprises:automatically learning the turn pattern. Example 7 is the agricultural system of any or all previous examples wherein automatically learning the turn pattern comprises:identifying a first navigation path to obtain a current path identifier;detecting a manual turn of the agricultural harvester to a second navigation path in the field; anddetecting a turn direction of the manual turn. Example 8 is the agricultural system of any or all previous examples wherein automatically learning the turn pattern comprises:identifying the turn pattern as a spiral in turn pattern or as a spiral out turn pattern based on the detected turn direction and based on a configuration of the agricultural harvester. Example 9 is the agricultural system of any or all previous examples wherein detecting a land size comprises:automatically learning the land size based on the detected turn pattern. Example 10 is the agricultural system of any or all previous examples wherein the field has a set of navigation paths, each navigation path in the set of navigation paths is identified by a path identifier, and wherein automatically learning the land size comprises:if the detected turn pattern is a spiral in turn pattern, then after harvesting a first navigation path and after executing a first turn in the spiral in turn pattern to begin harvesting a second navigation path, detecting the land size based on a first path identifier identifying the first navigation path and a second path identifier identifying the second navigation path. Example 11 is the agricultural system of any or all previous examples wherein automatically learning the land size comprises:identifying the land size as including a number of navigation paths, the number of navigation paths in the land size being an absolute value (ABS) of (the first path identifier minus the second path identifier) plus one. Example 12 is the agricultural system of any or all previous examples wherein automatically learning the land size comprises:if the detected turn pattern is a spiral out turn pattern, then automatically executing turns in the spiral out turn pattern;detecting when the operator takes over manual steering of the agricultural harvester;counting a number of turns automatically executed in navigating the spiral out turn pattern before the operator takes over manual steering of the agricultural harvester; anddetecting the land size based on the number of turns counted. Example 13 is the agricultural system of any or all previous examples wherein automatically learning the land size comprises:detecting the land size as the number of turns counted plus one. Example 14 is the agricultural system of any or all previous examples wherein identifying when the agricultural harvester has completed harvesting the land comprises:tracking a number of navigation paths skipped during the detected turn pattern;comparing the number of navigation paths skipped to a skip threshold; anddetermining that the agricultural harvester has completed harvesting the land when the number of navigation paths skipped meets the skip threshold. Example 15 is a computer implemented method of controlling an agricultural harvester, comprising:detecting a turn pattern of the agricultural harvester in a field;detecting a land size of a land in the field;automatically identifying a next path of the agricultural harvester through the field based on the turn pattern and land size; andgenerating a control signal to automatically control the harvester to execute a turn based on the identified next path. Example 16 is the computer implemented method of any or all previous examples wherein detecting a turn pattern comprises:identifying a first navigation path to obtain a current path identifier;detecting a manual turn of the agricultural harvester to a second navigation path in the field;detecting a turn direction of the manual turn; andidentifying the turn pattern as a spiral in turn pattern or as a spiral out turn pattern based on the detected turn direction and based on a configuration of the agricultural harvester. Example 17 is the computer implemented method of any or all previous examples wherein the field has a set of navigation paths, each navigation path in the set of navigation paths is identified by a path identifier, and wherein detecting a land size comprises:if the detected turn pattern is a spiral in turn pattern, then after harvesting a first navigation path and after executing a first turn in the spiral in turn pattern to begin harvesting a second navigation path, detecting the land size based on a first path identifier identifying the first navigation path and a second path identifier identifying the second navigation path. Example 18 is the computer implemented method of any or all previous examples wherein automatically learning the land size comprises:if the detected turn pattern is a spiral out turn pattern, then automatically executing turns in the spiral out turn pattern;detecting when the operator takes over manual steering of the agricultural harvester;counting a number of turns automatically executed in navigating the spiral out turn pattern before the operator takes over manual steering of the agricultural harvester; anddetecting the land size based on the number of turns counted. Example 19 is the computer implemented method of any or all previous examples and further comprising:tracking a number of navigation paths skipped during the detected turn pattern;comparing the number of navigation paths skipped to a skip threshold; anddetermining that the agricultural harvester has completed harvesting the land when the number of navigation paths skipped meets the skip threshold. Example 20 is an agricultural system, comprising:a turn pattern detector configured to detect a turn pattern of an agricultural harvester in a field;a land size identifier configured to detect a land size of a land in the field;a next path identification system configured to automatically identify a next path of the agricultural harvester through the field based on the turn pattern and land size; andan automated turn control system configured to generate a control signal to automatically control the harvester to execute a turn based on the identified next path. Although the subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.

11856891

DETAILED DESCRIPTION One or more specific embodiments of the present disclosure will be described below. In an effort to provide a concise description of these embodiments, all features of an actual implementation may not be described in the specification. It should be appreciated that in the development of any such actual implementation, as in any engineering or design project, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the developers' specific goals, such as compliance with system-related and business-related constraints, which may vary from one implementation to another. Moreover, it should be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking of design, fabrication, and manufacture for those of ordinary skill having the benefit of this disclosure. When introducing elements of various embodiments of the present disclosure, the articles “a,” “an,” “the,” and “said” are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms “comprising,” “including,” and “having” are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements. Any examples of operating parameters and/or environmental conditions are not exclusive of other parameters/conditions of the disclosed embodiments. The process of farming typically begins with planting seeds within a field. Over time, the seeds grow and eventually become harvestable crops. Typically, only a portion of each crop is commercially valuable, so each crop is harvested to separate the usable material from the remainder of the crop. For example, a harvester may cut crops within a field via a header. The harvester may be at least partially automated so as to harvest crops at least partially independent of human control. During automated harvesting, the harvester may encounter curved crop rows, inclined soil surfaces, as well as crops of varying canopy height. Accordingly, the harvester may be outfitted with a variety of sensors. The harvester may utilize data gathered from the sensors to adjust row alignment, header height, and header angle in response to the environment. The harvester and header may be outfitted with sensors for sensing row alignment, canopy height, header height above the ground, soil surface incline, and the like. Each piece of data in the above list may be sensed by one or more distinct sensors. A harvester guidance system utilizing a single sensor type may simplify automated harvester guidance systems and decrease cost of the harvester. The present disclosure is directed to a control system including a pair of multi-purpose sensors that may be utilized to automate row alignment, header height, header angle, and the like. For instance, a pair of one-dimensional (1D) sensors may face in a perpendicular direction to the motion of the harvester. The sensors may also point partially toward the ground and partially toward the horizon, so as to detect the vertical distance from the header to the ground and the horizontal distance from a part of the header to the nearest crop stalk. A control system may use the data collected from the sensors to control the row alignment, header height, and header angle. With the foregoing in mind,FIG.1is a side view of an embodiment of an agricultural system100, which may be a harvester. The agricultural system100includes a chassis102configured to support a header200and an agricultural crop processing system104. As described in greater detail below, the header200is configured to cut crops and to transport the cut crops toward an inlet106of the agricultural crop processing system104for further processing of the cut crops. The agricultural crop processing system104receives the cut crops from the header200and separates desired crop material from crop residue. For example, the agricultural crop processing system104may include a thresher108having a cylindrical threshing rotor that transports the crops in a helical flow path through the agricultural system100. In addition to transporting the crops, the thresher108may separate certain desired crop material (e.g., grain) from the crop residue, such as husks and pods, and may enable the desired crop material to flow into a cleaning system114(such as sieves) located beneath the thresher108. The cleaning system114may remove debris from the desired crop material and transport the desired crop material to a storage tank116within the agricultural system100. When the storage tank116is full, a tractor with a trailer may pull alongside the agricultural system100. The desired crop material collected in the storage tank116may be carried up by an elevator and dumped out of an unloader118into the trailer. The crop residue may be transported from the thresher108to a crop residue handling system110, which may process (e.g., chop/shred) and remove the crop residue from the agricultural system100via a crop residue spreading system112positioned at an aft end of the agricultural system100. To facilitate discussion, the agricultural system100and/or its components may be described with reference to a lateral axis or direction140, a longitudinal axis or direction142, and a vertical axis or direction144. Each axis is fixed and independent of the orientation of the header200. The agricultural system100and/or its components may also be described with reference to a direction of travel146. In the illustrated embodiment, the agricultural system100may include one or more actuators configured to manipulate the spatial orientation and/or position of the header with respect to the agricultural system chassis, and/or the spatial orientation of the header with respect to the crop rows, or ground/soil. A header height actuator226may drive the header200to move along the direction144relative to the ground. The header200may be attached to the chassis via a four bar linkage. The position of the four bar linkage may be manipulated by the header height actuator226to adjust the height of the header. The agricultural system100may also include a header orientation actuator228. The header orientation actuator228may be configured to rotate the angular orientation of the header200relative to the ground. The agricultural system100may also include a steering system230. The steering system230may be configured to control the trajectory of the agricultural system100and the header200along a path. The steering system may include one or more mechanical and electronic components configured to manipulate the steering components of the agricultural system, such as a set of wheels. The actuators and steering system may be manipulated in response to one or more stimuli to adjust the agricultural system100to one or more environmental variables (e.g., soil condition, terrain, crop damage, etc.). FIG.2is a perspective view of an embodiment of the header200that may be employed within the agricultural system100ofFIG.1. In the illustrated embodiment, the header200includes multiple separators202configured to separate rows of a crop (e.g., corn). The separators202may be evenly spaced along the header horizontally. As the header moves along the path, the separators202may direct crops from each row to one or more row units204. The row units204are configured to cut a portion of each crop (e.g., a stalk), thereby separating the crop from the soil. The cut crop may be directed to one of a pair of augers206configured to convey the cut crop laterally inward to a crop conveyor208at the center of the header. As illustrated, the augers206extend along a substantial portion of the width of the header200(e.g., along the lateral axis140). The augers206may be driven by a driving mechanism located (e.g., electric motor, hydraulic motor, etc.). As the agricultural system100is driven through the field, the separators202direct the rows of crops into the row units204. The row units engage and cut the crops within the field, and the augers206transport the cut crop to the crop conveyor208, which directs the crops to toward the inlet of the agricultural crop processing system. In the illustrated embodiment, the header200includes one or more sensor mounts224. Each sensor mount may include a structure (e.g., truss, tube, solid member, etc.) that holds one or more sensors in desired location(s) (e.g., relative to the frame201). The sensor mounts may attach to any portion of the header200, and may have a geometry that orients the attached sensors in a target direction. With this in mind,FIG.3is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a control system300that may be employed within the agricultural system ofFIG.1. In the illustrated embodiment, the control system300includes a left sensor302and a right sensor304. The left sensor302and the right sensor304may include any suitable type(s) of sensor(s) (e.g., light detection and ranging (LIDAR) sensor(s), radio detection and ranging (radar) sensor(s), etc.) configured to output one-dimensional (1D) distance data. In another embodiment, the sensors may be configured to output two-dimensional (2D) distance data. Each sensor may be positioned ahead of the header along the direction of travel (e.g., mounted on a respective sensor mount disclosed above with reference toFIG.2) and oriented to point generally perpendicularly to the direction of travel (e.g., substantially perpendicularly, or approximately 90 degrees with respect to the axis). Additionally, each sensor may be angled partially downward and partially horizontally toward the centerline of the header. For example, the right sensor304may be mounted near the right edge of the header200and angled 45 degrees below the lateral axis or direction140within the plane created by the lateral axis or direction140and the vertical axis or direction144. In another example, the left sensor302may be mounted near the left edge of the header200and angled 45 degrees below the lateral axis or direction140within the plane created by the lateral axis or direction140and the vertical axis or direction144. In yet another example, each sensor may be angled outward, toward the edges of the header. The left sensor302and right sensor304may each output data indicative of the distance from the sensor to a target object (e.g., the crops being harvested, the ground/soil surface, etc.). Additionally, the sensors are configured to output the data to a controller. In some embodiments, there may be more than a single pair of sensors. In other embodiments, there may be a single sensor. In yet more embodiments, the sensors may be mounted anywhere in between the centerline of the header and the edges of the header. In the illustrated embodiment, the control system300includes a controller305configured to receive data from the sensors and to control operation of at least a portion of the agricultural system, such as the alignment of the header with the crop row, and the height and angle of the header. The controller305includes a memory306and a processor307(e.g., a microprocessor). The controller305may also include one or more storage devices and/or other suitable components. The processor307may be used to execute software, such as software for controlling the agricultural system and/or the header. Moreover, the processor307may include multiple microprocessors, one or more “general-purpose” microprocessors, one or more special-purpose microprocessors, and/or one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICS), or some combination thereof. For example, the processor307may include one or more reduced instruction set (RISC) or complex instruction set (CISC) processors. The memory306may include a volatile memory, such as random access memory (RAM), and/or a nonvolatile memory, such as read-only memory (ROM). The memory306may store a variety of information and may be used for various purposes. For example, the memory306may store processor-executable instructions (e.g., firmware or software) for the processor307to execute, such as instructions for controlling the agricultural system and/or the header. The memory306and/or the processor307, or an additional memory and/or processor, may be located in any suitable portion of the agricultural system. By way of example, the controller305may be located in a cab of the agricultural system and/or on the header. In the illustrated embodiment, the controller305is communicatively coupled to the sensors302,304and configured to receive data from the sensors. The left sensor302and the right sensor304may each output 1D distance data to the controller305, and the controller305may control the agricultural system (e.g., header row alignment, header height, header angle, or a combination thereof) based on the 1D distance data from the sensors. For example, the left sensor302and/or the right sensor304may output one-dimensional distance data in real time or near real time. The controller305may use the 1D distance data from the left sensor302, along with a left angle308, to determine a left horizontal distance309from the left sensor302to the left stalk310. The left angle308may be an angle between the vertical axis144and a 1D line sensed by left sensor302. In addition, the controller305may determine a left vertical distance312from the left sensor302to the soil surface314based on the 1D distance data from the left sensor302and a right angle311. The right angle311may be an angle between the vertical axis144and a 1D line sensed by right sensor304. The controller305may also determine a right horizontal distance316and a right vertical distance318based on the 1D distance data from the right sensor304. The controller305may use the left horizontal distance309, the left vertical distance312, the right horizontal distance316, and the right vertical distance320to facilitate automatic control of at least a portion of the agricultural system100. For example, the controller305may control the one or more actuators of the agricultural system100to automatically adjust the row alignment of the header, the header height, the header angle, or a combination thereof. The controller305may be communicatively coupled to the header height actuator226and may be configured to output control signals to the actuator to adjust the height of the header relative to the agricultural system chassis. For example, the controller305may determine that the left vertical distance312and right vertical distance320are below a certain height threshold value. In response, the controller305may control the header height actuator226to raise the header so that it is in the threshold range value. In another example, the controller305may determine that the left vertical distance312and right vertical distance320are above the height threshold range value. In response, the controller305may control the header height actuator226to lower the header so that it is within the threshold range value. The controller305may also be communicatively coupled to the header orientation actuator228and may be configured to output control signals to the actuator to adjust the angular orientation of the header relative to the agricultural system chassis. For example, the controller305may determine that a difference between the left vertical distance312and the right vertical distance320is greater than a threshold range value. In response, the controller305may cause the header orientation actuator228to rotate the header until the difference between the left vertical distance312and the right vertical distance320is less than the threshold range value. The controller305may also be configured to be communicatively coupled to the steering system230and may be configured to output control signals to the steering system to adjust the row alignment of the agricultural system100and the header200. For example, the controller305may determine that the left horizontal distance309exceeds the right horizontal distance316greater than a threshold range value. In response, the controller305may cause the steering system230to turn the agricultural system100to the right to align with the crop rows. Alternatively, in one example the controller305may determine that the right horizontal distance316exceeds the left horizontal distance309greater than the threshold range value. In response, the controller305may cause the steering system230to turn the agricultural system100to the left to align with the crop rows. In this embodiment, as well as the embodiments disclosed above, the processor305may perform the method described below. FIG.4is a flowchart of an embodiment of a method400for adjusting header alignment, height, and angle. The method400may be performed via the controller disclosed above, or another suitable device. Further, the method400may be performed differently in additional or alternative embodiments. For instance, additional steps may be performed with respect to the method400, and/or certain steps of the method400may be modified, removed, performed in a different order, or a combination thereof. The method400may be performed based on data received from the one-dimensional sensors ofFIG.3, and/or based on data received from two-dimensional sensor(s) mounted above the crop rows. The method400may also be performed based on an embodiment ofFIG.3including one sensor. At block402, data from the 1D sensors described inFIG.3is received. For example, the left sensor and the right sensor may output 1D distance data to the controller. The 1D distance data may be indicative of the linear distance between each sensor and the nearest crop stalk, as well as the linear distance between the sensor and the soil surface. In certain embodiments, at least one sensor may output 1D distance data indicative of distance values between the sensor and the nearest object(s) (e.g., the nearest crop stalk, the soil surface, etc.). Furthermore, in certain embodiments, at least one sensor may be capable of sending data concerning two points at once in its line of sight. The sensor may measure a distance between the sensor and a stalk, as well as the distance between the sensor and the soil surface314at once. The sensor may measure two points at once by penetrating through the stalk. At block404, the data is analyzed to determine the distance from each sensor to the nearest crop stalk. The horizontal component of the distance is then determined. For example, the left horizontal distance may be determined based on the angle of the left sensor and the linear distance between the left sensor and the left stalk. In addition, the right horizontal distance may be determined based on the angle of the right sensor and the linear distance between the right sensor and the right stalk. In some embodiments, the data may be 2D, and the controller may selectively utilize 1D data from a plane of the 2D data. In other embodiments, the data may be analyzed from one sensor to determine one distance (e.g., from the left sensor to the left stalk). At block406, the data is analyzed to determine the distance from each sensor to the soil surface314. Similar to block406, the vertical component of the distance may be determined based on the left angle308and the linear distance between the left sensor302and the soil surface314to determine the left vertical distance312. In addition, the right vertical distance320may be determined based on the right angle311of the right sensor and the linear distance between the right sensor and the soil surface314. In other embodiments, the data may be analyzed from one sensor to determine one distance (e.g., from the left sensor to the soil surface). At block408, a determination is made regarding whether a difference between the left horizontal distance and the right horizontal distance is greater than a threshold range value. A difference in distances may be indicative of misalignment between the header and the rows of crops being harvested. For instance, if the left horizontal distance is greater than the right horizontal distance, the header may be following a course that veers left of the targeted crop rows. The misalignment may be due to a curve in the rows, soil conditions, or the like. In another embodiment, a determination is made regarding whether a single distance is within a threshold range value (e.g., whether the left horizontal distance is within a threshold range). If the difference between the left horizontal distance and the right horizontal distance is greater than the threshold range value, the process may continue to block410. If not, the process may continue to block412. At block410, the course of the agricultural system is adjusted. The course of the agricultural system may be adjusted to realign the header with the targeted crop rows. In other words, the direction of the agricultural system may be adjusted so that the difference between the left horizontal distance and the right horizontal distance is less than the threshold range value. For example, if the right horizontal distance is greater than the left horizontal distance, the course of the agricultural system may be adjusted to the left. In one example, the processor may control the steering system230to adjust the course. At block412, a determination is made regarding the left vertical distance and the right vertical distance. In one embodiment, the controller305may determine whether the difference between the left vertical distance and the right vertical distance is greater than a threshold range value. A difference in distances may indicate that the header is not parallel to the soil surface. For instance, if the left vertical distance is greater than the right vertical distance, the header may be angled askew of the soil surface. If the difference between the left vertical distance and the right vertical distance is greater than the threshold range value, the process may continue to block414. If not, the process may continue to block416. At block414, the angle of the header relative to the soil surface may be adjusted. For example, the header may be rotated based on the left vertical distance and the right vertical distance. In another example, the header may be rotated until the header is substantially even with the soil surface. The header may be substantially parallel to the soil surface once the difference between the left vertical distance and the right vertical distance is less than the threshold range value. In one example, if the header is rotated too far clockwise, the left vertical distance may be greater than the right vertical distance. In response, the header may be rotated counterclockwise until the difference between the left vertical distance and right vertical distance is less than the threshold range value. Establishing a substantially level header enables the header to harvest the crops at a uniform height. In one example, the processor may control the header orientation actuator228to rotate the header. In another example, the angle of the header may be rotated based on a single distance (e.g., the left vertical distance) and data received from one or more rotation sensors installed on the header and the agricultural system and configured to send data regarding the angle of the header relative to the soil surface. At block416, a determination is made regarding whether the distance from each sensor to the soil surface is within a certain threshold range. The threshold range may be a header height range at which the harvested crop retains an undesirable length of stalk. The threshold range may be determined by the controller305, or manually input by a user. If the left vertical distance312, the right horizontal distance320, both, an average, or any mathematical combination of the two are below the threshold range, the process may continue to block418. If not, the process may continue to block402and repeat the method400. In another embodiment, a determination is made regarding whether a single distance is greater than a threshold range value (e.g., whether the left vertical distance is greater than a threshold range value). At block418, the height of the header is adjusted. The height of the header may be raised or lowered so that the left vertical distance312, the right horizontal distance320, both, or an average of the two are within the threshold range. For example, if the left vertical distance and right vertical distance are equal and above the threshold range, the height of the header may be lowered to be within the threshold range. The header200may also be rotated until it is parallel with the soil surface before the height of the header is adjusted. In one example, the processor may control the header height actuator226to rotate the header. The process may repeat the method400as the agricultural system100harvests crops. FIG.5is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the control system300ofFIG.3. In this embodiment, the agricultural system operates on an inclined surface502. The crops, such as left stalk504and right stalk506may grow at an angle to the inclined surface502. The header200may be angled substantially parallel to the inclined surface502. The controller may adjust the course of the agricultural system100in response to downhill vehicle drift. In one example, the agricultural system may drift downhill under the influence of gravity. Due to this drifting, the left horizontal distance309may grow larger than the right horizontal distance316. In response, the controller may adjust the course of the agricultural system100to the right. While only certain features of the disclosure have been illustrated and described herein, many modifications and changes will occur to those skilled in the art. It is, therefore, to be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true spirit of the disclosure. The techniques presented and claimed herein are referenced and applied to material objects and concrete examples of a practical nature that demonstrably improve the present technical field and, as such, are not abstract, intangible or purely theoretical. Further, if any claims appended to the end of this specification contain one or more elements designated as “means for [perform]ing [a function] . . . ” or “step for [perform]ing [a function] . . . ”, it is intended that such elements are to be interpreted under 35 U.S.C. 112(f). However, for any claims containing elements designated in any other manner, it is intended that such elements are not to be interpreted under 35 U.S.C. 112(f).

11856892

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION The present invention now is described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout. In the figures, the thickness of certain lines, layers, components, elements or features may be exaggerated for clarity. Broken lines illustrate optional features or operations unless specified otherwise. The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the specification and relevant art and should not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein. Well-known functions or constructions may not be described in detail for brevity and/or clarity. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. As used herein, phrases such as “between X and Y” and “between about X and Y” should be interpreted to include X and Y. As used herein, phrases such as “between about X and Y” mean “between about X and about Y.” As used herein, phrases such as “from about X to Y” mean “from about X to about Y.” It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being “on”, “attached” to, “connected” to, “coupled” with, “contacting”, etc., another element, it can be directly on, attached to, connected to, coupled with or contacting the other element or intervening elements may also be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being, for example, “directly on”, “directly attached” to, “directly connected” to, “directly coupled” with or “directly contacting” another element, there are no intervening elements present. It will also be appreciated by those of skill in the art that references to a structure or feature that is disposed “adjacent” another feature may have portions that overlap or underlie the adjacent feature. Spatially relative terms, such as “under”, “below”, “lower”, “over”, “upper”, “lateral”, “left”, “right” and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or feature's relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if the device in the figures is inverted, elements described as “under” or “beneath” other elements or features would then be oriented “over” the other elements or features. The device may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the descriptors of relative spatial relationships used herein interpreted accordingly. FIGS.2-7are all depicting a preferred embodiment of a vehicle attachment101for handling round hay bales99, in accordance with the present invention.FIGS.2and4are top and bottom views, respectively, of the round hay bale handling attachment101.FIGS.6and7are rear and front perspective views of the round hay bale handling attachment101. The attachment101for handling round hay bales99includes a support structure. The support structure includes a box beam103, which extends along a first axis A1, which is approximately horizontal, between a first end102and a second end104. The support structure also includes a channel member105, which is approximately vertical (FIG.6). The box beam103and channel member105are preferably formed of steel and rigidly attached, e.g., welded together, in a middle section of the box beam103. First, second and third coupling features107,109and111are attach to the support structure, e.g., integrally formed with or welded thereto. In a preferred embodiment, the first, second and third coupling features107,109and111are positioned in a triangular formation to attach to a three-point hitch of a farm tractor. As illustrated, there may be multiple potential locations for the first, second and third coupling features107,109and111so that the attachment101may be mounted to vehicles with different coupling requirements. A first arm113has a first end115and a second end117(FIG.7). The first end115of the first arm113is pivotably connected to the box beam103of the support structure proximate the first end102of the box beam103. The first end115of the first arm113includes an upper plate114welded thereto and a lower plate116welded thereto. The upper plate114is pivotably attached to a top of the box beam103by a first shaft118and the lower plate114is pivotably attached a bottom of the box beam103by the first shaft118. In a preferred embodiment, the first shaft118is a first threaded bolt, which may have a head and washer engaged to the upper plate114and a nut and washer engaged to the lower plate116, however other structural configurations could be used as the first shaft118. A second arm121has a first end123and a second end125. The first end123of the second arm121is pivotably connected to the box beam103of the support structure proximate the first end102of the box beam103. The first end123of the second arm121enters a cutout127in a sidewall of the box beam103(FIG.7). The first end123of the second arm121is connected to a second shaft129within the box beam103. The second shaft129penetrates a top and bottom of the box beam103and is secured to the box beam103. In a preferred embodiment, the second shaft129is a second threaded bolt, which may have a head and washer engaged to the top of the box beam103and a nut and washer engaged to the bottom of the box beam103, however other structural configurations could be used as the second shaft129. As best seen in the closeup view ofFIG.3, a first spacing link131is pivotably connected to the first arm113proximate the second end117of the first arm113. The first spacing link131is also pivotably connected to the second arm121proximate the second end125of the second arm121. In the illustrated embodiment, the first spacing link131is pear shaped. A first through hole133(FIG.7) is formed proximate a first end135of the first spacing link131, e.g., the smaller side of the pear shape. The second end125of the second arm121is pivotably coupled to the first through hole133of the spacing link131via a third bolt137. A second end139of the first spacing link131includes a flat planar area140, e.g., the larger side of the pear shape. A first threaded shaft141extends perpendicularly away from a bottom of the flat planar area140(FIG.7). A first tube142is attached to a top of the flat planar area140of the first spacing link131, e.g., by a welding operation. In a preferred embodiment, the first tube142is located along a line passing through centers of the first through hole133and the first threaded shaft141. As best seen in the closeup view ofFIG.5, the second end117of the first arm113has a first support plate143attached thereto, e.g., by a welding operation. The first support plate143has a first through hole passing therethrough such that the first threaded shaft141of the flat planar area140passes through the first through hole of the first support plate143. By this arrangement, the first support plate143supports the flat planar area140of the first spacing link131for rotation about the first threaded shaft141. A first hay bale spear151includes a first panel153that is rigidly affixed proximate a middle section of the first hay bale spear151, such that a pointed end155of the first hay bale spear151extends perpendicularly away from a first side of the first panel153, and a shaft end157of the first hay bale spear151extends perpendicularly away from a second side of the first panel153. A plurality of fins152may optionally be formed on the first side of the first panel153. The plurality of fins152may be formed as bent edge portions of the first panel153, as illustrated. Alternatively, the plurality of fins152may be attached to the first side of the first panel153, such as by a welding operation. The shaft end157of the first hay bale spear151is coupled within the first tube142. The coupling may occur by an abutment of the first plate153with one end of the first tube142and an abutment between the other end of the first tube142and a washer158held in place by a removeable cotter pin159inserted through a hole in the shaft end157of the first hay bale spear151. In a preferred embodiment, the shaft end157of the first hay bale spear151is rotatably coupled within the first tube142. The first tube142may also include a grease fitting161so that a good rotation ability of the shaft end157of the first hay bale spear151within the first tube142may be maintained. A third arm213has a first end215and a second end217(FIG.7). The first end215of the third arm213is pivotably connected to the box beam103of the support structure proximate the second end104of the box beam103. The first end215of the third arm213includes an upper plate214welded thereto and a lower plate216welded thereto. The upper plate214is pivotably attached to the top of the box beam103by a third shaft218and the lower plate214is pivotably attached the bottom of the box beam103by the third shaft218. In a preferred embodiment, the third shaft218is a fourth threaded bolt, which may have a head and washer engaged to the upper plate214and a nut and washer engaged to the lower plate216, however other structural configurations may be used as the third shaft218. A fourth arm221has a first end223and a second end225. The first end223of the fourth arm221is pivotably connected to the box beam103of the support structure proximate the second end104of the box beam103. The first end223of the fourth arm221enters a cutout227in a sidewall of the box beam103(FIG.7). The first end223of the fourth arm221is connected to a fourth shaft229within the box beam103. The fourth shaft229penetrates the top and bottom of the box beam103and is secured to the box beam103. In a preferred embodiment, the fourth shaft229is a fifth threaded bolt, which may have a head and washer engaged to the top of the box beam103and a nut and washer engaged to the bottom of the box beam103, however other structural configurations may be used as the fourth shaft229. A second spacing link231is pivotably connected to the third arm213proximate the second end217of the third arm213. The second spacing link231is also pivotably connected to the fourth arm221proximate the second end225of the fourth arm221. In the illustrated embodiment, the second spacing link231is pear shaped. A second through hole233(FIG.7) is formed proximate a first end235of the second spacing link231, e.g., the smaller side of the pear shape. The second end225of the fourth arm221is pivotably coupled to the second through hole233of the second spacing link231via a sixth bolt237. A second end239of the second spacing link231includes flat planar area240, e.g., the larger side of the pear shape. A second threaded shaft241extends perpendicularly away from a bottom of the flat planar area240(FIG.7). A second tube242is attached to a top of the flat planar area240of the second spacing link231, e.g., by a welding operation. In a preferred embodiment, the second tube242is located along a line passing through centers of the second through hole233and the second threaded shaft241. The second end217of the third arm213has a second support plate243attached thereto, e.g., by a welding operation. The second support plate243has a first through hole passing therethrough such that the second threaded shaft241of the flat planar area240passes through the second through hole of the second support plate243. By this arrangement, the second support plate243supports the flat planar area240of the second spacing link231for rotation about the second threaded shaft241. A second hay bale spear251includes a second panel253that is rigidly affixed proximate a middle section of the second hay bale spear251, such that a pointed end255of the second hay bale spear251extends perpendicularly away from a first side of the second panel253, and a shaft end257of the second hay bale spear251extends perpendicularly away from a second side of the second panel253. A plurality of fins252may optionally be formed on the first side of the second panel253. The plurality of fins252may be formed as bent edge portions of the second panel253, as illustrated. Alternatively, the plurality of fins252may be attached to the first side of the second panel253, such as by a welding operation. The shaft end257of the second hay bale spear251is coupled within the second tube242. The coupling may occur by an abutment of the second plate253with one end of the second tube242and an abutment between the other end of the second tube242and a washer held in place by a removeable cotter pin inserted through a hole in the shaft end257of the second hay bale spear251. In a preferred embodiment, the shaft end257of the second hay bale spear251is rotatably coupled within the second tube242. The second tube242may also include a grease fitting so that a good rotation ability of the shaft end257of the second hay bale spear251within the second tube242may be maintained. A movement imparting device301may be attached between the first arm113and the third arm213. In a preferred embodiment, the movement imparting device301includes a rod303which extends and retracts from a cylinder305. The movement of the rod303may be caused by hydraulic force, but alternatively may be caused by a threaded rod being engaged by an electrically driven worm gear within the cylinder305, or by other known movement imparting systems, such as a pneumatic system. Preferably, the rod303is attached the first arm113by a first rotating link307which can rotate in an arc fashion about a first bolted axis309. The first rotating link307is connected to a first reciprocating link311, which is in turn connected to the first arm113. Similarly, the cylinder305is attached to the third arm213by a second rotating link313which can rotate in an arc fashion about a second bolted axis315. The second rotating link313is connected to a second reciprocating link317, which is in turn connected to the third arm213. In a preferred embodiment and as best seen inFIG.4, rotation of the first rotating link307is limited by a first range limiter319which limits a pivot angle A2between the first arm113and the first axis A1of the box beam103between a minimum angle and a maximum angle. Likewise, rotation of the second rotating link313is limited by a second range limiter321which limits a pivot angle A3between the third arm213and the first axis A1of the box beam103between a minimum angle and a maximum angle. FIGS.1,4and6-7illustrate the minimum angles of the pivot angles A2and A3. The minimum angles might be in the range of 70 to 88 degrees, such as in the range of 75 of 85 degrees, or about 80 degrees. The maximum angles of the pivot angles A2and A3might be in the range of 92 to 110 degrees, such as in the range of 95 degrees to 105 degrees, or about 100 degrees. When the angles A2and A3of the first and third arms113and213are at their respective minimums, the shaft ends157and257of the first and second hay bale spears151and251are coaxially oriented or aligned relative to each other. Also, when the angles A2and A3of the first and third arms113and213are at their respective maximums, the shaft ends157and257of the first and second hay bale spears151and251are coaxially oriented or aligned relative to each other. As the movement imparting device301causes the first arm113to change its angle A2relative to the first axis A1of the boxed beam103, the second arm121simultaneously rotates about the second shaft129relative to the box beam103. The first and second arms113and121pivot simultaneously because of their connection to the first spacing link131. The first arm113and the second arm121remain parallel to each other throughout their range of movement. The first spacing link131moves as the first and second arms113and121pivot relative to the boxed beam103such that an extension direction along the pointed end155and shaft end157of the first hay bale spear151continuously points in a direction parallel to the first axis A1, regardless of the pivot angle A2between the first arm113and the first axis A1of the boxed beam103. The same is true regarding the pivoting angle A3of the third arm213in that an extension direction along the pointed end255and shaft end257of the second hay bale spear251continuously points in a direction parallel to the first axis A1. Whenever, the pivot angle A2of the first arm113is equal to the pivot angle A3of the third arm213, the extension directions along the pointed ends155/255and shaft ends157/257of the first and second hay bale spears151/251become coaxially oriented relative to each other. A method of unrolling a round hay bale99includes opening the first and third arms113and213using the movement imparting device301to spread the first and second hay bale spears151and251apart. The attachment101is elevated so that a central axis98of the round hay bale99is coplanar and parallel to a direction in which and first and second hay bale spears point. The elevation occurs by the vehicle applying a lift to the first, second and third coupling features107,109and111. The vehicle is driven to orient a back edge97of an outer cylindrical surface of the round hale bale99approximately parallel to the boxed beam103. It is also important to have the round hay bale99centered between the first and second ends102and104of the boxed beam103, or more precisely centered between the first and second hay bale spears151and251while they are located at their maximum angles A2and A3. The vehicle operator then moves an actuator to operate the movement imparting device301to pivot the first and third arms113and213toward the round hay bale99until the first and second spears151and251engage into the round hay bale99proximate the central axis98of the round hay bale99. The optional plurality of fins152and252of the first and second panels153and253may also engage into the round hay bale99when the first and second hay bale spears151and251are pressed into the round hay bale99. The engagements into the round hay bale99are strong enough to allow the vehicle to lift the round hay bale99and move it to a desired location, e.g., a field with livestock. Finally, the vehicle will unroll the round hay bale99by lowering it and engaging the outer cylindrical surface of the round hay bale99with the ground with enough force to create a drag, so that the round hay bale99unrolls as the attachment101is moved along the ground by the vehicle. As hay is paid off of the round hay bale99, the attachment101may be further lowered to again introduce a drag to the outer cylindrical surface of the round hay bale99as the vehicle is driven to pay off hay. It is preferred that the shaft ends157and257of the first and second hay bale spears151and251rotate within the first and second tubes142and242to facilitate the unrolling of the round hay bale99. However, the structures of the invention are still advantageous if the shaft ends157and257of the first and second hay bale spears151and251are fixed within the first and second tubes142and242and do not rotate. In such a circumstance, the round hay bale may then rotate about (as opposed to rotating with) the pointed ends155and255of the first and second hay bale spears151and251. First, second and third adjustable height stands S1, S2and S3may be coupled into first, second and third holders H1, H2and H3formed on, or attached to, parts of the attachment101. For example, first and second holders H1and H2may be attached to sidewalls of the first and third arms113and213and may removably and adjustably receive the first and second stands S1and S2, respectively. The third holder H3may be integrally formed within the vertically oriented, channel member105of the support structure. The third holder H3may removably and adjustably receive the third stand S3. The first, second and third stands S1, S2and S3hold the attachment101when disconnected from the vehicle, and position the disconnected attachment101in an elevated position so that a vehicle can pull up to the attachment101for reconnection. The invention being thus described, it will be obvious that the same may be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention, and all such modifications as would be obvious to one skilled in the art are to be included within the scope of the following claims.

11856893

DETAILED DESCRIPTION FIGS.5ato5dshow part of a rotary threshing system120which includes a concave support and adjustment structure101. The system comprises a rotor which is shown by reference to its cylindrical swept volume121. The system also comprises a rotor housing123which is generally cylindrical other than an arcuate cut-out section123clocated towards the front end123fof the housing. This cut-out section123cis for placement of a set of concaves130,133,135which, when in place, complete the containment envelope provided by the rotor housing. There are provided three sets of concaves130,133,135, supported between common frame elements137fand137r,which in this case comprise essentially annular frames. Each concave set comprises four side-by-side arcuate concave grate segments130a-d,133a-d,135a-d. The concave sets130,133,135are disposed on the frame elements137f/137rsuch as to surround both the rotor and the local portion of the rotor housing. The frame elements and concaves are rotatable around the rotor and rotor housing, thus bringing any one of the concave sets130,133, or135into rotational alignment with the lower cut-away portion123cof the rotor housing and allowing threshing to occur between the rotor and the aligned concave set. Accordingly, each concave set may comprise grate segments of differing characteristics, and should there be a requirement to change concaves at any time, due to for example a change in crop condition of the crop being harvested, the combine operator has three different sets of concaves readily available to choose from and may readily change them by rotating the concave sets around the rotor housing. FIG.6shows a view of a frame139to which the concave sets130,133and135may be attached. The frame139comprises the frame elements137fand137r,disposed between which are six longitudinal stringers S1301, S1302, S1331, S1332, S1351and S1352, to which concave grate segments may simply be bolted by means of the bolt holes B, of which there are 8 on each stringer. A complementary example of a suitable concave grate segment130ais shown inFIG.6a, with complementary bolt holes BC at either end for attaching each end of the grate segment to two of the stringers, in this case S1301and S1302. It will be understood by the skilled person that different means of attaching the concave grate segment may be provided—for example, one end of the grate may be provided with stubs which correspond to the holes in stringer S1302, whilst the other end may be bolted to the holes in stringer S1301.FIG.6also shows a motor M for driving frame139by means of a belt155which engages with face137efand is driven by the motor M via pinion156. FIG.7shows a cross-sectional view through frame139which shows that each of the frame elements137fand137ris a large radial ball bearing with an inner portion137fiand137riand an outer portion137foand137rorespectively, with the inner portions supported by and running on ball bearings157. The inner portions137riand137fiare attached to and joined by the stringers S1301, S1302, S1331, S1332, S1351and S1352. Accordingly, the whole inner frame (comprising137ri,137fi, and the stringers, plus any attached concave segments) is able to rotate relative to the outer portions137foand137ro. The inner portion137riof the rearwards frame element137ris also provided with an engagement feature,137ef, which allows for the provision of a belt drive to rotate the inner frame portion. This is shown diagrammatically inFIG.6where belt155connects the engagement feature to a motor M. It will be understood by the skilled person that alternative means of rotating the inner frame portion (inner portions137fi,137riof the frame elements137fand137r,the stringers and any attached concave set or concave grate segments) may be provided. There may alternatively be an engagement portion comprising gear teeth for direct driving by a motor with a corresponding gear wheel. In one embodiment, the inner frame portion is simply rotated by hand by an operator in order to change concave sets, and may be locked in position (with one or other of the concave sets in the threshing position) with something as simple as a bolt and latch/striker arrangement. As is shown inFIGS.7to10, the whole concave support and adjustment structure101may be supported on hydraulic rams145which are attached to outer portions137foand137ro, and are thus able to move the structure101up in the direction of arrow U1as shown inFIG.8b, thus adjusting the distance d between the aligned concave set (130in this case) and the rotor envelope121and also, in this embodiment with this geometry, closing the gap between the upper corners130ucof the concave set130and the longitudinal edges123leof the cut out section123cor the rotor housing. It will be appreciated that careful selection of the geometry of the parts of the structure101will ensure that137rwill either not contact, or will only gently contact, the lower part of the rotor housing even when structure101is raised to its highest point. Accordingly, as shown inFIGS.9ato9e, and accompanyingFIGS.10ato10d, the invention according to this application may be used as follows: As perFIGS.9a,10cand10d, structure101may be in the raised position with concave set130in the threshing position P and in close proximity to the rotor envelope121, with alternate concave sets133and135in resting positions R1and R2respectively, during a harvesting procedure. At some point, a characteristic of the crop being harvested changes, and the combine operator wishes to change concave sets. At this time, the harvester may cease its forward motion, and the structure101may be lowered by actuator145in the direction of arrow D as perFIGS.9b(and10aand10b). Then, structure101is rotated in the direction of arrow Q as shown inFIG.9cso that concave set135moves towards the threshing position P and concave set130moves around the rotor housing from the threshing position P and up to resting position R1, as seen inFIG.9d. Also in9dcan be seen that concave set133has moved from resting position R1to resting position R2. Finally, as seen inFIG.9e, the structure101is moved back upwards in the direction of arrow U1so that newly placed concave set135is in close proximity to the rotor envelope121and the combine may be restarted. It will be appreciated that other arrangements of structure, which may be provided to allow for the rotation of concaves around the rotor housing and into a threshing position, will be readily available to the skilled person, as may other means of turning the structure101such as a toothed gear wheel arrangement as previously discussed. Also other means of connecting concaves to the frame structure101, other than bolts, will be readily available and understood as previously discussed. Actuators145will be readily understood to be one or more of any number of possible types, such as hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders or electrically powered servos of various kinds. Various means of registering the position of the various concave sets will also be readily understood, as will various means of locking any particular concave set in position, from the simple application of bolts through spaced holes in the inner and outer parts137fo/137fior137ro/137riof either of the ball race frames, through a solenoid driven equivalent or any number of possible electrically or electronically controlled actuators which will be familiar to those skilled in the relevant art. Further, although the given embodiment inFIGS.5to10comprises three concave sets arranged to as to rotate around the rotor (and part of the rotor housing) so that any of the concaves may move to the threshing position and to the first or second resting position, it is within the ambit of this application to provide a frame to which are connected more concave sets, such as four concave sets, or indeed only two concave sets. While the frame ends in the present embodiment are shown as annular, it may be, in for example the situation where only two concave sets are attached, that the frame ends comprise only part of a full annulus and are thus more arcuate in form. The invention of this application may be understood further in relation to the following clauses:Clause 1. A rotary thresher comprising:a rotor;a first concave located at a lower portion of the thresher, said first concave thereby located in a threshing position such as to be proximate to the rotor such that cut crop material may be threshed between said rotor and said first concave;characterised in that the apparatus further comprises:a frame;a second concave disposed on said frame;said first concave also disposed on said frame, such that the first and second concaves at least partially surround the rotor, and;wherein the frame is mounted so that it may be moved to rotate around the rotor such that the second concave may be moved from a first rest position to the threshing position whilst the first concave is moved from the threshing position to a second resting position.Clause 2. A rotary thresher as described in clause 1, further comprising a rotor housing comprising a generally hollow cylinder, and wherein the concaves rotate or move around the outside of the rotor housing.Clause 3. A rotary thresher as described in clause 2, wherein the rotor housing has a cut out section and the threshing position is coincident with said cut out section.Clause 4. A rotary thresher as described in clause 3, wherein the rest positions are coincident with portions of the rotor housing other than the cut out section.Clause 5. A rotary thresher as described in clause 1 wherein there is further provided a driving mechanism for moving the frame so as to rotate the first and second concaves around the rotor.Clause 6. A thresher as described in clause 5, said driving mechanism comprising a belt and motor for driving an engagement section of the frame, said engagement section for being driven by the belt.Clause 7. A thresher as described in clause 5, said driving mechanism comprising an engagement section on the frame comprising a geared track, and a corresponding gear wheel driven by a motorClause 8. A thresher as described in clause 1 wherein the frame may be locked in place such that at least one of the concaves may be locked into the threshing position.Clause 9. A thresher as described in clause 1 wherein there is further provided at least one further concave which is also connected to the frame and which may be moved to the threshing position and one or more of the first or second resting positions or to any further resting position.Clause 10. A thresher as described in clause 1 wherein the frame may be raised and lowered relative to the rotor.Clause 11. A thresher as described in clause 10 wherein the frame may be raised and lowered by an actuator.Clause 12. A thresher as described in clause 10 wherein the frame may be raised and lowered so as to alter a clearance between said rotor and a concave in the threshing position.Clause 13. A thresher as described in clause 10 wherein the frame may be raised so as to bring a concave in the threshing position into alignment with the cut out section of the rotor housing.Clause 14. A rotary thresher comprising:A rotor;Two or more concaves disposed on a frame surrounding the rotor and said frame mounted so that it may be rotated around the rotor;Characterised in that:During a harvesting process, the frame is stationary such that one of the concaves is located in a stationary threshing position situated at a lower portion of the thresher.Clause 15. A thresher as described in clause 14, wherein when one of the concaves is in the threshing position, it is in closer proximity to the rotor than the other concaves.Clause 16. A thresher as described in clause 14, wherein there is also provided a stationary rotor housing comprising a generally hollow cylinder, and wherein a section of stationary non-foraminous rotor housing is located between the rotor and the one or more concaves which are not in the threshing position.Clause 17. A thresher as described in clause 14 wherein the frame may be raised and lowered relative to the rotor.Clause 18. A combine harvester comprising a thresher as described in any previous clause. Clearly the skilled person will recognise that various aspects, embodiments and elements of the present application, including as illustrated in the figures or described in the clauses above, may be arranged in differing combinations, any and all of which may be considered to fall within the ambit of the inventive concept. The invention will be defined by the following claims.

11856894

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION FIG.1shows a first exemplary embodiment of a twine knotter10, which is designed as a double knotter to produce two knots.FIG.2shows a second exemplary embodiment of a twine knotter10, which is designed as a single knotter to produce one knot. Identical components have the same reference signs and are described together below, with special attention being paid to differences. FIG.1shows an upper wall1of a baling channel2, through which material to be baled, e.g. straw, is conveyed in conveying direction3, wherein a bale29is formed from baled material. Above the upper wall1, a knotter shaft4extending across the width of the baling channel2is mounted rotatably about an axis A, on which, depending on the width of baling channel2, several twine knotters10can be arranged. Each twine knotter10is associated with a twine loop or strapping made of a first twine strand5and a second twine strand7laid around the bale29in a vertical longitudinal plane at a right angle to the axis A, which in the exemplary embodiment ofFIG.1is closed by forming two knots produced by the twine knotter10(double knotter). The first twine strand5of the twine, which runs over the top of the bale29, comes from the front side (not shown), which is located to the right of the twine knotter10in the illustration shown inFIG.1, of the bale29in conveying direction3. The first twine5is held taut by means not shown inFIG.1, which are located to the left of twine knotter10. (In the case of single knotters as shown inFIG.2, a section of the first twine strand is also clamped in a twine holding device of the twine knotter during the pressing phase.) In the case of double knotters as shown inFIG.1, a section of twine strand is tensioned by means located outside the twine knotter10. A baler needle6guides a second twine strand7of the twine around the rear end face of the bale29from below in the direction of arrow8, so that the second twine strand7can be brought together with the first twine strand5in the area of the twine knotter10to form a twine strand pair and can be knotted. The twine knotter10comprises a bill hook9, which is rotatable in a knotter frame11about an axis B orientated transversely, preferably radially, to the knotter shaft4, as shown inFIG.1diagonally upwards, and is drivable about this axis B via a pinion12. A twine knife13is movably arranged transversely to the twine strands5,7in order to cut the twine after knot formation. The twine knife13is attached to a knife arm14, which is pivotally mounted about an axis E of a shaft journal15in a bearing in the knotter frame11and is moved by a roller16, which is displaced in a groove17of a drive disk20. A twine holding device18holds the twine strands5,7in position during certain working phases of the bill hook9and the twine knife13. The twine holding device18is rotatable about an axis D inclined forwards at an angle of approximately 45° in a vertical plane. The twine holding device18comprises a twine holder18A (FIG.5) and a twine disk18B (FIGS.3and4), which is driven in rotation and is mounted with a shaft39in a bearing on the knotter frame11. The twine disk18B is driven by a pinion19which engages with a worm gear21driven by a pinion22. The worm gear21is located at one end of a pinion shaft30, to the other end of which the pinion22is attached. The pinions12,22are driven in the twine knotter10in the form of a single knotter according toFIG.2, which produces only one knot during one rotation of the drive disk20, by one toothing section25,26on the drive disk20at a time. The binding method is described in detail in EP 0 237 771 A1. In the case of double knotters according to the exemplary embodiment shown inFIG.1, two knots are generated per each full rotation of the drive disk20. Here the pinions12,22are driven by two groups, in the shown exemplary embodiment by pairs, of toothing sections23,24and25,26respectively, which are arranged on the flat side of the drive disk20facing the observer inFIG.1in the area of its outer edge. The toothing sections24,26(twine disk toothing sections) are identical to each other and are located radially a little further inside, so that when the drive disk20rotates, they can only engage with the pinion22to drive the twine disk18B. The toothing sections23,25(bill hook toothing sections) are also identical to each other and lie radially on to the very outside and drive the pinion12to drive the bill hook9. The twine disk toothing sections23,24and the bill hook toothing sections25,26each have several teeth. The twine disk toothing sections24,26have a toothless interruption41,44, so that the twine disk is briefly stopped when it passes completely through one of the twine disk toothing sections24,26. This is necessary because, as will be explained below, the twine disk has several pairs of recesses around its circumference and the twine disk is turned from one pair of recesses to the next pair of recesses over a section of the respective twine disk toothing section24,26. When rotating from one recess of a pair of recesses to another recess of the same pair of recesses, especially in the case of a double knotter, a deceleration of the twine disk is necessary so that the other driven components interact with the twine disk in the appropriate sequence at the appropriate time. The toothing sections25,26also follow the toothing sections23,24when the drive disk20rotates counterclockwise through an angle of about 115° in the circumferential direction. The toothing sections23,25extend over an angle of about 30°, the toothing sections24,26over an angle of about 40°. The twine knotter10shown inFIG.1performs two knotting operations one after the other during one rotation of the drive disk20. A first knot connects the lower second twine strand7coming up behind the rear end of the bale29with the upper first twine strand5, forming a closed twine loop which wraps around the bale29. A second knot connects the twine coming up at the front end of the following bale with the twine running on top of the following bale, thus forming a new twine loop for the new bale to be formed, into which the bale is pressed. Between the knots the twine is cut off so that the successive bales are separated. The twine knotter10shown inFIG.2performs one knotting operation during one rotation of the drive disk20. Only a lower twine7is used. There is no reel for an upper twine strand, as in double knotters. The lower twine strand7is fed to the twine knotter10from below by means of the baler needle upwards. There it is clamped and the baler needle moves down again. The bale29is pressed into the twine loop which is thus spanned. After completion of the bale29, the baler needle guides the lower twine strand7at the rear end of the bale29upwards to the twine knotter10, which knots the end of the twine strand7clamped in the twine knotter10with the end of the twine strand7fed from below in order to strap the finished bale29with twine. Here the twine strand7is cut through and the free end of the twine strand7is clamped in the twine knotter10, so that a further twine loop is formed into which the following bale can be pressed. The bill hook has a bill hook jaw, which is formed by a hooked area27and a bill hook tongue28. The bill hook tongue28forms a two-armed lever, which is pivotably mounted about a pivot axis. One arm (tongue section) of the lever interacts with the hooked area27of the bill hook9to form the bill hook jaw. The other arm of the lever is provided with a tongue roller (not shown here) being rotatably mounted. Opening of the bill hook jaw is achieved by the fact that during the rotation of the bill hook9the tongue roller runs over a cam surface (not shown here), whereby the tongue roller is lifted and the tongue section is lifted from the hooked area27. FIG.3shows the twine disk18B in a perspective view andFIG.4shows the twine disk18B in a front view in the direction of the axis of rotation,FIGS.3and4being described together below. The twine disk18B comprises three twine disk plates40, which are connected to the shaft39and are arranged congruently next to each other and spaced apart in the direction of the axis. The twine disk18B is driven in a direction of rotation47(FIG.4). The twine disk plates40each have four pairs of recesses42. Each pair of recesses42has a front recess48in the direction of rotation47of twine disk18B and a rear recess49in the direction of rotation47of twine disk18B. The recesses48,49start from an outer circumferential edge50of the respective twine disk plate40and run inwards. Viewed over the circumference of the respective twine disk plate40, the distance between the front recess48and the rear recess49of a pair of recesses42is less than the distance between two adjacent pairs of recesses42. FIG.5shows a perspective view of the twine holder18A. The twine holder has three parallel and spaced apart slats51. When mounted, the slats51of the twine holder18A mesh over a limited circumferential section of the twine disk plates40of the twine disk18B with the twine disk plates40. This allows twine to be clamped between the twine disk plates40and the slats51. For this purpose, twine strands can be inserted into the recesses48,49parallel to the axis of rotation D. By rotating the twine disk18B around the axis D, that recess48,49, in which the twine strand has been inserted, is turned into the area of the twine holder18A, so that this recess48,49is clamped by the twine holder18A and the twine strand is clamped between the twine disk plates40of the twine disk18B and the slats51of the twine holder18A. FIG.6shows a front view of the twine holding device18with the twine disk18B and the twine holder18A according toFIGS.4to6. A first twine strand is arranged with a first end5′ in the rear recess49of a front pair of recesses42and with a second end5″ in the front recess48′ of a rear pair of recesses42. The twine disk plate40is in a turning position in which the twine holder covers the rear recess49of the front pair of recesses42and front recess48′ of the rear pair of recesses42′ in a clamping manner so that both ends5′,5″ of the first twine strand5are secured. The front recess48of the front pair of recesses42and the rear recess49′ of the rear pair of recesses42′ are not covered by the twine holder18A. FIG.7shows another example of a twine holding device with a passive twine clamp58, which is located on a side of the twine disk18B that faces away from the bill hook. The twine clamp58has a clamping element56and a pressure spring57. The clamping element56is supported against the twine disk18B axially parallel to the axis D, around which the twine disk18B is rotated. The clamping element56is supported in the radial area of the pars of recesses42of the twine disk18B. The pressure spring57is supported between the knotter frame11and the clamping element56and applies force to the clamping element56against the twine disk18B, so that a twine strand can be clamped between the clamping element56and the twine disk18B. The passive twine clamp58facilitates the transfer of twine, especially between the formation of two knots in a double knotter. FIGS.8to11schematically show the procedure for forming two knots by means of a twine knotter as shown inFIG.1, which is designed as a double knotter.FIGS.8to11show schematically an unwinded contour of the outer peripheral edge50of one of the twine disk plates40of the twine disk18B as shown inFIGS.3and4. They also show schematically the twine holder18A for clamping twine strands between the twine holder18A and the twine disks18B. FIG.8shows the condition after feeding a single pair of twine strands52by means of a twine feeding device in the form of a baler needle6(FIG.1) over the bill hook into the rear recess49′ of a front recess pair42′ of pairs of recesses42according toFIGS.3and4. The single twine pair52is formed from the first twine strand5, which runs over the top of the bale29(FIG.1), and the second twine strand7, which was conveyed upwards by the baler needle6(FIG.1). The rear recess49′ of the front pair of recesses42′ is in an insertion position shortly before reaching the twine holder18A. In the further course of the process, the twine disk18B is rotated in direction of rotation D relative to the twine holder18A. This corresponds to a movement of the twine disk18B to the left in the direction of the arrow, as shown inFIGS.8to11. Here the rear recess49′ of the front pair of recesses42′ reaches a clamping position range in which the rear recess49′ of the front pair of recesses42′ is clamped by the twine holder18A, so that the pair of twine strands52is clamped between the twine holder18A and the twine disk18B. At the same time, the bill hook is rotated through one full rotation to form a loop for a first knot53in the single twine pair52. Then the single twine strand52is cut through between the bill hook, respectively the first knot53, and the rear recess49′ of the front pair of recesses42′, respectively the twine disk18B, as long as the rear recess49′ of the front pair of recesses42′ is clamped by the twine holder18A, i.e. the twine strand52is clamped. This results in the situation as shown inFIG.9. The twine strand5that runs on top of the bale29and the twine strand7that comes or is fed from below are thus connected to each other by means of the first knot52, so that the bale is strapped with twine. To form a second knot54, the twine disk18B is rotated further until the front recess48″ of the rear pair of recesses42″ reaches the insertion position, i.e. a position just before the twine holder18A. In this position, the individual twine strand pair52is inserted into the front recess48″ of the rear pair of recesses42″ by means of the twine feeding device in the form of the baler needle6(FIG.1) shown as an example. The twine strand pair52thus runs from a front face of the twine disk18B through the rear recess49′ of the front pair of recesses42′ to a rear face of the twine disk18B and from there again through the front recess48″ of the rear pair of recesses42″ to the front face. There, by rotating the bill hook through one full rotation, a second knot54is formed in the twine strand pair52. The bill hook is rotated as long as at least one of the recesses49′,48″ in which the twine strand pair52is arranged, i.e. the rear recess49′ of the front pair of recesses42′ or the front recess48″ of the rear pair of recesses42″, is clamped by the twine holder18A to clamp the twine strand pair52. An exemplary position is shown inFIG.10. Finally, the twine disk18B is rotated until the front recess48″ of the rear pair of recesses42″ has reached a release position in which the twine holder18A releases the front recess48″ of the rear pair of recesses42″. In this position, the single twine strand pair52is then pulled out of the twine holding device18, which comprises the twine holder18A and the twine disk18B, as indicated inFIG.11. A new twine loop is thus formed by the first twine strand5at the top and the second twine strand7at the bottom, into which a new bale can be pressed. Since that part of the twine pair52, which is located on the back of the twine disk18B, is not separated from the second knot54, but remains at the second knot54, no twine waste is produced which would be released and would fall as waste onto the pressed product. FIGS.12to16show schematically the procedure for forming a single knot using a twine knotter as shown inFIG.2. The double knotter according toFIG.1has two toothing sections23,25for driving the bill hook9and two toothing sections24,26for driving the twine disk18B. Thus, the bill hook9makes two full rotations of the drive disk20around the axis A to form two knots. The twine disk18B is driven accordingly. In contrast, the single knotter as shown inFIG.2has only two of the toothing sections25,26, so that for one full rotation of the drive disk20the bill hook9makes one full rotation to form a knot. Accordingly, the twine disk18B is also driven only once, parallel to the knot formation. In addition, the first twine strand5is not clamped in a mechanism separate from the twine knotter or in a separate holding device while the bale is being formed. With the single knotter, the first twine strand5is clamped by the twine holding device18while the bale is being formed. FIGS.12to16show schematically an unwinded contour of the outer peripheral edge50of one of the twine disk plates40of the twine disk18B as shown inFIGS.3and4. Furthermore, they schematically show the twine holder18A for clamping twine strands5,7between the twine holder18A and the twine disks18B. FIG.12shows the situations of the twine holding device with twine holder18A and twine disk18B after a first individual twine strand5has been led over the bill hook according toFIG.1to a bundle (for example a bale), whereby the first individual twine strand5is inserted in the front recess48′ of the front pair of recesses42′ and clamped between the twine disk18A and the twine holder18B. The first twine strand5is still in this position from a previous knot formation and is held clamped. Here, a cut end55of the first twine strand5is located on a front side of the twine disk18B. The first twine strand5is inserted from the cut end55through the rear recess49of a pair of recesses42′ leading the front pair of recesses42′ and is led to a rear face of the twine disk18B. From there, the first twine strand5is again guided through the front recess48′ of the front pair of recesses42′ to the front of the twine disk18B and clamped between the twine holder18A and the twine disk18B. Then a second single twine strand7is inserted into the rear recess49′ of the front pair of recesses42′ by means of a twine feeding device in the form of a baler needle, for example, over the bill hook. As shown inFIG.13, the rear recess49′ of the front pair of recesses42′ is in an insertion position just before reaching the twine holder18A. Then the twine disk18B is rotated until the rear recess49′ of the front pair of recesses42′ reaches a clamping position in which the twine holder18A covers the rear recess49′ of the front pair of recesses42′. While the rear recess49′ of the front pair of recesses42′ is in the clamping position range, the bill hook is rotated through one full rotation to form a common knot53in the first twine strand5and the second twine strand7. This situation is illustrated inFIG.14. Then the twine disk18B is rotated further until the front recess48″ of the rear pair of recesses42″ reaches the insertion position just before reaching the twine holder18A. In this position, the second single twine strand7is inserted by means of the baler needle into the front recess48″ of the rear pair of recesses42″. The second single twine7thus runs from knot53from a front face of the twine disk18B through the rear recess49′ of the front pair of recesses42′ to a rear face of the twine disk18B and back to the front face through the front recess48″ of the rear pair of recesses42″. This situation is illustrated inFIG.15. Then the twine disk18B is rotated further until the front recess48′ of the front pair of recesses42′ reaches a release position in which the twine holder18B releases the front recess48′ of the front pair of recesses42′ and the front recess48″ of the rear pair of recesses42″ has reached the clamping position range. In this position, the second twine strand7between the bill hook, respectively the knot53, and the twine holder, respectively the twine disk18B, is cut through by means of the twine knife and the first twine strand5is pulled out of the twine holding device18by means of the twine knife, as shown schematically inFIG.16. Since the second twine strand7is clamped in the twine holding device, it can be cut through with the twine knife. As the first twine strand5is no longer clamped by the twine holding device18, it is not cut by the twine knife but pulled out of the twine holding device. That part of the first twine strand5which was on the back of the twine disk18B is thus not completely separated and does not fall to the ground as waste, but remains at knot53. It is preferable to pull this part of the first twine strand5partially through the knot53so that a loop is formed. The cut end of the second twine7, which is still at knot53, is preferably pulled completely through knot53. LIST OF REFERENCE SIGNS 1Wall2Baling channel3Conveying direction4Knotter shaft5First twine strand6Baler needle7Second twine strand8Arrow9Bill hook10Twine knotter11Knotter frame12Pinion13Twine knife14Knife arm15Shaft journal16Roller17Groove18Twine holding device18A Twine holder18B Twine disk19Pinion20Drive disk21Worm gear22Pinion23Toothing section (bill hook toothing section)24Toothing section (driving toothing section)25Toothing section (bill hook toothing section)26Toothing section (driving toothing section)27Hooked area28Bill hook tongue29Bale30Pinion shaft39Shaft40Twine disk plate41Toothless interruption42Pair of recesses42′ Front pair of recesses42″ Rear pair of recesses43Pivot axis44Toothless interruption45Tongue roller46Cam surface47Direction of rotation48Front recess48′ Front recess of the front pair of recesses48″ Front recess of the rear pair of recesses49Rear recess49′ Rear recess of the front pair of recesses49″ Rear recess of the rear pair of recesses50Outer circumferential edge51Slat52Twine strand pair53First knot54Second knot55End56Clamping element57Pressure spring58Twine clampA AxisD Axis

11856895

The drawing figures do not limit the present invention to the specific embodiments disclosed and described herein. While the drawings do not necessarily provide exact dimensions or tolerances for the illustrated components or structures, the drawings, not including any purely schematic drawings, are to scale with respect to the relationships between the components of the structures illustrated therein. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Turning toFIG.1, an agricultural baler20is configured to collect severed crop material (not shown) from a field and form a series of bales (not shown) from the severed crop material. The baler20preferably provides a bale binding mechanism22configured to secure strands of binding material, such as twine T, around a bale of severed crop material (not shown). Preferably, the bale binding mechanism22is provided as part of the baler20, which can be advanced along a field to collect severed crop material. In the usual manner, the baler20is generally towed by a powered tractor (not shown), or other self-powered vehicle, so as to be advanced along a windrow of severed crop material. As the baler20is advanced, a pickup mechanism (not shown) of the baler20collects the windrow and directs the windrow material into a baling chamber24defined at least in part by a baler chassis26. The bale binding mechanism22preferably includes a knotter mechanism30, a needle assembly32(seeFIG.6), and a twine tensioner34(seeFIGS.1-3and6). The baler chassis26is configured to support the baler pickup mechanism (not shown) and other operating components. The baler chassis26includes, among other things, a baler frame36that presents the baling chamber24. The baler frame36is preferably conventional and includes a series of fore-and-aft extending frame members38(seeFIG.1) that at least partly define the baling chamber24and direct severed crop material through the baling chamber24as the material is formed into bales (not shown). In the illustrated embodiment, the baler frame36also operably supports the knotter mechanism30, needle assembly32, and twine tensioner34. For each bale (not shown) formed by the baler20, the baler frame36receives and forms the bale in the baling chamber24as strands of twine T are secured around the bale. Turning toFIGS.1-3, the knotter mechanism30and needle assembly32are configured to be driven by a drive shaft (not shown) for binding bales in the baling chamber24. In the usual manner, the knotter mechanism30includes a series of knotter heads (not shown) that cooperate with the needle assembly32to form at least one knot in respective strands of twine T. The needle assembly32includes a series of needles40each associated with a respective strand of twine T passing through the respective twine tensioners34(seeFIG.6). Each needle40is configured to advance twine T vertically along an end of the bale (seeFIG.6). The needle40presents a distal needle end42that receives and supports the twine T during operation. The needles40are shiftable relative to the baling chamber24during a bale tie cycle. In the depicted embodiment, the needles40are shiftable upwardly into the baling chamber24during an advancement stroke to advance strands of twine T upwardly along an end of the bale. The needles40position the strands of twine T so that the knotter mechanism30can secure the twine T around the bale. The needles40are also shiftable downwardly out of the baling chamber24during a return stroke to permit formation of the next bale. As the needles40shift out of the baling chamber24, the twine tensioner34is operable to take up any excess amount of twine T, as explained below. Although the present description references upward and downward directions associated with the needles40and other baler components, it will be appreciated that the present invention broadly covers various orientations and movements of baler components. For instance, it is within the scope of at least some aspects of the present invention for the needle assembly to be alternatively positioned relative to the baling chamber (e.g., above the chamber) while being configured to form bales of severed crop material. Turning toFIGS.2-7, the twine tensioner34is configured to maintain tension on a tensioned twine section44. The tensioned twine section44extends between the twine tensioner34and the distal needle end42of the needle40and defines a twine feed axis A1. The illustrated twine tensioner34preferably includes a tensioner frame46, tension devices48, support shaft50, slacker arms52, locating arms54, and twine cutters56. The twine tensioner34includes a series of tensioning stations58spaced along the tensioner frame46. Each station58is preferably associated with a respective twine strand T and is configured to affect twine advancement. The tensioning station58preferably includes a respective tension device48, slacker arm52, a pair of locating arms54, and twine cutter56. Because the stations58have generally the same configuration, it will be understood that the description of any one station generally applies to the other stations. The tensioner frame46is a conventional structure for supporting the other components of the twine tensioner34. The depicted tensioner frame46includes an upright wall60, an upper base wall62, and opposite end walls64. The tensioner frame46also includes a plurality of grommets66associated with the stations58and spaced along the base wall62. Each grommet66presents a respective lower guide opening66ato receive twine T (seeFIGS.6and7). Turning toFIGS.4-7, the tension device48is operable to restrict upward advancement of the tensioned twine section44. In the depicted embodiment, the tension device48preferably includes a frame68, upper and lower gears70,72, and a spring74. The frame68generally supports the gears70,72and permits the gears70,72to shift toward and away from each other. The frame68includes upper and lower frame members68a,68bpivotally attached to one another at a pivot joint75. The pivot joint75allows the upper frame member68ato swing vertically relative to the lower frame member68b. The upper frame member68aincludes a grommet76that presents an upper guide opening76a(seeFIG.6). The lower frame member68bis fixed to the tensioner frame46and is associated with the upper frame member68aand grommet76so that the upper guide opening76aoverlies the lower guide opening66a. Thus, the frame68is oriented so that the twine T is permitted to extend through both guide openings66a,76aat the same time. The spring74is supported relative to the upper frame member68awith an eye bolt78and a fastener80(seeFIG.6). The depicted spring74generally urges the upper frame member68adownwardly against the lower frame member68b. The gears70,72are configured to receive the twine T in frictional engagement therebetween to restrict upward advancement of the tensioned twine section44. The depicted gears70,72are rotatably supported on respective frame members68a,bby fasteners81and operable to spin relative to the frame members68a,b(seeFIGS.5and6). The gears70,72cooperatively define a passage82therebetween to receive the twine T (seeFIGS.6and7). The gears70,72are generally intermeshed with each other as twine T extends through the passage82. It will be appreciated that the gears70,72frictionally engage parts of the twine T within the passage82but may or may not contact one another. The upper frame member68aand upper gear70are configured to shift vertically relative to the lower frame member68b. The passage82has a variable spacing dimension D (seeFIG.7) that corresponds to the spacing between the gears70,72. The spacing dimension D increases as the upper frame member68ashifts away from the lower frame member68band decreases as the upper frame member68ashifts toward the lower frame member68b. During use, the upper frame member68aand upper gear70are configured to shift relative to the lower frame member68bas twine is advanced upwardly through the passage82. The spring74applies a force to the upper frame member68aand generally urges the upper frame member68adownwardly so that the gears70,72are urged toward each other. Consequently, the spring74urges the gears70,72into frictional engagement with the twine T. At the same time, the spring74permits the upper frame member68aand upper gear70to shift upwardly and away from the lower gear72as twine T is advanced upwardly (i.e., paid out) through the passage82. In the depicted embodiment, the slacker arms52are each swingably supported relative to the tensioner frame46on the support shaft50. More particularly, the slacker arms52are swingably supported on the shaft50at respective arm pivot joints84to swing about an arm axis A2transverse to the twine feed axis A1(seeFIGS.6and7). Each slacker arm52is swingable independently of the other slacker arms52into and out of the twine feed position. The slacker arm52includes an elongated body86extending between proximal and distal ends88a,b. The slacker arm52also includes a guide element90supported by the body86adjacent the distal end88b. The illustrated guide element90includes a grommet92. The guide element90also preferably presents a pair of shoulders94aand a pair of cam surfaces94b(seeFIGS.4and5). The grommet92presents a guide opening96to receive the twine T. As the slacker arm52swings about the arm axis A2, the guide element90moves along an arm path P that extends in a lateral direction relative to the twine feed axis A1(seeFIG.7). The twine tensioner34also includes springs98associated with respective slacker arms52(seeFIGS.6and7). Each spring98is attached to the proximal end88aof a respective slacker arm52and is operable to bias the slacker arm52so that the guide element90is urged away from the twine feed axis A1. The slacker arm52is swingable into and out of a twine feed position associated with upward advancement of the tensioned twine section44. In the twine feed position, the guide element90positions the twine T to define an offset twine section100offset from the twine feed axis A. The offset twine section100defines an offset twine axis A3arranged at an oblique angle to the twine feed axis A1(seeFIG.6). The slacker arm52is also operable to swing into and out of a twine slack position (seeFIG.2), where the guide element90is spaced farther from the twine feed axis A1when compared to the twine feed position. As will be explained, positioning of the slacker arm in the twine slack position, the twine feed position, and positions there between correspond with shifting of the needles through the baling chamber or after a strand of twine has been severed. The depicted slacker arm52is configured to swing into a severed twine position when the guide element90shifts out of the twine feed position toward the twine feed axis A1(seeFIG.7). In the depicted embodiment, the slacker arm52is swingable so that the guide element90swings alongside a blade102of the twine cutter56, when the guide element90shifts out of the twine feed position toward the twine feed axis A1. As discussed below, the slacker arm52is configured to swing out of the twine feed position toward the severed twine position during an over-tension condition (seeFIG.7). The slacker arm52preferably engages the tensioner frame46(when in the severed twine position) at a location spaced from the arm pivot joint84, thereby restricting further movement of the guide element90toward the twine feed axis A1. The slacker arm52is configured to swing away from the severed twine position, particularly when the twine T is severed, as explained below. During use, the slacker arm52is configured to swing between the twine feed position (seeFIGS.3-6) and the twine slack position (seeFIG.2). For instance, as the needles40shift into the baling chamber24during the advancement stroke of the bale tie cycle, twine T is advanced upwardly through the twine tensioner34. During advancement of the twine T, the twine T is tensioned and urges the slacker arm52into the twine feed position. Specifically, the twine T applies a force to the guide element90that counteracts the force applied by the spring98. As the needles40shift out of the baling chamber24during a return stroke of the bale tie cycle, the distal needle end42moves toward the twine tensioner34, which may develop an excess amount of twine T between the needle and the twine tensioner34. The slacker arm52is operable to take up any excess amount of twine T by swinging outwardly toward the twine slack position. In particular, as tension within the twine T is reduced due to excess twine T, the spring98urges the slacker arm52to swing toward the twine slack position. As a result, the slacker arm52cooperates with the spring98to maintain tension in the twine T during the return stroke. The locating arms54are operable to engage the respective guide element90in the twine feed position and restrict some swinging of the slacker arm52. In particular, the locating arms54are operable to restrict swinging of the slacker arm52associated with shifting of the guide element90out of the twine feed position toward the severed twine position (seeFIG.7). As will be explained, the locating arms54permit the slacker arm52to swing out of the twine feed position toward the severed twine position during an over-tension condition. In the depicted embodiment, the locating arm54preferably comprises a unitary, flexible structure that includes a flexible body104, a mounting tab106, and a stop108. The stop108comprises a tab that contacts the guide element90in the twine feed position (seeFIGS.4-6). The body104supports the stop108and permits the stop108to move out of contact with the guide element90as the twine over-tension condition causes the guide element90to shift out of the twine feed position toward the twine feed axis A1(seeFIG.7). The locating arm54preferably includes a unitary material strip that is flexible. More preferably, the material strip includes a metallic material, such as carbon steel or stainless steel. The material strip is also preferably resilient so that at least the body104of the locating arm54operates similar to a spring. However, one or more locating arms could be alternatively configured for certain aspects of the present invention. The locating arms54are arranged so that the flexible body104extends along the arm path P (seeFIG.7). The locating arm54preferably positions the stop108at a location spaced laterally along the arm path P from the twine feed axis A1. As explained below, the locating arms54are preferably mounted on the twine cutters56. In the depicted embodiment, the locating arm54is configured so that the stop108and the mounting tab106are laterally offset from the flexible body104(seeFIG.4). More specifically, the stop108and the mounting tab106are at least partly located from the body104in an outboard lateral direction L that is transverse to the arm path P. With this construction, the flexible body104is configured to be flexed laterally along the lateral direction L as the guide element90presses against the stop108, as described further below. For at least some aspects of the present invention, the locating arm could include an alternative configuration (e.g., to facilitate suitable operation of the slacker arm). For instance, the flexible body of the locating arm could be alternatively constructed to support the stop and permit flexing of the arm (e.g., as the guide element shifts out of the twine feed position toward the twine feed axis A1). Similarly, one or more locating arms could be alternatively positioned as part of the twine tensioner. For example, the locating arm could be positioned to engage another part of the locating arm (e.g., a location spaced from the guide element). Although each depicted station includes a pair of locating arms, one or more stations could be associated with a single locating structure. With respect to some aspects of the present invention, an alternative locating structure could be configured to control movement and/or positioning of one or more guide elements. For instance, one or more guide elements could be associated with a spring-loaded ball detent mechanism. Alternative embodiments of a twine tensioner could include a locating mechanism incorporated into the pivot joint supporting the slacker arm. Each twine cutter56is preferably configured to sever the offset twine section100when a twine over-tension condition causes the guide element90to shift out of the twine feed position toward the twine feed axis A1. This operation of the depicted twine tensioner34is a preferred functional objective, although it will be appreciated that the twine tensioner provides additional features and enables other objectives. As described below, when the twine T has been severed due to an over-tension condition, operation of the baler20is preferably stopped to allow baler maintenance. The illustrated twine cutter56includes a cutter frame110supported by the tension device48and the blade102. The frame110is supported by the tension device, and the blade is operably mounted on the cutter frame110. The illustrated cutter frame110includes a pair of walls112that are preferably fixed to the upper frame member68a(seeFIG.4). The blade102is fixed to and interconnects the walls112. The twine cutter56also preferably includes a grommet114supported by the walls112to position the tensioned twine section44. The grommet114presents a guide opening114ato receive the twine T. In the depicted embodiment, the blade102comprises a unitary structure with a sharpened blade edge116. The blade102is oriented to define a cutting axis A4(seeFIGS.6and7). The cutting axis A4preferably extends at an oblique angle to the offset twine axis A3, when the blade102severs the offset twine section100. The blade102is also preferably located between the grommet76and grommet114. The locating arms54are preferably mounted on the cutter frame110to restrict swinging of the slacker arm52. In particular, the mounting tabs106are fixed to respective walls112of the cutter frame110. The locating arms54are oriented so that each flexible body104is laterally outboard relative to the corresponding mounting tabs106and stops108. Further, the locating arms54are oriented so that stop surfaces108aof the stops108are generally parallel to one another and, most preferably, are substantially coplanar (seeFIG.4). Although the locating arms54are attached to the cutter frame110, one or more locating arms could be alternatively supported for at least some aspects of the present invention. For instance, in some alternative embodiments, one or more locating arms could be attached directly to the tensioner frame. Again, the slacker arm52is swingable into and out of the twine feed position associated with upward advancement of the tensioned twine section44(seeFIGS.4-6). In the twine feed position, the guide element90engages the locating arms54and positions the twine T to define the offset twine section100, which is spaced from the blade102. This tensioner arrangement provides an important operating condition prior to the occurrence of an over-tension condition. Preferably, the slacker arm52is also configured to shift past the stops108toward the severed twine position when the guide element90shifts out of the twine feed position toward the twine feed axis A1, particularly during a twine over-tension condition (seeFIG.7). The slacker arm52is shiftable along the arm path P from the twine feed position toward the severed twine position by shifting past the stops108of the locating arms54. As the guide element90is urged against the stops108of the locating arms54, the guide element90flexes one or both of the locating arms54so that the flexible bodies104are bowed in a laterally outboard direction (seeFIG.4). Such flexing of the locating arms54also produces slight shifting of the stops108so that edges108bof the stops108move toward the twine feed axis A1and the stop surfaces108aslope inwardly (seeFIG.4). When the force applied to the stops108by the guide element90is further increased, the shoulders94aof the guide element90are configured to slide along the sloped stop surfaces108auntil the shoulders94amove beyond the edges108band out of engagement with the stops108. Once the shoulders94become disengaged from the stops108, the slacker arm52is swingable so that the guide element90can move to a location alongside the blade102of the twine cutter56. The slacker arm52moves the offset twine section100into cutting engagement with the blade edge116. The slacker arm52engages the tensioner frame46in the severed twine position at a location spaced from the pivot joint75. With the offset twine section100severed, the slacker arm52is configured to swing away from the blade102and toward the twine slack position. The spring98urges the slacker arm52to swing away from the blade102. In particular, the cam surfaces94bengage the stops108and urge the stops108away from each other to permit movement of the guide element90beyond the stops108toward the twine slack position. When the twine T has been severed, operation of the baler20is preferably stopped to allow baler maintenance. For instance, it will be understood that the baler could include a baler system to automatically stop baler operation when the baler system senses a severed twine condition. Additionally or alternatively, the baler system could be configured to sense a severed twine condition and provide a warning or alert (such as a visual and/or audible warning indicator) to the operator (e.g., for manually stopping the baler). In operation, strands of twine T are advanced upwardly by the needle assembly32and through the twine tensioner34during the advancement stroke of the bale tie cycle. During advancement, the twine T is tensioned and urges the slacker arm52into the twine feed position. In particular, the twine T applies a force to the guide element90that counteracts the force applied by the spring98and generally urges the guide element into engagement with the locating arms54. If a strand of twine T becomes over-tensioned, particularly during the advancement stroke, the slacker arm52is shiftable so that the twine T can be severed by the twine cutter56. Specifically, the slacker arm52is configured to shift from the twine feed position toward the severed twine position by shifting past the stops108, so that the offset twine section100is moved into cutting engagement with the blade edge116. On the other hand, if the twine T has not been cut as a result of being over-tensioned, the needle assembly32shifts out of the baling chamber24during a return stroke of the bale tie cycle. The distal needle end42moves toward the twine tensioner34, which may produce an excess amount of twine T between the needle and the twine tensioner34. The slacker arm52is operable to take up an excess amount of twine T by swinging outwardly toward the twine slack position. Turning toFIGS.8and9, an alternative bale binding mechanism200is depicted. For purposes of brevity, the remaining description will focus primarily on the differences of this embodiment relative to the prior embodiment. The bale binding mechanism200preferably includes, among other things, a needle assembly202and an alternative twine tensioner204(seeFIGS.2-4). The alternative twine tensioner204includes a tensioner frame206, tension devices208, support shaft210, slacker arms212, locating arms214, alternative twine cutters216, and sensors218. The twine tensioner204also includes a series of tensioning stations220. Each tensioning station220preferably includes a respective tension device208, slacker arm212, a pair of locating arms214, a twine cutter216, and a sensor218. As in the previous embodiment, the locating arms214are operable to engage a guide element222in the twine feed position and restrict swinging of the slacker arm212associated with shifting of the guide element222out of the twine feed position toward the severed twine position. As described above, it will be understood that one or more locating arms could be alternatively configured. For some aspects of the present invention, the twine tensioner could be constructed so that one or more tensioning stations do not include the locating arms. For instance, the baler could be configured to otherwise restrict movement of the slacker arm toward the severed twine position. Each sensor216is operably associated with a respective slacker arm212and guide element222to sense slacker arm movement corresponding to a twine over-tension condition. The depicted bale binding mechanism200restricts twine T from being passed out of the twine tensioner204in response to a sensed twine over-tension condition. The sensor216is supported (preferably fixed to the upper base wall62) relative to the twine tensioner frame206and is operable to sense when the guide element222shifts out of the twine feed position toward the twine feed axis. It will be appreciated that the sensor may include one of various types of transducers suitable for sensing position and/or movement of the slacker arm. Within the ambit of the present invention, transducers for sensing position of the slacker arm212may include, but are not limited to, a proximity sensor (such as a mechanical switch), an electrical device (such as a Hall-effect sensor, resistor, etc.), or an optical sensor (e.g., an optical encoder). The baler preferably includes a baler system to take one or more corrective actions when the slacker arm212has been shifted out of the twine feed position toward the twine feed axis A1(due to a twine over-tension condition). As will be explained, the baler system preferably actuates the twine cutter216when the sensor218determines that the slacker arm is shifted out of the twine feed position due to an over-tension condition. Additionally or alternatively, for at least some aspects of the present invention, the system may be operable to provide a warning or alert (such as a visual and/or audible warning indicator) to the operator. Each twine cutter216preferably includes an actuating device224and a blade226. The blade226is preferably shiftable between a retracted position (seeFIG.8), in which the blade226is restricted from severing the twine T, and an extended position (seeFIG.9), in which the blade226is located to sever twine T (preferably when the twine is shifted into the severed twine position due to a twine over-tension condition). Within the scope of the present invention, the actuating device224preferably includes a device to shift the blade226between the retracted position and the extended position. For instance, the actuating device224may include a cutter frame228and a spring230supported by the cutter frame228to urge the blade226from the retracted position to the extended position. In the retracted position, the spring230is compressed (seeFIG.8), and the blade226is removably held in the retracted position by an electrically-actuated release element (not shown) of the actuating device224. Upon receiving a signal from the baler system, the release element may be disengaged to allow the blade226to be extended by the spring230. It will be understood that the blade can be retracted manually or using a powered device. A similar functional result may be achieved if the knife is driven to the extended cutting position when a holding means is released. For instance, a continuous duty solenoid may be configured to hold the knife against the spring and then released so that the spring drives the knife to the cutting position. In other embodiments, the actuating device may include a motor (such as a linear electric motor or a linear hydraulic motor) to shift the blade between the retracted and extended positions. In such embodiments, the blade226is preferably shiftably supported relative to the cutter frame228and is actuated by the bale binding mechanism200to shift the blade226so as to sever the twine T. Once the sensor216senses that a twine over-tension condition has caused the guide element222to shift out of the twine feed position toward the twine feed axis, the twine cutter216is preferably actuated by the baler system in response to the sensed twine over-tension condition. The baler system preferably actuates the twine cutter216when the sensor218determines that the slacker arm212is shifted out of the twine feed position due to the over-tension condition. Additionally or alternatively, for at least some aspects of the present invention, the system may be operable to provide a warning or alert (such as a visual and/or audible warning indicator) to the operator. When twine has been severed, operation of the bale binding mechanism200is preferably stopped to allow baler maintenance. In the depicted embodiment, the baler system preferably severs the twine T and stops baler operation automatically when the system senses a twine over-tension condition. For some aspects of the present invention, the baler system could be configured to sense the over-tension condition and provide a warning or alert (such as a visual and/or audible warning indicator) to the operator for manually stopping the baler. Although the above description presents features of preferred embodiments of the present invention, other preferred embodiments may also be created in keeping with the principles of the invention. Such other preferred embodiments may, for instance, be provided with features drawn from one or more of the embodiments described above. Yet further, such other preferred embodiments may include features from multiple embodiments described above, particularly where such features are compatible for use together despite having been presented independently as part of separate embodiments in the above description. The preferred forms of the invention described above are to be used as illustration only, and should not be utilized in a limiting sense in interpreting the scope of the present invention. Obvious modifications to the exemplary embodiments, as hereinabove set forth, could be readily made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention. The inventors hereby state their intent to rely on the Doctrine of Equivalents to determine and assess the reasonably fair scope of the present invention as pertains to any apparatus not materially departing from but outside the literal scope of the invention as set forth in the following claims.

11856896

Corresponding reference numerals are used to indicate corresponding parts in the drawings. DETAILED DESCRIPTION The embodiments of the present disclosure described below are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the disclosure to the precise forms disclosed in the following detailed description. Rather, the embodiments are chosen and described so that others skilled in the art may appreciate and understand the principles and practices of the present disclosure. FIG.1shows a schematic view of a working environment10in which the method according to the present disclosure is executed, where some hardware components having been reproduced separately inFIG.2for reasons of clarity. Represented inFIG.1are a flat silo12and a silo vehicle14provided for the purpose of creating the flat silo12. The flat silo12is located in a vat18enclosed by concrete walls16. For the purpose of fermentation, the harvested material20to be ensiled such as, for instance, mown grass, chopped-up corn plants or even various sorts of grain is distributed in layers in the flat silo12by the silo vehicle14, then compacted, and finally covered with respect to ingress of air from outside by a plastic tarpaulin which is not shown. The silo vehicle14provided for implementing the distribution-and-compaction process is an agricultural tractor22which is supported with respect to the subsurface34via a ground-contact device24which in the present case take the form of front and rear wheels26,28with associated tires30,32. The tires30,32can be pressurized with a desired tire pressure by a central tire-inflating system36. The agricultural tractor22carries a distribution tool38which takes the form of a frontally arranged distribution plate40. The distribution plate40is capable of being modified by a regulating device42with regard to a spacing d or a vertical attitude a with respect to the silo surface44constituted by an outer layer of harvested material (pertaining to the distribution-and-compaction process implemented previously). The regulating device42is a hydraulic three-point power lifter46which is located in the front region48of the agricultural tractor22. The distribution plate40has been detachably fitted to the three-point power lifter46via associated coupling elements. For the purpose of modifying the vertical attitude a with respect to the silo surface44, the distribution plate40can be tilted by a hydraulic top link50encompassed by the three-point power lifter46. A hydraulic hoisting mechanism52enables raising and lowering of the distribution plate40and hence a modification of the spacing d with respect to the silo surface44. Both the hydraulic hoisting mechanism52and the hydraulic top link50can be actuated for this purpose at the instigation of a microprocessor-controlled control unit54via associated electrical control valves56,58which are linked with a hydraulic system60of the agricultural tractor22. The pressure conditions prevailing in the hydraulic top link50are captured by a pressure sensor62and communicated to the control unit54together with an extension position, captured by a first regulating-distance sensor64, of the hydraulic top link50. A second regulating-distance sensor66serves for capturing the positioning of the hydraulic hoisting mechanism52and hence of the distribution tool38with respect to the silo surface44. For the purpose of compacting the harvested material20, a special compaction tool68is present in addition to the ground-contact device24. The compaction tool is constituted inFIG.1by a silo roller70. The silo roller70has been fitted to the agricultural tractor22at the rear. A GPS receiver76fitted in the roof region72of a driver's cab74serves for determining the spatial position of the agricultural tractor22with respect to the flat silo12. The position determined by the GPS receiver76is additionally corrected by utilization of an RTK method (where RTK stands for real-time kinematic), so a precision in the region of ±1 cm is achieved. The GPS data corrected in such a way are subsequently supplied to the control unit54. Moreover, a user interface78has been provided which, by way of example, is a mobile terminal80of universal type (tablet computer, smartphone, etc.) which is capable of being fitted in the driver's cab74of the agricultural tractor22and which exhibits a touch-screen82and is linked in wireless manner with the control unit54via a Bluetooth interface or WLAN interface84. The touch-screen82constitutes, at the same time, an operating-and-display unit of the user interface78. Alternatively, the user interface78has been permanently built into the driver's cab74by the manufacturer as a so-called graphical user interface (GUI). A mobile radio interface86linked with the control unit54enables a wireless exchange of data with a farm-management system88. A farm-management system88of such a type is known, for instance, as “John Deere Operations Center” which, in particular, enables an access to MyJohnDeere.com via the mobile terminal80for the purpose of central work planning and monitoring. FIG.3shows an embodiment, represented as a flowchart, of the method according to the present disclosure which is to be elucidated with reference to the working environment10represented inFIG.1. The method, executed as appropriate software by the control unit54, is initiated in a starting step100. In a first step102, a dry-substance density DMdryto be achieved is ascertained by the control unit54as a function of first input variables that reflect material properties of the harvested material20. The first input variables relate to a residual-moisture content of the harvested material20to a type of plant or to a degree of processing. The variables in question are crucial for the dry-substance density DMdryto be achieved and are input via the touch-screen82by the operator of the agricultural tractor22prior to the start of the silo operations. In this connection, the degree of processing takes into consideration the factor of whether the complete plant or merely certain plant constituents are to be ensiled, and to what degree such plant constituents have been shredded where appropriate. The degree of shredding results, in general, from the length of cut in the course of harvesting the plants by a forage harvester or such like. The residual-moisture content of the harvested material20is ascertained by the operator by a conventional moisture meter prior to the start of the distribution-and-compaction process. Alternatively, a so-called HarvestLab sensor is used such as finds application for the analysis of harvested material in the case of forage harvesters produced by the manufacturer John Deere. The corresponding measured data are then communicated to the farm-management system88, and from there in wireless manner to the control unit54. The communication is updated in each instance for each load of harvested material to be newly distributed, so that a precise ascertainment of the dry-substance density DMdryto be achieved is guaranteed. Moreover, a maximally producible compaction pressure pdis ascertained by the control unit54in a second step104by evaluation of second input variables that reflect operating properties or operating specifications of the agricultural tractor22used for compaction. The second input variables relate to a vehicle weight, a contact area formed by the ground-contact device24of the agricultural tractor22, a tire pressure, a tire type or to compaction properties of the silo roller70provided on the agricultural tractor22. The vehicle weight, inclusive of possible ballasting weights, is input by the operator via the touch-screen82, likewise prior to the start of the silo operations. Furthermore, relevant information pertaining to a ballasting assistant such as is described in DE 10 2017 205 827 A1 can be utilized. By linkage with the known contact area of the tires30,32, the associated normal force of the agricultural tractor22then results. The normal force is influenced by the tire pressure and also by the tire type, more precisely, by specifications with regard to deformability and profiling. The compaction properties of the silo roller70have been specified by the manufacturer so an influence on the maximally producible compaction pressure pdto be ascertained can be readily estimated. In this connection the corresponding specifications relating to tire type and silo roller70can be selected by the operator in menu-driven manner via the touch-screen82. The respective tire pressure is determined by the central tire-inflating system36and communicated to the control unit54. In a following third step106, a maximally permissible layer thickness dmaxfor the implementation of a distribution-and-compaction process is ascertained by the control unit54from the dry-substance density DMdryto be achieved, ascertained in the first step102, and from the maximally producible compaction pressure pdascertained in the second step104. Subsequently, in a fourth step108the operator is prompted via the touch-screen82to start the distribution-and-compaction process. As soon as this has happened, in a fifth step110a layer thickness daktcurrently being applied during the implementation of the distribution-and-compaction process is ascertained in location-specific manner by the control unit54. The manner of proceeding in connection with the ascertainment of the layer thickness daktcurrently being applied depends on the kind of the harvested material20to be ensiled. If stem-type harvested material20such as, for instance, grass or such like is to be ensiled, the layer thickness daktcurrently being applied is ascertained by the control unit54on the basis of a comparison between a first silo contour90captured prior to implementation of the distribution-and-compaction process and a second silo contour92resulting upon implementation of the distribution-and-compaction process. The layer thickness daktcurrently being applied then results directly on the basis of the local spacing of the two silo contours90,92from one another. In this connection, the first and second silo contours90,92are captured in each instance by continuous recording of the (spatial) position of the agricultural tractor22, ascertained from the corrected GPS data, in the course of creating the flat silo12. If the harvested material20is pourable material in the form of grain or such like, the layer thickness daktcurrently being applied is ascertained by the control unit54on the basis of a comparison between a silo contour94captured prior to implementation of the distribution-and-compaction process and a positioning, captured with respect to the silo contour by the second regulating-distance sensor66of the distribution tool38. For the case where the distribution tool38takes the form of a distribution plate40, the layer thickness daktcurrently being applied then results directly from the local spacing d of the lower plate edge96with respect to the captured silo contour94. Here too, the capture of the silo contour94is undertaken by continuous recording of the (spatial) position, ascertained from the corrected GPS data, of the agricultural tractor22in the course of creating the flat silo12. The fifth step110is followed by a sixth step112, in which a comparison between the ascertained maximally permissible layer thickness dmaxand the layer thickness daktcurrently being applied, ascertained in location-specific manner, is carried out by the control unit54in order to ascertain a target layer thickness dsolloptimized in location-specific manner of the harvested material20for the implementation of the distribution-and-compaction process. Furthermore, in the sixth step112for the purpose of optimizing the target layer thickness dsollascertained in location-specific manner, the control unit54incorporates data with regard to the silo contour90or94captured prior to implementation of the distribution-and-compaction process and with regard to a silo contour98to be obtained upon applying the next layer of harvested material. In this connection, the silo contour98to be obtained (that is to say, the optimal contour with respect to the fermentation process) is, among other things, dependent on the kind of the harvested material20to be ensiled, in particular on the type of plant, and is predetermined by the operator via the touch-screen82. For this purpose, besides the possibility of the input of a desired attitude or of outside dimensions of the flat silo12for the type of plant in question, suitable silo shapes are offered to the operator for selection. These shapes differ with regard to, among other things, their lateral gradient, the ratios of the outside dimensions and their curvature. By comparison of the silo contour90or94captured prior to implementation of the distribution-and-compaction process and of a silo contour98to be obtained upon applying the next layer of harvested material, voids, in particular, can be identified and filled up selectively with harvested material20. Optionally, the target layer thickness dsollis varied in location-specific manner in order to realize an intentionally inhomogeneous distribution of the harvested material20along the curvature of the flat silo12. In a seventh step114, the regulating device42of the distribution tool38provided on the agricultural tractor22is driven by the control unit54in the sense of an assimilation of the layer thickness daktcurrently being applied, ascertained in a location-specific manner, to the ascertained layer thickness dsolloptimized in location-specific manner. For the purpose of informing the operator comprehensively about the status of the silo operations or, to be more precise, about the corresponding compaction status of the flat silo12, in an eighth step116the layer thickness daktcurrently being applied, ascertained in a location-specific manner, the ascertained maximally permissible layer thickness dmaxor the ascertained layer thickness dsoll, optimized in a location-specific manner, are visualized via the touch-screen82. At least the layer thickness daktcurrently being applied and also the optimized layer thickness dsollare dependent on the respective location on the flat silo12so the visualization thereof is undertaken in the form of a cartographic silo view. Subsequently, the method according to the present disclosure is concluded in a final step118. As a result, for the purpose of implementing the distribution-and-compaction process the operator has exclusively to control the travel of the agricultural tractor22by steering and also accelerating or braking. The placement of the distribution tool38, on the other hand, is adapted in an automated manner depending on the respective position of the agricultural tractor22. The method according to the present disclosure may feature various further developments which have optionally been provided, corresponding to respective expansion stages. According to a first option, for the purpose of optimizing the target layer thickness dsoll, ascertained in a location-specific manner, a working-efficiency preset or compaction-efficiency preset to be adhered to as secondary condition in the course of the implementation of the distribution-and-compaction process is incorporated by the control unit54in the sixth step112. The choice of an increased working efficiency or compaction efficiency by corresponding enlargement of the target layer thickness dsollin this case comes at the expense of the compaction quality, and conversely. To this extent, an appropriate compromise has to be found by the operator. The working-efficiency preset or compaction-efficiency preset to be adhered to is capable of being predetermined via the touch-screen82in accordance with established categories. In this connection, categories that are capable of being readily estimated such as “high”, “medium” and “low” have been provided for the operator. The working-efficiency preset or compaction-efficiency preset has been set to “high” as standard. Additionally, via the touch-screen82a so-called boost mode is capable of being selected in which the target layer thickness dsoll, optimized in a location-specific manner, is capable of selectively exceeding the ascertained maximally permissible layer thickness dmaxin the sense of a prioritization of highest possible working efficiency or compaction efficiency. In addition, by way of a second option, there may be a provision that information with regard to a total quantity, to be distributed, of harvested material20discharged into the flat silo12or with regard to a residual quantity of harvested material20to be distributed is incorporated in the seventh step114in the course of the drive of the regulating device42of the distribution tool38. If the harvested material20is transported to the flat silo12by a loading wagon with a feeder, the total quantity to be distributed is derived from the delivery volume and from the mass density of the harvested material20brought into a loading space of the loading wagon via the feeder. On the assumption that the loading wagon is completely emptied into the flat silo12, in this way a precise statement can be made with regard to the total quantity subsequently to be distributed. The quantity of harvested material discharged from the loading wagon into the flat silo12is captured by the farm-management system88and communicated in a wireless manner to the control unit54. This is undertaken via the mobile radio interface86linked with the control unit54. With respect to the ascertainment of the residual quantity of harvested material20to be distributed, the control unit54evaluates an influence of force exerted on the distribution tool38. In the latter case, geometrical properties of the distribution tool38such as the width of the associated distribution plate40and the shape thereof are taken into consideration. The extent of the influence of force exerted on the distribution tool38is estimated by the control unit54on the basis of the pressure conditions brought about in the hydraulic top link50of the three-point power lifter46and is also captured by the pressure sensor62, incorporating the vertical attitude a derived from the extension position of the hydraulic top link50captured by the first regulating-distance sensor64. The distribution of the harvested material20is undertaken in such a manner in accordance with the quantity of harvested material discharged into the flat silo12that a minimal layer thickness dminis not fallen short of. For if the discharged quantity of harvested material, measured against the available silo surface44, is comparatively low, it is not sensible to distribute this quantity over the entire silo surface44in a time-consuming manner. A distribution is then undertaken merely along a smaller partial section. While embodiments incorporating the principles of the present disclosure have been disclosed hereinabove, the present disclosure is not limited to the disclosed embodiments. Instead, this application is intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the disclosure using its general principles. Further, this application is intended to cover such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice in the art to which this disclosure pertains and which fall within the limits of the appended claims.

11856897

Repeat use of reference characters in the present specification and drawings is intended to represent the same or analogous features or elements of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Reference now will be made in detail to embodiments of the invention, one or more examples of which are illustrated in the drawings. Each example is provided by way of explanation of the invention, not limitation of the invention. In fact, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the present invention without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. For instance, features illustrated or described as part of one embodiment can be used with another embodiment to yield a still further embodiment. Thus, it is intended that the present invention covers such modifications and variations as come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents. As used herein, the terms “first,” “second,” and “third” may be used interchangeably to distinguish one component from another and are not intended to signify location or importance of the individual components. The terms “includes” and “including” are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising.” Similarly, the term “or” is generally intended to be inclusive (i.e., “A or B” is intended to mean “A or B or both”). In addition, here and throughout the specification and claims, range limitations may be combined and/or interchanged. Such ranges are identified and include all the sub-ranges contained therein unless context or language indicates otherwise. For example, all ranges disclosed herein are inclusive of the endpoints, and the endpoints are independently combinable with each other. The singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Approximating language, as used herein throughout the specification and claims, may be applied to modify any quantitative representation that could permissibly vary without resulting in a change in the basic function to which it is related. Accordingly, a value modified by a term or terms, such as “generally,” “about,” “approximately,” and “substantially,” are not to be limited to the precise value specified. In at least some instances, the approximating language may correspond to the precision of an instrument for measuring the value, or the precision of the methods or machines for constructing or manufacturing the components and/or systems. For example, the approximating language may refer to being within a 10 percent margin, i.e., including values within ten percent greater or less than the stated value. In this regard, for example, when used in the context of an angle or direction, such terms include within ten degrees greater or less than the stated angle or direction, e.g., “generally vertical” includes forming an angle of up to ten degrees in any direction, e.g., clockwise or counterclockwise, with the vertical direction V. The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” In addition, references to “an embodiment” or “one embodiment” does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, although it may. Any implementation described herein as “exemplary” or “an embodiment” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other implementations. Moreover, each example is provided by way of explanation of the invention, not limitation of the invention. In fact, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the present invention without departing from the scope of the invention. For instance, features illustrated or described as part of one embodiment can be used with another embodiment to yield a still further embodiment. Thus, it is intended that the present invention covers such modifications and variations as come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents. Referring now to the figures, an exemplary mushroom growing appliance will be described in accordance with exemplary aspects of the present subject matter. According to exemplary embodiments, mushroom growing appliance100includes a cabinet102that is generally configured for containing and/or supporting various components of mushroom growing appliance100and which may also define one or more internal chambers or compartments of mushroom growing appliance100. In this regard, as used herein, the terms “cabinet,” “housing,” and the like are generally intended to refer to an outer frame or support structure for mushroom growing appliance100, e.g., including any suitable number, type, and configuration of support structures formed from any suitable materials, such as a system of elongated support members, a plurality of interconnected panels, or some combination thereof. It should be appreciated that cabinet102does not necessarily require an enclosure and may simply include open structure supporting various elements of mushroom growing appliance100. By contrast, cabinet102may enclose some or all portions of an interior of cabinet102. It should be appreciated that cabinet102may have any suitable size, shape, and configuration while remaining within the scope of the present subject matter. As illustrated, mushroom growing appliance100generally defines a vertical direction V, a lateral direction L, and a transverse direction T, each of which is mutually perpendicular, such that an orthogonal coordinate system is generally defined. Cabinet102generally extends between a top104and a bottom106along the vertical direction V, between a first side108(e.g., the left side when viewed from the front as inFIG.1) and a second side110(e.g., the right side when viewed from the front as inFIG.1) along the lateral direction L, and between a front112and a rear114along the transverse direction T. In general, terms such as “left,” “right,” “front,” “rear,” “top,” or “bottom” are used with reference to the perspective of a user accessing mushroom growing appliance100. Referring again toFIG.1, mushroom growing appliance100may include a control panel120that may represent a general-purpose Input/Output (“GPIO”) device or functional block for mushroom growing appliance100. In some embodiments, control panel120may include or be in operative communication with one or more user input devices122, such as one or more of a variety of digital, analog, electrical, mechanical, or electro-mechanical input devices including rotary dials, control knobs, push buttons, toggle switches, selector switches, and touch pads. Additionally, mushroom growing appliance100may include a display124, such as a digital or analog display device generally configured to provide visual feedback regarding the operation of mushroom growing appliance100. For example, display124may be provided on control panel120and may include one or more status lights, screens, or visible indicators. According to exemplary embodiments, user input devices122and display124may be integrated into a single device, e.g., including one or more of a touchscreen interface, a capacitive touch panel, a liquid crystal display (LCD), a plasma display panel (PDP), a cathode ray tube (CRT) display, or other informational or interactive displays. Mushroom growing appliance100may further include or be in operative communication with a processing device or a controller126that may be generally configured to facilitate appliance operation. In this regard, control panel120, user input devices122, and display124may be in communication with controller126such that controller126may receive control inputs from user input devices122, may display information using display124, and may otherwise regulate operation of mushroom growing appliance100. For example, signals generated by controller126may operate mushroom growing appliance100, including any or all system components, subsystems, or interconnected devices, in response to the position of user input devices122and other control commands. Control panel120and other components of mushroom growing appliance100may be in communication with controller126via, for example, one or more signal lines or shared communication busses. In this manner, Input/Output (“I/O”) signals may be routed between controller126and various operational components of mushroom growing appliance100. As used herein, the terms “processing device,” “computing device,” “controller,” or the like may generally refer to any suitable processing device, such as a general or special purpose microprocessor, a microcontroller, an integrated circuit, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a digital signal processor (DSP), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a logic device, one or more central processing units (CPUs), a graphics processing units (GPUs), processing units performing other specialized calculations, semiconductor devices, etc. In addition, these “controllers” are not necessarily restricted to a single element but may include any suitable number, type, and configuration of processing devices integrated in any suitable manner to facilitate appliance operation. Alternatively, controller126may be constructed without using a microprocessor, e.g., using a combination of discrete analog and/or digital logic circuitry (such as switches, amplifiers, integrators, comparators, flip-flops, AND/OR gates, and the like) to perform control functionality instead of relying upon software. Controller126may include, or be associated with, one or more memory elements or non-transitory computer-readable storage mediums, such as RAM, ROM, EEPROM, EPROM, flash memory devices, magnetic disks, or other suitable memory devices (including combinations thereof). These memory devices may be a separate component from the processor or may be included onboard within the processor. In addition, these memory devices can store information and/or data accessible by the one or more processors, including instructions that can be executed by the one or more processors. It should be appreciated that the instructions can be software written in any suitable programming language or can be implemented in hardware. Additionally, or alternatively, the instructions can be executed logically and/or virtually using separate threads on one or more processors. For example, controller126may be operable to execute programming instructions or micro-control code associated with an operating cycle of mushroom growing appliance100. In this regard, the instructions may be software or any set of instructions that when executed by the processing device, cause the processing device to perform operations, such as running one or more software applications, displaying a user interface, receiving user input, processing user input, etc. Moreover, it should be noted that controller126as disclosed herein is capable of and may be operable to perform any methods, method steps, or portions of methods as disclosed herein. For example, in some embodiments, methods disclosed herein may be embodied in programming instructions stored in the memory and executed by controller126. The memory devices may also store data that can be retrieved, manipulated, created, or stored by the one or more processors or portions of controller126. The data can include, for instance, data to facilitate performance of methods described herein. The data can be stored locally (e.g., on controller126) in one or more databases and/or may be split up so that the data is stored in multiple locations. In addition, or alternatively, the one or more database(s) can be connected to controller126through any suitable network(s), such as through a high bandwidth local area network (LAN) or wide area network (WAN). In this regard, for example, controller126may further include a communication module or interface that may be used to communicate with one or more other component(s) of mushroom growing appliance100, controller126, an external appliance controller, or any other suitable device, e.g., via any suitable communication lines or network(s) and using any suitable communication protocol. The communication interface can include any suitable components for interfacing with one or more network(s), including for example, transmitters, receivers, ports, controllers, antennas, or other suitable components. Within cabinet102is a grow chamber130configured for the receipt of one or more mushrooms or mushroom growing material, e.g., spores, soil, mushroom pods, etc. Although mushroom growing appliance100is described herein as being used to grow mushrooms, it should be appreciated that mushroom growing appliance100and aspects of the present subject matter may be applied to grow other items as well. For example, mushroom growing appliance100may be used to grow plants, algae, other fungi, or other living organisms. In addition, it should be appreciated that mushroom growing appliance100is provided by way of example only, and the construction of mushroom growing appliance100may vary while remaining within the scope of the present subject matter. In this regard, the example embodiment shown in the figures is not intended to limit the present subject matter to any appliance configuration or component arrangement. As best illustrated inFIGS.2and3, grow chamber130is defined by a plurality of chamber walls, identified generally herein by reference numeral132. For example, grow chamber walls132include a top wall and a bottom wall which are spaced apart along the vertical direction V. In addition, a left sidewall and a right sidewall extend between the top wall and bottom wall and are spaced apart along the lateral direction L. A rear wall may additionally extend between the top wall and the bottom wall as well as between the left sidewall and the right sidewall. Collectively, chamber walls132may generally define an access opening134through which a user may access grow chamber130, e.g., to add, remove, or manipulate mushrooms growing therein. Referring still toFIGS.1and2, mushroom growing appliance100includes a door136(removed inFIG.1for clarity) that is pivotally mounted to cabinet to permit selective access to grow chamber130. For example, door136is illustrated as being mounted to a top of cabinet and is movable between a closed position and an open position (e.g.,FIG.2illustrates door136as it is being pivoted to the open position). A handle138is mounted to door136to assist a user with opening and closing door136in order to access grow chamber130. When door136is in the closed position, grow chamber130may be substantially sealed such that the growing environment therein may be regulated, e.g., to the desirable temperature, humidity, gas concentrations, etc. Door136may include a window140, constructed for example from acrylic glass panes, to provide for viewing the contents grow chamber130. According to exemplary embodiments, mushroom growing appliance100may include additional features to facilitate regulation of a growing environment within grow chamber130. For example, as explained in more detail below, mushroom growing appliance100may include subsystems for regulating chamber lighting, temperatures, humidity, gas concentrations, etc. Although exemplary subsystems are described herein, it should be appreciated that these subsystems are described only for the purpose of explaining aspects of the present subject matter. The present subject matter is not intended to be limited to the subsystems described, the configuration of such subsystems, etc. As illustrated, mushroom growing appliance100may include a light assembly144which is generally configured for providing light into grow chamber130to facilitate the growth of mushrooms (not shown). As shown, light assembly144may include a plurality of light sources (not labeled) stacked in an array and mounted a top chamber wall132of grow chamber. More specifically, light assembly144may include a plurality of light strips that extend along the lateral direction L within the top chamber wall132. Light assembly144may be mounted directly to top chamber wall132within grow chamber130or may alternatively be positioned behind top chamber wall132such that light is projected through a transparent window or light pipe into grow chamber130. The position, configuration, and type of light sources described herein are not intended to limit the scope of the present subject matter in any manner. Light assembly144may include any suitable number, type, position, and configuration of electrical light source(s), using any suitable light technology and illuminating in any suitable color. For example, according to the illustrated embodiment, light assembly144includes one or more light emitting diodes (LEDs), which may each illuminate in a single color (e.g., white LEDs), or which may each illuminate in multiple colors (e.g., multi-color or RGB LEDs) depending on the control signal from a controller. However, it should be appreciated that according to alternative embodiments, light assembly144may include any other suitable traditional light bulbs or sources, such as halogen bulbs, fluorescent bulbs, incandescent bulbs, glow bars, a fiber light source, etc. Referring now generally toFIGS.1through8, mushroom growing appliance100further includes a climate control system150that is generally configured for regulating a grow environment or climate within grow chamber130. In general, climate control system150may regulate the temperature, humidity, gas concentrations, and other aspects of grow chamber130to facilitate mushroom growth. Climate control system150will be described in more detail below according to exemplary embodiments. However, it should be appreciated that the specific construction and operation of climate control system150described herein is not intended to be limiting in any manner. According to exemplary embodiments the present subject matter, climate control system150may generally be configured for selectively humidifying or adding moisture to grow chamber130. In this regard, according to the illustrated embodiment, climate control system150may include a water reservoir152that is positioned within grow chamber130for receiving water (e.g., as identified generally by reference numeral154inFIG.8). According to the illustrated embodiment, mushroom growing appliance100may further include a water supply system156for selectively filling water reservoir152with water154. In this regard, for example, water supply system156may include a water storage tank158that is mounted to a side of cabinet102and which is fluidly coupled to water reservoir152through a water supply opening160that is defined through cabinet102. In general, water storage tank158is configured for replenishing water154in water reservoir152as it is used by climate control system150. According to exemplary embodiments, the water storage tank158is mounted adjacent to the cabinet102above the water reservoir152. In this manner, gravity aids in maintaining a consistent level of water in the water reservoir152without the need for the user to monitor this level and without the need for the user to replenish the water in the water reservoir152or the water supply tank158daily. In example embodiments, the water storage tank158has an internal volume not less than two hundred and fifty milliliters (0.25 L), not less than five hundred milliliters (0.5 L), not less than one liter (1 L), or not less than two liters (2 L), etc. In example embodiments, the water storage tank has an internal volume between two hundred and fifty milliliters and two liters. In example embodiments, the water storage tank158has an internal volume adapted to contain enough water to support operation of the mushroom growing appliance for at least two (2) days, at least three (3) days, at least four (4) days, at least five (5) days, at least six (6) days, or at least seven (7) days, under typical operating conditions without the need to replenish the water in the water storage tank158. Further details of water supply system156are omitted herein for brevity. However, it should be appreciated that water supply system156may include any suitable plumbing, valves, or flow regulating devices to facilitate proper filling of water154within water reservoir152. Climate control system150may further include a wicking filter170that is positioned at least partially within water reservoir152for wicking water154stored in water reservoir152up into wicking filter170. In general, wicking filter may be any suitable device that is suitable for filtering air and/or wicking water from a water source. For example, according to an exemplary embodiment, wicking filter includes an internal wicking sponge surrounded by (or wrapped in) a prefilter. In this manner, as described in more detail below, the prefilter may be particularly suitable for filtering dust, mushroom spores, and other particulates floating in air passing therethrough. The internal wicking sponge may be a honeycomb shaped paper material particularly suited for wicking water154up into wicking filter170, e.g., to facilitate a humidification process as described herein. For example, according to exemplary embodiments, wicking filter170may be a Honeywell® Humidifier Wicking Filter. According to the illustrated embodiment, wicking filter170has the shape of a rectangular cuboid, which may be particularly suitable for facilitating the airflows described below. However, it should be appreciated that wicking filter170may have any suitable size, shape, and configuration while remaining within scope the present subject matter. As best shown inFIG.4, where wicking filter170is removed for clarity, climate control system150may further include a filter retention bracket172that is mounted to a rear chamber wall132for receiving and securing wicking filter170. More specifically, filter retention bracket172may include a plurality of retention flanges174that extend downward for receiving a top end of wicking filter170along the vertical direction V. In addition, as illustrated, filter retention bracket172may be mounted to rear chamber wall132by one or more alignments slots176and mechanical fasteners (not shown) such that it is slidable along the vertical direction. In this regard, in order to replace wicking filter170, a user may loosen the mechanical fasteners that secure filter retention bracket172to rear chamber wall132. The user may then slide filter retention bracket172upward along the vertical direction V and place a new or cleaned wicking filter170into water reservoir152. The user may then slide filter retention bracket172back onto wicking filter170and secure it with the mechanical fasteners such that retention flanges174secure the top end of wicking filter170. Filter retention bracket172may further define a recirculation aperture (e.g., as identified by reference numeral178inFIG.8) through which a flow of air may pass. As shown, a recirculation fan180may be positioned adjacent the wicking filter170for selectively urging a flow of recirculation air (e.g., as identified generally by reference numeral182inFIG.8) through wicking filter170. More specifically, recirculation fan180may be mounted directly to filter retention bracket172over recirculation aperture178. In this manner, all air driven by recirculation fan180may pass from grow chamber130, through wicking filter170, through recirculation aperture178, and back into grow chamber130. More specifically, as shown, recirculation fan180may be positioned on top of wicking filter170, e.g., opposite water reservoir152such that the flow of recirculation air182is drawn up through an entire height of wicking filter170to extract more moisture from wicking filter170into the flow of recirculation air182. Notably, as explained above, as mushrooms grow within grow chamber130, the mushrooms may give off carbon dioxide, resulting in elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide within grow chamber130. Climate control system150may further include features for regulating these levels of carbon dioxide. Specifically, referring now toFIGS.4through8, climate control system150may include a fresh air fan186for urging a flow of fresh air (e.g., identified generally by reference numeral188inFIG.8) into grow chamber130. By selectively urging the flow of fresh air188into grow chamber130, fresh air fan186may decrease the concentration of carbon dioxide within grow chamber130. Specifically, according to the illustrated embodiment, rear chamber wall132of grow chamber130may define an air intake190through which ambient air from outside of mushroom growing appliance100may enter grow chamber130. According to the illustrated embodiment, wicking filter170is seated directly over air intake190such that the flow of fresh air188entering grow chamber130is filtered as it passes into grow chamber130. Accordingly, air intake190may generally be positioned between filter retention bracket172and water reservoir152along the vertical direction V. In this manner, external contaminants may be removed to ensure a more controlled climate within grow chamber130. According to the illustrated embodiment, fresh air fan186may be positioned over air intake190, e.g., between rear chamber wall132of grow chamber130and rear114of cabinet102(see, e.g.,FIG.7, where rear chamber wall132is removed for clarity). Moreover, cabinet102may define a cabinet opening192directly adjacent air intake190. In addition, rear chamber wall132may include a plurality of restrictive baffles194that extend across air intake190to restrict the flow of fresh air188passing therethrough. In this manner, the flow of fresh air188is restricted sufficiently to prevent large amounts of air from being drawn in by recirculation fan180, while also permitting fresh air fan186to urge the flow of fresh air188from the outside into grow chamber130. According to exemplary embodiments, climate control system150may further include one or more sensors for monitoring the environment or climate within grow chamber130and taking corrective action to adjust the climate as desired. For example, according to the illustrated embodiment, climate control system150may further include a gas sensor196that is positioned within grow chamber130and is generally configured for measuring the concentration of carbon dioxide (or other gases) in grow chamber130. In this regard, controller126may generally be in operative communication with gas sensor196and may be used to monitor the concentration of carbon dioxide (or other gases) using gas sensor196. Controller126may be further configured to determine that the concentration of carbon dioxide has exceeded a predetermined carbon dioxide threshold and operate the fresh air fan186to supplement the grow chamber130with the flow of fresh air188as needed to adjust the undesirable gas concentration. Similarly, climate control system150may include a humidity sensor198that is positioned within grow chamber130for measuring a chamber humidity within grow chamber130. Controller126may be in operative communication with humidity sensor198for monitoring the chamber humidity. The controller may be further configured to determine that the chamber humidity is below a predetermined humidity threshold (e.g., a desired committee for mushroom growth) and may operate the recirculation fan180to circulate the flow of recirculation air182within grow chamber130. In this manner, as the flow of recirculation air182is drawn up through wicking filter170, the flow of recirculation air182may extract moisture and become humidified before being discharged back into grow chamber130. As explained above, aspects of the present subject matter are directed to a mushroom growing appliance and methods of operating the same to create an airflow path that can use the wicking/humidification media as both a filter and wick for both the recirculation and fresh air fan. The airflow may be achieved by placing two fans perpendicular to a block of wicking media in the base of a water reservoir. The wicking material can pull water up to the top where the recirculation fan can humidify the grow chamber and the fresh air fan can push air through the media to humidify and add fresh air to the unit. This method permits the chamber to keep high levels of humidity at all times and to reduce the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the mushroom growing appliance as this is a common byproduct in the mushroom growing process. In addition, the unit is kept clean by sucking fallen spores along with the airflow path into the wicking media that can easily be changed by the user as a consumable, acting as a filter for the recirculation side of the unit. In addition, the fresh air fan will push air through the media and any outside contaminants will also be caught in this same humidification media acting as a filter for the inlet side of the unit. This written description uses examples to disclose the invention, including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the invention, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the invention is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they include structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal languages of the claims.

11856898

DETAILED DESCRIPTION The automated mushroom harvesting system for harvesting mushrooms grown in “Dutch style” growing racks, as conventionally used in commercial farming of mushrooms, includes: one or more robots, and in a preferred embodiment, at least two robots, which are arranged in opposing relation on opposite sides of a mushroom growing rack for covering the entire area of each mushroom bed. It will be appreciated that only one robot, or more than two robots, may also be employed. The system may optionally also include a product conveyor for moving harvested mushrooms from each robot to the growing room exit, and for moving empty packaging from the room entrance to the robot loading points. Additionally, the system may also include a waste conveyor for moving the harvesting waste product from the robot to the growing room exit. With reference toFIGS.1to22, in a preferred embodiment, the robot assembly includes the following subassemblies:(a) A vertical carriage assembly that supports and moves the SCARA Arm along a vertical axis, so as to access different elevations above the mushroom bed, accomplish vertical picking and placing motions, and to access different shelves in a vertical mushroom rack.(b) Upper and lower horizontal axis carriage assemblies to support the robot on the growing rack and transport the robot along the length of the rack using a combination of one or more driven and idler wheels that ride on rails fixed to the side of the rack.(c) An articulated SCARA arm consisting of three vertical, rotational axes at a shoulder, elbow, and wrist of the arm, which rotational axes function together to move the arm and its end effector into, out of, and over the shelf zones between the rack's frame uprights. The SCARA arm is mounted to the vertical axis stage and may be driven by a servo motor to move the arm and its end effector linearly in the vertical directions up and down along the vertical axis assembly. A rotary servo motor at the end to the SCARA arm assembly drives the end effector attached to it via a tool change coupling for the purpose of executing picking functions with the end effector.(d) The SCARA arm houses a multispectral and 3D vision system camera, as well as a multispectral lighting board, for imaging the mushrooms and growing bed below the arm. Other embodiments may include off-arm vision systems that image the bed independently of the arm, including fixed and/or moving arrays of lighting and cameras. For example, in some embodiments (described below), the vision system may be mounted in a fixed position above a travelling mushroom bed system, and is configured to scan the mushroom bed as the bed is conveyed past the vision system. In other embodiments, the vision system may be mounted to a travelling, ruffler-like carriage, and the carriage may be configured to travel above the stationary mushroom beds on the rack so as to continually scan the mushroom beds. Data gathered by the vision system is then processed and communicated to the SCARA arm to direct the SCARA arm to harvest those mushrooms identified for harvesting or clearing (as the case may be).(e) The end effector comprises vacuum cups and/or actuated finger assemblies that enable the picking of mushrooms without damage. For embodiments utilizing vacuum cup end effectors, there may optionally be a plurality of vacuum cup end effectors of different sizes for picking different sizes of mushrooms.(f) A tool change station provides a plurality of end effector tools for the SCARA arm to exchange for the purpose of changing the size and type of tool optimized for a particular mushroom size to be harvested, and to exchange fouled tools for clean tools. The tool change station may also include a tool cleaning station for removing accumulation of debris from the end effector tools stored on the tool change station. In an embodiment, the tool change station may include a servo motor driven rotary platform with a plurality of slots for supporting the plurality of tools. In another embodiment, the tools are supported on a fixed, stationary rack. In some embodiments, there may be a second cleaning station remote from the tool change station, located closer to the SCARA arm, for cleaning the end effector between picking motions.(g) An elevator comprising a driven vertical conveyor positioned adjacent the vertical axis assembly, the elevator having a plurality of finger assemblies spaced along the conveyor surface for receiving mushrooms picked by the SCARA arm end effector and transporting the picked mushrooms to a box filling and handling system located at the bottom of the robot assembly. The subassemblies listed above will now be described in detail, in the paragraphs below. SCARA Arm and Carriage Assemblies In an embodiment of the automated mushroom harvesting system, illustrated inFIGS.1to15, a mushroom harvesting robot1comprises upper and lower horizontal carriage assemblies10,20, as well as a vertical carriage assembly30mounted to the upper and lower horizontal carriage assemblies10,20. The upper and lower horizontal carriage assemblies10,20may include a combination of driven and/or idler wheels12on the upper horizontal carriage assembly10, and a combination of driven and/or idler wheels22on the lower horizontal carriage assembly20. The driven and idler wheels of the upper and lower horizontal carriage assemblies are configured to be mounted to outer rails of the mushroom growing racks R, as shown for example inFIG.2. It will be appreciated that different combinations of idler and driven wheels on the upper and lower horizontal carriage assemblies10,20may work and are included in the present disclosure. For example, not intended to be limiting, the upper horizontal carriage may include two driven wheels and the lower horizontal carriage may include two idler wheels; alternately, the upper horizontal carriage may include one driven wheel and one idler wheel and the lower horizontal carriage may include two idler wheels, or both the upper and lower carriage assemblies may each include both an idler wheel and a driven wheel. The upper and lower horizontal carriage assemblies enable the mushroom harvesting robot to travel in a horizontal direction X along side of the mushroom rack R on which the robot1is mounted. In this manner, the mushroom harvesting robot1may move from section to section of the rack are in order to access mushrooms growing in each section, such as the mushroom robot accessing adjacent mushroom sections S1, S2and S3as the robot travels along a side of the rack are in horizontal direction X, as shown for example inFIG.2. The vertical carriage assembly30includes a carriage plate32. The carriage plate32is slidably mounted to a vertical mast34supporting a carriage belt36. The carriage motor38operates the carriage plate32so as to slide it up and down the vertical mast34along the carriage belt36in vertical direction Z. Thus, the vertical motion of the end effector50, supported on the end of a SCARA arm40mounted to the carriage plate32, is controlled by means of the motor38actuating the carriage belt36and corresponding carriage plate32in direction Z. As best viewed inFIG.7, the SCARA arm40comprises a shoulder42, an upper arm44pivotally mounted to the shoulder42, an elbow46, and a forearm48pivotally mounted to the upper arm44at the elbow46. An end effector50is releasably mounted to the free end48aof forearm48. For example, the end effector50may be mounted to the free end48aof the forearm48by a tool change mount51between the free end48aof the forearm and the end effector50. A rotary wrist motor39is operable to rotate or twist the end effector50about rotational axis A in rotational direction N, for example as shown inFIG.7. As will be further explained below, this enables the SCARA arm to apply a twisting motion to a mushroom held by the end effector50during picking operations. A rotary motor41is also provided for rotating the elbow joint46about the rotational axis C in rotational direction D. In the embodiment illustrated inFIG.7, the elbow motor41is mounted proximate the shoulder joint42, and a chain or belt (not shown) is mounted within the upper arm44and operatively connected to the elbow joint46and the elbow motor41so as to transfer the rotational motion of the rotary motor41to the elbow joint46to rotate the elbow46about vertical axis C. The configuration illustrated inFIG.7thereby reduces the vertical size of the elbow joint46and also reduces the overall weight of the cantilevered portion of the SCARA arm40that sweeps over the mushroom bed. However, it will be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that other embodiments may include a rotary motor41mounted proximate the elbow joint46for rotating the elbow46about axis C, and such embodiments are included in the present disclosure. Rotary motor49is provided for rotating the shoulder42about rotational axis E in rotational direction F. As will be appreciated by person skilled in the art, the SCARA arm40thereby provides for moving the end effector50over the area swept by the SCARA arm when fully extended, which advantageously may be a large portion of, or substantially the entire surface area of, a given mushroom bed during picking operations, limited only by a horizontal plane arc of travel provided by the shoulder42rotating about its rotational axis. For example, in some embodiments such as illustrated in the schematic diagram ofFIG.19, the arc of travel110a,110b,110cmay be 180 degrees, thereby covering substantially 70% of the surface area of a given mushroom bed. The degrees of freedom provided by a combination of the shoulder42and the elbow46, enable the end effector50to be positioned over and access any mushroom within the surface area covered by SCARA arm40. As an illustrative example not intended to be limiting, with reference toFIG.19, a typical section U of a mushroom bed may have a length T of 140 cm and a width W of 140 cm, these measurements being the distances between adjacent vertical legs or posts V of the mushroom rack R. When performing scanning operations with a vision system mounted to the SCARA arm40, the robot1may in position112awhen performing a first scan of the bed section U, with the travel arc110asweeping over a portion of section U. The midway point M of the width W would be, in this example, 70 cm from one edge of the rack, whereas the radius G of the arc of travel110amay be slightly longer than the midway point M of the width W; for example, the radius G may be approximately 103 cm. In the illustrative example, after a first scan is completed by the SCARA arm, the robot moves in direction X to a second position112b, and performs a second scanning operation with the SCARA arm as shown by the arm's arc of travel110b. The robot may then move once again to position112cto perform a third scanning operation, represented by the arm's arc of travel110c. As shown inFIG.19, the three arcs of travel110a,110band110care overlapping. By combining the images obtained during each overlapping scanning operation, the robot1covers an entire one half of the area of the mushroom bed U. In other embodiments, the robot may be configured to travel in direction X during a continuous scanning operation, thereby imaging section U with the SCARA arm extended in different positions over the section U. In such embodiments, imaging system may include an array of cameras and lighting supported along the length of the SCARA arm, so as to scan different portions of section U as the robot1travels along the section U in direction X. It will be appreciated that, in some embodiments, a second robot1may be deployed on the opposite side of the mushroom bed U, opposite from the positions112a,112band112cof the first robot, and the second robot may cover the entire second half of the mushroom bed U by performing a similar set of overlapping scans from the opposite side of the mushroom bed U, to thereby cover the entire mushroom bed. It will also be appreciated that, rather than deploying two robots to simultaneously scan the same mushroom bed U, an operator may optionally scan a first half of the mushroom bed U, and then move that same robot to the opposite side of the mushroom bed U so as to scan the entire second half of the mushroom bed U. It will also be appreciated that the dimensions discussed above are not intended to be limiting; for example, sections of mushroom beds U may have larger or smaller dimensions than as discussed above, and similarly, the radius of the arc of travel G may be configured to be shorter or longer, depending on the design of the SCARA arm. Advantageously, the combination of a SCARA arm, providing for motion of the end effector in a horizontal plane, with a gantry-style vertical carriage assembly30, which provides for motion of the end effector in a vertical plane, enables the use of the mushroom harvesting robot1to automate the harvesting of mushrooms grown in the traditional Dutch style mushroom growing racks, which only have a clearance of typically 10 to 11 inches from the surface of the bed to the next mushroom rack shelf located above the bed. Because of this space limitation, in the Applicant's experience, it is difficult to use robotic arms designed with both horizontal and vertical ranges of motion while remaining within the confines of the traditional mushroom rack structure. Instead, the SCARA arm of the present invention enables coverage of nearly the entire surface of mushroom bed, in a horizontal plane, while adjustments to the vertical height of the SCARA arm and the end effector are provided by the vertical carriage assembly30located entirely outside the frame of the mushroom rack. In contrast, the Applicant has found that providing for both horizontal and vertical movement, entirely on the robotic arm structure that is working within the tight space confines of the mushroom rack, is difficult to accomplish and not practical due to the space constraints. To cover the rest of the area of the mushroom bed that is not accessible by the SCARA arm of a first robot1, in some embodiments a second robot1may be provided, which may be positioned in opposing relation to the first robot on the other side of the mushroom growing rack. In this manner, two robots each having a SCARA arm with the same range of coverage over the mushroom bed, would together cover the entire area of the mushroom bed, with some overlapping coverage as between the two robots. Furthermore, in other embodiments and depending on the exact configuration of the growing rack, it will be appreciated by person skilled in the art that other robots with different configurations, for example having longer SCARA arms, may be designed so as to cover the entire mushroom bed using only a single robot, and it will be appreciated that such embodiments are intended to be included in the scope of the present disclosure. As may best be seen inFIGS.7and8, the SCARA arm may include a distance sensor for detecting the frame of the vertical mushroom rack R. For example, not intended to be limiting, the distance sensor43, may be a lidar sensor, which provides for single-point or multi-point distance measurement between the lidar sensor43and the frame of the mushroom rack R. In some embodiments, such as shown inFIG.7, the lidar sensor43may be mounted adjacent shoulder42, for example on an upper surface44aof the upper arm44. The degrees of freedom of motion provided by the structure of the SCARA arm40enable SCARA arm42bto be folded in a position completely outside of the frame of mushroom rack R when the robot assembly1is mounted to the mushroom rack R. Advantageously, this enables the SCARA arm to be folded out of the way when the robot is translating in horizontal direction X along the rack R, for example to move from one section to another section of the mushroom rack, without the SCARA arm40interfering with the vertical legs V of the mushroom rack R. Vision System In some embodiments, the SCARA arm40includes a 3D and/or a multispectral camera45and a multispectral lighting array47mounted to the lower side48bof the forearm48. Thus, the SCARA arm40may be used to scan the mushroom bed using the camera45and the multispectral lighting array47, prior to commencing harvesting operations. The camera45records a series of images as the SCARA arm40sweeps over the mushroom bed, taking a series of images of the entire surface of mushroom bed. The images are stored in a memory associated with the robot's control system, and a processor along with image processing software “stitches” the series of images together to create a composition image or map of the entire surface of the mushroom bed. The stitching of images refers to the synthesis of a single image from a plurality of separate images gathered by the cameras and sensors. Images of the mushrooms taken by illuminating the mushroom bed with light of different wavelengths, provided for example by the multispectral lighting array47, may be used for automated identification purposes in surveying the surface of the mushroom bed, assessing the growth stage and condition of the mushrooms growing in the bed, as well as distinguishing between compost, disease or salt clumps in the bed and the mushrooms to be harvested. Various methods are used to process the images taken by the camera45to identify the mushrooms to be harvested and to control the SCARA arm40and the end effector54for efficiently harvesting mushrooms of a given grade, for example, or for performing different types of picking operations at different stages of mushroom growth, as will be further explained below. Providing the camera45and lighting array47on the underside48bof the forearm48enables real-time control of the end effector50during the harvesting operation when several mushrooms will be picked. Furthermore, in some embodiments, the scanning operation performed by the SCARA arm using the camera45and lighting array47may be performed simultaneously during the picking operations, whereby the scanning and picking operations are performed simultaneously, advantageously reducing the downtime that occurs when scanning and picking operations are performed sequentially. Additionally, mounting the camera45and lighting array47to the SCARA arm40enables verification of the mushroom orientation on the cup, so as to determine the optimum loading orientation into the fingers on the elevator for transporting the harvested mushroom to a box or package for further handling. It will be appreciated by person skilled in the art that the camera45and lighting array47do not need to be mounted to the SCARA arm; for example, a camera145and lighting array147may be provided on a separate carriage or mount, for separately scanning the bed prior to or after harvesting. For example, in an embodiment illustrated inFIG.23, a separate carriage or mount140amay be affixed to a rack R1above a travelling mushroom bed142, travelling in direction X1, for scanning the mushroom bed142as it is conveyed past the camera and lighting array145,147, or it may be a mobilized carriage or mount that is adapted to travel above, so as to scan, the mushroom bed. In some embodiments, such as illustrated inFIG.23, there may be first and second mounts140a,140b, wherein the vision system145,147at the first mount140ascans the travelling mushroom bed142prior to reaching the harvesting area144, where the SCARA arm may be positioned for harvesting mushrooms as the travelling mushroom bed142passes through the harvesting area144. The data captured by the vision system145,147at the first mount may thereby be used to determine which mushrooms should be harvested by the SCARA arms as the bed142travels through harvesting area144. Then, at the second mount140b, a second vision system145,147scans the travelling mushroom bed142after the harvesting operation has been performed, and such data captured by the second vision system may be used to validate the data captured by the first vision system at the first mount140a. Optionally, having first and second vision systems mounted at the first and second mounts140a,140bmay enable bidirectional travel of the travelling bed142, wherein the bed142travels in both the direction X1and in the opposite direction, so that regardless of which direction the bed142is travelling, the vision system at either mount140aor140bmay scan the bed142as it travels past the mount140a,140b. In some embodiments having the vision system, including the camera45and lighting array47, mounted to the SCARA arm40, the vision system may be configured to obtain a plurality of overlapping images to produce non-occluded views of the mushrooms. The vision system is programmed to obtain images of the mushroom bed from at least four positions, spaced apart from one another, with the position and speed of the SCARA arm40being monitored by a control system of the mushroom harvesting robot1during the scanning operations. The resulting four images, taken from the four different positions of the SCARA arm, partially overlap the adjacent images taken from the adjacent positions of the four positions of the SCARA arm. Different wavelengths of light, projected onto the mushroom bed from the lighting array47when the lighting array47is in a first position, are reflected from the surface topography of the mushroom bed and then captured by the camera45. A processor of the control system analyses the light reflected from the surface of the mushroom bed, as captured by the camera45at the second, overlapping position of the SCARA arm40and the distance travelled by the SCARA arm as it moves from the first position to the second position, and by repeating this process while moving between the plurality of positions, the resulting map of the mushroom bed may provide detailed information about the bed's topography, including but not limited to information regarding the condition of the veil underneath the mushroom cap. Information about the condition of the veil underneath the mushroom cap is important for obtaining high grade mushrooms, as once the veil (which encloses the edges of the cap to the stem of the mushroom) is broken, the value of the mushroom is reduced. Although four overlapping positions of the SCARA arm, producing four overlapping images, is described above in an illustrative example, it is appreciated that more or less than four positions may be used in the imaging method described above. In some embodiments, information regarding the condition of the veil underneath the mushroom cap may be obtained, for example, by analysing the light that is reflected by the surface of the mushroom bed and the light that is absorbed into the surface of the mushroom bed, as different wavelengths will be either reflected, absorbed or scattered by the different structures across the surface of the mushroom bed, which different structures include but are not limited to the mushrooms, compost, disease and salt piles. In accordance with the present disclosure, mushroom maturity may be estimated from images captured of the topography of the mushroom bed, by measuring the mushroom cap's normal gradient near the center and around the circumference. Generally, the radius of curvature of the button mushroom cap at its circumference and at the center of the cap both become larger as the mushroom approaches maturity and the veil is about to open, independent of the mushroom cap's diameter. End Effector As best viewed inFIGS.9and10, the end effector includes a cup56and a neck52, the neck having a helical reinforcing element54, which allows the cup56to easily adapt to angled surfaces of targeted mushrooms to be harvested. Since mushrooms do not always grow vertically, and often grow at an angle to the vertical, the cup of the end effector is made of a soft, flexible material, such as a silicon rubber having a low shore durometer value and a high elasticity, so as to facilitate the cup passively conforming to the surface of a tilted mushroom cap as the cup is brought into contact with the mushroom. The material of the cup56may also taper towards the lip56aof the cup, as shown inFIG.9, so as to provide further softness and flexibility to the lip of the cup to facilitate conforming to the surface of the mushroom cap and reduce damage that may be caused to the mushroom when the lip contacts the mushroom. The neck52of the end effector is made of a resilient material, such as a silicon rubber having a higher shore durometer value and lower elasticity, as compared to the cup. The resilient property of the neck material also enables the neck to compress on one side of the neck, thereby also facilitating conforming the cup of the end effector to the surface of a tilted mushroom cap. Additionally, the combination of the resilient material and the helical reinforcing element of the neck allows the neck and cup of the end effector to snap back into its original orientation after successfully picking a mushroom. Advantageously, these combined features of the end effector enable a high amount of torque to be transferred to the mushroom without overly winding up the cup or collapsing the internal cavity of the cup or neck. As compared to a traditional bellow-style of suction cup, which creates additional pulling or moment forces on the cap of the mushroom, these pulling or moment forces on the mushroom are minimized by the end effector design described above, thereby reducing bruising or decapitation of the mushrooms during picking operations. In some embodiments, the helical reinforcing element54may include a helical ridge integrally formed on the external surfaces of the neck. In other embodiments, the helical reinforcing element may include a metallic wire or spring adhered to the neck or incorporated into the material of the neck. The helical reinforcing element provides rigidity to the neck when a twisting motion is applied to the end effector in a yaw direction J to twist the mushroom cap approximately along an axis K passing through the stem of the mushroom, so as to transfer the torque to the mushroom without collapsing the neck or cup. However, the neck remains deformable in the pitch and roll directions, enabling the neck of the end effector to conform to the mushroom cap surface of a tilted mushroom. In some embodiments, the cup may be formed of a silicon rubber and uses a graded durometry or a graded modulus of elasticity to reduce damage to mushroom tissue while remaining rigid. The graded modulus of elasticity allows the skirt to adapt to uneven surfaces and create a strong seal without collapsing or folding the skirt with higher vacuum forces, as a vacuum line applies a gentle negative pressure to the mushroom cap when a seal or partial seal has formed between the cup and the mushroom cap surface. The softest grade of silicon rubber57, having a relatively lower durometer value and lower modulus of elasticity, is applied on the inner surface56bof the cup, thereby preventing or reducing a vacuum ring from pinching in on the mushroom cap and creating rings or otherwise bruising the mushroom, while the stiffer grade of silicon rubber58is applied to the outer surface56cof the cup and the neck52. An example of ranges of shore durometer values, which are used by the Applicant as an approximation of the modulus of elasticity of those materials when selecting rubber materials for manufacturing the end effector cup and neck, without intending to be limiting, are as follows: in the cup, a range of 5 to 20; in the neck, a range of 30 to 50; in the helical ridge, a range of 30 to 50. The interface layer59between the different grades of rubber is designed to maximize surface area of contact between the two layers to ensure a strong bond between different grades of silicon rubber used in the manufacture of the end effector. Furthermore, the interface layer59creates a gradual elasticity gradient, from the lip56aof the cup towards the neck52, which avoids a step change in elasticity through the body of the cup56. Furthermore, the different grades of silicon rubber may be blended or mixed along the interface layer59, during manufacture of the cup56, so as to further enhance the elasticity gradient of the resulting cup. The end effector may additionally include an internally integrated filter53to prevent particles from entering the vacuum line and fouling the vacuum line or vacuum source. The vacuum line inlet55is located at the mounting end of the cup. For example, the filter may be a metallic screen filter, or any other filter material known to a person skilled in the art. End Effector Damping The flexibility of the end effector in pitch and roll directions can result in significant movement of the mushroom on the end effector during rapid acceleration and deceleration as the mushroom is transported to the trimming elevator (for example, an approximate speed of 4 to 6 m/s and approximate maximum acceleration/deceleration of 10 to 12 m/s2to facilitate a harvesting rate of approximately 20 to 30 mushrooms per minute). The oscillating movement of the mushroom on approach to the fingers on the elevator for receiving the mushroom may present challenges to transferring the mushroom onto the elevator fingers. Ideally, the mushroom should be relatively stable to permit better loading of the mushroom onto the elevator fingers. In some embodiments, the oscillation of the mushroom may be dampened by incorporating an anti-rebound material capable of absorbing the energy of the oscillating end effector and mushroom into the neck52of the end effector, thereby damping the oscillating motion of the end effector and mushroom. An example of such a material, not intending to be limiting, includes a polymeric material sold under the trademark Nozorb™ by Northern Plastics, having a Bayshore Rebound value of 3%. In other embodiments, such as the end effector150illustrated inFIGS.20-22, the neck152of the cup156is made more rigid during high acceleration and deceleration motions by a balloon skirt160that snugly surrounds the spiral neck152of the end effector150. The balloon skirt160is cast of silicon rubber and may have a thicker outer wall160a, distal from the outer surface156cof the cup156, and a thinner inner wall160b, adjacent the outer surface156cof the cup156and the spiral neck152, the inner and outer walls160a,160bdefining a balloon cavity160ctherebetween. When the balloon cavity160cis pressurized, the balloon skirt160constrains movement of the spiral neck152, thereby stabilizing the mushroom being carried by the cup156as the mushroom is transported to the trimming elevator. The silicone balloon skirt160may be molded as a single piece and clamped into place between the internal ring162and suction cup mount151. The profile of the internal ring162may be angled to allow the cup to articulate and to provide room for the balloon air fitting164. For example, not intending to be limiting, the inner wall160bof the balloon skirt may be 1 mm thick to stabilize the cup, and the outer wall160aof the balloon skirt may be 2 mm thick so that the outer wall160adoes not become deformed under pressure and is more durable. Tool Change Station In some embodiments, as best viewed inFIGS.8and11, a tool change station80provides a plurality of end effector tools50for the SCARA arm40to exchange for the purpose of changing the size and type of tool optimized for a particular mushroom size to be harvested, and to exchange fouled tools for clean tools. The tool change station80may also include a tool cleaning nozzle82for removing accumulation of debris from the end effector tools stored on the tool change station. The nozzle82may have a cone-shaped geometry and is designed to receive the cup56of the end effector50, so as to direct a pressurized stream of water, air or cleaning solution on the inner surface56bof the cup56to remove any debris from the inner surface of the cup. In some embodiments, the tool change station80includes a servo motor driven rotary platform84with a plurality of slots84afor supporting the plurality of tools. The plurality of end effector tools50may include end effectors50of different sizes or configurations suitable for the harvesting of different sizes and/or types of mushrooms. Alternatively or additionally, the system may include a tool cleaning station84mounted to the vertical platform, wherein the end effector50mounted to the SCARA arm40may be cleaned every time the robot moves along the rack in a horizontal direction. Elevator Conveyor and Trimming In some embodiments, as best viewed inFIGS.1,3and12-15, the automated mushroom harvesting system includes an elevator60for transferring the harvested mushrooms from the end effector operated by the SCARA arm to a knife for trimming the mushroom, and then depositing the harvested mushroom into a container for shipment. The elevator conveyor60comprises a driven vertical conveyor62positioned adjacent the vertical carriage assembly30, the elevator conveyor60having a plurality of finger assemblies64spaced along the vertical conveyor62for receiving mushrooms picked by the SCARA arm end effector and transporting the picked mushrooms to a box filling and handling system90located at the bottom of the robot assembly. The vertical conveyor62may be driven by a servo motor62a. In some embodiments, a second multi-spectral 3D vision system66is located below the picking elevation of the bottom growing shelf and positioned to inspect the mushrooms on the elevator as they travel down. The images obtained from the second multi-spectral 3D vision system66may be used to determine the cap diameter, stem length, soil debris on the stem, and the condition of the mushroom veil. This information may then used to position the elevator finger assemblies64so as to position the harvested mushroom adjacent to a trimming knife68which is actuated to remove the soil and stump from the mushroom at the desired location, based on product parameters defined by the user. Configurable options for trimming may include, for example: no trimming, trim to fixed length, trim to length relative to the diameter of the mushroom cap, or minimized trim to remove the soil and stump from the stem, or combinations of these options. The veil condition as detected by the multi-spectral 3D vision system66may be used in grading decisions or quality control metrics as selected by the operator, as well as monitoring the growing conditions of the mushroom bed where the mushroom was picked from. Furthermore, in some embodiments the images captured by the second vision system66may be used as feedback to improve the accuracy of identifying mushrooms ready for harvesting, as determined by data collected by the first multi-spectral 3D vision system45,47. The first vision system45,47, typically located on the SCARA arm and used to scan the mushroom beds during or prior to a harvesting operation, predicts the maturity and ripeness of a mushroom based on an estimation of the changing gradient of the mushroom's upper surface, as further explained below. However, the first vision system45,47can only capture images of the upper surface of the mushroom cap, and typically does not capture images of the mushroom's veil underneath the mushroom cap. However, because the second vision system66captures images of the harvested mushroom when the mushroom is loaded onto the vertical conveyor62, the underside of the mushroom, including the mushroom veil, is included in these images. Therefore, the image data captured by the second vision system66may be used to validate the data captured by the first vision system45,47, and may be used to improve the algorithms and methods that the system uses to process and interpret the image data captured by the first vision system so as to identify the mushrooms that are ready to be harvested. In some embodiments, the system may therefore improve the accuracy of identifying which mushrooms are ready for harvesting. Upon trimming, a deflector65below each elevator finger assembly64deflects the waste towards the waste chute69and waste conveyor67and away from the finished product M. The finger and deflector assembly64,65may be mounted to the vertical conveyor62using a dovetail mount with embedded magnet(s), permitting ease of replacement of the finger and deflector assembly64,65without tools while maintaining the functional integrity of the finger assembly64during operation and transport. The elevator finger assemblies64may be geometrically optimized to provide stable presentation of the mushroom to the trimming vision system and as the mushroom is being trimmed by the trimming knife68. The elevator finger assemblies64are substantially planer with a V-shaped opening to accommodate mushrooms (cap and stem) of various sizes, and is slightly dished like a bowl to help locate slightly misaligned mushrooms on the finger assembly, and so as to increase the likelihood of a stemless mushroom being retained on the finger assembly as it travels to the drop point61of the elevator conveyor60. As the finger assembly64carrying the trimmed mushroom descends down the vertical conveyor62, it reaches the tail shaft63of the conveyor62and then proceeds to rotate from a horizontal position to a vertical position and then to an inverted position as it travels around the tail shaft63. The mushroom dislodges from the fingers under the influence of gravity at drop point61and drops into the box B below. In some embodiments, optionally an actuated assembly may pick the mushroom from the finger assembly64with an end effector50to controllably place each mushroom into a box B positioned below the drop point61. Adjacent to the elevator is an apertured waste chute69that receives waste product from the SCARA arm40, the waste chute69having a plurality of apertures69aat each shelf picking elevation. Alternatively, in some embodiments (not shown), rather than having a single waste chute69with a plurality of apertures69a, there may be a plurality of individual waste chutes provided at each shelf picking elevation. The waste chute69directs the waste to the waste conveyor67which also collects the trim waste from the trim station and accumulates the waste until the robot is docked for unloading. A dedicated waste box is positioned at the docking station and the waste conveyor67on the robot advances the waste into the waste box while the full product boxes B are discharged from the robot and empty product boxes are brought onto the robot box handling system. Conveyance and Handling As best viewed inFIG.15, the box conveyance and handling system90at the bottom of the robot assembly1consists of two arrays of rollers92a,92b, the rollers arranged so as to be axially perpendicular to the side of the growing rack R, with each array92a,92bsplit to be independently driven. Jump belt conveyors94cross the two roll conveyors for transferring boxes from one roller array to the other in either direction. The box handling system90can accommodate multiple open top boxes or trays B (for example, five boxes or trays) with the ability to position one box accurately below the elevator drop point61using a 3D or proximity sensor, such as lidar70, having a sweep plane70a, to locate the box and control its position through combined actuation of the arrays of rollers and jump belt conveyor below the loading/drop point61. When a mushroom falls out of the finger assembly64, it falls into a box B at drop point61(the box removed fromFIG.15for clarity). The roll conveyor section92bimmediately below the loading/drop point61may be supported on load cells (not shown) used to measure the weight of the box and its contents, thereby providing feedback to the control system to control the weight of mushrooms placed in each box loaded. Deflectors65, positioned proximate to and beneath the fingers64, are for redirecting falling debris into the waste chute69to prevent debris from falling into the boxes B and contaminating the mushrooms packed into boxes B. The open top box or trays can have packaging such as punnets, tills, bags, or smaller trays arrayed within so that the smaller packages can be filled by weight directly as the mushrooms are dropped or placed from the elevator60. The box conveyance and handling system90is charged with open top boxes, trays, and the like. In some embodiments, the box conveyance and handling system90at the bottom of the robot assembly may dock with a room conveyance and handling system100, such as the system100illustrated inFIG.16. As shown inFIG.16, an illustrative example of a room conveyance and handling system100may include at least two conveyor beds102a,102b, located outside an entrance Q to the growing room, where a plurality of mushroom growing racks R are located (the walls surrounding the entrance Q to the growing room are removed fromFIG.16for clarity). Conveyor bed102amay convey empty boxes B into the grow room, while conveyor bed102bmay convey boxes B filled with mushrooms out of the grow room, for transporting the filled mushroom boxes to a transport vehicle for taking the harvested mushrooms to warehouse and market. Conveyor beds102a,102bmay be adjacent to a central conveyor bed104, for carrying empty boxes into the grow room through entrance E, in direction I, and for carrying boxes filled with mushrooms out of the grow room through entrance E, in direction O. Central conveyor bed104, inside the grow room, may also be positioned adjacent branch conveyor beds106, the branch conveyor beds106positioned adjacent the box conveyance handling system90at the bottom of each robot assembly1inside the grow room, the branch conveyor beds106positioned so as to supply empty boxes to the box conveyance handling system90and for moving boxes filled with mushrooms away from the robot assembly1. It will be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that the configuration of a room conveyance and handling system100is not limited to the illustrative example shown inFIG.16, and that other configurations of conveyor beds102,104and106, designed for particular configurations of grow rooms, are also intended to be included in the scope of the present disclosure. For example, there may be more or fewer conveyor beds102,104,106than are shown inFIG.16, and such conveyor beds may be positioned in a variety of different configurations. Optionally, the box conveyance and handling system90may be detachable from the lower horizontal carriage assembly20and the vertical carriage assembly30of the mushroom harvesting robot to facilitate relocating the robot1, by using a transport platform to lift the robot1off of one rack R, move it, and then place it onto another rack R. As shown for example inFIGS.4,17and18, the vertical carriage assembly30may be mounted to the lower horizontal carriage assembly chassis20by a pivot assembly24, allowing the mast (which includes the vertical carriage assembly30, elevator60, waste chute69, and the upper horizontal carriage assembly10) to rotate in direction P, thereby reducing the overall height of the robot assembly to facilitate moving the robot from one location to another, such as through doorways and for shipping. When the robot assembly1is in a folded configuration, such as shown inFIGS.17and18, it may be loaded onto a robot transport platform37for transporting the robot1from one rack to another, or for transporting the robot between mushroom grow rooms. Operation Preferably, once the robot is mounted on a growing or harvesting rack and powered up, it may automatically identify the rack that it is mounted to. Identification of the rack on which the robot1is mounted may be accomplished by a sensor, such as a camera, scanner or single point laser sensor31, mounted on the vertical carriage assembly30adjacent to the SCARA arm40, for identifying a QR code, a barcode or similar identification code on the frame of the rack R, as best viewed inFIGS.4and7. Other identification mechanisms may include RFID tags, or other unique electromagnetic or optical identifiers as would be known to a person skilled in the art. Upon connecting to the mushroom growing room's control system and verifying room identification, the rack dimensions and configuration is received by the robot control system, by means of a database or a locally configured system. In operation, the robot1then verifies the rack topology by travelling up and down the length of the rack R in direction X, with the vertical and horizontal carriage assemblies at various elevations. A single point distance sensor is mounted to the vertical stage and/or the vertical axis, at or just below the elevation of the upper horizontal carriage, and directed towards the growing rack frame, and a lidar or sweeping single point range sensor43is mounted on top of the SCARA arm. Both sensors are used to determine the rack topology and dimensions and to detect and avoid obstacles both during rack orientation and normal scanning and harvesting operations. The operator may configure which product size and maturity range the robot is to harvest, along with the target package weights. The configuration may be demand based, order based, or schedule based. The mushroom grower may configure the thinning parameters for how aggressive the robot should be to create space for optimal growth and clear clusters, using the thinning methods described in more detail below. Once configured and initialized the robot may proceed to scan the growing rack, section by section, following a path optimized for performance. During scanning operations, the SCARA arm40is positioned above the mushroom bed in each section of the rack while folded, and then extended to reach out over the bed. The arm40sweeps over the bed while the vision system45acquires 3D and multispectral imagery of the mushroom bed below. During the image acquisition the images obtained by the vision system45are stitched together to create a composite image, and processed to create an overall map of the bed. Once a section S1, S2, S3, etc. is imaged, the system determines what imaged objects are mushrooms, the size and maturity of those mushrooms, and then based on product grading rules proceeds to pick the qualified mushrooms, according to the methods described in greater detail below. The physical picking process can be described as including four distinct modes, namely: thinning, harvesting, clearing, and disease mitigation. Thinning is performed prior to harvesting to manage the bed growth and thereby minimize interference of mushrooms growing adjacent to one another, thereby resulting in higher yield and quality. Thinning may also performed during harvesting, and informs the decision regarding which mushroom to pick as the bed becomes more dense or clustered, thereby leading to cluster detection and mitigation. Harvesting is generally based on the size of the mushroom, where a particular cap diameter range is selected for a given product and then harvested. In addition, mushroom maturity may inform the harvesting decision to pick a mushroom prior to its veil opening, which may result in picking a mushroom of a smaller size (or in other words, of a size that is smaller than the selected size range) to avoid quality degradation of the mushroom by harvesting the maturing mushroom too late. The harvesting methods described herein may thereby maximize the mass of the mushrooms that are harvested and sold in market, by selecting mushrooms for harvesting based on the maturity of the mushroom, as well as the size of the mushroom. Mushroom maturity can be estimated by measuring cap normal gradient near the center and around the circumference. Generally the radius of curvature of the button mushroom cap at its circumference and at the center of the cap both become larger as the mushroom approaches maturity and the opening of the veil independent of cap diameter, as described in further detail below. Clearing is performed to prepare the bed for the next flush in which all mushrooms, regardless of size and maturity, are removed. This process may include particular methods for detecting and picking up fallen debris or fallen/sideways mushrooms, and depositing them into the waste chute. Furthermore, those mushrooms determined to meet the grade required for sale in the market may be selected and packed for market during the clearing operation. Picking The picking decision process may use heuristic picking rules, artificial intelligence, or a combination of the two. After segmenting and classifying the image, the resulting identified mushrooms are measured for cap center point, elevation, cap diameter, cap normal, cap circumference gradient, stem angle estimation, colour and texture. These parameters, along with their temporal variants collected during previous scanning operations, are used to determine which mushrooms to pick in each pass, as will be further explained below. Picking techniques include combinations of the following actions alone or in ordered sequence combination: push, pull, twist, tilt. Depending on mushroom size, maturity and locality relative to other mushrooms of similar and different elevations, different sequences of actions may be appropriate to pick a targeted mushroom. For example, a mushroom in the middle of a cluster, with no clear space around it, may only be twisted and pulled, whereas a mushroom with some clear space adjacent to it may be tilted, twisted and pulled, or simply tilted and pulled. The mushroom neighbour density, mushroom maturity, and other factors may make the mushroom more susceptible to damage such as by decapitation, which therefore informs the sequence of picking actions for a targeted mushroom in order to reduce the damage that might otherwise occur to the mushroom during picking. Tilt picking generally reduces the probability of decapitation damage, and requires clear space adjacent the targeted mushroom to tilt the mushroom into. In one aspect of the present disclosure, the system may identify whether there is clear space around the targeted mushroom, and the estimated mushroom stem angle relative to the growing bed surface, to determine the best direction and radius of tilt to perform while picking the mushroom. In this way the mushroom is tilted into the best clear space available, considering the stem angle, nearby neighbours, estimated stem length, and nearby soil clump interferences. When a cluster is detected, in some embodiments one method of reducing the cluster is to pick the peripheral mushrooms in the cluster by tilting into clear space away from the cluster center or by using a combination of picking actions, gradually reducing the cluster starting from the periphery and moving inwardly towards the center of the cluster. Cluster Detection Algorithm For each mushroom, all other nearby mushrooms whose outer mushroom perimeter is within a specified proximity are identified and evaluated. If the targeted mushroom and the compared mushroom are significantly different in size, then it is assumed that the larger of the mushrooms will be removed in time for the small one to grow up, meaning the proximate mushrooms will not grow into each other. Likewise, if the targeted mushroom and the proximate mushroom are at significantly different heights relative to the surface of the mushroom bed, they are considered to not grow into each other in the future as each mushroom is likely on a different layer (or strata) of growth than the other. If all the above criteria are fulfilled, then the targeted mushroom is added to a neighbour list. If there are at least three other mushrooms (in other words, four or greater mushrooms that are within the specified proximity to one another) in the neighbour list for a specific mushroom, then the beginnings of a cluster has been identified. Once all of the clusters have been identified, any clusters that have overlapping members are classified into a single, larger cluster. For picking in a cluster, the centre of mass of each cluster is detected by weighting the average location of the cluster from each mushroom according to its diameter. The cluster is then picked from the outside in, starting from the mushroom the farthest away from the centre of mass of the cluster. Only the mushrooms that are within an additional tolerance of the set minimum grading diameter are picked and once the final mushroom within the grading tolerance is picked the remainder of the mushrooms in the cluster which were below the size tolerance are left to continue growing. Thinning Logic During any phase of the growth cycle but typically more often on the first few days of the flush, during which time the mushroom pins are forming and beginning to grow, the point at which the pins have diameters of approximately 20 mm or larger, the mushroom growth densities and clustering behaviours may be identified and dealt with early on. Thinning algorithms involve optimising spacing between neighbouring mushrooms and maximizing the growth opportunities for as many mushrooms as possible, while reducing clumping, clustering, deformation of caps due to close proximity to other mushrooms, and other negative effects of clustering such as CO2 build-up and accelerated maturation that may be induced by such micro-climates. One method of examining future potential interference of small mushrooms is to analyse their growth rates or using a generic growth model, and then projecting forward in time to estimate the diameters and locations of each mushroom when they will become harvestable, as well as potential effects on nearby mushrooms. Based on the projected sizes of all mushrooms detected, the potential interferences can be heuristically or AI-optimised to select small mushrooms for pre-emptive destructive removal with a smaller, ‘thinning’ end effector and picking motions used for thinning. The thinning process can be very aggressive early on, and then more selective/sparse thinning may occur later in the flush. Thinning rules for how aggressive the algorithm should be, for example the time-base for growth projection and limits for maximum harvest effort in a single pass, are dictated by user adjustable parameters and may also be driven by AI optimisation to seek maximum yield. Shared stems and tightly clustered mushrooms will decapitate more easily, and also brown or degrade faster, along with clumping and attached mushrooms while picking another mushroom causing the attached secondary mushroom to be lost product. The thinning algorithm can be used to pre-emptively target clumping pins with shared stem systems for destructive removal, which plays a role in improving the quality of the nearby growth, thereby producing better yields when picking later on in the flush. Filtering and Segmentation Multispectral imaging approaches to mushroom segmentation is used to identify and separate the mushroom flesh from the soil and mycelium root masses surrounding the mushrooms. A camera with a multispectral suite of sensors to capture 3D depth images, Infrared images (IR), and standard colour images is used along with multispectral external lighting controlled by the robotic system, all of which may be configured based on the detection tasks being performed. For example, the external light source may include the following: white LEDs with 6000K colour temperature, red LED (635 nm), green LED (515 nm), blue LED (465 nm), ultraviolet (UV) LED (365 nm), and infrared (IR) LED (850 nm). During normal mushroom detection tasks, the dominant wavelength is from the white light source, and the area is also illuminated with the IR light source to support depth and IR imagery. To detect mushrooms, it is important to remove (or segment) data which may lead to false positives or influence accuracy while retaining the best possible quality of data which represents a valid mushroom. The IR images are thresholded by intensity to segment soil (dark) from mushrooms (light). The colour images are used to further segment mushrooms from other data, such as soil or non-mushroom-like objects, using saturation and value combinational thresholding, for example in the HSV colour space. Mycelium root masses are segmented by colour images examining high frequency variations of the saturation or value colour spaces in the image using a convolutional kernel filter. By identifying and segmenting these root masses out of the 3D images it can reduce false positive detection in the mushroom identification process. Mushroom farmers use salt to treat disease on the mushroom beds, and piles of white salt may cause false positives or other negative influences on the detection processes. Therefore, preferably salt clumps may also be segmented from the colour images. Standard white salt segmentation is achieved by examining the colour images and segmenting by the salt pile's characteristic combination of saturation and value properties, in addition to further logical checks for pile size and shape irregularities. Other optical and external lighting methods can be used to assist with segmentation of salt piles, including using a combination of coloured LEDs to highlight the salt pile more effectively and help differentiate between white salt and white mushroom flesh. Additional steps, such as adding blue or other colour food dyes to the salt and segmenting by hue in the colour images, are alternative or additional embodiments for segmentation of salt piles. White and brown mushroom varieties have different optical characteristics and require their own unique set of segmentation parameters to effectively identify them in the images while ensuring high quality data remains. White mushrooms have a uniquely low saturation response to visible light, while having a high intensity response, whereas brown mushrooms have a higher saturation value, yet lower intensity response. Brown mushrooms may require additional hue-based segmentation to assist with soil segmentation, as they can sometimes appear close to soil in terms of saturation response. This is due to the type of casing used on the top layer by the farmers, which range from a very dark Irish peat to a lighter Canadian blond peat. Disease Detection In some embodiments, the system may perform a specific scanning operation to identify disease, which may include multiple passes over an area with different combinations of external lighting enabled and/or with varying light intensities. Using such lighting and scanning techniques may enable highlighting different strains of mold and disease on the mushroom casing/soil and mushrooms themselves during scanning operations. For example, using UV light as the primary light source may cause certain fungus and diseases to fluoresce green in a colour image. In other examples, using different combinations of white, red, green, blue, and UV lighting, various brown and green molds may be highlighted and detected. Artificial intelligence or machine learning (AI) classification of known (trained) common diseases using colour images and the abovementioned special external lighting assistance may also be employed for the automated detection of different diseases. Patches of discolouration can be identified by supplying a library of images of healthy soil, enabling the artificial intelligence classification system to learn the general characteristics of healthy soil, casing, compost and mycelium, then checking for areas in a mushroom bed map which are deviating from those learned characteristics. Operators of the robotic mushroom harvesting system may then be alerted to the location, size, and type of disease identified. Disease scanning may be initiated by an operator, or may be performed regularly as part of the autonomous behaviours of the system. Online/background disease monitoring for common and easily visible diseases using regular colour or multi-spectral images collected during standard mushroom harvest scanning may be achieved with AI classifier systems efficiently, once trained. Tilt-Pick Vector The mushroom Tilt-Pick Vector is defined as the radial direction vector on the horizontal plane in which the mushroom will be manipulated during picking. The Tilt-Pick Vector is determined by, firstly, isolating a region of interest on the depth image within a specified radial search distance from the center of the mushroom. Nearby mushrooms and soil are removed from the image if their vertical position is outside a threshold depth distance from the targeted mushroom's center-point height. Nearby mushrooms that are earlier in the picking order than the targeted mushroom are also removed from the mask image. A morphological opening is performed on the resulting masked image to eliminate noise and small objects. Rays projecting radially outward from the center of the mushroom are then evaluated using two factors: The Clear Space Score and the Tilt Vector Score (as defined below). The center of the ray with the highest combined score is the final Tilt-Pick Vector. Clear Space Score The Clear Space Score gives higher scores to rays pointing away from nearby mushrooms and soil obstructions. When picking clusters and dense mushroom beds, evaluation of the Clear Space Score prevents collisions with nearby mushrooms and prevents decapitations due to collisions with soil clumps. Each ray originating from the center of the mushroom of interest is assigned a score inversely proportional to the number of obstructions within the search distance. A ray full of obstructions receives a score of 0, and a ray with a number of obstructions below a threshold receives a maximum score. Rays with a maximum score receive a bonus proportional to their angular distance from the nearest obstruction, causing a ray situated radially between two obstructions to have the highest score for that arc segment between the two obstructions. Tilt Vector Score The Tilt Vector Score gives higher scores to rays along the axis orthogonal to the mushroom tilt direction, and lower scores to rays along the tilt direction axis. Evaluation of the Tilt Vector Score prevents decapitations due to high tensile and compressive forces imparted on the mushroom stalk when tilting along the tilt direction axis. Each ray originating from the center of the mushroom of interest is assigned a base score. Four Gaussian curves centered on the four cardinal directions aligned to the tilt direction provide additive or subtractive adjustments to each ray's base score. The two Gaussians aligned to the tilt direction axis subtract from the base score, and the two Gaussians aligned to the orthogonal axis add to the base score. The magnitude of these additive and subtractive curves are proportional to the magnitude of the mushroom's tilt. A high Clear Space Score for a ray represents a low probability of the mushroom being pulled into an obstruction, and a high Tilt Vector Score for a ray represents a low probability of mushroom decapitation due to mushroom cap tilt. Once the highest scoring Tilt-Pick Vector is found, a rectangular projection of the mushroom's path along the tilt-pick direction is created from the depth mask for a final clearance check. If there are mushrooms that are earlier in the pick order than the mushroom of interest, and they intersect the projection mask, the mushroom with the largest area within the projection mask is assigned the mushroom of interest's Dependency ID. If the projection mask has below a threshold total obstructions within the rectangle, the Tilt-Pick Vector passes the clearance check, and the vector is returned. Otherwise the function returns an invalid vector meaning there is no safe vector in which that particular mushroom may be tilted in during picking. Fallback Vector A second Tilt Vector called the Fallback Vector is also calculated, except in calculating the Fallback Vector, no mushrooms that are earlier in the pick order than the mushroom of interest are removed from the mask image. If the mushroom with the mushroom of interest's Dependency ID failed to pick, the Fallback Vector is used as the Tilt-Pick Vector provided it passes the clearance check. This allows dynamic tilt motion adjustment dependent on the potential failure of a previously attempted mushroom which the current mushroom depended on for its own valid tilt-pick vector. Mushroom Tilt Estimation The Mushroom Tilt Estimation uses the previously calculated mushroom 3D normal vector array and the mushroom crest position to approximate the mushroom cap tilt direction and magnitude, and can estimate stem orientation using the mushroom cap's tilt orientation where they are opposing orientations. This algorithm is a weighted combination of the scaled average mushroom normal and cap shape elliptical eccentricity. As the mushroom tilts at a higher angle, the resulting image of the cap shape, as taken from above the mushroom bed, transitions from circular to an elliptical shape, and the direction and magnitude of the tilt can be calculated. Each of the weighted combinations are weighted based on their own estimates—the normal estimates are weighted higher when they estimate low tilt angles, and the ellipse estimate is weighted higher at higher estimated tilt angles. If the mushroom cap shape is too irregular, and the ellipse estimate has a low goodness of fit along the cap boundary, the ellipse tilt estimate is discounted. As will be apparent to those skilled in the art in the light of the foregoing disclosure, many alterations and modifications are possible in the practice of this invention without departing from the spirit or scope thereof.

11856899

DETAILED DESCRIPTION The subject matter of the present disclosure is described with specificity herein to meet statutory requirements. However, the description itself is not intended to limit the scope of this patent. Rather, the inventors have contemplated that the claimed subject matter might also be embodied in other ways, to include different steps or combinations of steps similar to the ones described in this document, in conjunction with other present or future technologies. Moreover, although the terms “step” and/or “block” may be used herein to connote different elements of methods employed, the terms should not be interpreted as implying any particular order among or between various steps herein disclosed unless and except when the order of individual steps is explicitly described. As one skilled in the art will appreciate, embodiments of this disclosure may be embodied as, among other things: a method, system, or set of instructions embodied on one or more computer readable media. Accordingly, the embodiments may take the form of a hardware embodiment, a software embodiment, or an embodiment combining software and hardware. In one embodiment, the present technology takes the form of a computer-program product that includes computer-usable instructions embodied on one or more computer readable media. Computer-readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by a computing device and includes both volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example, and not limitation, computer-readable media comprises media implemented in any method or technology for storing information, including computer-storage media and communications media. Computer storage media includes both volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or non-transitory technology for storage of information such as computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by computing device. Computer storage media does not comprise signals per se. Communication media typically embodies computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data in a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and includes any information delivery media. The term “modulated data signal” means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media includes wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media. Combinations of any of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media. Turning now toFIG.1, there is depicted therein a block diagram of an exemplary system100for providing communications and irrigation support. Network switch10is installed proximate to an intermediate tower (e.g. graphically depicted intermediate tower810) of an irrigation machine or system400depicted in block diagram form inFIG.4. Network switch10is installed, for example in a utility electrical box on a structural member of a tower, on an adjacent span member (e.g. spans graphically depicted in807and812) or on a member of an adjacent tower or pivot point (e.g. graphically depicted adjacent tower805or815). A computer such as main computer506or remote computer507communicates via router509ofFIG.5by electronically addressing controller20through the use of an internet destination network address using communication protocols such as the Internet Protocol (IP) and the Transport Control Protocol (TCP). A controller20is for example a computer, or a microcontroller such as an ESP family, AIM or PIC microcontroller. Components of controller20such as network stack72, configuration component22, positioning module50, reporting component80, comparison component70and angle storage75are implemented in hardware, software or a combination of hardware and software. Constituent components of controller20are implemented as discrete components, a single board, or multiple boards. Network switch10performs packet switching based on MAC address and/or layer 2 addressing. Controller20couples to network switch10through an interface21such as an Ethernet port interface cable. In an embodiment controller20is coupleable for electrical continuity through an electrical contact to wired interface21. Wired interface coupling comprises one or more of mechanical coupling, pressure connector coupling, screw post coupling, solder coupling, wire nut coupling, and electrical contact coupling. In an embodiment, controller20has wire terminal blocks that couple to wired interface21, or other physical interface for coupling to an Ethernet Cable. In an embodiment network switch10is mounted in the same enclosure with controller20on the same board or on boards that are electrically coupled to one another. Network Switch10learns the MAC address of controller20, positioning computer88, and the corresponding network devices attached to ports of the network switch10through network interfaces such as network interfaces3,5,13,15,21and27. Network switch10receives a packet over network interface3recognizes the MAC address for controller20and forwards the packet through network interface21. In a similar fashion Network switch10forwards a packet received on network interface3to the network device on network interface13or the device on network interface15when the packet is destined for a controller at another tower in that direction. In an embodiment, switch10forwards packets based on configuration data such that packets received from the pivot side are forwarded in the direction of the final tower, and packets that are received on the final tower side of the network switch10are forwarded in the direction of the pivot. In an embodiment network switch10simply flood-forwards packets received on one port to all other ports. Switch10couples for communication in the direction of the pivot to one or more interfaces3and5to network devices such as a router or a switch as depicted inFIG.5. Network Switch10couples for communication in the direction of the final tower to one or more interfaces13and15to one or more switches or devices as depicted inFIG.5. Accordingly, interfaces3,5,13,15,21and27may be over a suitable standard Ethernet connection involving 2-pair Ethernet, 4-pair Ethernet, fiber-optic interface or other physical layer interface. Additionally, an interface such as network interface3,5,13,15,21and27may include one or more of custom filtering for extended range, lower rate communication for extended range, a series signal repeater, and a bridge. Network stack72performs network processing for messages received and transmitted over interface21and/or network interface25. In an embodiment interface25is a custom serial interface suitable for carrying messages to and from positioning computer88, e.g. using a Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter WART). A serial cable may be for example low voltage DART, RS232 or custom wired connection. Electrical control components shown in system100are generally installed at the ith tower to form an electrical control station81generally labeled as STAi, where 0<i<N+1 for a tower control station. In an embodiment, a control station81also comprises a motor35. An electrical control station410generally labeled STA0 is present at the pivot point, but generally does not include drive motor for physical movement of the station, since the pivot point is stationary. The number “i” therefore generally refers to the station (either pivot or tower) at which the electrical control station is generally located. Components of a control station, such as switch10, controller20, peripheral60, sensor40, positioning computer88and GPS receiver57, are optionally installed in one or more enclosures at the top of a tower, at or near the joint between spans adjacent to the tower being controlled by control station81STAi. In an embodiment, STA0 and STA1 are adjacent to one another at the pivot point. When a message is sent from network switch10over interface21at controller20, network stack72parses the incoming data stream, and buffers a receive payload message for local processing, and notifies configuration module22that a new payload message has arrived. Network stack72performs protocol processing such as Ethernet processing, IP processing, TCP processing, and Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) processing. Network stack72performs receive network processing of a message that was addressed to controller20, for example from computer507or computer506ofFIG.5. A computer such as506or507is running a central control program, and/or an alignment control program and interacts with a user through a display interface401or501to define variables for the control program that are sent to controller20and received in an array of one or more parameters. In an embodiment Network stack72performs security processing by operating one or more secure protocols or libraries such as Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (https), Authentication Authorization and Accounting (AAA). In an embodiment network stack72performs a protocol similar to any named protocol. In an embodiment a combination of protocols are performed by network stack72 Configuration module22parses the new payload message, and receives an array of one or more parameters for configuration of a controlled component (e.g. controlled component30,40,50,60,70,75or80) associated with control station STAi81which is associated with motor35. In an embodiment, motor35is at an End of System (EOS) tower, such as station590labeled STAN. In an embodiment, motor35is an intermediate tower located between the pivot and the EOS tower. In an embodiment, configuration module22authenticates a signature parameter in the message to authenticate that the message was sent from an authorized entity, such that when the signature is verified the message is used, but when the signature verification fails, the message is discarded. A parameter is defined by a field of binary indications that are taken together through logical processing to indicate a value of a controlled variable within a controlled component. A parameter is applied by defining the control value for the controlled component. In an embodiment, a parameter in a received message indicates at least one of a machine operation mode and a tower operation mode. A parameter that indicates machine operation mode may include an indicator of machine align mode, an indicator of machine run mode and an indicator of shut-down mode. A parameter indicating tower operation mode may indicate windowed run mode, multi-speed run mode, or variable speed run mode. A parameter indicating positioning algorithm may indicate none, local position, and last tower position. Controller20is connected through interface61to peripheral60, to transmit and/or receive data. A peripheral60is a device associated with control station STAi80, so that components of the tower moved by motor35may receive configuration parameters from a computer506. Peripheral60may also provide raw data over interface61to reporting component80. In an embodiment, reporting component80formats data into a message field in a data value and a data type identifier and a message is sent to a computer such as main computer506. In an embodiment, a data type identifier is a numeric or alphanumeric identifier that is associated at the main computer with a text description that describes the data variable. Peripheral60may include a temperature sensor that monitors oil temperature of motor35. Reporting component80a motor temperature warning threshold and an alarm motor temperature threshold for application to motor temperature. If the temperature of motor35exceeds the motor temperature warning threshold, reporting component80sends a warning to the Main Computer506. If the temperature of motor35exceeds the alarm motor temperature threshold, controller20sends an alarm to Main Computer506. Peripheral60may also be a motor current sensor that sends motor current value raw data to reporting component80. Reporting component80reports to a computer, such as computer506, the raw motor current data, and/or an outcome of a comparison to a warn motor current level and an alarm motor current level. Generally, peripheral60may include but is not limited to one of the following: a temperature sensor, a motor with variable frequency drive (VFD) drive level input, an infra-red sensor, a tire pressure sensor, a motor current sensor, a motor temperature sensor, a motor torque sensor, a position sensor, an image sensor, an angle sensor, a variable rate valve, a flow rate sensor and an environmental sensor. Peripheral60generally provides raw data to controller20over interface61. Controller20may simply send the raw data in a field of a message as report data to Main computer506. Controller20may also apply one or more thresholds to determine equipment or other status conditions at the associated tower of controller20, and provide the associated report data to main Computer506. Report data sent by reporting component80to main computer506may generally include, for example: tire pressure, current, temperature, torque, position, an image, current angle, exception based error information, information used for predictive maintenance, information used for preventative maintenance, information that a safety shutdown is required to prevent damage to the system, oil temperature, water pressure, valve state, valve rate, environmental sensor, VFD level, drive direction and infra-red data. An unsafe safety condition generally refers to a condition entered to prevent damage to the system. In an embodiment, reporting component80prepares a report of tower state, and sends via the network switch10report data related to comparing one or more of tire pressure, motor current, temperature, torque, position, image, current angle, exception based error information, oil temperature, water pressure, valve state, valve rate, environmental sensor, VFD level, drive direction and infra-red data to one or more thresholds. Information sent in the report of reporting component80may include for example, a range indicator and/or a binary level indicating the sensor value relative to a threshold. In an embodiment, reporting component80is configurable by configuration component22. A reporting parameter list is provided from Main Computer506to configuration component22. Configuration component22modifies the reporting data that is reported by reporting component80to include all items identified in the reporting parameter list. In a variation, reporting component80is implemented in a second controller and the reporting component80communicates with controller20by serial communication or by connection on an additional line to a port of network switch10. During operation of the machine in a run mode controller20, e.g. located at a tower (e.g. graphically depicted tower810) in control station STA3 periodically reads the angle between two adjacent span members (such as graphically depicted adjacent span members807and812) from sensor40over interface41. Interface41is for example a digital interface of one or more lines, such as a UART interface or other serial or parallel data interface that provides an indication of binary angular measurement (BAM) in one or more data bits quantifying the current angle sensed by sensor40. In this case, the sensor40serves as a component that stores angle by providing output buffer storage for current angle sensed. For example, a 12 bit angle value in BAMS is stored within sensor40and provides to controller20a digital signal indicating an angle measurement that provides approximately 5.6889 BAMs per degree. Alternatively, interface41is an analog input to controller20that continuously reflects current angle sensed by sensor40. So that controller20includes an A/D converter that produces a digital current angle sensed, e.g. a BAM level that reflects the current angle between adjacent span members, e.g. graphically represented span members807and812. Controller20periodically measures the angle, e.g. provided by sensor40and stores in angle storage75the value of the current angle sensed by sensor40. In an embodiment sensor40is fitted with one or more mechanical adjustments such as screws or thumbscrews that adjust the angle at which 180 degrees is indicated by the angle sensor40. In an embodiment, a sensor at a tower such as graphically depicted tower810includes a control arm mounted at the joint between two adjacent spans that are graphically represented by spans807and812. One or more control rods extend away from the joint to provide an angular reference that is used as a basis of sensing the angle at the joint. In an embodiment positioning component50determines current angle sensed by processing location information, e.g. received at controller20by positioning module50from positioning computer88over interface25in the current station e.g. STA3. Positioning information is also received from a prior station, e.g. STA2 in the direction of the pivot. Positioning information is received from a subsequent station, e.g. STA4 in the direction of the EOS tower. A positioning computer88at a station computes a position estimate of the current station based on measured GPS position calculated by GPS receiver57and received by positioning computer88over serial interface55. Exemplary relative position may be determined, for example, and may include but is not limited to differential GPS, or by real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning which enhances the GPS accuracy using carrier-phase enhancement. A base GPS location such as502serves as a reference location and station position relative to STA0 is computed by rover stations546and596at stations STA3 and STAN respectively. The GPS information is shared for example through radio modems504,548and598and/or by the use of the communication network such as that shown inFIG.5. Using GPS data in this fashion, a current sensed angle may be computed by positioning component50, e.g. at a station STA3 for span angle between adjacent spans such as graphically represented spans807and812. In an embodiment, angle storage75is configurable with a parameter to determine whether to use sensor40for angle measurement or to use positioning component50. A parameter received by configuration component22is applied to storage component75to provide either GPS based angle or angle based on sensor40. Continuing with the tower processing of a station as depicted in system100ofFIG.1, comparison module70compares the current angle value to two or more reference threshold values T1 and T2. In an embodiment, T1 is the run angle and T2 is the stop angle. When the current angle value is between T1 and T2 comparison module70determines to continue applying drive signal through motor interface30to motor35using exemplary drive signal interface38. Motor interface30comprises a wired interface terminal that couples to drive signal interface38which is a wired interface. When a drive signal is applied to motor35a drive force is applied to the tower associated with motor35through at least one wheel48, e.g. through a drive shaft39which is mechanically coupled to motor35. Drive shaft39is also mechanically coupled through gear box49to wheel48. When the drive force is applied to wheel48the tower on which motor35is mounted begins to move in the direction indicated by the drive signal interface38. In an embodiment, an AC 110 volt signal is provided, e.g. through a single pole double throw switch in motor interface30giving only one AC 110 volt signal on interfaces31and32to indicate respectively a forward (clockwise) and reverse (counterclockwise) rotation of the machine about the pivot effected by motor35. The interface31is likewise, in an embodiment an AC 110 input to contactor82. When voltage is present on interface33, contactor82routes Motor power69to motor35through interface59. In an embodiment, motor power69is a four wire AC interface of 3 phase power. In an embodiment, motor power69is a three wire AC interface providing single phase power. In an embodiment, motor power69is DC power. In an embodiment the frequency of AC one of 50 Hz, 60 Hz, and a frequency rate that is variable. In an embodiment the voltage used for motor power69is nominally set at a point in the range between 10 volts to 600 volts, such as 480, 240, 120, 24, or 12 volts. As the drive force is applied by motor35, the angle measured by sensor40changes until the angle is outside of the active range, whereupon the drive signal interface38cuts power to motor35by switching off contactor82. Motor interface component30is for example a software driver that controls an area of memory with bit-mapped controls that activate a set of voltage controlled relays or switches that receive AC input5, and selectively either route or don't route AC voltage to output lines3132and33. Motor interface30includes in an embodiment a single pole single throw switch to connect AC voltage output independently to one or more wired interfaces31,32,33of drive signal interface38. In an embodiment, contactor82is integrated into motor interface30. Controller20includes motor interface30that includes one or more terminal endpoints that are suitable for coupling one or more digital or analog wired interfaces from controller20to motor35. Drive signal interface38comprises one or more digital or analog wires for passing control information from controller20to motor35. Configuration component22has the ability to receive parameters related to a run mode from Main Computer506. For example, Configuration component22may receive direction of travel, duty cycle, move indication, and a variable frequency drive (VFD) level. Parameters may include a motor temperature warning threshold, an alarm motor temperature threshold, a warn motor current threshold, and an alarm motor current threshold. General run mode parameters may be applied for example, by placing a motor35in a disconnected state locally, by disconnecting power from motor power input59, by the deactivation of control interface33. The run mode parameters are then changed, and then the motor interface30is returned to a normal run state. In an alternative, a machine alignment mode is entered by Main Computer506and all towers are set at idle as configuration parameters are updated by configuration component22. Turning now toFIG.2there is shown an exemplary flow diagram for a method of controlling operation of an irrigation system suitable for operation on one or more computer hardware devices in computer-executable instructions. In a windowed run mode embodiment, for example, operation may be performed with four thresholds T3>T1>T2>T4. The speed of the motor is maintained at a constant drive level when the angle is between T1 and T2. The Motor is shut off when the current angle sensed is between T3 and T1, and when it is between T2 and T4. In an embodiment, a safety shut-down of the machine is enacted when the current angle sensed is less than T4 or greater than T3, so that T4 is a shut down low angle threshold and T3 is a shut down high angle threshold. The method begins at205and proceeds to210where the run-mode of the local tower is set to off. One or more parameters such as T1, T2, T3, and T4 are received at215, e.g. from a main computer506when the machine is in an align mode. The method proceeds to220where one or more parameters are applied to the comparison component70by the configuration component22. In an embodiment, operation variables in memory are modified by the configuration component22so that comparison component70has new thresholds. When the machine state changes to a windowed run-mode the method proceeds to225where an angle measurement sensed between adjacent span members using sensor40is stored in angle storage75. In an embodiment, at225the method tests whether the sensed angle is greater than T3 or less than T4, and if so, the machine state is set to safety shutdown with an out of angle tolerance alarm condition is sent to the Main Computer506, and the method terminates. If alternatively the sensed angle is between T3 and T4 then the method proceeds to230. At230the method determines whether or not the local tower is already in a motor run mode, i.e. if run mode=on. If no, then at the method proceeds to235where the current angle is compared to a threshold T1. If the current angle does not exceed the threshold T1 then the method proceeds to240where the comparison component70determines that the system does not apply drive signal, and so the motor interface30is set to remain in a no drive-signal state, and the method proceeds to245. At245the method awaits a new angle. This may be performed by waiting a predetermined amount of time such as 1 second before another sample is drawn from sensor40and the method returns to225. Alternatively, the angle that is experienced may be continually monitored, and the method does not return to225until a substantial enough change in the current angle is encountered to warrant a new comparison. If no new angle is available at245, the method proceeds to250where the method determines whether or not one or more new parameters have become available to comparison component70. If yes, then the method returns to the beginning at210. Alternatively, at250if no new parameters are available the method returns to240. Returning to235, if the angle does exceed T1 then the method proceeds to260where the run mode is set to on at260and the method proceeds to255. Returning to230, we also proceed to255if at230the run mode is already set to on. At255the current angle sensed is compared to a second threshold T2. If the angle does not exceed. T2, then the method proceeds to265where the run mode of the tower is set to off, and the method proceeds to240. Returning to255when the current angle sensed does exceed T2 the method proceeds to270where the drive signal is applied to using35through motor interface30. In an embodiment, the drive signal is applied by simply turning the motor power on as depicted inFIG.1. In an alternative embodiment, a drive signal includes a duty cycle that turns the motor on for a period of time, and then shuts it off for a period of time. In an embodiment, the drive signal includes a VFD level that is applied to the motor. In an embodiment the drive signal includes an AC control signal that constantly routes power. As an illustration of parameter variation in the windowed run mode embodiment, suppose that all towers are set by default to have T1=190 deg, T2=178 deg, T3=200 deg and T4=170 deg. When the system is operated in machine run mode, it is discovered that station3tower encounters a hill with the default parameters a safety shutdown is encountered. As a result, an operator at Main computer506decides to adjust the running thresholds. Therefore, a new T1 is set to 185 deg and a new T2 is set to 176 deg. The new parameters are sent to a controller at station3such as controller20. Configuration component22receives an indication of threshold modification, such as new threshold values, new tables, and/or a mode in which to apply new threshold values. Configuration component22then modifies the thresholds used in comparison module70. The received thresholds T1 and T2 are applied by loading them into comparison component70when the machine is in a maintenance mode and/or using the thresholds at an appropriate time. After aligning the machine, the system is restarted and runs using the new thresholds without causing the system to hit a safety shut-down event. In an embodiment a threshold value is expressed in BAM units. In a variation of the method ofFIG.2at260a run-time timer is started and the total amount of time that a tower is in the run state is maintained. At270, before a drive signal is applied, a test may be performed to see if the run-time is above a max tower run time threshold. If yes, then the run-mode is set to off, and the method returns to210. Likewise, at255, after it is determined that the current angle does not exceed T2, a test is performed to see if the run-time is below a minimum threshold of tower run time, if yes, then the method proceeds to270even when the current angle does not exceed T2, if the current angle does not exceed T2 and the run-time is greater than the minimum threshold of tower run time, the modified method proceeds from255to265. In a variation of the method ofFIG.2, a multi-speed run mode is provided in which an optional additional pair of thresholds T5 and T6 may be employed in comparison component70and three motor velocities are employed at the tower: Variable speed High VH, Variable speed Medium VM, Variable speed Low VL, Variable speed Low-Low VLL, and Variable speed High-High T3>T5>T1>T2>T6>T4. When the measured angle is between T1 and T2 a motor speed of VM is output to motor35over drive signal interface38. When the measured angle is between T1 and T5 a motor speed of VH is output to motor35over drive signal interface38. When the measured angle is between T5 and T3, a motor speed of VHH is output to motor35over drive signal interface38. When the measured angle is between T2 and T6 a motor speed of VL is output to motor35over drive signal interface38. When the measured angle is between T6 and T4 a motor speed of VLL is output to motor35over drive signal interface38. A multi-speed mode may be used to advantage to support a station-keeping design that keeps the stations all moving at constant rotational velocity to maintain very tight angles resulting in less likely safety failures. An embodiment of a multi-speed drive mode has only three speeds and four thresholds. An embodiment of a multi-speed drive mode has angles centered about 180 degrees. In a variation ofFIG.2, the motor speed is continuously variable and a function of the current measured angle. For example, a nominally chosen speed VN, and a Current Angle Value (CAV) an output continuously variable speed V may be related through a constant vr, so that V=VN+(CAV−180)*vr. The current motor speed is then a nominal speed VN plus a variable speed offset that is linearly proportional through a constant vr to the current angle value CAV measured relative to a straight line. The result being that the larger the angle measured, the greater is the differential velocity that is employed to correct the tower to alignment. In an embodiment the velocity is limited to always provide a non-negative velocity. In an embodiment the applied velocity is limited to provide no more than a maximum positive velocity. In an embodiment a different function is employed that produces a different differential velocity offset. In an embodiment the function used provides a different constant VN for each tower so as to give a constant angular rotation speed of the entire aligned system about the pivot. In an embodiment VN is a function that varies based on a speed selection for the EOS tower. In an embodiment the value of VN for STAi is a function of i, so that the value of VN is a table look-up for each tower, returned as a function of i and/or a calculated or predetermined as a term that incorporates i into the function used. In a variation ofFIG.2, positioning module22maintains a current position reference estimate. A current position reference may be estimated using positioning component88at estimates position through the use of GPS receiver57and optionally communication with base502to form a relative location estimate. A location estimate is received by configuration component22through interface25from positioning computer88. Another example of a current position reference estimate is a remote reference formed by the EOS positioning component596ofFIG.5, which is received by configuration component22of controller20through switch10. An additional example of a current position reference estimate is a local reference that estimates the position of control station STAi81, when positioning component50forms a calculated estimate from one or more remote position estimates and information about the system structure such as span lengths, and angle sensor values. Configuration component22receives the position estimate from positioning module50. Configuration component22receives data to provide variable parameter settings, such as one or more thresholds that are based on current position reference estimate. For example, a first threshold value is provided for a first estimate, and a second threshold value is provided for a second and different position reference estimate. In an embodiment, any parameter is a function of position. An exemplary method for providing a variable assignment forms a fail-through table based on the machine rotation angle estimate that is derived from the position estimate. So that a position estimate is converted into a machine rotation angle, and then a table is built having at each Machine Rotation Angle (MRA), a set of parameter assignments. At an input MRA, one or more parameters are provided such as one or more of T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6 VL, VM, VH, vr, VN. A first MRA denoted MRA1 is associated with T11, T21, T31, T41, T51, T61, VL1, VM1, FH1, vr1, and VN1. But, a second MRA, denoted MRA2, is associated with T12, T22, T32, T42, T52, T62, VL2, VM2, VH2, vr2, and VN2. The fall-through table then provides the reference parameters for the nearest MRA to the current position estimate. For example, when a parameter identifies the current run mode to be the windowed run mode, and MRA is near to MRA1, then configuration component22provides T11 and T21 to comparison component70. But, when MRA is near to MRA2, then configuration component22provides T12 and T22 to comparison component70. In an embodiment, an entire fail-through table is created on main computer506and a portion of the fall-through table is transferred to controller20for operation by configuration unit22. In an embodiment an operator, e.g. using main computer506defines information in the table for storage directly within controller20. As an example, configuration component22maintains a set of thresholds for two different machine modes. When in a windowed run-mode configuration component22applies thresholds T1a, T2a, T3a, T4a to comparison component70by setting T1=T1a, T2=T2a, T3=T3a, and T4=T4a, at a suitable time, e.g. upon initiation of windowed run-mode. Similarly, when an align mode is entered a different set of thresholds T1b, T2b, T3b, T4b are applied to comparison component70by setting T1=T1b, T2=T2b, T3=T3b, and T4=T4b at a suitable time, e.g. when an align mode is selected by a user, or when a shut-down fault is encountered, and computer506determines that the cause of shut-down was a shut-down limit angle such as T3 or T4 at one particular tower. After waiting a period of time following a shutdown, computer506moves the system into an align mode and subsequently applies a set of broader thresholds associated with the align mode while align mode is operational. In an embodiment, one or more of the thresholds levels, time periods, duty cycles, VFD drive levels, motor speed levels, tower run modes, position references, position modes, and position values that are used in a tower control system are received by configuration component22and applied to comparison component70, e.g. when the tower run mode is off or when the machine state is not run mode, e.g. in a maintenance mode or in an align mode of the machine. Turning now toFIG.5, a block diagram is depicted that highlights communication aspects of a system for providing communication and irrigation support. The machine system consists of a remote computer507networked to a Machine consisting of pivot control station510labeled STA0, and N tower stations shown representatively by stations STA1510, STA2530, STA3540, STA(N−2)550, STA(N−1)560and STAN590. A network system generally provides communication between electronically addressable computer nodes506,527,537,557,547,567and597. There are depicted in system500therefore N−1 intermediate tower stations and one EOS station STAN590, and a pivot control station510, labeled ST0. Each tower station is equipped in the exemplary embodiment with switches525,535,545,555,565and595. A communication cable group591is typically routed from station to station providing one or more cable communication interfaces for port switches at a tower station. In an embodiment only a series cable is provided in cable group591as depicted in cables511,521,531,541,551,561and571. In an embodiment, a second adjacent switch is wired in each direction to provide the capability to reset a switch without bringing down the network. Second adjacent redundant links are shown for example in cables513,523,533,543,553,563, and571in an embodiment, three cables are provided in cable group591such as cable513, cable523and cable521. In an embodiment, a cable521in a cable group is one of CAT-5, two-pair copper, four-pair copper, fiber optic, and the like. In an embodiment Ethernet is run at a nominal transfer rate between 9 Mb and 20 Gb, such as 10 Mb, 100 Mb, 1 Gb, 10 Gb or at any standard rate. In an embodiment, a network switch10is a layer 3 switch. In an embodiment network switch10is a network switch similar to a layer 2 switch or a layer 3 switch. In an embodiment, a network switch10is replaced by a router. In an embodiment, network switch10is a managed switch. In an embodiment network switch10is an unmanaged switched. In an embodiment, one or more stations such as STA1520do not have a network switch such as525, but a controller527at the station520interfaces to another router507or switch, e.g. switch535in the system. Main Computer506is for example a flat touch-screen computer, such that a display component401is capable of displaying status and receiving control information from the user on a flat-screen display. The main computer506communicates with base502, which comprises a base computer and a GPS receiver, wherein the base receives pivot GPS location information from a GPS receiver at STA0. Base502communicates with main computer506, for example over a serial data line. Base502provides reference GPS position to main computer506and to rover stations such as rover546and rover596so that a relative position can be computed from STA0 to an intermediate station540STA3 and to an EOS station590STAN. In an embodiment, base502and a rover506communicate using IP through router509. Base502is coupled to router509through a data cable such as an Ethernet cable. A Radio such as radio505is generally a receiver and/or transmitter that operates by electromagnetic propagation through an antenna using a radio frequency (RF) or carrier frequency between 30 Hz and 300 GHz. Techniques employed by a radio such as radio505may include but are not limited to one or more of the following: Amplitude Modulation (AM), Frequency Modulation (FM), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), Orthogonal Frequency Domain Multiplexing (OFDM), and Spread Spectrum. Radio505is for example a microwave data radio that communicates to a microwave data receiver in network503and communicates data to remote computer507. In an embodiment, radio505is directly coupled to main computer506through a bi-directional data cable. Router509has a routing table and routing policy that are employed to make routing decisions on received packets based on the network address information in the packet. The router509receives packets over the ports connected to router509such as those connected to interface cables507,508,513and511and forward the packets between devices on the irrigation machine and remote devices such as remote computer507through computer networks503. For example, Router509receives and routes packets to and from controllers on the machine such as controller527at station510. Network503is for example a telephony network, the internet, the World Wide Web, a local area network, a wide area network, a cellular network, a satellite network, a terrestrial microwave network, or any combination of these networks. Main computer506has a network stack72and a status display component401. In an embodiment, main computer506acts as a server running web server software and AAA software to authenticate a user at a remote client such as a browser on remote computer507that runs status display component501. In an embodiment, a status display component401is simply an active table that aggregates data and provides a portion of the table to a display of the computer device506. The display may be a sequence of warning LED's with specific meaning. For example, a green LED is lit when the system is operational in a machine run mode, a blue LED is lit when the system is operational but in a maintenance mode, a violet LED is lit when the system is operational but in an align mode, a yellow LED is lit when the system is operational but a preventative maintenance alert is active, an orange LED is lit when the system is operational but a predictive maintenance alert is active, a white LED is lit when all maintenance alerts have been planned for remediation, and a red LED is lit when the system is in a safety shut-down status. In an embodiment the meaning of a color is assigned to a different status indication. In an embodiment a different color is assigned to a status indication. In an embodiment status is displayed on remote computer507using status display component501. With a touch-screen display at computer506, a more rich representation of machine state may be presented in addition, or instead of the graphical display of such diode indicators. Report data received from stations in the system is displayed by display component401such as that shown inFIG.3andFIG.6. Report data is received by a computer such as507and displayed using display component401. For example, a predictive maintenance alert is received at computer507indicating an alarm motor temperature in the motor at tower5as reported by STA5, computer507then emits a warning tone, and a pop-up screen or display window is presented on the display of computer507indicating: “Pivot5has an alarm motor temperature in station STA5” “1 hour and 17 minutes to the next home position for maintenance.” In addition, a GUI control is presented allowing a user to select an option to acknowledge the need and to set a state that indicates corresponding maintenance is scheduled. Upon selection of the GUI Control, a message is sent from computer507to computer506and the white LED is lit to reflect planned maintenance. Other predictive maintenance conditions include alarm motor current. Preventative maintenance status for conditions such as a motor temperature warning or a warn motor current are displayed likewise by display component501. In an embodiment computer506receives report data and applies thresholds at computer506to determine if one or more thresholds are exceeded, as described herein. Safety shut-down status is displayed in a similar fashion. Additionally, machine status may be displayed as indicated by the graphical display800, which shows an alarm condition situation displayed on a graphic display as shown inFIG.6. There is presented in800a representative status display presented to a user on a computer, e.g. main computer506. The display800presents a graphical indication of measured positions of the station803and the towers804,805,810,815,820,830and840. The display also shows boom860. The display also contains GUI controls870,872,874,876,878,880,882, and884showing the station labels for the towers in the system. Upon selection of one of the GUI controls, the corresponding station control parameters are presented in display800. For example, the selection of GUI control880causes a display300to be presented as shown inFIG.3. A user operating a hand-held computing device such as a cell phone, upon receiving an alert of the safety shut down, opens station5and sees the display presented by display component501on remote computer507. Simultaneously the system shows status by presenting display800ofFIG.6on device506. In display300, the user sees a status area399that shows current status of some portion of the machine, such as the status of STA5. A number of variable display elements315,325,326,335,355,375,385, and395show the current variable values with a corresponding description of the information item to the left that informs the user about the identity of each variable information item displayed by each variable display element. Corresponding GUI controls are presented similarly in the modify area301in GUI controls370,360,380,390,310,320,340. In an embodiment, a control both shows current status and allows selection by a user to receive a user selection of the information item. In an embodiment a control toggles between a number of selections upon selection, presents a menu of selection options, presents an interface to type in a value, or presents a number of discrete choices or groups of choices for selection by a user. In the situation depicted inFIG.6, there was a hill near station STA3, the machine was shut down due to safety as the machine was rotating in a forward (clockwise) direction. Note890on a computer such as computer506is displayed saying, “Safety shutdown” “STA3 angle measured above T3=200 deg. Align Mode has been entered and T3 has been set to 210 deg during this alignment” “Condition appears to be a Reverse Bow situation” “Suggest moving STA5 in the reverse direction for 30 sec before making other movements.” The user of device507, viewing the display300selects control360in modify area301, resulting in the “REV” label in control360. The user of device507then selects control370in modify area301, resulting in the display of the “Align” label in control370. The user then selects graphical control390, and a keypad popup overlay is presented on display300, whereupon the user enters “30” which is then displayed in graphical control390. The user then selects graphical control330and the modified parameters are then displayed in the status area. Display area335changes to “MOVE”, display area326changes to “REV”. Upon selection of GUI control330, parameters are sent to STA5 including a drive indication such as an indication of direction “REV”, an indication of current motor speed “50%”, an indication of mode “Align” and an indication of run time in seconds “30”. Configuration component22receives these parameters, and applies drive signal over drive signal interface38to motor35by routing AC power to interface32, and by routing AC power to contactor82through interface33. The result is that motor35operates for 30 seconds. In an embodiment, drive signal interface38also provides a VFD indication of motor speed to operate at 50% of max power. Display300generally provides access to display and/or modification capability for any quantified electronic variable associated with a machine or tower as described herein. Control245when selected displays information related to the next tower further away from the pivot, and displays status for that station. Control365when selected results in the display of information related to the next tower closer to the pivot and displays status for that station. FIG.4presents a block diagram depicting power and control aspects of a system for providing communications and irrigation support. At station410, a power adapter418receives AC power, e.g. 110 VAC, and provides DC power to main computer415, radio419, base409, modern417and router509. Likewise, in typical intermediate tower station STA1, power adapter428provides power to peripheral460, sensor440, controller425and switch525at station420labeled STA1. At final EOS tower station490, labeled STAN power adapter429provides power to controller426, peripheral461and switch595. The main computer monitors input signals from safety input405, motor ground445, remote computer507as well as input signals from manipulators412,413and416and controls output signals on cables405,471,475,476,455, and445. A controller425monitors outputs475and476from main computer506and applies power by the use of contactor482to provide a drive signal to motor435. The main computer provides control through the control of switch411, switch414and contactor402. Manipulator412provides a switch input that indicates whether the final EOS tower station490should either move or not move. In an embodiment switch411provides a signal to an intermediate moveable station such as station420to indicate that the station should move or not move. In an embodiment, manipulator412is a Single Pole Single Throw (SPST) switch providing high voltage to main computer415when the move switch412is on, and otherwise providing low voltage to main computer415. Manipulator416provides a deflection indication for percent of the motor rate to be applied at the EOS motor436. Manipulator416is for example a potentiometer that sets up an analog voltage input to main computer415. The main computer reads the input voltage from the move manipulator412and reads the analog level from manipulator416through an A/D converter and determines whether or not to provide a move signal to the EOS tower at a selected percentage of motor power. In the event that move is indicated by switch412, the main computer applies the selected percentage to provide a duty cycle on the move signal output from switch411that corresponds to the selected percentage. For example, if the manipulator416indicates a 25% duty cycle, the switch411is selected to route AC 110 power to contactor computer controller426with a 25% time on over a minute. Computer controller426then routes AC power out to contactor483to provide a 25% activation of motor436. In an embodiment, the duty cycle is set up over a minute interval. In a variation, switch411output is applied directly to contactor483so that the system is operational even when computer controller426is in a failed state. Manipulator413is typically a SPST switch that either provides high voltage level to main computer415when the switch is in a forward indication or, alternatively, supplies low voltage to main computer415in which case a reverse direction is indicated. Main computer415then selects switch414to be in the corresponding state either routing AC power to the FWD output475or routing AC power to the REV output476. In an embodiment switch414is a Single Pole Double Throw Switch, (SPDT). Main computer415monitors safety conditions reported from computers in the system and also monitors a physical shutoff switch at STA0. When main computer415determines that conditions are not safe, contactor402is forced into an open circuit condition so that main motor supply power is not routed to motor power455and motor ground445. An unsafe safety condition generally refers to a condition entered to prevent damage to the system. Further, the system400routes the motor ground445through a series of switches at each tower, e.g. switch466at the EOS station and switch465at the first station. If any station determines a condition that would affect safety, a safety switch is set into the open circuit condition at the station. For example if controller425determined that the angle between adjacent spans was at an unsafe angle, switch465would be set to open circuit through control424. Likewise, controller426determines an unsafe condition control494is selected to put switch466in an open-circuit condition. Main computer415then senses the continuity between motor ground445and safety405, and if there is no continuity contactor402is forced to an open circuit condition. In an embodiment, the open-circuit test is a no-load test which measures the impedance between motor ground445and safety405. In a variation, discrete move signal cable471, fwd cable475, rev cable476, and safety cable473are eliminated and signaling is provided by data communication between main computer415, controller425, and controller426through data communication of equivalent signals. Parameters are sent from main computer415to a controller20which receives parameters defining the intended signal, and the parameters are applied through motor interface30to provide a drive signal to motor35. In an embodiment, cables sufficient for forming cable group491and cables sufficient for forming cable group591are incorporated into a single cable with one or more discrete control lines to form a composite span cable bus surrounded by an overall insulating sheath. In an embodiment, a span cable bus is a general purpose group of wires suitable for providing a power group, a communication bus and a control line group. In an embodiment, the communication bus comprises cable group591, comprising one or more cables such as an Ethernet cable521. In an embodiment, each conductor of cable group591is individually sheathed with an insulating material and cable group591is sheathed with an overall insulating material. In an embodiment, power group comprises motor power group455and motor ground445. Control line group comprises one or more control lines, e.g. 110 volt lines each individually sheathed in insulating material. A method and system of operations supporting the communication of data on-machine, the IP-based architecture is disclosed herein. Concerning the span bus, the technical description of included features are as follows: 1. Power lines: Two or more power distribution conductors; typically four as used in 3-phase power distribution but could be more or less. 2. Control lines: one or more depending on the control needs. An example of control line could be 110V control lines for pumps, valves, or other ancillary devices. 3. Communication bus: a digital communication bus will be included within the span bus cable and provide a high-speed data communications backbone across the entire length of the machine. The communication bus can include fiber optics or four pair copper cabling or similar digital communication means. 4. Outer jacket: The power, control and communication lines will be combined into one packaged cable making it easy to install and removes the need to have multiple cables running the length of the machine. The outer jacket also provides the environmental protection based on the application. Additional jackets or wires could be used for shielding, earthing of shield, or other purposes as necessary. In an embodiment, the number of control conductors is reduced over a conventional control design through the use of the IP-based architecture. This is a competitive advantage since the cost of the cabling is proportional to the number of such conductors. Exemplary visual characteristics: The span bus cable contains an identification method on the outer jacket including one or more of the following items: a. Part Number, b. Description, c. Number of power lines, d. Number of control lines, e. Communication bus, f. Electrical rating, g. A visually identifiable characteristic such as color symbol, pattern, bar-code etc. h. And similar descriptive methods. Size: the span bus cable size is proportional to the number of conductors and variable in length based on span sizing. A multitude of sizes and lengths can be figured based on the variety of electrical sizing parameters and span lengths respectively. IP switches provide connectivity of a computing system, one or many, onto the span bus cabling. The computing system handles all on-machine functions of operation as well as IP protocols may be employed in an IP based architecture. When multiple computing systems are used, they can provide post process data to other addressable computing systems on-machine or off-machine; the transmission of data to other irrigation systems and or networks both wired or wirelessly. With such a computing system, the transformation of machine controls from electromechanical to digital can occur. Machine functions such as alignment, current, temperature, valve actuations, and position sensing and the like, can be combined within the computing system enabling data processing, command and control locally or distributed to other devices on the span bus. In a maintenance mode, the power to all motors is shut-off by the main computer506releasing contactor402at STA0410. In an align mode, the motor power is available to any station because the main computer powers contactor402, but the motors are moved in a special, and independent way, without operating in a normal run-mode. In an embodiment, a coordinated recovery mode successively manipulates individual motors to attempt automated recovery. For example, the out of alignment stations are moved in small increments, such as 5 seconds, sequentially until each angle is at the correct alignment level. In the situation shown inFIG.6for example, the sequence might be STA5, STA4, STA6, STA7, and then repeated. If attempted moves are not completed, the automated recovery terminates and presents a warning message indicating that recovery was not complete. Parameters received at configuration component22include system operation controls, tower operation controls, ancillary/auxiliary settings. System controls include for example a control indicating that the machine is in a shut-down mode, an align mode, or a run-mode, a stop mode, or a general application depth mode, or a selective application mode. A general application depth mode commands the system to put down a certain depth of fluid over the entire covered area. A selective application mode performs selective coverage of areas based on sector. Tower controls include commands to move and align a tower. Ancillary/auxiliary settings include parameters that indicate commands for the control of a swing arm, a valve, and a booster pump, and the like. In an embodiment, peripheral60receives a VFD level parameter to control a booster pump to control increasing mainline pressure for sprinkler fluid applications. Parameters are for example an on/off control for a watering valve actuator. A parameter may indicate duty cycle for a watering valve actuator. In an embodiment, parameters received by configuration component22control an aspect of a steering function for a swing arm. In an embodiment parameters received by configuration component22includes settings for Variable Rate Irrigation (VRI) Relays. In an embodiment, a peripheral60is a zone signal processor that controls zone signals to one or more zone controllers. In an embodiment, peripheral60is a zone control device and configuration component22acts as a zone signal processor that direction controls peripheral60. In an embodiment peripheral60provides raw data to reporting component80from ancillary/auxiliary devices such as swing arms, booster pumps or valves for fluid dynamics and the like. In an embodiment peripheral60provides raw data to reporting component80that comprises sensory information from sensors on and/or off machine that could be used towards system operation, tower control or ancillary control. In an embodiment, a peripheral60receives data through wireless radio or infrared communication from a device that is not located on the machine, such as a ground acidity sensor, salinity sensor, or the like. In an embodiment, raw temperature data is related to temperature of motor, gearboxes, and/or mechanical drivetrain. In an embodiment, raw data includes torque, which is a measure of how much output is provided through the drivetrain. In an embodiment, a threshold is derived from a window parameter and a location of the window. In an embodiment, a parameter disclosed herein, e.g. a water valve actuation parameter, received by configuration22is applied based on the position of the associated tower within the field. In an embodiment, a command disclosed herein, is applied within the configuration component22as a function of the position of the associated tower within the field. In an embodiment, a computer such as main computer506includes an aggregation component that gathers report data from all available reporting modules50that are each associated with a tower in the machine. The aggregation component makes a decision whether or not to generate a system alert based on system level policies that are set with the aggregation component. For example, an aggregation component has a policy that safety critical alerts put the machine in a shut-down mode, e.g. when a reporting component80reports that a temperature is above a certain level. As another example, a threshold level of tires below a threshold pressure level results in a predictive maintenance alert. The threshold level is settable within the aggregation component. Thresholds may likewise be set on any report data to determine a predictive maintenance, preventative maintenance or safety shutdown to prevent damage to the system if there is a failure on a tower. An embodiment is directed to a system, method and related used in communicating machine and peripheral data on-board the irrigation system and supporting communication bus. On machine data can be used in a myriad of ways but most importantly, machine control, positioning and safety data is transmitted to and from devices along the machine providing large bandwidth and data transfer at high speeds. An embodiment performs communication in concert with an existing data communication system as described herein. Data may be collected through electronic or electromechanical devices, microcontrollers and the like and transferred along control lines on span cable. Span cable typically includes an electrical power and communication backbone. Span cable is used to distribute power and controls along the length of the machine. This cable contains multiple conductors distributing either 480V and or 110V power. They are typically contained within the same tube known as a cable jacket. On a typical system only one cable is needed to provide the power and communication distribution backbone. Span cable conductors are typically made of copper or aluminum. These conductors can also be used as a means of communicating data such as in the case of a power line modem data communication system. This type of communication is limited by data size and speed. Modems modulate and demodulate data across these conductors when they are not in-use or no alternating current is present. Span cables come in a variety of sizes. The size of the span cable is proportional to the collective size of all of the conductors and wires combined. The size is selected based on the anticipated loads, in amps, that the irrigation system will consume as well as the number of communication or control cables required to power the peripheral devices attached to this system such as but not limited to end guns. Span cable may include a double-wire ground (green and green/yellow dashed), and wires coded with red, purple, pink, orange, brown, yellow, blue, black and white. In an embodiment other colors are used. In an embodiment other codes are used. In some cases, spans will contain additional devices requiring data communication channels to be present such as an ancillary span and the like. These devices could be global positioning devices or similar sensing devices located on the towers or other parts of the machine. When data communications are required to cover long distances a separate cable is typically installed for this purpose. This is typically a twisted pair of copper wires in a protective jacket that allows for a robust communication scheme such as RS485 to be used between devices. RS485 twisted pair cable may be used for example made of stranded wire with two insulation-sheathed twisted pair signal wires an unsheathed stranded earthing wire a foil shield and an outer insulating sheath. The primary purpose of the span cable is to provide power to the drivetrain powering the system. Control wires within the same cable provide control signals to propel the machine in forward movement through one control signal and reverse movement on another. The two control lines are never signaling at the same time. Since only one is in use at a time, this provides an available cold wire, the term used when a control wire is not energized with high voltage or alternating current is not present, where data can be transmitted through the use of the power line modem technology. For example, a base502might be fitted with a modem and communicatively coupled for communication to a modem at rover/ancillary span596through dual RS-485 twisted pair. Power line modems switch from one control wire to another, whichever one is cold, to provide communications up and down the machines infrastructure or wherever the copper conductors are located. The data is modulated along the copper wire at various frequencies and on set channels. There are four channels that are in use at any given time to provide redundant and more secure communications in the event interference from nearby electronics distort the signaling process. Frequencies can also be changed to prevent cross talking from other nearby machines. The data is sent and received through these moderns and then passed on to a microcontroller or system on module for further processing, storage, analysis and ultimately purposed to drive machine logic during normal operation cycles. Power line communication might take place for example through a pink wire for reverse and a purple wire for forward communication. In an embodiment, a microcontroller is used to interface the sensing devices such as GPS receivers or pressure transducers through the use of the power line modem (PLM). The microcontroller also provides the addressing required to route the data to the correct location for use. On a machine, there can be multiple power line moderns, in use to collect data from a multitude of devices and signals. PLMs talk over powerline directly to a VRI endpoint and also to serial computer devices at either end of a powerline, and to analog sensors at the endpoints. An embodiment uses a method to communicate data on-machine. This is done using Ethernet protocols and over an Internet Protocol (IP) based architecture; the method in which devices will be addressed and data will be packaged for transmission and routing on-machine. With this method, the span cable has changed into a multi-purpose cable not only providing the power distribution but also communication wires to support the data transmissions. This will employ dedicated communication channels or conductors in lieu of switching between cold wires. In an embodiment, this replaces power line communication technology. Power line communication can still be utilized on the machine in addition to the new scheme where a duality of communication methods may be in use at one time. This use case is used for retro-fit applications where new IP-based devices and span bus are added to a system containing the legacy power line technology. Methods employed include one or more of the following: 1) inclusion of a digital communication bus adjacent to power and control distribution lines within a common jacket: Combines all of the necessary power, control and data lines into one single cable. 2) Communication bus backbone: The use of a digital communication IP-based architecture on-machine. 3) The use of Ethernet protocol: The use of Ethernet protocols as the backbone for which IP-based data will be communicated. 4) Switching interface: The use of switching to interface the IP-based architecture. 5) Plurality of computing systems: The use of a plurality of computing systems wherever data collection is required. 6) Tower controls over IP: The use of IP to transmit and receive tower controls and the like along the irrigation system which includes Ethernet based contactors, alignment, current, temperature, torque, position and the like. 7) Tower controls over IP: Tower alignment through the use of independently addressable IP-based control to propel a tower in order to maintain expected course of travel in comparison to other adjacent towers. 8) Tower controls over IP: Local exception based error handling on tower through algorithmic methods which may include but are not limited to utilizing current draw, oil temperature, tire pressure and/or alignment. 9) Peripheral controls over IP: The use of IP to transmit and receive peripheral controls along the irrigation system which includes variable frequency drives, actuators, telematics, environmental sensors, cameras and the like. In an embodiment, controller20and sensor40are mounted within a control box at the first tower and communicatively coupled through interface41. In an embodiment sensor40includes one or more screws that allow a manual adjustment of the angle sensed by sensor40. In a variation on system100, motor power and ground cable group69are routed into controller20, and then into contactor82. Exemplary system20comprises one or more processors operable to receive instructions and process them accordingly. A computing device may be embodied as a single computing device or multiple computing devices communicatively coupled to each other. In one embodiment, processing actions performed by system20are distributed among multiple locations such as a local client and one or more remote servers. In one embodiment, system20comprises one or more computing devices506,507,527,537,547,557,567,597,88,415,425,426,502,596,546such as a server, desktop computer, laptop, or tablet, cloud-computing device or distributed computing architecture, a portable computing device such as a laptop, a flat-screen, controller, microcontroller, embedded system, positioning computer, tablet, ultra-mobile P.C., or a mobile phone. Turning briefly toFIG.7, there is shown one example embodiment of computing system900that has software instructions for storage of data and programs in computer-readable media. Computing system900is representative of a system architecture that is suitable for computer systems such as computing system20,506,507,527,537,547,557,567,597,88,415,425,426,502,596, or546. One or more CPUs such as901, have internal memory for storage and couple to the north bridge device902, allowing CPU901to store instructions and data elements in system memory915, or memory associated with graphics card910, which is coupled to display911. Bios flash ROM940couples to north bridge device902. South bridge device903connects to north bridge device902allowing CPU901to store instructions and data elements in disk storage931such as a fixed disk or USB disk, or to make use of network933for remote storage. User I/O device932such as a communication device, a mouse, a touch screen, a joystick, a touch stick, a trackball, or keyboard, couples to CPU901through south bridge903as well. The system architecture depicted inFIG.7is provided as one example of any number of computer architectures, such as computing architectures that support local, distributed, or cloud-based software platforms, and are suitable for supporting computing system500. User I/O device932in an embodiment is a signal switch, a microswitch, a contactor, a power signal relay, an AC relay, A 3-phase relay, a gang relay, an analog out, an analog input, a digital input a digital output, a UART input, a UART output, a serial bus, a parallel bus, USB, Fire-wire, a Blue-tooth interface. In an embodiment, system900is implemented as a microsequencer without an ALU. In an embodiment system900is implemented as discrete logic that performs the functional equivalent in discrete logic such as a custom controller, a custom chip, Programmable Array Logic (PAL), a Programmable Logic Device (PLD), an Erasable Programmable Logic Device (EPLD), a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) a macrocell array, a complex programmable logic device, or a hybrid circuit. In some embodiments, computing system900is a computing system made up of one or more computing devices. In an embodiment, computing system900includes an adaptive multi-agent operating system, as described above, but it will be appreciated that computing system900may also take the form of an adaptive single agent system or a non-agent system. Computing system900may be a distributed computing system, a data processing system, a centralized computing system, a single computer such as a desktop or laptop computer or a networked computing system. Many different arrangements of the various components depicted, as well as components not shown, are possible without departing from the scope of the claims below. Implementations of the disclosure have been described with the intent to be illustrative rather than restrictive. Alternative implementations will become apparent to readers of this disclosure after and because of reading it. Alternative means of implementing the aforementioned can be completed without departing from the scope of the claims below. Certain features and sub-combinations are of utility and may be employed without reference to other features and sub-combinations and are contemplated within the scope of the claims. For example, in conjunction with specificity requirements and for clarity, the algorithm for angle threshold modification generally described in conjunction withFIG.2was described at times addressing a forward run motion with a reference angle that is well above 180 degrees when tower motion begins. Other directions and other angle references are analogously understood from the conventions described. The description enclosed herein enables other directions and other reference angles, as fully enabled by the enclosed description. Operation of such modifications to conventions are anticipated and within scope of claims because they work analogously to what is described herein, although the detailed implementation may differ cosmetically from the detailed disclosure which is included to enable detailed implementations. Additionally, a positioning system was generally disclosed in the context of a GPS positioning system. In an embodiment a Global Navigation Satellite System (GLASS) positioning system or other similar positioning system is used instead. Further, while aspects of the present invention were discussed as applied to intermediate towers of a center pivot irrigation system, the present invention is not so limited. Aspects of the present invention could be equally applied to movable towers in a lateral move irrigation system to keep the towers in alignment as the lateral irrigation system moves across the ground. Similarly, aspects of the present invention may also be used in the coordination of movement of various objects of a system in alignment outside of the irrigation context. Such use is within the scope of the present invention and contemplated by the following claims.

11856900

DETAILED DESCRIPTION The present disclosure relates generally to a system and method to allow automatic identification and application of consumables (e.g., nutrients, fertilizers, stimulants, etc.) to an irrigated area utilizing the irrigation system. In some embodiments, elements of the system are fluidly connected to the irrigation system around or at a backflow prevention location, allowing easier installation and connection to a water supply system. In other examples, features of the system may include an integrated backflow valve that helps to prevent backflow into the system regardless of positioning, allowing more flexibility in the positioning of the features within the fluid system. In one example, a consumable or nutrient delivery system includes an irrigation or water controller and a consumable module. The consumable module receives consumables, such as cartridges, packets, liquids, powders, gels, or the like, which may be inserted directly into the consumable module (e.g., loose) or within a packaging or filter (e.g., dissolvable wrapper, porous container) and is fluidly connected to the irrigation system and in electronic communication with the irrigation controller. The consumable module may include a module identifier that can be associated with the irrigation controller, such that a central controller (e.g., cloud based controller or cloud based server) that can generate watering schedules for the irrigation controller based on the characteristics of the consumable module. For example, at installation, a user may provide the module identifier, such as in the form of a scan or picture, to the central controller, which then associates the irrigator controller and the consumable module together. Similarly, as consumables are inserted or otherwise received by the consumable module, the user may provide the consumable data to the central controller, such as by taking a picture of the label or scanning a label on the consumable, or directly inputting the information (e.g., serial number) into a webpage or application associated with the controller. Using the consumable characteristics and the module identifier, as well as vegetation and irrigation characteristics of the area, the central controller generates one or more consumable delivery schedules configured to selectively deliver the consumable. Vegetation characteristics may include, for example, the type or types of vegetation in the area, growth stage of the vegetation, and the like. Vegetation characteristics may be obtained, in various examples, from a homeowner, landscaper, or other end user. The characteristics may be supplied through filling out initial information about the vegetation area manually, scanning or inputting codes (e.g., QR codes) for seeds or plants when planted, and the like. Some vegetation characteristics may be derived by the central controller (or other application in communication with the central controller) based on other vegetation characteristics or information provided to the central controller. For example, the central controller may create or maintain a growth model for the vegetation of the area, which may be based on types of vegetation, growth stage of the vegetation, area weather, watering schedules, other maintenance (e.g., cutting grass), and the like. The growth model may then be used by the central controller to derive or look up vegetation characteristics. The information used to generate such a model may be provided by a homeowner (e.g., through a mobile application or website), provided or updated by another entity such as a landscaping company, or derived from other data sources. For example, weather information may be obtained from public weather data and/or from data collection systems in the area (e.g., weather stations or rain gauges). The model may be updated by the central controller to reflect application of consumables, watering the area in accordance with watering schedules created by the central controller, updated weather data, and the like. For example, the consumable may be a first volume and be specific to grass vegetation. In this example, the irrigation controller may activate the grass specific zones (e.g., zones1and zones3), rather than all zones, with an activation time corresponding to the time needed to fully deplete the consumable volume. This helps to ensure that the consumable is delivered to the desired areas only, reducing waste, as well as helping to ensure that the full cartridge of the consumable is emptied before, also reducing waste. Further, the consumable is not applied to zones where it may be unhelpful or harmful to the vegetation in the zone. For example, a grass specific consumable may not be applied to zones including other plants that would not benefit from (or be harmed by) a grass specific consumable. In some examples, a consumable intended for a specific growth stage of vegetation (e.g., intended to supplement for early stage growth) may not be applied to zones with vegetation in different stages of growth. The system may also select the consumable delivery schedule or activation of the delivery schedule based on vegetation, irrigation, and area characteristics. For example, the central controller may monitor a moisture content value for the vegetation and when a desired moisture content range is reached that will maximize or otherwise improve absorption of the consumable, the system may then activate the delivery schedule. The moisture content value may, in various examples, be derived from known water volume previously delivered by the irrigation system, weather data, and known characteristics of the vegetation. For example, the central controller may use the growth model for the vegetation to monitor moisture content. In this manner, the consumable maybe further conserved as the application will be activated within preferred conditions, preventing or reducing run off and increasing absorption. Similarly, the system may also track the consumable delivery schedule and activation and use the consumable application data to improve or provide feedback to other irrigation schedules, such as watering schedules. For example, the consumable information may allow better or more growth curve estimates, which can then be used by the system to vary watering times. The system may generate irrigation schedules for use with a permanent irrigation system (e.g., permanent in-ground sprinklers) and/or for temporary or other types of watering systems, such as sprinklers connected to a hose bib for water delivery. In some examples, the system may generate irrigation schedules for in-ground or permanent irrigation systems with additional temporary water outlets (e.g., sprinklers) added to provide additional irrigation to the area irrigated by the permanent irrigation system. Turning to the figures, a consumable delivery system100will be discussed in more detail.FIG.1Aillustrates the consumable delivery system100including a consumable module or applicator102, a controller120, one or more user devices122,124, one or more servers126, all of which may be in communication via one or more networks128.FIG.1Billustrates a schematic connection of the irrigation system100at a particular location, such as a watering area or the like, e.g., a residence, business, or the like, where the irrigation system100provides irrigation and consumables to an irrigated area114. The irrigated area114typically is fluidly connected to a water supply system104, which may include a water source113(e.g., main water line connected to a utility), an irrigation delivery pathway106, and in some instances may include a back flow prevention assembly107, such as one or more valves, that act to prevent water from the delivery pathway106from backing into or re-entering into the water source113. In some embodiments, the back flow prevention assembly107may be replaceable and may include an identifier108. The preventer identifier108may be a QR code, barcode, serial number, image, or other type of content or icon that can be used to identify the prevention assembly107. In some examples, back flow prevention may be included in the consumable module102, which may be in addition to or in place of the back flow prevention assembly107. For example, the consumable module102may include a back flow or one way valve to allow for positioning the consumable module102at different locations within the irrigation system100, such as closer to an outdoor water source (e.g., close to or coupled with a hose bib). The irrigated area114may be divided or separated into one or more irrigation zones116a,116b,116c,116dthat may be activated separately or jointly. The zones116a,116b,116c,116dgenerally include one or more delivery outlet sources, such as sprinkler heads, irrigation drip lines, soak lines, drip nozzles, and the like, and when activated, the delivery outlets are fluidly connected to a main water source113to deliver water. Delivery outlets may include, for example, in-ground sprinkler heads, removable outlets (e.g., sprinkler heads and/or nozzles connected to a hose bib), sprayers, drip lines, and the like. Accordingly, a zone may be an in-ground zone or may correspond to the area irrigated by an above ground outlet, such as a hose sprinkler, nozzle, sprayer, etc. Depending on the landscape and vegetation of the irrigated area114, the zones116a,116b,116c,116dmay correspond to different types of vegetation, e.g., grass, vegetable garden, natural landscaping, flower beds, trees, and so on. As such, individual and separate watering schedules for activating the zones116a,116b,116c,116dare helpful to ensure that the vegetation in a particular zone receives a correct volume of water. The controller120may be an irrigation or sprinkler controller120electronically connected to one or more activators (e.g., activation valves) that control fluid pathways to one or more delivery outlets, such as sprinkler heads, irrigation drip lines, and the like. For example, the controller120may be a controller coupled to a hose, e.g., positioned between a hose bib and a hose, and configured to control a sprinkler head or other delivery outlet connected to the hose. In some instances, each zone116a,116b,116c,116dmay have its own activator, allowing the controller120to selectively activate the zones separately from one another. The controller120may be a smart controller and connected to the one or more servers126(e.g., through the network128) that act as a “central” controller that generates watering schedules for the controller120based on vegetation characteristics, weather patterns, and the like. In some instances the controller120is assigned to a particular user, such as a user account, that identifies the irrigation area114, as well as user characteristics. An example of the controller120may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 9,594,366 entitled “System and Method for an Improved Sprinkler Controller System,” filed on May 6, 2014, and/or U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/528,070 entitled Method for Dynamically Increasing Plant Root Depth, filed on Jul. 31, 2019, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties for all purposes. As shown inFIG.1B, the controller120may be electrically connected to the zone actuators, such as solenoid vales or other actuators, to selectively fluidly connect one or more delivery outlets in one or more watering zones116a,116b,116c,116dto the main water source113via the one or more flow pathways106. With reference toFIG.1B, the consumable module102may be a container or other vessel fluidly connected to the water supply system104, such as connected to the flow pathway106, e.g., via module inlet pathway112aand module outlet pathway112b. The consumable module102houses one or more nutrient cartridges or nutrient supplies, such as a nutrient cartridge127. For example, the consumable module102may define an internal cavity128, holding area, tank, or compartment configured to receive the consumable or nutrient cartridge127therein. In some examples, the internal cavity128may be configured to receive the consumable without a cartridge or other container. The consumable module102may also include an identifier, such as a QR code, barcode, image, serial number, or the like, that may be used to electronically identify the consumable module102. In some instances, the module identifier110may be defined, attached, or otherwise positioned on an outer surface of the module110or within an easy to access area (e.g., beneath a lid or cover). The consumable module102is fluidly connected to the flow pathway106, such that fluid flows into the consumable module102via the inlet pathway112aand out the consumable module102via the outlet pathway112b. The consumable module102may be located, as shown inFIG.1B, between a water source113and the controller120. In some examples, the consumable module102may be located between the controller120and fluid outlets (e.g., sprinkler heads) controlled by the controller120. The consumable or nutrient cavity128and cartridge127are configured to be positioned within an internal module fluid path, such that as fluid flows into the module102, the fluid is exposed to and able to mix or carry the nutrients within the cartridge127out of the module. In some examples, the cartridge127may be emptied into the cavity128to deposit the consumable or nutrients into the cavity128. In some examples, the cartridge127may be placed into the nutrient cavity128and may act as a porous filter or may dissolve when fluid is mixed into the nutrient cavity128. For example, the consumable module102may include varying inlet and outlet diameters to manipulate pressures and velocity, e.g., defining a venturi, to create a vacuum type effect, drawing nutrients from the nutrient cartridge127into the flow path. As shown by the F and S arrows inFIG.1B, as the water travels from the inlet to the outlet, the pressure differential between the two112a,112bpathways, acts to pull the nutrients in the S direction, mixing with the flow, and then output back into the main flow pathway106from the outlet pathway112b. In this manner, the consumable module102may define a venturi injector to inject the nutrients into the flow pathway106, where the injection may depend on fluid flowing through the flow pathway106. In other embodiments, other types of injection or mixing mechanics can be used, e.g., a fluid pump, turbine, or the like, which may or may not be powered (e.g., via battery or solar power). Additionally, in some instances, the consumable module102may include valves positioned between the flow pathway106and the inlet pathway112aand/or outlet pathway112b(or between inlets/outlets within the module102). These valves may be pressure or electronically controlled to control flow and intermixing of the water with the consumable. It should also be noted that the consumable module102may include one or more onboard sensors, processors, and the like, that may be used to detect water temperature, flow rates, nutrient levels within the cartridge127, and so on. The user devices122,124may be substantially any type of computing device, such as, but not limited to, smart phone, tablet, laptop, personal computer, or the like, that may be used to allow a user to view information and control the irrigation system100. For example, the user devices122,124may include an irrigation application (app) that may be associated with a user account and the irrigation area114. In some instances, the first user device122may be an irrigation owner device, such as a home owner device, and the second user device124may be associated with an irrigation service provider, such as a landscaper. The servers126may define the central controller and are one or more processing elements that are interconnected together, e.g., physically and/or electronically, to execute and receive instructions. The servers may be a cloud based computing platform, virtual server network, or the like. Various components of the irrigation system100may be in electronic communication with one another via one or more networks128. The networks128may be any type of data transmission platform, such as wired or wireless communication systems and may include one or more combination of networks, such as local area networks, wide area networks, and the like. Examples of the network128includes LoRa, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and so on. In one example, the consumable module102may be in electronic communication with the controller120via a local area network or a LoRa network and the controller120may in turn be in communication with the servers126via the Internet. In this manner, then consumable module102may be connected to the central controller126through the controller120. In this example, the consumable module102may include less powerful and expensive processing and compute hardware components, relying instead on the controller120. In other embodiments, the consumable module102may act as a standalone device and may directly communicate with the central controller126. FIG.2illustrates a simplified block diagram of a computing device, such as the consumable module102, controller120, user devices122,124, and/or servers126. The computing devices may include one or more of one or more processing elements130, an input/output interface140, a power source138, one or more memory components134, and optionally a display132, each of which may be in communication with one another such as through one or more system buses, wireless means, traces, or the like. The one or more processing elements130are electronic devices capable of processing, receiving, and/or transmitting instructions and data. The processing elements130may be a microprocessor, processor, microcomputer, graphical processing unit, or a combination of multiple processing elements. For example, a first processing element may control a first set of components of the computing device and the second processing element may control a second set of computing devices, where the first and second processing elements may or may not be in communication with one another. Additionally the processing elements may be configured to execute one or more instructions in parallel. The input/output interface140receives and transmits data to and from the network128. The input/output interface140may transmit and send data to the network108, as well as other computing devices. The power138provides power to various components of the computing device. The power138may include one or more rechargeable, disposable, or hardwire sources, e.g., batteries, power cords, solar panels, or the like. The memory134stores electronic data that may be utilized by the computing devices. The memory134may include electrical data or content, such as processor instructions (software code), audio files, video files, document files, and the like. The memory134may include multiple components, such as, but not limited to, non-volatile storage, a magnetic storage medium, optical storage medium, magneto-optical storage medium, read only memory, random access memory, erasable programmable memory, flash memory, or a combination of one or more types of memory components. In many embodiments, the server126may have a larger memory capacity than the user devices122,124and/or local controller120. In some instances, the computing devices, such as the user devices122,124, may include a display132. The display132provides a visual output for the computing devices and may be varied as needed based on the device. The display132may include a liquid crystal display screen, light emitting diode screen, plasma screen, and the like. FIG.3illustrates a flow chart for a method200to correlate select components of the irrigation system100to one or more users. The method200may begin with operation202and the central controller126may receive an irrigation component identifier. For example, the user device122may capture an image by utilizing an onboard camera of the preventer identifier108and/or the consumable module120identifier110, and then transmit the identifier108,110to the central controller126via the network128. Depending on the type of identifiers108,110, the user may take an image, may directly input the data (e.g., type in a serial number), or otherwise detect the information. For example, the user device may decode information from an image of the identifiers108,110(e.g., read a barcode, QR code, or convert text in the image to text) and transmit the decoded information to the central controller126via the network128. In some examples, the user device122may send a raw image to the central controller126and the central controller126may decode the image to obtain the identifier. The method200may then proceed to operation204and the central controller126may confirm the identifier. For example, the central controller126may compared the received identifiers108,110with a database, table, or other source of information, to confirm that the information is correct and the respective irrigation component can be identified. For example, the central controller126may compare a received identifier with a table or database of known identifiers (e.g., provided by manufacturers) to confirm the identifier. In some examples, other sources of information may include cross-referencing customer orders and/or the user device122. For example, the central controller126may send a push notification or other communication to the user device122asking the user to verify that the identified component is correct. Additionally, this operation may include determining select characteristics of the component, such as type, flow rates, configuration, etc. When the component has been identified, the method200may proceed to operation206and the central controller126may assign the respective irrigation component107,102to a user account and/or irrigation area114. For example, the central controller126may utilize user information transmitted with the identifier (e.g., a user name, account number, address, location, etc.), to correlate the identified component with the user or account. For example, the identifier may be stored in a relational database correlated with the user or account identified by the information transmitted with the identifier. Once correlated together, the user account and/or irrigation area114may be linked with the respective irrigation component102,107, such that the central controller126may be able to incorporate features of the irrigation component into the watering scheduling and other functionality for the irrigation area114. It should be noted that in some instances the component may be associated with two or more user accounts. For example, the component may be associated with a home owner account corresponding to the owner of the irrigation area114, as well as a service provider account, such as a landscape or yard maintenance company or professional. After the component is associated with one or more user accounts, the method200proceeds to operation208and an optional notification can be output to the user device122,124, such as via the app. As one example, a message that the irrigation component102,107has been successfully linked may be transmitted to the user device. As another example, the app may display a schematic icon of the user's irrigation system100and the irrigation component102,107may be represented as a corresponding icon in the graphical user interface. The notification may be varied depending on the user, e.g., the home owner may receive a first notification and the service provider may receive another type of notification. The method200can be used to allow the central controller126to retrieve additional information regarding irrigation components that may be useful in generating irrigating schedules implemented by the local controller120. Additionally, the method200can be utilized to assess performance and provide incentives, such as for service providers. As an example, back flow preventers are often replaced by service professionals as the valves may rupture or wear out over time. In these instances, the service providers could be incentivized to install identifiable preventers107(e.g., those with an identifier108) at different customer homes. When installed, the method200could be used to associate the component with a user and determine that the component was installed by a select provider. The installing provider could then be provided with incentives (e.g., bonus, cash back, or the like), based on the number of installs. FIG.4illustrates a method230of utilizing the irrigation system100to selectively deliver consumables, such as nutrients, fertilizers, organisms, biostimulants and the like, to the irrigated area114. The method230begins with operation232and the consumable information for the irrigated area114is determined by the central controller126. For example, the user device122may capture information about the consumable cartridge127before inserting into the consumable module102and transmit the information to the central controller126. As another example, the central controller126may assist in arranging for delivery of select consumables to the user address and use the known information about the delivered consumables to determine the consumable characteristics. As another example, the user may directly enter information about consumables being inserted into the consumable module102. Using the information received from the user, the central controller126may retrieve specific consumable characteristics, such as from a database or the like. Consumable characteristics may include type, chemical makeup, volume or amount received within the nutrient module102, application frequency, targeted vegetation, and other information that can be used to determine how, where, and when the consumable should be delivered to selected locations within the irrigated area114. The method230proceeds to operation234and the application characteristics for the consumable are determined. For example, the central controller126may utilize the consumable characteristics, along with irrigation area characteristics (e.g., vegetation types by zone, watering schedule, weather, moisture content, use or traffic, expected growth, and the like), to determine application characteristics corresponding to delivery of the consumable. The central controller126may receive and/or derive irrigation area characteristics from user input. For example, vegetation information may be obtained, in various examples, from a homeowner, landscaper, or other end user. Such vegetation information may be supplied through filling out initial information about the vegetation area manually, scanning or inputting codes (e.g., QR codes) for seeds or plants when planted, providing photographs of the irrigation area, and the like. The central controller126may, in various implementations, estimate or derive additional information, such as moisture content and expected growth, from vegetation characteristics in combination with other data, such as local weather data, known watering schedules, and the like. In some examples, the central controller126may utilize a growth and irrigation model for the zones of the irrigation area in determining application characteristics for the consumable. For example, the central controller126may determine that the consumable is a grass fertilizer and is designed for application on grass in the early growth stage. Using this information, along with known vegetation characteristics for the zones116a,116b,116c,116d, the central controller126can determine that the consumable should be applied to zones116a,116b, and not zones116c,116d. In this manner, the central controller126can then generate an irrigation schedule that activates the first two zones116a,116band not the remaining two zones116c,116d, until all of the consumable has been delivered. As another example, the central controller126may use the volume or consumable amount information to determine the run time for the zones that will ensure full use of the consumable and that the consumable has been applied in its entirety to the irrigated area114. In some examples, the central controller126may generate user instructions along with the irrigation schedule to deliver the consumable to specific areas of the irrigation area114. For example, where the controller120controls a movable water outlet (e.g., a sprinkler connected to a garden hose), the central controller126may determine a location for the movable sprinkler such that the desired area or zone receives the consumable. For example, where a consumable is formulated for growth of flowers and the user indicates that the sprinkler is located to water grass, the central controller126may send a notification to the user to move the sprinkler to the flowers in conjunction with generation of the irrigation schedule. In some examples, the central controller126may receive an initial location of the sprinkler through an image or other user input. The central controller126may transmit the updated location of the sprinkler through an image of the irrigation area showing the updated location, written instructions to move the sprinkler to a certain area or zone, and the like. With reference toFIG.4, once the application characteristics have been determined, and an irrigation schedule generated, the method230proceeds to operation236and the generated irrigation schedule is transmitted to the controller120. For example, a separate consumable delivery irrigating schedule may be generated using the application characteristics, and the delivery schedule may be transmitted to the local controller120for execution by the watering system104. In particular, once the controller120receives the delivery schedule, the controller120may actuate select delivery outlets corresponding to the desired zones in order to deliver the consumable as directed by the central controller120. The delivery schedule may be a temporary irrigating schedule that overrides the current irrigating schedule, e.g., activates the select zones until the consumable has been fully delivered, and then the regular irrigation schedule is activated. Alternatively, the delivery schedule may be integrated into a regular irrigation schedule. The method230then proceeds to operation238and the consumable information and application information is applied to a growth and irrigation model for the irrigation area114. For example, the nutrient characteristics, the applied volume, and the application time/date, can be used by the central controller126to better estimate the growth curve of the vegetation, which can be used to generate watering schedules. Because the specific and accurate information of the consumable information can be directly input by the system (as compared, for example, to user entered feedback), the information may be more accurate and sensitive. For example, a user may generally provide feedback regarding application of a fertilizer to his or her yard, whereas with the method230, the central controller126will be able to know specific zones where the consumable was applied, the exact volume applied, as well as the vegetation characteristics at the time of application (e.g., size, moisture content, etc.). This information allows the central controller126to more accurately generate irrigation schedules that will maximize the benefits of the consumable. For example, the consumable information may be input to the growth and watering reducing scheduling as disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/528,070. In some embodiments, the method230may also include generating an output to the user. For example, the central controller126may output a consumable delivery notification when the consumable has been expended to the user device122,124. This may be utilized by the home owner to order new consumables and/or by the service provider to plan for maintenance or the like. FIG.5illustrates a method250for utilizing the irrigation system100to apply the consumables to the irrigation area114. The method250begins with operation252and the area characteristics for the irrigation area114are determined. For example, the central controller126may receive information corresponding to a user account that includes information for the irrigation area114, such as vegetation type, coverage, watering schedule, location, weather, growth curve, moisture content, sun exposure, and the like. The application characteristics may include user input information, image analysis information, database information, and/or any combination of sources. Using the landscape area characteristics, the method250proceeds to operation254and the central controller126determines whether the conditions are appropriate for application of the consumable. For example, the central controller126may compare the current area conditions with optimal delivery conditions for the consumable to determine whether the conditions are appropriate for delivery. As one example, the consumable may be best delivered when temperature averages are above a certain level and the central controller126may use weather information corresponding to the area114to determine whether this condition has been satisfied. As another example, the central controller126may determine that the moisture content for the application area should be below 60% before application of the consumable. This will allow the consumable to soak into the ground, rather than run off. In these instances, the central controller126may estimate the moisture content based on vegetation and solid characteristics and known watering or weather events. In some examples, additional data (e.g., weather data) may be collected from external sensors associated with the irrigation system100and/or placed in or near the irrigation area, such as precipitation sensors. The central controller can also vary the regular irrigation schedule to reduce the watering times and volume to reach the optimal or desired moisture content threshold. If the conditions for application are not ripe, the method250may proceed to operation256and wait before returning to operation252. As another option, the central controller126may modify one or more current irrigation schedules to help expedite or condition the ground for application of the consumable. Once the conditions satisfy the desired thresholds for application, the method250may proceed to operation258and the central controller126generates a watering schedule for delivery of the consumables. For example, depending on the zones that will receive the consumable, as well as the volume and type of consumable, the watering times and actuation order for the delivery outlets is selected, and then converted into a watering schedule. The watering schedule is then transmitted to the local controller120for execution. As the local controller120executes the watering schedule, selected zones are activated (e.g., the valves are opened), and as water flows from the main water source113, the water is directed into the consumable module102(e.g. via pressure differentials or actuated valves), the water mixes with the consumable, and the mixture is delivered by the delivery outlets (e.g., sprinkler heads) to the zones as activated. In this manner, by controlling the watering schedule, the controller120can control delivery volumes and location of the consumable. The precision of application and ease of application with the irrigation or fertigation system100, allows better control and downstream effects (e.g., improved watering scheduling) then conventional fertilizing systems. CONCLUSION The methods and systems are described herein with reference to residential sprinkler systems However, these techniques are equally applicable to other types of irrigation systems and watering supply structures. As such, the discussion of any particular embodiment is meant as illustrative only. Further, features and modules from various embodiments may be substituted freely between other embodiments. In methodologies directly or indirectly set forth herein, various steps and operations are described in one possible order of operation but those skilled in the art will recognize the steps and operation may be rearranged, replaced or eliminated without necessarily departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. It is intended that all matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative only and not limiting. Changes in detail or structure may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention as defined in the appended claims.

11856901

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Techniques described herein relate to processes and systems for controlling the irrigation of a wastewater effluent that contains contaminants to a vegetated land, or vegetated soil surface, as a means to treat the wastewater effluent while producing a source of valuable biomass. Controlling the application of a wastewater effluent via a predetermined irrigation protocol in the context of a land application system can achieve various objectives, such as enhancing evapotranspiration of the vegetation forming the vegetated land, reducing runoff and percolation of the irrigated wastewater into the soil, and perpetuating the effectiveness of the treatment process by controlling the contaminant loading applied to the vegetated land. In accordance with the techniques described herein, controlling the application of a wastewater effluent to an irrigation zone of a vegetated land as part of a land application system can include establishing a predetermined irrigation protocol in accordance with a set of various predetermined parameters to control the irrigation of an irrigation zone during an irrigation event. The set of predetermined parameters can include for instance one or more of an irrigation schedule corresponding to a time period during which irrigation is determined to be indicated, a soaking time indicative of a delay between two successive irrigation events in a same irrigation zone, an irrigation volume threshold (or a maximum daily irrigation volume) applicable onto the irrigation zone, a rainfall intensity threshold at which or below which irrigation is determined to be indicated, and a drained upper limit of the irrigation zone. These predetermined parameters can be evaluated at least against data representative of the irrigation status of the irrigation zone to determine whether an irrigation event is to be initiated or not. When the set of predetermined parameters listed above are included in a predetermined irrigation protocol, implementing the predetermined irrigation protocol can include evaluating if at least one of the start irrigation time is outside of the irrigation schedule, a prior irrigation time is less than the soaking time, a total daily irrigation volume is equal or above the irrigation volume threshold, the rainfall intensity is above the rainfall intensity threshold, and a soil water tension measurement of the irrigation zone is below the drained upper limit, in which case it can be determined that an irrigation event is not to be initiated and that no irrigation of wastewater is to be provided to the irrigation zone. Alternatively, when the start irrigation time is within the irrigation schedule, the prior irrigation time is equal or more than the soaking time, the total daily irrigation volume is below the irrigation volume threshold, the rainfall intensity is below or equal to the rainfall intensity threshold, and the soil water tension measurement is equal to or above the drained upper limit, it can be determined that an irrigation event is to be initiated to irrigate the irrigation zone with wastewater. Although various parameters are mentioned above, the irrigation protocol can also include a selection of these parameters or additional parameters, as the irrigation protocol can be adapted for a given application land. In accordance with the techniques described herein, a key parameter influencing the decision to initiate an irrigation event or not and thus for controlling the irrigation of wastewater to a vegetated land is the soil water tension of the irrigation zone. The soil water tension can be monitored at a given location in the irrigation zone to obtain a soil water tension measurement that is subsequently compared to a drained upper limit of the irrigation zone. In some implementations, when the soil water tension measurement of the irrigation zone is equal or above the drained upper limit, an irrigation event can be initiated to irrigate the irrigation zone with a given volume of wastewater. The given volume of wastewater can be determined to maximize the volume of wastewater applied to the vegetated land over a period of time while reducing drainage out of the root zone of the vegetation, and can depend on factors such as the ability of the vegetation of the vegetated land to treat the wastewater via phytoremediation mechanisms, the evapotranspiration efficacy of the vegetation, and the soil characteristics. Various implementations and features of the controlled wastewater irrigation process and system will now be described in greater detail in the following paragraphs. General Overview of a Land Application System A land application system involves the application of a wastewater effluent to a vegetated land using various irrigation techniques such as surface irrigation or subsurface irrigation. Land application of a wastewater effluent can provide several benefits, including providing a source of irrigation water and nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, to the vegetation of the vegetated land, offering an economical alternative to wastewater treatment by leveraging both the availability of such wastewater as a source of irrigation and the availability of vegetated land to receive the wastewater, providing an alternative to costly infrastructures required to treat wastewater, and an opportunity to treat wastewater having certain contaminants that would be otherwise difficult to treat in conventional facilities. In the context of the present description, the term “wastewater” can refer to any source of water that includes various levels of contaminants and that is known in the art as being considered suitable for land application systems. Examples of wastewater can include wastewater derived from farming activities, municipal wastewater, domestic wastewater, wastewater derived from industrial activities, sewage sludge, etc. The wastewater can be analyzed prior to being applied to the vegetated land to ensure that the concentration of contaminants, or other characteristics of the wastewater, falls within certain ranges to determine whether the wastewater is suitable to be supplied to the vegetated land as an irrigation source. The wastewater can be pre-treated prior to being applied to the vegetated land, for instance to reduce the concentrations of certain contaminants. Similarly, the vegetated land and soil suitability to receive the wastewater can depend on properties that can have the potential to impact human or environmental health, for instance because of surface erosion or downward movement of contaminants through the soil. The site properties and soil characteristics can thus be assessed prior to initiating operations involving the application of wastewater to determine if the site is suitable as a land application system. Such characterization can include for instance determining the primary direction of surface drainage and the presence of slopes as properties of the site itself, and determining soil properties such as the pH, particle size distribution, permeability, porosity, density, clay content, etc. A land application system takes advantage of the ability of the vegetation and soil to perform vegetative uptake via evapotranspiration and thus reduce the volume of wastewater. Evapotranspiration combines evaporation and transpiration mechanisms. Evaporation occurs when liquid water is converted to water vapour and removed from an evaporation surface, which can include the soil surface and the surface of the plant, including the leaves. The evaporation is dependent on factors such as solar radiation, which can be influenced by the extent of the vegetation canopy. Transpiration involves the vaporization of liquid water contained in plant tissues and the vapour removal to the atmosphere following water take up by the roots and transport through the plant. The vaporization occurs within the leaf, in the intercellular spaces, and the transpiration then occurs through small openings in the plant leaf called stomata. Evapotranspiration thus represents the sum of these two types of water removal by the vegetation to the atmosphere. Furthermore, the application of the wastewater effluent to the vegetated land surface enables treatment of the wastewater effluent as it flows through the plant root system and the soil matrix through various phytoremediation mechanisms. For instance, the plant can absorb contaminants such as nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus as inorganic nutrients. In particular, ammoniacal nitrogen can be absorbed by plants roots or more likely, be nitrified to nitrate nitrogen by soil microorganisms and then be absorbed by plant roots. The root of the plant can also absorb other contaminants such as metals, e.g., Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn to prevent their release to the environment through percolation and runoff. In addition, vegetation, microorganisms and soil can contribute to reducing chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations, and biological oxygen demand (BOD5) concentrations, and ammonia concentrations in the water present in soil pores. Organic matter can be removed by biological oxidation, filtration and adsorption mechanisms. Various factors can influence the performance of a land application system. Examples of these factors include the nature of the wastewater, the characteristics of the soil, particularly its structure and permeability, prevailing winds, which assist evapotranspiration processes, the presence of shade which also influence evapotranspiration processes, existing vegetation, etc. A land application system can thus be designed to find a balance between treatment of the wastewater and growth needs of the vegetation through evapotranspiration and percolation. The vegetation of the land application system can be chosen so as to produce biomass that may or may not have an economic value. In some instances, the vegetation can simply be ornamental, while in others, the biomass produced can be harvested and used for various applications. An example of a suitable vegetation for use in a land application system is a short rotation willow coppice (SRWC) vegetation filter. Willow beds have high rates of evapotranspiration, provide a biomass having an economic value, are non-edible, and have a high nitrogen and some metal absorption capacity. In addition, willow beds have nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium proportional requirements similar to the proportion of these nutrients typically found in municipal wastewater, making SRWC vegetation filters appealing for the treatment of this type of wastewater effluent. It is to be noted that a short rotation wood coppice can also be referred to as a SRWC. Although a SRWC vegetation filter has been described above as an example of vegetation for a land application system, it is to be understood that any type of vegetation known in the art for use in the context of land application systems can be suitable for implementing the techniques described herein. Any fast-growing tree species, and particularly those having a high evapotranspiration rate and enhanced tolerance of their root system to anaerobic conditions, can be a type of vegetation of choice for implementing a land application system suitable operated according to the techniques described herein, since these characteristics can facilitate the application of large amounts of wastewater to the vegetated land. Rapid root, stem and leaf growth can also provide rapid uptake of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous and of water.Populus, bamboos, and eucalypts are additional examples of short-rotation woody species that can be suitable for land application systems, among others. Any high evapotranspiration plants can also be suitable. In some implementations, short rotation coppice of fast-growing tree species can be particularly suitable, as this type of culture can provide several benefits given the rapid root, stem and leaf growth of the vegetation. An example of a benefit provided by short rotation coppice of fast-growing tree species is that the crop can be harvested according to shorter harvest cycles and subsequently be quickly replaced, given the ability of some short rotation coppice to resprout from stumps after being harvested. Another example of benefit of short rotation coppice of fast-growing tree species is that it can produce biomass that is valuable economically at a rapid rate. As mentioned above, conventional techniques for applying wastewater to a vegetated land are typically passive, and generally involve irrigating the vegetated at a constant daily hydraulic loading rate. These passive land application systems may not be suitable for enhancing evapotranspiration when wastewater applied to the vegetated land is below the evapotranspiration capacity of the vegetation, which translates in a suboptimal use of the vegetation resources. On the other hand, supplying a constant volume of wastewater to the vegetated land can result in saturated soil conditions, and thus in water runoff and deep percolation. In addition, passive management of a land application system does not take into consideration constraints related to the treatment efficiency of the process, such as the capacity of the soil to degrade organic matter or to nitrify the ammoniacal nitrogen brought by the wastewater effluent. Actively controlling the irrigation of wastewater in the context of a land application system can contribute to overcome some of these drawbacks. Controlled Application of Wastewater to an Irrigation Zone of a Vegetated Land Processes and systems for controlling the application of a wastewater effluent to an irrigation zone of a vegetated land will now be described in further detail. With reference toFIG.1, a schematic representation of a controlled irrigation system10that can be implemented to control the irrigation of a wastewater effluent from a wastewater source12to an irrigation zone14of a vegetated land18via an irrigation network20is shown. In the illustrated implementation, a first irrigation zone14and a second irrigation zone16are shown. It is to be noted that the vegetated land18can also be referred to as a “vegetation filter”, and that these two expressions are used interchangeably in the present description. In accordance with the concepts described above, a vegetation filter can be defined as is a plant-based treatment system that involves phytoremediation strategies for treating wastewater through fast-growing woody trees and/or herbaceous perennials, relying on soil attenuation capacity, biological degradation, and plant uptake to remove contaminants from the wastewater. Considerations when selecting the type of vegetation for the vegetated land can include root depths, irrigation requirements, growth cycle, and competition with other vegetation, to name a few. The choice of vegetation can also be performed according to the nutrient needs of the vegetation of interest, to ensure that the wastewater that will eventually be supplied to the vegetation promote growth of the vegetation without addition of extraneous fertilizers while maintaining a satisfactory yield with respect to biomass production. An irrigation zone14,16can be defined as an area of the vegetated land18that includes at least one monitoring device42for monitoring a property indicative of an irrigation status of the irrigation zone, and that is supplied with a controlled amount, which can be expressed as a volume, of wastewater. In some implementations, the irrigation zone can be supplied with a controlled amount of wastewater independently of an adjacent irrigation zone. The interaction between the data collected by the monitoring device42regarding the irrigation status of the irrigation zone and the resulting controlled application of wastewater as an irrigation source for the irrigation zone can facilitate applying an amount of wastewater for that given irrigation zone that is suitable for its evapotranspiration capacity and/or treatment capacity, among other factors. The determination of an area of the vegetated land that can be suitable for forming an irrigation zone can depend on the homogeneity of soil characteristics over the vegetated land. Examples of soil characteristics can include for instance particle size distribution, permeability, porosity, density, and clay content, or any other soil characteristic that can contribute to influence soil oxygenation and the retention of the irrigated wastewater by the soil. When the soil of the vegetated land is considered heterogenous, the number of irrigation zones can be increased, with each irrigation zone being provided with at least one monitoring device. By increasing the number of irrigation zones, each monitoring device can collect data indicative of the irrigation status for a given section of the vegetated land that is considered somewhat homogenous, and be supplied with a controlled amount of wastewater in accordance with the data collected by the monitoring device. In other words, the vegetated land can be divided in a given number of irrigation zones that are determined as being substantially homogenous in terms of their sol characteristics, with at least one monitoring device being provided per irrigation zone. Providing more than one monitoring device per irrigation zone can contribute to obtaining data as representative as possible of the entire irrigation zone, which in turn can facilitate the control of the irrigation of that specific irrigation zone. This aspect will be described in further detail below. In other implementations, the soil characteristics can be substantially homogenous over the entire vegetated land, and the segmentation of the vegetated land into irrigation zones can depend on the optimization of the wastewater distribution over the vegetated land. For instance, the wastewater supply network, or irrigation network, can be designed to supply wastewater to a certain area of the vegetated land, and such surface area would correspond to an irrigation zone. Thus, an irrigation zone as described herein can be described as any section of a vegetated land for which controlled irrigation can be achieved via the use of a monitoring device collecting data that is indicative of the irrigation status of the irrigation zone, and subsequent application of a controlled amount of wastewater determined at least in part in accordance with the collected data. The wastewater source12can be any type of containment structure configured for holding a certain volume of wastewater that can then be supplied to an irrigation zone via the irrigation network20. In some implementations, the containment structure can be a holding tank. As the availability of the wastewater as a source of irrigation water may vary over time depending on the industries or operations supplying it, the containment structure can be configured to be oversized to hold an additional volume of wastewater that would enable satisfactory supply to the irrigation zones over a given period of time to ensure that water needs of the vegetation are met. In some implementations, the wastewater source12includes a float switch operating in an on/off manner to indicate to the pump24that enough wastewater is available to initiate an irrigation event, or alternatively that not enough wastewater is available to initiate an irrigation event. As mentioned above, any source of water that includes contaminants and that is considered suitable for land application systems can be used as wastewater for the controlled irrigation system10described herein. Examples of wastewater can include wastewater derived from farming activities, municipal wastewater, domestic wastewater, sewage sludge, landfill leachate, etc. A step of wastewater characterization can be performed to evaluate the suitability of the wastewater to be applied as irrigation water, and/or to obtain a wastewater characterization profile that can be subsequently used to modulate operating parameters of the controlled irrigation system. Examples of characteristics of the wastewater can include for instance and without being limitative, COD, BOD5, TSS, TN, TP, pH, and concentrations of elements such as Ca, Mg, K, Na, SO4and Cl. In some implementations, obtaining the wastewater characterization profile can enable to adapt the contaminant loading applied to the irrigation zone. For instance, if it is determined that the concentration of one or more contaminants of a given wastewater effluent is higher than a predetermined threshold, one parameter that can be modified is the volume of wastewater applied to the irrigation zone, i.e., the volume of wastewater applied to the irrigation zone can be reduced in accordance with the treatment capacity of the irrigation zone to reduce the contaminant loading of the irrigation zone. Alternatively, if it is determined that a first wastewater has a concentration of one or more contaminants that is higher than a predetermined threshold, a given volume of the first wastewater can be diluted with a second wastewater having a lower concentration of contaminants to achieve a lower overall contaminant loading for the combination of the first and second wastewater compared to if the first wastewater was applied alone. In some implementations, the wastewater can be pre-treated prior to being applied to the vegetated land, for instance to reduce the concentrations of certain contaminants. Determining whether the wastewater is suitable for application to the irrigation zone can involve obtaining a soil characterization profile. Similarly to what is mentioned above regarding the selection of areas of the vegetated land as irrigation zones, obtaining a soil characterization profile can include determining a physical property and/or a chemical property of a soil sample that is representative of the soil in a given irrigation zone. A physical property of a soil sample can include for instance the proportion of sand, silt and/or clay contained in the soil sample, the texture of the soil sample, the coefficient of uniformity of the soil sample, the coefficient of curvature of the soil sample, the bulk density of the soil sample, the porosity of the soil sample, the total available water and the saturated hydraulic conductivity, among others. A chemical property of the soil sample can include for instance its content in organic matter, its content in total organic carbon, and a concentration of elements such as NH4+, NOx, P, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg and K, among others. It is to be understood that these physical and chemical properties are given as examples only, and that the properties analyzed as part of the determination of the soil characterization profile can vary and be adapted depending on the vegetated land, the wastewater characterization profile, and/or the goals that are desired to be achieved by the implementation of the controlled irrigation system. In some implementations, the vegetated land can be a confined vegetated land. A confined vegetated land is one that includes a semi-permeable or an impermeable barrier, such as a geomembrane, that is configured to contain wastewater from travelling downward into the soil past a certain depth, or to reach other bodies of water via contaminant migration. A confined vegetative land can also be delineated by a berm. In other implementations, the vegetated land can be an unconfined vegetated land. Examples of unconfined vegetated land can include a vegetated land can be provided on a top surface of a former landfill, such as a former waste containment area or an abandoned mine site. The type of vegetation grown on the vegetated land can depend on the characteristics of the vegetated land, i.e., whether the vegetated land is a confined vegetated land versus an unconfined vegetated land. For instance, when the vegetated land is provided on a top surface of a former landfill, the vegetation can be chosen such that the roots of the plants do not damage the integrity of the cap of the landfill. Pumping Station, Control Station and Weather Station Still referring toFIG.1, in the implementation shown, the controlled irrigation system10further includes a pumping station22that includes at least one pump24, a control station26, and a weather station44. The pump24is in fluid communication with the irrigation network20via a supply pipeline46. The irrigation network20includes an irrigation pipeline28connected to the pump24to transport the wastewater to the irrigation zone(s), and a plurality of sub-pipelines30,32. The irrigation pipeline28can have various configurations and be made of various materials depending on the characteristics and volume of wastewater to transport to the irrigation zones. In the implementations shown, the irrigation pipeline28is divided into a first sub-pipeline30and a second sub-pipeline32, the first sub-pipeline30being configured for supplying wastewater to the first irrigation zone14and the second sub-pipeline32being configured for supplying wastewater to the second irrigation zone16. It is to be understood that the term “pipeline” can refer to a tubing, or any structure enabling the transport of the wastewater to the irrigation zone. As mentioned above, the supplying of the wastewater to each of the irrigation zones via corresponding sub-pipelines can facilitate controlling the volume of wastewater according to specific characteristics of the irrigation zone, and more particularly according to the data collected by the monitoring device42associated with that irrigation zone. Although each one of the sub-pipelines30,32are illustrated as a single pipeline inFIG.1, it is to be understood that each sub-pipeline30,32can include one or more ramifications, for instance to provide uniform irrigation over the surface area of the irrigation zone. The configuration of the sub-pipeline30,32can also change depending on the type of irrigation chosen. In some implementations, the irrigation of wastewater can be performed via surface irrigation or via underground irrigation. Examples of systems for performing surface irrigation include surface drip systems and micro-sprinkler systems. An example of a system for performing underground irrigation is a buried drip system. The sub-pipelines30,32shown inFIG.1are thus illustrated as a single line transporting the wastewater for illustrative purposes only. It is to be understood that more than one sub-pipeline can be used to supply a controlled volume of wastewater to a corresponding irrigation zone, and that a sub-pipeline can correspond to a surface irrigation system and/or a subsurface irrigation system, or any other type of irrigation system. The pump24can be for instance a centrifugal pump, or any other suitable type of pump. The pump24supplies wastewater to the irrigation zone(s) via the irrigation network20. In some implementations, a single pump can be provided to supply a controlled volume of wastewater to respective irrigation zones. Alternatively, more than one pump can be provided, for instance with a pump being provided for a given number of irrigation zones and for a vegetated land that includes more than the given number of irrigation zones. To prevent water hammers in the irrigation network20, irrigation valves34can be opened a certain period of time prior to the starting the pump24, and be closed a certain period of time after the pump24is turned off. In some implementations, the pumping station22further includes a variable frequency drive (VFD) for controlling the operation of the pump24. The VFD can enable the pump24to gradually increase its pressure, which can also contribute to avoid water hammers. The VFD can also be used to modulate the operating flow rate. In the illustrated implementation, and in-line pressure sensor36and a flowmeter38are provided as instrumentation for transmitting information regarding the wastewater flowing in the irrigation network20. The flowmeter38is configured to measure the flow of wastewater flowing in the irrigation network20, and indirectly, volumes of irrigated wastewater and associated contaminant loadings. The flow rate provided by the flowmeter38, which can be expressed for instance in m3/h, can be converted to a volume of irrigated wastewater per irrigation event, with volumes of irrigated water being summed to obtain a total volume of wastewater applied per day, or per another unit of time, which can be expressed for instance in m3. The total volume of wastewater applied per day can be a parameter of a predetermined irrigation protocol to determine whether an additional irrigation event can be initiated or not. In some implementations, the information provided by the flowmeter38regarding the flow rate of wastewater circulating in the irrigation network20can be used as a safety parameter. For instance, if the flowmeter38shows a low flow rate in the irrigation network20, this can be indicative of a clogging at a given location in the irrigation network20, whereas if the flowmeter shows a high flow rate in the irrigation network20, this can be indicative of a leak in the irrigation network20. The pressure sensor36can be installed on the main supply line of the irrigation network20, i.e., the irrigation pipeline28, downstream of the pump24, to measure the upstream pressure of the irrigation network20. The pressure sensor36can be used to monitor the hydraulic properties of the irrigation network20. In some implementations, the pressure of the irrigation network20provided by the pressure sensor can act as a safety parameter, with the pump24ceasing its action if the pressure is above a given pressure threshold, which could indicate leakage in the irrigation network20, and if the pressure is below a given pressure threshold, which could indicate clogging in the irrigation network20. Although one pressure sensor36and one flowmeter38are illustrated inFIG.1, it is to be understood that one or more additional pressure sensor and/or one or more additional flowmeter can be provided at other key locations in the irrigation network20to provide further information on the performance of the irrigation process. For instance, a pressure sensor and/or a flowmeter can be provided on each one of the sub-pipelines of the irrigation network20. In other implementations, either one of the pressure sensor and the flowmeter, or both, can be omitted. Each one of the sub-pipelines30,32can be provided with an irrigation valve34provided upstream of a given one of the irrigation zones14,16, the irrigation valve34being configured to be controlled to modulate the volume of wastewater supplied to the given one of the irrigation zones14,16. Each one of the sub-pipelines30,32can also be provided with a flushing valve40located downstream of a given irrigation zone and that can be controlled to implement a flushing cycle in the given one of the irrigation zones14,16to clean given portions of the irrigation network20. In some implementations, a flushing cycle can involve simultaneously opening the irrigation valve34and the flushing valve40of a given irrigation zone to circulate wastewater, or water from another source, in the corresponding sub-pipeline30,32and in a flushing pipeline48. To maintain the hydraulic system clean, a flushing cycle can be automatically programed at a specified frequency. In some implementations, an irrigation event can be initiated when the irrigation valve34is in an open configuration while the flushing valve40is in a closed configuration. The weather station44can include various types of weather monitoring instruments to monitor variables related to meteorological conditions. Examples of monitoring instruments include a temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, a rain gauge, a solar radiation probe and an anemometer. These weather monitoring instruments can be configured to measure and report outdoor temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, rainfall intensity and volumes, and wind speed, respectively, which are meteorological conditions that can influence the transpiration of the vegetation of the vegetated land. In some implementations, the weather monitoring instruments can be configured to continuously monitor meteorological conditions. In some implementations, the rain gauge can be a key element of the weather station, since it can provide information relative to the rainfall intensity. The rainfall intensity, which can be expressed for instance in mm/hr, can be a variable that is taken into consideration in a predetermined irrigation protocol, as the rainfall intensity can influence the maximum daily volume of wastewater applied to the irrigation zone, or irrigation volume threshold. For instance, in some implementations, more rain may mean that less wastewater can be applied to the irrigation, while less rain may mean that more wastewater can be applied to the irrigation zone. The control station26includes a controller, which can be for instance a programmable logic controller (PLC). The controller can enable controlled irrigation of an irrigation zone of a vegetated land. In some implementations, the controller can enable controlled irrigation of a plurality of irrigation zones, with each irrigation zone being equipped to be irrigated independently from other irrigation zones. In some implementations, the control station26may include a processor. Of note, the processor can be implemented as a single unit (i.e., a single processor) or as a plurality of interconnected processing sub-units (i.e., a plurality of processors). The processing unit can be embodied by a computer, a microprocessor, a microcontroller, a central processing unit, or by any other type of processing resource (or any combinations thereof) configured to operate collectively as a processing unit. The processor can be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof, and be connected to the various components of the controlled irrigation system10via appropriate communication ports. At least one component of the control station26(e.g., the controller or the processor) is in data communication with at least one of the pump24, the pressure sensor36, the flowmeter38, other component(s), instrument(s) or device(s) of the pumping station22if any, the monitoring device42or the weather station44. It should be noted that the expression “data communication” may refer to any type of direct connection and/or indirect connection. For example, the controller or the processor(s) of the control station26may be connected to the pump24, the pressure sensor36, the flowmeter38, the monitoring device42and/or the weather station44through direct communication such as a wired connection or via a network allowing data communication between devices or components of a network capable of receiving and/or sending data, which may include, to name a few, publicly accessible networks of linked networks, possibly operated by various distinct parties, such as the Internet, private networks (PN), personal area networks (PAN), local area networks (LAN), wide area networks (WAN), cable networks, satellite networks, cellular telephone networks and the like, or any combinations thereof. The controller is configured to collect data from the instruments of the pumping station22, which in the scenario illustrated inFIG.1includes the flowmeter38and the pressure sensor36, from the monitoring devices42distributed over the irrigation zones of the vegetated land, and/or from the weather monitoring instruments of the weather station44. The controller is further configured to analyze the collected data against predetermined parameters of a predetermined irrigation protocol to determine whether an irrigation event can be initiated or not. For instance, the controller can collect data related to the volume of irrigated wastewater supplied to the irrigation zones per irrigation event, and can sum this data to obtain a total volume of wastewater applied per day, or per another unit of time, which is information that can then be used to determine whether an irrigation event can be initiated or not. The rainfall intensity in a period of time prior to initiation of an irrigation event is also a valuable information to determine whether an irrigation event can be initiated or not. In addition, in some implementations, the forecasted rainfall intensity, which can be determined according to a weather forecast, predicted for a given period of time prior to initiation of a desired irrigation event, can also be used to determine whether an irrigation event can be initiated or not. The soil moisture of the irrigation zone, which can be provided by the monitoring devices installed in the irrigation zone, can also be used to determine whether an irrigation event can be initiated or not, as will be discussed in detail below. The controller (or processor) of the control station26is further configured to process different types of signals, such as the ones that can be generated or produced by the pumping station22(or components thereof, such as the pressure sensor36and/or the flowmeter38), the weather station44(or instruments thereof) and/or the monitoring device42. Examples of processing techniques that may be performed by the controller may include filtering the signals, performing different operations (e.g., additions, subtractions, ratio calculations, Fourier transforms, filtering, averaging, or any other mathematical functions, transformations and/or analyses) and/or analyzing the signals. In addition, the controller of the control station26may be configured to control the operation of the components of the controlled irrigation system10. Once the data has been analyzed by the controller, the controller can subsequently provide instructions to the pump24, the irrigation valves34and the flushing valves40, to control irrigation of the irrigation zones14,16. The controller is thus operatively connected to the pump24, and the pump24can receive instructions from the controller to control its operation. In some implementations, the controlled irrigation system10may include a memory, or may include or be connected to a database to store data collected from the instruments and/or other relevant data. The memory may be integrated to the controller of the control station26or may alternatively be in data communication with at least one component of the control station26. The data collected by the instruments may be stored in a dataset including information such as measurements or statistics. Of note, the information stored in the dataset may be representative of a past irrigation status of the irrigation zone, an actual (or ongoing) irrigation status of the irrigation, a forecasted irrigation status of the irrigation zone and/or any other relevant indicators or parameters that may be useful to control the irrigation of wastewater onto the vegetated land. The dataset may be stored as a relational database and may have a database format commonly used in the art, such as Domino, SQL, SCSV, Office 365, or the like. The dataset may comprise textual information, numeral information, time information, date information, image information, and any combinations thereof. In some implementations, the memory or the database may further store calibration data. The calibration data may be representative of control parameters of the components or instruments of the controlled irrigation system10. The data collected by the instruments may be compared to the calibration data, and after the comparison, the collected data and the calibration data may be combined to determine the appropriate control parameters of at least one of the components or instruments of the controlled irrigation system10. The combination of the collected data and the calibration data may include an estimation, an approximation, an interpolation or an extrapolation of the control parameters. The controller can be further configured to send the data collected from the instruments toward the memory, and/or to send the data to a web platform or a cloud-based platform. Storing collected data related to the operation of a controlled irrigation system10as described herein can enable characterizing the effect of meteorological conditions and irrigation events on the performance of the controlled irrigation system10. The controlled irrigation system10may include a user interface configured to control the controlled irrigation system10through the control station26. The user interface may be configured to select one of the components of the controlled irrigation system10, receive data collected by the instruments or components of the controlled irrigation system10and/or send instructions to the instruments or components of the controlled irrigation system10. The user interface may be in data communication with each component of the controlled irrigation system10through a corresponding communication channel. In some implementations, the user interface may be a graphical user interface. As the user interface is operatively connected to at least one component of the controlled irrigation system10, a user may interact with the controlled irrigation system10(or components thereof). The user interface may be displayed on a display or a screen. In some implementations, the graphical user interface may be part of a web-based application that may be accessed and displayed using a computing device connected to the Internet or any types of network. The user interface may be configured to provide a visual representation of the controlled irrigation system10, the control parameters of the components or instruments of the controlled irrigation system, the data collected by the components or instruments of the controlled irrigation system, and/or the calibration data. The visual representation may include other information relevant to control the irrigation of an irrigation zone with wastewater. It should be noted that, in some implementations, the visual representation may be provided in real-time or near real-time. In some implementations, a plurality of functionalities and/or modulable parameters may be accessible through the user interface. The user interface may be configured to provide an indication of the state of the controlled irrigation system10through visual inspection of the user interface and to allow manual control of at least one component or instrument of the controlled irrigation system10. For example, and without being limitative, the user interface may provide information on zone activity (e.g., idle, irrigating, flushing, soaking, soaking tension low and deactivated), the state of valves (i.e., on or off), the state of pumps (i.e., on or off), daily irrigated volume per zone, sensor live readings, flowmeter measurements (e.g., flow rate (m3/h)) and irrigated volume per zone per day (m3), pressure gauge measurements (e.g., pressure (PSI)), tipping bucket (e.g., rainfall (mm/h) and total rain (mm/d)) and tensiometers or soil moisture sensors measurements (e.g., tension (kPa)/moisture (%) and limit tension). In addition, the user interface may be configured to select an irrigation program or protocol and operate the controlled irrigation system10in a manual mode. In the manual mode, a user may activate and/or deactivate an irrigation zone, a valve and/or a pump by interacting with the user interface. The control station26(or at least one component thereof, e.g., the controller or processor) may be part of a programmable computer. Alternatively, the control station26may be in data communication with such a programmable computer. A programmable computer generally includes at least a processor and a data storage system that may include volatile and non-volatile memory and/or storage elements. The programmable computer may be a programmable logic unit, a mainframe computer, server, a personal computer, a cloud-based platform, program or system, laptop, personal data assistance, cellular telephone, smartphone, wearable device, tablet device, virtual reality devices, smart display devices, set-top box, video game console, portable video game devices, or virtual reality device. At least one of the steps of the processes described herein can be implemented in a computer software or program executable by the programmable computer. Of note, computer software or programs may be implemented in a high-level procedural or object-oriented programming and/or scripting language to communicate with a computer system. The programs can alternatively be implemented in assembly or machine language, if desired. In these implementations, the language may be a compiled or interpreted language. The computer programs are generally stored on a storage media or a device readable by a general or special purpose programmable computer for configuring and operating the computer when the storage media or device is read by the computer to perform the processes (or step(s) thereof) described herein. In some implementations, at least one component or module of the controlled irrigation system10can be provided as a plug-in. The expression “plug-in” as used herein refers to a software component adding a predetermined feature or functionality to the controlled irrigation system10. Providing different components or modules as plug-ins can be associated with some benefits, such as, for example and without being limitative, adaptability, modularity and flexibility. As mentioned above, at least one monitoring device is provided per irrigation zone for monitoring a property indicative of an irrigation status of the irrigation zone. In some implementations, the monitoring device can be a soil tensiometer. A soil tensiometer is configured to provide a measurement of soil water tension, or soil moisture tension, at the depth of installation. A soil tensiometer typically includes a porous cup and a glass or plastic tube that are initially filled with water, and a pressure gauge. The soil water tension is measured against a partial vacuum that is initially created when the soil tensiometer is first installed in an unsaturated soil. The soil tension, which can be expressed in pressure units such as kPa, is an indicator of the energy required by the plant to extract water from the soil. As water is pulled out of the soil by the vegetation and evaporation, the soil will absorb water from the ceramic cup and thus increase the vacuum inside the tube. The higher the suction, the more difficult it is for the plant to withdraw water from the soil. On the other hand, when the soil is near or above saturation, water can be suctioned in from the soil to the inside of the tube through the ceramic cup, thereby reducing the vacuum inside the tube. The water content of any particular soil layer can decrease as a result of soil evaporation, root absorption, or due to water drainage to an adjacent layer. The soil tension at which a soil can hold water against gravity and below which there is drainage is referred to as the drained upper limit (DUL), which can also be referred to as field capacity. In other words, the DUL can be defined as representing the amount of water that remains in the soil and that is available to the vegetation for uptake, after excess water has drained away by gravitational drainage and the rate of change of water content in the soil remains relatively constant, indicating that drainage has become negligible. The DUL can thus be viewed as a water content, expressed in volume percentage, remaining in the soil after an irrigation event or a rainfall event, at a given depth and after a given period of time. As mentioned above, the DUL can also be expressed as a soil tension, for instance in kPa, at which it is determined that water is retained after gravitational flow. The difference between soil tension and the DUL can thus provide valuable information with respect to the available water reserve of a soil and its capacity to receive more water before witnessing gravitational flow, and in the context of the present description, to be subjected to an irrigation event. The DUL can be dependent on soil characteristics, such as the soil texture, structure, and composition, for instance with respect to the presence of clay, sand, organic matter, etc., the temperature and evapotranspiration. The DUL can be determined during a startup phase of the implementation of the controlled irrigation system, and be subsequently used as a DUL-related criterion in a predetermined irrigation protocol. Determining the DUL can involve analyzing measurements collected by the tensiometers installed in the irrigation zones following an irrigation event and/or a rainfall event, or a series of irrigation events and/or rainfall events. The determination of the DUL can thus be performed following the occurrence of a planned irrigation event, or after sufficient rainfall has been received to fill the soil down to a given depth, or a combination both. In some implementations, the DUL can be determined by analysing the evolution of the water tension, given by tensiometers, following an irrigation or rainfall event that saturates the soil at a depth beyond the measuring point of the tensiometer. At saturation, the measured tension will be expected to be at its lowest (theoretical zero kPa) and, therefore, under the DUL. Once the irrigation or rainfall event has stopped, the tension will typically start to increase as the water is leaving the soil profile. When the tension is below the DUL, the water in the soil will drain by gravity which will be categorized by a steep water tension curve. The slope (derivative) of the curve will then gradually tend towards zero as the water in the soil is slower and slower to leave the soil. The DUL can be determined by a sudden decrease in the steepness of the curve in the span of a couple hours. This variation in the curve can show the moment when the last of the gravity flowing water leaves the soil profile. The tension corresponding to the water left in the soil at that point can be interpreted as corresponding to the DUL. Theoretically, when the matric potential of the soil reaches a value of about 0 kPa, there is no longer any suction in the soil, and the soil can thus be considered saturated. It is to be noted that, in the context of the present description, the expressions “soil tension”, “soil water tension” and “matric potential” can be used interchangeably. In such a scenario, the pores of the soil can be considered filled with water and thus, there is no more presence of air in the pores of the soil. In some implementations, the soil can be considered saturated at values higher than 0 kPa, depending on factors such as the calibration and sensitivity of the tensiometers used to perform the measurements. For instance, in some implementations, the soil can be considered saturated when the soil tension reaches a value under 5 kPa. Thus, in some implementations, determining the DUL can include obtaining a series of soil water tension measurements on the vegetated land during a startup phase, which can be performed during a series of characterized events such as a planned irrigation event or a rainfall event. Determining the DUL can also include characterizing a soil sample from the irrigation zone during the startup phase to obtain characteristics of the soil sample. Once the DUL is obtained for a given irrigation zone, this value can be used as a basis to establish a criterion, i.e., a DUL-related criterion, against which to compare soil water tension measurements obtained at a given time for a given irrigation zone to determine if an irrigation event can be initiated. In some implementations, the DUL-related criterion can be the DUL itself, or alternatively, the DUL-related criterion can be established based on the DUL, as will be described in more detail below. In some implementations, the DUL can be assessed at given timepoints or according to predetermined time intervals once the implementation of the controlled irrigation system has been initiated. Assessing the DUL at given timepoints or according to predetermined time intervals can enable adjusting certain parameters of operation of the controlled irrigation system in response to variations in the measured DUL through time, or can contribute to validating that the DUL determined during the startup phase remains representation of the soil of the irrigation zone. Soil water tension measurements indicative of the irrigation status of the irrigation zone can be obtained using the one or more soil tensiometers installed in the irrigation zone as the monitoring devices, and can be used to control the irrigation of an irrigation zone with wastewater. For instance, in some implementations, one to two soil tensiometers can be installed per irrigation zone for zone areas of one hectare or less. More than two soil tensiometers can be installed for larger irrigation zones, or when the irrigation zone includes heterogeneous regions. In implementations where more than one soil tensiometers is used in an irrigation zone, the measurements obtained by each of the soil tensiometers can be averaged, and the average can then be used to be evaluated against a given criterion. Ideally, soil tensiometers are installed under conditions that are representative of the entire irrigation zone to provide accurate information regarding the irrigation status of the irrigation zone. The depth of installation of a soil tensiometer can depend on the plant species used. Generally, the ceramic cup of the soil tensiometer can be installed in the last third of the plant root zone depth. When fast-growing shrub willow is chosen as the vegetation chosen for the vegetated land, the depth of installation of the ceramic cup of the soil tensiometers can be between about 20 cm to about 30 cm, for example. A process for controlling irrigation of wastewater onto a vegetated land will now be described in further detail. The process can include determining a DUL-related criterion of an irrigation zone of the vegetated land. The irrigation zone can then be monitored to assess the moisture level of the soil, and more particularly by measuring a soil water tension for the irrigation zone, using one or more soil tensiometer. When a single soil tensiometer is installed in an irrigation zone, the soil water tension measurement can be used as is or through a function to remove noise if desired. When more than one soil tensiometer is installed in an irrigation zone, an average of the soil water tension measurements from the soil tensiometers can be calculated and used as a representative value of the soil water tension of the irrigation zone. The soil water tension measurement can then be evaluated against a DUL-related criterion that has previously been determined for that irrigation zone. The step of evaluating the soil water tension measurement against the DUL-related criterion of the irrigation zone can be performed automatically or manually. When performed manually, the soil water tension measurement be evaluated against a DUL-related criterion that has previously been determined for that irrigation zone, and the operation of the pump can be adjusted in accordance with the extent of the departure from the DUL-related criterion. When performed automatically, the soil water tension measurement can be transmitted to a controller as described above for analysis. As the controller is operatively to the pump via the VFD, the operation of the pump can be adjusted automatically in accordance with the extent of the departure from the DUL-related criterion. In some implementations, the DUL can be used as a basis to establish a criterion against which a soil water tension measurement is evaluated and that can be used to determine whether an irrigation event can be initiated or not, i.e., to establish a DUL-related criterion. For instance, the DUL-related criterion can be established based on the DUL to which is added a certain percentage of the difference between the DUL and the wilting point of the irrigation zone, and in turn, the DUL-related criterion can be used to determine whether an irrigation event can be initiated or not. In some implementations, the percentage of the difference between the DUL and the wilting point of the irrigation zone can be less than 30%, less than 20%, less than 15%, less than 10%, or less than 5%. It is to be noted that the wilting point can also be referred to as a lower limit of plant available water. For ease of reference, the percentage of the difference between the DUL and the wilting point can be referred to as x % plant available water (PAW), in which scenarios the DUL-related criterion can be expressed as DUL+x % PAW. For instance, for a DUL of 10 kPa and a wilting point of 30 kPa, and a DUL-related criterion of DUL+5% PAW, the DUL-related criterion would correspond to 11 kPa, as 5% of 20 kPa represents 1 kPa. In implementations where the DUL-related criterion is DUL+x % PAW, an irrigation event can be initiated for instance if the soil tension is equal to or above DUL+5% PAW, DUL+10% PAW, DUL+15% PAW, DUL+20% PAW, or DUL+30% PAW. In another example, the DUL-related criterion can be obtained based on the impact of an irrigation event on the soil tension, the irrigation event being initiated when the soil tension is at or near the DUL. In order to measure the impact of the irrigation event on soil tension, a test irrigation event can be initiated when the soil tension is at a value close to or at the DUL, for instance when the DUL is between DUL and DUL+x kPa. The x kPa value can be for instance between 0.5 kPa and 5 kPa. In some implementations, the x kPa value can be about 1 kPa. The difference in soil tension before and after the test irrigation event, i.e., the soil tension loss, is then determined, and this value can be used to determine the DUL-related criterion for irrigation. In such implementations, the DUL-related criterion thus corresponds to the DUL to which is added the impact of the test irrigation event on the soil tension. For example, for an irrigation zone having a DUL of 10 kPa, if it is determined that after a test irrigation event initiated when the soil tension was at DUL+1 kPa, the average tension lost after the test irrigation event is 2 kPa, then the criterion could be determined as corresponding to 12 kPa+/−1 kPa. This DUL-related criterion can vary depending on the irrigation zone as topography and soil properties can vary for each irrigation zone, and on the hydraulic load applied with every event. In some implementations, the criterion can be between DUL+0.2 kPa and DUL+3 kPa, or between DUL+0.2 kPa and DUL+10 kPa, for example. When the DUL-related criterion is established in accordance with the technique described above, the value of this criterion can be referred to as “DUL+1 irrigation event” in the present document. The DUL-related criterion can be increased by a safety buffer when the data is new or questionable. For instance, the criterion can be increased by up to 20%. In some implementations, the DUL-related criterion can be adjusted, either manually or automatically, if it is observed that an irrigation event results in the soil tension dropping under the DUL. In some implementations, when the DUL-related criterion used is “DUL+1 irrigation event”, the “DUL+1 irrigation event” can be used as a first DUL-related criterion, and a second DUL-related criterion can be used to determine whether an irrigation event characterized by an increased irrigation volume and/or increased irrigation event duration can be initiated. The second DUL-related criterion can be referred to as “DUL+x irrigation event”, with x corresponding to a number of irrigation events and being greater than 1. Of note, x can be an integer number or a number with a fractional component. For instance, when x=2, the DUL-related criterion would correspond to “DUL+2 irrigation events”, meaning that the DUL-related criterion corresponds to a soil tension indicating that an irrigation event that is greater (due to an increased volume and/or increased duration) by a factor2can be initiated, compared to when an irrigation event that would be initiated following the determination that the soil tension is equal or above the criterion “DUL+1 irrigation event” while not reaching the “DUL+2 irrigation events” criterion. The use of the second DUL-related criterion can be desirable to determine when it can be advisable to proceed with a greater irrigation event when this second DUL-related criterion is met. In such implementations, a single and “normal” irrigation event can be initiated if the soil tension measurement is equal or above the first DUL-related criterion “DUL+1 irrigation event” and below the second DUL-related criterion “DUL+x irrigation event”. On the other hand, if it is determined that the soil tension measurement is equal or above the second DUL-related criterion “DUL+x irrigation event”, a greater irrigation event by a factor x can be initiated. In an example scenario, the irrigation volume of an irrigation event can be about 100 m3, and the “DUL+1 irrigation event” criterion can be 25 kPa, for a DUL of 20 kPa. If experiments that were previously conducted determined that the soil tension threshold to irrigate 300 m3was 40 kPa, for instance without risking deep percolation or runoff, this would mean that the “DUL+3 irrigation event” in that scenario would be 40 kPa. In some implementations, the use of both “DUL+1 irrigation event” and “DUL+x irrigation event” as criteria to determine whether an irrigation even can be initiated and the increased magnitude of this irrigation event can contribute to reducing the effect of gravitational flow in pipelines on the heterogeneity of irrigation in irregular fields, since the longer the irrigation event, the smaller the effect of post-irrigation gravitational flow may be on the uniformity of the distribution of the irrigated wastewater. In some implementations, it may be desirable to maintain the soil tension of a given irrigation zone within a certain range to contribute to maximize, or enhance, the volume of wastewater applied to the irrigation zone over time. For instance, when the DUL-related criterion is distinct from the DUL itself, the range can be defined between the DUL and the DUL-related criterion. In some implementations, the range within which to maintain the soil tension can thus correspond to the DUL and DUL+x % PAW. In other implementations, the range within which to maintain the soil tension can correspond to the DUL and DUL+1 irrigation event, or the DUL and DUL+x irrigation event. Basing the decision to initiate an irrigation event at least in part on the soil water tension evaluated against a DUL-related criterion of the irrigation zone can enable the plants and soil to be constantly supplied with a volume of wastewater that they can manage, which can contribute to maximizing, or enhancing, the volume of wastewater applied to the irrigation zone over time. Furthermore, basing the decision to initiate an irrigation event at least in part on the soil water tension evaluated against the DUL-related criterion of the irrigation zone also takes advantage of the soil characteristics and evapotranspiration profile of the vegetation to use the ability of the soil and vegetation to receive and treat the wastewater closest to their full potential. With this approach, an objective is to provide a volume wastewater to the irrigation zone per unit of time that is as high as possible to treat large volumes of wastewater, while ensuring that the volume of irrigated wastewater is not so large that untreated wastewater percolates past a certain depth or that the irrigation zone gets flooded. Thus, providing a controlled irrigation of an irrigation zone so as to maintain the soil water tension close to the DUL, such as within one irrigation event of the DUL, i.e., within DUL+1 irrigation event, can contribute to maximize the amount of water in the field while minimizing drainage out of the root zone of plants, which in turn can contribute to enhance consumption and evapotranspiration by plants. In addition to enhancing transpiration, maintaining the soil water tension close to the DUL, such as within one irrigation event of the DUL, i.e., within DUL+1 irrigation event, can facilitate maintaining a favorable environment in the root zone to the degradation or the transformation of contaminants that can be present in wastewater, such as the degradation of organic matter, nitrification of ammoniacal nitrogen, etc. By maintaining a tension equal or above the DUL, the gravitational flow, i.e., gravitation drainage, beyond the plants root zone can be avoided, such that substantially all of the irrigated wastewater can remain available to be consumed and transpired by plants. This strategy contrasts with conventional irrigation approaches used in agriculture. Conventional irrigation approaches used in agriculture are typically aimed at maximizing yield by minimizing the amount of water irrigated in the field in order to conserve water resources. Water is thus supplied minimally, i.e., in the least amount, to agricultural crops to maintain the soil tension below the wilting point, which corresponds to the amount of water in the soil that is held so tightly by the soil matrix that the roots cannot withdrawn and absorb this water, before water stress adversely impacts the plant while ensuring that yield is not compromised. Conventional irrigation typically starts only when the crops are near their wilting point (hydraulic stress point). The mindset for such conventional approaches is to irrigate only if needed, and the volume of water applied per irrigation event corresponds to the volume needed to reach the DUL. Another benefit of using a soil tensiometers to measure the soil water tension in the soil of the irrigation zone is that such soil water tension measurements are not impacted by the salt content of water present in the pores of the soil. Given that wastewater can have a high salt content or a variable salt content, the use of soil water tension measurements to provide information of the irrigation status of an irrigation zone independently of the salt content of the wastewater can thus enable to have access to more accurate and reliable data compared to “dielectric type” soil moisture probes typically used in agriculture applications. In some implementations, soil water tension measurements can be taken for each one of the irrigation zones, and the controlled irrigation process can include determining the irrigation zone with the largest departure, or largest differential, above the corresponding DUL-related criterion. Once the irrigation zone having the largest differential of the soil water tension measurement above the DUL-related criterion is determined, the controller can be configured to send instructions to the pump to initiate an irrigation event for that given irrigation zone. Depending on the configuration of the irrigation network, an irrigation event can be initiated for more than one irrigation zone at a time, or simultaneously, for instance for the irrigation zones having the largest differential the corresponding soil water tension measurement and the corresponding DUL-related criterion. Alternatively, the irrigation network can be configured to irrigate irrigation zones sequentially, starting by irrigating a first irrigation zone having the largest differential between the corresponding soil water tension measurement and the corresponding DUL-related criterion, followed by irrigating a second irrigation zone having the second largest differential between the corresponding soil water tension measurement and the corresponding DUL-related criterion, and so on. Controlled Application of Wastewater to an Irrigation Zone of a Vegetated Land by Implementation of a Predetermined Irrigation Protocol With reference now toFIGS.2-6, various implementations of a predetermined irrigation protocol for controlling the application of wastewater to an irrigation will now be described. In general terms, a main objective of the irrigation protocol is to apply a high daily hydraulic loading to each irrigation zone. The expression “hydraulic loading” refers to the volume of wastewater applied to an irrigation zone per time period, with a daily hydraulic loading representing the total volume of wastewater applied per day. It is to be noted that the expression “irrigation protocol” can be used interchangeably with the expressions “control loop” and “irrigation feedback loop”, as the irrigation protocol involves the generation of data by the weather station, the weather monitoring device(s), and/or the monitoring devices installed in the irrigation zones, and additional monitoring devices such as hydraulic monitoring devices including for instance a flowmeter, a pressure gauge, a real time clock etc., with the controller collecting such data, analyzing it, and generating output data that can be used as instructions for operating components of the irrigation network, such as the pump, the irrigation valves and the flushing valves. The irrigation protocol can be established using various parameters that relate to the physicochemical characteristic of the wastewater that is to be applied to the irrigation zones, i.e., the wastewater characterization profile, the soil characterization profiles of the irrigation zones, including the soil water tension of the irrigation zones. The term “parameter”, when referring to an irrigation protocol as described herein, can be used interchangeably with the terms condition or criterion. FIG.2illustrates an example of an irrigation protocol that includes seven parameters that can influence whether an irrigation event having a start irrigation time and an end irrigation time can be initiated. These seven parameters are:an irrigation schedule corresponding to a time period during which irrigation is determined to be indicated;a forecasted rainfall intensity;a soaking time;an irrigation volume threshold or maximum daily irrigation volume;a rainfall intensity prior to the irrigation event;a soil moisture; andan irrigation event duration. Each of these parameters will be described in the following paragraphs. It is to be noted that a given irrigation protocol generally includes at least the irrigation schedule and the irrigation duration as parameters, and a selection of at least one of the prior irrigation time, the total daily irrigated volume, the forecasted rainfall intensity, the rainfall intensity, and the soil moisture. It should thus be understood that when using the expression “if all other criteria of the irrigation protocol are met” in the below paragraphs, the number of parameters or criteria can vary according to the chosen protocol. Irrigation Schedule The irrigation schedule corresponds to an interval of time during a 24-hour period during which it has been previously established that initiating an irrigation event is suitable. The irrigation schedule has a start time and an end time. In some implementations, the irrigation schedule can correspond to the photoperiod at the given time in the year. The photoperiod can be defined as the period of time during the day between the sunrise and the sunset, and thus can vary over the course of the year. Performing an irrigation event during the photoperiod can promote evaporation on soil and plants surfaces via exposition to solar radiation. This practice of maximizing water loss is typically contrary to the good practice of conventional agricultural irrigation where one seeks to minimize water loss. The range of hours where irrigation can be initiated, i.e., the irrigation schedule, can be automatically adjusted throughout the year, or the period of the year when irrigation is possible depending on the climate, with the data from the solar radiation sensor of the weather station to take into account variations in the photoperiod. The irrigation schedule can also be adjusted to start a given number of minutes before the sunrise, and/or to end a given number of minutes after the sunset. In other implementations, the irrigation schedule can be manually adjusted according to other factors such as the availability of wastewater to be treated. As an example, an irrigation schedule in June in the Northern Hemisphere, can be between 6h00 and 20h00. Thus, no irrigation event would be initiated if the time of day is outside that range of time, whereas if the time of day falls within that range, an irrigation event can be initiated, if all other criteria of the irrigation protocol are met. Forecasted Rainfall Intensity The forecasted rainfall intensity is defined as the amount of rain expected to fall during a given period of time, the given period of time occurring before a given timepoint. The forecasted rainfall intensity can be expressed in depth units per unit of time, such as mm per hour (mm/h), and the given timepoint can be expressed in unit of time, such as in minutes (min). Including the forecasted rainfall intensity in the irrigation protocol can facilitate avoiding risks of wastewater runoff and percolation beyond the plant root zone by anticipating events that could lead to such risks. In some implementations, no irrigation event is initiated if it is expected to rain with an intensity greater than x mm/h in less than a given number of minutes, whereas an irrigation event can be initiated if the forecasted rainfall intensity is expected to be equal to x (or be below x if x does not correspond to zero) for the next given number of minutes. For example, x can correspond to zero, such that no irrigation event is initiated if it is expected to rain with an intensity greater than zero mm/h in less than a given number of minutes, whereas an irrigation event can be initiated if the forecasted rainfall intensity is expected to be zero for the next given number of minutes. In some implementations, the criteria associated with the forecasted rainfall intensity can be adjusted to values greater than zero mm/h depending on the characteristics of the wastewater effluent, and/or the environmental risks associated with a potential runoff and percolation of the wastewater effluent. For instance, for wastewater effluents that are considered less contaminated, it may be acceptable to allow the forecasted rainfall intensity to be greater than zero. Thus, in some implementations, the forecasted rainfall intensity above which no irrigation event is initiated can range for instance between about 0.2 mm/h to about 10 mm/h, at anytime in a number of minutes that can range between 15 and 90 minutes. It is to be understood that these values are given for exemplary purposes only and should not be considered limitative. Soaking Time The soaking time corresponds to the time elapsed between two successive irrigation events in the same irrigation zone, i.e., the delay between two irrigation events in a same irrigation zone. The soaking time can be determined according to a period of time that is sufficient for the wastewater supplied to the irrigation zone to percolate through the soil matrix and reach the monitoring device measuring soil properties, such as soil tensiometers, so as to enable the monitoring device to analyze the soil conditions before a subsequent irrigation event is initiated. The soaking time is dependent on soil characteristics, and can be determined on site during a startup phase of the implementation of the controlled irrigation system. In some implementations, soil tensiometers can be used to determine the soaking time of an irrigation zone, to evaluate the progression through time of the soil water tension following a planned irrigation event and/or a rainfall event. In some implementations, the soaking time could be reassessed in an automated fashion during system operation, for example by considering the time it takes for a tensiometer reading of a soil with a given matric potential to respond to a given irrigation event. As an example, in some implementations, the soaking time can range from between about 2 minutes to about 30 minutes. For example, if a soaking time is set at 5 minutes, and the prior irrigation event finished at 13h05, i.e., the prior irrigation time is 13h05, a subsequent irrigation event would not be initiated before 13h10, if all other criteria of the irrigation protocol are met. Irrigation Volume Threshold or Maximum Daily Irrigation Volume The irrigation threshold, or maximum daily irrigation volume per irrigation zone, refers to a predetermined cumulative volume of wastewater that has been determined to be suitable to apply to an irrigation zone per a given period of time, such as per day. The maximum daily irrigation volume can be determined in accordance with the wastewater characterization profile, and thus can vary depending on the concentration of contaminants in the wastewater. The determination of maximum daily irrigation volume in accordance with wastewater characterization profile can enable ensuring that the contaminant load applied to the irrigation zone does not exceed the capacity of the soil, the microorganisms and the vegetation to receive such wastewater, and degrade, transform, adsorb or absorb the contaminants. The maximum daily irrigation volume can thus depend on the nature of the wastewater to be treated, and can vary over time. Furthermore, the maximum daily irrigation volume can also depend on the soil characterization profile, and on the characteristics of the vegetation of the vegetated land, such as the vegetation transpiration. When using the term “maximum” or “maximizing” in the context of the present description, it is to be understood that it is intended to refer to a volume that tends toward what has been previously determined to correspond to a theoretical volume or empirical volume of wastewater that is suitable to supply to a given irrigation zone during a given period of time, and can include variations to such volumes of wastewater that are up to 10% of the previously determined theoretical volume or empirical volume. It is also to be noted that the expression “maximum daily irrigation volume” can be used interchangeably with the expressions “cumulative daily irrigation volume threshold”, “daily irrigation volume threshold”, and “irrigation volume threshold”. In some implementations, when the wastewater effluent is loaded with organic matter and/or ammoniacal nitrogen, determining the wastewater characterization profile can include carrying out an oxygen balance during a startup phase of the implementation of the controlled irrigation system to compare the daily biological oxygen demand loading associated to the irrigation to the daily soil passive oxygenation capacity. In some implementations, when the wastewater effluent is loaded with metals or nutrients, determining the wastewater characterization profile can include analyzing the contaminant loading of the wastewater, and the maximum daily irrigation volume can be determined by comparing the contaminant loading applied to an irrigation zone with the quantity of contaminants that can be absorbed by the vegetation. Taking into consideration the contaminant loading of the wastewater contributes to maintain treatment efficiency and process durability, for instance by reducing the risk of soil clogging due a contaminant overload, which are benefits over conventional irrigation systems. Once the maximum daily irrigation volume per irrigation zone is reached, a subsequent irrigation event would not be initiated. An irrigation event can be initiated if the maximum daily irrigation volume per irrigation zone is not met, and if all other criteria of the irrigation protocol are met. Rainfall Intensity The rainfall intensity is defined as the ratio of the total amount of rain falling during a given period to the duration of the period. The rainfall intensity can be expressed in depth units per unit time, such as mm per hour (mm/h). Including the rainfall intensity in the irrigation protocol can facilitate avoiding risks of wastewater runoff and percolation beyond the plant root zone. In some implementations, no irrigation event is initiated when the rainfall intensity is greater than zero mm/h, and an irrigation event can be initiated when the rainfall intensity is equal to zero mm/h. In some implementations, the criterion associated with the rainfall intensity can be adjusted to a value greater than zero depending on the nature of the wastewater effluent and the wastewater characterization profile, and/or on the environmental risks associated with a potential runoff and percolation of the wastewater. For instance, in some implementations, the rainfall intensity above which no irrigation event is initiated can range between about 0.2 mm/h to about 2 mm/h, or between about 0.2 mm/h to about 10 mm/h. In some implementations, the controller can be configured to take into account the rainfall weather forecast, and the irrigation protocol can be adapted such that no irrigation event is initiated if it is supposed to rain in the next given number of minutes, whereas an irrigation event can be initiated if no rain is expected for the next given number of minutes. Soil Moisture The soil moisture refers to the water stored in the soil, and can be affected by the characteristics of the soil and the rainfall events, and can be monitored using monitoring devices distributed over the irrigation zones. In some implementations and as mentioned above, the monitoring device can include a soil tensiometer to measure soil water tension. Using soil water tension can be advantageous to evaluate soil moisture independently of the salinity of the wastewater used for irrigating the irrigation zone. The soil moisture allows the system to irrigate when the soil is ready to receive more wastewater, which decreases the risks of wastewater drainage and runoff. When the soil moisture is evaluated using one or more soil tensiometers to obtain soil water tension measurements, the soil water tension measurements collected for a given irrigation zone can be analyzed against at least one DUL-related criterion, which can be the DUL itself, or a criterion based on the DUL, for that given irrigation zone. The criterion related to the DUL can be a parameter that is set manually following the determination of the DUL during the startup phase. The criterion related to the DUL can also be reassessed after the implementation of the controlled irrigation system is initiated. In some implementations and as described above, the criteria related to the DUL, i.e., the DUL-related criterion, can correspond to the DUL to which is added a certain value, which can correspond for instance to less than 30% of the difference between the DUL and the wilting point, or less than 20%, less than 15%, less than 10%, or less than 5% of the difference between the DUL and the wilting point. As mentioned above, the percentage of the difference between the DUL and the wilting point can thus be referred to as x % plant available water (PAW), with the DUL-related criterion being expressed as DUL+x % PAW. In such implementations, irrigation can be initiated when the soil water tension measurement is equal or above the DUL+x % PAW, and if all other criteria of the irrigation protocol are met. In other implementations, the criterion related to the DUL, i.e., the DUL-related criterion, can correspond to DUL+1 irrigation event. In such implementations, irrigation can be initiated when the soil water tension measurement is equal or above the DUL+1 irrigation event, and if all other criteria of the irrigation protocol are met. When the soil water tension measurements are analyzed against two DUL-related criteria, the first DUL-related criterion can correspond to DUL+1 irrigation event, and the second DUL-related criterion can correspond to DUL+x irrigation event, with x being greater than 1. In such implementations, an irrigation event can be initiated when the soil water tension measurement is equal or above the DUL+1 irrigation event and below DUL+x irrigation event, and if all other criteria of the irrigation protocol are met. For such irrigation event, the volume of wastewater applied or the duration of the irrigation event can correspond to the one associated with the DUL+1 irrigation event. Furthermore, if the soil water tension measurement is equal or above the DUL+x irrigation event, thus being necessarily above the DUL+1 irrigation event, then the magnitude of the irrigation event can be as determined by the value of x, x being above 1 and corresponding to a multiplier of the irrigation volume or irrigation duration of the irrigation event associated with the DUL+1 irrigation event. In some implementations, the DUL+x irrigation event can be used as a standalone criterion. In some implementations, the controlled irrigation system10may include a prediction module in data communication with the control station26and the weather station44. The prediction module can be configured to “learn” or “predict” which weather and field conditions lead to given changes in the soil water tension measured in the irrigation zone. By having a better overview of the impact of certain weather conditions on the soil water tension, at least one of the moment of irrigation event, the irrigation run time, the DUL+1 irrigation event, or the irrigation volume threshold can also be adapted, to maintain the soil water tension within a certain range relative to the DUL. The prediction module may be configured to output an estimate of the soil water tension, or a projected soil water tension, based on information representative of the weather conditions. More specifically, the prediction module can receive at least one of the weather conditions and the actual soil tension as an input(s) and provide an estimated value of the impact of an irrigation event on the soil water tension as an output. The estimation of the soil water tension may also be based on a priori knowledge, computation, empirical data, theoretical model, calibration data and any combinations thereof. The estimated soil water tension may be representative of an instantaneous (i.e., actual) soil water tension and may be saved or stored on the memory or in the database. It should be noted that the instantaneous estimated water tension value may be temporarily or permanently saved. Subsequent water tension values may then be determined or evaluated, based on the collection or accumulation of the plurality of successive instantaneous estimated water tension values. In some implementations, the prediction module may be configured to receive code, computer-readable instructions or any other computer programming steps or sub-steps as inputs and, in response thereto, send instructions or requests to the control station26. These instructions or requests may be used to alter, modify and/or adjust the irrigation of the irrigation zone. Of note, these requests may be manually provided, automatically provided or semi-automatically provided. Irrigation Duration The irrigation duration corresponds to the duration of an irrigation event. The value of this parameter can depend on several factors, such as the irrigation rate, the availability of the wastewater effluent, the hydraulic configuration of the irrigation network, and the soil characterization profile. The irrigation duration can be balanced between a duration that is too short, which may not be efficient from a hydraulic point of view and for the uniformity of the irrigation event, and a duration that is too long, which may lead to a risk of overshooting the irrigation. In the context of the controlled irrigation system as described herein, the irrigation hydraulic loading per irrigation event used in the irrigation protocol can be considered as being substantially smaller compared to values of irrigation hydraulic loading for typical agricultural operations. It has been found that short but frequent irrigation events can facilitate a precise control of the soil water tension. With this atypical duration and hydraulic loading of irrigation events, the controlled irrigation system can maintain the soil water tension close to the DUL, which can be considered as an optimal tension for wastewater treatment, without exceeding it, i.e., without saturating the soil and loosing water to gravity. For example, in some implementations, the irrigation duration can be between 5 minutes and 30 minutes, the hydraulic rate can be between about 1 mm and about 5 mm per event and is repeated between 0 and 30 times over the period of 24 hours. This type of irrigation schedule can enable applying a volume of wastewater per irrigation event that contributes to maintaining the soil water tension close to the DUL, or above the DUL such as for instance at DUL+x % PAW (with x % being less than 30%) or at DUL+1 irrigation event, or within an interval defined by DUL and DUL+x % PAW (with x % being less than 30%), or DUL and DUL+1 irrigation event, which in turn can contribute to maximize the amount of the wastewater applied to the vegetated land over time. In contrast, conventional irrigation typically starts only when the soil moisture reaches a percentage of the total available water capacity, or plant available water, that is typically above 50% from the DUL. The principle is to irrigate only if plants become in need of water. In such conventional irrigation processes, the volume of water applied per irrigation event typically corresponds to the volume needed to reach the DUL from a percentage of the total available water capacity that is typically above 50% from the DUL, such that typical hydraulic rate in conventional agricultural applications can be between 10 mm and 50 mm per event and irrigation occurs only every couple of days. In some implementations, the duration of the irrigation event can be determined at least in part so as to maintain the soil tension close to the DUL, or above the DUL such as for instance at DUL+x % PAW (with x % being less than 30%) or at DUL+1 irrigation event, or within the interval defined by DUL and DUL+x % PAW (with x % being less than 30%), or DUL and DUL+1 irrigation event. Examples of Irrigation Protocol Implementations and Associated Control Loop Referring now toFIG.2, in some implementations, the irrigation protocol can include the seven of the parameters described above. In such implementations, the controller can be configured to maintain the operation of the pump and associated irrigation network in standby, such that no irrigation event is initiated, when at least one of:the start irrigation time is outside of the irrigation schedule, which can be interpreted as meaning that the time of the day evaluated to determine if an irrigation event can be initiated is outside of the irrigation schedule;the forecasted rainfall intensity is predicted to be above a forecasted rainfall intensity threshold in less than a given number of minutes;the prior irrigation time is less than a given number of minutes, which can be interpreted as meaning that the number of minutes following the end of the prior irrigation event is less than a predetermined delay between two successive irrigation events corresponding to the soaking time;the total daily irrigated volume is equal or above an irrigation volume threshold, which can be interpreted as meaning that the total volume of wastewater that has been applied to the irrigation zone to date, starting at the beginning of the irrigation schedule, has reached the irrigation volume threshold volume of wastewater per day that the irrigation zone can receive;the rainfall intensity at the start irrigation time is above a rainfall intensity threshold, with the rainfall intensity threshold being set at either zero or above zero; andthe soil water tension of the irrigation zone is below a DUL-related criterion. Still referring to the implementation shown inFIG.2, the controller can be further configured to operate the pump and associated irrigation network to initiate an irrigation event having a given irrigation duration, when the following criteria are met:the start irrigation time is within the irrigation schedule, which can be interpreted as meaning that the time of the day evaluated to determine if an irrigation event can be initiated is within the irrigation schedule;the forecasted rainfall intensity is anticipated to be equal or below the forecasted rainfall intensity threshold for a given number of minutes, or the forecasted rainfall intensity is anticipated to be higher than the forecasted rainfall intensity threshold but after the given number of minutes;the prior irrigation time is equal to or more than a given number of minutes, which can be interpreted as meaning that the number of minutes following the end of the prior irrigation event is equal or more than the soaking time;the total daily irrigated volume is below irrigation volume threshold, which can be interpreted as meaning that the total volume of wastewater that has been applied to the irrigation zone to date, starting at the beginning of the irrigation schedule, has not reached the irrigation volume threshold of wastewater per day that the irrigation zone can receive;the rainfall intensity at the start irrigation time is equal to or below the rainfall intensity threshold; andthe soil water tension of the irrigation zone is equal or above a DUL-related criterion. Referring toFIG.3, in some implementations, the irrigation protocol can include six of the parameters described above. In such implementations, the controller can be configured to maintain the operation of the pump and associated irrigation network in standby, such that no irrigation event is initiated, when at least one of:the start irrigation time is outside of the irrigation schedule, which can be interpreted as meaning that the time of the day evaluated to determine if an irrigation event can be initiated is outside of the irrigation schedule;the prior irrigation time is less than a given number of minutes, which can be interpreted as meaning that the number of minutes following the end of the prior irrigation event is less than a predetermined delay between two successive irrigation events corresponding to the soaking time;the total daily irrigated volume is equal or above an irrigation volume threshold, which can be interpreted as meaning that the total volume of wastewater that has been applied to the irrigation zone to date, starting at the beginning of the irrigation schedule, has reached the irrigation volume threshold volume of wastewater per day that the irrigation zone can receive;the rainfall intensity at the start irrigation time is above a rainfall intensity threshold, with the rainfall intensity threshold being set at either zero or above zero; andthe soil water tension of the irrigation zone is below a DUL-related criterion. Still referring to the implementation shown inFIG.3, the controller can be further configured to operate the pump and associated irrigation network to initiate an irrigation event having a given irrigation duration, when the following criteria are met:the start irrigation time is within the irrigation schedule, which can be interpreted as meaning that the time of the day evaluated to determine if an irrigation event can be initiated is within the irrigation schedule;the prior irrigation time is equal to or more than a given number of minutes, which can be interpreted as meaning that the number of minutes following the end of the prior irrigation event is equal or more than the soaking time;the total daily irrigated volume is below irrigation volume threshold, which can be interpreted as meaning that the total volume of wastewater that has been applied to the irrigation zone to date, starting at the beginning of the irrigation schedule, has not reached the irrigation volume threshold of wastewater per day that the irrigation zone can receive;the rainfall intensity at the start irrigation time is equal to or below the rainfall intensity threshold; andthe soil water tension of the irrigation zone is equal or above a DUL-related criterion. Referring toFIG.4, in some implementations, the irrigation protocol can include a selection of parameters among the prior irrigation time, the total daily irrigated volume, the rainfall intensity, the forecasted rainfall intensity, and the soil moisture. In the implementation shown inFIG.4, the selected parameters include the prior irrigation time, the total daily irrigated volume and the rainfall intensity. In such implementations, the controller can be configured to maintain the operation of the pump and associated irrigation network in standby, such that no irrigation event is initiated, when at least one of:the start irrigation time is outside of the irrigation schedule;the total daily irrigated volume is equal or above an irrigation volume threshold;the prior irrigation time is less than a given number of minutes, which can be interpreted as meaning that the number of minutes following the end of the prior irrigation event is less than a predetermined delay between two successive irrigation events corresponding to the soaking time; andthe rainfall intensity at the start irrigation time is above a rainfall intensity threshold, with the rainfall intensity threshold being set at either zero or above zero. Still referring to the implementation shown inFIG.4, the controller can be further configured to operate the pump and associated irrigation network to initiate an irrigation event having a given irrigation duration, when the following criteria are met:the start irrigation time is within the irrigation schedule;the prior irrigation time is equal to or more than a given number of minutes, which can be interpreted as meaning that the number of minutes following the end of the prior irrigation event is equal or more than the soaking time;the total daily irrigated volume is below the irrigation volume threshold; andthe rainfall intensity at the start irrigation time is equal to or below the rainfall intensity threshold. In the scenario presented inFIG.4, no irrigation event is thus initiated if the irrigation start time is outside the irrigation schedule, the rainfall intensity at the start irrigation time is above a rainfall intensity threshold, or if the irrigation volume threshold has been reached, and an irrigation event can be initiated if the start irrigation time is within the irrigation schedule and the irrigation volume threshold has not been reached, as long as there is no rainfall or the rainfall intensity is equal to or below a certain threshold. Referring toFIG.5, in some implementations, the irrigation protocol can include a selection of parameters among the prior irrigation time, the total daily irrigated volume, the rainfall intensity, the forecasted rainfall intensity, and the soil moisture. In the implementation shown inFIG.5, the selected parameters include the prior irrigation time, the total daily irrigated volume and the soil moisture. In such implementations, the controller can be configured to maintain the operation of the pump and associated irrigation network in standby, such that no irrigation event is initiated, when at least one of:the start irrigation time is outside of the irrigation schedule;the total daily irrigated volume is equal or above an irrigation volume threshold;the prior irrigation time is less than a given number of minutes, which can be interpreted as meaning that the number of minutes following the end of the prior irrigation event is less than a predetermined delay between two successive irrigation events corresponding to the soaking time; andthe soil water tension of the irrigation zone is below a DUL-related criterion. Still referring to the implementation shown inFIG.5, the controller can be further configured to operate the pump and associated irrigation network to initiate an irrigation event having a given irrigation duration, when the following criteria are met:the start irrigation time is within the irrigation schedule;the prior irrigation time is equal to or more than a given number of minutes, which can be interpreted as meaning that the number of minutes following the end of the prior irrigation event is equal or more than the soaking time;the total daily irrigated volume is below the irrigation volume threshold; andthe soil water tension of the irrigation zone is equal or above a DUL-related criterion. In the case of the scenario presented inFIG.5, no irrigation event is thus initiated if the irrigation start time is outside the irrigation schedule, the soil water tension at the start irrigation time is below the DUL-related criterion, or if the irrigation volume threshold has been reached, and an irrigation event can be initiated if the start irrigation time is within the irrigation schedule and the irrigation volume threshold has not been reached, as long as the soil water tension of the irrigation zone is equal or above a DUL-related criterion. In the implementation shown inFIG.6, the selected parameter is the total daily irrigated volume. In such implementations, the controller can be configured to maintain the operation of the pump and associated irrigation network in standby, such that no irrigation event is initiated, when at least one of:the start irrigation time is outside of the irrigation schedule;the prior irrigation time is less than a given number of minutes, which can be interpreted as meaning that the number of minutes following the end of the prior irrigation event is less than a predetermined delay between two successive irrigation events corresponding to the soaking time; andthe total daily irrigated volume is equal to or above an irrigation volume threshold. Still referring to the implementation shown inFIG.6, the controller can be further configured to operate the pump and associated irrigation network to initiate an irrigation event having a given irrigation duration, when the following criteria are met:the start irrigation time is within the irrigation schedule;the prior irrigation time is equal to or more than a given number of minutes, which can be interpreted as meaning that the number of minutes following the end of the prior irrigation event is equal or more than the soaking time; andthe total daily irrigated volume is below the irrigation volume threshold. In the case of the scenario presented inFIG.6, no irrigation event is initiated if the irrigation start time is outside the irrigation schedule or if the irrigation volume threshold has been reached, and an irrigation event can be initiated if the irrigation start time is within the irrigation schedule and the irrigation volume threshold has not been reached. The scenarios illustrated inFIGS.2-6are examples of irrigation protocols that can be implemented to control the irrigation of an irrigation zone. It is to be understood that in other implementations, an irrigation protocol in accordance with the techniques described herein can include parameters that are different than those exemplified above, or can include additional parameters. In the scenarios presented above, when the vegetated land includes more than one irrigation zone and it is desired to irrigate the irrigation zones sequentially rather than simultaneously, the controller can be further configured to apply an additional criterion to determine the sequence of irrigation of the irrigation zones. In some implementations, the criterion applied can be that the irrigation zone having the largest differential of its soil water content measurement above its DUL-related criterion is irrigated first, the irrigation zone having the second largest differential of its soil water content measurement above its DUL-related criterion is irrigated second, etc., until the irrigation zones of the vegetated land have all been irrigated. In some implementations, the irrigation zones having the largest differentials of their soil water content measurement above their respective DUL-related criterion can be grouped together to be subjected to an irrigation event. Multiple scenarios are thus possible depending on the irrigation protocol chosen and the configuration of the irrigation network. In accordance with another aspect of the present description, there is provided a non-transitory computer readable storage medium having stored thereon computer executable instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause the controller or processor to perform the methods that have been previously described. The non-transitory computer storage medium can be integrated to the systems or assemblies that have been described in the present description. The non-transitory computer storage medium could otherwise be operatively connected with the systems or assemblies. In the present description, the terms “computer readable storage medium” and “computer readable memory” are intended to refer to a non-transitory and tangible computer product that can store and communicate executable instructions for the implementation of various steps of the method disclosed herein. The computer readable memory can be any computer data storage device or assembly of such devices, including random-access memory (RAM), dynamic RAM, read-only memory (ROM), magnetic storage devices such as hard disk drives, solid state drives, floppy disks and magnetic tape, optical storage devices such as compact discs (CDs or CDROMs), digital video discs (DVD) and Blu-Ray™ discs; flash drive memory, and/or other non-transitory memory technologies. A plurality of such storage devices may be provided, as can be understood by those skilled in the art. The computer readable memory may be associated with, coupled to, or included in a computer or processor configured to execute instructions contained in a computer program stored in the computer readable memory and relating to various functions associated with the computer. In some implementations, at least one step of the proposed processes or methods may be implemented as software instructions and algorithms, stored in computer memory and executed by processors. It should be understood that computers may be used, in these implementations, to implement to proposed system, and to execute the proposed method. In other words, the skilled reader will readily recognize that steps of various above-described processes or methods can be performed by programmed computers. In view of the above, some implementations are also intended to cover program storage devices, e.g., digital data storage media, which are machine or computer readable and encode machine-executable or computer-executable programs of instructions, wherein said instructions perform some or all of the steps of said above-described methods. The implementations are also intended to cover computers programmed to perform said steps of the above-described methods. Several alternative implementations and examples have been described and illustrated herein. The implementations of the technology described above are intended to be exemplary only. A person of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate the features of the individual implementations, and the possible combinations and variations of the components. A person of ordinary skill in the art would further appreciate that any of the implementations could be provided in any combination with the other implementations disclosed herein. It is understood that the technology may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the central characteristics thereof. The present implementations and examples, therefore, are to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, and the technology is not to be limited to the details given herein. Accordingly, while the specific implementations have been illustrated and described, numerous modifications come to mind.

11856902

DETAILED DESCRIPTION The present description is made with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which various example embodiments are shown. However, many different example embodiments may be used, and thus the description should not be construed as limited to the example embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these example embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete. Various modifications to the exemplary embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments and applications without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. Thus, this disclosure is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed herein. Operating cost and capital expenditure concerns are key drivers to commercial implementation of large-scale controlled environment agriculture. Commercial scale, indoor crop production facilities include a large array of processing stations and equipment. For example, indoor crop production facilities may include stations and related equipment to: fill plug trays with soil and seed them; grow crops from seed to a stage ready for transplant; transplant the seedlings to a crop-holding module; transfer the crop-holding module to a growth environment; harvest crops in the crop-holding module; clean and package the harvested crop; and store the harvested crop. Commercial scale facilities may also include loading bays and inventory handling mechanisms to receive inbound supplies used in operating the facility and to ship out the resulting crop. Arranging these stations and equipment in an efficient manner can be a complex task and is extremely important to the success of a commercial-scale facility. Factors that this disclosure considers to increase cost efficiency include space utilization and total flow distance of product from seed stage to harvest and packaging. Other factors considered include the total length of materials required to construction the facility (such as total length of walls, HVAC ducting and the like), and the distances that facility workers are required to travel during standard processing operations. These factors, as well as equipment layout clearances and local fire and building regulations, may combine to yield a crop production facility layout. FIGS.28and29set forth an example production facility layout that achieves a variety of operational and cost efficiencies. For didactic purposes, the following describes a vertical farm production system configured for high density growth and crop yield that can be included in the production facility layout described herein.FIGS.1A and2illustrate a controlled environment agriculture system10according to one possible embodiment of the invention. At a high level, the system10may include an environmentally-controlled growing chamber20and a central processing facility30. The central processing facility30may be a clean room environment to keep contaminants and pollutants within acceptable limits. Air filtration, transfer and other systems may be employed to effect a clean room environment to meet required food safety standards. The growing chamber20may contain one to a plurality of vertical grow lines202that include conveyance systems to translate grow towers50along the grow lines202within the growing chamber20. The crops or plants species that may be grown may be gravitropic, geotropic and/or phototropic, or some combination thereof. The crops or plant species may vary considerably and include various leaf vegetables, fruiting vegetables, flowering crops, fruits and the like. The controlled environment agriculture system10may be configured to grow a single crop type at a time or to grow multiple crop types concurrently. The system10may also include conveyance systems for moving the grow towers50in a circuit throughout the crop's growth and processing cycle, the circuit comprising a staging area configured for loading the grow towers50into and out a grow line202. The central processing system30may include one or more conveyance mechanisms for directing grow towers50to stations in the central processing system30—e.g., stations for loading plants into, and harvesting crops from, the grow towers50. Each grow tower50is configured for containing plant growth media that supports a root structure of at least one crop plant growing therein. Each grow tower50is also configured to releasably attach to a grow line202in a vertical orientation and move along the grow line202within growth environment20during a growth phase. Together, the grow lines202contained within the growth environment20and the stations of the central processing system30(including associated conveyance mechanisms) can be arranged in a production circuit under control of one or more computing systems. The growth environment20may include light emitting sources positioned at various locations between and along the grow lines202of the vertical tower conveyance system200. The light emitting sources can be positioned laterally relative to the grow towers50in the grow line202and configured to emit light toward the lateral faces of the grow towers50that include openings from which crops grow. The light emitting sources may be incorporated into a water-cooled, LED lighting system as described in U.S. Publ. No. 2017/0146226A1, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. In such an embodiment, the LED lights may be arranged in a bar-like structure. The bar-like structure may be placed in a vertical orientation to emit light laterally to substantially the entire length of adjacent grow towers50. Multiple light bar structures may be arranged in the growth environment20along and between the grow lines202. Other lighting systems and configurations may be employed. For example, the light bars may be arranged horizontally between grow lines202. The growth environment20may also include a nutrient supply system configured to supply an aqueous nutrient solution to the crops as they translate through the growth chamber20. As discussed in more detail below, the nutrient supply system may apply aqueous nutrient solution to the top of the grow towers50. Gravity may cause the solution to travel down the vertically-oriented grow tower50and through the length thereof to supply solution to the crops disposed along the length of the grow tower50. The growth environment20may also include an airflow source configured to, when a tower is mounted to a grow line202, direct airflow in the lateral growth direction of growth and through an under-canopy of the growing plant, so as to disturb the boundary layer of the under-canopy of the growing plant. In other implementations, airflow may come from the top of the canopy or orthogonal to the direction of plant growth. The growth environment20may also include a control system, and associated sensors, for regulating at least one growing condition, such as air temperature, airflow speed, relative air humidity, and ambient carbon dioxide gas content. The control system may for example include such sub-systems as HVAC units, chillers, fans and associated ducting and air handling equipment. Grow towers50may have identifying attributes (such as bar codes or RFID tags). The controlled environment agriculture system10may include corresponding sensors and programming logic for tracking the grow towers50during various stages of the farm production cycle and/or for controlling one or more conditions of the growth environment. The operation of control system and the length of time towers remain in growth environment can vary considerably depending on a variety of factors, such as crop type and other factors. As discussed above, grow towers50with newly transplanted crops or seedlings are transferred from the central processing system30into the vertical tower conveyance system200. Conveyance mechanisms move the grow towers50along respective grow lines202in growth environment20in a controlled fashion, as discussed in more detail below. Crops disposed in grow towers50are exposed to the controlled conditions of growth environment (e.g., light, temperature, humidity, air flow, aqueous nutrient supply, etc.). The control system is capable of automated adjustments to optimize growing conditions within the growth chamber20to make continuous improvements to various attributes, such as crop yields, visual appeal and nutrient content. In addition, US Patent Publication Nos. 2018/0014485 and 2018/0014486 describe application of machine learning and other operations to optimize grow conditions in a vertical farming system. In some implementations, environmental condition sensors may be disposed on grow towers50or at various locations in growth environment20. When crops are ready for harvesting, grow towers50with crops to be harvested are transferred from the growth environment20to the central processing system30for harvesting and other processing operations. Central processing system30, as discussed in more detail below, may include processing stations directed to injecting seedlings into grow sites located in the towers50, harvesting crops from towers50, and cleaning towers50that have been harvested. Central processing system30may also include conveyance mechanisms that move towers50between such processing stations. For example, asFIG.1Aillustrates, central processing system30may include harvester station32, washing station34, and transplanter station36. Harvester station32may deposit harvested crops into food-safe containers and may include a conveyance mechanism for conveying the containers to post-harvesting facilities (e.g., preparation, washing, packaging and storage) that are beyond the scope of this disclosure. Controlled environment agriculture system10may also include one or more conveyance mechanisms for transferring grow towers50between growth environment20and central processing system30. In the implementation shown, the stations of central processing system30operate on grow towers50in a horizontal orientation. In one implementation, an automated pickup station43, and associated control logic, may be operative to releasably grasp a tower in a horizontal orientation from a loading location, rotate the tower to a vertical orientation and attach the tower to a transfer station for insertion into a selected grow line202of the growth environment20. On the other end of growth environment20, automated laydown station41, and associated control logic, may be operative to releasably grasp and move a vertically-oriented grow tower50from a buffer location, rotate the grow tower50to a horizontal orientation and place it on a conveyance system for loading into harvester station32. In some implementations, if a grow tower50is rejected due to quality control concerns, the conveyance system may bypass the harvester station32and carry the grow tower to washing station34(or some other station). The automated laydown and pickup stations41and43may each comprise a six-degrees of freedom robotic arm, such as a FANUC robot. The stations41and43may also include end effectors for releasably grasping grow towers50at opposing ends. In one implementation, a transfer conveyance mechanism47may include a power-and-free conveyor system including a plurality of carriages, a track system and a drive system that conveys the carriages, each loaded with a grow tower50, from the automated pickup station43to a selected grow line202. In one implementation, growth environment20includes a tower injection interface38to allow a carriage1202of the transfer conveyance mechanism47to pass through the physical barrier of growth environment20. In one implementation, tower injection interface38comprises a vertical slot (sufficient in length to accommodate a grow tower50) and a sliding door that opens to permit a grow tower50to pass through the vertical slot. System10may include sensors (such as RFID or bar code sensors) to identify a given grow tower50and, under control logic, select a grow line202for the grow tower50. The transfer conveyance mechanism47may also convey a grow tower50from a grow line202to the automated laydown station41. Tower extraction interface39includes a vertical slot in growth environment and a sliding door to permit transfer conveyance mechanism47to convey a tower50from growth environment. Particular algorithms for grow line selection can vary considerably depending on a number of factors and is beyond the scope of this disclosure. Growth environment20may also include automated loading and unloading mechanisms for inserting grow towers50into selected grow lines202and unloading grow towers50from the grow lines202. For example, after the transfer conveyance mechanism47has transported a grow tower50to a selected grow line202, one or more linear actuators may push (or otherwise transfer) the grow tower50onto the grow line202. Similarly, one or more linear actuators that push or pull (or otherwise transfer) grow towers from a grow line202onto a carriage of transfer conveyance mechanism47, which conveys the carriages1202from the grow line202to the automated laydown station41. FIG.12illustrates a carriage1202that may be used in a powered and free conveyor mechanism. In the implementation shown, carriage1202includes hook1204that engages hook52attached to a grow tower50. A latch assembly1206may secure the grow tower50while it is being conveyed to and from various locations in the system. In one implementation, transfer conveyance mechanism47may be configured with a sufficient track distance to establish a zone where grow towers50may be buffered. For example, transfer conveyance mechanism47may be controlled such that it unloads a set of towers50to be harvested unto carriages1202that are moved to a buffer region of the track. On the other end, automated pickup station43may load a set of towers to be inserted into growth environment20onto carriages1202disposed in another buffer region of the track. Grow Towers Grow towers50provide the sites for individual crops to grow in the system. AsFIGS.3A and3Billustrate, a hook52attaches to the top of grow tower50. Hook52allows grow tower50to be supported by a grow line202when it is inserted into the vertical tower conveyance system200. In one implementation, a grow tower50measures 5.172 meters long, where the extruded length of the tower is 5.0 meters, and the hook is 0.172 meters long. The extruded rectangular profile of the grow tower50, in one implementation, measures 57 mm×93 mm (2.25″×3.67″). The hook52can be designed such that its exterior overall dimensions are not greater than the extruded profile of the grow tower50. The foregoing dimensions are for didactic purposes. The dimensions of grow tower50can be varied depending on a number of factors, such as desired throughput, overall size of the system, and the like. For example, a grow tower50may be 8 to 10 meters in length or longer. Grow towers50may include a set of grow sites53arrayed along at least one face of the grow tower50. In the implementation shown inFIG.4A, grow towers50include grow sites53on opposing faces such that plants protrude from opposing sides of the grow tower50. Transplanter station36may transplant seedlings into empty grow sites53of grow towers50, where they remain in place until they are fully mature and ready to be harvested. In one implementation, the orientation of the grow sites53are perpendicular to the direction of travel of the grow towers50along grow line202. In other words, when a grow tower50is inserted into a grow line202, plants extend from opposing faces of the grow tower50, where the opposing faces are parallel to the direction of travel. Although a dual-sided configuration is preferred, the invention may also be utilized in a single-sided configuration where plants grow along a single face of a grow tower50. U.S. application Ser. No. 15/968,425 filed on May 1, 2018 which is incorporated by reference herein for all purposes, discloses an example tower structure configuration that can be used in connection with various embodiments of the invention. In the implementation shown, grow towers50may each consist of three extrusions which snap together to form one structure. As shown, the grow tower50may be a dual-sided hydroponic tower, where the tower body103includes a central wall56that defines a first tower cavity54aand a second tower cavity54b.FIG.4Bprovides a perspective view of an exemplary dual-sided, multi-piece hydroponic grow tower50in which each front face plate101is hingeably coupled to the tower body103. InFIG.4B, each front face plate101is in the closed position. The cross-section of the tower cavities54a,54bmay be in the range of 1.5 inches by 1.5 inches to 3 inches by 3 inches, where the term “tower cavity” refers to the region within the body of the tower and behind the tower face plate. The wall thickness of the grow towers50maybe within the range of 0.065 to 0.075 inches. A dual-sided hydroponic tower, such as that shown inFIGS.4A and4B, has two back-to-back cavities54aand54b, each preferably within the noted size range. In the configuration shown, the grow tower50may include (i) a first V-shaped groove58arunning along the length of a first side of the tower body103, where the first V-shaped groove is centered between the first tower cavity and the second tower cavity; and (ii) a second V-shaped groove58brunning along the length of a second side of the tower body103, where the second V-shaped groove is centered between the first tower cavity and the second tower cavity. The V-shaped grooves58a,58bmay facilitate registration, alignment and/or feeding of the towers50by one or more of the stations in central processing system30. U.S. application Ser. No. 15/968,425 discloses additional details regarding the construction and use of towers that may be used in embodiments of the invention. Another attribute of V-shaped grooves58a,58bis that they effectively narrow the central wall56to promote the flow of aqueous nutrient solution centrally where the plant's roots are located. Other implementations are possible. For example, a grow tower50may be formed as a unitary, single extrusion, where the material at the side walls flex to provide a hinge and allow the cavities to be opened for cleaning. U.S. application Ser. No. 16/577,322 filed on Sep. 20, 2019 which is incorporated by reference herein for all purposes, discloses an example grow tower50formed by a single extrusion. AsFIGS.4C and4Dillustrate, grow towers50may each include a plurality of cut-outs105for use with a compatible plug holder158, such as the plug holder disclosed in any one of co-assigned and co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 15/910,308, 15/910,445 and 15/910,796, each filed on 2 Mar. 2018, the disclosures of which is incorporated herein for any and all purposes. As shown, the plug holders158may be oriented at a 45-degree angle relative to the front face plate101and the vertical axis of the grow tower50. It should be understood, however, that tower design disclosed in the present application is not limited to use with this particular plug holder or orientation, rather, the towers disclosed herein may be used with any suitably sized and/or oriented plug holder. As such, cut-outs105are only meant to illustrate, not limit, the present tower design and it should be understood that the present invention is equally applicable to towers with other cut-out designs. Plug Holder158may be ultrasonically welded, bonded, or otherwise attached to tower face101. The use of a hinged front face plate simplifies manufacturing of grow towers, as well as tower maintenance in general and tower cleaning in particular. For example, to clean a grow tower50the face plates101are opened from the body103to allow easy access to the body cavity54aor54b. After cleaning, the face plates101are closed. Since the face plates remain attached to the tower body103throughout the cleaning process, it is easier to maintain part alignment and to insure that each face plate is properly associated with the appropriate tower body and, assuming a double-sided tower body, that each face plate101is properly associated with the appropriate side of a specific tower body103. Additionally, if the planting and/or harvesting operations are performed with the face plate101in the open position, for the dual-sided configuration both face plates can be opened and simultaneously planted and/or harvested, thus eliminating the step of planting and/or harvesting one side and then rotating the tower and planting and/or harvesting the other side. In other embodiments, planting and/or harvesting operations are performed with the face plate101in the closed position. Other implementations are possible. For example, grow tower50can comprise any tower body that includes a volume of medium or wicking medium extending into the tower interior from the face of the tower (either a portion or individual portions of the tower or the entirety of the tower length. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 8,327,582, which is incorporated by reference herein, discloses a grow tube having a slot extending from a face of the tube and a grow medium contained in the tube. The tube illustrated therein may be modified to include a hook52at the top thereof and to have slots on opposing faces, or one slot on a single face. Vertical Tower Conveyance System & Return Path Grow Lines FIG.5Aillustrates a portion of a grow line202disposed within growth environment20. In one implementation, the growth environment20may contain a plurality of grow lines202arranged in a parallel configuration. AsFIG.1Aillustrates, each grow line202may have a substantially u-shaped travel path including a first path section202aand a second return path section202b. As discussed below, a return transfer mechanism220transfers grow towers50from the end of the first path section202ato the second return path section202b. As discussed above, transfer conveyance mechanism47may selectively load a grow tower on a first path section202aof a selected grow line202, and unload grow towers50from the end of a return path section202bof a grow line202under automated control systems. AsFIG.5Ashows, each path section202a,202bof a grow line202supports a plurality of grow towers50. In one implementation, a grow line202may be mounted to the ceiling (or other support) of the grow structure by a bracket for support purposes. AsFIGS.5A and5Bshow, hook52hooks into, and attaches, a grow tower50to a grow line202, thereby supporting the tower50in a vertical orientation as it is translated through the growth environment20. FIG.10illustrates the cross section or extrusion profile of a grow line202, according to one possible implementation of the invention. The grow line202may be an aluminum extrusion. The bottom section of the extrusion profile of the grow line202includes an upward facing groove1002. AsFIG.9shows, hook52of a grow tower50includes a main body53and corresponding member58that engages groove1002as shown inFIGS.5A and8. These hooks allow the grow towers50to hook into the groove1002and slide along the grow line202as discussed below. Conversely, grow towers50can be manually unhooked from a grow line202and removed from production. This ability may be necessary if a crop in a grow tower50becomes diseased so that it does not infect other towers. In one possible implementation, the width of groove1002(for example, 13 mm) is an optimization between two different factors. First, the narrower the groove the more favorable the binding rate and the less likely grow tower hooks52are to bind. Conversely, the wider the groove the slower the grow tower hooks wear due to having a greater contact patch. Similarly, the depth of the groove, for example 10 mm, may be an optimization between space savings and accidental fallout of tower hooks. Hooks52may be injection-molded plastic parts. In one implementation, the plastic may be polyvinyl chloride (PVC), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), or an Acetyl Homopolymer (e.g., Delrin® sold by DuPont Company). The hook52may be solvent bonded to the top of the grow tower50and/or attached using rivets or other mechanical fasteners. The groove-engaging member58which rides in the rectangular groove1002of the grow line202may be a separate part or integrally formed with hook52. If separate, this part can be made from a different material with lower friction and better wear properties than the rest of the hook, such as ultra-high-molecular weight polyethylene or acetal. To keep assembly costs low, this separate part may snap onto the main body of the hook52. Alternatively, the separate part also be over-molded onto the main body of hook52. AsFIGS.6and10illustrate, the top section of the extrusion profile of grow line202contains a downward facing t-slot1004. Linear guide carriages610(described below) ride within the t-slot1004. The center portion of the t-slot1004may be recessed to provide clearance from screws or over-molded inserts which may protrude from the carriages610. Each grow line202can be assembled from a number of separately fabricated sections. In one implementation, sections of grow line202are currently modeled in 6-meter lengths. Longer sections reduce the number of junctions but are more susceptible to thermal expansion issues and may significantly increase shipping costs. Additional features not captured by the Figures include intermittent mounting holes to attach the grow line202to the ceiling structure and to attach irrigation lines. Interruptions to the t-slot1004may also be machined into the conveyor body. These interruptions allow the linear guide carriages610to be removed without having to slide them all the way out the end of a grow line202. At the junction between two sections of a grow line202, a block612may be located in the t-slots1004of both conveyor bodies. This block serves to align the two grow line sections so that grow towers50may slide smoothly between them. Alternative methods for aligning sections of a grow line202include the use of dowel pins that fit into dowel holes in the extrusion profile of the section. The block612may be clamped to one of the grow line sections via a set screw, so that the grow line sections can still come together and move apart as the result of thermal expansion. Based on the relatively tight tolerances and small amount of material required, these blocks may be machined. Bronze may be used as the material for such blocks due to its strength, corrosion resistance, and wear properties. In one implementation, the vertical tower conveyance system200utilizes a reciprocating linear ratchet and pawl structure (hereinafter referred to as a “reciprocating cam structure or mechanism”) to move grow towers50along a path section202a,202bof a grow line202. In one implementation, each path section202a,202bincludes a separate reciprocating cam structure and associated actuators.FIGS.5A,6and7illustrate one possible reciprocating cam mechanism that can be used to move grow towers50across grow lines202. Pawls or “cams”602physically push grow towers50along grow line202. Cams602are attached to cam channel604(see below) and rotate about one axis. On the forward stroke, the rotation is limited by the top of the cam channel604, causing the cams602to push grow towers50forward. On the reserve or back stroke, the rotation is unconstrained, thereby allowing the cams to ratchet over the top of the grow towers50. In this way, the cam mechanism can stroke a relatively short distance back and forth, yet grow towers50always progress forward along the entire length of a grow line202. A control system, in one implementation, controls the operation of the reciprocating cam mechanism of each grow line202to move the grow towers50according to a programmed growing sequence. In between movement cycles, the actuator and reciprocating cam mechanism remain idle. The pivot point of the cams602and the means of attachment to the cam channel604consists of a binding post606and a hex head bolt608; alternatively, detent clevis pins may be used. The hex head bolt608is positioned on the inner side of the cam channel604where there is no tool access in the axial direction. Being a hex head, it can be accessed radially with a wrench for removal. Given the large number of cams needed for a full-scale farm, a high-volume manufacturing process such as injection molding is suitable. ABS is suitable material given its stiffness and relatively low cost. All the cams602for a corresponding grow line202are attached to the cam channel604. When connected to an actuator, this common beam structure allows all cams602to stroke back and forth in unison. The structure of the cam channel604, in one implementation, is a downward facing u-channel constructed from sheet metal. Holes in the downward facing walls of cam channel604provide mounting points for cams602using binding posts606. Holes of the cam channel604, in one implementation, are spaced at 12.7 mm intervals. Therefore, cams602can be spaced relative to one another at any integer multiple of 12.7 mm, allowing for variable grow tower spacing with only one cam channel. The base of the cam channel604limits rotation of the cams during the forward stroke. All degrees of freedom of the cam channel604, except for translation in the axial direction, are constrained by linear guide carriages610(described below) which mount to the base of the cam channel604and ride in the t-slot1004of the grow line202. Cam channel604may be assembled from separately formed sections, such as sections in 6-meter lengths. Longer sections reduce the number of junctions but may significantly increase shipping costs. Thermal expansion is generally not a concern because the cam channel is only fixed at the end connected to the actuator. Given the simple profile, thin wall thickness, and long length needed, sheet metal rolling is a suitable manufacturing process for the cam channel. Galvanized steel is a suitable material for this application. Linear guide carriages610are bolted to the base of the cam channels604and ride within the t-slots1004of the grow lines202. In some implementations, one carriage610is used per 6-meter section of cam channel. Carriages610may be injection molded plastic for low friction and wear resistance. Bolts attach the carriages610to the cam channel604by threading into over molded threaded inserts. If select cams602are removed, these bolts are accessible so that a section of cam channel604can be detached from the carriage and removed. Sections of cam channel604are joined together with pairs of connectors616at each joint; alternatively, detent clevis pins may be used. Connectors616may be galvanized steel bars with machined holes at 20 mm spacing (the same hole spacing as the cam channel604). Shoulder bolts618pass through holes in the outer connector, through the cam channel604, and thread into holes in the inner connector. If the shoulder bolts fall in the same position as a cam602, they can be used in place of a binding post. The heads of the shoulder bolts618are accessible so that connectors and sections of cam channel can be removed. In one implementation, cam channel604attaches to a linear actuator, which operates in a forward and a back stroke. A suitable linear actuator may be the T13-B4010MS053-62 actuator offered by Thomson, Inc. of Redford, Virginia; however, the reciprocating cam mechanism described herein can be operated with a variety of different actuators. The linear actuator may be attached to cam channel604at the off-loading end of a path section202a,202bof a grow line202, rather than the on-boarding end. In such a configuration, cam channel604is under tension when loaded by the towers50during a forward stroke of the actuator (which pulls the cam channel604) which reduces risks of buckling.FIG.7Aillustrates operation of the reciprocating cam mechanism according to one implementation of the invention. In step A, the linear actuator has completed a full back stroke; asFIG.7Aillustrates, one or more cams602may ratchet over the hooks52of a grow tower50. Step B ofFIG.7Aillustrates the position of cam channel604and cams602at the end of a forward stroke. During the forward stroke, cams602engage corresponding grow towers50and move them in the forward direction along grow line202as shown. Step C ofFIG.7Aillustrates how a new grow tower50(Tower 0) may be inserted onto a grow line202and how the last tower (Tower 9) may be removed. Step D illustrates how cams602ratchet over the grow towers50during a back stroke, in the same manner as Step A. The basic principle of this reciprocating cam mechanism is that reciprocating motion from a relatively short stroke of the actuator transports towers50in one direction along the entire length of the grow line202. More specifically, on the forward stroke, all grow towers50on a grow line202are pushed forward one position. On the back stroke, the cams602ratchet over an adjacent tower one position back; the grow towers remain in the same location. As shown, when a grow line202is full, a new grow tower50may be loaded and a last tower unloaded after each forward stroke of the linear actuator. In some implementations, the top portion of the hook52(the portion on which the cams push), is slightly narrower than the width of a grow tower50. As a result, cams602can still engage with the hooks52when grow towers50are spaced immediately adjacent to each other.FIG.7Ashows 9 grow towers for didactic purposes. A grow line202can be configured to be quite long (for example, 40 meters) allowing for a much greater number of towers50on a grow line202(such as 400-450). Other implementations are possible. For example, the minimum tower spacing can be set equal to or slightly greater than two times the side-to-side distance of a grow tower50to allow more than one grow tower50to be loaded onto a grow line202in each cycle. Still further, as shown inFIG.7A, the spacing of cams602along the cam channel604can be arranged to effect one-dimensional plant indexing along the grow line202. In other words, the cams602of the reciprocating cam mechanism can be configured such that spacing between towers50increases as they travel along a grow line202. For example, spacing between cams602may gradually increase from a minimum spacing at the beginning of a grow line to a maximum spacing at the end of the grow line202. This may be useful for spacing plants apart as they grow to increase light interception and provide spacing, and, through variable spacing or indexing, increasing efficient usage of the growth chamber20and associated components, such as lighting. In one implementation, the forward and back stroke distance of the linear actuator is equal to (or slightly greater than) the maximum tower spacing. During the back stroke of the linear actuator, cams602at the beginning of a grow line202may ratchet and overshoot a grow tower50. On the forward stroke, such cams602may travel respective distances before engaging a tower, whereas cams located further along the grow line202may travel shorter distances before engaging a tower or engage substantially immediately. In such an arrangement, the maximum tower spacing cannot be two times greater than the minimum tower spacing; otherwise, a cam602may ratchet over and engaging two or more grow towers50. If greater maximum tower spacing is desired, an expansion joint may be used, as illustrated inFIG.7B. An expansion joint allows the leading section of the cam channel604to begin traveling before the trailing end of the cam channel604, thereby achieving a long stroke. In particular, asFIG.7Bshows, expansion joint710may attach to sections604aand604bof cam channel604. In the initial position (702), the expansion joint710is collapsed. At the beginning of a forward stroke (704), the leading section604aof cam channel604moves forward (as the actuator pulls on cam channel604), while the trailing section604bremains stationary. Once the bolt bottoms out on the expansion joint710(706), the trailing section604of cam channel604begins to move forward as well. On the back stroke (708), the expansion joint710collapses to its initial position. Other implementations for moving vertical grow towers50may be employed. For example, a lead screw mechanism may be employed. In such an implementation, the threads of the lead screw engage hooks52disposed on grow line202and move grow towers50as the shaft rotates. The pitch of the thread may be varied to achieve one-dimensional plant indexing. In another implementation, a belt conveyor include paddles along the belt may be employed to move grow towers50along a grow line202. In such an implementation, a series of belt conveyors arranged along a grow line202, where each belt conveyor includes a different spacing distance among the paddles to achieve one-dimensional plant indexing. In yet other implementations, a power-and-free conveyor may be employed to move grow towers50along a grow line202. A return transfer mechanism220transfers grow towers50from a first path section202ato the second return path section202b, causing grow towers50to travel in a substantially u-shaped path. In the implementation shown inFIG.1A, each grow line202includes a separate return transfer mechanism220. In other implementations, a single return transfer mechanism220can be configured to span across and serve multiple grow lines202. AsFIG.26Aillustrates, in one implementation, the return transfer mechanism220comprises a belt-driven actuator2602that drives a carriage2604along a track2608using a servo motor2606. The MSA series of actuators offered by Macron Dynamics, Inc. of Croydon, PA are examples of belt-driven actuators suitable for use in various implementations disclosed herein. Carriage2604includes a lower section2610that includes a hook receiver section2612including a groove2618that engages hook52attached to a grow tower50. Receiver section2612may also have a latch2614which closes down on the outer side of the grow tower50to prevent a grow tower50from sliding off during acceleration or deceleration associated with return transfer conveyance. In one implementation, a controller may control return transfer mechanism220to move carriage2604such that groove2618aligns with the track of a first path section202aof a select grow line202. A linear actuator attached proximally to the offload end of the first path section202acan push a grow tower50onto receiver section2612. Alternatively, the reciprocating cam mechanism associated with first path section202acan be configured to push the grow tower50onto receiver section2612. When hook52of grow tower50is engaged in receiver section2612, a controller may cause servo motor2606to move carriage2604to the onload end of return path section202bof the grow line202such that the hook52is aligned with the track. A second linear actuator attached proximally to the onload end of the return path section202bmay slide the grow tower50from receive section2612onto the track. Alternatively, the reciprocating cam mechanism associated with return path section202bcan be configured to transfer the grow tower50from receiver section2612. An advantage associated with the return transfer mechanism described above is that the orientation of hook52does not change. This allows for carriage1202of transfer conveyance mechanism47to load a grow tower50onto a grow line202and extract a grow tower50from the grow line without having to rotate the receive section1204of the carriage1202. As discussed above, the length of the track2608is configured to span either a first path section202aand a return path section202b, or to span across multiple grow lines202to allow a single return transfer mechanism220to operate in connection with these grow lines202(schematically, this can be envisioned by extending the individual elements220into a return transfer mechanism with a single contiguous track). In other implementations, other types of return transfer mechanisms220may be configured for each grow line202. For example, pneumatic actuators can be employed to move a carriage similar to carriage2604above along a track back and forth as required to perform the transfer operations described herein. Other return transfer mechanisms can also be employed. For example, the return transfer mechanism may comprise a swinging arm that engages a grow tower50at the offload end of first path section202aand swings 180 degrees to translate the grow tower50to the onload end of the return path section202b. In another implementation, return transfer mechanism220may include a semi-circular track section spanning the first and second path sections202a,202bof grow line202. In such an implementation, a wheel including paddles can push grow towers around the semi-circular track section with each movement cycle of the grow line202. These two foregoing implementations, however, switch the orientation of hook52, requiring carriage1202to include a swivel mechanism. FIGS.1A and21schematically illustrates how central processing system30may be configured to work in connection with a system that includes a return path grow line202. For example, automated transfer station41may extract a grow tower50from conveyance mechanism47and place the grow tower horizontally on infeed conveyor1420. Harvesting station32may process the grow tower50. The processed grow tower50may be routed back to growth environment20or to other stations of the central processing system, such as washing station34or back to automated transfer station42. In either case, automated pickup station43may place the grow tower50onto a carriage1202of transfer conveyance mechanism47, as discussed below. In the implementations discussed above, using a return path in the grow line202means that grow towers50can be injected into, and extracted from, the same side of the growth environment20. This configuration allows for potential reductions in system cost by eliminating certain components, such as separate transfer mechanisms for loading and unloading grow towers from the grow lines202. In some implementations, path sections202aand202bare substantially horizontal. In other implementations, one or both of path sections202aand202bmay be downwardly sloped in their respective directions of travel. FIG.1Billustrates another example farm system layout. In the system illustrated inFIG.1B, one automated pickup and laydown station42is used instead of separate stations41and43. Similar to the system illustrated inFIG.1A, transfer conveyance mechanism47transfers grow towers50between growth environment20and station42. The orientation of the various components of central processing system30may also change. For example, conveyor102may transfer a horizontally-oriented tower to harvester32for processing. Conveyor104in connection with transfer station105may transfer the processed grow tower to conveyor106. Conveyor106may feed the grow tower50into washing station34or, in a cut-again workflow, transfer the grow tower50back to station42for insertion into the growth environment. Transfer conveyor107may transfer a grow tower50from washing station34to a conveyor that feeds transplanter station36. Otherwise, the central processing system30operates in a substantially similar manner to the system described in connection withFIG.1A. FIGS.1A and1Billustrate systems where all grow lines202of system10are contained within a single growth environment20.FIG.27illustrates how a single central processing system30may operate in connection with multiple growth environments20a-g. Each of the growth environments20a-gmay be separately controlled to support optimized growing for a variety of different crop types. In the implementation shown, transfer conveyance mechanism47may be configured to include track sections that loop into each growth environment20a-20g. A control system can cause transfer conveyance mechanism47to route carriages1202to select grow lines202within a select growth environment. As discussed above, each growth environment20a-20gincludes a tower injection interface38and a tower extraction interface39. AsFIG.27illustrates, injection and extraction interfaces38and39are configured on the sides of growth environments20a-gthat face central processing system30. This configuration allows for reductions to the overall size of the clean room space required outside of the growth environments20a-gfor central processing system30and the conveyance systems that transfer grow towers to and from it. FIG.27also illustrates that the system10may also include a second automated pickup station43b. As discussed below, grow towers50may be inserted back into a select grow environment20a-gas so-called “cut-agains” after an initial processing by harvester station32. The grow tower50may be horizontally conveyed to automated pickup station43. In an alternative embodiment, however, a second automated pickup station43blocated more proximally to harvester station32may pick up a “cut-again” grow tower50and load it onto a carriage1202of transfer conveyance mechanism47. Irrigation & Aqueous Nutrient Supply FIG.8illustrates how an irrigation line802may be attached to grow line202to supply an aqueous nutrient solution to crops disposed in grow towers50as they translate through the vertical tower conveyance system200. Irrigation line802, in one implementation, is a pressurized line with spaced-apart holes or apertures disposed at the expected locations of the towers50as they advance along grow line202with each movement cycle. For example, the irrigation line802may be a PVC pipe having an inner diameter of 1.5 inches and holes having diameters of 0.125 inches. The irrigation line802may be approximately 40 meters in length spanning the entire length of a grow line202. To ensure adequate pressure across the entire line, irrigation line802may be broken into shorter sections, each connected to a manifold, so that pressure drop is reduced. AsFIG.8shows, a funnel structure902collects aqueous nutrient solution from irrigation line802and distributes the aqueous nutrient solution to the cavity(ies)54a,54bof the grow tower50as discussed in more detail below.FIGS.9and11Aillustrate that the funnel structure902may be integrated into hook52. For example, the funnel structure902may include a collector910, first and second passageways912and first and second slots920. AsFIG.9illustrates, the groove-engaging member58of the hook may disposed at a centerline of the overall hook structure. The funnel structure902may include flange sections906extending downwardly opposite the collector910and on opposing sides of the centerline. The outlets of the first and second passageways are oriented substantially adjacent to and at opposing sides of the flange sections906, as shown. Flange sections906register with central wall56of grow tower50to center the hook52and provides additional sites to adhere or otherwise attach hook52to grow tower50. In other words, when hook52is inserted into the top of grow tower50, central wall56is disposed between flange sections906. In the implementation shown, collector910extends laterally from the main body53of hook52. AsFIG.11Bshows, funnel structure902includes a collector910that collects nutrient fluid and distributes the fluid evenly to the inner cavities54aand54bof tower through passageways912. Passageways912are configured to distribute aqueous nutrient solution near the central wall56and to the center back of each cavity54a,54bover the ends of the plug holders158and where the roots of a planted crop are expected. AsFIG.11Cillustrates, in one implementation, the funnel structure902includes slots920that promote the even distribution of nutrient fluid to both passageways912. For nutrient fluid to reach passageways912, it must flow through one of the slots920. Each slot920may have a V-like configuration where the width of the slot opening increases as it extends from the substantially flat bottom surface922of collector910. For example, each slot920may have a width of 1 millimeter at the bottom surface922. The width of slot920may increase to 5 millimeters over a height of 25 millimeters. The configuration of the slots920causes nutrient fluid supplied at a sufficient flow rate by irrigation line802to accumulate in collector910, as opposed to flowing directly to a particular passageway912, and flow through slots920to promote even distribution of nutrient fluid to both passageways912. In operation, irrigation line802provides aqueous nutrient solution to funnel structure902that even distributes the water to respective cavities54a,54bof grow tower50. The aqueous nutrient solution supplied from the funnel structure902irrigates crops contained in respective plug containers158as it trickles down. In one implementation, a gutter disposed under each grow line202collects excess water from the grow towers50for recycling. Other implementations are possible. For example, the funnel structure may be configured with two separate collectors that operate separately to distribute aqueous nutrient solution to a corresponding cavity54a,54bof a grow tower50. In such a configuration, the irrigation supply line can be configured with one hole for each collector. In other implementations, the towers may only include a single cavity and include plug containers only on a single face101of the towers. Such a configuration still calls for a use of a funnel structure that directs aqueous nutrient solution to a desired portion of the tower cavity, but obviates the need for separate collectors or other structures facilitating even distribution. Automated Pickup & Laydown Stations As discussed above, the stations of central processing system30operate on grow towers50in a horizontal orientation, while the vertical tower conveyance system200conveys grow towers in the growth environment20in a vertical orientation. In one implementation, an automated pickup station43, and associated control logic, may be operative to releasably grasp a horizontal grow tower from a loading location, rotate the tower to a vertical orientation and attach the tower to a carriage of transfer conveyance mechanism47for insertion into a selected grow line202of a growth environment20. On the other end of central processing system30, automated laydown station41, and associated control logic, may be operative to releasably grasp and move a vertically-oriented grow tower50from a buffer location, rotate the grow tower50to a horizontal orientation and place it on a conveyance system for processing by one or more stations of central processing system30. For example, automated laydown station41may place grow towers50on a conveyance system for loading into harvester station32. The automated laydown station41and pickup station43may each comprise a six-degrees of freedom (six axes) robotic arm, such as a FANUC robot. The stations41and43may also include end effectors for releasably grasping grow towers50at opposing ends. Automated pick up and laydown station42may be configured to perform both functions implemented by stations41and43. FIG.14illustrates an automated laydown station41according to one implementation of the invention. As shown, automated laydown station41includes robot1402and end effector1450. As discussed above, transfer conveyance mechanism47, which may be a power and free conveyor, delivers grow towers50from growth environment20. In one implementation, the track system1406of transfer conveyance mechanism47extends through a vertical slot1408of tower extraction interface39in growth environment20, allowing mechanism45to convey grow towers50attached to carriages1202outside of growth environment20and towards pick location1404. Transfer conveyance mechanism47may use a controlled stop blade to stop the carriage1202at the pick location1404. The transfer conveyance mechanism47may include an anti-roll back mechanism, bounding the carriage1202between the stop blade and the anti-roll back mechanism. AsFIG.12illustrates, receiver1204may be attached to a swivel mechanism1210allowing rotation of grow towers50when attached to carriages1202for closer buffering in unload transfer conveyance mechanism45and/or to facilitate the correct orientation for loading or unloading grow towers50. In some implementations, for the laydown location and pick location1404, grow towers50may be oriented such that hook52faces away from the automated laydown and pickup stations41,43for ease of transferring towers on/off the swiveled carriage receiver1204. Hook52may rest in a groove in the receiver1204of carriage1202. Receiver1204may also have a latch1206which closes down on either side of the grow tower50to prevent a grow tower50from sliding off during acceleration or deceleration associated with transfer conveyance. In other implementations, however, the return transfer mechanism220may be configured to obviate the need for swivel mechanism1210, given that the transfer of grow towers into and from a carriage1202can occur on the same side for all operations. FIG.16illustrates an end effector1450, according to one implementation of the invention, that provides a pneumatic gripping solution for releasably grasping a grow tower50at opposing ends. End effector1450may include a beam1602and a mounting plate1610for attachment to a robot, such as robotic arm1402. A top gripper assembly1604and a bottom gripper assembly1606are attached to opposite ends of beam1602. End effector1450may also include support arms1608to support a grow tower50when held in a horizontal orientation. For example, support arms1608extending from a central section of beam1602mitigate tower deflection. Support arms1608may be spaced ˜1.6 meters from either gripper assembly1604,1606, and may be nominally 30 mm offset from a tower face, allowing 30 mm of tower deflection before the support arms1608catch the tower. Bottom gripper assembly1606, as shown inFIGS.17A and17B, may include plates1702extending perpendicularly from an end of beam1602and each having a cut-out section1704defining arms1708aand1708b. A pneumatic cylinder mechanism1706, such as a guided pneumatic cylinder sold by SMC Pneumatics under the designation MGPM40-40Z, attaches to arms1708aof plates1702. Arms1708bmay include projections1712that engage groove58bof grow tower50when grasped therein to locate the grow tower50in the gripper assembly1606and/or to prevent slippage. The gripper assembly1606, in the implementation shown, operates like a lobster claw—i.e., one side of the gripper (the pneumatic cylinder mechanism1706) moves, while the other side (arms1708b) remain static. On the static side of the gripper assembly1606, the pneumatic cylinder mechanism1706drives the grow tower50into the arms1708, registering the tower50with projections1712. Friction between a grow tower50and arms1708band pneumatic cylinder mechanism1706holds the tower50in place during operation of an automated laydown or pick up station41,43. To grasp a grow tower50, the pneumatic cylinder mechanism1706may extend. In such an implementation, pneumatic cylinder mechanism1706is retracted to a release position during a transfer operation involving the grow towers50. In one implementation, the solenoid of pneumatic cylinder mechanism1706is center-closed in that, whether extended or retracted, the valve locks even if air pressure is lost. In such an implementation, loss of air pressure will not cause a grow tower50to fall out of end effector1450while the pneumatic cylinder mechanism1706is extended. Top gripper assembly1604, in one implementation, is essentially a mirror image of bottom gripper assembly1606, as it includes the same components and operates in the same manner described above. Catch plate1718, in one implementation, may attach only to bottom gripper assembly1606. Catch plate1718may act as a safety catch in case the gripper assemblies fail or the grow tower50slips. Other implementations are possible. For example, the gripper assemblies may be parallel gripper assemblies where both opposing arms of each gripper move when actuated to grasp a grow tower50. Robot1402may be a 6-axis robotic arm including a base, a lower arm attached to the base, an upper arm attached to the lower arm, and a wrist mechanism disposed between the end of the upper arm and an end effector1450. For example, robot1402may 1) rotate about Its base; 2) rotate a lower arm to extend forward and backward; 3) rotate an upper arm, Relative to the lower arm, upward and downward; 4) rotate the upper arm and attached wrist Mechanism in a circular motion; 5) tilt a wrist mechanism attached to the end of the upper Arm up and down; and/or 6) rotate the wrist mechanism clockwise or counter-clockwise. However, modifications to end effector1450(and/or other elements, such as conveyance mechanisms and the like) may permit different types of robots and mechanisms, as well as use of robots with fewer axes of movement. AsFIG.18illustrates, robot1402may be floor mounted and installed on a pedestal. Inputs to the robot1402may include power, a data connection to a control system, and an air line connecting the pneumatic cylinder mechanism1706to a pressurized air supply. On pneumatic cylinder mechanism1706, sensors may be used to detect when the cylinder is in its open state or its closed state. The control system may execute one or more programs or sub-routines to control operation of the robot1402to effect conveyance of grow towers50from growth environment20to central processing system20. When a grow tower50accelerates/decelerates in unload transfer conveyance mechanism45, the grow tower50may swing slightly.FIGS.18and19illustrate a tower constraining mechanism1902to stop possible swinging, and to accurately locate, a grow tower50during a laydown operation of automated laydown station41. In the implementation shown, mechanism1902is a floor-mounted unit that includes a guided pneumatic cylinder1904and a bracket assembly including a guide plate1906that guides a tower50and a bracket arm1908that catches the bottom of the grow tower50, holding it at a slight angle to better enable registration of the grow tower50to the bottom gripper assembly1606. A control system may control operation of mechanism1902to engage the bottom of a grow tower50, thereby holding it in place for gripper assembly1606. The end state of the laydown operation is to have a grow tower50laying on the projections2004of the harvester infeed conveyor1420, as centered as possible. In one implementation, a grow tower50is oriented such that hook52points towards harvester station32and, in implementations having hinged side walls, and hinge side down. The following summarizes the decisional steps that a controller for robot1402may execute during a laydown operation, according to one possible implementation of the invention. Laydown Procedure Description The Main program for the robot controller may work as follows:A control system associated with central processing system30may activate the robot controller's Main program.Within the Main program, the robot controller may check if robot1402is in its home position.If robot1402is not in its home position, it enters its Home program to move to the home position.The Main program then calls the reset I/O program to reset all the I/O parameters on robot1402to default values.Next, the Main program runs the handshake program with the central processing controller to make sure a grow tower50is present at the pickup location1404and ready to be picked up.The Main program may run an enter zone program to indicate it is about to enter the transfer conveyance zone.The Main program may run a Pick Tower program to grasp a grow tower50and lift it off of carriage1202.The Main program may then call the exit zone program to indicate it has left the transfer conveyance zone.Next the Main program runs the handshake program with the central processing controller to check whether the harvester infeed conveyor1420is clear and in position to receive a grow tower50.The Main program may then run the enter zone program to indicate it is about to enter the harvester infeed conveyor zone.The Main program runs a Place Tower program to move and place the picked tower onto the infeed conveyor1420.The Main program then calls an exit zone program to indicate it has left the harvester infeed conveyor zone.The Home program may then run to return robot1402to its home position.Lastly, the Main program may run the handshake program with the central processing controller to indicate robot1402has returned to its home position and is ready to pick the next grow tower50. The Pick Tower program may work as follows:Robot1402checks to make sure the grippers1604,1606are in the open position. If the grippers are not open, robot1402will throw an alarm.Robot1402may then begin to move straight ahead which will push the end effector1450into the tower face so that the grow tower is fully seated against the back wall of the grippers1604,1606.Robot1402may then move sideways to push the rigid fingers1712against the tower walls to engage groove58b.Robot1402may activate robot outputs to close the grippers1604,1606.Robot1402may wait until sensors indicate that the grippers1604,1606are closed. If robot1402waits too long, robot1402may throw an alarm.Once grip is confirmed, robot1402may then move vertically to lift grow tower50off of the receiver1204.Next, robot1402may then pull back away from pick location1404. The Place Tower program may work as follows:Robot1402may move through two waypoints that act as intermediary points to properly align grow tower50during the motion.Robot1402continues on to position end effector1450and grow tower50just above the center of the harvester in-feed conveyor1450, such that the tower is in the correct orientation (e.g., hinge down on the rigid fingers, hook52towards harvester station32).Once the conveyor position is confirmed, robot1402may then activate the outputs to open grippers1604,1606so that grow tower50is just resting on the rigid fingers1712and support arms1608.Robot1402may wait until the sensors indicate that grippers1604,1606have opened. If robot1402waits too long, robot1402may throw an alarm.After grippers1604,1606are released, robot1402may then move vertically down. On the way down the projections2004of harvester infeed conveyor1420take the weight of grow tower50and the rigid fingers1712and support arms1608of end effector1450end up under grow tower and not in contact.Lastly, robot1402may then pull end effector1450towards robot1402, away from harvester infeed conveyor1420, and slides rigid fingers1712of end effector1450out from under grow tower50. FIGS.15A and15Billustrate an automated pickup station43according to one implementation of the invention. As shown, automated pickup station43includes robot1502and pickup conveyor1504. Similar to automated laydown station41, robot1502includes end effector1550for releasably grasping grow towers50. In one implementation, end effector1550is substantially the same as end effector1450attached to robot1402of automated laydown station41. In one implementation, end effector1550may omit support arms1608. As described herein, robot1502, using end effector1550, may grasp a grow tower50resting on pickup conveyor1504, rotate the grow tower50to a vertical orientation and attach the grow tower50to a carriage1202of transfer conveyance mechanism47. As discussed above, loading transfer conveyance mechanism47, which may include be a power and free conveyor, delivers grow towers50to growth environment20. In one implementation, the track system1522of transfer conveyance mechanism47extends through a vertical slot of tower injection interface38in growth environment20, allowing mechanism47to convey grow towers50attached to carriages1202into growth environment20from stop location1520. Transfer conveyance mechanism47may use a controlled stop blade to stop the carriage1202at the stop location1520. Transfer conveyance mechanism47may include an anti-roll back mechanism, bounding the carriage1202between the stop blade and the anti-roll back mechanism. The following summarizes the decisional steps that a controller for robot1502may execute during a pickup operation, according to one possible implementation of the invention. Pickup Procedure DescriptionThe Main program for the robot controller may work as follows for robot1502:The central processing controller may activate the Main program.Within the Main program, robot1502controller will check if robot1502is in its home position.If robot1502is not in its home position, robot1502will enter its home program to move to the home position of the robot1502.The Main program may then call the reset IO program to reset I/O values on robot1502to their default values.Next, the Main program may run the handshake program with the central processing controller to request a decision code indicating which station (pickup conveyor1504or the transplanter transfer conveyor2111) has a grow tower50ready for pickup.The Main program may run the enter zone program to indicate it is about to enter the pickup location based on the decision code from above.The Main program may then run the Pick Tower program to grab a tower and lift it from the specified conveyor based on the decision code from above.The Main program may then call the exit zone program to indicate it has left the pickup location based on the decision code from above.Next the Main program may run the handshake program with the central processing controller to check whether loading transfer conveyance mechanism47has a carriage1202in place and is ready to receive a grow tower50.The Main program may then run the enter zone program to indicate it is about to enter the transfer conveyance zone.The Main program may run the Place Tower program to move and place the picked grow tower onto receiver1204of carriage1202.The Main program may then call the exit zone program to indicate it has left the transfer conveyance zone.Robot1502then run the go to Home program to return robot1502to its home position.Lastly, the Main program may run the handshake program with the central processing controller to indicate robot1502has returned to its home position and is ready to pick up the next grow tower50. The Pick Tower program may work as follows:Robot1502may check to make sure the grippers are in the open position. If they are not open, robot1502will throw an alarm.If the decision location resolves to the transplanter transfer conveyor2111, robot1502will move vertically to align with the grow tower50on the transplanter transfer conveyor2111.Robot1502may then begin to move straight ahead to push end effector1550into the tower face so that the grow tower50is fully seated against the back wall of the grippers.Robot1502moves upwards to lift grow tower50to rest the tower on the rigid fingers of the grippers.Robot1502may then activate robot1502outputs to close the grippers.Robot1502may wait until the sensors indicate that the grippers are closed. If robot1502waits too long, robot1502will throw an alarm.Once grip is confirmed, robot1502moves vertically and pulls back away from the pickup conveyor1504or the transplanter transfer conveyor2111. The Place Tower program may work as follows:Robot1502may move through two waypoints that act as intermediary points to properly align grow tower50during the motion.Robot1502continues on to position end effector1550and grow tower50in line with receiver1204of carriage1202.Robot1502may then move forward to point1520which will position the tower hook52above the channel in receiver1204.Robot1502may then move down which will position the tower hook52to be slightly above (e.g., ˜10 millimeters) above the channel of receiver1204.Robot1502may activate the outputs to open the grippers so that the hook52of tower50falls into the channel of receiver1204.Robot1502may wait until the sensors indicate that the grippers have opened. If robot1502waits too long, robot1502will throw an alarm.Once the grippers are released, robot1502may move straight back away from the tower. Central Processing System As discussed above, central processing system30may include harvester station32, washing station34and transplanter station36. Central processing system30may also include one or more conveyors to transfer towers to or from a given station. For example, central processing system30may include harvester outfeed conveyor2102, washer infeed conveyor2104, washer outfeed conveyor2106, transplanter infeed conveyor2108, and transplanter outfeed conveyor2110. These conveyors can be belt or roller conveyors adapted to convey grow towers50laying horizontally thereon. As described herein, central processing system30may also include one or more sensors for identifying grow towers50and one or more controllers for coordinating and controlling the operation of various stations and conveyors. FIG.21illustrates an example processing pathway for central processing system30. As discussed above, a robotic laydown station41may lower a grow tower50with mature crops onto a harvester infeed conveyor1420, which conveys the grow tower50to harvester station32.FIG.20illustrates a harvester infeed conveyor1420according to one implementation of the invention. Harvester infeed conveyor1420may be a belt conveyor having a belt2002including projections2004extending outwardly from belt2002. Projections2004provide for a gap between belt2002and crops extending from grow tower50, helping to avoid or reduce damage to the crops. In one implementation, the size the projections2004can be varied cyclically at lengths of grow tower50. For example, projection2004amay be configured to engage the end of grow tower50; top projection2004dmay engage the opposite end of grow tower50; and middle projections2004b, cmay be positioned to contact grow tower50at a lateral face where the length of projections2004b, care lower and engage grow tower50when the tower deflects beyond a threshold amount. The length of belt2002, as shown inFIG.20can be configured to provide for two movement cycles for a grow tower50for each full travel cycle of the belt2002. In other implementations, however, all projections2004are uniform in length. AsFIG.21shows, harvester outfeed conveyor2102conveys grow towers50that are processed from harvester station32. In the implementation shown, central processing system30is configured to handle two types of grow towers: “cut-again” and “final cut.” As used herein, a “cut-again” tower refers to a grow tower50that has been processed by harvester station32(i.e., the crops have been harvested from the plants growing in the grow tower50, but the root structure of the plant(s) remain in place) and is to be re-inserted in growth environment20for crops to grow again. As used herein, a “final cut” tower refers to a grow tower50where the crops are harvested and where the grow tower50is to be cleared of root structure and growth medium and re-planted. Cut-again and final cut grow towers50may take different processing paths through central processing system30. To facilitate routing of grow towers50, central processing system30includes sensors (e.g., RFID, barcode, or infrared) at various locations to track grow towers50. Control logic implemented by a controller of central processing system30tracks whether a given grow tower50is a cut-again or final cut grow tower and causes the various conveyors to route such grow towers accordingly. For example, sensors may be located at pick position1404and/or harvester infeed conveyor1420, as well as at other locations. The various conveyors described herein can be controlled to route identified grow towers50along different processing paths of central processing system30. As shown inFIG.21, a cut-again conveyor2112transports a cut-again grow tower50toward the work envelope of automated pickup station43for insertion into grow environment20. Cut-again conveyor2112may consist of either a single accumulating conveyor or a series of conveyors. Cut-again conveyor2112may convey a grow tower50to pickup conveyor1504. In one implementation, pickup conveyor1504is configured to accommodate end effector1450of automated pickup station43that reaches under grow tower50. Methods of accommodating the end effector1450include either using a conveyor section that is shorter than grow tower50or using a conveyor angled at both ends as shown inFIG.22. Final cut grow towers50, on the other hand, travel through harvester station32, washing station34and transplanter36before reentering growth environment20. With reference toFIG.21, a harvested grow tower50may be transferred from harvester outfeed conveyor2102to a washer transfer conveyor2103. The washer transfer conveyor2103moves the grow tower onto washer infeed conveyor2104, which feeds grow tower50to washing station34. In one implementation, pneumatic slides may push a grow tower50from harvester outfeed conveyor2102to washer transfer conveyor2103. Washer transfer conveyor2103may be a three-strand conveyor that transfers the tow to washer infeed conveyor2104. Additional pusher cylinders may push the grow tower50off washer transfer conveyor2103and onto washer infeed conveyor2104. A grow tower50exits washing station34on washer outfeed conveyor2106and, by way of a push mechanism, is transferred to transplanter infeed conveyor2108. The cleaned grow tower50is then processed in transplanter station36, which inserts seedlings into grow sites53of the grow tower. Transplanter outfeed conveyor2110transfers the grow tower50to final transfer conveyor2111, which conveys the grow tower50to the work envelope of automated pickup station43. In the implementation shown inFIG.23A, harvester station34comprises crop harvester machine2302and bin conveyor2304. Harvester machine2302may include a rigid frame to which various components, such as cutters and feed assemblies, are mounted. Harvester machine2302, in one implementation, includes its own feeder mechanism that engages a grow tower50and feeds it through the machine. In one implementation, harvester machine2302engages a grow tower on the faces that do not include grow sites53and may employ a mechanism that registers with grooves58a,58bto accurately locate the grow tower and grow sites53relative to harvesting blades or other actuators. In one implementation, harvester machine2302includes a first set of rotating blades that are oriented near a first face101of a grow tower50and a second set of rotating blades on an opposing face101of the grow tower50. As the grow tower50is fed through the harvester machine2302, crop extending from the grow sites53is cut or otherwise removed, where it falls into a bin placed under harvester machine2302by bin conveyor2304. Harvester machine2302may include a grouping mechanism, such as a physical or air grouper, to group the crops at a grow site53away from the face plates101of the grow towers50in order to facilitate the harvesting process. Bin conveyor2304may be a u-shaped conveyor that transports empty bins the harvester station34and filled bins from harvester station32. In one implementation, a bin can be sized to carry at least one load of crop harvested from a single grow tower50. In such an implementation, a new bin is moved in place for each grow tower that is harvested. In one implementation, grow towers50enter the harvester machine2302full of mature plants and leave the harvester machine2302with remaining stalks and soil plugs to be sent to the next processing station. FIG.23Bis a top view of an example harvester machine2302. Circular blades2306extending from a rotary drive system2308harvest plants on opposing faces101aof grow towers50. In one implementation, rotary drive system2308is mounted to a linear drive system2310to move the circular blades2306closer to and farther away from the opposing faces101aof the grow towers50to optimize cut height for different types of plants. In one implementation, each rotary drive system2308has an upper circular blade and a lower circular blade (and associated motors) that intersect at the central axis of the grow sites of the grow towers50. Harvester machine2302may also include an alignment track2320that includes a set of rollers that engage groove58of the grow tower50as it is fed through the machine. Harvester machine2302may also include a tower drive system that feeds grow towers through the machine at a constant rate. In one implementation, the tower drive system includes a two drive wheel and motor assemblies located at opposite ends of harvester machine2302. Each drive wheel and motor assembly may include a friction drive roller on the bottom and a pneumatically actuated alignment wheel on the top. AsFIG.23Cillustrates, harvester machine2302may also include a gathering chute2330that collects harvested crops cut by blades2306as it falls and guides it into bins located under the machine2302. Washing station34may employ a variety of mechanisms to clean crop debris (such as roots and base or stem structures) from grow towers50. To clean a grow tower50, washing station34may employ pressurized water systems, pressurized air systems, mechanical means (such as scrubbers, scrub wheels, scrapers, etc.), or any combination of the foregoing systems. In implementations that use hinged grow towers (such as those discussed above), the washing station34may include a plurality of substations including a substation to open the front faces101of grow towers50prior to one or more cleaning operations, and a second substation to close the front faces101of grow towers after one or more cleaning operations. Transplanter station36, in one implementation, includes an automated mechanism to inject seedlings into grow sites53of grow towers50. In one implementation, the transplanter station36receives plug trays containing seedlings to be transplanted into the grow sites53. In one implementation, transplanter station36includes a robotic arm and an end effector that includes one or more gripper or picking heads that grasps root-bound plugs from a plug tray and inserts them into grow sites53of grow tower53. For implementations where grow sites53extend along a single face of a grow tower, the grow tower may be oriented such that the single face faces upwardly. For implementations where grow sites53extend along opposing faces of a grow tower50, the grow tower50may be oriented such that the opposing faces having the grow sites face laterally.FIGS.24A and24Billustrate an example transplanter station. Transplanter station36may include a plug tray conveyor2430that positions plug trays2432in the working envelope of a robotic arm2410. Transplanter station36may also include a feed mechanism that loads a grow tower50into place for transplanting. Transplanter station36may include one or more robotic arms2410(such as a six-axis robotic arm), each having an end effector2402that is adapted to grasp a root-bound plug from a plug tray and inject the root bound plug into a grow site53of a grow tower.FIG.24Aillustrates an example end effector2402that includes a base2404and multiple picking heads2406extending from the base2404. The picking heads2406are each pivotable from a first position to a second position. In a first position (top illustration ofFIG.24A), a picking head2406extends perpendicularly relative to the base. In the second position shown inFIG.24A, each picking head2406extends at a 45-degree angle relative to the base2404. The 45-degree angle may be useful for injecting plugs into the plug containers158of grow towers that, as discussed above, extend at a 45-degree angle. A pneumatic system may control the pivoting of the picking heads between the first position and the second position. In operation, the picking heads2406may be in the first position when picking up root-bound plugs from a plug tray, and then may be moved to the second position prior to insertion of the plugs into plug containers158. In such an insertion operation, the robotic arm2410can be programmed to insert in a direction of motion parallel with the orientation of the plug container158. Using the end effector illustrated inFIG.24A, multiple plug containers158may be filled in a single operation. In addition, the robotic arm2410may be configured to perform the same operation at other regions on one or both sides of a grow tower50. AsFIG.24Bshows, in one implementation, several robotic assemblies, each having an end effector2402are used to lower processing time. After all grow sites53are filled, the grow tower50is ultimately conveyed to automated pickup station43, as described herein. One or more of the controllers discussed above, such as the one or more controllers for central processing system30, may be implemented as follows.FIG.25illustrates an example of a computer system800that may be used to execute program code stored in a non-transitory computer readable medium (e.g., memory) in accordance with embodiments of the disclosure. The computer system includes an input/output subsystem802, which may be used to interface with human users or other computer systems depending upon the application. The I/O subsystem802may include, e.g., a keyboard, mouse, graphical user interface, touchscreen, or other interfaces for input, and, e.g., a LED or other flat screen display, or other interfaces for output, including application program interfaces (APIs). Other elements of embodiments of the disclosure, such as the controller, may be implemented with a computer system like that of computer system800. Program code may be stored in non-transitory media such as persistent storage in secondary memory810or main memory808or both. Main memory808may include volatile memory such as random-access memory (RAM) or non-volatile memory such as read only memory (ROM), as well as different levels of cache memory for faster access to instructions and data. Secondary memory may include persistent storage such as solid-state drives, hard disk drives or optical disks. One or more processors804reads program code from one or more non-transitory media and executes the code to enable the computer system to accomplish the methods performed by the embodiments herein. Those skilled in the art will understand that the processor(s) may ingest source code, and interpret or compile the source code into machine code that is understandable at the hardware gate level of the processor(s)804. The processor(s)804may include graphics processing units (GPUs) for handling computationally intensive tasks. The processor(s)804may communicate with external networks via one or more communications interfaces807, such as a network interface card, WiFi transceiver, etc. A bus805communicatively couples the I/O subsystem802, the processor(s)804, peripheral devices806, communications interfaces807, memory808, and persistent storage810. Embodiments of the disclosure are not limited to this representative architecture. Alternative embodiments may employ different arrangements and types of components, e.g., separate buses for input-output components and memory subsystems. Those skilled in the art will understand that some or all of the elements of embodiments of the disclosure, and their accompanying operations, may be implemented wholly or partially by one or more computer systems including one or more processors and one or more memory systems like those of computer system800. In particular, the elements of automated systems or devices described herein may be computer-implemented. Some elements and functionality may be implemented locally and others may be implemented in a distributed fashion over a network through different servers, e.g., in client-server fashion, for example. Facility Layout & Arrangement FIGS.28and29are a functional block diagrams illustrating an example controlled-environment agriculture production facility2800. In some implementations, the layout illustrated inFIGS.28and29incorporate the configuration of the growth environments and central processing illustrated inFIG.27, adding to it the selection and arrangement of other spaces and functionality of the facility2800. In other implementations, the configuration illustrate inFIG.1Acan be incorporated. AsFIG.28illustrates, production facility2800includes growth environment20, central processing system30, nutrient and thermal corridor2820, propagation space2802, pre-harvest processing space2804, and post-harvest processing space2806. Production facility2800also includes seeding space2808, germination space2803, and materials or product supply handling space2822. One or more space or area components of production facility2800may be housed within a warehouse building or any other suitable building structure. As discussed above, growth environment20may be a substantially-encapsulated space to facilitate control of one or more environmental conditions to which crops are exposed and to reduce risk of potential contaminants and pests. Growth environment20may comprise an array of multiple growth environments20a-f, as illustrated inFIG.27and as discussed above. Each of the growth environments20a-fmay be separately controlled to support optimized growing for a variety of different crop types. As discussed above, the growth environments20a-fmay each contain one or more grow lines202that have a substantially u-shaped travel path including a first path section202aand a second return path section202b(see above). In the implementation shown, transfer conveyance mechanism47may be configured to include track sections that loop into each growth environment20a-20fA control system can cause transfer conveyance mechanism47to route carriages1202to select grow lines202within a select growth environment20a-20f. The control system may also cause transfer conveyance mechanism47to route carriages1202to a select pre-harvest buffer2190,2192within pre-harvesting processing space2804. In the implementation of central processing system30shown inFIG.28, the processing path associated with harvesting station32is perpendicular to the processing paths associated with washing station34and transplanter station36. Pre-harvest processing space2804may contain harvester station32and one or more pre-harvesting buffers2190,2192, as discussed above. Automated laydown station41may engage a grow tower50from one of buffers2190,2192, rotate the grow tower50to a horizontal orientation and place it on a conveyance mechanism that feeds the grow tower50through harvester station32. For so-called “cut-again” towers, automated pick up station43bmay place the harvested grow tower50back onto transfer conveyance mechanism47, which routes the tower to a select growth environment20a-f. Otherwise, automated pickup station43bmay rotate the grow tower 90 degrees and place it horizontally onto a conveyance mechanism that feeds the grow tower to washing station34. A washed grow tower50may be buffered in buffering mechanism35with other grow towers50and ultimately fed into transplanter station36. Automated pickup station43may engage a grow tower50that has been transplanted and transfer it to transfer conveyance mechanism47, which routes the tower to a select growth environment20a-f. Nutrient and thermal corridor2820contains one or more fluid tanks, nutrient supply and mixing equipment, fluid pumps, filtration equipment, sanitation equipment, manifolds, plumbing and related equipment to provide aqueous nutrients to grow lines202within the growth environments20a-f. Nutrient and thermal corridor2820also includes equipment for controlling thermal conditions as well including, for example, chillers and hydronic piping that run to air handling units and fluid coolers. In one implementation, modular aqueous nutrient supply systems2614can supply aqueous nutrient solution to the grow lines202within the growth environments20a-f. The plumbing (not shown) delivering nutrient solution from the aqueous nutrient supply system2614can extend over growth environment20and/or grow lines202. Furthermore, HVAC systems, such as chillers, air handlers and other equipment bay be housed between sections of growth environment20a-fand/or placed on the top of the structure that contains each growth environment20a-f. Nutrient and thermal corridor2820is environmentally separated from growth environments20a-f, propagation space2802and central processing system30. Given that corridor2820does not contain agricultural product, it may be subject to looser environmental controls (e.g., heat, humidity, insulation, cleanliness, etc.) than other spaces in facility2800. For example, corridor2820may be classified as a Group U (Utility and Miscellaneous) space pursuant to Title 24 of the California Code of Regulations. As such, implementers of the facility2800can reduce costs by building to the lower requirements of corridor2820, while building to higher requirements in other spaces of facility2800. Propagation space2802includes equipment for growing young plants in stacked horizontal beds (or plug trays) for later transplant into grow towers50. Propagation space2802may include a rack system for vertically stacking the horizontal beds or plug trays. In one implementation, propagation space2802is a substantially encapsulated growth environment that includes air handling, lighting, climate control, irrigation and other equipment to grow plants from seed stage to transplant stage. The grow lights used in propagation space2802may be air-cooled and located above each horizontal bed. In the implementation shown inFIG.28, plug trays are inserted into and extracted from a single side2818(opposing corridor2820) of propagation space2802. In one implementation, the location of propagation space2802adjacent to the end of array of growth environments20a-fallows for a modular aqueous nutrient supply system2614located in corridor2820to be the irrigation supply for the space2802. Seeding area2808is a space including one or more stations and associated equipment for filling plug trays with growth medium, seeds, and other nutrient or water solutions to meet the nutritional requirements for ideal growth per crop variety. In addition to a seeding line, the seeding space2808may also include media/soil storage, storage for seeds in a controlled temperature environment (e.g., a refrigerator) depending on requirements, and potentially media/soil mixing equipment. Seeding area2808may also include ventilation equipment. Germination space2803is an encapsulated space including one or more tables where the newly seeded plug trays are contained during plant germination. In the implementation shown inFIG.28, plug trays are inserted into and extracted from a single side2809(opposing corridor2820) of germination space2803. After the germination phase, the plug trays may be transferred to propagation space2802. In the implementation shown, germination area2803and seeding area2808are adjacent to propagation space2802. In one embodiment, plants are initially grown in so-called plug trays, where each tray include multiple plugs that are ultimately transferred to transplanter station36when ready. AsFIG.28demonstrates, propagation space2802is located adjacent to central processing system and proximal to transplanter station36. Such a configuration minimizes the distance plug trays are required to travel from propagation space2802to transplanter station36. In one implementation, a conveyor may transfer loaded plug trays from propagation area2802to transplanter station36. The spaces associated with central processing system30may also be divided into separate environments to achieve various objectives. For example, pre-harvesting space2804may be a cooled environment separate from the spaces that contain washing station34and transplanter station36. Post harvesting space2806may also be a separate space. In one implementation, pre-harvesting space2804includes environmental controls for providing a cooled space to cool the crop in grow towers50to a target temperature prior to harvesting and irrigation to supply water or aqueous nutrient solution to grow towers50as they hang from vertical buffers2190,2192. In one implementation, the irrigation supply is a chilled water supply to further induce cooling of crop to a target temperature prior to harvesting. For certain crops, such as leafy greens, the cooling of the crop facilitates cleaner harvesting operations, as the crop is slightly more rigid, providing for cleaner cuts by the blades of harvester station32. As discussed above, the vertical tower conveyance system47includes a track system that routes carriages1202to various destinations along the system10. AsFIGS.28and30illustrate, the track system may include a first pre-harvest (cut-again) vertical buffer2190and a second pre-harvest (final-cut) vertical buffer2192, both contained in pre-harvesting space2804. As discussed above, central processing system30may be configured to selectively process certain grow towers50for so-called cut-again processing.FIG.28illustrates that the system10may also include a second automated pickup station43b. In particular, after processing by harvester station32, automated pickup station43bmay pick up a grow tower50from the outfeed conveyor of harvester station32rotate the grow tower50to vertical and place it on a carriage1202of tower conveyance mechanism47for reinsertion into a grow line202. A grow tower50that undergoes “final-cut” processing is routed to washing station34and transplanter station36as described herein. Pre-harvesting space2804may also include additional buffer lines for other purposes, such as a buffer line to place grow towers with damaged or otherwise rejected crops. Towers designated as “cut-agains” take less time to process than towers50designated as final cuts, as cut-again towers need not pass through cleaning station34and transplanter station36. Pre-harvest buffers2190,2192provide a space to buffer grow towers50prior to initiating harvester station32in order to ensure an adequate supply of grow towers50for efficient processing. A controller selectively routes grow towers50, as appropriate, to either the cut-again buffer2190or final cut buffer2192. Automated laydown station41can selectively access grow towers50from either buffer2190or2192under control of a control system as may be required. The use of separate vertical tower buffers allows the farm system10to alternate between cut-again and final-cut towers and maintain a consistent mix of final-cut and cut-again grow towers50for processing, despite such types of grow towers arriving in batches from growth environment. The use of separate buffers also allows system10to accommodate for the different cycle times of the cut-again and final-cut towers, increasing the total number of towers than can be processed within a given time span and improving the average cycle time of overall tower processing. In one implementation, automated laydown station41can alternate 1:1 between final-cut and cut-again pre-harvest buffers2190,2192provided that both tower types are available. In other implementations, however, differences in cycle times between such tower types may suggest a ratio of 2 cut-again towers for every 1 final-cut tower. Other implementations are possible. For example, the system10may also include a vertical reject buffer (not shown) to provide a space to temporarily store grow towers that have failed a quality inspection. The reject buffer allows a rejected tower to simply be routed out of the processing pathway and stored for later handling. Post-harvest processing space2806may be an encapsulated environment that includes equipment for processing crops after they have been harvested from grow towers50at harvester station32. In some implementations, post-harvest processing space2806is a substantially encapsulated space subject to controlled environmental conditions; for example, post-harvesting space2806may be a cooled or refrigerated environment, or a warmed environment to accommodate other types of crops. In some implementations, the equipment included in post-harvest processing space2806may include crop washing and drying equipment, product quality equipment, product cooling equipment, product packaging equipment, and food safety equipment. Other equipment may include process isolation equipment for sanitation purposes. Post-harvest processing space2806is arranged adjacent to central processing system30and proximal to harvester station32to minimize or reduce the distance that harvested crop travels from harvester station32. In one implementation, a bin conveyor can extend directly into post-harvest processing space2806to convey bins loaded with harvested crop into the space. In one implementation, harvested product can be harvested directly onto conveyance without bins, and transported to the post-harvest processing space2806. In addition, harvested product (whether in bins or conveyed directly on a conveyor) may also be subject to cooling systems (such as vacuum cooling, a cooling tunnel, etc.) as it is conveyed to post-harvest processing space2806. Similarly, facility2800may also include a cold storage space to provide a controlled, refrigerated environment adapted for storing packaged crops for shipment depending on the specific crop storage environmental requirements. In some implementations, the equipment included in the cold storage space may include package palletizing equipment, case erecting equipment, and other inventory storage equipment or infrastructure. In the implementation shown, the cold storage space is adjacent to post-harvest processing space2806. Implementations of production facility2800are also arranged to optimize efficiency. In some implementations, production facility2800may be configured to reduce or minimize total product flow distance from seed stage to post-harvest processing and cold storage. Minimizing or reducing this metric increases cost efficiencies by, for example, reducing the total length of conveyors used in the facility. The layout of production facility2800may also be configured to reduce or minimize other attributes, such as the percentage of unutilized space, the distance of employee travel, the maximum distance between any two stations in the facility2800, length of cabling, plumbing and/or HVAC ducting, and total wall length. AsFIG.28illustrates, total product flow from seed to packaging is both direct and efficient, reducing operating time, operating cost and capital expenditure. In particular, the product flow starts at seed station2808where plug trays are filled with soil and seeded. The product flow proceeds to the propagation space2802where plants germinate and are ready for transplant. The plug trays are then conveyed to transplant station36of central processing system30, where the plugs are inserted in crop-bearing modules, such as the plug containers of grow towers50. The grow towers50are inserted into growth environment20where they proceed from one end to another of the space along grow lines202. Grow towers50are then transferred to harvesting station32where the crop is harvested and conveyed to post-harvest processing space2806. The packaged product is ultimately stored in a cold storage facility from where it may be ultimately shipped out of the facility2800. The configuration illustrated inFIG.28achieves a variety of operational and cost efficiencies and advantages. The configuration set forth inFIGS.28and29essentially bifurcate the system2800into a utility zone for housing thermal and irrigation equipment, and a plant production zone for growing crops. For example, locating propagation space2802and the array of growth environments as shown, allows for most of the thermal, irrigation and nutrient supply equipment to be located in a single corridor2800. Growth environments20a-fand the spaces associated with central processing system30have different requirements relative to environmental controls, requiring more precise controls for temperature, humidity, air filtration, process isolation, and/or lighting. In addition, given that growth environments20a-fand the spaces associated with central processing system30contain agricultural product, various food safety requirements may also require additional controls, such as process isolation or clean room equipment to create a space suitable for food/crop production. The layout set forth inFIG.28essentially creates a utility zone (nutrient corridor) where it is less expensive to achieve the required controls and a production zone where food safety and other requirements mandate tighter environmental controls. For example, nutrient and thermal corridor2820and space2822may not be subject to environmental controls and have be subject to ambient temperature and air conditions. In other implementations, nutrient and thermal corridor2820and space2822are contained in a controlled environment. In addition, the configuration ofFIG.28is scalable from both a design standpoint and in connection with expansion of an existing facility. To build out capacity of the system, additional growth environments can be added to the end of the array of growth environments20a-f. Similarly, propagation space2802can be expanded outwardly relative toFIG.28. Materials handling space2822is an area of facility2800adapted for receiving supplies and shipping product. AsFIG.29illustrates, space2822may be divided into an inbound area2822aand outbound area2822b. Additionally, space2822may house any additional electrical or mechanical equipment that does not need to be installed within the clean or controlled environment of the production facility. In one implementation, space2822is connected to loading bays including one or more dock doors for receiving supplies shipped by truck. Receiving space2822amay be located more proximally to propagation space2802and seeding space2808in order to reduce the distance traveled for seeds, soil and other supplies consumed by such spaces. Similarly, outbound space2822bmay be located more proximally to post-harvest processing space2806and/or the cold storage area to facilitate loading of crops for shipment out of the facility. Similarly, the cold storage space may include dock doors allowing for flow of product out of a loading bay. Although the disclosure may not expressly disclose that some embodiments or features described herein may be combined with other embodiments or features described herein, this disclosure should be read to describe any such combinations that would be practicable by one of ordinary skill in the art. Unless otherwise indicated herein, the term “include” shall mean “include, without limitation,” and the term “or” shall mean non-exclusive “or” in the manner of “and/or.” Those skilled in the art will recognize that, in some embodiments, some of the operations described herein may be performed by human implementation, or through a combination of automated and manual means. When an operation is not fully automated, appropriate components of embodiments of the disclosure may, for example, receive the results of human performance of the operations rather than generate results through its own operational capabilities. All references, articles, publications, patents, patent publications, and patent applications cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entireties for all purposes to the extent they are not inconsistent with embodiments of the disclosure expressly described herein. However, mention of any reference, article, publication, patent, patent publication, and patent application cited herein is not, and should not be taken as an acknowledgment or any form of suggestion that they constitute valid prior art or form part of the common general knowledge in any country in the world, or that they are disclose essential matter. Several features and aspects of the present invention have been illustrated and described in detail with reference to particular embodiments by way of example only, and not by way of limitation. Those of skill in the art will appreciate that alternative implementations and various modifications to the disclosed embodiments are within the scope and contemplation of the present disclosure. Therefore, it is intended that the invention be considered as limited only by the scope of the appended claims.

11856903

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Generally, the nomenclature used herein and the manufacture or laboratory procedures described below are well known and commonly employed in the art. Conventional methods are used for these procedures, such as those provided in the art and various general references. Where a term is provided in the singular, the inventors also contemplate aspects of the invention described by the plural of that term. Where there are discrepancies in terms and definitions used in references that are incorporated by reference, the terms used in this application shall have the definitions given herein. The inventors do not intend to be limited to a mechanism or mode of action. Reference thereto is provided for illustrative purposes only. The present description discloses methods for manipulating seed yield per plant. In one embodiment, it is the seed yield of a short day plant. In another embodiment, it is the seed yield of a soybean plant. The present description also discloses methods for reducing the seed generation time of a plant. In one embodiment, it is the seed generation time of a short day plant. In another embodiment, it is the seed generation time of a soybean plant. The methods described herein comprise the manipulation of external vegetative and reproductive signals to control seed production. For example, by using the instant methods, a soybean plant can be manipulated to produce a specific amount of seeds in a required time for a specific project. For example, as described in Table 2 below, a soybean plant can be manipulated to produce 4000 seeds in 170 days or 90 seeds in 80 days as compared to 200 seeds in 120 days under normal growing conditions represented by the control method (see Table 2). The methods described herein solve a wide range of seed production needs required during research, regulatory, breeding, and commercial phases of product development. For example, the amount of seeds produced and the amount of time required to produce such seeds can be varied depending on the need in a particular product development phase. In a particular application of the methods of the present invention, increasing the amount of seeds produced from a single plant can reduce the amount of work required for molecular characterization of pure seeds for commercial production. For example, 12-18 sibling lines are traditionally bulked to create a commercial seed lot with confirmed genetic purity. However, using the methods described herein, Applicants have demonstrated that only one or two plants are needed to produce a commercial seed lot, thus significantly reducing the amount of quality assurance and/or quality control assays required on the sibling lines. Increasing the amount of seeds produced from a single plant may also be beneficial so that archiving, biochemical analyses e.g., oil and fatty acid analyses, and germination studies can be completed using seeds from a single plant thus reducing the variation in source material when more than one plant is used. Further benefits of the present invention can be achieved by producing more developing pods from a single plant. More developing pods provides for more immature embryos which in turn can supply the relatively large amounts of protein normally required for conducting studies for regulatory dossier. Producing more seeds from a single plant may further enables the identification of more progeny seeds with an acceptable molecular profile, e.g., seeds with single copy inserts without the vector backbone expressing a gene of interest at an efficacious level, from plants transformed with 2T constructs or multiple-traits where the probability of finding a desired seed is lower in a population of seeds. For example, only 1 out of 256 seeds is likely to contain a triple homozygous marker-free plant. With a large number of seeds produced from a single plant, it is easier to identify such a seed. The methods described herein may further reduce generation time which can enable rapid advancement of a seed to meet specific field planting deadlines, obtain acceptable molecular profiles and sufficient seed yields, and provide improved efficiency of large grow-outs due to high plant density. Further, the methods of the present invention may eliminate the need for Short Day Greenhouses as these are difficult to cool in summer. The warm, dark conditions encountered in the summer during night in a Short Day Greenhouse cause flower abortion and excessive night respiration stress. These Greenhouses are expensive to build and older greenhouse may be difficult to retrofit. Without being held to a particular theory, experience to date suggests that the methods described herein appear to disrupt, enhance, or compete with a plant's normal circadian rhythm to trigger early flowering on physiologically young plants. Thus, Applicants believe that the method may enhance yield by inducing indeterminate flowering, more branching, shorter internodes, and more flowers and pod set per internode. The methods of the present invention allow a grower to customize the seed yield and generation time to meet specific business needs. The per plant yields can be increased by up to 30 fold (from 200 seeds to 6000 seeds) or the generation time can be decreased by 30% (250 seeds in 90 days vs. 120 days). The methods can also be performed year round and could eliminate the need for winter nurseries thus increasing the throughput of the product development process and reducing the total time needed to test a particular seed for developing the commercial seed. Producing more seeds enables conducting field trials in a single location several months faster than the seeds produced with the current Short Day methods. Current short day methods require an extra seed increase generation step in the field to obtain sufficient seeds for conducting a field trial in one location in a subsequent year. The time savings of several months could lead to earlier commercial launch dates and ultimately additional product revenues. A method for manipulating yield of a short day plant is provided. The method comprises initiating growth of at least one short day plant under long day growing conditions. The short plant is selected from the group consisting of soybean, cotton, rice, sugarcane, tobacco, and strawberry. In one embodiment, the long day growing conditions comprise at least about 14 hours of light per day at a light intensity of from about 1000 to about 2000 μmoles m−1s−1and a temperature of from about 84° F. to about 90° F. and a night temperature of from about 62° F. to about 70° F. In another embodiment, the long day growing conditions comprise about 18 hours of light per day at a light intensity of about 2000 μmoles m−ls−1and a temperature of about 86° F. and a night temperature of about 68° F. The method further comprises controlling the environment of the short day plant to provide for short day growing conditions for about 3 to about 21 days. The period of short day growing conditions is initiated at a plant growth stage of from about V1 to about V4. In one embodiment, the short day growing conditions comprise maintaining from about 9 to about 11 hours of light per day at a light intensity of from about 700 to about 900 μmoles μmoles m−ls−1and a temperature of from about 78° F. to about 82° F. and about 14 hours of night at a temperature of from about 66° F. to about 70° F. In another embodiment, the short day growing conditions comprise maintaining about 10 hours of light per day at a light intensity of about 900 μmoles m−1s−1and a temperature of about 80° F. and about 14 hours of night at a temperature of about 68° F. The method further comprises returning the plant to long day growing conditions. As described above, in one embodiment, the long day growing conditions comprise at least about 14 hours of light per day at a light intensity of from about 1000 to about 2000 μmoles m−ls−1and a temperature of from about 84° F. to about 90° F. and a night temperature of from about 62° F. to about 70° F. In another embodiment, the long day growing conditions comprise about 18 hours of light per day at a light intensity of about 2000 μmoles m−ls−1and a temperature of about 86° F. and a night temperature of about 68° F. In current green house methods and field production methods plants are typically allowed to grow under short day or under decreasing day light conditions until seeds are harvested. Without being held to a particular theory, Applicants believe that returning the plant to long day growing conditions may send a vegetative signal to already reproductive plants, providing up to 800 more hours of photosynthesis than the current greenhouse method and resulting in increased branching, shorter internodes, and more pods per internode. Longer photoperiods also allow the night temperature to be reduced, which results in very high self-pollination rates and pod set compared to the current greenhouse method where higher night temperatures can lead to a higher rate of flower abortion and lower pod set. In addition to providing a constant long day photoperiod, the instant methods may include a gradually increased long day photoperiod from about 16 hours to about 20 hours over a period of 3 weeks. Gradually increasing long day photoperiods may send an additional long day signal to the plant thereby creating plants with very high average seed yields of about 2000 to about 4000 seeds. In alternative embodiments, the methods of the present invention may further comprise growing the short day plant under conditions that restrict vegetative growth and enhance flowering. Such conditions may include growing the short day plant in a soil volume of from about 2.0 mL to about 4.0 mL for every seed to be produced. This can be achieved by controlling pot size. Different pot sizes can be used to increase or decrease the flowering response. Generally, smaller pot size will reduce vegetative growth and increase the flowering response leading to very determinate growth habit and larger pot size will increase vegetative growth and allow for indeterminate flowering, more pods, and more seeds. In still other embodiments, the methods of the present invention may further comprise providing the short day plant with nutrients sufficient to support seed development. In one embodiment, such nutrients can be selected from the group consisting of Calcium Nitrate, Phosphate, micronutrients, and Magnesium Sulfate. In another embodiment, the nutrients are supplied in amounts sufficient to provide a soil EC of about 1.0 to about 1.6 mmhos and a soil pH of from about 5.1 to about 6.0. The nutrients can be provided by utilizing advanced irrigation techniques such as soil-less media, continuous liquid fertilization, and optimal moisture management. Applicants have discovered that under these conditions, the plants become root-bound, contributing to the vegetative and flowering signals needed for enhanced yield. Under root-bound conditions, the plants still require complete mineral nutrition and moisture. This is achieved by administering fertilizer solutions several times to each pot. A method for manipulating yield of a soybean plant is also provided. The method comprises initiating growth of at least one soybean plant under long day growing conditions. In one embodiment, the long day growing conditions comprise at least about 14 hours of light per day at a light intensity of from about 1000 to about 2000 μmoles m−s−1and a temperature of from about 84° F. to 90° F. and a night temperature of from about 62° F. to about 70° F. In another embodiment, the long day growing conditions comprise about 18 hours of light per day at a light intensity of about 2000 μmoles m−ls−1and a temperature of about 86° F. and a night temperature of about 68° F. The method further comprises controlling the environment of the soybean plant to provide for short day growing conditions for about 3 to about 21 days. The period of short day growing conditions is initiated at a plant growth stage of from about V1 to about V4. In one embodiment, the short day growing conditions comprise maintaining about 9 to about 11 hours of light per day at a light intensity of from about 700 to about 900 μmoles μmoles m−1s−1and a temperature of from about 78° F. to about 82° F. and about 14 hours of night at a temperature of from about 66° F. to about 70° F. In another embodiment, the short day growing conditions comprise maintaining about 10 hours of light per day at a light intensity of about 900 μmoles m−1s−1and a temperature of about 80° F. and 14 hours of night at a temperature of about 68° F.. The method further comprises returning the plant to long day growing conditions as described above. In another embodiment, the method of the present invention further comprises growing the soybean plant under conditions that restrict vegetative growth and enhance flowering. Such conditions may include growing the soybean plant in a soil volume of from about 2.0 mL to about 4.0 mL for every seed to be produced. This can be achieved by controlling pot size. Different pot sizes can be used to increase or decrease the flowering response. Generally, smaller pot size will reduce vegetative growth and increase the flowering response leading to very determinate growth habit and larger pot size will increase vegetative growth and allow for indeterminate flowering, more pods, and more seeds. In yet another embodiment, the method of the present invention further comprises providing the soybean plant with nutrients sufficient to support seed development. In one embodiment, such nutrients can be selected from the group consisting of Calcium Nitrate, Phosphate, micronutrients, and Magnesium Sulfate. In another embodiment, the nutrients are supplied in an amount sufficient to provide a soil EC of about 1.0 to about 1.6 mmhos and a soil pH of about 5.1 to about 6.0. The nutrients can be provided by utilizing advanced irrigation techniques such as soil-less media, continuous liquid fertilization, and optimal moisture management. Applicants have discovered that under these conditions, the plants become root-bound, contributing to the vegetative and flowering signals needed for enhanced yield. Under root-bound conditions, the plants still require complete mineral nutrition and moisture. This is achieved by administering fertilizer solutions several times to each pot. A method for identifying yield genes from a short day plant is provided. The method comprises: initiating growth of at least one short day plant under long day growing conditions; controlling the environment of the at least one short day plant to provide for short day growing conditions for about 3 to about 21 days; returning the plant to long day growing conditions; and performing transcriptional profiling from a tissue harvested from the plant grown in step b) and c) to identify yield genes. The short day plant is selected from the group consisting of soybean, cotton, rice, sugarcane, tobacco, and strawberry. In one embodiment the short day plant is a soybean plant. The long day growing conditions comprise at least about 14 hours of light per day at a light intensity of from about 1000 to about 2000 μmoles m−ls−1and a temperature of from about 84° F. to about 90° F. and a night temperature of from about 62° F. to about 70° F. The method further comprises the step of controlling the environment of the short day plant to provide for short day growing conditions for about 3 to about 21 days. The period of short day growing conditions is initiated at a plant growth stage of from about V1 to about V4. The short day growing conditions comprise maintaining about 9 to about 11 hours of light per day at light intensity of about 700 to about 900 μmoles μmoles m−1s−1and a temperature of from about 78° F. to about 82° F. and about 14 hours of night at a temperature of from about 66° F. to about 70° F. The method further comprises returning the plant to long day growing conditions as described above. The method further comprise the step of performing transcriptional profiling from a tissue harvested from the plant grown in step b) and c) to identify yield genes. The yield genes comprise genes that are involved in induction of early flowering, pod set, retention of flowers and pods, and abscission of flowers and pods. Various cultivars of soybean can be used cultivar for identifying yield genes. Plants are first grown under long day growing conditions as described above until the plants reach V2-V3 stage. Then plants are transferred to short day growing conditions as described above. Plants are sampled at one, three and five days after the experimental plants are transferred to short day growing conditions. Fully-expanded leaves as source leaves and shoot apices are suitable tissue for identifying differentially expressed genes under experimental and control conditions. The tissue sampling is done at the V3 stage. The samples are immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80° C. prior to RNA extraction for transcription profiling. For identifying genes that are involved in retention of flowers and pods, and/or abscission of flowers and pods, soybean plants were grown as above. After flowering and right before sampling, half the plants are treated with short day conditions to facilitate abscission of their flowers and pods. Plants are sampled at two, four and six days after the transfer to short day conditions and nine hours after light come on. Fully-expanded leaves from a side branch as source leaves and top leaves of the branch as sink leaves and newly opened flower buds prior to and post pollination are suitable tissues for identifying differentially expressed genes under experimental and control conditions. The samples are immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80° C. prior to RNA extraction for transcription profiling. Several means can be utilized to identify differentially expressed genes in experimental and control plants and are well known to those skilled in the art. These include serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE, SuperSAGE) and gene expression profiling. In one aspect of the invention, gene expression or transcriptional profiling is used to identify yield genes by comparing their differential expression under experimental and control conditions. RNA is extracted from the pooled samples using a pre-manufactured kit and protocol by OmegaBiotek. A custom made soybean genome expression microarray chip from Affymetrix is used. The microarray contains 1.4 million features (each 11 micron in size) covering 83 thousand genes and some negative alien sequences per array. RNA is checked for quality by estimating OD at 260/280 ratio using nanodrop8000 and quality of 28s/18s ribosome bands using Agilent Bioanalyzer2000. Three hundred nanogram RNA per sample was used in RT/IVT amplification and labeling procedure as provided by InVitrogen and Epicentre. Labeled cRNA probe is fragmented and hybridized to the array. The hybridization, washing, detection, and scanning are done according to Affymetrix protocol. Analysis is done by Robust Multi Array (RMA) algorithms to perform background correction, global normalization and summarization of intensity data adjusted using the 75thpercentile. The intensity data is converted to log base2 prior to the statistical analysis, which uses ANOVA models to analyze the data set and perform the comparisons between data set from experimental and control samples. Differentially expressed genes are identified by using a threshold with a false discovery rate of 5%, a raw probability coefficient of 0.0001 and a 1.5 fold change or greater as the standard for significance. FunCat analysis is used to identify over-representation of functional categories based on molecular, biochemical and cellular characteristics of the proteins encoded by the transcripts. K-means cluster analysis is used to group genes based on similarities of expression profiles, systems network building, and promoter motif analysis. In another embodiment, the method of the present invention further comprises growing the short day plant under conditions that restricts vegetative growth and enhances flowering. Such conditions comprise growing the short day plant in a soil volume of about 2.0 mL to about 4.0 mL per seed to be produced. In another embodiment, the method of the present invention further comprises providing the short day plant nutrients sufficient to support seed development. Such nutrients may be selected from the group consisting of Calcium Nitrate, Phosphate, micronutrients, and Magnesium Sulfate wherein the amount of nutrients supplied provides a soil EC of from about 1.0 to about 1.6 mmhos and a soil pH of from about 5.1 to about 6.0. EXAMPLES Example 1 This example describes a method for manipulating vegetative and flowering responses in soybean, a short day plant, with external signals for decreasing or increasing seed yield and manipulating seed generation time. Soybean seeds were sown as one seed per 200 mL pot (McConkey Company, Sumner, WA) loosely filled with the Sunshine LP5 soil (Sun Gro Horticulture, Vancouver, BC, Canada) and allowed to germinate and grow under long day conditions in a Green House (GH) or a growth chamber. The final potting soil was prepared by mixing 3.8 cu.ft. bales of Sunshine #1 soil (Sun Gro Horticulture, Vancouver, BC, Canada) manually or in Gleason batch soil mixer (Hummert International, Earth City, MO, USA). Eighty mL of APEX® micronutrients and 1000 mL of APEX® 14-14-14 (J.R. Simplot Company, Lathrop, CA, USA) controlled release fertilizer was added to each bale of soil. Mixed soil was transferred to desired pot sizes. A Saturated Media Extraction test was performed on the mixed soil. The pots filled with mixed soil were watered with Reverse Osmosis water to saturate the soil and until water started to leach. Electro-Conductivity (EC) and pH measurements were taken on the leached water using an EC and pH meter (MYRON L COMPANY, Carlsbad, CA, USA) such that the EC was in the range of 3.5 to 7 mS and pH was in the range of 5.2-5.7. If the EC was higher than 7, then soil was continually flushed with Reverse Osmosis water until the EC was below 7. The long day growing conditions were as follows. A photoperiod of 16-18 hours was provided using supplemental lighting to accumulate between 40-60 moles of total light per day. The temperatures were set based on the season and the weather to ensure target temperatures such that to accumulate as many hours per day at or above 86° F. to maximize photosynthesis and minimize night respiration with cooler temperatures. The target temperatures for the cool season were: day, 86° F.-90° F. and night, 68° F.-70° F. and the warm season were: day, 84° F.-88° F. and night, 66° F.-68° F. The ambient CO2and humidity was maintained below 65%. A constant and low concentration of nutrient solution and optimal moisture content was also provided to the plants. The plants were irrigated from 1 to 6 times a day depending upon the climate and the pot size. The pots were fertilized with a nutrient solution having a composition and characteristics shown in Table 1. The short day growing conditions were applied in a growth chamber (GC) e.g., PGR15, PGC20 or GR144 (Conviron, Controlled Environments Inc., Pembina, ND, USA) as follows. Soybean plants at a suitable V stage (e.g., V1 to V4; see Table 2, column 2) were transferred to the GC. Briefly, V1 stage is when first set of tri foliate leaves are unfolded, V2 stage is when the first trifoliate leaf is fully expanded, and V3 is when the second trifoliate leaf is fully expanded. A V-stage is a good measure of physiological stage but vigor must also be used to determine the correct stage. A V3 plant with low vigor may be equivalent to a V2 plant with good vigor. Plants seeded on the same day usually have different development rates. For example, A3525 control take 11 days after seeding to reach V2 and some R1 transgenic seeds may take 21 days to reach V2 stage. The plants were grown at a photoperiod of 10 hours at light intensity of 700-900 μmoles/m/s and temperature of 78-82° F. and 14 hours of night at a temperature of 66-68° F. The plants were irrigated with a nutrient solution (Table 1) in order to provide optimal growth conditions depending upon the size of the plant and the weather conditions. Each plant was grown at a plant density of 0.18 sq. ft. in the GC. The plants were kept in the GC from about 3 to 21 days depending upon the yield needed (see Table 2, column 3). After subjecting the plants to short day growing conditions, the plants were returned to the long day growing conditions provided in the green house (GH) as described above. The plants were first transplanted to larger pots depending upon the yield needed (Table 2, column 4). The pots were prepared as described above. Maximum pot densities in the GH were dependent upon the pot size and were as follows: 200 mL pot/0.5 sq. ft.; 750 mL pot/1 sq. ft.; 2.7 L pot/2 sq. ft.; and 8.6 L pot/4 sq. ft. As shown in Table 2, whereas the current short day method yielded only 200 seeds in 120 days, the method of present invention yielded anywhere from 90 seeds to 4000 seeds in 80 to 170 days depending upon the short day induction stage, short day induction period, pot size, and long day period after flowering. TABLE 1Composition and characteristics of the nutrientsolution used in the present invention. Macro(NPK) and Micro (Rest) nutrients are in ppm.pHECAlkalinity5.2-5.61.2-1.63.86CaMgNa12448.22.93ClBFeMn3.050.3261.440.136CuZnMoAl0.0360.0990.0240.079NO3—NNH4—NTotal N10412.1116SPK10226.5131 TABLE 2Manipulation of seed yield in soybean using the method of the present invention.SDPotInductionInductionPotSeedGenerationDensity/Seeds/Induction NameStageperiod (days)SizeYieldTime (days)sq ftSq ft123456781Super Rapid CycleV121300mL90800.671342Rapid CycleV214750mL2509012503Regular InductionV2-4142.7L50012022504Super PlantV2-478L200015054005Super Plant PlusV2-4710L400017085006Current Short DayV6808L2001201200Method Example 2 This example demonstrates extension of the methods described herein to cotton plants. Short day cotton has an indeterminate vegetative growth habit under long day growth conditions and normally produces very little seed with high amounts of vegetative growth. However, Applicants believe that a high seed yielding cotton plant can be produced by applying the methods of the present invention to a short day cotton variety. Cotton seeds will be germinated under long day conditions and seedlings will be subjected to short day induction conditions for 5 and 10 days at the first and third unifoliate stages to trigger early flowering. Seedlings will then be subjected to long day conditions. The same variations of experimental conditions as described in Example 1 including long day growth conditions, short day induction conditions, light intensity, soil types, temperature, pot size and nutrients will be applied on the cotton plants to produce a high yielding phenotype. Example 3 This example demonstrates a method of the invention using transcriptional profiling to identifying potential genes conferring increased yield in short day plants. To identify genes involved in floral initiation, pod initiation, flower set, and pod set, soybean plants of cultivar A3555 are grown in 200 ml pots under long day growing conditions (17 hours of daylight) until the plants reach V2-V3 stage and all the plants are transplanted into 4 L pots. Half the plants are then transferred to short day conditions (10 hours of daylight) for 7 days at 26° C. during the day, 19° C. at night at a light intensity of about 800 μE. Control plants continue to grow under long day growth conditions. Plants are sampled at one, three and five days after the experimental plants are transferred to short day conditions. Plants are sampled one hour and nine hours after lights come on. Fully-expanded second trifoliate leaves on the fourth node are collected as source leaves and pooled. For apex tissue, meristem tissue and non-expanded primordial leaf are collected and pooled. The tissue sampling is done at the V3 stage. The samples are immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80° C. prior to RNA extraction for transcription profiling. To identify genes that are involved in retention of flowerer and pods, and/or abscission of flowers and pods, soybean plants of cultivar A3555 are grown in 200 ml pots under long day growing conditions (17 hours of daylight) until the plants reach V2-V3 stage. Plants are then transplanted into 4 L pots grown under short day conditions (10 hours of daylight) for 7 days at 26° C. during the day at a light intensity of about 800 μE, and at 19° C. at night. After short day conditions, plants are transferred to long day conditions. After flowering and right before sampling, half the plants are treated with short day conditions to facilitate abscission of their flowers and pods. Plants are sampled at two, four and six days after the transfer to short day conditions and nine hours after light come on. Fully-expanded leaves from a side branch between the fourth node and internode are collected as source leaves and pooled whereas top leaves of the branch are collected as sink leaves and pooled. Newly opened flower buds two days prior to and one day post pollination are collected from the entire plant and pooled. The samples are immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80° C. prior to RNA extraction for transcription profiling. RNA is extracted from the pooled samples using a pre-manufactured kit and protocol by OmegaBiotek. A custom made soybean genome expression microarray chip from Affymetrix is used. The microarray contains 1.4 million features (each 11 micron in size) covering 83 thousand genes and some negative alien sequences per array. RNA is checked for quality by estimating OD at 260/280 ratio using nanodrop8000 and quality of 28s/18s ribosome bands using Agilent Bioanalyzer2000. Three hundred nanogram RNA per sample was used in RT/IVT amplification and labeling procedure as provided by InVitrogen and Epicentre. Labeled cRNA probe is fragmented and hybridized to the array. The hybridization, washing, detection, and scanning are done according to Affymetrix protocol. Analysis is done by Robust Multi Array (RMA) algorithms to perform background correction, global normalization and summarization of intensity data adjusted using the 75thpercentile. The intensity data is converted to log base2 prior to the statistical analysis, which uses ANOVA models to analyze the data set and perform the comparisons between data set from experimental and control samples. Differentially expressed genes are identified by using a threshold with a false discovery rate of 5%, a raw probability coefficient of 0.0001 and a 1.5 fold change or greater as the standard for significance. FunCat analysis is used to identify over-representation of functional categories based on molecular, biochemical and cellular characteristics of the proteins encoded by the transcripts. K-means cluster analysis is used to group genes based on similarities of expression profiles, systems network building, and promoter motif analysis. All of the materials and methods disclosed and claimed herein can be made and used without undue experimentation as instructed by the above disclosure. Although the materials and methods of this invention have been described in terms of preferred embodiments and illustrative examples, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations can be applied to the materials and methods described herein without departing from the concept, spirit and scope of the invention. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope and concept of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

11856904

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION In the description and tables which follow, a number of terms are used. In order to provide a clear and consistent understanding of the specification and claims, including the scope to be given such terms, the following definitions are provided: Abiotic stress. As used herein, abiotic stress relates to all non-living chemical and physical factors in the environment. Examples of abiotic stress include, but are not limited to, drought, flooding, salinity, temperature, and climate change. Allele. The allele is any of one or more alternative forms of a gene, all of which relate to one trait or characteristic. In a diploid cell or organism, the two alleles of a given gene occupy corresponding loci on a pair of homologous chromosomes. Alter. The utilization of up-regulation, down-regulation, or gene silencing. Backcrossing. A process in which a breeder crosses progeny back to one of the parental genotypes one or more times. Commonly used to introduce one or more locus conversions from one genetic background into another (backcross conversion). Bolting. The premature development of a flowering stalk, and subsequent seed, before a plant produces a food crop. Bolting is typically caused by late planting when temperatures are low enough to cause vernalization of the plants. Bremia lactucae. An Oomycete that causes downy mildew in lettuce in cooler growing regions. Cell. Cell as used herein includes a plant cell, whether isolated, in tissue culture or incorporated in a plant or plant part. The cell can be a cell, such as a somatic cell, of the variety having the same set of chromosomes as the cells of the deposited seed, or, if the cell contains a locus conversion or transgene, otherwise having the same or essentially the same set of chromosomes as the cells of the deposited seed. Core diameter. The diameter of the lettuce stem at the base of the cut head. Core length. Length of the internal lettuce stem measured from the base of the cut and trimmed head to the tip of the stem. Corky root. A disease caused by the bacteriumRhizomonas suberifaciens, which causes the entire taproot to become brown, severely cracked, and non-functional. Cotyledon. One of the first leaves of the embryo of a seed plant; typically one or more in monocotyledons, two in dicotyledons, and two or more in gymnosperms. Essentially all of the physiological and morphological characteristics. A plant having essentially all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of a designated plant has all of the characteristics of the plant that are otherwise present when compared in the same environment, other than an occasional variant trait that might arise during backcrossing or direct introduction of a transgene. F#. The “F” symbol denotes the filial generation, and the # is the generation number, such as F1, F2, F3, etc. F1Hybrid. The first generation progeny of the cross of two nonisogenic plants. First water date. The date the seed first receives adequate moisture to germinate. This can and often does equal the planting date. Frame diameter. The frame diameter is a measurement of the lettuce plant diameter at its widest point, measured from the outer most wrapper leaf tip to the outer most wrapper leaf tip. Fusarium oxysporum. Fusariumwilt of lettuce is caused by the soil-borne fungusFusarium oxysporumf. sp.lactucae. There are three reported races ofFusarium oxysporumf. sp.lactucae. All three races are present in Japan, whereas only race 1 is known to occur in the United States (Arizona and California). Infection results in yellowing and necrosis of leaves, as well as stunted, wilted plants and often plant death. Gene. As used herein, “gene” refers to a segment of nucleic acid. A gene can be introduced into a genome of a species, whether from a different species or from the same species, using transformation or various breeding methods. Gene silencing. The interruption or suppression of the expression of a gene at the level of transcription or translation. Genetically modified. Describes an organism that has received genetic material from another organism, or had its genetic material modified, resulting in a change in one or more of its phenotypic characteristics. Methods used to modify, introduce or delete the genetic material may include mutation breeding, genome editing, RNA interference, gene silencing, backcross conversion, genetic transformation, single and multiple gene conversion, and/or direct gene transfer. Genome editing. A type of genetic engineering in which DNA is inserted, replaced, modified or removed from a genome using artificially engineered nucleases or other targeted changes using homologous recombination. Examples include but are not limited to use of zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), TAL effector nucleases (TALENs), meganucleases, CRISPR/Cas9, and other CRISPR related technologies. (Ma et. al.,Molecular Plant,9:961-974 (2016); Belhaj et. al.,Current Opinion in Biotechnology,32:76-84 (2015)). Genotype. Refers to the genetic constitution of a cell or organism. Green leaf lettuce. A type of lettuce characterized by having curled or incised leaves forming a loose green rosette that does not develop into a compact head. Haploid. A cell or organism having one set of the two sets of chromosomes in a diploid. Head diameter. Diameter of the cut and trimmed head, sliced vertically, and measured at the widest point perpendicular to the stem. Head height. Height of the cut and trimmed head, sliced vertically, and measured from the base of the cut stem to the cap leaf. Head weight. Weight of saleable lettuce head, cut and trimmed to market specifications. Iceberg lettuce. A type of lettuce characterized by having a large, firm head with a crisp texture and a white or creamy yellow interior. Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV). A tospovirus transmitted by thrips which causes leaves of infected plants to develop brown to dark brown spots and dead (necrotic) areas, making heads of infected plants unmarketable. INSV has symptoms similar to tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). Lettuce big vein virus (LBV). Big vein is a disease of lettuce caused by lettuce mirafiori big vein virus which is transmitted by the fungusOlpidium virulentus, with vein clearing and leaf shrinkage resulting in plants of poor quality and reduced marketable value. Lettuce mosaic virus. A disease that can cause a stunted, deformed, or mottled pattern in young lettuce and yellow, twisted, and deformed leaves in older lettuce. Lettuce necrotic stunt virus (LNSV). A disease of lettuce that can cause severely stunted plants having yellowed outer leaves and brown, necrotic spotting. LNSV is a soil-borne virus from the Tombusvirus family with no known vector. Linkage. Refers to a phenomenon wherein alleles on the same chromosome tend to segregate together more often than expected by chance if their transmission was independent. Linkage disequilibrium. Refers to a phenomenon wherein alleles tend to remain together in linkage groups when segregating from parents to offspring, with a greater frequency than expected from their individual frequencies. Locus. A defined segment of DNA. Locus conversion (also called a ‘trait conversion’ or ‘gene conversion’). A locus conversion refers to a plant or plants within a variety or line that have been modified in a manner that retains the overall genetics of the variety and further comprises one or more loci with a specific desired trait, such as but not limited to male sterility, insect or pest control, disease control or herbicide tolerance. Examples of single locus conversions include mutant genes, transgenes and native traits finely mapped to a single locus. One or more locus conversion traits may be introduced into a single cultivar. Market stage. Market stage is the stage when a lettuce plant is ready for commercial lettuce harvest. In the case of an iceberg variety, the head is solid, and has reached an adequate size and weight. Maturity date. Maturity refers to the stage when the plants are of full size or optimum weight, in marketable form or shape to be of commercial or economic value. Nasonovia ribisnigri. A lettuce aphid that colonizes the innermost leaves of the lettuce plant, contaminating areas that cannot be treated easily with insecticides. Pedigree. Refers to the lineage or genealogical descent of a plant. Pedigree distance. Relationship among generations based on their ancestral links as evidenced in pedigrees. May be measured by the distance of the pedigree from a given starting point in the ancestry. Plant. “Plant” includes plant cells, plant protoplasts, plant tissue, plant cells of tissue culture from which lettuce plants can be regenerated, plant calli, plant clumps and plant cells that are intact in plants, or parts of plants such as pollen, flowers, seeds, leaves, stems and the like. Plant part. Includes any part, organ, tissue or cell of a plant including without limitation an embryo, meristem, leaf, pollen, cotyledon, hypocotyl, root, root tip, anther, flower, flower bud, pistil, ovule, seed, shoot, stem, stalk, petiole, pith, capsule, a scion, a rootstock and/or a fruit including callus and protoplasts derived from any of the foregoing. Quantitative Trait Loci. Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) refers to genetic loci that control to some degree, numerically representable traits that are usually continuously distributed. Ratio of head height/diameter. Head height divided by the head diameter is an indication of the head shape; <1 is flattened, 1=round, and >1 is pointed. Regeneration. Regeneration refers to the development of a plant from tissue culture. RHS. RHS refers to the Royal Horticultural Society of England which publishes an official botanical color chart quantitatively identifying colors according to a defined numbering system. The chart may be purchased from Royal Horticulture Society Enterprise Ltd., RHS Garden; Wisley, Woking; Surrey GU236QB, UK. Rogueing. Rogueing is the process in seed production where undesired plants are removed from a variety. The plants are removed since they differ physically from the general desired expressed characteristics of the variety. The differences can be related to size, color, maturity, leaf texture, leaf margins, growth habit, or any other characteristic that distinguishes the plant. Romaine lettuce. A lettuce variety having elongated upright leaves forming a loose, loaf-shaped head and the outer leaves are usually dark green. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. A plant pathogenic fungus that can cause a disease called white mold. Also known as cottony rot, watery soft rot, stem rot, drop, crown rot and blossom blight. Single locus converted (conversion) plant. Plants which are developed by a plant breeding technique called backcrossing or via genetic engineering wherein essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of a variety are recovered in addition to the desired trait or characteristics conferred by the single locus transferred into the variety via the backcrossing technique or via genetic engineering. A single locus may comprise one gene, or in the case of transgenic plants, one or more transgenes integrated into the host genome at a single site (locus). Tipburn. Means a browning of the edges or tips of lettuce leaves that has an unknown cause, possibly a calcium deficiency. Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV). A virus of the tombusvirus family that causes a disease known as lettuce dieback characterized by yellowing, necrosis, stunting, and death of lettuce plants. Transgene. A nucleic acid of interest that can be introduced into the genome of a plant by genetic engineering techniques (e.g., transformation) or breeding. The following detailed description is of the currently contemplated modes of carrying out the invention. The description is not to be taken in a limiting sense, but is made merely for the purpose of illustrating the general principles of the invention, since the scope of the invention is best defined by the appended claims. Lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed is a novel iceberg lettuce variety that has a medium to large head size with a narrow oblate shape, white seed color, and moderate tolerance to fusarium. The iceberg lettuce variety exemplified in the present invention, Apollo Creed, is different from known varieties of iceberg lettuce in having an unexpected and unique combination of traits. Lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed is adapted to the autumn growing region in the Yuma, Arizona and Huron, California areas. Additionally, lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed has high tolerance to tipburn and very slow bolting. Lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed has shown uniformity and stability for the traits, within the limits of environmental influence for the traits. It has been self-pollinated a sufficient number of generations with careful attention to uniformity of plant type. The line has been increased with continued observation for uniformity. No variant traits have been observed or are expected in cultivar Apollo Creed. Lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed has the following morphological and physiological characteristics described (based on data primarily collected in Yuma, Arizona): TABLE 1VARIETY DESCRIPTION INFORMATIONPlant:Type: Iceberg lettuceMaturity date: Nov. 15, 2020Seed:Color: WhiteLight dormancy: AbsentHeat dormancy: AbsentCotyledon (to fourth leaf stage):Shape: BroadShape of fourth leaf: OvalLength/width index of 4thleaf (L/W × 10): 14.5 (3.5/2.4 × 10 cm)Apex: RoundedBase: NarrowUndulation: MediumGreen color: GreenAnthocyanin distribution: AbsentRolling: PresentCupping: AbsentReflexing: PresentMature Leaves:Margin:Incision depth: Medium to deep (1.0 cm)Indentation: Present; irregular dentateUndulation of the apical margin: StrongGreen color (at harvest maturity): GreenHue of green color of outer leaves: PaleIntensity of color of outer leaves: MediumAnthocyanin distribution: NoneBlistering: Very weakGlossiness: Very weakThickness: Very thickTrichomes: AbsentPlant (at market stage):Spread of frame leaves: 42.0 cmHead diameter: 16.2 cmHead shape: Narrow oblateHead size class: Medium to largeHead weight: 533.0 gHead firmness: FirmButt:Shape: FlatMidrib: Medium raisedCore:Diameter at base of head: 2.5 cmCore height from base of head to apex: 2.2 cmBolting:First water date: Sep. 2, 2020Number of days from first water date to seed stalkemergence: 93Time of beginning of bolting: Very lateClass: Very slowHeight of mature seed stalk: 79.4 cmSpread of bolter plant: 42.5 cmBolter leaves: BroadBolter leaf margin: CrenateBolter leaf color: GreenBolter habit:Terminal inflorescence: PresentLateral shoots: PresentBasal side shoots: AbsentPrimary Regions of Adaptation:Autumn area: Yuma, Arizona and Huron, CaliforniaDisease/Pest Resistance:Lettuce mosaic virus: NoneLettuce necrotic stunt virus (LNSV): NoneLettuce big vein virus: NoneDowny mildew (Bremia lactucae): NoneFusarium oxysporumf. sp.lactucae: Moderate toleranceLettuce aphid (Nasonovia ribisnigri): NonePhysiological Responses:Tipburn: High tolerance FURTHER EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION Lettuce in general, and iceberg lettuce in particular, is an important and valuable vegetable crop. Thus, a continuing goal of lettuce plant breeders is to develop stable, high yielding lettuce cultivars that are agronomically sound. To accomplish this goal, the lettuce breeder must select and develop lettuce plants with traits that result in superior cultivars. Plant breeding techniques known in the art and used in a lettuce plant breeding program include, but are not limited to, pedigree breeding, recurrent selection, mass selection, single or multiple-seed descent, bulk selection, backcrossing, open pollination breeding, restriction fragment length polymorphism enhanced selection, genetic marker enhanced selection, making double haploids, and transformation. Often combinations of these techniques are used. The development of lettuce varieties in a plant breeding program requires, in general, the development and evaluation of homozygous varieties. There are many analytical methods available to evaluate a new variety. The oldest and most traditional method of analysis is the observation of phenotypic traits, but genotypic analysis may also be used. Using Lettuce Cultivar Apollo Creed to Develop Other Lettuce Varieties This invention is directed to methods for producing a lettuce plant by crossing a first parent lettuce plant with a second parent lettuce plant wherein either the first or second parent lettuce plant is variety Apollo Creed. Also provided are methods for producing a lettuce plant having substantially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of cultivar Apollo Creed, by crossing a first parent lettuce plant with a second parent lettuce plant wherein the first and/or the second parent lettuce plant is a plant having substantially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of cultivar Apollo Creed set forth in Table 1, as determined at the 5% significance level when grown in the same environmental conditions. The other parent may be any lettuce plant, such as a lettuce plant that is part of a synthetic or natural population. Any such methods using lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed include but are not limited to selfing, sibbing, backcrossing, mass selection, pedigree breeding, bulk selection, hybrid production, crossing to populations, and the like. These methods are well known in the art and some of the more commonly used breeding methods are described below. Descriptions of breeding methods can be found in one of several reference books (e.g., Allard, Principles of Plant Breeding, 1960; Simmonds, Principles of Crop Improvement, 1979; Fehr, “Breeding Methods for Cultivar Development”, Chapter 7, Lettuce Improvement, Production and Uses, 2.sup.nd ed., Wilcox editor, 1987). Another method involves producing a population of lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed progeny lettuce plants, comprising crossing variety Apollo Creed with another lettuce plant, thereby producing a population of lettuce plants which, on average, derive 50% of their alleles from lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed. A plant of this population may be selected and repeatedly selfed or sibbed with a lettuce cultivar resulting from these successive filial generations. One embodiment of this invention is the lettuce cultivar produced by this method and that has obtained at least 50% of its alleles from lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed. One of ordinary skill in the art of plant breeding would know how to evaluate the traits of two plant varieties to determine if there is no significant difference between the two traits expressed by those varieties. For example, see, Fehr and Walt,Principles of Cultivar Development, pp. 261-286 (1987). Thus the invention includes lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed progeny lettuce plants comprising a combination of at least two of variety Apollo Creed traits selected from the group consisting of those listed in Table 1, or the variety Apollo Creed combination of traits listed in the Detailed Description of the Invention, so that said progeny lettuce plant is not significantly different for said traits than lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed as determined at the 5% significance level when grown in the same environmental conditions. Using techniques described herein, molecular markers may be used to identify said progeny plant as a lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed progeny plant. Mean trait values may be used to determine whether trait differences are significant, and preferably the traits are measured on plants grown under the same environmental conditions. Once such a variety is developed, its value is substantial since it is important to advance the germplasm base as a whole in order to maintain or improve traits such as yield, disease resistance, pest resistance, and plant performance in extreme environmental conditions. The goal of lettuce plant breeding is to develop new, unique, and superior lettuce cultivars. The breeder initially selects and crosses two or more parental lines, followed by repeated selfing and selection, producing many new genetic combinations. The breeder can theoretically generate billions of different genetic combinations via crossing, selfing, and mutations. The breeder has no direct control at the cellular level and the cultivars that are developed are unpredictable. This unpredictability is because the breeder's selection occurs in unique environments, with no control at the DNA level (using conventional breeding procedures), and with millions of different possible genetic combinations being generated. A breeder of ordinary skill in the art cannot predict the final resulting lines he develops, except possibly in a very gross and general fashion. The same breeder cannot produce the same line twice by using the exact same original parents and the same selection techniques. Therefore, two breeders will never develop the same line, or even very similar lines, having the same lettuce traits. Progeny of lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed may also be characterized through their filial relationship with lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed, as for example, being within a certain number of breeding crosses of lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed. A breeding cross is a cross made to introduce new genetics into the progeny, and is distinguished from a cross, such as a self or a sib cross, made to select among existing genetic alleles. The lower the number of breeding crosses in the pedigree, the closer the relationship between lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed and its progeny. For example, progeny produced by the methods described herein may be within 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 breeding crosses of lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed. Pedigree breeding starts with the crossing of two genotypes, such as lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed or a lettuce variety having all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of Apollo Creed, and another lettuce variety having one or more desirable characteristics that is lacking or which complements lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed. If the two original parents do not provide all the desired characteristics, other sources can be included in the breeding population. In the pedigree method, superior plants are selfed and selected in successive filial generations. In the succeeding filial generations, the heterozygous condition gives way to the homozygous allele condition as a result of inbreeding. Typically in the pedigree method of breeding, five or more successive filial generations of selfing and selection is practiced: F1to F2; F2to F3; F3to F4; F4to F5; etc. In some examples, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more generations of selfing and selection are practiced. After a sufficient amount of inbreeding, successive filial generations will serve to increase seed of the developed variety. Preferably, the developed variety comprises homozygous alleles at about 95% or more of its loci. In addition to being used to create backcross conversion populations, backcrossing can also be used in combination with pedigree breeding. As discussed previously, backcrossing can be used to transfer one or more specifically desirable traits from one variety (the donor parent) to a developed variety (the recurrent parent), which has good overall agronomic characteristics yet may lack one or more other desirable traits. However, the same procedure can be used to move the progeny toward the genotype of the recurrent parent but at the same time retain many components of the non-recurrent parent by stopping the backcrossing at an early stage and proceeding with selfing and selection. For example, a lettuce variety may be crossed with another variety to produce a first generation progeny plant. The first generation progeny plant may then be backcrossed to one of its parent varieties to create a BC1F1. Progeny are selfed and selected so that the newly developed variety has many of the attributes of the recurrent parent and yet several of the desired attributes of the donor parent. This approach leverages the value and strengths of both parents for use in new lettuce varieties. Therefore, in some examples a method of making a backcross conversion of lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed, comprising the steps of crossing a plant of lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed or a lettuce variety having all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of Apollo Creed with a donor plant possessing a desired trait to introduce the desired trait, selecting an F1progeny plant containing the desired trait, and backcrossing the selected F1progeny plant to a plant of lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed are provided. This method may further comprise the step of obtaining a molecular marker profile of lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed and using the molecular marker profile to select for a progeny plant with the desired trait and the molecular marker profile of Apollo Creed. The molecular marker profile can comprise information from one or more markers. In one example the desired trait is a mutant gene or transgene present in the donor parent. In another example, the desired trait is a native trait in the donor parent. Mass and recurrent selections can be used to improve populations of either self- or cross-pollinating crops. A genetically variable population of heterozygous individuals is either identified or created by intercrossing several different parents. The best plants are selected based on individual superiority, outstanding progeny, or excellent combining ability. The selected plants are intercrossed to produce a new population in which further cycles of selection are continued. The single-seed descent procedure in the strict sense refers to planting a segregating population, harvesting a sample of one seed per plant, and using the one-seed sample to plant the next generation. When the population has been advanced from the F2to the desired level of inbreeding, the plants from which lines are derived will each trace to different F2individuals. The number of plants in a population declines with each generation due to failure of some seeds to germinate or some plants to produce at least one seed. As a result, not all of the F2plants originally sampled in the population will be represented by a progeny when generation advance is completed. Mutation breeding is another method of introducing new traits into lettuce varieties. Mutations that occur spontaneously or are artificially induced can be useful sources of variability for a plant breeder. The goal of artificial mutagenesis is to increase the rate of mutation for a desired characteristic. Mutation rates can be increased by many different means including temperature, long-term seed storage, tissue culture conditions, radiation; such as X-rays, Gamma rays (e.g., cobalt 60 or cesium 137), neutrons, (product of nuclear fission by uranium 235 in an atomic reactor), Beta radiation (emitted from radioisotopes such as phosphorus 32 or carbon 14), or ultraviolet radiation (preferably from 2500 to 2900 nm), or chemical mutagens (such as base analogues (5-bromo-uracil)), related compounds (8-ethoxy caffeine), antibiotics (streptonigrin), alkylating agents (sulfur mustards, nitrogen mustards, epoxides, ethylenamines, sulfates, sulfonates, sulfones, lactones), azide, hydroxylamine, nitrous acid, or acridines. Once a desired trait is observed through mutagenesis the trait may then be incorporated into existing germplasm by traditional breeding techniques. Details of mutation breeding can be found in Fehr, “Principles of Cultivar Development,” Macmillan Publishing Company (1993). In addition, mutations created in other lettuce plants may be used to produce a backcross conversion of lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed that comprises such mutation. Selection of lettuce plants for breeding is not necessarily dependent on the phenotype of a plant and instead can be based on genetic investigations. For example, one may utilize a suitable genetic marker which is closely associated with a trait of interest. One of these markers may therefore be used to identify the presence or absence of a trait in the offspring of a particular cross, and hence may be used in selection of progeny for continued breeding. This technique may commonly be referred to as marker assisted selection. Any other type of genetic marker or other assay which is able to identify the relative presence or absence of a trait of interest in a plant may also be useful for breeding purposes. Procedures for marker assisted selection applicable to the breeding of lettuces are well known in the art. Such methods will be of particular utility in the case of recessive traits and variable phenotypes, or where conventional assays may be more expensive, time consuming or otherwise disadvantageous. Types of genetic markers which could be used in accordance with the invention include, but are not necessarily limited to, Isozyme Electrophoresis, Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs), Simple Sequence Length Polymorphisms (SSLPs) (Williams et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 18:6531-6535, 1990), Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs), Arbitrary Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs) (EP 534 858, specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs), and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) (Wang et al., Science, 280:1077-1082, 1998). The production of double haploids can also be used for the development of homozygous varieties in a breeding program. Double haploids are produced by the doubling of a set of chromosomes from a heterozygous plant to produce a completely homozygous individual. For example, see, Wan, et al., “Efficient Production of Doubled Haploid Plants Through Colchicine Treatment of Anther-Derived Maize Callus,”Theoretical and Applied Genetics,77:889-892 (1989) and U.S. Pat. No. 7,135,615. This can be advantageous because the process omits the generations of selfing needed to obtain a homozygous plant from a heterozygous source. Descriptions of other breeding methods that are commonly used for different traits and crops can be found in one of several reference books (e.g., Allard, “Principles of plant breeding,” John Wiley & Sons, NY, University of California, Davis, California, 50-98, 1960; Simmonds, “Principles of crop improvement,” Longman, Inc., NY, 369-399, 1979; Sneep and Hendriksen, “Plant breeding perspectives,” Wageningen (ed), Center for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, 1979; Fehr, In: Soybeans: Improvement, Production and Uses,” 2d Ed., Manograph 16:249, 1987; Fehr, “Principles of cultivar development,” Theory and Technique (Vol 1) and Crop Species Soybean (Vol 2), Iowa State Univ., Macmillian Pub. Co., NY, 360-376, 1987; Poehlman and Sleper, “Breeding Field Crops” Iowa State University Press, Ames, 1995; Sprague and Dudley, eds., Corn and Improvement, 5th ed., 2006). Genotypic Profile of Apollo Creed and Progeny In addition to phenotypic observations, a plant can also be identified by its genotype. The genotype of a plant can be characterized through a genetic marker profile which can identify plants of the same variety or a related variety, or which can be used to determine or validate a pedigree. Genetic marker profiles can be obtained by techniques such as restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), randomly amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR), DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF), sequence characterized amplified regions (SCARs), amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), simple sequence repeats (SSRs) also referred to as microsatellites, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), or genome-wide evaluations such as genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). For example, see Cregan et al. (1999) “An Integrated Genetic Linkage Map of the Soybean Genome” Crop Science 39:1464-1490, and Berry et al. (2003) “Assessing Probability of Ancestry Using Simple Sequence Repeat Profiles: Applications to Maize Inbred Lines and Soybean Varieties” Genetics 165:331-342, each of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. Favorable genotypes and or marker profiles, optionally associated with a trait of interest, may be identified by one or more methodologies. In some examples one or more markers are used, including but not limited to AFLPs, RFLPs, ASH, SSRs, SNPs, indels, padlock probes, molecular inversion probes, microarrays, sequencing, and the like. In some methods, a target nucleic acid is amplified prior to hybridization with a probe. In other cases, the target nucleic acid is not amplified prior to hybridization, such as methods using molecular inversion probes (see, for example Hardenbol et al. (2003)Nat Biotech21:673-678). In some examples, the genotype related to a specific trait is monitored, while in other examples, a genome-wide evaluation including but not limited to one or more of marker panels, library screens, association studies, microarrays, gene chips, expression studies, or sequencing such as whole-genome resequencing and genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) may be used. In some examples, no target-specific probe is needed, for example by using sequencing technologies, including but not limited to next-generation sequencing methods (see, for example, Metzker (2010)Nat Rev Genet11:31-46; and, Egan et al. (2012)Am J Bot99:175-185) such as sequencing by synthesis (e.g., Roche 454 pyrosequencing, Illumina Genome Analyzer, and Ion Torrent PGM or Proton systems), sequencing by ligation (e.g., SOLiD from Applied Biosystems, and Polnator system from Azco Biotech), and single molecule sequencing (SMS or third-generation sequencing) which eliminate template amplification (e.g., Helicos system, and PacBio RS system from Pacific BioSciences). Further technologies include optical sequencing systems (e.g., Starlight from Life Technologies), and nanopore sequencing (e.g., GridION from Oxford Nanopore Technologies). Each of these may be coupled with one or more enrichment strategies for organellar or nuclear genomes in order to reduce the complexity of the genome under investigation via PCR, hybridization, restriction enzyme (see, e.g., Elshire et al. (2011)PLoS ONE6:e19379), and expression methods. In some examples, no reference genome sequence is needed in order to complete the analysis. The invention further provides a method of determining the genotype of a plant of lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed, or a first generation progeny thereof, which may comprise obtaining a sample of nucleic acids from said plant and detecting in said nucleic acids a plurality of polymorphisms. This method may additionally comprise the step of storing the results of detecting the plurality of polymorphisms on a computer readable medium. The plurality of polymorphisms are indicative of and/or give rise to the expression of the morphological and physiological characteristics of lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed. With any of the genotyping techniques mentioned herein, polymorphisms may be detected when the genotype and/or sequence of the plant of interest is compared to the genotype and/or sequence of one or more reference plants. The polymorphism revealed by these techniques may be used to establish links between genotype and phenotype. The polymorphisms may thus be used to predict or identify certain phenotypic characteristics, individuals, or even species. The polymorphisms are generally called markers. It is common practice for the skilled artisan to apply molecular DNA techniques for generating polymorphisms and creating markers. The polymorphisms of this invention may be provided in a variety of mediums to facilitate use, e.g. a database or computer readable medium, which may also contain descriptive annotations in a form that allows a skilled artisan to examine or query the polymorphisms and obtain useful information. In some examples, a plant, a plant part, or a seed of lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed may be characterized by producing a molecular profile. A molecular profile may include, but is not limited to, one or more genotypic and/or phenotypic profile(s). A genotypic profile may include, but is not limited to, a marker profile, such as a genetic map, a linkage map, a trait maker profile, a SNP profile, an SSR profile, a genome-wide marker profile, a haplotype, and the like. A molecular profile may also be a nucleic acid sequence profile, and/or a physical map. A phenotypic profile may include, but is not limited to, a protein expression profile, a metabolic profile, an mRNA expression profile, and the like. SSR technology is currently the most efficient and practical marker technology; more marker loci can be routinely used and more alleles per marker locus can be found using SSRs in comparison to RFLPs. For example, Diwan and Cregan described a highly polymorphic microsatellite locus in soybean with as many as 26 alleles. Diwan, N. and Cregan, P. B.,Theor. Appl. Genet.,95:22-225 (1997). SNPs may also be used to identify the unique genetic composition of the invention and progeny varieties retaining that unique genetic composition. Various molecular marker techniques may be used in combination to enhance overall resolution. Molecular markers, which include markers identified through the use of techniques such as Isozyme Electrophoresis, RFLPs, RAPDs, AP-PCR, DAF, SCARs, AFLPs, SSRs, and SNPs, may be used in plant breeding. One use of molecular markers is Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) mapping. QTL mapping is the use of markers which are known to be closely linked to alleles that have measurable effects on a quantitative trait. Selection in the breeding process is based upon the accumulation of markers linked to the positive effecting alleles and/or the elimination of the markers linked to the negative effecting alleles from the plant's genome. Molecular markers can also be used during the breeding process for the selection of qualitative traits. For example, markers closely linked to alleles or markers containing sequences within the actual alleles of interest can be used to select plants that contain the alleles of interest during a backcrossing breeding program. The markers can also be used to select toward the genome of the recurrent parent and against the markers of the donor parent. This procedure attempts to minimize the amount of genome from the donor parent that remains in the selected plants. It can also be used to reduce the number of crosses back to the recurrent parent needed in a backcrossing program. The use of molecular markers in the selection process is often called genetic marker enhanced selection or marker-assisted selection. Molecular markers may also be used to identify and exclude certain sources of germplasm as parental varieties or ancestors of a plant by providing a means of tracking genetic profiles through crosses. Particular markers used for these purposes are not limited to the set of markers disclosed herein, but may include any type of marker and marker profile which provides a means of distinguishing varieties. In addition to being used for identification of lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed, a hybrid produced through the use of Apollo Creed, and the identification or verification of pedigree for progeny plants produced through the use of Apollo Creed, a genetic marker profile is also useful in developing a locus conversion of Apollo Creed. Means of performing genetic marker profiles using SNP and SSR polymorphisms are well known in the art. SNPs are genetic markers based on a polymorphism in a single nucleotide. A marker system based on SNPs can be highly informative in linkage analysis relative to other marker systems in that multiple alleles may be present. The SSR profile of lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed can be used to identify plants comprising lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed as a parent, since such plants will comprise the same homozygous alleles as lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed. Because the lettuce variety is essentially homozygous at all relevant loci, most loci should have only one type of allele present. In contrast, a genetic marker profile of an F1progeny should be the sum of those parents, e.g., if one parent was homozygous for allele x at a particular locus, and the other parent homozygous for allele y at that locus, then the F1progeny will be xy (heterozygous) at that locus. Subsequent generations of progeny produced by selection and breeding are expected to be of genotype x (homozygous), y (homozygous), or xy (heterozygous) for that locus position. When the F1plant is selfed or sibbed for successive filial generations, the locus should be either x or y for that position. In addition, plants and plant parts substantially benefiting from the use of lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed in their development, such as lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed comprising a locus conversion, backcross conversion, transgene, or genetic sterility factor, may be identified by having a molecular marker profile with a high percent identity to lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed. Such a percent identity might be 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, or 99.9% identical to lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed. The SSR profile of lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed can also be used to identify essentially derived varieties and other progeny varieties developed from the use of lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed, as well as cells and other plant parts thereof. Such plants may be developed using the markers identified in WO 00/31964, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,162,967, and 7,288,386. Progeny plants and plant parts produced using lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed may be identified by having a molecular marker profile of at least 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 99.5% genetic contribution from lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed, as measured by either percent identity or percent similarity. Such progeny may be further characterized as being within a pedigree distance of lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed, such as within 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or less cross-pollinations to a lettuce plant other than lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed or a plant that has lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed as a progenitor. Unique molecular profiles may be identified with other molecular tools such as SNPs and RFLPs. While determining the genotypic profile of the plants described supra, several unique SSR profiles may also be identified which did not appear in either parent of such plant. Such unique SSR profiles may arise during the breeding process from recombination or mutation. A combination of several unique alleles provides a means of identifying a plant variety, an F1progeny produced from such variety, and progeny produced from such variety. Molecular data from Apollo Creed may be used in a plant breeding process. Nucleic acids may be isolated from a seed of Apollo Creed or from a plant, plant part, or cell produced by growing a seed of Apollo Creed, or from a seed of Apollo Creed with a locus conversion, or from a plant, plant part, or cell of Apollo Creed with a locus conversion. One or more polymorphisms may be isolated from the nucleic acids. A plant having one or more of the identified polymorphisms may be selected and used in a plant breeding method to produce another plant. Introduction of a New Trait or Locus into Lettuce Cultivar Apollo Creed Cultivar Apollo Creed represents a new base genetic variety into which a new locus or trait may be introgressed. Backcrossing and direct transformation represent two important methods that can be used to accomplish such an introgression. Single Locus Conversions When the term “lettuce plant” is used in the context of the present invention, this also includes any single locus conversions of that variety. The term “single locus converted plant” or “single gene converted plant” refers to those lettuce plants which are developed by backcrossing or genetic engineering, wherein essentially all of the desired morphological and physiological characteristics of a variety are recovered in addition to the one or more genes transferred into the variety via the backcrossing technique or genetic engineering. Backcrossing methods can be used with the present invention to improve or introduce a characteristic into the variety. A backcross conversion of lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed occurs when DNA sequences are introduced through backcrossing (Hallauer, et al., “Corn Breeding,”Corn and Corn Improvements, No. 18, pp. 463-481 (1988)), with lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed utilized as the recurrent parent. Both naturally occurring and transgenic DNA sequences may be introduced through backcrossing techniques. A backcross conversion may produce a plant with a trait or locus conversion in at least two or more backcrosses, including at least 2 crosses, at least 3 crosses, at least 4 crosses, at least 5 crosses, and the like. Molecular marker assisted breeding or selection may be utilized to reduce the number of backcrosses necessary to achieve the backcross conversion. For example, see, Openshaw, S. J., et al., Marker-assisted Selection in Backcross Breeding,Proceedings Symposium of the Analysis of Molecular Data, Crop Science Society of America, Corvallis, Oregon (August 1994), where it is demonstrated that a backcross conversion can be made in as few as two backcrosses. The complexity of the backcross conversion method depends on the type of trait being transferred (single genes or closely linked genes as compared to unlinked genes), the level of expression of the trait, the type of inheritance (cytoplasmic or nuclear), and the types of parents included in the cross. It is understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that for single gene traits that are relatively easy to classify, the backcross method is effective and relatively easy to manage. (See, Hallauer, et al.,Corn and Corn Improvement, Sprague and Dudley, Third Ed. (1998)). Desired traits that may be transferred through backcross conversion include, but are not limited to, sterility (nuclear and cytoplasmic), fertility restoration, nutritional enhancements, drought tolerance, nitrogen utilization, altered fatty acid profile, modified fatty acid metabolism, modified carbohydrate metabolism, industrial enhancements, yield stability, yield enhancement, disease resistance (bacterial, fungal, or viral), insect resistance, and herbicide resistance. In addition, an introgression site itself, such as an FRT site, Lox site, or other site specific integration site, may be inserted by backcrossing and utilized for direct insertion of one or more genes of interest into a specific plant variety. A single locus may contain several transgenes, such as a transgene for disease resistance that, in the same expression vector, also contains a transgene for herbicide resistance. The gene for herbicide resistance may be used as a selectable marker and/or as a phenotypic trait. A single locus conversion of site specific integration system allows for the integration of multiple genes at a known recombination site in the genome. At least one, at least two or at least three and less than ten, less than nine, less than eight, less than seven, less than six, less than five or less than four locus conversions may be introduced into the plant by backcrossing, introgression or transformation to express the desired trait, while the plant, or a plant grown from the seed, plant part or plant cell, otherwise retains the phenotypic characteristics of the deposited seed when grown under the same environmental conditions. The backcross conversion may result from either the transfer of a dominant allele or a recessive allele. Selection of progeny containing the trait of interest is accomplished by direct selection for a trait associated with a dominant allele. Transgenes transferred via backcrossing typically function as a dominant single gene trait and are relatively easy to classify. Selection of progeny for a trait that is transferred via a recessive allele requires growing and selfing the first backcross generation to determine which plants carry the recessive alleles. Recessive traits may require additional progeny testing in successive backcross generations to determine the presence of the locus of interest. The last backcross generation is usually selfed to give pure breeding progeny for the gene(s) being transferred, although a backcross conversion with a stably introgressed trait may also be maintained by further backcrossing to the recurrent parent with selection for the converted trait. Along with selection for the trait of interest, progeny are selected for the phenotype of the recurrent parent. The backcross is a form of inbreeding, and the features of the recurrent parent are automatically recovered after successive backcrosses. Poehlman,Breeding Field Crops, p. 204 (1987). Poehlman suggests from one to four or more backcrosses, but as noted above, the number of backcrosses necessary can be reduced with the use of molecular markers. Other factors, such as a genetically similar donor parent, may also reduce the number of backcrosses necessary. As noted by Poehlman, backcrossing is easiest for simply inherited, dominant, and easily recognized traits. One process for adding or modifying a trait or locus in lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed comprises crossing lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed plants grown from lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed seed with plants of another lettuce variety that comprise the desired trait or locus, selecting F1progeny plants that comprise the desired trait or locus to produce selected F1progeny plants, crossing the selected progeny plants with the lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed plants to produce backcross progeny plants, selecting for backcross progeny plants that have the desired trait or locus and the morphological characteristics of lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed to produce selected backcross progeny plants, and backcrossing to lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed three or more times in succession to produce selected fourth or higher backcross progeny plants that comprise said trait or locus. The modified lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed may be further characterized as having the physiological and morphological characteristics of lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed listed in Table 1 as determined at the 5% significance level when grown in the same environmental conditions and/or may be characterized by percent similarity or identity to lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed as determined by SSR markers. The above method may be utilized with fewer backcrosses in appropriate situations, such as when the donor parent is highly related or markers are used in the selection step. Desired traits that may be used include those nucleic acids known in the art, some of which are listed herein, that will affect traits through nucleic acid expression or inhibition. Desired loci include the introgression of FRT, Lox, and other sites for site specific integration, which may also affect a desired trait if a functional nucleic acid is inserted at the integration site. In addition, the above process and other similar processes described herein may be used to produce first generation progeny lettuce seed by adding a step at the end of the process that comprises crossing lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed with the introgressed trait or locus with a different lettuce plant and harvesting the resultant first generation progeny lettuce seed. Methods for Genetic Engineering of Lettuce With the advent of molecular biological techniques that have allowed the isolation and characterization of genes that encode specific protein products, scientists in the field of plant biology developed a strong interest in engineering the genome of plants (genetic engineering) to contain and express foreign genes, or additional, or modified versions of native, or endogenous, genes (perhaps driven by different promoters) in order to alter the traits of a plant in a specific manner. Plants altered by genetic engineering are often referred to as ‘genetically modified’. Any DNA sequences, whether from a different species or from the same species, which are introduced into the genome using transformation and/or various breeding methods, are referred to herein collectively as “transgenes.” Over the last fifteen to twenty years, several methods for producing transgenic plants have been developed, and the present invention, in particular embodiments, also relates to transformed versions of the claimed cultivar. Vectors used for the transformation of lettuce cells are not limited so long as the vector can express an inserted DNA in the cells. For example, vectors comprising promoters for constitutive gene expression in lettuce cells (e.g., cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter) and promoters inducible by exogenous stimuli can be used. Examples of suitable vectors include pBI binary vector. The “lettuce cell” into which the vector is to be introduced includes various forms of lettuce cells, such as cultured cell suspensions, protoplasts, leaf sections, and callus. A vector can be introduced into lettuce cells by known methods, such as the polyethylene glycol method, polycation method, electroporation,Agrobacterium-mediated transfer, particle bombardment and direct DNA uptake by protoplasts. See, e.g., Pang et al. (The Plant J., 9, 899-909, 1996). Numerous methods for plant transformation have been developed, including biological and physical, plant transformation protocols. See, for example, Miki, et al., “Procedures for Introducing Foreign DNA into Plants” in Methods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Glick and Thompson (Eds.), CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, pp. 67-88 (1993). In addition, expression vectors and in vitro culture methods for plant cell or tissue transformation and regeneration of plants are available. See, for example, Gruber, et al., “Vectors for Plant Transformation” in Methods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Glick and Thompson (Eds.), CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, pp. 89-119 (1993). A.Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation One method for introducing an expression vector into plants is based on the natural transformation system ofAgrobacterium. See, for example, Horsch, et al.,Science,227:1229 (1985).A. tumefaciensandA. rhizogenesare plant pathogenic soil bacteria which genetically transform plant cells. The Ti and Ri plasmids ofA. tumefaciensandA. rhizogenes, respectively, carry genes responsible for genetic transformation of the plant. See, for example, Kado, C. I.,Crit. Rev. Plant Sci.,10:1 (1991). Descriptions ofAgrobacteriumvector systems and methods forAgrobacterium-mediated gene transfer are provided by Gruber, et al., supra, Miki, et al., supra, and Moloney, et al.,Plant Cell Rep.,8:238 (1989). See also, U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,055 (Townsend and Thomas), issued Oct. 8, 1996. Agrobacterium-mediated transfer is a widely applicable system for introducing gene loci into plant cells, including lettuce. An advantage of the technique is that DNA can be introduced into whole plant tissues, thereby bypassing the need for regeneration of an intact plant from a protoplast. ModernAgrobacteriumtransformation vectors are capable of replication inE. colias well asAgrobacterium, allowing for convenient manipulations (Klee et al., Bio. Tech., 3(7):637-642, 1985). Moreover, recent technological advances in vectors forAgrobacterium-mediated gene transfer have improved the arrangement of genes and restriction sites in the vectors to facilitate the construction of vectors capable of expressing various polypeptide coding genes. The vectors described have convenient multi-linker regions flanked by a promoter and a polyadenylation site for direct expression of inserted polypeptide coding genes. Additionally,Agrobacteriumcontaining both armed and disarmed Ti genes can be used for transformation. In those plant strains whereAgrobacterium-mediated transformation is efficient, it is the method of choice because of the facile and defined nature of the gene locus transfer. The use ofAgrobacterium-mediated plant integrating vectors to introduce DNA into plant cells is well known in the art (Fraley et al.,Bio. Tech.,3(7):629-635, 1985; U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,055). For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,349,124 describes a method of transforming lettuce plant cells usingAgrobacterium-mediated transformation. By inserting a chimeric gene having a DNA coding sequence encoding for the full-length B.t. toxin protein that expresses a protein toxic toward Lepidopteran larvae, this methodology resulted in lettuce having resistance to such insects. B. Direct Gene Transfer Several methods of plant transformation, collectively referred to as direct gene transfer, have been developed as an alternative toAgrobacterium-mediated transformation. A generally applicable method for delivering transforming DNA segments to plant cells is microprojectile-mediated transformation, or microprojectile bombardment. In this method, particles are coated with nucleic acids and delivered into cells by a propelling force. Sanford, et al.,Part. Sci. Technol.,5:27 (1987); Sanford, J. C.,Trends Biotech.,6:299 (1988); Klein, et al.,Bio/technology,6:559-563 (1988); Sanford, J. C.,Physiol Plant,7:206 (1990); Klein, et al.,Bio/technology,10:268 (1992). See also, U.S. Pat. No. 5,015,580 (Christou, et al.), issued May 14, 1991; U.S. Pat. No. 5,322,783 (Tomes, et al.), issued Jun. 21, 1994. Another method for physical delivery of DNA to plants is sonication of target cells. Zhang, et al.,Bio/technology,9:996 (1991). Alternatively, liposome and spheroplast fusion have been used to introduce expression vectors into plants. Deshayes, et al.,EMBO J.,4:2731 (1985); Christou, et al.,PNAS,84:3962 (1987). Direct uptake of DNA into protoplasts using CaCl2precipitation, calcium phosphate precipitation, polyethylene glycol treatment, polyvinyl alcohol, or poly-L-ornithine has also been reported. See, e.g., Potrykus et al.,Mol. Gen. Genet.,199:183-188, 1985; Omirulleh et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,21(3):415-428, 1993; Fromm et al.,Nature,312:791-793, 1986; Uchimiya et al.,Mol. Gen. Genet.,204:204, 1986; Marcotte et al.,Nature,335:454, 1988; Hain, et al.,Mol. Gen. Genet.,199:161, 1985 and Draper, et al.,Plant Cell Physiol.23:451, 1982. Electroporation of protoplasts and whole cells and tissues has also been described. Donn, et al., In Abstracts of VIIth International Congress on Plant Cell and Tissue Culture IAPTC, A2-38, p. 53, 1990; D'Halluin, et al.,Plant Cell,4:1495-1505, 1992; and Spencer, et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,24:51-61, 1994. Another illustrative embodiment of a method for delivering DNA into plant cells by acceleration is the Biolistics Particle Delivery System, which can be used to propel particles coated with DNA or cells through a screen, such as a stainless steel or Nytex screen, onto a surface covered with target lettuce cells. Transformation of plants and expression of foreign genetic elements is exemplified in Choi et al.,Plant Cell Rep.,13: 344-348, 1994 and Ellul et al., Theor.Appl. Genet.,107:462-469, 2003. Following transformation of lettuce target tissues, expression of selectable marker genes allows for preferential selection of transformed cells, tissues, and/or plants, using regeneration and selection methods now well known in the art. The methods described herein for transformation would typically be used for producing a transgenic variety. The transgenic variety could then be crossed, with another (non-transformed or transformed) variety, in order to produce a new transgenic variety. Alternatively, a genetic trait which has been engineered into a particular lettuce cultivar using the transformation techniques described could be moved into another cultivar using traditional backcrossing techniques that are well known in the plant breeding arts. For example, a backcrossing approach could be used to move an engineered trait from a public, non-elite variety into an elite variety, or from a variety containing a foreign gene in its genome into a variety or varieties which do not contain that gene. As used herein, “crossing” can refer to a simple X by Y cross, or the process of backcrossing, depending on the context. Expression Vectors for Lettuce Transformation: Marker Genes Expression vectors include at least one genetic marker, operably linked to a regulatory element (for example, a promoter) that allows transformed cells containing the marker to be either recovered by negative selection, i.e., inhibiting growth of cells that do not contain the selectable marker gene, or by positive selection, i.e., screening for the product encoded by the genetic marker. Many commonly used selectable marker genes for plant transformation are well known in the transformation arts, and include, for example, genes that code for enzymes that metabolically detoxify a selective chemical agent which may be an antibiotic or an herbicide, or genes that encode an altered target which is insensitive to the inhibitor. A few positive selection methods are also known in the art. One commonly used selectable marker gene for plant transformation is the neomycin phosphotransferase II (nptII) gene, isolated from transposon Tn5, which when placed under the control of plant regulatory signals confers resistance to kanamycin. Fraley, et al.,PNAS,80:4803 (1983). Another commonly used selectable marker gene is the hygromycin phosphotransferase gene which confers resistance to the antibiotic hygromycin. Vanden Elzen, et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,5:299 (1985). Additional selectable marker genes of bacterial origin that confer resistance to antibiotics include gentamycin acetyl transferase, streptomycin phosphotransferase, aminoglycoside-3′-adenyl transferase, the bleomycin resistance determinant. Hayford, et al.,Plant Physiol.,86:1216 (1988); Jones, et al.,Mol. Gen. Genet.,210:86 (1987); Svab, et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,14:197 (1990); Hille, et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,7:171 (1986). Other selectable marker genes confer resistance to herbicides such as glyphosate, glufosinate, or bromoxynil. Comai, et al.,Nature,317:741-744 (1985); Gordon-Kamm, et al.,Plant Cell,2:603-618 (1990); and Stalker, et al.,Science,242:419-423 (1988). Selectable marker genes for plant transformation that are not of bacterial origin include, for example, mouse dihydrofolate reductase, plant 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase, and plant acetolactate synthase. Eichholtz, et al.,Somatic Cell Mol. Genet.,13:67 (1987); Shah, et al.,Science,233:478 (1986); and Charest, et al.,Plant Cell Rep.,8:643 (1990). Another class of marker genes for plant transformation requires screening of presumptively transformed plant cells rather than direct genetic selection of transformed cells for resistance to a toxic substance such as an antibiotic. These genes are particularly useful to quantify or visualize the spatial pattern of expression of a gene in specific tissues and are frequently referred to as reporter genes because they can be fused to a gene or gene regulatory sequence for the investigation of gene expression. Commonly used genes for screening presumptively transformed cells include α-glucuronidase (GUS), α-galactosidase, luciferase and chloramphenicol, acetyltransferase. Jefferson, R. A.,Plant Mol. Biol.,5:387 (1987); Teeri, et al.,EMBO J.,8:343 (1989); Koncz, et al.,PNAS,84:131 (1987); and DeBlock, et al.,EMBO J.,3:1681 (1984). In vivo methods for visualizing GUS activity that do not require destruction of plant tissues are available. Molecular Probes, Publication 2908, IMAGENE GREEN, pp. 1-4 (1993) and Naleway, et al.,J. Cell Biol.,115:151a (1991). However, these in vivo methods for visualizing GUS activity have not proven useful for recovery of transformed cells because of low sensitivity, high fluorescent backgrounds, and limitations associated with the use of luciferase genes as selectable markers. More recently, a gene encoding Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) has been utilized as a marker for gene expression in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Chalfie, et al.,Science,263:802 (1994). GFP and mutants of GFP may be used as screenable markers. Expression Vectors for Lettuce Transformation: Promoters Genes included in expression vectors must be driven by a nucleotide sequence comprising a regulatory element (for example, a promoter). Several types of promoters are now well known in the transformation arts, as are other regulatory elements that can be used alone or in combination with promoters. As used herein, “promoter” includes reference to a region of DNA upstream from the start of transcription and involved in recognition and binding of RNA polymerase and other proteins to initiate transcription. A “plant promoter” is a promoter capable of initiating transcription in plant cells. Examples of promoters under developmental control include promoters that preferentially initiate transcription in certain tissues, such as leaves, roots, seeds, fibers, xylem vessels, tracheids, or sclerenchyma. Such promoters are referred to as “tissue-preferred.” Promoters which initiate transcription only in certain tissue are referred to as “tissue-specific.” A “cell type” specific promoter primarily drives expression in certain cell types in one or more organs, for example, vascular cells in roots or leaves. An “inducible” promoter is a promoter which is under environmental control. Examples of environmental conditions that may effect transcription by inducible promoters include anaerobic conditions or the presence of light. Tissue-specific, tissue-preferred, cell type specific, and inducible promoters constitute the class of “non-constitutive” promoters. A “constitutive” promoter is a promoter which is active under most environmental conditions. A. Inducible Promoters An inducible promoter is operably linked to a gene for expression in lettuce. Optionally, the inducible promoter is operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal sequence which is operably linked to a gene for expression in lettuce. With an inducible promoter, the rate of transcription increases in response to an inducing agent. Any inducible promoter can be used in the instant invention. See Ward, et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,22:361-366 (1993). Exemplary inducible promoters include, but are not limited to, that from the ACEI system which responds to copper (Meft, et al.,PNAS,90:4567-4571 (1993)); In2 gene from maize which responds to benzenesulfonamide herbicide safeners (Hershey, et al.,Mol. Gen. Genet.,227:229-237 (1991) and Gatz, et al.,Mol. Gen. Genet.,243:32-38 (1994)) or Tet repressor from Tn10 (Gatz, et al.,Mol. Gen. Genet.,227:229-237 (1991)). A particularly preferred inducible promoter is a promoter that responds to an inducing agent to which plants do not normally respond. An exemplary inducible promoter is the inducible promoter from a steroid hormone gene, the transcriptional activity of which is induced by a glucocorticosteroid hormone. Schena, et al.,PNAS,88:0421 (1991). B. Constitutive Promoters A constitutive promoter is operably linked to a gene for expression in lettuce or the constitutive promoter is operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal sequence which is operably linked to a gene for expression in lettuce. Many different constitutive promoters can be utilized in the instant invention. Exemplary constitutive promoters include, but are not limited to, the promoters from plant viruses such as the 35S promoter from CaMV (Odell, et al., Nature, 313:810-812 (1985)) and the promoters from such genes as rice actin (McElroy, et al., Plant Cell, 2:163-171 (1990)); ubiquitin (Christensen, et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 12:619-632 (1989) and Christensen, et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 18:675-689 (1992)); pEMU (Last, et al., Theor. Appl. Genet., 81:581-588 (1991)); MAS (Velten, et al., EMBO J., 3:2723-2730 (1984)) and maize H3 histone (Lepetit, et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 231:276-285 (1992) and Atanassova, et al., Plant J., 2 (3):291-300 (1992)). The ALS promoter, Xbal/Ncol fragment 5′ to the Brassica napus ALS3 structural gene (or a nucleotide sequence similarity to said Xbal/Ncol fragment), represents a particularly useful constitutive promoter. See PCT Application No. WO 96/30530. C. Tissue-Specific or Tissue-Preferred Promoters A tissue-specific promoter is operably linked to a gene for expression in lettuce. Optionally, the tissue-specific promoter is operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal sequence which is operably linked to a gene for expression in lettuce. Plants transformed with a gene of interest operably linked to a tissue-specific promoter produce the protein product of the transgene exclusively, or preferentially, in a specific tissue. Any tissue-specific or tissue-preferred promoter can be utilized in the instant invention. Exemplary tissue-specific or tissue-preferred promoters include, but are not limited to, a root-preferred promoter, such as that from the phaseolin gene (Murai, et al., Science, 23:476-482 (1983) and Sengupta-Gopalan, et al., PNAS, 82:3320-3324 (1985)); a leaf-specific and light-induced promoter such as that from cab or rubisco (Simpson, et al., EMBO J., 4(11):2723-2729 (1985) and Timko, et al., Nature, 318:579-582 (1985)); an anther-specific promoter such as that from LAT52 (Twell, et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 217:240-245 (1989)); a pollen-specific promoter such as that from Zm13 (Guerrero, et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 244:161-168 (1993)) or a microspore-preferred promoter such as that from apg (Twell, et al., Sex. Plant Reprod., 6:217-224 (1993)). Signal Sequences for Targeting Proteins to Subcellular Compartments Transport of protein produced by transgenes to a subcellular compartment such as the chloroplast, vacuole, peroxisome, glyoxysome, cell wall, or mitochondrion, or for secretion into the apoplast, is accomplished by means of operably linking the nucleotide sequence encoding a signal sequence to the 5′ and/or 3′ region of a gene encoding the protein of interest. Targeting sequences at the 5′ and/or 3′ end of the structural gene may determine, during protein synthesis and processing, where the encoded protein is ultimately compartmentalized. The presence of a signal sequence directs a polypeptide to either an intracellular organelle or subcellular compartment or for secretion to the apoplast. Many signal sequences are known in the art. See, for example, Becker, et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 20:49 (1992); Close, P. S., Master's Thesis, Iowa State University (1993); Knox, C., et al., “Structure and Organization of Two Divergent Alpha-Amylase Genes from Barley,” Plant Mol. Biol., 9:3-17 (1987); Lerner, et al., Plant Physiol., 91:124-129 (1989); Fontes, et al., Plant Cell, 3:483-496 (1991); Matsuoka, et al., PNAS, 88:834 (1991); Gould, et al., J. Cell. Biol., 108:1657 (1989); Creissen, et al., Plant J., 2:129 (1991); Kalderon, et al., A short amino acid sequence able to specify nuclear location, Cell, 39:499-509 (1984); and Steifel, et al., Expression of a maize cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein gene in early leaf and root vascular differentiation, Plant Cell, 2:785-793 (1990). Additional Methods for Genetic Engineering of Lettuce In general, methods to transform, modify, edit or alter plant endogenous genomic DNA include altering the plant native DNA sequence or a pre-existing transgenic sequence including regulatory elements, coding and non-coding sequences. These methods can be used, for example, to target nucleic acids to pre-engineered target recognition sequences in the genome. Such pre-engineered target sequences may be introduced by genome editing or modification. As an example, a genetically modified plant variety is generated using “custom” or engineered endonucleases such as meganucleases produced to modify plant genomes (see e.g., WO 2009/114321; Gao et al. (2010)Plant Journal1:176-187). Another site-directed engineering method is through the use of zinc finger domain recognition coupled with the restriction properties of restriction enzyme. See e.g., Urnov, et al., (2010)Nat Rev Genet.11(9):636-46; Shukla, et al., (2009)Nature459 (7245):437-41. A transcription activator-like (TAL) effector-DNA modifying enzyme (TALE or TALEN) is also used to engineer changes in plant genome. See e.g., US20110145940, Cermak et al., (2011)Nucleic Acids Res.39(12) and Boch et al., (2009),Science326(5959): 1509-12. Site-specific modification of plant genomes can also be performed using the bacterial type II CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas (CRISPR-associated) system and other similar methods. See e.g., Belhaj et al., (2013),Plant Methods9: 39; The Cas9/guide RNA-based system allows targeted cleavage of genomic DNA guided by a customizable small noncoding RNA in plants (see e.g., WO 2015026883A1, incorporated herein by reference). A genetic map can be generated that identifies the approximate chromosomal location of an integrated DNA molecule, for example via conventional restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, simple sequence repeats (SSR), and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). For exemplary methodologies in this regard, see Glick and Thompson,Methods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, pp. 269-284 (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1993). Wang et al. discuss “Large Scale Identification, Mapping and Genotyping of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Human Genome”,Science(1998) 280:1077-1082, and similar capabilities are increasingly available for the lettuce genome. Map information concerning chromosomal location is useful for proprietary protection of a subject transgenic plant. If unauthorized propagation is undertaken and crosses made with other germplasm, the map of the integration region can be compared to similar maps for suspect plants to determine if the latter have a common parentage with the subject plant. Map comparisons could involve hybridizations, RFLP, PCR, SSR, sequencing or combinations thereof, all of which are conventional techniques. SNPs may also be used alone or in combination with other techniques. Lettuce Cultivar Apollo Creed Further Comprising a Transgene Transgenes and transformation methods provide means to engineer the genome of plants to contain and express heterologous genetic elements, including but not limited to foreign genetic elements, additional copies of endogenous elements, and/or modified versions of native or endogenous genetic elements, in order to alter at least one trait of a plant in a specific manner. Any heterologous DNA sequence(s), whether from a different species or from the same species, which are inserted into the genome using transformation, backcrossing, or other methods known to one of skill in the art are referred to herein collectively as transgenes. The sequences are heterologous based on sequence source, location of integration, operably linked elements, or any combination thereof. One or more transgenes of interest can be introduced into lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed. Transgenic variants of lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed plants, seeds, cells, and parts thereof or derived therefrom are provided. Transgenic variants of Apollo Creed comprise the physiological and morphological characteristics of lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed, such as listed in Table 1 as determined at the 5% significance level when grown in the same environmental conditions, and/or may be characterized or identified by percent similarity or identity to Apollo Creed as determined by SSR or other molecular markers. In some examples, transgenic variants of lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed are produced by introducing at least one transgene of interest into lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed by transforming Apollo Creed with a polynucleotide comprising the transgene of interest. In other examples, transgenic variants of lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed are produced by introducing at least one transgene by introgressing the transgene into lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed by crossing. In one example, a process for modifying lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed with the addition of a desired trait, said process comprising transforming a lettuce plant of cultivar Apollo Creed with a transgene that confers a desired trait is provided. Therefore, transgenic Apollo Creed lettuce cells, plants, plant parts, and seeds produced from this process are provided. In some examples one more desired traits may include traits such as sterility (nuclear and cytoplasmic), fertility restoration, nutritional enhancements, drought tolerance, nitrogen utilization, altered fatty acid profile, modified fatty acid metabolism, modified carbohydrate metabolism, industrial enhancements, yield stability, yield enhancement, disease resistance (bacterial, fungal, or viral), insect resistance, and herbicide resistance. The specific gene may be any known in the art or listed herein, including but not limited to a polynucleotide conferring resistance to an ALS-inhibitor herbicide, imidazolinone, sulfonylurea, protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors, hydroxyphenyl pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitors, glyphosate, glufosinate, triazine, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), dicamba, broxynil, metribuzin, or benzonitrile herbicides; a polynucleotide encoding aBacillus thuringiensispolypeptide, a polynucleotide encoding a phytase, a fatty acid desaturase (e.g., FAD-2, FAD-3), galactinol synthase, a raffinose synthetic enzyme; or a polynucleotide conferring resistance to tipburn,Bremia lactucae, corky root,Fusarium oxysporum, lettuce big vein virus, lettuce mosaic virus, lettuce necrotic stunt virus,Nasonovia ribisnigri, Sclerotinia sclerotiorumor other plant pathogens. Foreign Protein Genes and Agronomic Genes By means of the present invention, plants can be genetically engineered to express various phenotypes of agronomic interest. Through the transformation of lettuce, the expression of genes can be altered to enhance disease resistance, insect resistance, herbicide resistance, agronomic, nutritional quality, and other traits. Transformation can also be used to insert DNA sequences which control or help control male-sterility. DNA sequences native to lettuce, as well as non-native DNA sequences, can be transformed into lettuce and used to alter levels of native or non-native proteins. Various promoters, targeting sequences, enhancing sequences, and other DNA sequences can be inserted into the genome for the purpose of altering the expression of proteins. Reduction of the activity of specific genes (also known as gene silencing or gene suppression) is desirable for several aspects of genetic engineering in plants. Many techniques for gene silencing are well known to one of skill in the art, including, but not limited to, knock-outs (such as by insertion of a transposable element such as mu (Vicki Chandler, The Maize Handbook, Ch. 118 (Springer-Verlag 1994)) or other genetic elements such as a FRT and Lox that are used for site specific integrations, antisense technology (see, e.g., Sheehy, et al.,PNAS USA,85:8805-8809 (1988); and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,107,065, 5,453,566, and 5,759,829); co-suppression (e.g., Taylor,Plant Cell,9:1245 (1997); Jorgensen,Trends Biotech.,8(12):340-344 (1990); Flavell,PNAS USA,91:3490-3496 (1994); Finnegan, et al.,Bio/Technology,12:883-888 (1994); Neuhuber, et al.,Mol. Gen. Genet.,244:230-241 (1994)); RNA interference (Napoli, et al.,Plant Cell,2:279-289 (1990); U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,323; Sharp,Genes Dev.,13:139-141 (1999); Zamore, et al.,Cell,101:25-33 (2000); Montgomery, et al.,PNAS USA,95:15502-15507 (1998)), virus-induced gene silencing (Burton, et al.,Plant Cell,12:691-705 (2000); Baulcombe, Curr.Op. Plant Bio.,2:109-113 (1999)); target-RNA-specific ribozymes (Haseloff, et al.,Nature,334: 585-591 (1988)); hairpin structures (Smith, et al.,Nature,407:319-320 (2000); WO 99/53050; WO 98/53083); MicroRNA (Aukerman & Sakai,Plant Cell,15:2730-2741 (2003)); ribozymes (Steinecke, et al.,EMBO J.,11:1525 (1992); Perriman, et al.,Antisense Res. Dev.,3:253 (1993)); oligonucleotide mediated targeted modification (e.g., WO 03/076574 and WO 99/25853); Zn-finger targeted molecules (e.g., WO 01/52620, WO 03/048345, and WO 00/42219); and other methods or combinations of the above methods known to those of skill in the art. Likewise, by means of the present invention, agronomic genes can be expressed in transformed plants. More particularly, plants can be genetically engineered to express various phenotypes of agronomic interest. Exemplary nucleotide sequences and/or native loci that confer at least one trait of interest, which optionally may be conferred or altered by genetic engineering, transformation or introgression of a transformed event include, but are not limited to, those categorized below: A. Genes That Confer Resistance to Pests or Disease and That Encode 1. Plant disease resistance genes. Plant defenses are often activated by specific interaction between the product of a disease resistance gene (R) in the plant and the product of a corresponding avirulence (Avr) gene in the pathogen. A plant line can be transformed with a cloned resistance gene to engineer plants that are resistant to specific pathogen strains. See, for example, Jones, et al.,Science,266:789 (1994) (cloning of the tomato Cf-9 gene for resistance to Cladosporium fulvum); Martin, et al.,Science,262:1432 (1993) (tomato Pto gene for resistance toPseudomonas syringaepv. tomato encodes a protein kinase); and Mindrinos, et al.,Cell,78:1089 (1994) (Arabidopsis RSP2 gene for resistance toPseudomonas syringae).2. ABacillus thuringiensisprotein, a derivative thereof, or a synthetic polypeptide modeled thereon. Non-limiting examples of Bt transgenes being genetically engineered are given in the following patents and patent applications, and hereby are incorporated by reference for this purpose: U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,188,960; 5,689,052; 5,880,275; 5,986,177; 7,105,332; 7,208,474; WO91/14778; WO99/31248; WO01/12731; WO99/24581; WO97/40162; US2002/0151709; US2003/0177528; US2005/0138685; US/20070245427; US2007/0245428; US2006/0241042; US2008/0020966; US2008/0020968; US2008/0020967; US2008/0172762; US2008/0172762; and US2009/0005306.3. A lectin. See, for example, the disclosure by Van Damme, et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,24:25 (1994), who disclose the nucleotide sequences of severalClivia miniatamannose-binding lectin genes.4. A vitamin-binding protein such as avidin. See PCT Application No. US 93/06487, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. The application teaches the use of avidin and avidin homologues as larvicides against insect pests.5. An enzyme inhibitor, for example, a protease or proteinase inhibitor, or an amylase inhibitor. See, for example, Abe, et al.,J. Biol. Chem.,262:16793 (1987) (nucleotide sequence of rice cysteine proteinase inhibitor); Huub, et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,21:985 (1993) (nucleotide sequence of cDNA encoding tobacco proteinase inhibitor I); and Sumitani, et al.,Biosci. Biotech. Biochem.,57:1243 (1993) (nucleotide sequence ofStreptomyces nitrosporeusα-amylase inhibitor); and U.S. Pat. No. 5,494,813 (Hepher and Atkinson, issued Feb. 27, 1996).6. An insect-specific hormone or pheromone, such as an ecdysteroid and juvenile hormone, a variant thereof, a mimetic based thereon, or an antagonist or agonist thereof. See, for example, the disclosure by Hammock, et al.,Nature,344:458 (1990), of baculovirus expression of cloned juvenile hormone esterase, an inactivator of juvenile hormone.7. An insect-specific peptide or neuropeptide which, upon expression, disrupts the physiology of the affected pest. For example, see the disclosures of Regan,J. Biol. Chem.,269:9 (1994) (expression cloning yields DNA coding for insect diuretic hormone receptor); Pratt, et al.,Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm.,163:1243 (1989) (an allostatin is identified inDiploptera puntata); Chattopadhyay, et al.,Critical Reviews in Microbiology,30(1):33-54 (2004); Zjawiony,J Nat Prod,67(2):300-310 (2004); Carlini & Grossi-de-Sa,Toxicon,40(11):1515-1539 (2002); Ussuf, et al.,Curr Sci.,80(7):847-853 (2001); Vasconcelos & Oliveira,Toxicon,44(4):385-403 (2004). See also, U.S. Pat. No. 5,266,317 to Tomalski, et al., which discloses genes encoding insect-specific, paralytic neurotoxins.8. An insect-specific venom produced in nature, by a snake, a wasp, etc. For example, see Pang, et al.,Gene,116:165 (1992), for disclosure of heterologous expression in plants of a gene coding for a scorpion insectotoxic peptide.9. An enzyme responsible for a hyper-accumulation of a monoterpene, a sesquiterpene, a steroid, hydroxamic acid, a phenylpropanoid derivative, or another non-protein molecule with insecticidal activity.10. An enzyme involved in the modification, including the post-translational modification, of a biologically active molecule; for example, a glycolytic enzyme, a proteolytic enzyme, a lipolytic enzyme, a nuclease, a cyclase, a transaminase, an esterase, a hydrolase, a phosphatase, a kinase, a phosphorylase, a polymerase, an elastase, a chitinase, and a glucanase, whether natural or synthetic. See PCT Application No. WO 93/02197 in the name of Scott, et al., which discloses the nucleotide sequence of a callase gene. DNA molecules which contain chitinase-encoding sequences can be obtained, for example, from the ATCC under Accession Nos. 39637 and 67152. See also, Kramer, et al.,Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol.,23:691 (1993), who teach the nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding tobacco hornworm chitinase, and Kawalleck, et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,21:673 (1993), who provide the nucleotide sequence of the parsley ubi4-2 polyubiquitin gene.11. A molecule that stimulates signal transduction. For example, see the disclosure by Botella, et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,24:757 (1994), of nucleotide sequences for mung bean calmodulin cDNA clones, and Griess, et al.,Plant Physiol.,104:1467 (1994), who provide the nucleotide sequence of a maize calmodulin cDNA clone.12. A hydrophobic moment peptide. See PCT Application No. WO 95/16776 (disclosure of peptide derivatives of tachyplesin which inhibit fungal plant pathogens) and PCT Application No. WO 95/18855 (teaches synthetic antimicrobial peptides that confer disease resistance), the respective contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.13. A membrane permease, a channel former, or a channel blocker. For example, see the disclosure of Jaynes, et al.,Plant Sci.,89:43 (1993), of heterologous expression of a cecropin-β, lytic peptide analog to render transgenic tobacco plants resistant toPseudomonas solanacearum.14. A viral-invasive protein or a complex toxin derived therefrom. For example, the accumulation of viral coat proteins in transformed plant cells imparts resistance to viral infection and/or disease development effected by the virus from which the coat protein gene is derived, as well as by related viruses. See Beachy, et al.,Ann. Rev. Phytopathol.,28:451 (1990). Coat protein-mediated resistance has been conferred upon transformed plants against alfalfa mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, tobacco streak virus, potato virus X, potato virus Y, tobacco etch virus, tobacco rattle virus, and tobacco mosaic virus. Id.15. An insect-specific antibody or an immunotoxin derived therefrom. Thus, an antibody targeted to a critical metabolic function in the insect gut would inactivate an affected enzyme, killing the insect. See Taylor, et al., Abstract #497, Seventh Int'l Symposium on Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, Edinburgh, Scotland (1994) (enzymatic inactivation in transgenic tobacco via production of single-chain antibody fragments).16. A virus-specific or pathogen protein specific antibody. See, for example, Safarnejad, et al. (2011) Biotechnology Advances 29(6): 961-971, reviewing antibody-mediated resistance against plant pathogens.17. A developmental-arrestive protein produced in nature by a pathogen or a parasite. Thus, fungal endo-α-1, 4-D-polygalacturonases facilitate fungal colonization and plant nutrient released by solubilizing plant cell wall homo-α-1,4-D-galacturonase. See Lamb, et al.,Bio/technology,10:1436 (1992). The cloning and characterization of a gene which encodes a bean endopolygalacturonase-inhibiting protein is described by Toubart, et al.,Plant J.,2:367 (1992).18. A developmental-arrestive protein produced in nature by a plant. For example, Logemann, et al.,Bio/technology,10:305 (1992), have shown that transgenic plants expressing the barley ribosome-inactivating gene have an increased resistance to fungal disease.19. Genes involved in the Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) Response and/or the pathogenesis-related genes. See Fu et al. (2013) Annu Rev Plant Biol. 64:839-863, Luna et al. (2012) Plant Physiol. 158:844-853, Pieterse & Van Loon (2004) Curr Opin Plant Bio 7:456-64; and Somssich (2003) Cell 113:815-816.20. Antifungal genes. See, Ceasar et al. (2012) Biotechnol Lett 34:995-1002; Bushnell et al. (1998) Can J Plant Path 20:137-149. Also, see US Patent Application Publications US2002/0166141; US2007/0274972; US2007/0192899; US2008/0022426; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,891,085; 7,306,946; and 7,598,346.21. Detoxification genes, such as for fumonisin, beauvericin, moniliformin, and zearalenone and their structurally-related derivatives. For example, see Schweiger et al. (2013) Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 26:781-792 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,716,820; 5,792,931; 5,798,255; 5,846,812; 6,083,736; 6,538,177; 6,388,171; and 6,812,380.22. Cystatin and cysteine proteinase inhibitors. See, for example, Popovic et al. (2013) Phytochemistry 94:53-59. van der Linde et al. (2012) Plant Cell 24:1285-1300 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,205,453.23. Defensin genes. See, for example, De Coninck et al. (2013) Fungal Biology Reviews 26: 109-120, International Patent Publication WO03/000863 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,911,577; 6,855,865; 6,777,592; and 7,238,781.24. A lettuce mosaic potyvirus (LMV) coat protein gene introduced intoLactuca sativain order to increase its resistance to LMV infection. See Dinant, et al.,Mol. Breeding,3:1, 75-86 (1997). Any of the above listed disease or pest resistance genes (1-24) can be introduced into the claimed lettuce cultivar through a variety of means including but not limited to transformation and crossing. B. Genes That Confer Resistance to an Herbicide 1. An herbicide that inhibits the growing point or meristem, such as an imidazolinone or a sulfonylurea. Exemplary genes in this category code for mutant ALS and AHAS enzyme as described, for example, by Lee, et al.,EMBO J.,7:1241 (1988) and Miki, et al.,Theor. Appl. Genet.,80:449 (1990), respectively. See also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,084,082; 5,605,011; 5,013,659; 5,141,870; 5,767,361; 5,731,180; 5,304,732; 4,761,373; 5,331,107; 5,928,937; and 5,378,824; US2007/0214515; US2013/0254944; and WO96/33270.2. Glyphosate (resistance conferred by mutant 5-enolpyruvlshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) and aroA genes, respectively) and other phosphono compounds, such as glufosinate (phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT) andStreptomyces hygroscopicusphosphinothricin-acetyl transferase PAT bar genes), and pyridinoxy or phenoxy proprionic acids and cyclohexones (ACCase inhibitor-encoding genes). See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,940,835 to Shah, et al., which discloses the nucleotide sequence of a form of EPSPS which can confer glyphosate resistance. In addition, glyphosate resistance can be imparted to plants by the over expression of genes encoding glyphosate N-acetyltransferase. See, for example, US2004/0082770; US2005/0246798; and US2008/0234130 which are incorporated herein by reference for this purpose. A DNA molecule encoding a mutant aroA gene can be obtained under ATCC Accession No. 39256, and the nucleotide sequence of the mutant gene is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,769,061 to Comai. See also, Umaballava-Mobapathie inTransgenic Research,8:1, 33-44 (1999) that disclosesLactuca sativaresistant to glufosinate. European Patent Application No. 0 333 033 to Kumada, et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 4,975,374 to Goodman, et al., disclose nucleotide sequences of glutamine synthetase genes which confer resistance to herbicides, such as L-phosphinothricin. The nucleotide sequence of a phosphinothricin-acetyl-transferase gene is provided in European Application No. 0 242 246 to Leemans, et al. DeGreef, et al.,Bio/technology,7:61 (1989), describe the production of transgenic plants that express chimeric bar genes coding for phosphinothricin acetyl transferase activity. Exemplary of genes conferring resistance to phenoxy proprionic acids and cyclohexones, such as sethoxydim and haloxyfop, are the Acc1-S1, Acc1-S2, and Acc1-S3 genes described by Marshall, et al.,Theor. Appl. Genet.,83:435 (1992). For other polynucleotides and/or methods or uses see also U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,566,587; 6,338,961; 6,248,876; 6,040,497; 5,804,425; 5,633,435; 5,145,783; 4,971,908; 5,312,910; 5,188,642; 4,940,835; 5,866,775; 6,225,114; 6,130,366; 5,310,667; 4,535,060; 4,769,061; 5,633,448; 5,510,471; RE 36,449; RE 37,287; U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,608,761; 7,632,985; 8,053,184; 6,376,754; 7,407,913; and 5,491,288; EP1173580; WO01/66704; EP1173581; US2012/0070839; US2005/0223425; US2007/0197947; US2010/0100980; US2011/0067134; and EP1173582, which are incorporated herein by reference for this purpose.3. An herbicide that inhibits photosynthesis, such as a triazine (psbA and gs+ genes) and a benzonitrile (nitrilase gene). Przibilla, et al.,Plant Cell,3:169 (1991), describe the transformation ofChlamydomonaswith plasmids encoding mutant psbA genes. Nucleotide sequences for nitrilase genes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,648 to Stalker, and DNA molecules containing these genes are available under ATCC Accession Nos. 53435, 67441, and 67442. Cloning and expression of DNA coding for a glutathione S-transferase is described by Hayes, et al.,Biochem. J.,285:173 (1992). The herbicide methyl viologen inhibits CO.sub.2 assimilation. Foyer et al. (Plant Physiol., 109:1047-1057, 1995) describe a plant overexpressing glutathione reductase (GR) which is resistant to methyl viologen treatment.4. Acetohydroxy acid synthase, which has been found to make plants that express this enzyme resistant to multiple types of herbicides, has been introduced into a variety of plants. See Hattori, et al.,Mol. Gen. Genet.,246:419 (1995). Other genes that confer tolerance to herbicides include a gene encoding a chimeric protein of rat cytochrome P4507A1 and yeast NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (Shiota, et al.,Plant Physiol.,106:17 (1994)), genes for glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase (Aono, et al.,Plant Cell Physiol.,36:1687 (1995)), and genes for various phosphotransferases (Datta, et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,20:619 (1992)).5. Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO; protox) is the target of the PPO-inhibitor class of herbicides; a PPO-inhibitor resistant PPO gene was recently identified inAmaranthus tuberculatus(Patzoldt et al., PNAS, 103(33):12329-2334, 2006). PPO is necessary for the production of chlorophyll, which is necessary for all plant survival. The protox enzyme serves as the target for a variety of herbicidal compounds. These herbicides also inhibit growth of all the different species of plants present, causing their total destruction. The development of plants containing altered protox activity which are resistant to these herbicides are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,288,306, 6,282,837, 5,767,373, and International Publication WO 01/12825.6. Genes that confer resistance to auxin or synthetic auxin herbicides. For example an aryloxyalkanoate dioxygenase (AAD) gene may confer resistance to arlyoxyalkanoate herbicides, such as 2,4-D, as well as pyridyloxyacetate herbicides, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,283,522, and US2013/0035233. In other examples, a dicamba monooxygenase (DMO) is used to confer resistance to dicamba. Other polynucleotides of interest related to auxin herbicides and/or uses thereof include, for example, the descriptions found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,119,380; 7,812,224; 7,884,262; 7,855,326; 7,939,721; 7,105,724; 7,022,896; 8,207,092; US2011/067134; and US2010/0279866. Any of the above listed herbicide genes (1-6) can be introduced into the claimed lettuce cultivar through a variety of means including, but not limited to, transformation and crossing. C. Genes that Confer or Contribute to a Value-Added Trait, Such as 1. Increased iron content of the lettuce, for example, by introducing into a plant a soybean ferritin gene as described in Goto, et al.,Acta Horticulturae.,521, 101-109 (2000).2. Decreased nitrate content of leaves, for example, by introducing into a lettuce a gene coding for a nitrate reductase. See, for example, Curtis, et al.,Plant Cell Rep.,18:11, 889-896 (1999).3. Increased sweetness of the lettuce by introducing a gene coding for monellin that elicits a flavor 100,000 times sweeter than sugar on a molar basis. See Penarrubia, et al.,Bio/technology,10:561-564 (1992).4. Modified fatty acid metabolism, for example, by introducing into a plant an antisense gene of stearyl-ACP desaturase to increase stearic acid content of the plant. See Knultzon, et al.,PNAS,89:2625 (1992).5. Modified carbohydrate composition effected, for example, by introducing into plants a gene coding for an enzyme that alters the branching pattern of starch. See Shiroza, et al.,J. Bacteriol.,170:810 (1988) (nucleotide sequence ofStreptococcus mutantsfructosyltransferase gene); Steinmetz, et al.,Mol. Gen. Genet.,20:220 (1985) (nucleotide sequence ofBacillus subtilislevansucrase gene); Pen, et al.,Bio/technology,10:292 (1992) (production of transgenic plants that expressBacillus licheniformisα-amylase); Elliot, et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,21:515 (1993) (nucleotide sequences of tomato invertase genes); Søgaard, et al.,J. Biol. Chem.,268:22480 (1993) (site-directed mutagenesis of barley α-amylase gene); and Fisher, et al.,Plant Physiol.,102:1045 (1993) (maize endosperm starch branching enzyme II).6. Altered antioxidant content or composition, such as alteration of tocopherol or tocotrienols. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,787,683, 7,154,029, WO 00/68393 (involving the manipulation of antioxidant levels through alteration of a phytl prenyl transferase (ppt)); WO 03/082899 (through alteration of a homogentisate geranyl geranyl transferase (hggt)). D. Genes that Control Male-Sterility 1. Introduction of a deacetylase gene under the control of a tapetum-specific promoter and with the application of the chemical N—Ac-PPT. See International Publication WO 01/29237.2. Introduction of various stamen-specific promoters. See International Publications WO 92/13956 and WO 92/13957.3. Introduction of the barnase and the barstar genes. See Paul, et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 19:611-622 (1992). For additional examples of nuclear male and female sterility systems and genes, see also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,859,341, 6,297,426, 5,478,369, 5,824,524, 5,850,014, and 6,265,640, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference. E. Genes that Affect Abiotic Stress Resistance Genes that affect abiotic stress resistance (including but not limited to flowering, seed development, enhancement of nitrogen utilization efficiency, altered nitrogen responsiveness, drought resistance or tolerance, cold resistance or tolerance, high or low light intensity, and salt resistance or tolerance) and increased yield under stress. For example, see: WO 00/73475 where water use efficiency is altered through alteration of malate; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,892,009, 5,965,705, 5,929,305, 5,891,859, 6,417,428, 6,664,446, 6,706,866, 6,717,034, 6,801,104, WO 2000/060089, WO 2001/026459, WO 2001/035725, WO 2001/034726, WO 2001/035727, WO 2001/036444, WO 2001/036597, WO 2001/036598, WO 2002/015675, WO 2002/017430, WO 2002/077185, WO 2002/079403, WO 2003/013227, WO 2003/013228, WO 2003/014327, WO 2004/031349, WO 2004/076638, WO 98/09521, and WO 99/38977 describing genes, including CBF genes and transcription factors effective in mitigating the negative effects of freezing, high salinity, and drought on plants, as well as conferring other positive effects on plant phenotype; U.S. Publ. No. 2004/0148654 and WO 01/36596, where abscisic acid is altered in plants resulting in improved plant phenotype, such as increased yield and/or increased tolerance to abiotic stress; WO 2000/006341, WO 04/090143, U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,531,723 and 6,992,237, where cytokinin expression is modified resulting in plants with increased stress tolerance, such as drought tolerance, and/or increased yield. See also, WO 02/02776, WO 2003/052063, JP 2002281975, U.S. Pat. No. 6,084,153, WO 01/64898, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,177,275 and 6,107,547 (enhancement of nitrogen utilization and altered nitrogen responsiveness). For ethylene alteration, see, U.S. Publ. Nos. 2004/0128719, 2003/0166197, and WO 2000/32761. For plant transcription factors or transcriptional regulators of abiotic stress, see, e.g., U.S. Publ. Nos. 2004/0098764 or 2004/0078852. Other genes and transcription factors that affect plant growth and agronomic traits, such as yield, flowering, plant growth, and/or plant structure, can be introduced or introgressed into plants. See, e.g., WO 97/49811 (LHY), WO 98/56918 (ESD4), WO 97/10339, U.S. Pat. No. 6,573,430 (TFL), U.S. Pat. No. 6,713,663 (FT), U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,794,560, 6,307,126 (GAI), WO 96/14414 (CON), WO 96/38560, WO 01/21822 (VRN1), WO 00/44918 (VRN2), WO 99/49064 (GI), WO 00/46358 (FRI), WO 97/29123, WO 99/09174 (D8 and Rht), WO 2004/076638, and WO 004/031349 (transcription factors). Tissue Culture Further reproduction of the variety can occur by tissue culture and regeneration. Tissue culture of various tissues of lettuce and regeneration of plants therefrom is well known and widely published. For example, reference may be had to Teng, et al.,HortScience,27:9, 1030-1032 (1992); Teng, et al.,HortScience,28:6, 669-1671 (1993); Zhang, et al.,Journal of Genetics and Breeding,46:3, 287-290 (1992); Webb, et al.,Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture,38:1, 77-79 (1994); Curtis, et al.,Journal of Experimental Botany,45:279, 1441-1449 (1994); Nagata, et al.,Journal for the American Society for Horticultural Science,125:6, 669-672 (2000); and Ibrahim, et al.,Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture,28(2), 139-145 (1992). It is clear from the literature that the state of the art is such that these methods of obtaining plants are routinely used and have a very high rate of success. Thus, another aspect of this invention is to provide cells which upon growth and differentiation produce lettuce plants having the physiological and morphological characteristics of variety Apollo Creed. As used herein, the term “tissue culture” indicates a composition comprising isolated cells of the same or a different type or a collection of such cells organized into parts of a plant. Exemplary types of tissue cultures are protoplasts, calli, meristematic cells, and plant cells that can generate tissue culture that are intact in plants or parts of plants, such as leaves, pollen, embryos, roots, root tips, anthers, pistils, flowers, seeds, petioles, suckers, and the like. Means for preparing and maintaining plant tissue culture are well known in the art. By way of example, a tissue culture comprising organs has been used to produce regenerated plants. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,959,185, 5,973,234, and 5,977,445 describe certain techniques, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. The present invention further provides a method of producing lettuce comprising obtaining a plant of lettuce cultivar Apollo Creed, wherein the plant has been cultivated to maturity, and collecting the lettuce from the plant. As used herein, the term “plant” includes plant cells, plant protoplasts, plant cell tissue cultures from which lettuce plants can be regenerated, plant calli, plant clumps, and plant cells that are intact in plants or parts of plants, such as leaves, pollen, embryos, cotyledons, hypocotyl, roots, root tips, anthers, pistils, flowers, ovules, seeds, stems, and the like. The use of the terms “a,” “an,” and “the,” and similar referents in the context of describing the invention (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The terms “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and “containing” are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning “including, but not limited to,”) unless otherwise noted. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. For example, if the range 10-15 is disclosed, then 11, 12, 13, and 14 are also disclosed. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention. DEPOSIT INFORMATION A deposit of the Southwest Genetics, LLC proprietary Lettuce Cultivar Apollo Creed disclosed above and recited in the appended claims has been made with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Virginia 20110 under the terms of the Budapest Treaty. The date of deposit was Oct. 6, 2021. The deposit of 25 packets of 25 seeds in each packet was taken from the same deposit maintained by Southwest Genetics, LLC since prior to the filing date of this application. All restrictions will be irrevocably removed upon granting of a patent, and the deposit is intended to meet all requirements of 37 C.F.R. §§ 1.801-1.809. The ATCC Accession Number is PTA-127133. The deposit will be maintained in the depository for a period of thirty years, or five years after the last request, or for the enforceable life of the patent, whichever is longer, and will be replaced as necessary during that period. While a number of exemplary aspects and embodiments have been discussed above, those of skill in the art will recognize certain modifications, permutations, additions, and sub-combinations thereof. It is therefore intended that the following appended claims and claims hereafter introduced are interpreted to include all such modifications, permutations, additions, and sub-combinations as are within their true spirit and scope.

11856905

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Field crops are bred through techniques that take advantage of the plant's method of pollination. A plant is self-pollinated if pollen from one flower is transferred to the same or another flower of the same plant or a genetically identical plant. A plant is sib-pollinated when individuals within the same family or line are used for pollination. A plant is cross-pollinated if the pollen comes from a flower on a genetically different plant from a different family or line. The term “cross-pollination” used herein does not include self-pollination or sib-pollination. Canola breeding programs utilize techniques such as mass and recurrent selection, backcrossing, pedigree breeding and haploidy. Recurrent selection is used to improve populations of either self- or cross-pollinatingBrassica. Through recurrent selection, a genetically variable population of heterozygous individuals is created by intercrossing several different parents. The best plants are selected based on individual superiority, outstanding progeny, and/or excellent combining ability. The selected plants are intercrossed to produce a new population in which further cycles of selection are continued. Various recurrent selection techniques are used to improve quantitatively inherited traits controlled by numerous genes. Breeding programs use backcross breeding to transfer genes for a simply inherited, highly heritable trait into another line that serves as the recurrent parent. The source of the trait to be transferred is called the donor parent. After the initial cross, individual plants possessing the desired trait of the donor parent are selected and are crossed (backcrossed) to the recurrent parent for several generations. The resulting plant is expected to have the attributes of the recurrent parent and the desirable trait transferred from the donor parent. This approach has been used for breeding disease resistant phenotypes of many plant species and has been used to transfer low erucic acid and low glucosinolate content into lines and breeding populations ofBrassica. Pedigree breeding and recurrent selection breeding methods are used to develop varieties from breeding populations. Pedigree breeding starts with the crossing of two genotypes, each of which may have one or more desirable characteristics that is lacking in the other or which complements the other. If the two original parents do not provide all of the desired characteristics, other sources can be included in the breeding population. In the pedigree method, superior plants are selfed and selected in successive generations. In the succeeding generations the heterozygous condition gives way to homogeneous lines as a result of self-pollination and selection. Typically, in the pedigree method of breeding, five or more generations of selfing and selection are practiced: F1to F2; F2to F3; F3to F4; F4to F5, etc. For example, two parents that are believed to possess favorable complementary traits are crossed to produce an F1. An F2population is produced by selfing one or several F1's or by intercrossing two F1's (i.e., sib mating). Selection of the best individuals may begin in the F2population, and beginning in the F3the best individuals in the best families are selected. Replicated testing of families can begin in the F4generation to improve the effectiveness of selection for traits with low heritability. At an advanced stage of inbreeding (i.e., F6and F7), the best lines or mixtures of phenotypically similar lines commonly are tested for potential release as new cultivars. Backcrossing may be used in conjunction with pedigree breeding; for example, a combination of backcrossing and pedigree breeding with recurrent selection has been used to incorporate blackleg resistance into certain cultivars ofBrassica napus. Blackleg tolerance is measured following the standard procedure described in the Procedures of the Western Canada Canola/Rapeseed Recommending Committee (WCC/RRC) Incorporated for the Evaluation and Recommendation for Registration of Canola/Rapeseed Candidate Cultivars in Western Canada. Blackleg is rated on a scale of 0 to 5: a plant with zero rating is completely immune to disease while a plant with “5” rating is dead due to blackleg infection. Canola variety “Westar” is included as an entry/control in each blackleg trial. Tests are considered valid when the mean rating for Westar is greater than or equal to 2.6 and less than or equal to 4.5. (In years when there is poor disease development in Western Canada the WCC/RRC may accept the use of data from trials with a rating for Westar exceeding 2.0.) The ratings are converted to a percentage severity index for each line, and the following scale is used to describe the level of resistance: ClassificationRating (% of Westar)R (Resistant)<30MR (Moderately Resistant)30-49MS (Moderately Susceptible)50-69S (Susceptible)70-89HS (Highly Susceptible)90-100 Plants that have been self-pollinated and selected for type for many generations become homozygous at almost all gene loci and produce a uniform population of true breeding progeny. If desired, double-haploid methods can also be used to extract homogeneous lines. A cross between two different homozygous lines produces a uniform population of hybrid plants that may be heterozygous for many gene loci. A cross of two plants each heterozygous at a number of gene loci will produce a population of hybrid plants that differ genetically and will not be uniform. The choice of breeding or selection methods depends on the mode of plant reproduction, the heritability of the trait(s) being improved, and the type of cultivar used commercially, such as F1hybrid variety or open pollinated variety. A true breeding homozygous line can also be used as a parental line (inbred line) in a commercial hybrid. If the line is being developed as an inbred for use in a hybrid, an appropriate pollination control system should be incorporated in the line. Suitability of an inbred line in a hybrid combination will depend upon the combining ability (general combining ability or specific combining ability) of the inbred. Various breeding procedures are also utilized with these breeding and selection methods. The single-seed descent procedure in the strict sense refers to planting a segregating population, harvesting a sample of one seed per plant, and using the one-seed sample to plant the next generation. When the population has been advanced from the F2to the desired level of inbreeding, the plants from which lines are derived will each trace to different F2individuals. The number of plants in a population declines each generation due to failure of some seeds to germinate or some plants to produce at least one seed. As a result, not all of the F2plants originally sampled in the population will be represented by a progeny when generation advance is completed. In a multiple-seed procedure, canola breeders commonly harvest one or more pods from each plant in a population and thresh them together to form a bulk. Part of the bulk is used to plant the next generation and part is put in reserve. The procedure has been referred to as modified single-seed descent or the pod-bulk technique. The multiple-seed procedure has been used to save labor at harvest. It is considerably faster to thresh pods with a machine than to remove one seed from each by hand for the single-seed procedure. The multiple-seed procedure also makes it possible to plant the same number of seeds of a population each generation of inbreeding. Enough seeds are harvested to make up for those plants that did not germinate or produce seed. If desired, doubled-haploid methods can be used to extract homogeneous lines. Molecular markers, including techniques such as Isozyme Electrophoresis, Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs),Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPD),Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs), Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), may be used in plant breeding methods. One use of molecular markers is Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) mapping. QTL mapping is the use of markers which are known to be closely linked to alleles that have measurable effects on a quantitative trait. Selection in the breeding process is based upon the accumulation of markers linked to the positive effecting alleles and/or the elimination of the markers linked to the negative effecting alleles in the plant's genome. Molecular markers can also be used during the breeding process for the selection of qualitative traits. For example, markers closely linked to alleles or markers containing sequences within the actual alleles of interest can be used to select plants that contain the alleles of interest during a backcrossing breeding program. The markers can also be used to select for the genome of the recurrent parent and against the markers of the donor parent. Using this procedure can minimize the amount of genome from the donor parent that remains in the selected plants. It can also be used to reduce the number of crosses back to the recurrent parent needed in a backcrossing program. The use of molecular markers in the selection process is often called Genetic Marker Enhanced Selection or Marker Assisted Selection (MAS). The production of doubled haploids can also be used for the development of inbreds in the breeding program. InBrassica napus, microspore culture technique may be used to produce haploid embryos. The haploid embryos are then regenerated on appropriate media as haploid plantlets, doubling chromosomes of which results in doubled haploid plants. This can be advantageous because the process omits the generations of selfing needed to obtain a homozygous plant from a heterozygous source. The development of a canola hybrid in a canola plant breeding program involves three steps: (1) the selection of plants from various germ plasm pools for initial breeding crosses; (2) the selfing of the selected plants from the breeding crosses for several generations to produce a series of inbred lines, which, although different from each other, breed true and are highly uniform; and (3) crossing the selected inbred lines with different inbred lines to produce the hybrids. During the inbreeding process in canola, the vigor of the lines decreases. Vigor is restored when two different inbred lines are crossed to produce the hybrid. A consequence of the homozygosity and homogeneity of the inbred lines is that the hybrid between a defined pair of inbreds will always be the same. Once the inbreds that give a superior hybrid have been identified, the hybrid seed can be reproduced indefinitely as long as the homogeneity of the inbred parents is maintained. 18GG0453L may also be used to produce a double cross hybrid or a three-way hybrid. A single cross hybrid is produced when two inbred varieties are crossed to produce the F1 progeny. A double cross hybrid is produced from four inbred varieties crossed in pairs (A×B and C×D) and then the two F1 hybrids are crossed again (A×B)×(C×D). A three-way cross hybrid is produced from three inbred varieties where two of the inbred varieties are crossed (A×B) and then the resulting F1 hybrid is crossed with the third inbred variety (A×B)×C. In each case, pericarp tissue from the female parent will be a part of and protect the hybrid seed. Another form of commercial hybrid production involves the use of a mixture of male sterile hybrid seed and male pollinator seed. When planted, the resulting male sterile hybrid plants are pollinated by the pollinator plants. This method can be used to produce grain with enhanced quality grain traits, such as high oil. One use of this method is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,704,160 and 5,706,603. Molecular data from 18GG0453L may be used in a plant breeding process. Nucleic acids may be isolated from a seed of 18GG0453L or from a plant, plant part, or cell produced by growing a seed of 18GG0453L or from a seed of 18GG0453L with a locus conversion, or from a plant, plant part, or cell of 18GG0453L with a locus conversion. One or more polymorphisms may be isolated from the nucleic acids. A plant having one or more of the identified polymorphisms may be selected and used in a plant breeding method to produce another plant. Phenotypic Characteristics of 18GG0453L Hybrid canola variety 18GG0453L is a single cross canola variety and can be made by crossing inbreds G00087 and G00566. Locus conversions of hybrid canola variety 18GG0453L can be made by crossing inbreds G00087 and G00566 wherein G00087 and/or G00566 comprise a locus conversion(s). The canola variety has shown uniformity and stability within the limits of environmental influence for all the traits as described herein (see, e.g. Table 1). The inbred parents of this canola variety have been self-pollinated a sufficient number of generations with careful attention paid to uniformity of plant type to ensure the homozygosity and phenotypic stability necessary for use in commercial hybrid seed production. The variety has been increased both by hand and in isolated fields with continued observation for uniformity. No variant traits have been observed or are expected in 18GG0453L. Hybrid canola variety 18GG0453L can be reproduced by planting seeds of the inbred parent varieties, growing the resulting canola plants under cross pollinating conditions, and harvesting the resulting seed using techniques familiar to the agricultural arts. Controlling Self-Pollination Canola varieties are mainly self-pollinated. A pollination control system and effective transfer of pollen from one parent to the other provides an effective method for producing hybrid canola seed and plants. For example, the ogura cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) system, developed via protoplast fusion between radish (Raphanus sativus) and rapeseed (Brassica napus), is one of the most frequently used methods of hybrid production. It provides stable expression of the male sterility trait and an effective nuclear restorer gene. The OGU INRA restorer gene, Rf1 originating from radish has improved versions. Brassicahybrid varieties can be developed using self-incompatible (SI), cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) or nuclear male sterile (NMS)Brassicaplants as the female parent such that only cross pollination will occur between the hybrid parents. In one instance, production of F1hybrids includes crossing a CMSBrassicafemale parent with a pollen-producing maleBrassicahas a fertility restorer gene (Rf gene). The presence of an Rf gene means that the F1generation will not be completely or partially sterile, so that either self-pollination or cross pollination may occur. Self pollination of the F1generation to produce several subsequent generations verifies that a desired trait is heritable and stable and that a new variety has been isolated. Other sources and refinements of CMS sterility in canola include the Polima cytoplasmic male sterile plant, as well as those of U.S. Pat. No. 5,789,566, DNA sequence imparting cytoplasmic male sterility, mitochondrial genome, nuclear genome, mitochondria and plant containing said sequence and process for the preparation of hybrids; See U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,658,085, 5,973,233 and 6,229,072. Hybrid Development As a result of the advances in sterility systems, lines are developed that can be used as an open pollinated variety (i.e., a pureline cultivar) and/or as a sterile inbred (female) used in the production of F1hybrid seed. In the latter case, favorable combining ability with a restorer (male) would be desirable. The development of a canola hybrid generally involves three steps: (1) the selection of plants from various germplasm pools for initial breeding crosses; (2) generation of inbred lines, such as by selfing of selected plants from the breeding crosses for several generations to produce a series of different inbred lines, which breed true and are highly uniform; and (3) crossing the selected inbred lines with different inbred lines to produce the hybrids. Combining ability of a line, as well as the performance of the line per se, is a factor in the selection of improved canola lines that may be used as inbreds. Combining ability refers to a line's contribution as a parent when crossed with other lines to form hybrids. The hybrids formed for the purpose of selecting superior lines are designated test crosses. One way of measuring combining ability is by using breeding values. Breeding values are based on the overall mean of a number of test crosses. This mean is then adjusted to remove environmental effects and it is adjusted for known genetic relationships among the lines. Brassica napuscanola plants, absent the use of sterility systems, are recognized to commonly be self-fertile with approximately 70 to 90 percent of the seed normally forming as the result of self-pollination. The percentage of cross pollination may be further enhanced when populations of recognized insect pollinators at a given growing site are greater. Thus open pollination is often used in commercial canola production. Locus Conversions of Canola Variety 18GG0453L 18GG0453L represents a new base genetic line into which a new locus or trait may be introduced. Direct transformation and backcrossing represent two methods that can be used to accomplish such an introgression. The term locus conversion is used to designate the product of such an introgression. Backcrossing can be used to improve inbred varieties and a hybrid variety which is made using those inbreds. Backcrossing can be used to transfer a specific desirable trait from one variety, the donor parent, to an inbred called the recurrent parent which has overall good agronomic characteristics yet that lacks the desirable trait. This transfer of the desirable trait into an inbred with overall good agronomic characteristics can be accomplished by first crossing a recurrent parent to a donor parent (non-recurrent parent). The progeny of this cross is then mated back to the recurrent parent followed by selection in the resultant progeny for the desired trait to be transferred from the non-recurrent parent. Traits may be used by those of ordinary skill in the art to characterize progeny. Traits are commonly evaluated at a significance level, such as a 1%, 5% or 10% significance level, when measured in plants grown in the same environmental conditions. For example, a locus conversion of 18GG0453L may be characterized as having essentially the same phenotypic traits as 18GG0453L. The traits used for comparison may be those traits shown in any of the tables herein. Molecular markers can also be used during the breeding process for the selection of qualitative traits. For example, markers can be used to select plants that contain the alleles of interest during a backcrossing breeding program. The markers can also be used to select for the genome of the recurrent parent and against the genome of the donor parent. Using this procedure can minimize the amount of genome from the donor parent that remains in the selected plants. A locus conversion of 18GG0453L may contain at least 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 locus conversions, and fewer than 15, 10, 9, 8, 7, or 6 locus conversions. A locus conversion of 18GG0453L will otherwise retain the genetic integrity of 18GG0453L. For example, a locus conversion of 18GG0453L can be developed when DNA sequences are introduced through backcrossing, with a parent of 18GG0453L utilized as the recurrent parent. Both naturally occurring and transgenic DNA sequences may be introduced through backcrossing techniques. A backcross conversion may produce a plant with a locus conversion in at least one or more backcrosses, including at least 2 crosses, at least 3 crosses, at least 4 crosses, at least 5 crosses and the like. Molecular marker assisted breeding or selection may be utilized to reduce the number of backcrosses necessary to achieve the backcross conversion. For example, a backcross conversion can be made in as few as two backcrosses. Disease—Sclerotinia Sclerotiniainfects over 100 species of plants, includingBrassicaspecies.Sclerotinia sclerotiorumis responsible for over 99% ofSclerotiniadisease, whileSclerotinia minorproduces less than 1% of the disease.Sclerotiniaproduces sclerotia, irregularly-shaped, dark overwintering bodies, which can endure in soil for four to five years. The sclerotia can germinate carpogenically or myceliogenically, depending on the environmental conditions and crop canopies. The two types of germination cause two distinct types of diseases. Sclerotia that germinate carpogenically produce apothecia and ascospores that infect above-ground tissues, resulting in stem blight, stalk rot, head rot, pod rot, white mold and blossom blight of plants. Sclerotia that germinate myceliogenically produce mycelia that infect root tissues, causing crown rot, root rot and basal stalk rot. SclerotiniacausesSclerotiniastem rot, also known as white mold, inBrassica, including canola. The disease is favored by moist soil conditions (at least 10 days at or near field capacity) and temperatures of 15-25° C., prior to and during canola flowering. The spores cannot infect leaves and stems directly; they must first land on flowers, fallen petals, and pollen on the stems and leaves. The fungal spores use the flower parts as a food source as they germinate and infect the plant. The severity ofSclerotiniainBrassicais variable, and is dependent on the time of infection and climatic conditions, being favored by cool temperatures between 20 and 25° C., prolonged precipitation and relative humidities of greater than 80%. Losses ranging from 5 to 100% have been reported for individual fields.Sclerotiniacan cause heavy losses in wet swaths and result in economic losses of millions of dollars. The symptoms ofSclerotiniainfection usually develop several weeks after flowering begins. The infections often develop where the leaf and the stem join. Infected stems appear bleached and tend to shred. Hard black fungal sclerotia develop within the infected stems, branches, or pods. Plants infected at flowering produce little or no seed. Plants with girdled stems wilt and ripen prematurely. Severely infected crops frequently lodge, shatter at swathing, and make swathing more time consuming. Infections can occur in all above-ground plant parts, especially in dense or lodged stands, where plant-to-plant contact facilitates the spread of infection. New sclerotia carry the disease over to the next season. Conventional methods for control ofSclerotiniadiseases include (a) chemical control (fungicides such as benomyl, vinclozolin, iprodione, azoxystrobin, prothioconazole, boscalid), (b) disease resistance (such as partial resistance and breeding for favorable morphologies such as increased standability, reduced petal retention, branching (less compact and/or higher), and early leaf abscission) and (c) cultural control. Methods for generatingSclerotiniaresistantBrassicaplants using inbred line 18GG0453L are provided, including crossing with one or more lines containing one or more genes contributing toSclerotiniaresistance and selecting for resistance. In some embodiments, 18GG0453L can be modified to have resistance toSclerotinia. Homogenous and reproducible canola hybrids are useful for the production of a commercial crop on a reliable basis. There are a number of analytical methods available to determine the phenotypic stability of a canola hybrid. Phenotypic characteristics most often are observed for traits associated with seed yield, seed oil content, seed protein content, fatty acid composition of oil, glucosinolate content of meal, growth habit, lodging resistance, plant height, shatter resistance, etc. A plant's genotype can be used to identify plants of the same variety or a related variety. For example, the genotype can be used to determine the pedigree of a plant. There are many laboratory-based techniques available for the analysis, comparison and characterization of plant genotype; among these are Isozyme Electrophoresis, Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs), Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs), Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) which are also referred to as Microsatellites, and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). Particular markers used for these purposes may include any type of marker and marker profile which provides a means of distinguishing varieties. A genetic marker profile can be used, for example, to identify plants of the same variety or related varieties or to determine or validate a pedigree. In addition to being used for identification of canola variety 18GG0453L and its plant parts, the genetic marker profile is also useful in developing a locus conversion of 18GG0453L. Methods of isolating nucleic acids from 18GG0453L and methods for performing genetic marker profiles using SNP and SSR polymorphisms are provided. SNPs are genetic markers based on a polymorphism in a single nucleotide. A marker system based on SNPs can be highly informative in linkage analysis relative to other marker systems in that multiple alleles may be present. A method comprising isolating nucleic acids, such as DNA, from a plant, a plant part, plant cell or a seed of the canola varieties disclosed herein is provided. The method can include mechanical, electrical and/or chemical disruption of the plant, plant part, plant cell or seed, contacting the disrupted plant, plant part, plant cell or seed with a buffer or solvent, to produce a solution or suspension comprising nucleic acids, optionally contacting the nucleic acids with a precipitating agent to precipitate the nucleic acids, optionally extracting the nucleic acids, and optionally separating the nucleic acids such as by centrifugation or by binding to beads or a column, with subsequent elution, or a combination thereof. If DNA is being isolated, an RNase can be included in one or more of the method steps. The nucleic acids isolated can comprise all or substantially all of the genomic DNA sequence, all or substantially all of the chromosomal DNA sequence or all or substantially all of the coding sequences (cDNA) of the plant, plant part, or plant cell from which they were isolated. The nucleic acids isolated can comprise all, substantially all, or essentially all of the genetic complement of the plant. The nucleic acids isolated can comprise a genetic complement of the canola variety. The amount and type of nucleic acids isolated may be sufficient to permit whole genome sequencing of the plant from which they were isolated or chromosomal marker analysis of the plant from which they were isolated. The methods can be used to produce nucleic acids from the plant, plant part, seed or cell, which nucleic acids can be, for example, analyzed to produce data. The data can be recorded. The nucleic acids from the disrupted cell, the disrupted plant, plant part, plant cell or seed or the nucleic acids following isolation or separation can be contacted with primers and nucleotide bases, and/or a polymerase to facilitate PCR sequencing or marker analysis of the nucleic acids. In some examples, the nucleic acids produced can be sequenced or contacted with markers to produce a genetic profile, a molecular profile, a marker profile, a haplotype, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the genetic profile or nucleotide sequence is recorded on a computer readable medium. In other examples, the methods may further comprise using the nucleic acids produced from plants, plant parts, plant cells or seeds in a plant breeding program, for example in making crosses, selection and/or advancement decisions in a breeding program. Crossing includes any type of plant breeding crossing method, including but not limited to crosses to produce hybrids, outcrossing, selfing, backcrossing, locus conversion, introgression and the like. Favorable genotypes and or marker profiles, optionally associated with a trait of interest, may be identified by one or more methodologies. In some examples one or more markers are used, including but not limited to restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSRs), sequence characterized regions (SCARs), sequence tag sites (STSs), cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences (CAPS), microsatellites, simple sequence repeats (SSRs), expressed sequence tags (ESTs), single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and diversity arrays technology (DArT), sequencing, and the like. In some methods, a target nucleic acid is amplified prior to hybridization with a probe. In other cases, the target nucleic acid is not amplified prior to hybridization, such as methods using molecular inversion probes. In some examples, the genotype related to a specific trait is monitored, while in other examples, a genome-wide evaluation including but not limited to one or more of marker panels, library screens, association studies, microarrays, gene chips, expression studies, or sequencing such as whole-genome resequencing and genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) may be used. In some examples, no target-specific probe is needed, for example by using sequencing technologies, including but not limited to next-generation sequencing methods (see, for example, Metzker (2010) Nat Rev Genet 11:31-46; and, Egan et al. (2012) Am J Bot 99:175-185) such as sequencing by synthesis (e.g., Roche 454 pyrosequencing, Illumina Genome Analyzer, and Ion Torrent PGM or Proton systems), sequencing by ligation (e.g., SOLiD from Applied Biosystems, and Polnator system from Azco Biotech), and single molecule sequencing (SMS or third-generation sequencing) which eliminate template amplification (e.g., Helicos system, and PacBio RS system from Pacific BioSciences). Further technologies include optical sequencing systems (e.g., Starlight from Life Technologies), and nanopore sequencing (e.g., GridION from Oxford Nanopore Technologies). Each of these may be coupled with one or more enrichment strategies for organellar or nuclear genomes in order to reduce the complexity of the genome under investigation via PCR, hybridization, restriction enzyme (see, e.g., Elshire et al. (2011) PLoS ONE 6:e19379), and expression methods. In some examples, no reference genome sequence is needed in order to complete the analysis. 18GG0453L and its plant parts can be identified through a molecular marker profile. Such plant parts may be either diploid or haploid. Also encompassed and described are plants and plant parts substantially benefiting from the use of variety 18GG0453L in their development, such as variety 18GG0453L comprising a locus conversion or single locus conversion. In particular, a process of making seed substantially retaining the molecular marker profile of canola variety 18GG0453L is provided. Obtaining a seed of hybrid canola variety 18GG0453L further comprising a locus conversion, wherein representative seed is produced by crossing a first plant of variety G00087 or a locus conversion thereof with a second plant of variety G00566 or a locus conversion thereof, and wherein representative seed of said varieties G00087 and G00566 have been deposited and wherein said canola variety 18GG0453L further comprising a locus conversion has 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% of the same polymorphisms for molecular markers as the plant or plant part of canola variety 18GG0453L. The type of molecular marker used in the molecular profile can be but is not limited to Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms, SNPs. A process of making seed retaining essentially the same phenotypic, physiological, morphological or any combination thereof characteristics of canola variety 18GG0453L is also contemplated. Obtaining a seed of hybrid canola variety 18GG0453L further comprising a locus conversion, wherein representative seed is produced by crossing a first plant of variety G00087 or a locus conversion thereof with a second plant of variety G00566 or a locus conversion thereof, and wherein representative seed of said varieties G00087 and G00566 have been deposited and wherein said canola variety 18GG0453L further comprising a locus conversion has essentially the same morphological characteristics as canola variety 18GG0453L when grown in the same environmental conditions. The same environmental conditions may be, but is not limited to, a side-by-side comparison. The characteristics can be or include, for example, those listed in Table 1. The comparison can be made using any number of professionally accepted experimental designs and statistical analysis. Hybrid 18GG0453L can be advantageously used in accordance with the breeding methods described herein and those known in the art to produce hybrids and other progeny plants retaining desired trait combinations of 18GG0453L. Disclosed are methods for producing a canola plant by crossing a first parent canola plant with a second parent canola plant wherein either the first or second parent canola plant is canola variety 18GG0453L. Further, both first and second parent canola plants can come from the canola variety 18GG0453L. Either the first or the second parent plant may be male sterile. Methods for producing subsequent generations of seed from seed of variety 18GG0453L, harvesting the subsequent generation of seed; and planting the subsequent generation of seed are provided. Still further provided are methods for producing a 18GG0453L-derived canola plant by crossing canola variety 18GG0453L with a second canola plant and growing the progeny seed, and repeating the crossing and growing steps with the canola 18GG0453L-derived plant from at least 1, 2 or 3 times and less than 7, 6, 5, 4, 3 or 2 times. Thus, any such methods using the canola variety 18GG0453L are part of this discovery: open pollination, selfing, backcrosses, hybrid production, crosses to populations, and the like. All plants produced using canola variety 18GG0453L as a parent are within the scope of this discovery, including plants derived from canola variety 18GG0453L. This includes canola lines derived from 18GG0453L which include components for either male sterility or for restoration of fertility. Advantageously, the canola variety is used in crosses with other, different, canola plants to produce first generation (F1) canola hybrid seeds and plants with superior characteristics. The discovery also includes a single-gene locus conversion or a single locus conversion of 18GG0453L. A single locus conversion occurs when DNA sequences are introduced or modified through traditional breeding techniques, such as backcrossing or through transformation. DNA sequences, whether naturally occurring, modified as disclosed herein, or transgenes, may be introduced using traditional breeding techniques. Desired traits transferred through this process include, but are not limited to, fertility restoration, fatty acid profile modification, other nutritional enhancements, industrial enhancements, disease resistance, insect resistance, herbicide resistance and yield enhancements. The trait of interest is transferred from the donor parent to the recurrent parent, in this case, the canola plant disclosed herein. Single-gene traits may result from the transfer of either a dominant allele or a recessive allele. Selection of progeny containing the trait of interest is done by direct selection for a trait associated with a dominant allele. Selection of progeny for a trait that is transferred via a recessive allele will require growing and selfing the first backcross to determine which plants carry the recessive alleles. Recessive traits may require additional progeny testing in successive backcross generations to determine the presence of the gene of interest. It should be understood that the canola varieties disclosed herein, through routine manipulation by cytoplasmic genes, nuclear genes, or other factors, can be produced in a male-sterile or restorer form. Canola variety 18GG0453L can be manipulated to be male sterile by any of a number of methods known in the art, including by the use of mechanical methods, chemical methods, self-incompatibility (SI), cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) (either Ogura or another system), or nuclear male sterility (NMS). The term “manipulated to be male sterile” refers to the use of any available techniques to produce a male sterile version of canola variety 18GG0453L. The male sterility may be either partial or complete male sterility. Also disclosed are seed and plants produced by the use of Canola variety 18GG0453L. Canola variety 18GG0453L can also further comprise a component for fertility restoration of a male sterile plant, such as an Rf restorer gene. In this case, canola variety 18GG0453L could then be used as the male plant in seed production. Also provided is the use of 18GG0453L in tissue culture. As used herein, the term plant includes plant protoplasts, plant cell tissue cultures from which canola plants can be regenerated, plant calli, plant clumps, and plant cells that are intact in plants or parts of plants, such as embryos, pollen, ovules, seeds, flowers, kernels, ears, cobs, leaves, husks, stalks, roots, root tips, anthers, silk and the like. The utility of canola variety 18GG0453L also extends to crosses with other species. Commonly, suitable species include those of the family Brassicae. The advent of new molecular biological techniques has allowed the isolation and characterization of genetic elements with specific functions, such as encoding specific protein products. Any DNA sequences, whether from a different species or from the same species that are inserted into the genome using transformation are referred to herein collectively as “transgenes”. Transformed versions of the claimed canola variety 18GG0453L are provided in which transgenes are inserted, introgressed or achieved through genetic modification of native sequences. Numerous methods for plant transformation have been developed, including biological and physical plant transformation protocols. In addition, expression vectors and in vitro culture methods for plant cell or tissue transformation and regeneration of plants are available. In general, methods to transform, modify, edit or alter plant endogenous genomic DNA include altering the plant native DNA sequence or a pre-existing transgenic sequence including regulatory elements, coding and non-coding sequences. These methods can be used, for example, to target nucleic acids to pre-engineered target recognition sequences in the genome. Such pre-engineered target sequences may be introduced by genome editing or modification. As an example, a genetically modified plant variety is generated using “custom” or engineered endonucleases such as meganucleases produced to modify plant genomes (see e.g., WO 2009/114321; Gao et al. (2010) Plant Journal 1:176-187). Another site-directed engineering method is through the use of zinc finger domain recognition coupled with the restriction properties of restriction enzyme. See e.g., Urnov, et al., (2010) Nat Rev Genet. 11(9):636-46; Shukla, et al., (2009) Nature 459 (7245):437-41. A transcription activator-like (TAL) effector-DNA modifying enzyme (TALE or TALEN) is also used to engineer changes in plant genome. See e.g., US20110145940, Cermak et al., (2011) Nucleic Acids Res. 39(12) and Boch et al., (2009), Science 326(5959): 1509-12. Site-specific modification of plant genomes can also be performed using the bacterial type II CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas (CRISPR-associated) system. See e.g., Belhaj et al., (2013), Plant Methods 9: 39; The Cas9/guide RNA-based system allows targeted cleavage of genomic DNA guided by a customizable small noncoding RNA in plants (see e.g., WO 2015026883A1). Plant transformation methods may involve the construction of an expression vector. Such a vector comprises a DNA sequence that contains a gene under the control of or operatively linked to a regulatory element, for example a promoter. The vector may contain one or more genes and one or more regulatory elements. One or more traits which may be modified or introduced in the plants and methods disclosed herein include male sterility, herbicide resistance, insect resistance, pest resistance, modified fatty acid metabolism, modified carbohydrate metabolism, modified seed yield, modified oil percent, modified protein percent, modified lodging resistance and modified resistance to bacterial disease, fungal disease or viral disease. A genetic trait which has been engineered or modified into a particular canola plant using transformation techniques could be moved into another line using traditional breeding techniques that are well known in the plant breeding arts. For example, a backcrossing approach could be used to move a transgene from a transformed canola plant to an elite inbred line and the resulting progeny would comprise a transgene. Also, if an inbred line was used for the transformation then the transgenic plants could be crossed to a different line in order to produce a transgenic hybrid canola plant. As used herein, “crossing” can refer to a simple X by Y cross, or the process of backcrossing, depending on the context. Various genetic elements can be introduced into the plant genome using transformation. These elements include but are not limited to genes; coding sequences; inducible, constitutive, and tissue specific promoters; enhancing sequences; and signal and targeting sequences. Transgenic and modified plants described herein can produce a foreign or modified protein in commercial quantities. Thus, techniques for the selection and propagation of transformed plants, which are well understood in the art, may yield a plurality of transgenic or modified plants which are harvested in a conventional manner, and a foreign or modified protein then can be extracted from a tissue of interest or from total biomass. A genetic map can be generated, primarily via conventional Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLP), Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) analysis, Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), which identifies the approximate chromosomal location of the integrated DNA molecule coding for the foreign protein. Map information concerning chromosomal location is useful for proprietary protection of a subject transgenic plant. If unauthorized propagation is undertaken and crosses made with other germplasm, the map of the integration region can be compared to similar maps for suspect plants, to determine if the latter have a common parentage with the subject plant. Map comparisons would involve hybridizations, RFLP, PCR, SSR, SNP, and sequencing, all of which are conventional techniques. Likewise, by means of the present discovery, plants can be genetically engineered to express various phenotypes of agronomic interest. Exemplary transgenes implicated in this regard include, but are not limited to, those categorized below. 1. Genes that confer resistance to pests or disease and that encode: 1. Genes that confer resistance to pests or disease and that encode:(A) Plant disease resistance genes. Plant defenses are often activated by specific interaction between the product of a disease resistance gene (R) in the plant and the product of a corresponding avirulence (Avr) gene in the pathogen. A plant variety can be transformed with cloned resistance gene to engineer plants that are resistant to specific pathogen strains. A plant resistant to a disease is one that is more resistant to a pathogen as compared to the wild type plant.(B) A gene conferring resistance to fungal pathogens.(C) ABacillus thuringiensisprotein, a derivative thereof or a synthetic polypeptide modeled thereon. DNA molecules encoding delta-endotoxin genes can be purchased from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA), for example, under ATCC Accession Nos. 40098, 67136, 31995 and 31998. Other examples ofBacillus thuringiensistransgenes are given in the following US and international patents and applications: U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,188,960; 5,689,052; 5,880,275; WO 91/114778; WO 99/31248; WO 01/12731; WO 99/24581; WO 97/40162.(D) An insect-specific hormone or pheromone such as an ecdysteroid and juvenile hormone, a variant thereof, a mimetic based thereon, or an antagonist or agonist thereof.(E) An insect-specific peptide which, upon expression, disrupts the physiology of the affected pest. For example, DNA coding for insect diuretic hormone receptor, allostatins and genes encoding insect-specific, paralytic neurotoxins.(F) An enzyme responsible for a hyperaccumulation of a monterpene, a sesquiterpene, a steroid, hydroxamic acid, a phenylpropanoid derivative or another non-protein molecule with insecticidal activity.(G) An enzyme involved in the modification, including the post-translational modification, of a biologically active molecule; for example, a glycolytic enzyme, a proteolytic enzyme, a lipolytic enzyme, a nuclease, a cyclase, a transaminase, an esterase, a hydrolase, a phosphatase, a kinase, a phosphorylase, a polymerase, an elastase, a chitinase and a glucanase, whether natural or synthetic. See PCT Application No. WO 93/02197, which discloses the nucleotide sequence of a callase gene. DNA molecules which contain chitinase-encoding sequences can be obtained, for example, from the ATCC under Accession Nos. 39637 and 67152. See also U.S. Pat. No. 6,563,020.(H) A molecule that stimulates signal transduction. For example, nucleotide sequences encoding calmodulin.(I) A hydrophobic moment peptide. See, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,580,852 and 5,607,914.(J) A membrane permease, a channel former or a channel blocker. For example, a cecropin-beta lytic peptide analog.(K) A viral-invasive protein or a complex toxin derived therefrom. For example, the accumulation of viral coat proteins in transformed plant cells imparts resistance to viral infection and/or disease development effected by the virus from which the coat protein gene is derived, as well as by related viruses. Coat protein-mediated resistance has been conferred upon transformed plants against alfalfa mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, tobacco streak virus, potato virus X, potato virus Y, tobacco etch virus, tobacco rattle virus and tobacco mosaic virus.(L) An insect-specific antibody or an immunotoxin derived therefrom. Thus, an antibody targeted to a critical metabolic function in the insect gut would inactivate an affected enzyme, killing the insect.(M) A virus-specific antibody. For example, transgenic plants expressing recombinant antibody genes can be protected from virus attack.(N) A developmental-arrestive protein produced in nature by a pathogen or a parasite; for example, fungal endo alpha-1,4-D-polygalacturonases.(O) A developmental-arrestive protein produced in nature by a plant.(P) Genes involved in the Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) Response and/or the pathogenesis related genes.(Q) Antifungal genes.(R) Detoxification genes, such as for fumonisin, beauvericin, moniliformin and zearalenone and their structurally related derivatives. For example, see, U.S. Pat. No. 5,792,931. Cystatin and cysteine proteinase inhibitors. E.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,205,453. Defensin genes.(U) Genes that confer resistance to Phytophthora Root Rot, such as theBrassicaequivalents of the Rps 1, Rps 1-a, Rps 1-b, Rps 1-c, Rps 1-d, Rps 1-e, Rps 1-k, Rps 2, Rps 3-a, Rps 3-b, Rps 3-c, Rps 4, Rps 5, Rps 6, Rps 7 and other Rps genes. 2. Genes that confer resistance to a herbicide, for example:(A) A herbicide that inhibits the growing point or meristem, such as an imidazalinone or a sulfonylurea. Exemplary genes in this category code for mutant ALS and AHAS enzyme. See also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,605,011; 5,013,659; 5,141,870; 5,767,361; 5,731,180; 5,304,732; 4,761,373; 5,331,107; 5,928,937 and 5,378,824.(B) Glyphosate (resistance imparted by mutant 5-enolpyruvl-3-phosphikimate synthase (EPSP) and aroA genes, respectively) and other phosphono compounds such as glufosinate (phosphinothricin acetyl transferase, PAT) andStreptomyces hygroscopicusphosphinothricin-acetyl transferase, bar, genes), and pyridinoxy or phenoxy propionic acids and cycloshexones (ACCase inhibitor-encoding genes). See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,940,835, which discloses the nucleotide sequence of a form of EPSP which can confer glyphosate resistance. See also, U.S. Pat. No. 7,405,074, and related applications, which disclose compositions and means for providing glyphosate resistance. U.S. Pat. No. 5,627,061 describes genes encoding EPSPS enzymes. See also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,566,587; 6,338,961; 6,248,876; 6,040,497; 5,804,425; 5,633,435; 5,145,783; 4,971,908; 5,312,910; 5,188,642; 4,940,835; 5,866,775; 6,225,114; 6,130,366; 5,310,667; 4,535,060; 4,769,061; 5,633,448; 5,510,471; Re. 36,449; RE 37,287 E; and 5,491,288; and international publications EP1173580; WO 01/66704; EP1173581 and EP1173582. A DNA molecule encoding a mutant aroA gene can be obtained under ATCC Accession No. 39256, see U.S. Pat. No. 4,769,061. European Patent Application No. 0 333 033, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,975,374 disclose nucleotide sequences of glutamine synthetase genes which confer resistance to herbicides such as L-phosphinothricin. The nucleotide sequence of a phosphinothricin-acetyl-transferase gene is provided in European Application No. 0 242 246. See also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,969,213; 5,489,520; 5,550,318; 5,874,265; 5,919,675; 5,561,236; 5,648,477; 5,646,024; 6,177,616 and 5,879,903. Exemplary of genes conferring resistance to phenoxy propionic acids and cycloshexones, such as sethoxydim and haloxyfop, are the Acc1-S1, Acc1-S2 and Acc1-S3 genes. See also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,188,642; 5,352,605; 5,530,196; 5,633,435; 5,717,084; 5,728,925; 5,804,425 and Canadian Patent No. 1,313,830.(C) A herbicide that inhibits photosynthesis, such as a triazine (psbA and gs+ genes) and a benzonitrile (nitrilase gene). Nucleotide sequences for nitrilase genes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,648, and DNA molecules containing these genes are available under ATCC Accession Nos. 53435, 67441 and 67442.(D) Acetohydroxy acid synthase, which has been found to make plants that express this enzyme resistant to multiple types of herbicides, has been introduced into a variety of plants. Other genes that confer tolerance to herbicides include: a gene encoding a chimeric protein of rat cytochrome P4507A1 and yeast NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase, genes for glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase, and genes for various phosphotransferases.(E) Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (protox) is necessary for the production of chlorophyll, which is necessary for all plant survival. The protox enzyme serves as the target for a variety of herbicidal compounds. These herbicides also inhibit growth of all the different species of plants present, causing their total destruction. The development of plants containing altered protox activity which are resistant to these herbicides are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,288,306; 6,282,837; and 5,767,373; and international publication WO 01/12825. 3. Transgenes that confer or contribute to an altered grain characteristic, such as:(A) Altered fatty acids, for example, by(1) Down-regulation of stearoyl-ACP desaturase to increase stearic acid content of the plant. See, WO99/64579,(2) Elevating oleic acid via FAD-2 gene modification and/or decreasing linolenic acid via FAD-3 gene modification, See, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,063,947; 6,323,392; 6,372,965 and WO 93/11245,(3) Altering conjugated linolenic or linoleic acid content, such as in WO 01/12800,(4) Altering LEC1, AGP, Dek1, Superal1, mi1ps, various Ipa genes such as Ipa1, Ipa3, hpt or hggt. For example, see WO 02/42424, WO 98/22604, WO 03/011015, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,423,886, 6,197,561, 6,825,397, US Patent Application Publication Nos. 2003/0079247, 2003/0204870, WO02/057439, WO03/011015.(B) Altered phosphorus content, for example, by the(1) Introduction of a phytase-encoding gene would enhance breakdown of phytate, adding more free phosphate to the transformed plant, such as for example, using anAspergillus nigerphytase gene.(2) Up-regulation of a gene that reduces phytate content.(C) Altered carbohydrates effected, for example, by altering a gene for an enzyme that affects the branching pattern of starch, a gene altering thioredoxin. (See, U.S. Pat. No. 6,531,648). Exemplary genes include those encoding fructosyltransferase, levansucrase, alpha-amylase, invertase, branching enzyme II, UDP-D-xylose 4-epimerase, Fragile 1 and 2, Ref1, HCHL (4-hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA hydratase/lyase), C4H (cinnamate 4-hydroxylase), AGP (ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase). The fatty acid modification genes may also be used to affect starch content and/or composition through the interrelationship of the starch and oil pathways.(D) Altered antioxidant content or composition, such as alteration of tocopherol or tocotrienols. For example, see, U.S. Pat. No. 6,787,683, US Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0034886 and WO 00/68393 involving the manipulation of antioxidant levels through alteration of a phytl prenyl transferase (ppt), WO 03/082899 through alteration of a homogentisate geranyl geranyl transferase (hggt).(E) Altered essential seed amino acids. For example, see, U.S. Pat. No. 6,127,600 (method of increasing accumulation of essential amino acids in seeds), U.S. Pat. No. 6,080,913 (binary methods of increasing accumulation of essential amino acids in seeds), U.S. Pat. No. 5,990,389 (high lysine), WO99/40209 (alteration of amino acid compositions in seeds), WO99/29882 (methods for altering amino acid content of proteins), U.S. Pat. No. 5,850,016 (alteration of amino acid compositions in seeds), WO98/20133 (proteins with enhanced levels of essential amino acids), U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,802 (high methionine), U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,801 (high threonine), U.S. Pat. No. 6,664,445 (plant amino acid biosynthetic enzymes), U.S. Pat. No. 6,459,019 (increased lysine and threonine), U.S. Pat. No. 6,441,274 (plant tryptophan synthase beta subunit), U.S. Pat. No. 6,346,403 (methionine metabolic enzymes), U.S. Pat. No. 5,939,599 (high sulfur), U.S. Pat. No. 5,912,414 (increased methionine), WO98/56935 (plant amino acid biosynthetic enzymes), WO98/45458 (engineered seed protein having higher percentage of essential amino acids), WO98/42831 (increased lysine), U.S. Pat. No. 5,633,436 (increasing sulfur amino acid content), U.S. Pat. No. 5,559,223 (synthetic storage proteins with defined structure containing programmable levels of essential amino acids for improvement of the nutritional value of plants), WO96/01905 (increased threonine), WO95/15392 (increased lysine), US Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0163838, US Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0150014, US Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0068767, U.S. Pat. No. 6,803,498, WO01/79516, and WO00/09706 (Ces A: cellulose synthase), U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,638 (hemicellulose), U.S. Pat. No. 6,399,859 and US Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0025203 (UDPGdH), U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,638 (RGP). 4. Genes that control pollination, hybrid seed production, or male-sterility: There are several methods of conferring genetic male sterility available, such as multiple mutant genes at separate locations within the genome that confer male sterility, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,654,465 and 4,727,219 and chromosomal translocations, see U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,861,709 and 3,710,511. U.S. Pat. No. 5,432,068 describes a system of nuclear male sterility which includes replacing the native promoter of an essential male fertility gene with an inducible promoter to create a male sterile plant that can have fertility restored by inducing or turning “on”, the promoter such that the male fertility gene is transcribed.(A) Introduction of a deacetylase gene under the control of a tapetum-specific promoter and with the application of the chemical N-Ac-PPT (WO 01/29237).(B) Introduction of various stamen-specific promoters (WO 92/13956, WO 92/13957).(C) Introduction of the barnase and the barstar gene. For additional examples of nuclear male and female sterility systems and genes, see also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,859,341; 6,297,426; 5,478,369; 5,824,524; 5,850,014 and 6,265,640. Also see, U.S. Pat. No. 5,426,041 (relating to a method for the preparation of a seed of a plant comprising crossing a male sterile plant and a second plant which is male fertile), U.S. Pat. No. 6,013,859 (molecular methods of hybrid seed production) and U.S. Pat. No. 6,037,523 (use of male tissue-preferred regulatory region in mediating fertility). 5. Genes that create a site for site specific DNA integration. This includes the introduction of FRT sites that may be used in the FLP/FRT system and/or Lox sites that may be used in the Cre/Loxp system. Other systems that may be used include the Gin recombinase of phage Mu, the Pin recombinase ofE. coli, and the R/RS system of the pSR1 plasmid. 6. Genes that affect abiotic stress resistance (including but not limited to flowering, ear and seed development, enhancement of nitrogen utilization efficiency, altered nitrogen responsiveness, drought resistance or tolerance, cold resistance or tolerance, and salt resistance or tolerance) and increased yield under stress. For example, see, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,892,009, 5,965,705, 5,929,305, 5,891,859, 6,417,428, 6,664,446, 6,706,866, 6,717,034, 6,801,104. CBF genes and transcription factors effective in mitigating the negative effects of freezing, high salinity, and drought on plants can be used. Altering abscisic acid in plants may result in increased yield and/or increased tolerance to abiotic stress. Modifying cytokinin expression may result in plants with increased drought tolerance, and/or increased yield. Enhancement of nitrogen utilization and altered nitrogen responsiveness can be carried out. Ethylene alteration, plant transcription factors or transcriptional regulators of abiotic stress may be used. Other genes and transcription factors that affect plant growth and agronomic traits such as yield, flowering, plant growth and/or plant structure, can be introduced or introgressed into plants. Seed Cleaning and Conditioning Disclosed are methods for producing cleaned canola seed by cleaning seed of variety 18GG0453L. “Cleaning a seed” or “seed cleaning” refers to the removal of foreign material from the surface of the seed. Foreign material to be removed from the surface of the seed includes but is not limited to fungi, bacteria, insect material, including insect eggs, larvae, and parts thereof, and any other pests that exist on the surface of the seed. The terms “cleaning a seed” or “seed cleaning” also refer to the removal of any debris or low quality, infested, or infected seeds and seeds of different species that are foreign to the sample. Conditioning the seed is understood in the art to include controlling the temperature and rate of dry down of the seed, such as by adding or removing moisture from the seed and storing seed in a controlled temperature environment. Seed Treatment “Treating a seed” or “applying a treatment to a seed” refers to the application of a composition to a seed as a coating or powder. The composition may be applied to the seed in a seed treatment at any time from harvesting of the seed to sowing of the seed. Methods for producing a treated seed include the step of applying a composition to the seed or seed surface. The composition may be applied using methods including but not limited to mixing in a container, mechanical application, tumbling, spraying, misting, and immersion. Thus, the composition may be applied as a slurry, a mist, or a soak. The composition to be used as a seed treatment can include one or more of a chemical or biological herbicides, herbicide or other safeners, insecticides, fungicides, germination inhibitors and enhancers, nutrients, plant growth regulators and activators, bactericides, nematicides, avicides and/or molluscicides. These compounds are typically formulated together with further carriers, surfactants or application-promoting adjuvants customarily employed in the art of formulation. The coatings may be applied by impregnating propagation material with a liquid formulation or by coating with a combined wet or dry formulation. Some seed treatments that may be used on crop seed include, but are not limited to, one or more of abscisic acid, acibenzolar-S-methyl, avermectin, amitrol, azaconazole, azospirillum, azadirachtin, azoxystrobin,Bacillusspp. (including one or more of cereus, firmus, megaterium, pumilis, sphaericus, subtilis and/or thuringiensis),Bradyrhizobiumspp. (including one or more of betae, canariense, elkanii, iriomotense, japonicum, liaonigense, pachyrhizi and/or yuanmingense), captan, carboxin, chitosan, clothianidin, copper, cyazypyr, difenoconazole, etidiazole, fipronil, fludioxonil, fluoxastrobin, fluquinconazole, flurazole, fluxofenim, harpin protein, imazalil, imidacloprid, ipconazole, isoflavenoids, lipo-chitooligosaccharide, mancozeb, manganese, maneb, mefenoxam, metalaxyl, metconazole, myclobutanil, PCNB (EPA registration number 00293500419, containing quintozen and terrazole), penflufen, penicillium, penthiopyrad, permethrine, picoxystrobin, prothioconazole, pyraclostrobin, rynaxypyr, S-metolachlor, saponin, sedaxane, TCMTB (2-(thiocyanomethylthio) benzothiazole), tebuconazole, thiabendazole, thiamethoxam, thiocarb, thiram, tolclofos-methyl, triadimenol, trichoderma, trifloxystrobin, triticonazole and/or zinc. INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY Processing the seed harvested from the plants described herein can include one or more of cleaning, conditioning, wet milling, dry milling and sifting harvested seeds. The seed of variety 18GG0453L, the plant produced from such seed, various parts of the 18GG0453L hybrid canola plant or its progeny, a canola plant produced from the crossing of the 18GG0453L variety, and the resulting seed and grain produced thereon, can be utilized in the production of an edible vegetable oil, meal other food products or silage for animal feed in accordance with known techniques. The oil as removed from the seeds can be used in food applications such as a salad or frying oil. Canola oil has low levels of saturated fatty acids. “Canola” refers to rapeseed (Brassica) which (1) has an erucic acid (C22:1) content of at most 2% (preferably at most 0.5% or 0%) by weight based on the total fatty acid content of a seed, and (2) produces, after crushing, an air-dried meal containing less than 30 μmol glucosinolates per gram of defatted (oil-free) meal. The oil also finds utility in industrial applications. The solid meal component derived from seeds after oil extraction can be used as a nutritious livestock feed. Examples of canola grain as a commodity plant product include, but are not limited to, oils and fats, meals and protein, and carbohydrates. Methods of processing seeds and grain produced by 18GG0453L to produce commodity products such as oil and protein meal are provided. Plants and plant parts described herein can be processed to produce products such as biodiesel, plastics, protein isolates, adhesives and sealants. All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in the specification are incorporated by reference herein for the purpose cited to the same extent as if each was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference herein. The foregoing invention has been described in detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity and understanding. As is readily apparent to one skilled in the art, the foregoing are only some of the methods and compositions that illustrate the embodiments of the foregoing invention. It will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that variations, changes, modifications, and alterations may be applied to the compositions and/or methods described herein without departing from the true spirit, concept, and scope of the invention. As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having,” “contains”, “containing,” “characterized by” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. Unless expressly stated to the contrary, “or” is used as an inclusive term. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present). The indefinite articles “a” and “an” preceding an element or component are nonrestrictive regarding the number of instances (i.e., occurrences) of the element or component. Therefore “a” or “an” should be read to include one or at least one, and the singular word form of the element or component also includes the plural unless the number is obviously meant to be singular. DEPOSIT Applicant(s) have made a deposit of at least 625 seeds of parental canola inbred variety G00087 with the Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Marine Algae and Microbiota (NCMA), 60 Bigelow Drive, East Boothbay, ME 04544, USA, with NCMA deposit no. 202108111 and canola inbred variety G00566 with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, VA 20110-2209 USA, with ATCC Deposit No. PTA-126283. The seeds deposited with the NCMA on Aug. 25, 2021 for 202108111 and with the ATCC on Oct. 15, 2019 for PTA-126283, were obtained from the seed of the variety maintained by Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc., 7250 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, Iowa 50131-1000 since prior to the filing date of this application. Access to this seed will be available during the pendency of the application to the Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks and persons determined by the Commissioner to be entitled thereto upon request. Upon issuance of any claims in the application, the Applicant will make available to the public, pursuant to 37 C.F.R. § 1.808, a sample(s) of the deposit of at least 625 seeds of parental canola inbred varieties G00087 and G00566 with the aforementioned ATCC or NCMA seed depositories. The deposits of the seed of parental canola inbred varieties for hybrid canola variety 18GG0453L will be maintained in the depositories, which are public depositories, for a period of 30 years, or 5 years after the most recent request, or for the enforceable life of the patent, whichever is longer, and will be replaced if they become nonviable during that period. Additionally, Applicant has or will satisfy all of the requirements of 37 C.F.R. §§ 1.801-1.809, including providing an indication of the viability of the sample upon deposit. Applicant has no authority to waive any restrictions imposed by law on the transfer of biological material or its transportation in commerce. Applicant does not waive any infringement of the rights granted under this patent or rights applicable to hybrid canola variety 18GG0453L and/or its parental canola inbred varieties G00087 and G00566 under either the patent laws or the Plant Variety Protection Act (7 USC 2321 et seq.). Unauthorized seed multiplication is prohibited. Example 1: Varietal Characteristics Variety 18GG0453L has shown uniformity and stability for all traits, as described in the following variety description information. The variety has been increased with continued observation for uniformity. Table 1 provides data on morphological, agronomic, and quality traits for 18GG0453L. When preparing the detailed phenotypic information, plants of the new 18GG0453L variety were observed while being grown using conventional agronomic practices. TABLE 1Variety Descriptions based on Morphological,Agronomic and Quality TraitCHARACTERSTATE (Score)Yield (bu/ac)32.94SEEDErucic acid content (%)0.01Glucosinolate content11.37Seed coat colorBlack (1)SEEDLINGcotyledon widthWide (7)seedling growth habitMedium to Upright (6)Stem anthocyanin intensityAbsent (1)LEAFleaf lobesStrong Lobing (7)number of leaf lobes4leaf margin indentationMedium (5)leaf margin shapeSharp (3)leaf widthMedium (5)leaf lengthMedium to Long (6)petiole lengthMedium to Long (6)PLANT GROWTH AND FLOWERTime to flowering50.8(number of days from plantingto 50% of plants showing oneor more open flowers)Plant height at maturity (cm)125.8Flower bud locationTouching to Slight Overlap (6)Petal colorMedium Yellow (3)Anther fertilityShedding Pollen (9)Petal spacingTouching to Slight Overlap (6)PODS AND MATURITYPod typePod lengthLong (7)Pod widthMedium (5)Pod angleHorizontal to Semi-Erect (3)Pod beak lengthLong (7)Pedicle lengthLong (7)Lodging resistanceFair to GoodTime to maturity (no. days97.6from planting to physiologicalmaturity)HERBICIDE TOLERANCEGlufonsinateTolerantGlyphosateSusceptibleImidazolinoneSusceptibleQUALITY CHARACTERISTICSOil content % (whole dry seed48.89basis)Protein content (percentage,47.24whole oil-free dry seed basis)Total saturated fats content6.35Glucosinolates (μm total11.37glucosinolates/gram wholeseed, 8.5% moisture basis)Seed Chlorophyll2% higher than the WCC/RRC checksShatter Score (1 = poor;5.59 = best)Acid Detergent Fibre (%)19.24Total Saturated Fat (%)6.35Oleic Acid - 18:1 (%)63.1Linolenic Acid - 18:3 (%)8.89Sclerotiniatolerance (% of40.16susceptible check)Blackleg (% of Westar)29.76

11856906

DETAILED DESCRIPTION A new and distinctive maize hybrid variety designated X18R501, which has been the result of years of careful breeding and selection in a comprehensive maize breeding program is provided. Definitions Maize,Zea maysL., can be referred to as maize or corn. Certain definitions used in the specification are provided below. Also in the examples that follow, a number of terms are used herein. In order to provide a clear and consistent understanding of the specification and claims, including the scope to be given such terms, the following definitions are provided. NOTE: ABS is in absolute terms and % MN is percent of the mean for the experiments in which the inbred or hybrid was grown. PCT designates that the trait is calculated as a percentage. % NOT designates the percentage of plants that did not exhibit a trait. For example, STKLDG % NOT is the percentage of plants in a plot that were not stalk lodged. These designators will follow the descriptors to denote how the values are to be interpreted. Below are the descriptors used in the data tables included herein. BRITTLE STALK: A count of the number of “snapped” plants per plot following machine snapping or artificial selection pressure. A snapped plant has its stalk completely snapped at a node between the base of the plant and the node above the ear. Can be expressed as percent of plants that did not snap. ALLELE: Any of one or more alternative forms of a genetic sequence. In a diploid cell or organism, the two alleles of a given sequence typically occupy corresponding loci on a pair of homologous chromosomes. ALTER: With respect to genetic manipulation, the utilization of up-regulation, down-regulation, or gene silencing. ANTHESIS: The time of a flower's opening. ANTHRACNOSE STALK ROT (Colletotrichum graminicola): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Anthracnose Stalk Rot. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. BLUP=BEST LINEAR UNBIASED PREDICTION. The BLUP values are determined from a mixed model analysis of hybrid performance observations at various locations and replications. BLUP values for inbred maize plants, breeding values, are estimated from the same analysis using pedigree information. BREEDING CROSS: A cross to introduce new genetic material into a plant for the development of a new variety. For example, one could cross plant A with plant B, wherein plant B would be genetically different from plant A. After the breeding cross, the resulting F1 plants could then be selfed or sibbed for one, two, three or more times (F1, F2, F3, etc.) until a new inbred variety is developed. CELL: Cell as used herein includes a plant cell, whether isolated, in tissue culture or incorporated in a plant or plant part. CORN LETHAL NECROSIS: Synergistic interaction of maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) in combination with either maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV-A or MDMV-B) or wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Corn Lethal Necrosis. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. COMMON SMUT: This is the percentage of plants not infected with Common Smut. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. COMMON RUST (Puccinia sorghi): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Common Rust. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. CROSS POLLINATION: Fertilization by the union of two gametes from different plants. CROSSING: The combination of genetic material by traditional methods such as a breeding cross or backcross, but also including protoplast fusion and other molecular biology methods of combining genetic material from two sources. D and D1-Dn: represents the generation of doubled haploid. DRYDOWN: This represents the relative rate at which a hybrid will reach acceptable harvest moisture compared to other hybrids on a 1 to 9 rating scale. A high score indicates a hybrid that dries relatively fast while a low score indicates a hybrid that dries slowly. DIGESTIBLE ENERGY: Near-infrared transmission spectroscopy, NIT, prediction of digestible energy. DIPLODIAEAR MOLD SCORES (Diplodia maydisandDiplodia macrospora): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance toDiplodiaEar Mold. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured DIPLODIASTALK ROT: Stalk rot severity due toDiplodia(Diplodia maydis). Expressed as a 1 to 9 score with 9 being highly resistant. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. DROPPED EARS: A measure of the number of dropped ears per plot and represents the percentage of plants that did not drop ears prior to harvest. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. DROUGHT TOLERANCE: This represents a 1 to 9 rating for drought tolerance, and is based on data obtained under stress conditions. A high score indicates good drought tolerance and a low score indicates poor drought tolerance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. EAR POSITION AT MATURITY: The position of the ear at physiological maturity (approximately 65 days after 50% silk) 1=Upright; 2=Horizontal; 3=Pendent. EYE SPOT (Kabatiella zeaeorAureobasidium zeae): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Eye Spot. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. F1 PROGENY: A progeny plant produced by crossing a plant of one maize line with a plant of another maize line. FUSARIUMEAR ROT (Fusarium moniliformeorFusarium subglutinans): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance toFusariumEar Rot. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. GDU=GROWING DEGREE UNITS: Using the Barger Heat Unit Theory, which assumes that maize growth occurs in the temperature range 50° F.-86° F. and that temperatures outside this range slow down growth; the maximum daily heat unit accumulation is 36 and the minimum daily heat unit accumulation is 0. The seasonal accumulation of GDU is a major factor in determining maturity zones. GDUSHD=GDU TO SHED: The number of growing degree units (GDUs) or heat units required for an inbred variety or hybrid to have approximately 50 percent of the plants shedding pollen and is measured from the time of planting. Growing degree units are calculated by the Barger Method, where the heat units for a 24-hour period are: GDU=(Max. temp.+Min. temp.)−50 The units determined by the Barger Method are then divided by 10. The highest maximum temperature used is 86 degrees F. and the lowest minimum temperature used is 50 degrees F. For each inbred or hybrid it takes a certain number of GDUs to reach various stages of plant development. GDUSLK=GDU TO SILK: The number of growing degree units required for an inbred variety or hybrid to have approximately 50 percent of the plants with silk emergence from time of planting. Growing degree units are calculated by the Barger Method as given in GDUSHD definition and then divided by 10. GENE SILENCING: The interruption or suppression of the expression of a gene at the level of transcription or translation. GENOTYPE: Refers to the genetic mark-up or profile of a cell or organism. GIBERS=GIBBERELLAEAR ROT (PINK MOLD) (Gibberella zeae): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance toGibberellaEar Rot. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. GIBROT=GIBBERELLASTALK ROT SCORE: Score of stalk rot severity due toGibberella(Gibberella zeae). Expressed as a 1 to 9 score with 9 being highly resistant. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. GLFSPT=GRAY LEAF SPOT (Cercospora zeae-maydis): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Gray Leaf Spot. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. GOSWLT=GOSS' WILT (Corynebacterium nebraskense): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Goss' Wilt. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. GRAIN TEXTURE: A visual rating used to indicate the appearance of mature grain observed in the middle third of the uppermost ear when well developed. Grain or seed with a hard grain texture is indicated as flint; grain or seed with a soft grain texture is indicted as dent. Medium grain or seed texture may be indicated as flint-dent or intermediate. Other grain textures include flint-like, dent-like, sweet, pop, waxy and flour. GRNAPP=GRAIN APPEARANCE: This is a 1 to 9 rating for the general appearance of the shelled grain as it is harvested based on such factors as the color of harvested grain, any mold on the grain, and any cracked grain. Higher scores indicate better grain visual quality. H and H1: Refers to the haploid generation. HAPLOID PLANT PART: Refers to a plant part or cell that has a haploid genotype. HCBLT=HELMINTHOSPORIUM CARBONUMLEAF BLIGHT (Helminthosporium carbonum): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance toHelminthosporiuminfection. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. HD SMT=HEAD SMUT (Sphacelotheca reiliana): This indicates the percentage of plants not infected. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. HSKCVR=HUSK COVER: A 1 to 9 score based on performance relative to key checks, with a score of 1 indicating very short husks, tip of ear and kernels showing; 5 is intermediate coverage of the ear under most conditions, sometimes with thin husk; and a 9 has husks extending and closed beyond the tip of the ear. Scoring can best be done near physiological maturity stage or any time during dry down until harvested. HTFRM=Near-infrared transmission spectroscopy, NIT, prediction of fermentables. HYBRID VARIETY: A substantially heterozygous hybrid line and minor genetic modifications thereof that retain the overall genetics of the hybrid line. INBRED: A variety developed through inbreeding or doubled haploidy that preferably comprises homozygous alleles at about 95% or more of its loci. An inbred can be reproduced by selfing or growing in isolation so that the plants can only pollinate with the same inbred variety. INTROGRESS ION: The process of transferring genetic material from one genotype to another. KERNEL PERICARP COLOR is scored when kernels have dried down and is taken at or about 65 days after 50% silk. Score codes are: Colorless=1; Red with white crown=2; Tan=3; Bronze=4; Brown=5; Light red=6; Cherry red=7. KER_WT=KERNEL NUMBER PER UNIT WEIGHT (Pounds or Grams): The number of kernels in a specific measured weight; determined after removal of extremely small and large kernels. LINKAGE: Refers to a phenomenon wherein alleles on the same chromosome tend to segregate together more often than expected by chance if their transmission was independent. LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM: Refers to a phenomenon wherein alleles tend to remain together in linkage groups when segregating from parents to offspring, with a greater frequency than expected from their individual frequencies. LOCUS: A specific location on a chromosome. LOCUS CONVERSION: (Also called TRAIT CONVERSION) A locus conversion refers to plants within a variety that have been modified in a manner that retains the overall genetics of the variety and further comprises one or more loci with a specific desired trait, such as male sterility, insect resistance, disease resistance or herbicide tolerance or resistance. Examples of single locus conversions include mutant genes, transgenes and native traits finely mapped to a single locus. One or more locus conversion traits may be introduced into a single corn variety. LRTLPN=LATE ROOT LODGING: An estimate of the percentage of plants that do not root lodge after anthesis through harvest; plants that lean from the vertical axis at an approximately 30-degree angle or greater would be considered as root lodged. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. LRTLSC=LATE ROOT LODGING SCORE: Score for severity of plants that lean from a vertical axis at an approximate 30-degree angle or greater which typically results from strong winds after flowering. Recorded prior to harvest when a root-lodging event has occurred. This lodging results in plants that are leaned or “lodged” over at the base of the plant and do not straighten or “goose-neck” back to a vertical position. Expressed as a 1 to 9 score with 9 being no lodging. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. MALE STERILITY: A male sterile plant is one which produces no viable pollen no (pollen that is able to fertilize the egg to produce a viable seed). Male sterility prevents self pollination. These male sterile plants are therefore useful in hybrid plant production. MDMCPX=MAIZE DWARF MOSAIC COMPLEX (MDMV=Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus and MCDV=Maize Chlorotic Dwarf Virus). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Maize Dwarf Mosaic Complex. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. MILKLN=percent milk in mature grain. MST=HARVEST MOISTURE: The moisture is the actual percentage moisture of the grain at harvest. NEI DISTANCE: A quantitative measure of percent similarity between two varieties. Nei's distance between varieties A and B can be defined as 1−(2*number alleles in common/(number alleles in A+number alleles in B). For example, if varieties A and B are the same for 95 out of 100 alleles, the Nei distance would be 0.05. If varieties A and B are the same for 98 out of 100 alleles, the Nei distance would be 0.02. Free software for calculating Nei distance is available on the internet at multiple locations. See Nei, Proc Natl Acad Sci, 76:5269-5273 (1979). NLFBLT=NORTHERN LEAF BLIGHT (Helminthosporium turcicumorExserohilum turcicum): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Northern Leaf Blight. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. NUCLEIC ACID: An acidic, chainlike biological macromolecule consisting of multiple repeat units of phosphoric acid, sugar, and purine and pyrimidine bases. OILT=GRAIN OIL: Absolute value of oil content of the kernel as predicted by Near-Infrared Transmittance and expressed as a percent of dry matter. PERCENT IDENTITY: Percent identity as used herein refers to the comparison of the alleles present in two varieties. For example, when comparing two inbred plants to each other, each inbred plant will have the same allele (and therefore be homozygous) at almost all of their loci. Percent identity is determined by comparing a statistically significant number of the homozygous alleles of two varieties. For example, a percent identity of 90% between X18R501 and other variety means that the two varieties have the same homozygous alleles at 90% of their loci. PLANT: As used herein, the term “plant” includes reference to an immature or mature whole plant, including a plant that has been detasseled or from which seed or grain has been removed. Seed or embryo that will produce the plant is also considered to be the plant. PLANT PART: As used herein, the term “plant part” includes leaves, stems, roots, seed, grain, embryo, pollen, ovules, flowers, ears, cobs, husks, stalks, root tips, anthers, pericarp, silk, tissue, cells and the like. In some embodiments, the plant part contains at least one cell of hybrid maize variety X18R501 or a locus conversion thereof. PLATFORM indicates the variety with the base genetics and the variety with the base genetics comprising locus conversion(s). There can be a platform for the inbred maize variety and the hybrid maize variety. PLTHT=PLANT HEIGHT: This is a measure of the height of the plant from the ground to the tip of the tassel in inches. POLSC=POLLEN SCORE: A 0 to 9 visual rating indicating the amount of pollen shed. The higher the score the more pollen shed. POLWT=POLLEN WEIGHT: This is calculated by dry weight of tassels collected as shedding commences minus dry weight from similar tassels harvested after shedding is complete. RM=RELATIVE MATURITY: This is a predicted relative maturity based on the harvest moisture of the grain. The relative maturity rating is based on a known set of checks and utilizes standard linear regression analyses and is also referred to as the Comparative Relative Maturity Rating System that is similar to the Minnesota Relative Maturity Rating System. PROT=GRAIN PROTEIN: Absolute value of protein content of the kernel as predicted by Near-Infrared Transmittance and expressed as a percent of dry matter. RESISTANCE: Synonymous with tolerance. The ability of a plant to withstand exposure to an insect, disease, herbicide or other condition. A resistant plant variety will have a level of resistance higher than a comparable wild-type variety. ROOT LODGING: Root lodging is the percentage of plants that do not root lodge; plants that lean from the vertical axis at an approximately 30-degree angle or greater would be counted as root lodged. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. SEED: Fertilized and ripened ovule, consisting of the plant embryo, varying amounts of stored food material, and a protective outer seed coat. Synonymous with grain. SEL IND=SELECTION INDEX: The selection index gives a single measure of the hybrid's worth based on information for multiple traits. A maize breeder may utilize his or her own set of traits for the selection index. One of the traits that is almost always included is yield. The selection index data presented in the tables represent the mean value averaged across testing stations. SELF POLLINATION: A plant is self-pollinated if pollen from one flower is transferred to the same or another flower of the same plant. SIB POLLINATION: A plant is sib-pollinated when individuals within the same family or variety are used for pollination. SITE SPECIFIC INTEGRATION: Genes that create a site for site specific DNA integration. This includes the introduction of FRT sites that may be used in the FLP/FRT system and/or Lox sites that may be used in the Cre/Loxp system. For example, see WO 99/25821. SLFBLT=SOUTHERN LEAF BLIGHT (Helminthosporium maydisorBipolaris maydis): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Southern Leaf Blight. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. SNP=SINGLE-NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM: is a DNA sequence variation occurring when a single nucleotide in the genome differs between individual plant or plant varieties. The differences can be equated with different alleles, and indicate polymorphisms. A number of SNP markers can be used to determine a molecular profile of an individual plant or plant variety and can be used to compare similarities and differences among plants and plant varieties. SOURST=SOUTHERN RUST (Puccinia polysora): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Southern Rust. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. SPKDSC=SPIKELET DENSITY SCORE: The visual 1-9 rating of how dense spikelets are on the middle tassel branches. A higher score indicates higher spikelet density. STAGRN=STAY GREEN: Stay green is the measure of plant health near the time of black layer formation (physiological maturity). A high score indicates better late-season plant health. STKLDS=STALK LODGING SCORE: A plant is considered as stalk lodged if the stalk is broken or crimped between the ear and the ground. This can be caused by any or a combination of the following: strong winds late in the season, disease pressure within the stalks, ECB damage or genetically weak stalks. This trait should be taken just prior to or at harvest. Expressed on a 1 to 9 scale with 9 being no lodging. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. STLLPN=LATE STALK LODGING: This is the percent of plants that did not stalk lodge (stalk breakage or crimping) at or around late season harvest (when grain moisture is below 20%) as measured by either natural lodging or pushing the stalks and determining the percentage of plants that break or crimp below the ear. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. STLPCN=STALK LODGING REGULAR: This is an estimate of the percentage of plants that did not stalk lodge (stalk breakage) at regular harvest (when grain moisture is between about 20% and 30%) as measured by either natural lodging or pushing the stalks and determining the percentage of plants that break below the ear. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. STWWLT=Stewart's Wilt (Erwinia stewartii): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Stewart's Wilt. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. SSRs: Genetic markers based on polymorphisms in repeated nucleotide sequences, such as microsatellites. A marker system based on SSRs can be highly informative in linkage analysis relative to other marker systems in that multiple alleles may be present. TASBRN=TASSEL BRANCH NUMBER: The number of tassel branches, with anthers originating from the central spike. TASSZ=TASSEL SIZE: A 1 to 9 visual rating was used to indicate the relative size of the tassel. A higher rating means a larger tassel. TAS WT=TASSEL WEIGHT: This is the average weight of a tassel (grams) just prior to pollen shed. TILLER=TILLERS: A count of the number of tillers per plot that could possibly shed pollen was taken. Data are given as a percentage of tillers: number of tillers per plot divided by number of plants per plot. A tiller is defined as a secondary shoot that has developed as a tassel capable of shedding pollen. TSTWT=TEST WEIGHT (ADJUSTED): The measure of the weight of the grain in pounds for a given volume (bushel), adjusted for MST less than or equal to 22%. TSTWTN=TEST WEIGHT (UNADJUSTED): The measure of the weight of the grain in pounds for a given volume (bushel). VARIETY: A maize line and minor genetic modifications thereof that retain the overall genetics of the line including but not limited to a locus conversion, a mutation, or a somoclonal variant. YIELD BU/A=YIELD (BUSHELS/ACRE): Yield of the grain at harvest by weight or volume (bushels) per unit area (acre) adjusted to 15% moisture. The yield platform BLUP is a value derived by averaging for all members of the platform weighted by the inverse of the Standard Errors. YLDSC=YIELD SCORE: A 1 to 9 visual rating was used to give a relative rating for yield based on plot ear piles. The higher the rating the greater visual yield appearance. YIELDS=Silage Dry Matter Yield (tons/acre @ 100% DM) MLKYLD=Estimated pounds of milk produced per ton of dry matter fed and is based on utilizing nutrient content and fiber digestibility ADJMLK=Estimated pounds of milk produced per acre of silage dry matter based on an equation and is MLKYLD divided by YIELDS. SLGPRM=Silage Predicted Relative Maturity Silage Yields (Tonnage) Adjusted to 30% Dry Matter PCTMST=Silage Harvest Moisture % NDFDR=Silage Fiber Digestibility Based on rumen fluid NIRS calibration NDFDC=Silage Fiber Digestibility Based on rumen fluid NIRS calibration All tables discussed in the Detailed Description section can be found at the end of the section. Phenotypic Characteristics of X18R501 Hybrid Maize Variety X18R501 is a single cross maize variety and can be made by crossing inbreds 1PCBY70 and PH4BY5. Locus conversions of Hybrid Maize Variety X18R501 can be made by crossing inbreds 1PCBY70 and PH4BY5 wherein 1PCBY70 and/or PH4BY5 comprise a locus conversion(s). The maize variety has shown uniformity and stability within the limits of environmental influence for all the traits as described in the Variety Description Information (see Table 1, found at the end of the section). The inbred parents of this maize variety have been self-pollinated and ear-rowed a sufficient number of generations with careful attention paid to uniformity of plant type to ensure the homozygosity and phenotypic stability necessary for use in commercial hybrid seed production. The variety has been increased both by hand and in isolated fields with continued observation for uniformity. No variant traits have been observed or are expected in X18R501. Hybrid Maize Variety X18R501 can be reproduced by planting seeds of the inbred parent varieties, growing the resulting maize plants under cross pollinating conditions, and harvesting the resulting seed using techniques familiar to the agricultural arts. Genotypic Characteristics of X18R501 In addition to phenotypic observations, a plant can also be described or identified by its genotype. The genotype of a plant can be characterized through a genetic marker profile. Genetic marker profiles can be obtained by techniques such as Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs), Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs), Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) which are also referred to as Microsatellites, and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). Particular markers used for these purposes may include any type of marker and marker profile which provides a means of distinguishing varieties. A genetic marker profile can be used, for example, to identify plants of the same variety or related varieties or to determine or validate a pedigree. In addition to being used for identification of maize variety X18R501 and its plant parts, the genetic marker profile is also useful in developing a locus conversion of X18R501. Methods of isolating nucleic acids from maize plants and methods for performing genetic marker profiles using SNP and SSR polymorphisms are well known in the art. SNPs are genetic markers based on a polymorphism in a single nucleotide. A marker system based on SNPs can be highly informative in linkage analysis relative to other marker systems in that multiple alleles may be present. A method comprising isolating nucleic acids, such as DNA, from a plant, a plant part, plant cell or a seed of the maize plants disclosed herein is provided. The method can include mechanical, electrical and/or chemical disruption of the plant, plant part, plant cell or seed, contacting the disrupted plant, plant part, plant cell or seed with a buffer or solvent, to produce a solution or suspension comprising nucleic acids, optionally contacting the nucleic acids with a precipitating agent to precipitate the nucleic acids, optionally extracting the nucleic acids, and optionally separating the nucleic acids such as by centrifugation or by binding to beads or a column, with subsequent elution, or a combination thereof. If DNA is being isolated, an RNase can be included in one or more of the method steps. The nucleic acids isolated can comprise all or substantially all of the genomic DNA sequence, all or substantially all of the chromosomal DNA sequence or all or substantially all of the coding sequences (cDNA) of the plant, plant part, or plant cell from which they were isolated. The amount and type of nucleic acids isolated may be sufficient to permit whole genome sequencing of the plant from which they were isolated or chromosomal marker analysis of the plant from which they were isolated. The methods can be used to produce nucleic acids from the plant, plant part, seed or cell, which nucleic acids can be, for example, analyzed to produce data. The data can be recorded. The nucleic acids from the disrupted cell, the disrupted plant, plant part, plant cell or seed or the nucleic acids following isolation or separation can be contacted with primers and nucleotide bases, and/or a polymerase to facilitate PCR sequencing or marker analysis of the nucleic acids. In some examples, the nucleic acids produced can be sequenced or contacted with markers to produce a genetic profile, a molecular profile, a marker profile, a haplotype, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the genetic profile or nucleotide sequence is recorded on a computer readable medium. In other examples, the methods may further comprise using the nucleic acids produced from plants, plant parts, plant cells or seeds in a plant breeding program, for example in making crosses, selection and/or advancement decisions in a breeding program. Crossing includes any type of plant breeding crossing method, including but not limited to crosses to produce hybrids, outcrossing, selfing, backcrossing, locus conversion, introgression and the like. Favorable genotypes and or marker profiles, optionally associated with a trait of interest, may be identified by one or more methodologies. In some examples one or more markers are used, including but not limited to AFLPs, RFLPs, ASH, SSRs, SNPs, indels, padlock probes, molecular inversion probes, microarrays, sequencing, and the like. In some methods, a target nucleic acid is amplified prior to hybridization with a probe. In other cases, the target nucleic acid is not amplified prior to hybridization, such as methods using molecular inversion probes. In some examples, the genotype related to a specific trait is monitored, while in other examples, a genome-wide evaluation including but not limited to one or more of marker panels, library screens, association studies, microarrays, gene chips, expression studies, or sequencing such as whole-genome resequencing and genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) may be used. In some examples, no target-specific probe is needed, for example by using sequencing technologies, including but not limited to next-generation sequencing methods (see, for example, Metzker (2010) Nat Rev Genet 11:31-46; and, Egan et al. (2012) Am J Bot 99:175-185) such as sequencing by synthesis (e.g., Roche 454 pyrosequencing, IIlumina Genome Analyzer, and Ion Torrent PGM or Proton systems), sequencing by ligation (e.g., SOLiD from Applied Biosystems, and Polnator system from Azco Biotech), and single molecule sequencing (SMS or third-generation sequencing) which eliminate template amplification (e.g., Helicos system, and PacBio RS system from Pacific BioSciences). Further technologies include optical sequencing systems (e.g., Starlight from Life Technologies), and nanopore sequencing (e.g., GridION from Oxford Nanopore Technologies). Each of these may be coupled with one or more enrichment strategies for organellar or nuclear genomes in order to reduce the complexity of the genome under investigation via PCR, hybridization, restriction enzyme (see, e.g., Elshire et al. (2011) PLoS ONE 6:e19379), and expression methods. In some examples, no reference genome sequence is needed in order to complete the analysis. X18R501 and its plant parts can be identified through a molecular marker profile. Such plant parts may be either diploid or haploid. The plant part includes at least one cell of the plant from which it was obtained, such as a diploid cell, a haploid cell or a somatic cell. Also provided are plants and plant parts substantially benefiting from the use of variety X18R501 in their development, such as variety X18R501 comprising a locus conversion. Comparisons of Maize Variety Hybrid X18R501 A breeder uses various methods to help determine which plants should be selected from segregating populations and ultimately which inbred varieties will be used to develop hybrids for commercialization. In addition to knowledge of the germplasm and plant genetics, a part of the hybrid selection process is dependent on experimental design coupled with the use of statistical analysis. Experimental design and statistical analysis are used to help determine which hybrid combinations are significantly better or different for one or more traits of interest. Experimental design methods are used to assess error so that differences between two hybrid varieties can be more accurately evaluated. Statistical analysis includes the calculation of mean values, determination of the statistical significance of the sources of variation, and the calculation of the appropriate variance components. One of ordinary skill in the art of plant breeding would know how to evaluate the traits of two plant varieties to determine if there is no significant difference between the two traits expressed by those varieties. Mean trait values may be used to determine whether trait differences are significant. Trait values should preferably be measured on plants grown under the same environmental conditions, and environmental conditions should be appropriate for the traits or traits being evaluated. Sufficient selection pressure should be present for optimum measurement of traits of interest such as herbicide tolerance or herbicide, insect or disease resistance. For example, a locus conversion of X18R501 for herbicide resistance or tolerance should be compared with an isogenic counterpart in the absence of the herbicide. In addition, a locus conversion for insect or disease resistance should be compared to the isogenic counterpart, in the absence of disease pressure or insect pressure. BLUP, Best Linear Unbiased Prediction, values can be reported for maize hybrid X18R501 and/or maize hybrid X18R501 comprising locus conversions. BLUP values can also be reported for other hybrids adapted to the same growing region as maize hybrid X18R501 with corresponding locus conversions. Development of Maize Hybrids Using X18R501 During the inbreeding process in maize, the vigor of the varieties decreases. However, vigor is restored when two different inbred varieties are crossed to produce the hybrid progeny (F1). An important consequence of the homozygosity and homogeneity of the inbred varieties is that the hybrid between a defined pair of inbreds may be reproduced indefinitely as long as the homogeneity of the inbred parents is maintained. Once the inbreds that create a superior hybrid have been identified, a continual supply of the hybrid seed can be produced using these inbred parents and the hybrid corn plants can then be generated from this hybrid seed supply. X18R501 or its parents may also be used to produce a double cross hybrid or a three-way hybrid. A single cross hybrid is produced when two inbred varieties are crossed to produce the F1 progeny. A double cross hybrid is produced from four inbred varieties crossed in pairs (A×B and C×D) and then the two F1 hybrids are crossed again (A×B)×(C×D). A three-way cross hybrid is produced from three inbred varieties where two of the inbred varieties are crossed (A×B) and then the resulting F1 hybrid is crossed with the third inbred variety (A×B)×C. In each case, pericarp tissue from the female parent will be a part of and protect the hybrid seed. Another form of commercial hybrid production involves the use of a mixture of male sterile hybrid seed and male pollinator seed. When planted, the resulting male sterile hybrid plants are pollinated by the pollinator plants. This method can be used to produce grain with enhanced quality grain traits, such as high oil, because desired quality grain traits expressed in the pollinator will also be expressed in the grain produced on the male sterile hybrid plant. In this method the desired quality grain trait does not have to be incorporated by lengthy procedures such as recurrent backcross selection into an inbred parent line. One use of this method is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,704,160 and 5,706,603. Molecular data from X18R501 may be used in a plant breeding process. Nucleic acids may be isolated from a seed of X18R501 or from a plant, plant part, or cell produced by growing a seed of X18R501, or from a seed of X18R501 with a locus conversion, or from a plant, plant part, or cell of X18R501 with a locus conversion. One or more polymorphisms may be isolated from the nucleic acids. A plant having one or more of the identified polymorphisms may be selected and used in a plant breeding method to produce another plant. Introduction of a New Trait or Locus into Hybrid Maize Variety X18R501 Hybrid variety X18R501 represents a new base genetic line into which a new locus or trait may be introduced or introgressed. Transformation and backcrossing represent two methods that can be used to accomplish such an introgression. The term locus conversion is used to designate the product of such an introgression. To select and develop a superior hybrid, it is necessary to identify and select genetically unique individuals that occur in a segregating population. The segregating population is the result of a combination of crossover events plus the independent assortment of specific combinations of alleles at many gene loci that results in specific and unique genotypes. Once such a variety is developed its value to society is substantial since it is important to advance the germplasm base as a whole in order to maintain or improve traits such as yield, disease resistance, pest resistance and plant performance in extreme weather conditions. Locus conversions are routinely used to add or modify one or a few traits of such a line and this further enhances its value and usefulness to society. Backcrossing can be used to improve inbred varieties and a hybrid variety which is made using those inbreds. Backcrossing can be used to transfer a specific desirable trait from one variety, the donor parent, to an inbred called the recurrent parent which has overall good agronomic characteristics yet that lacks the desirable trait. This transfer of the desirable trait into an inbred with overall good agronomic characteristics can be accomplished by first crossing a recurrent parent to a donor parent (non-recurrent parent). The progeny of this cross is then mated back to the recurrent parent followed by selection in the resultant progeny for the desired trait to be transferred from the non-recurrent parent. Traits may be used by those of ordinary skill in the art to characterize progeny. Traits are commonly evaluated at a significance level, such as a 1%, 5% or 10% significance level, when measured in plants grown in the same environmental conditions. For example, a locus conversion of X18R501 may be characterized as having essentially the same or essentially all of the phenotypic traits or physiological and morphological traits or characteristics as X18R501. By essentially all of the phenotypic characteristics or morphological and physiological characteristics, it is meant that all of the characteristics of a plant are recovered that are otherwise present when compared in the same environment, other than an occasional variant trait that might arise during backcrossing or direct introduction of a transgene or genetic modification. The traits used for comparison may be those traits shown in Table 1 as determined at the 5% significance level when grown under the same environmental conditions. Molecular markers can also be used during the breeding process for the selection of qualitative traits. For example, markers can be used to select plants that contain the alleles of interest during a backcrossing breeding program. The markers can also be used to select for the genome of the recurrent parent and against the genome of the donor parent. Using this procedure can minimize the amount of genome from the donor parent that remains in the selected plants. A backcross or locus conversion of X18R501 can be developed when DNA sequences are introduced through backcrossing, with a parent of X18R501 utilized as the recurrent parent. Naturally occurring, modified and transgenic DNA sequences may be introduced through backcrossing techniques. A backcross or locus conversion may produce a plant with a trait or locus conversion in at least one or more backcrosses, including at least 2 backcrosses, at least 3 backcrosses, at least 4 backcrosses, at least 5 backcrosses and the like. Molecular marker assisted breeding or selection may be utilized to reduce the number of backcrosses necessary to achieve the backcross conversion. For example, see Openshaw, et al., “Marker-assisted Selection in Backcross Breeding” in: Proceedings Symposium of the Analysis of Molecular Data, August 1994, Crop Science Society of America, Corvallis, OR, which demonstrated that a backcross locus conversion can be made in as few as two backcrosses. The complexity of the backcross conversion method depends on the type of trait being transferred (a single gene or closely linked genes compared to unlinked genes), the level of expression of the trait, the type of inheritance (cytoplasmic or nuclear), dominant or recessive trait expression, and the types of parents included in the cross. It is understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that for single locus or gene traits that are relatively easy to classify, the backcross method is effective and relatively easy to manage. Desired traits that may be transferred through backcross conversion include, but are not limited to, waxy starch, sterility (nuclear and cytoplasmic), fertility restoration, grain color (white), nutritional enhancements, drought tolerance, nitrogen utilization, altered fatty acid profile, increased digestibility, low phytate, industrial enhancements, disease resistance (bacterial, fungal, or viral), insect resistance, and herbicide tolerance or resistance. A locus conversion, also called a trait conversion, can be a native trait or a transgenic trait. In addition, a recombination site itself, such as an FRT site, Lox site or other site specific integration site, may be inserted by backcrossing and utilized for direct insertion of one or more genes of interest into a specific plant variety. The trait of interest is transferred from the donor parent to the recurrent parent, in this case, an inbred parent of the maize variety disclosed herein. A single locus may contain several transgenes, such as a transgene for disease resistance that, in the same expression vector, also contains a transgene for herbicide tolerance or resistance. The gene for herbicide tolerance or resistance may be used as a selectable marker and/or as a phenotypic trait. A single locus conversion of a site specific integration system allows for the integration of multiple genes at a known recombination site in the genome. At least one, at least two or at least three and less than ten, less than nine, less than eight, less than seven, less than six, less than five or less than four locus conversions may be introduced into the plant by backcrossing, introgression or transformation to express the desired trait, while the plant, or a plant grown from the seed, plant part or plant cell, otherwise retains the phenotypic characteristics of the deposited seed when grown under the same environmental conditions. The backcross or locus conversion may result from either the transfer of a dominant allele or a recessive allele. Selection of progeny containing the trait of interest can be accomplished by direct selection for a trait associated with a dominant allele. Transgenes transferred via backcrossing typically function as a dominant single gene trait and are relatively easy to classify. Selection of progeny for a trait that is transferred via a recessive allele, such as the waxy starch characteristic, requires growing and selfing the first backcross generation to determine which plants carry the recessive alleles. Recessive traits may require additional progeny testing in successive backcross generations to determine the presence of the locus of interest. The last backcross generation is usually selfed to give pure breeding progeny for the gene(s) being transferred, although a backcross conversion with a stably introgressed trait may also be maintained by further backcrossing to the recurrent parent with selection for the converted trait. Along with selection for the trait of interest, progeny are selected for the phenotype and/or genotype of the recurrent parent. While occasionally additional polynucleotide sequences or genes may be transferred along with the backcross conversion, the backcross conversion variety “fits into the same hybrid combination as the recurrent parent inbred variety and contributes the effect of the additional locus added through the backcross.” See Poehlman et al. (1995) Breeding Field Crop, 4th Ed., Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA., pp. 132-155 and 321-344. When one or more traits are introgressed into the variety a difference in quantitative agronomic traits, such as yield or dry down, between the variety and an introgressed version of the variety in some environments may occur. For example, the introgressed version, may provide a net yield increase in environments where the trait provides a benefit, such as when a variety with an introgressed trait for insect resistance is grown in an environment where insect pressure exists, or when a variety with herbicide tolerance is grown in an environment where the herbicide is used. The modified X18R501 may be further characterized as having essentially the same phenotypic characteristics of maize variety X18R501 such as are listed in Table 1 when grown under the same or similar environmental conditions and/or may be characterized by percent identity to X18R501 as determined by molecular markers, such as SSR markers or SNP markers. Examples of percent identity determined using markers include at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 99.5%. Traits can be used by those of ordinary skill in the art to characterize progeny. Traits are commonly evaluated at a significance level, such as a 1%, 5% or 10% significance level, when measured in plants grown in the same environmental conditions. Male Sterility and Hybrid Seed Production Hybrid seed production requires elimination or inactivation of pollen produced by the female inbred parent. Incomplete removal or inactivation of the pollen provides the potential for self-pollination. A reliable method of controlling male fertility in plants offers the opportunity for improved seed production. There are several ways in which a maize plant can be manipulated so that it is male sterile. These include use of manual or mechanical emasculation (or detasseling), use of one or more genetic factors that confer male sterility, including cytoplasmic genetic and/or nuclear genetic male sterility, use of gametocides and the like. A male sterile variety designated X18R501 may include one or more genetic factors, which result in cytoplasmic genetic and/or nuclear genetic male sterility. The male sterility may be either partial or complete male sterility. Hybrid maize seed is often produced by a male sterility system incorporating manual or mechanical detasseling. Alternate strips of two inbred varieties of maize are planted in a field, and the pollen-bearing tassels are removed from one of the inbreds (female). Provided that there is sufficient isolation from sources of foreign maize pollen, the ears of the detasseled inbred will be fertilized only from the other inbred (male), and the resulting seed is therefore hybrid and will form hybrid plants. Large scale commercial maize hybrid production, as it is practiced today, requires the use of some form of male sterility system which controls or inactivates male fertility. A reliable method of controlling male fertility in plants also offers the opportunity for improved plant breeding. This is especially true for development of maize hybrids, which relies upon some sort of male sterility system. There are several ways in which a maize plant can be manipulated so that is male sterile. These include use of manual or mechanical emasculation (or detasseling), cytoplasmic genetic male sterility, nuclear genetic male sterility, gametocides and the like. The laborious detasseling process can be avoided by using cytoplasmic male-sterile (CMS) inbreds. Plants of a CMS inbred are male sterile as a result of genetic factors in the cytoplasm, as opposed to the nucleus, and so nuclear linked genes are not transferred during backcrossing. Thus, this characteristic is inherited exclusively through the female parent in maize plants, since only the female provides cytoplasm to the fertilized seed. CMS plants are fertilized with pollen from another inbred that is not male-sterile. Pollen from the second inbred may or may not contribute genes that make the hybrid plants male-fertile, and either option may be preferred depending on the intended use of the hybrid. The same hybrid seed, a portion produced from detasseled fertile maize and a portion produced using the CMS system can be blended to insure that adequate pollen loads are available for fertilization when the hybrid plants are grown. CMS systems have been successfully used since the 1950's, and the male sterility trait is routinely backcrossed into inbred varieties. There are several methods of conferring genetic male sterility available, such as multiple mutant genes at separate locations within the genome that confer male sterility, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,654,465 and 4,727,219 to Brar et al. and chromosomal translocations as described by Patterson in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,861,709 and 3,710,511. In addition to these methods, Albertsen et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,432,068, describes a system of nuclear male sterility which includes: identifying a gene which is needed for male fertility; silencing this native gene which is needed for male fertility; removing the native promoter from the essential male fertility gene and replacing it with an inducible promoter; inserting this genetically engineered gene back into the plant; and thus creating a plant that is male sterile because the inducible promoter is not “on” resulting in the male fertility gene not being transcribed. Fertility is restored by inducing, or turning “on”, the promoter, which in turn allows the gene that confers male fertility to be transcribed. These, and the other methods of conferring genetic male sterility in the art, each possess their own benefits and drawbacks. Some other methods use a variety of approaches such as delivering into the plant a gene encoding a cytotoxic substance associated with a male tissue specific promoter or an antisense system in which a gene needed for fertility is identified and an antisense to that gene is inserted in the plant (see Fabinjanski, et al. EPO 89/3010153.8 publication no. 329,308 and PCT application PCT/CA90/00037 published as WO 90/08828). Another system for controlling male sterility makes use of gametocides. Gametocides are not a genetic system, but rather a topical application of chemicals. These chemicals affect cells that are needed for male fertility. The application of these chemicals affects fertility in the plants only for the growing season in which the gametocide is applied (see Carlson, Glenn R., and U.S. Pat. No. 4,936,904). Application of the gametocide, timing of the application and genotype specificity often limit the usefulness of the approach and it is not appropriate in all situations. Transformation Transgenes and transformation methods facilitate engineering of the genome of plants to contain and express heterologous genetic elements, such as foreign genetic elements, or additional copies of endogenous elements, or modified versions of native or endogenous genetic elements in order to alter at least one trait of a plant in a specific manner. Any sequences, such as DNA, whether from a different species or from the same species, which have been stably inserted into a genome using transformation are referred to herein collectively as “transgenes” and/or “transgenic events”. Transgenes can be moved from one genome to another using breeding techniques which may include, for example, crossing, backcrossing or double haploid production. In some embodiments, a transformed variant of X18R501 may comprise at least one transgene but could contain at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and/or no more than 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, or 2. Transformed versions of the claimed maize variety X18R501 containing and inheriting the transgene thereof are provided. Numerous methods for plant transformation have been developed, including biological and physical plant transformation protocols. In addition, expression vectors and in vitro culture methods for plant cell or tissue transformation and regeneration of plants are available. See, for example, Qiudeng, Q. et al. (2014) Maize transformation technology development for commercial event generation, Frontiers in Plant Science 5: 379. In general, methods to transform, modify, edit or alter plant endogenous genomic DNA include altering the plant native DNA sequence or a pre-existing transgenic sequence including regulatory elements, coding and non-coding sequences. These methods can be used, for example, to target nucleic acids to pre-engineered target recognition sequences in the genome. Such pre-engineered target sequences may be introduced by genome editing or modification. As an example, a genetically modified plant variety is generated using “custom” or engineered endonucleases such as meganucleases produced to modify plant genomes (see e.g., WO 2009/114321; Gao et al. (2010) Plant Journal 1:176-187). Another site-directed engineering method is through the use of zinc finger domain recognition coupled with the restriction properties of restriction enzyme. See e.g., Urnov, et al., (2010) Nat Rev Genet. 11(9):636-46; Shukla, et al., (2009) Nature 459 (7245):437-41. A transcription activator-like (TAL) effector-DNA modifying enzyme (TALE or TALEN) is also used to engineer changes in plant genome. See e.g., US20110145940, Cermak et al., (2011) Nucleic Acids Res. 39(12) and Boch et al., (2009), Science 326(5959): 1509-12. Site-specific modification of plant genomes can also be performed using the bacterial type II CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas (CRISPR-associated) system. See e.g., Belhaj et al., (2013), Plant Methods 9: 39; The Cas9/guide RNA-based system allows targeted cleavage of genomic DNA guided by a customizable small noncoding RNA in plants (see e.g., WO 2015026883A1). Plant transformation methods may involve the construction of an expression vector. Such a vector comprises a DNA sequence that contains a gene under the control of or operatively linked to a regulatory element, for example a promoter. The vector may contain one or more genes and one or more regulatory elements. A transgenic event which has been stably engineered into the germ cell line of a particular maize plant using transformation techniques, could be moved into the germ cell line of another variety using traditional breeding techniques that are well known in the plant breeding arts. These varieties can then be crossed to generate a hybrid maize variety plant such as maize variety plant X18R501 which comprises a transgenic event. For example, a backcrossing approach is commonly used to move a transgenic event from a transformed maize plant to another variety, and the resulting progeny would then comprise the transgenic event(s). Also, if an inbred variety was used for the transformation then the transgenic plants could be crossed to a different inbred in order to produce a transgenic hybrid maize plant. Various genetic elements can be introduced into the plant genome using transformation. These elements include, but are not limited to genes; coding sequences; inducible, constitutive, and tissue specific promoters; enhancing sequences; and signal and targeting sequences. For example, see the traits, genes and transformation methods listed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,118,055 and 6,284,953. In addition, transformability of a variety can be increased by introgressing the trait of high transformability from another variety known to have high transformability, such as Hi-II. See U.S. Patent Application Publication US 2004/0016030. With transgenic or genetically modified plants, a foreign protein can be produced in commercial quantities. Thus, techniques for the selection and propagation of transformed plants, which are well understood in the art, yield a plurality of transgenic or genetically modified plants that are harvested in a conventional manner, and a foreign protein then can be extracted from a tissue of interest or from total biomass. Protein extraction from plant biomass can be accomplished by known methods which are discussed, for example, by Sack, M. et al., Curr. Opin. Biotech 32: 163-170 (2015). Transgenic events can be mapped by one of ordinary skill in the art and such techniques are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Plants can be genetically engineered or modified to express various phenotypes of agronomic interest. Through the transformation or modification of maize the expression of genes can be altered to enhance disease resistance, insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, agronomic traits, grain quality and other traits. Transformation can also be used to insert DNA sequences which control or help control male-sterility. DNA sequences native to maize as well as non-native DNA sequences can be transformed into maize and used to alter levels of native or non-native proteins. Various promoters, targeting sequences, enhancing sequences, and other DNA sequences can be inserted into the maize genome for the purpose of altering the expression of proteins. Reduction of the activity of specific genes (also known as gene silencing, or gene suppression) is desirable for several aspects of genetic engineering in plants. Many techniques for gene silencing are well known to one of skill in the art, including but not limited to knock-outs (such as by insertion of a transposable element such as mu or other genetic elements such as a FRT, Lox or other site specific integration site, antisense technology (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,107,065; 5,453, 566; and 5,759,829); co-suppression (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,323), virus-induced gene silencing; target-RNA-specific ribozymes; hairpin structures (WO 99/53050 and WO 98/53083); MicroRNA; ribozymes; oligonucleotide mediated targeted modification (e.g., WO 03/076574 and WO 99/25853); Zn-finger targeted molecules (e.g., WO 01/52620; WO 03/048345; and WO 00/42219); and other methods or combinations of the above methods known to those of skill in the art. Exemplary nucleotide sequences that may be altered by genetic engineering include, but are not limited to, those categorized below.1. Transgenes That Confer Resistance to Insects or Disease and That Encode:(A) Plant disease resistance genes. Plant defenses are often activated by specific interaction between the product of a disease resistance gene (R) in the plant and the product of a corresponding avirulence (Avr) gene in the pathogen. A plant variety can be transformed with cloned resistance gene to engineer plants that are resistant to specific pathogen strains. A plant resistant to a disease is one that is more resistant to a pathogen as compared to the wild type plant.(B) ABacillus thuringiensisprotein, a derivative thereof or a synthetic polypeptide modeled thereon. DNA molecules encoding delta-endotoxin genes can be purchased from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA), for example, under ATCC Accession Nos. 40098, 67136, 31995 and 31998. Other non-limiting examples ofBacillus thuringiensistransgenes being genetically engineered are given in the following patents and patent applications: U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,188,960; 5,689,052; 5,880,275; 5,986,177; 7,105,332; 7,208,474; WO 91/14778; WO 99/31248; WO 01/12731; WO 99/24581; WO 97/40162 and U.S. application Ser. Nos. 10/032,717; 10/414,637; 11/018,615; 11/404,297; 11/404,638; 11/471,878; 11/780,501; 11/780,511; 11/780,503; 11/953,648; and Ser. No. 11/957,893.(C) An insect-specific hormone or pheromone such as an ecdysteroid and juvenile hormone, a variant thereof, a mimetic based thereon, or an antagonist or agonist thereof.(D) An insect-specific peptide which, upon expression, disrupts the physiology of the affected pest. For example, an insect diuretic hormone receptor or an allostatin. See also U.S. Pat. No. 5,266,317 disclosing genes encoding insect-specific toxins.(E) An enzyme responsible for a hyperaccumulation of a monoterpene, a sesquiterpene, a steroid, hydroxamic acid, a phenylpropanoid derivative or another non-protein molecule with insecticidal activity.(F) An enzyme involved in the modification, including the post-translational modification, of a biologically active molecule; for example, a glycolytic enzyme, a proteolytic enzyme, a lipolytic enzyme, a nuclease, a cyclase, a transaminase, an esterase, a hydrolase, a phosphatase, a kinase, a phosphorylase, a polymerase, an elastase, a chitinase and a glucanase, whether natural or synthetic. See PCT application WO 93/02197 in the name of Scott et al., which discloses the nucleotide sequence of a callase gene. DNA molecules which contain chitinase-encoding sequences can be obtained, for example, from the ATCC under Accession Nos. 39637 and 67152. See also U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,563,020; 7,145,060 and 7,087,810.(G) A molecule that stimulates signal transduction. For example, calmodulin cDNA clones.(H) A hydrophobic moment peptide. See PCT application WO 95/16776 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,580,852 disclosure of peptide derivatives of Tachyplesin which inhibit fungal plant pathogens) and PCT application WO 95/18855 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,607,914 (teaches synthetic antimicrobial peptides that confer disease resistance).(I) A membrane permease, a channel former or a channel blocker.(J) A viral-invasive protein or a complex toxin derived therefrom. For example, the accumulation of viral coat proteins in transformed plant cells imparts resistance to viral infection and/or disease development effected by the virus from which the coat protein gene is derived, as well as by related viruses. Coat protein-mediated resistance may been conferred upon transformed plants against, for example, alfalfa mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, tobacco streak virus, potato virus X, potato virus Y, tobacco etch virus, tobacco rattle virus and tobacco mosaic virus.(K) An insect-specific antibody or an immunotoxin derived therefrom. For example, an antibody targeted to a critical metabolic function in the insect gut would inactivate an affected enzyme, killing the insect.(L) A virus-specific antibody. Plants expressing recombinant antibody genes may be protected from virus attack.(M) A developmental-arrestive protein produced in nature by a pathogen or a parasite. For example, fungal endo alpha-1,4-D-polygalacturonases facilitate fungal colonization and plant nutrient release by solubilizing plant cell wall homo-alpha-1,4-D-galacturonase.(N) A developmental-arrestive protein produced in nature by a plant. For example, plants expressing the barley ribosome-inactivating gene may have an increased resistance to fungal disease.(0) Genes involved in the Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) Response and/or the pathogenesis related genes(P) Antifungal genes. See, e.g., U.S. application Ser. Nos. 09/950,933; 11/619,645; 11/657,710; 11/748,994; 11/774,121 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,891,085 and 7,306,946.(Q) Detoxification genes, such as for fumonisin, beauvericin, moniliformin and zearalenone and their structurally related derivatives. For example, see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,716,820; 5,792,931; 5,798,255; 5,846,812; 6,083,736; 6,538,177; 6,388,171 and 6,812,380.(R) Cystatin and cysteine proteinase inhibitors. See U.S. Pat. No. 7,205,453.(S) Defensin genes. See, e.g., WO03000863 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,911,577; 6,855,865; 6,777,592 and 7,238,781.(T) Genes conferring resistance to nematodes. See, e.g., PCT Application WO96/30517; PCT Application WO93/19181, WO 03/033651 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,284,948 and 7,301,069.(U) Genes that confer resistance toPhytophthoraRoot Rot, such as the Rps 1, Rps 1-a, Rps 1-b, Rps 1-c, Rps 1-d, Rps 1-e, Rps 1-k, Rps 2, Rps 3-a, Rps 3-b, Rps 3-c, Rps 4, Rps 5, Rps 6, Rps 7 and other Rps genes.(V) Genes that confer resistance to Brown Stem Rot, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,689,035.(W) Genes that confer resistance toColletotrichum, such as described in US Patent publication US20090035765. This includes the Rcg locus that may be utilized as a single locus conversion.2. Transgenes That Confer Tolerance to A Herbicide, For Example:(A) A herbicide that inhibits the growing point or meristem, such as an imidazolinone or a sulfonylurea. Exemplary genes in this category code for mutant acetolactate synthase (ALS) and acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) enzyme as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,605,011; 5,013,659; 5,141,870; 5,767,361; 5,731,180; 5,304,732; 4,761,373; 5,331,107; 5,928,937; and 5,378,824; US Patent Publication No. 20070214515, and international publication WO 96/33270.(B) Glyphosate (tolerance imparted by mutant 5-enolpyruvl-3-phosphikimate synthase (EPSP) and aroA genes, respectively) and other phosphono compounds such as glufosinate (phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT) andStreptomyces hygroscopicusphosphinothricin acetyl transferase (bar) genes), and pyridinoxy or phenoxy proprionic acids and cyclohexones (ACCase inhibitor-encoding genes). See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,940,835, which discloses the nucleotide sequence of a form of EPSPS which can confer glyphosate tolerance. U.S. Pat. No. 5,627,061 also describes genes encoding EPSPS enzymes. See also U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,566,587; 6,338,961; 6,248,876 B1; 6,040,497; 5,804,425; 5,633,435; 5,145,783; 4,971,908; 5,312,910; 5,188,642; 4,940,835; 5,866,775; 6,225,114 B1; 6,130,366; 5,310,667; 4,535,060; 4,769,061; 5,633,448; 5,510,471; Re. 36,449; RE 37,287 E; and 5,491,288; and international publications EP1173580; WO 01/66704; EP1173581 and EP1173582. Glyphosate tolerance is also imparted to plants that express a gene that encodes a glyphosate oxido-reductase enzyme as described more fully in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,776,760 and 5,463,175. In addition, glyphosate tolerance can be imparted to plants by the over expression of genes encoding glyphosate N-acetyltransferase. See, for example, US2004/0082770; US2005/0246798; and US2008/0234130. A DNA molecule encoding a mutant aroA gene can be obtained under ATCC accession No. 39256, and the nucleotide sequence of the mutant gene is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,769,061. European Patent Application No. 0 333 033 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,975,374 disclose nucleotide sequences of glutamine synthetase genes which confer tolerance to herbicides such as L-phosphinothricin. The nucleotide sequence of a phosphinothricin-acetyl-transferase gene is provided in European Patent Nos. 0 242 246 and 0 242 236. See also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,969,213; 5,489,520; 5,550,318; 5,874,265; 5,919,675; 5,561,236; 5,648,477; 5,646,024; 6,177,616 B1; and 5,879,903. Exemplary genes conferring resistance to phenoxy propionic acids, cyclohexanediones and cyclohexones, such as sethoxydim and haloxyfop, are the Acc1-S1, Acc1-S2 and Acc1-S3 genes.(C) A herbicide that inhibits photosynthesis, such as a triazine (psbA and gs+ genes), glutathione S-transferase and a benzonitrile (nitrilase gene) such as bromoxynil. Nucleotide sequences for nitrilase genes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,648 to Stalker, and DNA molecules containing these genes are available under ATCC Accession Nos. 53435, 67441 and 67442.(D) Other genes that confer tolerance to herbicides include: a gene encoding a chimeric protein of rat cytochrome P4507A1 and yeast NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase, genes for glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase, and genes for various phosphotransferases.(E) A herbicide that inhibits protoporphyrinogen oxidase (protox or PPO) is necessary for the production of chlorophyll, which is necessary for all plant survival. The protox enzyme serves as the target for a variety of herbicidal compounds. PPO-inhibitor herbicides can inhibit growth of all the different species of plants present, causing their total destruction. The development of plants containing altered protox activity which are tolerant to these herbicides are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,288,306 B1; 6,282,837 B1; and 5,767,373; and international patent publication WO 01/12825.(F) Dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid) is an organochloride derivative of benzoic acid which functions by increasing plant growth rate such that the plant dies.3. Transgenes That Confer or Contribute to an Altered Grain Characteristic, Such as:(A) Altered fatty acids, for example, by(1) Down-regulation of stearoyl-ACP desaturase to increase stearic acid content of the plant. See, e.g., WO99/64579,(2) Elevating oleic acid via FAD-2 gene modification and/or decreasing linolenic acid via FAD-3 gene modification (se, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,063,947; 6,323,392; 6,372,965 and WO 93/11245),(3) Altering conjugated linolenic or linoleic acid content, such as in WO 01/12800,(4) Altering LEC1, AGP, Dek1, Superalt mi1ps, various Ipa genes such as Ipa1, Ipa3, hpt or hggt. For example, see WO 02/42424, WO 98/22604, WO 03/011015, WO02/057439, WO03/011015, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,423,886, 6,197,561, 6,825,397, and U.S. Application Serial Nos. US2003/0079247, US2003/0204870.(B) Altered phosphate content, for example, by the(1) Introduction of a phytase-encoding gene would enhance breakdown of phytate, adding more free phosphate to the transformed plant.(2) Modulating a gene that reduces phytate content. In maize, this, for example, could be accomplished, by cloning and then re-introducing DNA associated with one or more of the alleles, such as the LPA alleles, identified in maize mutants characterized by low levels of phytic acid, such as in WO 05/113778 and/or by altering inositol kinase activity as in WO 02/059324, US2003/0009011, WO 03/027243, US2003/0079247, WO 99/05298, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,197,561, 6,291,224, 6,391,348, WO2002/059324, US2003/0079247, Wo98/45448, WO99/55882, WO01/04147.(C) Altered carbohydrates affected, for example, by altering a gene for an enzyme that affects the branching pattern of starch or, a gene altering thioredoxin such as NTR and/or TRX (See U.S. Pat. No. 6,531,648) and/or a gamma zein knock out or mutant such as cs27 or TUSC27 or en27 (See U.S. Pat. No. 6,858,778 and US2005/0160488, US2005/0204418). See e.g., WO 99/10498 (improved digestibility and/or starch extraction through modification of UDP-D-xylose 4-epimerase, Fragile 1 and 2, Ref1, HCHL, C4H) and U.S. Pat. No. 6,232,529 (method of producing high oil seed by modification of starch levels (AGP)). The fatty acid modification genes mentioned herein may also be used to affect starch content and/or composition through the interrelationship of the starch and oil pathways.(D) Altered antioxidant content or composition, such as alteration of tocopherol or tocotrienols. For example, see U.S. Pat. No. 6,787,683, US2004/0034886 and WO 00/68393 involving the manipulation of antioxidant levels, and WO 03/082899 through alteration of a homogentisate geranyl transferase (hggt).(E) Altered essential seed amino acids. For example, see U.S. Pat. No. 6,127,600 (method of increasing accumulation of essential amino acids in seeds), U.S. Pat. No. 6,080,913 (binary methods of increasing accumulation of essential amino acids in seeds), U.S. Pat. No. 5,990,389 (high lysine), WO99/40209 (alteration of amino acid compositions in seeds), WO99/29882 (methods for altering amino acid content of proteins), U.S. Pat. No. 5,850,016 (alteration of amino acid compositions in seeds), WO98/20133 (proteins with enhanced levels of essential amino acids), U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,802 (high methionine), U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,801 (high threonine), U.S. Pat. No. 6,664,445 (plant amino acid biosynthetic enzymes), U.S. Pat. No. 6,459,019 (increased lysine and threonine), U.S. Pat. No. 6,441,274 (plant tryptophan synthase beta subunit), U.S. Pat. No. 6,346,403 (methionine metabolic enzymes), U.S. Pat. No. 5,939,599 (high sulfur), U.S. Pat. No. 5,912,414 (increased methionine), WO98/56935 (plant amino acid biosynthetic enzymes), WO98/45458 (engineered seed protein having higher percentage of essential amino acids), WO98/42831 (increased lysine), U.S. Pat. No. 5,633,436 (increasing sulfur amino acid content), U.S. Pat. No. 5,559,223 (synthetic storage proteins with defined structure containing programmable levels of essential amino acids for improvement of the nutritional value of plants), WO96/01905 (increased threonine), WO95/15392 (increased lysine), US2003/0163838, US2003/0150014, US2004/0068767, U.S. Pat. No. 6,803,498, WO01/79516.4. Genes that Control Male-sterility:There are several methods of conferring genetic male sterility available, such as multiple mutant genes at separate locations within the genome that confer male sterility, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,654,465 and 4,727,219 to Brar et al. and chromosomal translocations as described by Patterson in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,861,709 and 3,710,511. In addition to these methods, Albertsen et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,432,068, describe a system of nuclear male sterility which includes: identifying a gene which is needed for male fertility; silencing this native gene which is needed for male fertility; removing the native promoter from the essential male fertility gene and replacing it with an inducible promoter; inserting this genetically engineered gene back into the plant; and thus creating a plant that is male sterile because the inducible promoter is not “on” resulting in the male fertility gene not being transcribed. Fertility is restored by inducing, or turning “on”, the promoter, which in turn allows the gene that confers male fertility to be transcribed.(A) Introduction of a deacetylase gene under the control of a tapetum-specific promoter and with the application of the chemical N—Ac-PPT (WO 01/29237).(B) Introduction of various stamen-specific promoters (WO 92/13956, WO 92/13957).(C) Introduction of the barnase and the barstar gene. For additional examples of nuclear male and female sterility systems and genes, see also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,859,341; 6,297,426; 5,478,369; 5,824,524; 5,850,014; and 6,265,640.5. Genes that create a site for site specific DNA integration. This includes the introduction of FRT sites that may be used in the FLP/FRT system and/or Lox sites that may be used in the Cre/Loxp system. For example, see WO 99/25821. Other systems that may be used include the Gin recombinase of phage Mu, the Pin recombinase ofE. coli, and the R/RS system of the pSR1 plasmid.6. Genes that affect abiotic stress resistance (including but not limited to flowering, ear and seed development, enhancement of nitrogen utilization efficiency, altered nitrogen responsiveness, drought resistance or tolerance, cold resistance or tolerance, and salt resistance or tolerance) and increased yield under stress. For example, see: WO 00/73475 where water use efficiency is altered through alteration of malate; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,892,009; 5,965,705; 5,929,305; 5,891,859; 6,417,428; 6,664,446; 6,706,866; 6,717,034; 6,801,104; WO2000060089; WO2001026459; WO2001035725; WO2001034726; WO2001035727; WO2001036444; WO2001036597; WO2001036598; WO2002015675; WO2002017430; WO2002077185; WO2002079403; WO2003013227; WO2003013228; WO2003014327; WO2004031349; WO2004076638; WO9809521; and WO9938977 describing genes, including CBF genes and transcription factors effective in mitigating the negative effects of freezing, high salinity, and drought on plants, as well as conferring other positive effects on plant phenotype; US2004/0148654 and WO01/36596 where abscisic acid is altered in plants resulting in improved plant phenotype such as increased yield and/or increased tolerance to abiotic stress; WO2000/006341, WO04/090143, U.S. application Ser. Nos. 10/817,483 and 09/545,334 where cytokinin expression is modified resulting in plants with increased stress tolerance, such as drought tolerance, and/or increased yield. Also see WO0202776, WO2003052063, JP2002281975, U.S. Pat. No. 6,084,153, WO0164898, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,177,275, and 6,107,547 (enhancement of nitrogen utilization and altered nitrogen responsiveness). For ethylene alteration, see US20040128719, US20030166197 and WO200032761. For plant transcription factors or transcriptional regulators of abiotic stress, see e.g. US20040098764 or US20040078852. Other genes and transcription factors that affect plant growth and agronomic traits such as yield, flowering, plant growth and/or plant structure, can be introduced or introgressed into plants, see e.g. WO97/49811 (LHY), WO98/56918 (ESD4), WO97/10339 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,573,430 (TFL), U.S. Pat. No. 6,713,663 (FT), WO96/14414 (CON), WO96/38560, WO01/21822 (VRN1), WO00/44918 (VRN2), WO99/49064 (GI), WO00/46358 (FRI), WO97/29123, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,794,560, 6,307,126 (GAI), WO99/09174 (D8 and Rht), WO2004076638 and WO2004031349 (transcription factors). Using X18R501 to Develop Another Maize Plant The development of maize hybrids in a maize plant breeding program requires, in general, the development of homozygous inbred lines, the crossing of these lines, and the evaluation of the crosses. Maize plant breeding programs combine the genetic backgrounds from two or more inbred varieties or various other germplasm sources into breeding populations from which new inbred varieties are developed by selfing and selection of desired phenotypes. Hybrids also can be used as a source of plant breeding material or as source populations from which to develop or derive new maize varieties. Plant breeding techniques known in the art and used in a maize plant breeding program include, but are not limited to, recurrent selection, mass selection, bulk selection, backcrossing, making double haploids, pedigree breeding, open pollination breeding, restriction fragment length polymorphism enhanced selection, genetic marker enhanced selection, and transformation. Often combinations of these techniques are used. The inbred varieties derived from hybrids can be developed using plant breeding techniques as described above. New inbreds are crossed with other inbred varieties and the hybrids from these crosses are evaluated to determine which of those have commercial potential. The oldest and most traditional method of analysis is the observation of phenotypic traits but genotypic analysis may also be used. Methods for producing a maize plant by crossing a first parent maize plant with a second parent maize plant wherein either the first or second parent maize plant is a maize plant of the variety X18R501 are provided. The other parent may be any other maize plant, such as another inbred variety or a plant that is part of a synthetic or natural population. Any such methods using the maize variety X18R501 in crossing or breeding are provided, such as, for example: selfing, sibbing, backcrosses, mass selection, pedigree breeding, bulk selection, hybrid production, crosses to populations, and the like. Recurrent Selection and Mass Selection Recurrent selection is a method used in a plant breeding program to improve a population of plants. X18R501 is suitable for use in a recurrent selection program. The method entails individual plants cross pollinating with each other to form progeny. The progeny are grown and the superior progeny selected by any number of selection methods, which include individual plant, half-sib progeny, full-sib progeny, selfed progeny and toperossing. The selected progeny are cross pollinated with each other to form progeny for another population. This population is planted and again superior plants are selected to cross pollinate with each other. Recurrent selection is a cyclical process and therefore can be repeated as many times as desired. The objective of recurrent selection is to improve the traits of a population. The improved population can then be used as a source of breeding material to obtain inbred varieties to be used in hybrids or used as parents for a synthetic cultivar. A synthetic cultivar is the resultant progeny formed by the intercrossing of several selected inbreds. X18R501 is suitable for use in mass selection. Mass selection is a useful technique when used in conjunction with molecular marker enhanced selection. In mass selection seeds from individuals are selected based on phenotype and/or genotype. These selected seeds are then bulked and used to grow the next generation. Bulk selection requires growing a population of plants in a bulk plot, allowing the plants to self-pollinate, harvesting the seed in bulk and then using a sample of the seed harvested in bulk to plant the next generation. Instead of self-pollination, directed pollination could be used as part of the breeding program. Production of Double Haploids The production of double haploids from X18R501 can also be used for the development of inbreds. Double haploids are produced by the doubling of a set of chromosomes (1N) from a heterozygous plant to produce a completely homozygous individual. For example, a method is provided of obtaining a substantially homozygous X18R501 progeny plant by obtaining a seed from the cross of X18R501 and another maize plant and applying double haploid methods to the F1 seed or F1 plant or to any successive filial generation. Methods for producing plants by doubling haploid seed generated by a cross of the plants, or parts thereof, disclosed herein with a different maize plant are provided. The use of double haploids substantially decreases the number of generations required to produce an inbred with similar genetics or characteristics to X18R501. For example, see U.S. Patent Application No. 2003/0005479. This can be advantageous because the process omits the generations of selfing needed to obtain a homozygous plant from a heterozygous source. Haploid induction systems have been developed for various plants to produce haploid tissues, plants and seeds. The haploid induction system can produce haploid plants from any genotype by crossing a selected variety (as female) with an inducer variety. Such inducer varieties for maize include Stock 6, RWS, KEMS, or KMS and ZMS, and indeterminate gametophyte (ig) mutation. Methods for obtaining haploid plants are also disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,639,951 and US Patent Application Publication No. 20020188965. In particular, a process of making seed substantially retaining the molecular marker profile of maize variety X18R501 is provided. Obtaining a seed of hybrid maize variety X18R501 further comprising a locus conversion, wherein representative seed is produced by crossing a first plant of variety 1PCBY70 or a locus conversion thereof with a second plant of variety PH4BY5 or a locus conversion thereof, and wherein representative seed of said varieties 1PCBY70 and PH4BY5 have been deposited and wherein said maize variety X18R501 further comprising a locus conversion has 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% of the same polymorphisms for molecular markers as the plant or plant part of maize variety X18R501. Sequences for the public markers can be found, for example, in the Panzea database which is available online from Panzea. The type of molecular marker used in the molecular profile can be but is not limited to Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms, SNPs. A process of making seed retaining essentially the same phenotypic, physiological, morphological or any combination thereof characteristics of maize variety X18R501 is also contemplated. Obtaining a seed of hybrid maize variety X18R501 further comprising a locus conversion, wherein representative seed is produced by crossing a first plant of variety 1PCBY70 or a locus conversion thereof with a second plant of variety PH4BY5 or a locus conversion thereof, and wherein representative seed of said varieties 1PCBY70 and PH4BY5 have been deposited and wherein said maize variety X18R501 further comprising a locus conversion has essentially the same morphological characteristics as maize variety X18R501 when grown in the same environmental conditions. The same environmental conditions may be, but is not limited to, a side-by-side comparison. The characteristics can be or include, for example, those listed in Table 1. The comparison can be made using any number of professionally accepted experimental designs and statistical analysis. Use of X18R501 in Tissue Culture Methods of tissue culturing cells of X18R501 and a tissue culture of X18R501 is provided. As used herein, the term “tissue culture” includes plant protoplasts, plant cell tissue culture, cultured microspores, plant calli, plant clumps, and the like. In certain embodiments, the tissue culture comprises embryos, protoplasts, meristematic cells, pollen, leaves or anthers derived from immature tissues of pollen, flowers, kernels, ears, cobs, leaves, husks, stalks, roots, root tips, anthers, silk, and the like. As used herein, phrases such as “growing the seed” or “grown from the seed” include embryo rescue, isolation of cells from seed for use in tissue culture, as well as traditional growing methods. Means for preparing and maintaining plant tissue cultures are well known in the art. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,538,880; 5,550,318, and 6,437,224, the latter describing tissue issue culture of maize, including tassel/anther culture. Thus, in certain embodiments, cells are provided which upon growth and differentiation produce maize plants having the genotype and/or phenotypic characteristics of variety X18R501. Seed Treatments and Cleaning Methods of harvesting the grain of the F1 plant of variety X18R501 and using the F2 grain as seed for planting are provided. Also provided are methods of using the seed of variety X18R501, or selfed grain harvested from variety X18R501, as seed for planting. Embodiments include cleaning the seed, treating the seed, and/or conditioning the seed and seed produced by such cleaning, conditioning, treating or any combination thereof. Cleaning the seed is understood in the art to include removal of one or more of foreign debris such as weed seed, chaff, and non-seed plant matter from the seed. Conditioning the seed is understood in the art to include controlling the temperature and rate of dry down of the seed and storing the seed in a controlled temperature environment. Seed treatment is the application of a composition to the seed such as a coating or powder. Methods for producing a treated seed include the step of applying a composition to the seed or seed surface. Seeds are provided which have on the surface a composition. Biological active components such as bacteria can also be used as a seed treatment. Some examples of compositions include active components such as insecticides, fungicides, pesticides, antimicrobials, germination inhibitors, germination promoters, cytokinins, and nutrients. Biological active components, such as bacteria, can also be used as a seed treatment. Carriers such as polymers can be used to increase binding of the active component to the seed. To protect and to enhance yield production and trait technologies, seed treatment options can provide additional crop plan flexibility and cost effective control against insects, weeds and diseases, thereby further enhancing the invention described herein. Seed material can be treated, typically surface treated, with a composition comprising combinations of chemical or biological herbicides, herbicide safeners, insecticides, fungicides, germination inhibitors and enhancers, nutrients, plant growth regulators and activators, bactericides, nematicides, avicides and/or molluscicides. These compounds are typically formulated together with further carriers, surfactants or application-promoting adjuvants customarily employed in the art of formulation. The coatings may be applied by impregnating propagation material with a liquid formulation or by coating with a combined wet or dry formulation. Examples of the various types of compounds that may be used as seed treatments are provided in The Pesticide Manual: A World Compendium, C. D. S. Tomlin Ed., Published by the British Crop Production Council. Some seed treatments that may be used on crop seed include, but are not limited to, one or more of abscisic acid, acibenzolar-S-methyl, avermectin, amitrol, azaconazole, azospirillum, azadirachtin, azoxystrobin,Bacillusspp. (including one or more ofcereus, firmus, megaterium, pumilis, sphaericus, subtilisand/orthuringiensis),Bradyrhizobiumspp. (including one or more ofbetae, canariense, elkanii, iriomotense, japonicum, liaonigense,pachyrhiziand/oryuanmingense), captan, carboxin, chitosan, clothianidin, copper, cyazypyr, difenoconazole, etidiazole, fipronil, fludioxonil, fluoxastrobin, fluquinconazole, flurazole, fluxofenim, harpin protein, imazalil, imidacloprid, ipconazole, isoflavenoids, lipo-chitooligosaccharide, mancozeb, manganese, maneb, mefenoxam, metalaxyl, metconazole, myclobutanil, PCNB, penflufen, penicillium, penthiopyrad, permethrine, picoxystrobin, prothioconazole, pyraclostrobin, rynaxypyr, S-metolachlor, saponin, sedaxane, TCMTB, tebuconazole, thiabendazole, thiamethoxam, thiocarb, thiram, tolclofos-methyl, triadimenol, trichoderma, trifloxystrobin, triticonazole and/or zinc. PCNB seed coat refers to EPA registration number 00293500419, containing quintozen and terrazole. TCMTB refers to 2-(thiocyanomethylthio) benzothiazole. Seed varieties and seeds with specific transgenic traits may be tested to determine which seed treatment options and application rates may complement such varieties and transgenic traits in order to enhance yield. For example, a variety with good yield potential but head smut susceptibility may benefit from the use of a seed treatment that provides protection against head smut, a variety with good yield potential but cyst nematode susceptibility may benefit from the use of a seed treatment that provides protection against cyst nematode, and so on. Likewise, a variety encompassing a transgenic trait conferring insect resistance may benefit from the second mode of action conferred by the seed treatment, a variety encompassing a transgenic trait conferring herbicide resistance may benefit from a seed treatment with a safener that enhances the plants resistance to that herbicide, etc. Further, the good root establishment and early emergence that results from the proper use of a seed treatment may result in more efficient nitrogen use, a better ability to withstand drought and an overall increase in yield potential of a variety or varieties containing a certain trait when combined with a seed treatment. INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY Another embodiment is a method of harvesting the grain or plant material of the F1 plant of variety X18R501 and using the grain or plant material in a commodity. Methods of producing a commodity plant product are also provided. Examples of maize grain or plant material as a commodity plant product include, but are not limited to, oils, meals, flour, starches, syrups, proteins, cellulose, silage, and sugars. Maize grain is used as human food, livestock feed, and as raw material in industry. The food uses of maize, in addition to human consumption of maize kernels, include both products of dry-and wet-milling industries. The principal products of maize dry milling are grits, meal and flour. The maize wet-milling industry can provide maize starch, maize syrups, and dextrose for food use. Maize oil is recovered from maize germ, which is a by-product of both dry- and wet-milling industries. Processing the grain can include one or more of cleaning to remove foreign material and debris from the grain, conditioning, such as addition of moisture to the grain, steeping the grain, wet milling, dry milling and sifting. Maize, including both grain and non-grain portions of the plant, is also used extensively as livestock feed, primarily for beef cattle, dairy cattle, hogs, and poultry. Industrial uses of maize include production of ethanol, maize starch in the wet-milling industry and maize flour in the dry-milling industry. The industrial applications of maize starch and flour are based on functional properties, such as viscosity, film formation, adhesive properties, and ability to suspend particles. The maize starch and flour have application in the paper and textile industries. Other industrial uses include applications in adhesives, building materials, foundry binders, laundry starches, explosives, oil-well muds, and other mining applications. Plant parts other than the grain of maize are also used in industry: for example, stalks and husks are made into paper and wallboard and cobs are used for fuel and to make charcoal. The seed of the maize variety, the plant produced from the seed, a plant produced from crossing of maize variety X18R501 and various parts of the maize plant and transgenic versions of the foregoing, can be utilized for human food, livestock feed, and as a raw material in industry. All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in the specification are incorporated by reference herein for the purpose cited to the same extent as if each was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference herein. The foregoing invention has been described in detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity and understanding. As is readily apparent to one skilled in the art, the foregoing are only some of the methods and compositions that illustrate the embodiments of the foregoing invention. It will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that variations, changes, modifications, and alterations may be applied to the compositions and/or methods described herein without departing from the true spirit, concept, and scope of the invention. As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having,” “contains”, “containing,” “characterized by” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. Unless expressly stated to the contrary, “or” is used as an inclusive term. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present). The indefinite articles “a” and “an” preceding an element or component are nonrestrictive regarding the number of instances (i.e., occurrences) of the element or component. Therefore “a” or “an” should be read to include one or at least one, and the singular word form of the element or component also includes the plural unless the number is obviously meant to be singular. DEPOSITS Applicant has made a deposit of at least 625 seeds of parental maize inbred varieties 1 PCBY70 and PH4BY5 with the Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Marine Algae and Microbiota (NCMA), 60 Bigelow Drive, East Boothbay, ME 04544, USA, with NCMA Deposit Nos. 202211016 and 202204023, respectively. The seeds deposited with the NCMA on Nov. 9, 2022 for 202211016 and on Apr. 8, 2022 for 202204023, were obtained from the seed of the variety maintained by Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc., 7250 NW 62ndAvenue, Johnston, Iowa 50131-1000 since prior to the filing date of this application. Access to this seed will be available during the pendency of the application to the Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks and persons determined by the Commissioner to be entitled thereto upon request. Upon issuance of any claims in the application, the Applicant will make available to the public, pursuant to 37 C.F.R. § 1.808, a sample(s) of the deposit of at least 625 seeds of parental maize inbred varieties 1 PCBY70 and PH4BY5 with the NCMA. The deposits of the seed of parental maize inbred varieties for Hybrid Maize Variety X18R501 will be maintained in the NCMA depository, which is a public depository, for a period of 30 years, or 5 years after the most recent request, or for the enforceable life of the patent, whichever is longer, and will be replaced if it becomes nonviable during that period. Additionally, Applicant has or will satisfy all of the requirements of 37 C.F.R. §§ 1.801-1.809, including providing an indication of the viability of the sample upon deposit. Applicant has no authority to waive any restrictions imposed by law on the transfer of biological material or its transportation in commerce. Applicant does not waive any infringement of the rights granted under this patent or rights applicable to Hybrid Maize Variety X18R501 and/or its parental maize inbred varieties 1 PCBY70 and PH4BY5 under either the patent laws or the Plant Variety Protection Act (7 USC 2321 et seq.). Unauthorized seed multiplication is prohibited. TABLE 1VARIETY DESCRIPTION INFORMATION - * X18R5011. TYPE & YIELD:Grain TextureDENTYield (bushels per acre)220.7Yield (Tonnage per acre @ 0%9.2dry matter)2. MATURITY:DaysHeat UnitsComparative Relative Maturity (CRM)116Planting to 50% of plants in silk5814243. PLANT:ValueSENumberPlant Height (to flag leaf) (cm)311.6~15Ear Height (to base of top ear node)125.69.7420(cm)Length of Top Ear Internode (cm)16.21.475Number of Nodes Above Ground16.40.495Anthocyanin of Brace Roots:21 = absent, 2 = faint,3 = moderate, 4 = dark4. LEAF:Width of Ear Node Leaf (cm)10.20.45Length of Ear Node Leaf (cm)93.21.475Number of Leaves Above Top Ear6.40.495Leaf Angle (Degrees)232.455(at anthesis, 2nd leaf abovetop ear to the stalk)Leaf ColorV. Dark GreenBrown Mid Rib (BMR)NoLeaf AttitudeSemi-erect(appearance of leaf above top ear)8Leaf Sheath Pubescence:1 = none to 9 = peach-like fuzz5. TASSEL:Number of Primary Lateral Branches10.61.55Number of Secondary Branches1.41.025Branch Angle from Central Spike4311.225(Degrees)Tassel Length:55.22.795(from peduncle node to tassel tip)(cm)Peduncle Length:15.81.475(From top leaf node to lower branch)(cm)Central Spike Length (cm)27.41.55Flag Leaf Length (cm)41.42.245(from flag leaf collar to tassel tip)Pollen Shed: 0 = male sterile,79 = heavy shedAnther Color:PinkGlume Color:6a. EAR (Unhusked ear):Silk color: (~3 days after silkPink-Orangeemergence)Dry husk color: (~65 days afterWhite50% silking)Husk Tightness:(1 = very loose,39 = very tight)Husk Extension (at harvest):1 = short (ears exposed),2 = medium (<8 cm),3 = long (8-10 cm),4 = very long (>10 cm)Ear Position at Maturity16b. EAR (Husked ear data):Length of Interior Husk (cm)23.91.045Shank Length (cm)8.20.815Ear Length (cm)21.91.235Ear Diameter at mid-point (mm)51.40.185Ear Weight (gm)294.827.85Number of Kernel Rows18.31.25Number of Kernels Per Row43.82.975Kernel Rows: 1 = indistinct,22 = distinctRow Alignment:11 = straight, 2 = slightly curved,13 = spiralEar Taper:7. KERNEL (Dried):Kernel Length (mm)12.21.826Kernel Width (mm)7.80.9726Kernel Thickness (mm)Kernel Pericarp colorClearAleurone Color Pattern1Aleurone ColorYellowHard Endosperm ColorYellow8. COB:Cob Diameter at mid-point (mm)30.80.075Cob ColorPink-Orange* Wherein X18R501 has one or more locus conversion(s) for insect control and/or herbicide tolerance.Number is the number of individual plants that were scored.Value is an average if more than one plant or plot is scored.

11856907

DETAILED DESCRIPTION A new and distinctive maize hybrid variety designated X15R414, which has been the result of years of careful breeding and selection in a comprehensive maize breeding program is provided. Definitions Maize,Zea maysL., can be referred to as maize or corn. Certain definitions used in the specification are provided below. Also in the examples that follow, a number of terms are used herein. In order to provide a clear and consistent understanding of the specification and claims, including the scope to be given such terms, the following definitions are provided. NOTE: ABS is in absolute terms and % MN is percent of the mean for the experiments in which the inbred or hybrid was grown. PCT designates that the trait is calculated as a percentage. % NOT designates the percentage of plants that did not exhibit a trait. For example, STKLDG % NOT is the percentage of plants in a plot that were not stalk lodged. These designators will follow the descriptors to denote how the values are to be interpreted. Below are the descriptors used in the data tables included herein. BRITTLE STALK: A count of the number of “snapped” plants per plot following machine snapping or artificial selection pressure. A snapped plant has its stalk completely snapped at a node between the base of the plant and the node above the ear. Can be expressed as percent of plants that did not snap. ALLELE: Any of one or more alternative forms of a genetic sequence. In a diploid cell or organism, the two alleles of a given sequence typically occupy corresponding loci on a pair of homologous chromosomes. ALTER: With respect to genetic manipulation, the utilization of up-regulation, down-regulation, or gene silencing. ANTHESIS: The time of a flower's opening. ANTHRACNOSE STALK ROT (Colletotrichum graminicola): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Anthracnose Stalk Rot. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. BLUP=BEST LINEAR UNBIASED PREDICTION. The BLUP values are determined from a mixed model analysis of hybrid performance observations at various locations and replications. BLUP values for inbred maize plants, breeding values, are estimated from the same analysis using pedigree information. BREEDING CROSS: A cross to introduce new genetic material into a plant for the development of a new variety. For example, one could cross plant A with plant B, wherein plant B would be genetically different from plant A. After the breeding cross, the resulting F1 plants could then be selfed or sibbed for one, two, three or more times (F1, F2, F3, etc.) until a new inbred variety is developed. CELL: Cell as used herein includes a plant cell, whether isolated, in tissue culture or incorporated in a plant or plant part. CORN LETHAL NECROSIS: Synergistic interaction of maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) in combination with either maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV-A or MDMV-B) or wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Corn Lethal Necrosis. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. COMMON SMUT: This is the percentage of plants not infected with Common Smut. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. COMMON RUST (Puccinia sorghi): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Common Rust. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. CROSS POLLINATION: Fertilization by the union of two gametes from different plants. CROSSING: The combination of genetic material by traditional methods such as a breeding cross or backcross, but also including protoplast fusion and other molecular biology methods of combining genetic material from two sources. D and D1-Dn: represents the generation of doubled haploid. DRYDOWN: This represents the relative rate at which a hybrid will reach acceptable harvest moisture compared to other hybrids on a 1 to 9 rating scale. A high score indicates a hybrid that dries relatively fast while a low score indicates a hybrid that dries slowly. DIGESTIBLE ENERGY: Near-infrared transmission spectroscopy, NIT, prediction of digestible energy. DIPLODIAEAR MOLD SCORES (Diplodia maydisandDiplodia macrospora): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance toDiplodiaEar Mold. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured DIPLODIASTALK ROT: Stalk rot severity due toDiplodia(Diplodia maydis). Expressed as a 1 to 9 score with 9 being highly resistant. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. DROPPED EARS: A measure of the number of dropped ears per plot and represents the percentage of plants that did not drop ears prior to harvest. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. DROUGHT TOLERANCE: This represents a 1 to 9 rating for drought tolerance, and is based on data obtained under stress conditions. A high score indicates good drought tolerance and a low score indicates poor drought tolerance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. EAR POSITION AT MATURITY: The position of the ear at physiological maturity (approximately 65 days after 50% silk) 1=Upright; 2=Horizontal; 3=Pendent. EYE SPOT (Kabatiella zeaeorAureobasidium zeae): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Eye Spot. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. F1 PROGENY: A progeny plant produced by crossing a plant of one maize line with a plant of another maize line. FUSARIUMEAR ROT (Fusarium moniliformeorFusarium subglutinans): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance toFusariumEar Rot. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. GDU=GROWING DEGREE UNITS: Using the Barger Heat Unit Theory, which assumes that maize growth occurs in the temperature range 50° F.-86° F. and that temperatures outside this range slow down growth; the maximum daily heat unit accumulation is 36 and the minimum daily heat unit accumulation is 0. The seasonal accumulation of GDU is a major factor in determining maturity zones. GDUSHD=GDU TO SHED: The number of growing degree units (GDUs) or heat units required for an inbred variety or hybrid to have approximately 50 percent of the plants shedding pollen and is measured from the time of planting. Growing degree units are calculated by the Barger Method, where the heat units for a 24-hour period are: GDU=(Max. temp.+Min. temp.)−50 The units determined by the Barger Method are then divided by 10. The highest maximum temperature used is 86 degrees F. and the lowest minimum temperature used is 50 degrees F. For each inbred or hybrid it takes a certain number of GDUs to reach various stages of plant development. GDUSLK=GDU TO SILK: The number of growing degree units required for an inbred variety or hybrid to have approximately 50 percent of the plants with silk emergence from time of planting. Growing degree units are calculated by the Barger Method as given in GDUSHD definition and then divided by 10. GENE SILENCING: The interruption or suppression of the expression of a gene at the level of transcription or translation. GENOTYPE: Refers to the genetic mark-up or profile of a cell or organism. GIBERS=GIBBERELLAEAR ROT (PINK MOLD) (Gibberella zeae): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance toGibberellaEar Rot. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. GIBROT=GIBBERELLASTALK ROT SCORE: Score of stalk rot severity due toGibberella(Gibberella zeae). Expressed as a 1 to 9 score with 9 being highly resistant. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. GLFSPT=GRAY LEAF SPOT (Cercospora zeae-maydis): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Gray Leaf Spot. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. GOSWLT=GOSS' WILT (Corynebacterium nebraskense): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Goss' Wilt. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. GRAIN TEXTURE: A visual rating used to indicate the appearance of mature grain observed in the middle third of the uppermost ear when well developed. Grain or seed with a hard grain texture is indicated as flint; grain or seed with a soft grain texture is indicted as dent. Medium grain or seed texture may be indicated as flint-dent or intermediate. Other grain textures include flint-like, dent-like, sweet, pop, waxy and flour. GRNAPP=GRAIN APPEARANCE: This is a 1 to 9 rating for the general appearance of the shelled grain as it is harvested based on such factors as the color of harvested grain, any mold on the grain, and any cracked grain. Higher scores indicate better grain visual quality. H and H1: Refers to the haploid generation. HAPLOID PLANT PART: Refers to a plant part or cell that has a haploid genotype. HCBLT=HELMINTHOSPORIUM CARBONUMLEAF BLIGHT (Helminthosporium carbonum): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance toHelminthosporiuminfection. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. HD SMT=HEAD SMUT (Sphacelotheca reiliana): This indicates the percentage of plants not infected. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. HSKCVR=HUSK COVER: A 1 to 9 score based on performance relative to key checks, with a score of 1 indicating very short husks, tip of ear and kernels showing; 5 is intermediate coverage of the ear under most conditions, sometimes with thin husk; and a 9 has husks extending and closed beyond the tip of the ear. Scoring can best be done near physiological maturity stage or any time during dry down until harvested. HTFRM=Near-infrared transmission spectroscopy, NIT, prediction of fermentables. HYBRID VARIETY: A substantially heterozygous hybrid line and minor genetic modifications thereof that retain the overall genetics of the hybrid line. INBRED: A variety developed through inbreeding or doubled haploidy that preferably comprises homozygous alleles at about 95% or more of its loci. An inbred can be reproduced by selfing or growing in isolation so that the plants can only pollinate with the same inbred variety. INTROGRESS ION: The process of transferring genetic material from one genotype to another. KERNEL PERICARP COLOR is scored when kernels have dried down and is taken at or about 65 days after 50% silk. Score codes are: Colorless=1; Red with white crown=2; Tan=3; Bronze=4; Brown=5; Light red=6; Cherry red=7. KER_WT=KERNEL NUMBER PER UNIT WEIGHT (Pounds or Grams): The number of kernels in a specific measured weight; determined after removal of extremely small and large kernels. LINKAGE: Refers to a phenomenon wherein alleles on the same chromosome tend to segregate together more often than expected by chance if their transmission was independent. LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM: Refers to a phenomenon wherein alleles tend to remain together in linkage groups when segregating from parents to offspring, with a greater frequency than expected from their individual frequencies. LOCUS: A specific location on a chromosome. LOCUS CONVERSION: (Also called TRAIT CONVERSION) A locus conversion refers to plants within a variety that have been modified in a manner that retains the overall genetics of the variety and further comprises one or more loci with a specific desired trait, such as male sterility, insect resistance, disease resistance or herbicide tolerance or resistance. Examples of single locus conversions include mutant genes, transgenes and native traits finely mapped to a single locus. One or more locus conversion traits may be introduced into a single corn variety. LRTLPN=LATE ROOT LODGING: An estimate of the percentage of plants that do not root lodge after anthesis through harvest; plants that lean from the vertical axis at an approximately 30-degree angle or greater would be considered as root lodged. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. LRTLSC=LATE ROOT LODGING SCORE: Score for severity of plants that lean from a vertical axis at an approximate 30-degree angle or greater which typically results from strong winds after flowering. Recorded prior to harvest when a root-lodging event has occurred. This lodging results in plants that are leaned or “lodged” over at the base of the plant and do not straighten or “goose-neck” back to a vertical position. Expressed as a 1 to 9 score with 9 being no lodging. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. MALE STERILITY: A male sterile plant is one which produces no viable pollen no (pollen that is able to fertilize the egg to produce a viable seed). Male sterility prevents self pollination. These male sterile plants are therefore useful in hybrid plant production. MDMCPX=MAIZE DWARF MOSAIC COMPLEX (MDMV=Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus and MCDV=Maize Chlorotic Dwarf Virus). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Maize Dwarf Mosaic Complex. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. MILKLN=percent milk in mature grain. MST=HARVEST MOISTURE: The moisture is the actual percentage moisture of the grain at harvest. NEI DISTANCE: A quantitative measure of percent similarity between two varieties. Nei's distance between varieties A and B can be defined as 1−(2*number alleles in common/(number alleles in A+number alleles in B). For example, if varieties A and B are the same for 95 out of 100 alleles, the Nei distance would be 0.05. If varieties A and B are the same for 98 out of 100 alleles, the Nei distance would be 0.02. Free software for calculating Nei distance is available on the internet at multiple locations. See Nei, Proc Natl Acad Sci, 76:5269-5273 (1979). NLFBLT=NORTHERN LEAF BLIGHT (Helminthosporium turcicumorExserohilum turcicum): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Northern Leaf Blight. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. NUCLEIC ACID: An acidic, chainlike biological macromolecule consisting of multiple repeat units of phosphoric acid, sugar, and purine and pyrimidine bases. OILT=GRAIN OIL: Absolute value of oil content of the kernel as predicted by Near-Infrared Transmittance and expressed as a percent of dry matter. PERCENT IDENTITY: Percent identity as used herein refers to the comparison of the alleles present in two varieties. For example, when comparing two inbred plants to each other, each inbred plant will have the same allele (and therefore be homozygous) at almost all of their loci. Percent identity is determined by comparing a statistically significant number of the homozygous alleles of two varieties. For example, a percent identity of 90% between X15R414 and other variety means that the two varieties have the same homozygous alleles at 90% of their loci. PLANT: As used herein, the term “plant” includes reference to an immature or mature whole plant, including a plant that has been detasseled or from which seed or grain has been removed. Seed or embryo that will produce the plant is also considered to be the plant. PLANT PART: As used herein, the term “plant part” includes leaves, stems, roots, seed, grain, embryo, pollen, ovules, flowers, ears, cobs, husks, stalks, root tips, anthers, pericarp, silk, tissue, cells and the like. In some embodiments, the plant part contains at least one cell of hybrid maize variety X15R414 or a locus conversion thereof. PLATFORM indicates the variety with the base genetics and the variety with the base genetics comprising locus conversion(s). There can be a platform for the inbred maize variety and the hybrid maize variety. PLTHT=PLANT HEIGHT: This is a measure of the height of the plant from the ground to the tip of the tassel in inches. POLSC=POLLEN SCORE: A 0 to 9 visual rating indicating the amount of pollen shed. The higher the score the more pollen shed. POLWT=POLLEN WEIGHT: This is calculated by dry weight of tassels collected as shedding commences minus dry weight from similar tassels harvested after shedding is complete. RM=RELATIVE MATURITY: This is a predicted relative maturity based on the harvest moisture of the grain. The relative maturity rating is based on a known set of checks and utilizes standard linear regression analyses and is also referred to as the Comparative Relative Maturity Rating System that is similar to the Minnesota Relative Maturity Rating System. PROT=GRAIN PROTEIN: Absolute value of protein content of the kernel as predicted by Near-Infrared Transmittance and expressed as a percent of dry matter. RESISTANCE: Synonymous with tolerance. The ability of a plant to withstand exposure to an insect, disease, herbicide or other condition. A resistant plant variety will have a level of resistance higher than a comparable wild-type variety. ROOT LODGING: Root lodging is the percentage of plants that do not root lodge; plants that lean from the vertical axis at an approximately 30-degree angle or greater would be counted as root lodged. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. SEED: Fertilized and ripened ovule, consisting of the plant embryo, varying amounts of stored food material, and a protective outer seed coat. Synonymous with grain. SEL IND=SELECTION INDEX: The selection index gives a single measure of the hybrid's worth based on information for multiple traits. A maize breeder may utilize his or her own set of traits for the selection index. One of the traits that is almost always included is yield. The selection index data presented in the tables represent the mean value averaged across testing stations. SELF POLLINATION: A plant is self-pollinated if pollen from one flower is transferred to the same or another flower of the same plant. SIB POLLINATION: A plant is sib-pollinated when individuals within the same family or variety are used for pollination. SITE SPECIFIC INTEGRATION: Genes that create a site for site specific DNA integration. This includes the introduction of FRT sites that may be used in the FLP/FRT system and/or Lox sites that may be used in the Cre/Loxp system. For example, see WO 99/25821. SLFBLT=SOUTHERN LEAF BLIGHT (Helminthosporium maydisorBipolaris maydis): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Southern Leaf Blight. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. SNP=SINGLE-NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM: is a DNA sequence variation occurring when a single nucleotide in the genome differs between individual plant or plant varieties. The differences can be equated with different alleles, and indicate polymorphisms. A number of SNP markers can be used to determine a molecular profile of an individual plant or plant variety and can be used to compare similarities and differences among plants and plant varieties. SOURST=SOUTHERN RUST (Puccinia polysora): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Southern Rust. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. SPKDSC=SPIKELET DENSITY SCORE: The visual 1-9 rating of how dense spikelets are on the middle tassel branches. A higher score indicates higher spikelet density. STAGRN=STAY GREEN: Stay green is the measure of plant health near the time of black layer formation (physiological maturity). A high score indicates better late-season plant health. STKLDS=STALK LODGING SCORE: A plant is considered as stalk lodged if the stalk is broken or crimped between the ear and the ground. This can be caused by any or a combination of the following: strong winds late in the season, disease pressure within the stalks, ECB damage or genetically weak stalks. This trait should be taken just prior to or at harvest. Expressed on a 1 to 9 scale with 9 being no lodging. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. STLLPN=LATE STALK LODGING: This is the percent of plants that did not stalk lodge (stalk breakage or crimping) at or around late season harvest (when grain moisture is below 20%) as measured by either natural lodging or pushing the stalks and determining the percentage of plants that break or crimp below the ear. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. STLPCN=STALK LODGING REGULAR: This is an estimate of the percentage of plants that did not stalk lodge (stalk breakage) at regular harvest (when grain moisture is between about 20% and 30%) as measured by either natural lodging or pushing the stalks and determining the percentage of plants that break below the ear. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. STWWLT=Stewart's Wilt (Erwinia stewartii): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Stewart's Wilt. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. SSRs: Genetic markers based on polymorphisms in repeated nucleotide sequences, such as microsatellites. A marker system based on SSRs can be highly informative in linkage analysis relative to other marker systems in that multiple alleles may be present. TASBRN=TASSEL BRANCH NUMBER: The number of tassel branches, with anthers originating from the central spike. TASSZ=TASSEL SIZE: A 1 to 9 visual rating was used to indicate the relative size of the tassel. A higher rating means a larger tassel. TAS WT=TASSEL WEIGHT: This is the average weight of a tassel (grams) just prior to pollen shed. TILLER=TILLERS: A count of the number of tillers per plot that could possibly shed pollen was taken. Data are given as a percentage of tillers: number of tillers per plot divided by number of plants per plot. A tiller is defined as a secondary shoot that has developed as a tassel capable of shedding pollen. TSTWT=TEST WEIGHT (ADJUSTED): The measure of the weight of the grain in pounds for a given volume (bushel), adjusted for MST less than or equal to 22%. TSTWTN=TEST WEIGHT (UNADJUSTED): The measure of the weight of the grain in pounds for a given volume (bushel). VARIETY: A maize line and minor genetic modifications thereof that retain the overall genetics of the line including but not limited to a locus conversion, a mutation, or a somoclonal variant. YIELD BU/A=YIELD (BUSHELS/ACRE): Yield of the grain at harvest by weight or volume (bushels) per unit area (acre) adjusted to 15% moisture. The yield platform BLUP is a value derived by averaging for all members of the platform weighted by the inverse of the Standard Errors. YLDSC=YIELD SCORE: A 1 to 9 visual rating was used to give a relative rating for yield based on plot ear piles. The higher the rating the greater visual yield appearance. YIELDS=Silage Dry Matter Yield (tons/acre @ 100% DM) MLKYLD=Estimated pounds of milk produced per ton of dry matter fed and is based on utilizing nutrient content and fiber digestibility ADJMLK=Estimated pounds of milk produced per acre of silage dry matter based on an equation and is MLKYLD divided by YIELDS. SLGPRM=Silage Predicted Relative Maturity Silage Yields (Tonnage) Adjusted to 30% Dry Matter PCTMST=Silage Harvest Moisture % NDFDR=Silage Fiber Digestibility Based on rumen fluid NIRS calibration NDFDC=Silage Fiber Digestibility Based on rumen fluid NIRS calibration All tables discussed in the Detailed Description section can be found at the end of the section. Phenotypic Characteristics of X15R414 Hybrid Maize Variety X15R414 is a single cross maize variety and can be made by crossing inbreds 1PKGP36 and PH47SK. Locus conversions of Hybrid Maize Variety X15R414 can be made by crossing inbreds 1PKGP36 and PH47SK wherein 1PKGP36 and/or PH47SK comprise a locus conversion(s). The maize variety has shown uniformity and stability within the limits of environmental influence for all the traits as described in the Variety Description Information (see Table 1, found at the end of the section). The inbred parents of this maize variety have been self-pollinated and ear-rowed a sufficient number of generations with careful attention paid to uniformity of plant type to ensure the homozygosity and phenotypic stability necessary for use in commercial hybrid seed production. The variety has been increased both by hand and in isolated fields with continued observation for uniformity. No variant traits have been observed or are expected in X15R414. Hybrid Maize Variety X15R414 can be reproduced by planting seeds of the inbred parent varieties, growing the resulting maize plants under cross pollinating conditions, and harvesting the resulting seed using techniques familiar to the agricultural arts. Genotypic Characteristics of X15R414 In addition to phenotypic observations, a plant can also be described or identified by its genotype. The genotype of a plant can be characterized through a genetic marker profile. Genetic marker profiles can be obtained by techniques such as Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs), Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs), Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) which are also referred to as Microsatellites, and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). Particular markers used for these purposes may include any type of marker and marker profile which provides a means of distinguishing varieties. A genetic marker profile can be used, for example, to identify plants of the same variety or related varieties or to determine or validate a pedigree. In addition to being used for identification of maize variety X15R414 and its plant parts, the genetic marker profile is also useful in developing a locus conversion of X15R414. Methods of isolating nucleic acids from maize plants and methods for performing genetic marker profiles using SNP and SSR polymorphisms are well known in the art. SNPs are genetic markers based on a polymorphism in a single nucleotide. A marker system based on SNPs can be highly informative in linkage analysis relative to other marker systems in that multiple alleles may be present. A method comprising isolating nucleic acids, such as DNA, from a plant, a plant part, plant cell or a seed of the maize plants disclosed herein is provided. The method can include mechanical, electrical and/or chemical disruption of the plant, plant part, plant cell or seed, contacting the disrupted plant, plant part, plant cell or seed with a buffer or solvent, to produce a solution or suspension comprising nucleic acids, optionally contacting the nucleic acids with a precipitating agent to precipitate the nucleic acids, optionally extracting the nucleic acids, and optionally separating the nucleic acids such as by centrifugation or by binding to beads or a column, with subsequent elution, or a combination thereof. If DNA is being isolated, an RNase can be included in one or more of the method steps. The nucleic acids isolated can comprise all or substantially all of the genomic DNA sequence, all or substantially all of the chromosomal DNA sequence or all or substantially all of the coding sequences (cDNA) of the plant, plant part, or plant cell from which they were isolated. The amount and type of nucleic acids isolated may be sufficient to permit whole genome sequencing of the plant from which they were isolated or chromosomal marker analysis of the plant from which they were isolated. The methods can be used to produce nucleic acids from the plant, plant part, seed or cell, which nucleic acids can be, for example, analyzed to produce data. The data can be recorded. The nucleic acids from the disrupted cell, the disrupted plant, plant part, plant cell or seed or the nucleic acids following isolation or separation can be contacted with primers and nucleotide bases, and/or a polymerase to facilitate PCR sequencing or marker analysis of the nucleic acids. In some examples, the nucleic acids produced can be sequenced or contacted with markers to produce a genetic profile, a molecular profile, a marker profile, a haplotype, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the genetic profile or nucleotide sequence is recorded on a computer readable medium. In other examples, the methods may further comprise using the nucleic acids produced from plants, plant parts, plant cells or seeds in a plant breeding program, for example in making crosses, selection and/or advancement decisions in a breeding program. Crossing includes any type of plant breeding crossing method, including but not limited to crosses to produce hybrids, outcrossing, selfing, backcrossing, locus conversion, introgression and the like. Favorable genotypes and or marker profiles, optionally associated with a trait of interest, may be identified by one or more methodologies. In some examples one or more markers are used, including but not limited to AFLPs, RFLPs, ASH, SSRs, SNPs, indels, padlock probes, molecular inversion probes, microarrays, sequencing, and the like. In some methods, a target nucleic acid is amplified prior to hybridization with a probe. In other cases, the target nucleic acid is not amplified prior to hybridization, such as methods using molecular inversion probes. In some examples, the genotype related to a specific trait is monitored, while in other examples, a genome-wide evaluation including but not limited to one or more of marker panels, library screens, association studies, microarrays, gene chips, expression studies, or sequencing such as whole-genome resequencing and genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) may be used. In some examples, no target-specific probe is needed, for example by using sequencing technologies, including but not limited to next-generation sequencing methods (see, for example, Metzker (2010) Nat Rev Genet 11:31-46; and, Egan et al. (2012) Am J Bot 99:175-185) such as sequencing by synthesis (e.g., Roche 454 pyrosequencing, IIlumina Genome Analyzer, and Ion Torrent PGM or Proton systems), sequencing by ligation (e.g., SOLiD from Applied Biosystems, and Polnator system from Azco Biotech), and single molecule sequencing (SMS or third-generation sequencing) which eliminate template amplification (e.g., Helicos system, and PacBio RS system from Pacific BioSciences). Further technologies include optical sequencing systems (e.g., Starlight from Life Technologies), and nanopore sequencing (e.g., GridION from Oxford Nanopore Technologies). Each of these may be coupled with one or more enrichment strategies for organellar or nuclear genomes in order to reduce the complexity of the genome under investigation via PCR, hybridization, restriction enzyme (see, e.g., Elshire et al. (2011) PLoS ONE 6:e19379), and expression methods. In some examples, no reference genome sequence is needed in order to complete the analysis. X15R414 and its plant parts can be identified through a molecular marker profile. Such plant parts may be either diploid or haploid. The plant part includes at least one cell of the plant from which it was obtained, such as a diploid cell, a haploid cell or a somatic cell. Also provided are plants and plant parts substantially benefiting from the use of variety X15R414 in their development, such as variety X15R414 comprising a locus conversion. Comparisons of Maize Variety Hybrid X15R414 A breeder uses various methods to help determine which plants should be selected from segregating populations and ultimately which inbred varieties will be used to develop hybrids for commercialization. In addition to knowledge of the germplasm and plant genetics, a part of the hybrid selection process is dependent on experimental design coupled with the use of statistical analysis. Experimental design and statistical analysis are used to help determine which hybrid combinations are significantly better or different for one or more traits of interest. Experimental design methods are used to assess error so that differences between two hybrid varieties can be more accurately evaluated. Statistical analysis includes the calculation of mean values, determination of the statistical significance of the sources of variation, and the calculation of the appropriate variance components. One of ordinary skill in the art of plant breeding would know how to evaluate the traits of two plant varieties to determine if there is no significant difference between the two traits expressed by those varieties. Mean trait values may be used to determine whether trait differences are significant. Trait values should preferably be measured on plants grown under the same environmental conditions, and environmental conditions should be appropriate for the traits or traits being evaluated. Sufficient selection pressure should be present for optimum measurement of traits of interest such as herbicide tolerance or herbicide, insect or disease resistance. For example, a locus conversion of X15R414 for herbicide resistance or tolerance should be compared with an isogenic counterpart in the absence of the herbicide. In addition, a locus conversion for insect or disease resistance should be compared to the isogenic counterpart, in the absence of disease pressure or insect pressure. BLUP, Best Linear Unbiased Prediction, values can be reported for maize hybrid X15R414 and/or maize hybrid X15R414 comprising locus conversions. BLUP values can also be reported for other hybrids adapted to the same growing region as maize hybrid X15R414 with corresponding locus conversions. Development of Maize Hybrids using X15R414 During the inbreeding process in maize, the vigor of the varieties decreases. However, vigor is restored when two different inbred varieties are crossed to produce the hybrid progeny (F1). An important consequence of the homozygosity and homogeneity of the inbred varieties is that the hybrid between a defined pair of inbreds may be reproduced indefinitely as long as the homogeneity of the inbred parents is maintained. Once the inbreds that create a superior hybrid have been identified, a continual supply of the hybrid seed can be produced using these inbred parents and the hybrid corn plants can then be generated from this hybrid seed supply. X15R414 or its parents may also be used to produce a double cross hybrid or a three-way hybrid. A single cross hybrid is produced when two inbred varieties are crossed to produce the F1 progeny. A double cross hybrid is produced from four inbred varieties crossed in pairs (A×B and C×D) and then the two F1 hybrids are crossed again (A×B)×(C×D). A three-way cross hybrid is produced from three inbred varieties where two of the inbred varieties are crossed (A×B) and then the resulting F1 hybrid is crossed with the third inbred variety (A×B)×C. In each case, pericarp tissue from the female parent will be a part of and protect the hybrid seed. Another form of commercial hybrid production involves the use of a mixture of male sterile hybrid seed and male pollinator seed. When planted, the resulting male sterile hybrid plants are pollinated by the pollinator plants. This method can be used to produce grain with enhanced quality grain traits, such as high oil, because desired quality grain traits expressed in the pollinator will also be expressed in the grain produced on the male sterile hybrid plant. In this method the desired quality grain trait does not have to be incorporated by lengthy procedures such as recurrent backcross selection into an inbred parent line. One use of this method is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,704,160 and 5,706,603. Molecular data from X15R414 may be used in a plant breeding process. Nucleic acids may be isolated from a seed of X15R414 or from a plant, plant part, or cell produced by growing a seed of X15R414, or from a seed of X15R414 with a locus conversion, or from a plant, plant part, or cell of X15R414 with a locus conversion. One or more polymorphisms may be isolated from the nucleic acids. A plant having one or more of the identified polymorphisms may be selected and used in a plant breeding method to produce another plant. Introduction of a New Trait or Locus into Hybrid Maize Variety X15R414 Hybrid variety X15R414 represents a new base genetic line into which a new locus or trait may be introduced or introgressed. Transformation and backcrossing represent two methods that can be used to accomplish such an introgression. The term locus conversion is used to designate the product of such an introgression. To select and develop a superior hybrid, it is necessary to identify and select genetically unique individuals that occur in a segregating population. The segregating population is the result of a combination of crossover events plus the independent assortment of specific combinations of alleles at many gene loci that results in specific and unique genotypes. Once such a variety is developed its value to society is substantial since it is important to advance the germplasm base as a whole in order to maintain or improve traits such as yield, disease resistance, pest resistance and plant performance in extreme weather conditions. Locus conversions are routinely used to add or modify one or a few traits of such a line and this further enhances its value and usefulness to society. Backcrossing can be used to improve inbred varieties and a hybrid variety which is made using those inbreds. Backcrossing can be used to transfer a specific desirable trait from one variety, the donor parent, to an inbred called the recurrent parent which has overall good agronomic characteristics yet that lacks the desirable trait. This transfer of the desirable trait into an inbred with overall good agronomic characteristics can be accomplished by first crossing a recurrent parent to a donor parent (non-recurrent parent). The progeny of this cross is then mated back to the recurrent parent followed by selection in the resultant progeny for the desired trait to be transferred from the non-recurrent parent. Traits may be used by those of ordinary skill in the art to characterize progeny. Traits are commonly evaluated at a significance level, such as a 1%, 5% or 10% significance level, when measured in plants grown in the same environmental conditions. For example, a locus conversion of X15R414 may be characterized as having essentially the same or essentially all of the phenotypic traits or physiological and morphological traits or characteristics as X15R414. By essentially all of the phenotypic characteristics or morphological and physiological characteristics, it is meant that all of the characteristics of a plant are recovered that are otherwise present when compared in the same environment, other than an occasional variant trait that might arise during backcrossing or direct introduction of a transgene or genetic modification. The traits used for comparison may be those traits shown in Table 1 as determined at the 5% significance level when grown under the same environmental conditions. Molecular markers can also be used during the breeding process for the selection of qualitative traits. For example, markers can be used to select plants that contain the alleles of interest during a backcrossing breeding program. The markers can also be used to select for the genome of the recurrent parent and against the genome of the donor parent. Using this procedure can minimize the amount of genome from the donor parent that remains in the selected plants. A backcross or locus conversion of X15R414 can be developed when DNA sequences are introduced through backcrossing, with a parent of X15R414 utilized as the recurrent parent. Naturally occurring, modified and transgenic DNA sequences may be introduced through backcrossing techniques. A backcross or locus conversion may produce a plant with a trait or locus conversion in at least one or more backcrosses, including at least 2 backcrosses, at least 3 backcrosses, at least 4 backcrosses, at least 5 backcrosses and the like. Molecular marker assisted breeding or selection may be utilized to reduce the number of backcrosses necessary to achieve the backcross conversion. For example, see Openshaw, et al., “Marker-assisted Selection in Backcross Breeding” in: Proceedings Symposium of the Analysis of Molecular Data, August 1994, Crop Science Society of America, Corvallis, OR, which demonstrated that a backcross locus conversion can be made in as few as two backcrosses. The complexity of the backcross conversion method depends on the type of trait being transferred (a single gene or closely linked genes compared to unlinked genes), the level of expression of the trait, the type of inheritance (cytoplasmic or nuclear), dominant or recessive trait expression, and the types of parents included in the cross. It is understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that for single locus or gene traits that are relatively easy to classify, the backcross method is effective and relatively easy to manage. Desired traits that may be transferred through backcross conversion include, but are not limited to, waxy starch, sterility (nuclear and cytoplasmic), fertility restoration, grain color (white), nutritional enhancements, drought tolerance, nitrogen utilization, altered fatty acid profile, increased digestibility, low phytate, industrial enhancements, disease resistance (bacterial, fungal, or viral), insect resistance, and herbicide tolerance or resistance. A locus conversion, also called a trait conversion, can be a native trait or a transgenic trait. In addition, a recombination site itself, such as an FRT site, Lox site or other site specific integration site, may be inserted by backcrossing and utilized for direct insertion of one or more genes of interest into a specific plant variety. The trait of interest is transferred from the donor parent to the recurrent parent, in this case, an inbred parent of the maize variety disclosed herein. A single locus may contain several transgenes, such as a transgene for disease resistance that, in the same expression vector, also contains a transgene for herbicide tolerance or resistance. The gene for herbicide tolerance or resistance may be used as a selectable marker and/or as a phenotypic trait. A single locus conversion of a site specific integration system allows for the integration of multiple genes at a known recombination site in the genome. At least one, at least two or at least three and less than ten, less than nine, less than eight, less than seven, less than six, less than five or less than four locus conversions may be introduced into the plant by backcrossing, introgression or transformation to express the desired trait, while the plant, or a plant grown from the seed, plant part or plant cell, otherwise retains the phenotypic characteristics of the deposited seed when grown under the same environmental conditions. The backcross or locus conversion may result from either the transfer of a dominant allele or a recessive allele. Selection of progeny containing the trait of interest can be accomplished by direct selection for a trait associated with a dominant allele. Transgenes transferred via backcrossing typically function as a dominant single gene trait and are relatively easy to classify. Selection of progeny for a trait that is transferred via a recessive allele, such as the waxy starch characteristic, requires growing and selfing the first backcross generation to determine which plants carry the recessive alleles. Recessive traits may require additional progeny testing in successive backcross generations to determine the presence of the locus of interest. The last backcross generation is usually selfed to give pure breeding progeny for the gene(s) being transferred, although a backcross conversion with a stably introgressed trait may also be maintained by further backcrossing to the recurrent parent with selection for the converted trait. Along with selection for the trait of interest, progeny are selected for the phenotype and/or genotype of the recurrent parent. While occasionally additional polynucleotide sequences or genes may be transferred along with the backcross conversion, the backcross conversion variety “fits into the same hybrid combination as the recurrent parent inbred variety and contributes the effect of the additional locus added through the backcross.” See Poehlman et al. (1995) Breeding Field Crop, 4th Ed., Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA., pp. 132-155 and 321-344. When one or more traits are introgressed into the variety a difference in quantitative agronomic traits, such as yield or dry down, between the variety and an introgressed version of the variety in some environments may occur. For example, the introgressed version, may provide a net yield increase in environments where the trait provides a benefit, such as when a variety with an introgressed trait for insect resistance is grown in an environment where insect pressure exists, or when a variety with herbicide tolerance is grown in an environment where the herbicide is used. The modified X15R414 may be further characterized as having essentially the same phenotypic characteristics of maize variety X15R414 such as are listed in Table 1 when grown under the same or similar environmental conditions and/or may be characterized by percent identity to X15R414 as determined by molecular markers, such as SSR markers or SNP markers. Examples of percent identity determined using markers include at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 99.5%. Traits can be used by those of ordinary skill in the art to characterize progeny. Traits are commonly evaluated at a significance level, such as a 1%, 5% or 10% significance level, when measured in plants grown in the same environmental conditions. Male Sterility and Hybrid Seed Production Hybrid seed production requires elimination or inactivation of pollen produced by the female inbred parent. Incomplete removal or inactivation of the pollen provides the potential for self-pollination. A reliable method of controlling male fertility in plants offers the opportunity for improved seed production. There are several ways in which a maize plant can be manipulated so that it is male sterile. These include use of manual or mechanical emasculation (or detasseling), use of one or more genetic factors that confer male sterility, including cytoplasmic genetic and/or nuclear genetic male sterility, use of gametocides and the like. A male sterile variety designated X15R414 may include one or more genetic factors, which result in cytoplasmic genetic and/or nuclear genetic male sterility. The male sterility may be either partial or complete male sterility. Hybrid maize seed is often produced by a male sterility system incorporating manual or mechanical detasseling. Alternate strips of two inbred varieties of maize are planted in a field, and the pollen-bearing tassels are removed from one of the inbreds (female). Provided that there is sufficient isolation from sources of foreign maize pollen, the ears of the detasseled inbred will be fertilized only from the other inbred (male), and the resulting seed is therefore hybrid and will form hybrid plants. Large scale commercial maize hybrid production, as it is practiced today, requires the use of some form of male sterility system which controls or inactivates male fertility. A reliable method of controlling male fertility in plants also offers the opportunity for improved plant breeding. This is especially true for development of maize hybrids, which relies upon some sort of male sterility system. There are several ways in which a maize plant can be manipulated so that is male sterile. These include use of manual or mechanical emasculation (or detasseling), cytoplasmic genetic male sterility, nuclear genetic male sterility, gametocides and the like. The laborious detasseling process can be avoided by using cytoplasmic male-sterile (CMS) inbreds. Plants of a CMS inbred are male sterile as a result of genetic factors in the cytoplasm, as opposed to the nucleus, and so nuclear linked genes are not transferred during backcrossing. Thus, this characteristic is inherited exclusively through the female parent in maize plants, since only the female provides cytoplasm to the fertilized seed. CMS plants are fertilized with pollen from another inbred that is not male-sterile. Pollen from the second inbred may or may not contribute genes that make the hybrid plants male-fertile, and either option may be preferred depending on the intended use of the hybrid. The same hybrid seed, a portion produced from detasseled fertile maize and a portion produced using the CMS system can be blended to insure that adequate pollen loads are available for fertilization when the hybrid plants are grown. CMS systems have been successfully used since the 1950's, and the male sterility trait is routinely backcrossed into inbred varieties. There are several methods of conferring genetic male sterility available, such as multiple mutant genes at separate locations within the genome that confer male sterility, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,654,465 and 4,727,219 to Brar et al. and chromosomal translocations as described by Patterson in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,861,709 and 3,710,511. In addition to these methods, Albertsen et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,432,068, describes a system of nuclear male sterility which includes: identifying a gene which is needed for male fertility; silencing this native gene which is needed for male fertility; removing the native promoter from the essential male fertility gene and replacing it with an inducible promoter; inserting this genetically engineered gene back into the plant; and thus creating a plant that is male sterile because the inducible promoter is not “on” resulting in the male fertility gene not being transcribed. Fertility is restored by inducing, or turning “on”, the promoter, which in turn allows the gene that confers male fertility to be transcribed. These, and the other methods of conferring genetic male sterility in the art, each possess their own benefits and drawbacks. Some other methods use a variety of approaches such as delivering into the plant a gene encoding a cytotoxic substance associated with a male tissue specific promoter or an antisense system in which a gene needed for fertility is identified and an antisense to that gene is inserted in the plant (see Fabinjanski, et al. EPO 89/3010153.8 publication no. 329,308 and PCT application PCT/CA90/00037 published as WO 90/08828). Another system for controlling male sterility makes use of gametocides. Gametocides are not a genetic system, but rather a topical application of chemicals. These chemicals affect cells that are needed for male fertility. The application of these chemicals affects fertility in the plants only for the growing season in which the gametocide is applied (see Carlson, Glenn R., and U.S. Pat. No. 4,936,904). Application of the gametocide, timing of the application and genotype specificity often limit the usefulness of the approach and it is not appropriate in all situations. Transformation Transgenes and transformation methods facilitate engineering of the genome of plants to contain and express heterologous genetic elements, such as foreign genetic elements, or additional copies of endogenous elements, or modified versions of native or endogenous genetic elements in order to alter at least one trait of a plant in a specific manner. Any sequences, such as DNA, whether from a different species or from the same species, which have been stably inserted into a genome using transformation are referred to herein collectively as “transgenes” and/or “transgenic events”. Transgenes can be moved from one genome to another using breeding techniques which may include, for example, crossing, backcrossing or double haploid production. In some embodiments, a transformed variant of X15R414 may comprise at least one transgene but could contain at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and/or no more than 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, or 2. Transformed versions of the claimed maize variety X15R414 containing and inheriting the transgene thereof are provided. Numerous methods for plant transformation have been developed, including biological and physical plant transformation protocols. In addition, expression vectors and in vitro culture methods for plant cell or tissue transformation and regeneration of plants are available. See, for example, Qiudeng, Q. et al. (2014) Maize transformation technology development for commercial event generation, Frontiers in Plant Science 5: 379. In general, methods to transform, modify, edit or alter plant endogenous genomic DNA include altering the plant native DNA sequence or a pre-existing transgenic sequence including regulatory elements, coding and non-coding sequences. These methods can be used, for example, to target nucleic acids to pre-engineered target recognition sequences in the genome. Such pre-engineered target sequences may be introduced by genome editing or modification. As an example, a genetically modified plant variety is generated using “custom” or engineered endonucleases such as meganucleases produced to modify plant genomes (see e.g., WO 2009/114321; Gao et al. (2010) Plant Journal 1:176-187). Another site-directed engineering method is through the use of zinc finger domain recognition coupled with the restriction properties of restriction enzyme. See e.g., Urnov, et al., (2010) Nat Rev Genet. 11(9):636-46; Shukla, et al., (2009) Nature 459 (7245):437-41. A transcription activator-like (TAL) effector-DNA modifying enzyme (TALE or TALEN) is also used to engineer changes in plant genome. See e.g., US20110145940, Cermak et al., (2011) Nucleic Acids Res. 39(12) and Boch et al., (2009), Science 326(5959): 1509-12. Site-specific modification of plant genomes can also be performed using the bacterial type II CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas (CRISPR-associated) system. See e.g., Belhaj et al., (2013), Plant Methods 9: 39; The Cas9/guide RNA-based system allows targeted cleavage of genomic DNA guided by a customizable small noncoding RNA in plants (see e.g., WO 2015026883A1). Plant transformation methods may involve the construction of an expression vector. Such a vector comprises a DNA sequence that contains a gene under the control of or operatively linked to a regulatory element, for example a promoter. The vector may contain one or more genes and one or more regulatory elements. A transgenic event which has been stably engineered into the germ cell line of a particular maize plant using transformation techniques, could be moved into the germ cell line of another variety using traditional breeding techniques that are well known in the plant breeding arts. These varieties can then be crossed to generate a hybrid maize variety plant such as maize variety plant X15R414 which comprises a transgenic event. For example, a backcrossing approach is commonly used to move a transgenic event from a transformed maize plant to another variety, and the resulting progeny would then comprise the transgenic event(s). Also, if an inbred variety was used for the transformation then the transgenic plants could be crossed to a different inbred in order to produce a transgenic hybrid maize plant. Various genetic elements can be introduced into the plant genome using transformation. These elements include, but are not limited to genes; coding sequences; inducible, constitutive, and tissue specific promoters; enhancing sequences; and signal and targeting sequences. For example, see the traits, genes and transformation methods listed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,118,055 and 6,284,953. In addition, transformability of a variety can be increased by introgressing the trait of high transformability from another variety known to have high transformability, such as Hi-II. See U.S. Patent Application Publication US 2004/0016030. With transgenic or genetically modified plants, a foreign protein can be produced in commercial quantities. Thus, techniques for the selection and propagation of transformed plants, which are well understood in the art, yield a plurality of transgenic or genetically modified plants that are harvested in a conventional manner, and a foreign protein then can be extracted from a tissue of interest or from total biomass. Protein extraction from plant biomass can be accomplished by known methods which are discussed, for example, by Sack, M. et al.,Curr. Opin. Biotech32: 163-170 (2015). Transgenic events can be mapped by one of ordinary skill in the art and such techniques are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Plants can be genetically engineered or modified to express various phenotypes of agronomic interest. Through the transformation or modification of maize the expression of genes can be altered to enhance disease resistance, insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, agronomic traits, grain quality and other traits. Transformation can also be used to insert DNA sequences which control or help control male-sterility. DNA sequences native to maize as well as non-native DNA sequences can be transformed into maize and used to alter levels of native or non-native proteins. Various promoters, targeting sequences, enhancing sequences, and other DNA sequences can be inserted into the maize genome for the purpose of altering the expression of proteins. Reduction of the activity of specific genes (also known as gene silencing, or gene suppression) is desirable for several aspects of genetic engineering in plants. Many techniques for gene silencing are well known to one of skill in the art, including but not limited to knock-outs (such as by insertion of a transposable element such as mu or other genetic elements such as a FRT, Lox or other site specific integration site, antisense technology (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,107,065; 5,453,566; and 5,759,829); co-suppression (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,323), virus-induced gene silencing; target-RNA-specific ribozymes; hairpin structures (WO 99/53050 and WO 98/53083); MicroRNA; ribozymes; oligonucleotide mediated targeted modification (e.g., WO 03/076574 and WO 99/25853); Zn-finger targeted molecules (e.g., WO 01/52620; WO 03/048345; and WO 00/42219); and other methods or combinations of the above methods known to those of skill in the art. Exemplary nucleotide sequences that may be altered by genetic engineering include, but are not limited to, those categorized below. 1. Transgenes That Confer Resistance to Insects or Disease and That Encode: (A) Plant disease resistance genes. Plant defenses are often activated by specific interaction between the product of a disease resistance gene (R) in the plant and the product of a corresponding avirulence (Avr) gene in the pathogen. A plant variety can be transformed with cloned resistance gene to engineer plants that are resistant to specific pathogen strains. A plant resistant to a disease is one that is more resistant to a pathogen as compared to the wild type plant. (B) ABacillus thuringiensisprotein, a derivative thereof or a synthetic polypeptide modeled thereon. DNA molecules encoding delta-endotoxin genes can be purchased from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA), for example, under ATCC Accession Nos. 40098, 67136, 31995 and 31998. Other non-limiting examples ofBacillus thuringiensistransgenes being genetically engineered are given in the following patents and patent applications: U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,188,960; 5,689,052; 5,880,275; 5,986,177; 7,105,332; 7,208,474; WO 91/14778; WO 99/31248; WO 01/12731; WO 99/24581; WO 97/40162 and U.S. application Ser. Nos. 10/032,717; 10/414,637; 11/018,615; 11/404,297; 11/404,638; 11/471,878; 11/780,501; 11/780,511; 11/780,503; 11/953,648; and Ser. No. 11/957,893. (C) An insect-specific hormone or pheromone such as an ecdysteroid and juvenile hormone, a variant thereof, a mimetic based thereon, or an antagonist or agonist thereof. (D) An insect-specific peptide which, upon expression, disrupts the physiology of the affected pest. For example, an insect diuretic hormone receptor or an allostatin. See also U.S. Pat. No. 5,266,317 disclosing genes encoding insect-specific toxins. (E) An enzyme responsible for a hyperaccumulation of a monoterpene, a sesquiterpene, a steroid, hydroxamic acid, a phenylpropanoid derivative or another non-protein molecule with insecticidal activity. (F) An enzyme involved in the modification, including the post-translational modification, of a biologically active molecule; for example, a glycolytic enzyme, a proteolytic enzyme, a lipolytic enzyme, a nuclease, a cyclase, a transaminase, an esterase, a hydrolase, a phosphatase, a kinase, a phosphorylase, a polymerase, an elastase, a chitinase and a glucanase, whether natural or synthetic. See PCT application WO 93/02197 in the name of Scott et al., which discloses the nucleotide sequence of a callase gene. DNA molecules which contain chitinase-encoding sequences can be obtained, for example, from the ATCC under Accession Nos. 39637 and 67152. See also U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,563,020; 7,145,060 and 7,087,810. (G) A molecule that stimulates signal transduction. For example, calmodulin cDNA clones. (H) A hydrophobic moment peptide. See PCT application WO 95/16776 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,580,852 disclosure of peptide derivatives of Tachyplesin which inhibit fungal plant pathogens) and PCT application WO 95/18855 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,607,914 (teaches synthetic antimicrobial peptides that confer disease resistance). (I) A membrane permease, a channel former or a channel blocker. (J) A viral-invasive protein or a complex toxin derived therefrom. For example, the accumulation of viral coat proteins in transformed plant cells imparts resistance to viral infection and/or disease development effected by the virus from which the coat protein gene is derived, as well as by related viruses. Coat protein-mediated resistance may been conferred upon transformed plants against, for example, alfalfa mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, tobacco streak virus, potato virus X, potato virus Y, tobacco etch virus, tobacco rattle virus and tobacco mosaic virus. (K) An insect-specific antibody or an immunotoxin derived therefrom. For example, an antibody targeted to a critical metabolic function in the insect gut would inactivate an affected enzyme, killing the insect. (L) A virus-specific antibody. Plants expressing recombinant antibody genes may be protected from virus attack. (M) A developmental-arrestive protein produced in nature by a pathogen or a parasite. For example, fungal endo alpha-1,4-D-polygalacturonases facilitate fungal colonization and plant nutrient release by solubilizing plant cell wall homo-alpha-1,4-D-galacturonase. (N) A developmental-arrestive protein produced in nature by a plant. For example, plants expressing the barley ribosome-inactivating gene may have an increased resistance to fungal disease. (O) Genes involved in the Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) Response and/or the pathogenesis related genes (P) Antifungal genes. See, e.g., U.S. application Ser. Nos. 09/950,933; 11/619,645; 11/657,710; 11/748,994; 11/774,121 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,891,085 and 7,306,946. (Q) Detoxification genes, such as for fumonisin, beauvericin, moniliformin and zearalenone and their structurally related derivatives. For example, see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,716,820; 5,792,931; 5,798,255; 5,846,812; 6,083,736; 6,538,177; 6,388,171 and 6,812,380. (R) Cystatin and cysteine proteinase inhibitors. See U.S. Pat. No. 7,205,453. (S) Defensin genes. See, e.g., WO03000863 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,911,577; 6,855,865; 6,777,592 and 7,238,781. (T) Genes conferring resistance to nematodes. See, e.g., PCT Application WO96/30517; PCT Application WO93/19181, WO 03/033651 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,284,948 and 7,301,069. (U) Genes that confer resistance toPhytophthoraRoot Rot, such as the Rps 1, Rps 1-a, Rps 1-b, Rps 1-c, Rps 1-d, Rps 1-e, Rps 1-k, Rps 2, Rps 3-a, Rps 3-b, Rps 3-c, Rps 4, Rps 5, Rps 6, Rps 7 and other Rps genes. (V) Genes that confer resistance to Brown Stem Rot, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,689,035. (W) Genes that confer resistance toColletotrichum, such as described in US Patent publication US20090035765. This includes the Rcg locus that may be utilized as a single locus conversion. 2. Transgenes That Confer Tolerance to A Herbicide, For Example: (A) A herbicide that inhibits the growing point or meristem, such as an imidazolinone or a sulfonylurea. Exemplary genes in this category code for mutant acetolactate synthase (ALS) and acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) enzyme as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,605,011; 5,013,659; 5,141,870; 5,767,361; 5,731,180; 5,304,732; 4,761,373; 5,331,107; 5,928,937; and 5,378,824; US Patent Publication No. 20070214515, and international publication WO 96/33270. (B) Glyphosate (tolerance imparted by mutant 5-enolpyruvl-3-phosphikimate synthase (EPSP) and aroA genes, respectively) and other phosphono compounds such as glufosinate (phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT) andStreptomyces hygroscopicusphosphinothricin acetyl transferase (bar) genes), and pyridinoxy or phenoxy proprionic acids and cyclohexones (ACCase inhibitor-encoding genes). See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,940,835, which discloses the nucleotide sequence of a form of EPSPS which can confer glyphosate tolerance. U.S. Pat. No. 5,627,061 also describes genes encoding EPSPS enzymes. See also U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,566,587; 6,338,961; 6,248,876 B1; 6,040,497; 5,804,425; 5,633,435; 5,145,783; 4,971,908; 5,312,910; 5,188,642; 4,940,835; 5,866,775; 6,225,114 B1; 6,130,366; 5,310,667; 4,535,060; 4,769,061; 5,633,448; 5,510,471; Re. 36,449; RE 37,287 E; and 5,491,288; and international publications EP1173580; WO 01/66704; EP1173581 and EP1173582. Glyphosate tolerance is also imparted to plants that express a gene that encodes a glyphosate oxido-reductase enzyme as described more fully in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,776,760 and 5,463,175. In addition, glyphosate tolerance can be imparted to plants by the over expression of genes encoding glyphosate N-acetyltransferase. See, for example, US2004/0082770; US2005/0246798; and US2008/0234130. A DNA molecule encoding a mutant aroA gene can be obtained under ATCC accession No. 39256, and the nucleotide sequence of the mutant gene is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,769,061. European Patent Application No. 0 333 033 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,975,374 disclose nucleotide sequences of glutamine synthetase genes which confer tolerance to herbicides such as L-phosphinothricin. The nucleotide sequence of a phosphinothricin-acetyl-transferase gene is provided in European Patent Nos. 0 242 246 and 0 242 236. See also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,969,213; 5,489,520; 5,550,318; 5,874,265; 5,919,675; 5,561,236; 5,648,477; 5,646,024; 6,177,616 B1; and 5,879,903. Exemplary genes conferring resistance to phenoxy propionic acids, cyclohexanediones and cyclohexones, such as sethoxydim and haloxyfop, are the Acc1-S1, Acc1-S2 and Acc1-S3 genes. (C) A herbicide that inhibits photosynthesis, such as a triazine (psbA and gs+ genes), glutathione 5-transferase and a benzonitrile (nitrilase gene) such as bromoxynil. Nucleotide sequences for nitrilase genes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,648 to Stalker, and DNA molecules containing these genes are available under ATCC Accession Nos. 53435, 67441 and 67442. (D) Other genes that confer tolerance to herbicides include: a gene encoding a chimeric protein of rat cytochrome P4507A1 and yeast NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase, genes for glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase, and genes for various phosphotransferases. (E) A herbicide that inhibits protoporphyrinogen oxidase (protox or PPO) is necessary for the production of chlorophyll, which is necessary for all plant survival. The protox enzyme serves as the target for a variety of herbicidal compounds. PPO-inhibitor herbicides can inhibit growth of all the different species of plants present, causing their total destruction. The development of plants containing altered protox activity which are tolerant to these herbicides are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,288,306 B1; 6,282,837 B1; and 5,767,373; and international patent publication WO 01/12825. (F) Dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid) is an organochloride derivative of benzoic acid which functions by increasing plant growth rate such that the plant dies. 3. Transgenes That Confer or Contribute to an Altered Grain Characteristic, Such as: (A) Altered fatty acids, for example, by(1) Down-regulation of stearoyl-ACP desaturase to increase stearic acid content of the plant. See, e.g., WO99/64579,(2) Elevating oleic acid via FAD-2 gene modification and/or decreasing linolenic acid via FAD-3 gene modification (se, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,063,947; 6,323,392; 6,372,965 and WO 93/11245),(3) Altering conjugated linolenic or linoleic acid content, such as in WO 01/12800,(4) Altering LEC1, AGP, Dek1, Superalt mi1ps, various Ipa genes such as Ipat Ipa3, hpt or hggt. For example, see WO 02/42424, WO 98/22604, WO 03/011015, WO02/057439, WO03/011015, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,423,886, 6,197,561, 6,825,397, and U.S. Application Serial Nos. US2003/0079247, US2003/0204870. (B) Altered phosphate content, for example, by the (1) Introduction of a phytase-encoding gene would enhance breakdown of phytate, adding more free phosphate to the transformed plant. (2) Modulating a gene that reduces phytate content. In maize, this, for example, could be accomplished, by cloning and then re-introducing DNA associated with one or more of the alleles, such as the LPA alleles, identified in maize mutants characterized by low levels of phytic acid, such as in WO 05/113778 and/or by altering inositol kinase activity as in WO 02/059324, US2003/0009011, WO 03/027243, US2003/0079247, WO 99/05298, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,197,561, 6,291,224, 6,391,348, WO2002/059324, US2003/0079247, Wo98/45448, WO99/55882, WO01/04147. (C) Altered carbohydrates affected, for example, by altering a gene for an enzyme that affects the branching pattern of starch or, a gene altering thioredoxin such as NTR and/or TRX (See U.S. Pat. No. 6,531,648) and/or a gamma zein knock out or mutant such as cs27 or TUSC27 or en27 (See U.S. Pat. No. 6,858,778 and US2005/0160488, US2005/0204418). See e.g., WO 99/10498 (improved digestibility and/or starch extraction through modification of UDP-D-xylose 4-epimerase, Fragile 1 and 2, Ref1, HCHL, C4H) and U.S. Pat. No. 6,232,529 (method of producing high oil seed by modification of starch levels (AGP)). The fatty acid modification genes mentioned herein may also be used to affect starch content and/or composition through the interrelationship of the starch and oil pathways. (D) Altered antioxidant content or composition, such as alteration of tocopherol or tocotrienols. For example, see U.S. Pat. No. 6,787,683, US2004/0034886 and WO 00/68393 involving the manipulation of antioxidant levels, and WO 03/082899 through alteration of a homogentisate geranyl transferase (hggt). (E) Altered essential seed amino acids. For example, see U.S. Pat. No. 6,127,600 (method of increasing accumulation of essential amino acids in seeds), U.S. Pat. No. 6,080,913 (binary methods of increasing accumulation of essential amino acids in seeds), U.S. Pat. No. 5,990,389 (high lysine), WO99/40209 (alteration of amino acid compositions in seeds), WO99/29882 (methods for altering amino acid content of proteins), U.S. Pat. No. 5,850,016 (alteration of amino acid compositions in seeds), WO98/20133 (proteins with enhanced levels of essential amino acids), U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,802 (high methionine), U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,801 (high threonine), U.S. Pat. No. 6,664,445 (plant amino acid biosynthetic enzymes), U.S. Pat. No. 6,459,019 (increased lysine and threonine), U.S. Pat. No. 6,441,274 (plant tryptophan synthase beta subunit), U.S. Pat. No. 6,346,403 (methionine metabolic enzymes), U.S. Pat. No. 5,939,599 (high sulfur), U.S. Pat. No. 5,912,414 (increased methionine), WO98/56935 (plant amino acid biosynthetic enzymes), WO98/45458 (engineered seed protein having higher percentage of essential amino acids), WO98/42831 (increased lysine), U.S. Pat. No. 5,633,436 (increasing sulfur amino acid content), U.S. Pat. No. 5,559,223 (synthetic storage proteins with defined structure containing programmable levels of essential amino acids for improvement of the nutritional value of plants), WO96/01905 (increased threonine), WO95/15392 (increased lysine), US2003/0163838, US2003/0150014, US2004/0068767, U.S. Pat. No. 6,803,498, WO01/79516. 4. Genes that Control Male-Sterility: There are several methods of conferring genetic male sterility available, such as multiple mutant genes at separate locations within the genome that confer male sterility, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,654,465 and 4,727,219 to Brar et al. and chromosomal translocations as described by Patterson in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,861,709 and 3,710,511. In addition to these methods, Albertsen et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,432,068, describe a system of nuclear male sterility which includes: identifying a gene which is needed for male fertility; silencing this native gene which is needed for male fertility; removing the native promoter from the essential male fertility gene and replacing it with an inducible promoter; inserting this genetically engineered gene back into the plant; and thus creating a plant that is male sterile because the inducible promoter is not “on” resulting in the male fertility gene not being transcribed. Fertility is restored by inducing, or turning “on”, the promoter, which in turn allows the gene that confers male fertility to be transcribed. (A) Introduction of a deacetylase gene under the control of a tapetum-specific promoter and with the application of the chemical N-Ac-PPT (WO 01/29237). (B) Introduction of various stamen-specific promoters (WO 92/13956, WO 92/13957). (C) Introduction of the barnase and the barstar gene. For additional examples of nuclear male and female sterility systems and genes, see also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,859,341; 6,297,426; 5,478,369; 5,824,524; 5,850,014; and 6,265,640. 5. Genes that create a site for site specific DNA integration. This includes the introduction of FRT sites that may be used in the FLP/FRT system and/or Lox sites that may be used in the Cre/Loxp system. For example, see WO 99/25821. Other systems that may be used include the Gin recombinase of phage Mu, the Pin recombinase ofE. coli, and the R/RS system of the pSR1 plasmid. 6. Genes that affect abiotic stress resistance (including but not limited to flowering, ear and seed development, enhancement of nitrogen utilization efficiency, altered nitrogen responsiveness, drought resistance or tolerance, cold resistance or tolerance, and salt resistance or tolerance) and increased yield under stress. For example, see: WO 00/73475 where water use efficiency is altered through alteration of malate; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,892,009; 5,965,705; 5,929,305; 5,891,859; 6,417,428; 6,664,446; 6,706,866; 6,717,034; 6,801,104; WO2000060089; WO2001026459; WO2001035725; WO2001034726; WO2001035727; WO2001036444; WO2001036597; WO2001036598; WO2002015675; WO2002017430; WO2002077185; WO2002079403; WO2003013227; WO2003013228; WO2003014327; WO2004031349; WO2004076638; WO9809521; and WO9938977 describing genes, including CBF genes and transcription factors effective in mitigating the negative effects of freezing, high salinity, and drought on plants, as well as conferring other positive effects on plant phenotype; US2004/0148654 and WO01/36596 where abscisic acid is altered in plants resulting in improved plant phenotype such as increased yield and/or increased tolerance to abiotic stress; WO2000/006341, WO04/090143, U.S. application Ser. Nos. 10/817,483 and 09/545,334 where cytokinin expression is modified resulting in plants with increased stress tolerance, such as drought tolerance, and/or increased yield. Also see WO0202776, WO2003052063, JP2002281975, U.S. Pat. No. 6,084,153, WO0164898, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,177,275, and 6,107,547 (enhancement of nitrogen utilization and altered nitrogen responsiveness). For ethylene alteration, see US20040128719, US20030166197 and WO200032761. For plant transcription factors or transcriptional regulators of abiotic stress, see e.g. US20040098764 or US20040078852. Other genes and transcription factors that affect plant growth and agronomic traits such as yield, flowering, plant growth and/or plant structure, can be introduced or introgressed into plants, see e.g. WO97/49811 (LHY), WO98/56918 (ESD4), WO97/10339 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,573,430 (TFL), U.S. Pat. No. 6,713,663 (FT), WO96/14414 (CON), WO96/38560, WO01/21822 (VRN1), WO00/44918 (VRN2), WO99/49064 (GI), WO00/46358 (FRI), WO97/29123, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,794,560, 6,307,126 (GAI), WO99/09174 (D8 and Rht), WO2004076638 and WO2004031349 (transcription factors). Using X15R414 to Develop another Maize Plant The development of maize hybrids in a maize plant breeding program requires, in general, the development of homozygous inbred lines, the crossing of these lines, and the evaluation of the crosses. Maize plant breeding programs combine the genetic backgrounds from two or more inbred varieties or various other germplasm sources into breeding populations from which new inbred varieties are developed by selfing and selection of desired phenotypes. Hybrids also can be used as a source of plant breeding material or as source populations from which to develop or derive new maize varieties. Plant breeding techniques known in the art and used in a maize plant breeding program include, but are not limited to, recurrent selection, mass selection, bulk selection, backcrossing, making double haploids, pedigree breeding, open pollination breeding, restriction fragment length polymorphism enhanced selection, genetic marker enhanced selection, and transformation. Often combinations of these techniques are used. The inbred varieties derived from hybrids can be developed using plant breeding techniques as described above. New inbreds are crossed with other inbred varieties and the hybrids from these crosses are evaluated to determine which of those have commercial potential. The oldest and most traditional method of analysis is the observation of phenotypic traits but genotypic analysis may also be used. Methods for producing a maize plant by crossing a first parent maize plant with a second parent maize plant wherein either the first or second parent maize plant is a maize plant of the variety X15R414 are provided. The other parent may be any other maize plant, such as another inbred variety or a plant that is part of a synthetic or natural population. Any such methods using the maize variety X15R414 in crossing or breeding are provided, such as, for example: selfing, sibbing, backcrosses, mass selection, pedigree breeding, bulk selection, hybrid production, crosses to populations, and the like. Recurrent Selection and Mass Selection Recurrent selection is a method used in a plant breeding program to improve a population of plants. X15R414 is suitable for use in a recurrent selection program. The method entails individual plants cross pollinating with each other to form progeny. The progeny are grown and the superior progeny selected by any number of selection methods, which include individual plant, half-sib progeny, full-sib progeny, selfed progeny and topcrossing. The selected progeny are cross pollinated with each other to form progeny for another population. This population is planted and again superior plants are selected to cross pollinate with each other. Recurrent selection is a cyclical process and therefore can be repeated as many times as desired. The objective of recurrent selection is to improve the traits of a population. The improved population can then be used as a source of breeding material to obtain inbred varieties to be used in hybrids or used as parents for a synthetic cultivar. A synthetic cultivar is the resultant progeny formed by the intercrossing of several selected inbreds. X15R414 is suitable for use in mass selection. Mass selection is a useful technique when used in conjunction with molecular marker enhanced selection. In mass selection seeds from individuals are selected based on phenotype and/or genotype. These selected seeds are then bulked and used to grow the next generation. Bulk selection requires growing a population of plants in a bulk plot, allowing the plants to self-pollinate, harvesting the seed in bulk and then using a sample of the seed harvested in bulk to plant the next generation. Instead of self-pollination, directed pollination could be used as part of the breeding program. Production of Double Haploids The production of double haploids from X15R414 can also be used for the development of inbreds. Double haploids are produced by the doubling of a set of chromosomes (1N) from a heterozygous plant to produce a completely homozygous individual. For example, a method is provided of obtaining a substantially homozygous X15R414 progeny plant by obtaining a seed from the cross of X15R414 and another maize plant and applying double haploid methods to the F1 seed or F1 plant or to any successive filial generation. Methods for producing plants by doubling haploid seed generated by a cross of the plants, or parts thereof, disclosed herein with a different maize plant are provided. The use of double haploids substantially decreases the number of generations required to produce an inbred with similar genetics or characteristics to X15R414. For example, see U.S. Patent Application No. 2003/0005479. This can be advantageous because the process omits the generations of selfing needed to obtain a homozygous plant from a heterozygous source. Haploid induction systems have been developed for various plants to produce haploid tissues, plants and seeds. The haploid induction system can produce haploid plants from any genotype by crossing a selected variety (as female) with an inducer variety. Such inducer varieties for maize include Stock 6, RWS, KEMS, or KMS and ZMS, and indeterminate gametophyte (ig) mutation. Methods for obtaining haploid plants are also disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,639,951 and US Patent Application Publication No. 20020188965. In particular, a process of making seed substantially retaining the molecular marker profile of maize variety X15R414 is provided. Obtaining a seed of hybrid maize variety X15R414 further comprising a locus conversion, wherein representative seed is produced by crossing a first plant of variety 1PKGP36 or a locus conversion thereof with a second plant of variety PH47SK or a locus conversion thereof, and wherein representative seed of said varieties 1PKGP36 and PH47SK have been deposited and wherein said maize variety X15R414 further comprising a locus conversion has 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% of the same polymorphisms for molecular markers as the plant or plant part of maize variety X15R414. Sequences for the public markers can be found, for example, in the Panzea database which is available online from Panzea. The type of molecular marker used in the molecular profile can be but is not limited to Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms, SNPs. A process of making seed retaining essentially the same phenotypic, physiological, morphological or any combination thereof characteristics of maize variety X15R414 is also contemplated. Obtaining a seed of hybrid maize variety X15R414 further comprising a locus conversion, wherein representative seed is produced by crossing a first plant of variety 1PKGP36 or a locus conversion thereof with a second plant of variety PH47SK or a locus conversion thereof, and wherein representative seed of said varieties 1PKGP36 and PH47SK have been deposited and wherein said maize variety X15R414 further comprising a locus conversion has essentially the same morphological characteristics as maize variety X15R414 when grown in the same environmental conditions. The same environmental conditions may be, but is not limited to, a side-by-side comparison. The characteristics can be or include, for example, those listed in Table 1. The comparison can be made using any number of professionally accepted experimental designs and statistical analysis. Use of X15R414 in Tissue Culture Methods of tissue culturing cells of X15R414 and a tissue culture of X15R414 is provided. As used herein, the term “tissue culture” includes plant protoplasts, plant cell tissue culture, cultured microspores, plant calli, plant clumps, and the like. In certain embodiments, the tissue culture comprises embryos, protoplasts, meristematic cells, pollen, leaves or anthers derived from immature tissues of pollen, flowers, kernels, ears, cobs, leaves, husks, stalks, roots, root tips, anthers, silk, and the like. As used herein, phrases such as “growing the seed” or “grown from the seed” include embryo rescue, isolation of cells from seed for use in tissue culture, as well as traditional growing methods. Means for preparing and maintaining plant tissue cultures are well known in the art. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,538,880; 5,550,318, and 6,437,224, the latter describing tissue issue culture of maize, including tassel/anther culture. Thus, in certain embodiments, cells are provided which upon growth and differentiation produce maize plants having the genotype and/or phenotypic characteristics of variety X15R414. Seed Treatments and Cleaning Methods of harvesting the grain of the F1 plant of variety X15R414 and using the F2 grain as seed for planting are provided. Also provided are methods of using the seed of variety X15R414, or selfed grain harvested from variety X15R414, as seed for planting. Embodiments include cleaning the seed, treating the seed, and/or conditioning the seed and seed produced by such cleaning, conditioning, treating or any combination thereof. Cleaning the seed is understood in the art to include removal of one or more of foreign debris such as weed seed, chaff, and non-seed plant matter from the seed. Conditioning the seed is understood in the art to include controlling the temperature and rate of dry down of the seed and storing the seed in a controlled temperature environment. Seed treatment is the application of a composition to the seed such as a coating or powder. Methods for producing a treated seed include the step of applying a composition to the seed or seed surface. Seeds are provided which have on the surface a composition. Biological active components such as bacteria can also be used as a seed treatment. Some examples of compositions include active components such as insecticides, fungicides, pesticides, antimicrobials, germination inhibitors, germination promoters, cytokinins, and nutrients. Biological active components, such as bacteria, can also be used as a seed treatment. Carriers such as polymers can be used to increase binding of the active component to the seed. To protect and to enhance yield production and trait technologies, seed treatment options can provide additional crop plan flexibility and cost effective control against insects, weeds and diseases, thereby further enhancing the invention described herein. Seed material can be treated, typically surface treated, with a composition comprising combinations of chemical or biological herbicides, herbicide safeners, insecticides, fungicides, germination inhibitors and enhancers, nutrients, plant growth regulators and activators, bactericides, nematicides, avicides and/or molluscicides. These compounds are typically formulated together with further carriers, surfactants or application-promoting adjuvants customarily employed in the art of formulation. The coatings may be applied by impregnating propagation material with a liquid formulation or by coating with a combined wet or dry formulation. Examples of the various types of compounds that may be used as seed treatments are provided in The Pesticide Manual: A World Compendium, C.D.S. Tomlin Ed., Published by the British Crop Production Council. Some seed treatments that may be used on crop seed include, but are not limited to, one or more of abscisic acid, acibenzolar-S-methyl, avermectin, amitrol, azaconazole, azospirillum, azadirachtin, azoxystrobin,Bacillusspp. (including one or more ofcereus, firmus, megaterium, pumilis, sphaericus, subtilisand/orthuringiensis),Bradyrhizobiumspp. (including one or more ofbetae, canariense, elkanii, iriomotense, japonicum, liaonigense,pachyrhiziand/oryuanmingense), captan, carboxin, chitosan, clothianidin, copper, cyazypyr, difenoconazole, etidiazole, fipronil, fludioxonil, fluoxastrobin, fluquinconazole, flurazole, fluxofenim, harpin protein, imazalil, imidacloprid, ipconazole, isoflavenoids, lipo-chitooligosaccharide, mancozeb, manganese, maneb, mefenoxam, metalaxyl, metconazole, myclobutanil, PCNB, penflufen, penicillium, penthiopyrad, permethrine, picoxystrobin, prothioconazole, pyraclostrobin, rynaxypyr, S-metolachlor, saponin, sedaxane, TCMTB, tebuconazole, thiabendazole, thiamethoxam, thiocarb, thiram, tolclofos-methyl, triadimenol,trichoderma, trifloxystrobin, triticonazole and/or zinc. PCNB seed coat refers to EPA registration number 00293500419, containing quintozen and terrazole. TCMTB refers to 2-(thiocyanomethylthio) benzothiazole. Seed varieties and seeds with specific transgenic traits may be tested to determine which seed treatment options and application rates may complement such varieties and transgenic traits in order to enhance yield. For example, a variety with good yield potential but head smut susceptibility may benefit from the use of a seed treatment that provides protection against head smut, a variety with good yield potential but cyst nematode susceptibility may benefit from the use of a seed treatment that provides protection against cyst nematode, and so on. Likewise, a variety encompassing a transgenic trait conferring insect resistance may benefit from the second mode of action conferred by the seed treatment, a variety encompassing a transgenic trait conferring herbicide resistance may benefit from a seed treatment with a safener that enhances the plants resistance to that herbicide, etc. Further, the good root establishment and early emergence that results from the proper use of a seed treatment may result in more efficient nitrogen use, a better ability to withstand drought and an overall increase in yield potential of a variety or varieties containing a certain trait when combined with a seed treatment. INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY Another embodiment is a method of harvesting the grain or plant material of the F1 plant of variety X15R414 and using the grain or plant material in a commodity. Methods of producing a commodity plant product are also provided. Examples of maize grain or plant material as a commodity plant product include, but are not limited to, oils, meals, flour, starches, syrups, proteins, cellulose, silage, and sugars. Maize grain is used as human food, livestock feed, and as raw material in industry. The food uses of maize, in addition to human consumption of maize kernels, include both products of dry- and wet-milling industries. The principal products of maize dry milling are grits, meal and flour. The maize wet-milling industry can provide maize starch, maize syrups, and dextrose for food use. Maize oil is recovered from maize germ, which is a by-product of both dry- and wet-milling industries. Processing the grain can include one or more of cleaning to remove foreign material and debris from the grain, conditioning, such as addition of moisture to the grain, steeping the grain, wet milling, dry milling and sifting. Maize, including both grain and non-grain portions of the plant, is also used extensively as livestock feed, primarily for beef cattle, dairy cattle, hogs, and poultry. Industrial uses of maize include production of ethanol, maize starch in the wet-milling industry and maize flour in the dry-milling industry. The industrial applications of maize starch and flour are based on functional properties, such as viscosity, film formation, adhesive properties, and ability to suspend particles. The maize starch and flour have application in the paper and textile industries. Other industrial uses include applications in adhesives, building materials, foundry binders, laundry starches, explosives, oil-well muds, and other mining applications. Plant parts other than the grain of maize are also used in industry: for example, stalks and husks are made into paper and wallboard and cobs are used for fuel and to make charcoal. The seed of the maize variety, the plant produced from the seed, a plant produced from crossing of maize variety X15R414 and various parts of the maize plant and transgenic versions of the foregoing, can be utilized for human food, livestock feed, and as a raw material in industry. All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in the specification are incorporated by reference herein for the purpose cited to the same extent as if each was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference herein. The foregoing invention has been described in detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity and understanding. As is readily apparent to one skilled in the art, the foregoing are only some of the methods and compositions that illustrate the embodiments of the foregoing invention. It will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that variations, changes, modifications, and alterations may be applied to the compositions and/or methods described herein without departing from the true spirit, concept, and scope of the invention. As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having,” “contains”, “containing,” “characterized by” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. Unless expressly stated to the contrary, “or” is used as an inclusive term. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present). The indefinite articles “a” and “an” preceding an element or component are nonrestrictive regarding the number of instances (i.e., occurrences) of the element or component. Therefore “a” or “an” should be read to include one or at least one, and the singular word form of the element or component also includes the plural unless the number is obviously meant to be singular. DEPOSITS Applicant has made a deposit of at least 625 seeds of parental maize inbred varieties 1PKGP36 and PH47SK with the Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Marine Algae and Microbiota (NCMA), 60 Bigelow Drive, East Boothbay, Me. 04544 USA, as NCMA Deposit Nos. 202211014 and 202004009, respectively. The seeds deposited with the NCMA on Nov. 9, 2022 for 202211014 and on Apr. 20, 2020 for 202004009, were obtained from the seed of the variety maintained by Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc., 7250 NW 62ndAvenue, Johnston, Iowa 50131-1000 since prior to the filing date of this application. Access to this seed will be available during the pendency of the application to the Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks and persons determined by the Commissioner to be entitled thereto upon request. Upon issuance of any claims in the application, the Applicant will make available to the public, pursuant to 37 C.F.R. § 1.808, a sample(s) of the deposit of at least 625 seeds of parental maize inbred varieties 1PKGP36 and PH47SK with the NCMA. The deposits of the seed of parental maize inbred varieties for Hybrid Maize Variety X15R414 will be maintained in the NCMA depository, which is a public depository, for a period of 30 years, or 5 years after the most recent request, or for the enforceable life of the patent, whichever is longer, and will be replaced if it becomes nonviable during that period. Additionally, Applicant has or will satisfy all of the requirements of 37 C.F.R. §§ 1.801-1.809, including providing an indication of the viability of the sample upon deposit. Applicant has no authority to waive any restrictions imposed by law on the transfer of biological material or its transportation in commerce. Applicant does not waive any infringement of the rights granted under this patent or rights applicable to Hybrid Maize Variety X15R414 and/or its parental maize inbred varieties 1PKGP36 and PH47SK under either the patent laws or the Plant Variety Protection Act (7 USC 2321 et seq.). Unauthorized seed multiplication is prohibited. TABLE 1VARIETY DESCRIPTION INFORMATION- * X15R4141.TYPE & YIELD:Grain TextureDENTYield (bushels per acre)220.6Yield (Tonnage per acre @ 0%9.1dry matter)2.MATURITY:DaysHeat UnitsComparative Relative Maturity117(CRM)Planting to 50% of plants in silk5814243.PLANT:ValueSENumberPlant Height (to flag leaf) (cm)284.2~15Ear Height (to base of top ear1169.8316node) (cm)Length of Top Ear Internode (cm)14.82.045Number of Nodes Above Ground18.80.985Anthocyanin of Brace Roots:21 = absent, 2 = faint, 3 = moderate,4 = dark4.LEAF:Width of Ear Node Leaf (cm)11.20.45Length of Ear Node Leaf (cm)98.23.975Number of Leaves Above Top Ear7.40.495Leaf Angle (Degrees)1745(at anthesis, 2nd leaf above topear to the stalk)Leaf ColorV. Dark GreenBrown Mid Rib (BMR)NoLeaf AttitudeSemi-erect(appearance of leaf above top ear)Leaf Sheath Pubescence:71 = none to 9 = peach-like fuzz5.TASSEL:Number of Primary Lateral805BranchesNumber of Secondary Branches0.20.45Branch Angle from Central Spike21125(Degrees)Tassel Length:53.62.585(from peduncle node to tasseltip) (cm)Peduncle Length:161.95(From top leaf node to lowerbranch) (cm)Central Spike Length (cm)26.42.335Flag Leaf Length (cm)39.82.45(from flag leaf collar to tassel tip)Pollen Shed: 0 = male sterile,89 = heavy shedAnther Color:Green-YellowGlume Color:6a.EAR (Unhusked ear):Silk color: (~3 days after silkLight Redemergence)Dry husk color: (~65 days afterWhite50% silking)Husk Tightness:(1 = very loose,99 = very tight)Husk Extension (at harvest):1 = short (ears exposed),2 = medium (<8 cm),3 = long (8-10 cm),4 = very long (>10 cm)Ear Position at Maturity16b.EAR (Husked ear data):Length of Interior Husk (cm)21.71.195Shank Length (cm)6.51.485Ear Length (cm)20.51.125Ear Diameter at mid-point (mm)51.30.095Ear Weight (gm)288.321.185Number of Kernel Rows17.20.724Number of Kernels Per Row40.61.744Kernel Rows: 1 = indistinct,22 = distinctRow Alignment:11 = straight,2 = slightly curved,3 = spiralEar Taper:11 = slight cylind., 2 = average,3 = extreme conic.7.KERNEL (Dried):Kernel Length (mm)13.51.4626Kernel Width (mm)7.90.6626Kernel Thickness (mm)Kernel Pericarp colorClearAleurone Color Pattern1Aleurone ColorYellowHard Endosperm ColorYellow8.COB:Cob Diameter at mid-point30.20.095(mm)Cob ColorPink*Wherein X15R414 has one or more locus conversion(s) for insect control and/or herbicide tolerance.Number is the number of individual plants that were scored.Value is an average if more than one plant or plot is scored.

11856908

DETAILED DESCRIPTION A new and distinctive maize hybrid variety designated X00R828, which has been the result of years of careful breeding and selection in a comprehensive maize breeding program is provided. Definitions Maize,Zea maysL., can be referred to as maize or corn. Certain definitions used in the specification are provided below. Also in the examples that follow, a number of terms are used herein. In order to provide a clear and consistent understanding of the specification and claims, including the scope to be given such terms, the following definitions are provided. NOTE: ABS is in absolute terms and % MN is percent of the mean for the experiments in which the inbred or hybrid was grown. PCT designates that the trait is calculated as a percentage. % NOT designates the percentage of plants that did not exhibit a trait. For example, STKLDG % NOT is the percentage of plants in a plot that were not stalk lodged. These designators will follow the descriptors to denote how the values are to be interpreted. Below are the descriptors used in the data tables included herein. BRITTLE STALK: A count of the number of “snapped” plants per plot following machine snapping or artificial selection pressure. A snapped plant has its stalk completely snapped at a node between the base of the plant and the node above the ear. Can be expressed as percent of plants that did not snap. ALLELE: Any of one or more alternative forms of a genetic sequence. In a diploid cell or organism, the two alleles of a given sequence typically occupy corresponding loci on a pair of homologous chromosomes. ALTER: With respect to genetic manipulation, the utilization of up-regulation, down-regulation, or gene silencing. ANTHESIS: The time of a flower's opening. ANTHRACNOSE STALK ROT (Colletotrichum graminicola): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Anthracnose Stalk Rot. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. BLUP=BEST LINEAR UNBIASED PREDICTION. The BLUP values are determined from a mixed model analysis of hybrid performance observations at various locations and replications. BLUP values for inbred maize plants, breeding values, are estimated from the same analysis using pedigree information. BREEDING CROSS: A cross to introduce new genetic material into a plant for the development of a new variety. For example, one could cross plant A with plant B, wherein plant B would be genetically different from plant A. After the breeding cross, the resulting F1 plants could then be selfed or sibbed for one, two, three or more times (F1, F2, F3, etc.) until a new inbred variety is developed. CELL: Cell as used herein includes a plant cell, whether isolated, in tissue culture or incorporated in a plant or plant part. CORN LETHAL NECROSIS: Synergistic interaction of maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) in combination with either maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV-A or MDMV-B) or wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Corn Lethal Necrosis. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. COMMON SMUT: This is the percentage of plants not infected with Common Smut. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. COMMON RUST (Puccinia sorghi): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Common Rust. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. CROSS POLLINATION: Fertilization by the union of two gametes from different plants. CROSSING: The combination of genetic material by traditional methods such as a breeding cross or backcross, but also including protoplast fusion and other molecular biology methods of combining genetic material from two sources. D and D1-Dn: represents the generation of doubled haploid. DRYDOWN: This represents the relative rate at which a hybrid will reach acceptable harvest moisture compared to other hybrids on a 1 to 9 rating scale. A high score indicates a hybrid that dries relatively fast while a low score indicates a hybrid that dries slowly. DIGESTIBLE ENERGY: Near-infrared transmission spectroscopy, NIT, prediction of digestible energy. DIPLODIAEAR MOLD SCORES (Diplodia maydisandDiplodia macrospora): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance toDiplodiaEar Mold. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured DIPLODIASTALK ROT: Stalk rot severity due toDiplodia(Diplodia maydis). Expressed as a 1 to 9 score with 9 being highly resistant. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. DROPPED EARS: A measure of the number of dropped ears per plot and represents the percentage of plants that did not drop ears prior to harvest. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. DROUGHT TOLERANCE: This represents a 1 to 9 rating for drought tolerance, and is based on data obtained under stress conditions. A high score indicates good drought tolerance and a low score indicates poor drought tolerance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. EAR POSITION AT MATURITY: The position of the ear at physiological maturity (approximately 65 days after 50% silk) 1=Upright; 2=Horizontal; 3=Pendent. EYE SPOT (Kabatiella zeaeorAureobasidium zeae): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Eye Spot. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. F1 PROGENY: A progeny plant produced by crossing a plant of one maize line with a plant of another maize line. FUSARIUMEAR ROT (Fusarium moniliformeorFusarium subglutinans): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance toFusariumEar Rot. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. GDU=GROWING DEGREE UNITS: Using the Barger Heat Unit Theory, which assumes that maize growth occurs in the temperature range 50° F.-86° F. and that temperatures outside this range slow down growth; the maximum daily heat unit accumulation is 36 and the minimum daily heat unit accumulation is 0. The seasonal accumulation of GDU is a major factor in determining maturity zones. GDUSHD=GDU TO SHED: The number of growing degree units (GDUs) or heat units required for an inbred variety or hybrid to have approximately 50 percent of the plants shedding pollen and is measured from the time of planting. Growing degree units are calculated by the Barger Method, where the heat units for a 24-hour period are: GDU=(Max.temp.+Min.temp.)2-50 The units determined by the Barger Method are then divided by 10. The highest maximum temperature used is 86 degrees F. and the lowest minimum temperature used is 50 degrees F. For each inbred or hybrid it takes a certain number of GDUs to reach various stages of plant development. GDUSLK=GDU TO SILK: The number of growing degree units required for an inbred variety or hybrid to have approximately 50 percent of the plants with silk emergence from time of planting. Growing degree units are calculated by the Barger Method as given in GDUSHD definition and then divided by 10. GENE SILENCING: The interruption or suppression of the expression of a gene at the level of transcription or translation. GENOTYPE: Refers to the genetic mark-up or profile of a cell or organism. GIBERS=GIBBERELLAEAR ROT (PINK MOLD) (Gibberella zeae): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance toGibberellaEar Rot. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. GIBROT=GIBBERELLASTALK ROT SCORE: Score of stalk rot severity due toGibberella(Gibberella zeae). Expressed as a 1 to 9 score with 9 being highly resistant. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. GLFSPT=GRAY LEAF SPOT (Cercospora zeae-maydis): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Gray Leaf Spot. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. GOSWLT=GOSS' WILT (Corynebacterium nebraskense): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Goss' Wilt. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. GRAIN TEXTURE: A visual rating used to indicate the appearance of mature grain observed in the middle third of the uppermost ear when well developed. Grain or seed with a hard grain texture is indicated as flint; grain or seed with a soft grain texture is indicted as dent. Medium grain or seed texture may be indicated as flint-dent or intermediate. Other grain textures include flint-like, dent-like, sweet, pop, waxy and flour. GRNAPP=GRAIN APPEARANCE: This is a 1 to 9 rating for the general appearance of the shelled grain as it is harvested based on such factors as the color of harvested grain, any mold on the grain, and any cracked grain. Higher scores indicate better grain visual quality. H and H1: Refers to the haploid generation. HAPLOID PLANT PART: Refers to a plant part or cell that has a haploid genotype. HCBLT=HELMINTHOSPORIUM CARBONUMLEAF BLIGHT (Helminthosporium carbonum): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance toHelminthosporiuminfection. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. HD SMT=HEAD SMUT (Sphacelotheca reiliana): This indicates the percentage of plants not infected. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. HSKCVR=HUSK COVER: A 1 to 9 score based on performance relative to key checks, with a score of 1 indicating very short husks, tip of ear and kernels showing; 5 is intermediate coverage of the ear under most conditions, sometimes with thin husk; and a 9 has husks extending and closed beyond the tip of the ear. Scoring can best be done near physiological maturity stage or any time during dry down until harvested. HTFRM=Near-infrared transmission spectroscopy, NIT, prediction of fermentables. HYBRID VARIETY: A substantially heterozygous hybrid line and minor genetic modifications thereof that retain the overall genetics of the hybrid line. INBRED: A variety developed through inbreeding or doubled haploidy that preferably comprises homozygous alleles at about 95% or more of its loci. An inbred can be reproduced by selfing or growing in isolation so that the plants can only pollinate with the same inbred variety. INTROGRESS ION: The process of transferring genetic material from one genotype to another. KERNEL PERICARP COLOR is scored when kernels have dried down and is taken at or about 65 days after 50% silk. Score codes are: Colorless=1; Red with white crown=2; Tan=3; Bronze=4; Brown=5; Light red=6; Cherry red=7. KER_WT=KERNEL NUMBER PER UNIT WEIGHT (Pounds or Grams): The number of kernels in a specific measured weight; determined after removal of extremely small and large kernels. LINKAGE: Refers to a phenomenon wherein alleles on the same chromosome tend to segregate together more often than expected by chance if their transmission was independent. LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM: Refers to a phenomenon wherein alleles tend to remain together in linkage groups when segregating from parents to offspring, with a greater frequency than expected from their individual frequencies. LOCUS: A specific location on a chromosome. LOCUS CONVERSION: (Also called TRAIT CONVERSION) A locus conversion refers to plants within a variety that have been modified in a manner that retains the overall genetics of the variety and further comprises one or more loci with a specific desired trait, such as male sterility, insect resistance, disease resistance or herbicide tolerance or resistance. Examples of single locus conversions include mutant genes, transgenes and native traits finely mapped to a single locus. One or more locus conversion traits may be introduced into a single corn variety. LRTLPN=LATE ROOT LODGING: An estimate of the percentage of plants that do not root lodge after anthesis through harvest; plants that lean from the vertical axis at an approximately 30-degree angle or greater would be considered as root lodged. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. LRTLSC=LATE ROOT LODGING SCORE: Score for severity of plants that lean from a vertical axis at an approximate 30-degree angle or greater which typically results from strong winds after flowering. Recorded prior to harvest when a root-lodging event has occurred. This lodging results in plants that are leaned or “lodged” over at the base of the plant and do not straighten or “goose-neck” back to a vertical position. Expressed as a 1 to 9 score with 9 being no lodging. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. MALE STERILITY: A male sterile plant is one which produces no viable pollen no (pollen that is able to fertilize the egg to produce a viable seed). Male sterility prevents self pollination. These male sterile plants are therefore useful in hybrid plant production. MDMCPX=MAIZE DWARF MOSAIC COMPLEX (MDMV=Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus and MCDV=Maize Chlorotic Dwarf Virus). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Maize Dwarf Mosaic Complex. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. MILKLN=percent milk in mature grain. MST=HARVEST MOISTURE: The moisture is the actual percentage moisture of the grain at harvest. NEI DISTANCE: A quantitative measure of percent similarity between two varieties. Nei's distance between varieties A and B can be defined as 1−(2*number alleles in common/(number alleles in A+number alleles in B). For example, if varieties A and B are the same for 95 out of 100 alleles, the Nei distance would be 0.05. If varieties A and B are the same for 98 out of 100 alleles, the Nei distance would be 0.02. Free software for calculating Nei distance is available on the internet at multiple locations. See Nei, Proc Natl Acad Sci, 76:5269-5273 (1979). NLFBLT=NORTHERN LEAF BLIGHT (Helminthosporium turcicumorExserohilum turcicum): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Northern Leaf Blight. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. NUCLEIC ACID: An acidic, chainlike biological macromolecule consisting of multiple repeat units of phosphoric acid, sugar, and purine and pyrimidine bases. OILT=GRAIN OIL: Absolute value of oil content of the kernel as predicted by Near-Infrared Transmittance and expressed as a percent of dry matter. PERCENT IDENTITY: Percent identity as used herein refers to the comparison of the alleles present in two varieties. For example, when comparing two inbred plants to each other, each inbred plant will have the same allele (and therefore be homozygous) at almost all of their loci. Percent identity is determined by comparing a statistically significant number of the homozygous alleles of two varieties. For example, a percent identity of 90% between X00R828 and other variety means that the two varieties have the same homozygous alleles at 90% of their loci. PLANT: As used herein, the term “plant” includes reference to an immature or mature whole plant, including a plant that has been detasseled or from which seed or grain has been removed. Seed or embryo that will produce the plant is also considered to be the plant. PLANT PART: As used herein, the term “plant part” includes leaves, stems, roots, seed, grain, embryo, pollen, ovules, flowers, ears, cobs, husks, stalks, root tips, anthers, pericarp, silk, tissue, cells and the like. In some embodiments, the plant part contains at least one cell of hybrid maize variety X00R828 or a locus conversion thereof. PLATFORM indicates the variety with the base genetics and the variety with the base genetics comprising locus conversion(s). There can be a platform for the inbred maize variety and the hybrid maize variety. PLTHT=PLANT HEIGHT: This is a measure of the height of the plant from the ground to the tip of the tassel in inches. POLSC=POLLEN SCORE: A 0 to 9 visual rating indicating the amount of pollen shed. The higher the score the more pollen shed. POLWT=POLLEN WEIGHT: This is calculated by dry weight of tassels collected as shedding commences minus dry weight from similar tassels harvested after shedding is complete. RM=RELATIVE MATURITY: This is a predicted relative maturity based on the harvest moisture of the grain. The relative maturity rating is based on a known set of checks and utilizes standard linear regression analyses and is also referred to as the Comparative Relative Maturity Rating System that is similar to the Minnesota Relative Maturity Rating System. PROT=GRAIN PROTEIN: Absolute value of protein content of the kernel as predicted by Near-Infrared Transmittance and expressed as a percent of dry matter. RESISTANCE: Synonymous with tolerance. The ability of a plant to withstand exposure to an insect, disease, herbicide or other condition. A resistant plant variety will have a level of resistance higher than a comparable wild-type variety. ROOT LODGING: Root lodging is the percentage of plants that do not root lodge; plants that lean from the vertical axis at an approximately 30-degree angle or greater would be counted as root lodged. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. SEED: Fertilized and ripened ovule, consisting of the plant embryo, varying amounts of stored food material, and a protective outer seed coat. Synonymous with grain. SEL IND=SELECTION INDEX: The selection index gives a single measure of the hybrid's worth based on information for multiple traits. A maize breeder may utilize his or her own set of traits for the selection index. One of the traits that is almost always included is yield. The selection index data presented in the tables represent the mean value averaged across testing stations. SELF POLLINATION: A plant is self-pollinated if pollen from one flower is transferred to the same or another flower of the same plant. SIB POLLINATION: A plant is sib-pollinated when individuals within the same family or variety are used for pollination. SITE SPECIFIC INTEGRATION: Genes that create a site for site specific DNA integration. This includes the introduction of FRT sites that may be used in the FLP/FRT system and/or Lox sites that may be used in the Cre/Loxp system. For example, see WO 99/25821. SLFBLT=SOUTHERN LEAF BLIGHT (Helminthosporium maydisorBipolaris maydis): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Southern Leaf Blight. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. SNP=SINGLE-NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM: is a DNA sequence variation occurring when a single nucleotide in the genome differs between individual plant or plant varieties. The differences can be equated with different alleles, and indicate polymorphisms. A number of SNP markers can be used to determine a molecular profile of an individual plant or plant variety and can be used to compare similarities and differences among plants and plant varieties. SOURST=SOUTHERN RUST (Puccinia polysora): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Southern Rust. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. SPKDSC=SPIKELET DENSITY SCORE: The visual 1-9 rating of how dense spikelets are on the middle tassel branches. A higher score indicates higher spikelet density. STAGRN=STAY GREEN: Stay green is the measure of plant health near the time of black layer formation (physiological maturity). A high score indicates better late-season plant health. STKLDS=STALK LODGING SCORE: A plant is considered as stalk lodged if the stalk is broken or crimped between the ear and the ground. This can be caused by any or a combination of the following: strong winds late in the season, disease pressure within the stalks, ECB damage or genetically weak stalks. This trait should be taken just prior to or at harvest. Expressed on a 1 to 9 scale with 9 being no lodging. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. STLLPN=LATE STALK LODGING: This is the percent of plants that did not stalk lodge (stalk breakage or crimping) at or around late season harvest (when grain moisture is below 20%) as measured by either natural lodging or pushing the stalks and determining the percentage of plants that break or crimp below the ear. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. STLPCN=STALK LODGING REGULAR: This is an estimate of the percentage of plants that did not stalk lodge (stalk breakage) at regular harvest (when grain moisture is between about 20% and 30%) as measured by either natural lodging or pushing the stalks and determining the percentage of plants that break below the ear. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. STWWLT=Stewart's Wilt (Erwinia stewartii): A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Stewart's Wilt. A higher score indicates a higher resistance. Data are collected only when sufficient selection pressure exists in the experiment measured. SSRs: Genetic markers based on polymorphisms in repeated nucleotide sequences, such as microsatellites. A marker system based on SSRs can be highly informative in linkage analysis relative to other marker systems in that multiple alleles may be present. TASBRN=TASSEL BRANCH NUMBER: The number of tassel branches, with anthers originating from the central spike. TASSZ=TASSEL SIZE: A 1 to 9 visual rating was used to indicate the relative size of the tassel. A higher rating means a larger tassel. TAS WT=TASSEL WEIGHT: This is the average weight of a tassel (grams) just prior to pollen shed. TILLER=TILLERS: A count of the number of tillers per plot that could possibly shed pollen was taken. Data are given as a percentage of tillers: number of tillers per plot divided by number of plants per plot. A tiller is defined as a secondary shoot that has developed as a tassel capable of shedding pollen. TSTWT=TEST WEIGHT (ADJUSTED): The measure of the weight of the grain in pounds for a given volume (bushel), adjusted for MST less than or equal to 22%. TSTWTN=TEST WEIGHT (UNADJUSTED): The measure of the weight of the grain in pounds for a given volume (bushel). VARIETY: A maize line and minor genetic modifications thereof that retain the overall genetics of the line including but not limited to a locus conversion, a mutation, or a somoclonal variant. YIELD BU/A=YIELD (BUSHELS/ACRE): Yield of the grain at harvest by weight or volume (bushels) per unit area (acre) adjusted to 15% moisture. The yield platform BLUP is a value derived by averaging for all members of the platform weighted by the inverse of the Standard Errors. YLDSC=YIELD SCORE: A 1 to 9 visual rating was used to give a relative rating for yield based on plot ear piles. The higher the rating the greater visual yield appearance. YIELDS=Silage Dry Matter Yield (tons/acre @ 100% DM) MLKYLD=Estimated pounds of milk produced per ton of dry matter fed and is based on utilizing nutrient content and fiber digestibility ADJMLK=Estimated pounds of milk produced per acre of silage dry matter based on an equation and is MLKYLD divided by YIELDS. SLGPRM=Silage Predicted Relative Maturity Silage Yields (Tonnage) Adjusted to 30% Dry Matter PCTMST=Silage Harvest Moisture % NDFDR=Silage Fiber Digestibility Based on rumen fluid NIRS calibration NDFDC=Silage Fiber Digestibility Based on rumen fluid NIRS calibration All tables discussed in the Detailed Description section can be found at the end of the section. Phenotypic Characteristics of X00R828 Hybrid Maize Variety X00R828 is a single cross maize variety and can be made by crossing inbreds PH4DDB and PH48J7. Locus conversions of Hybrid Maize Variety X00R828 can be made by crossing inbreds PH4DDB and PH48J7 wherein PH4DDB and/or PH48J7 comprise a locus conversion(s). The maize variety has shown uniformity and stability within the limits of environmental influence for all the traits as described in the Variety Description Information (see Table 1, found at the end of the section). The inbred parents of this maize variety have been self-pollinated and ear-rowed a sufficient number of generations with careful attention paid to uniformity of plant type to ensure the homozygosity and phenotypic stability necessary for use in commercial hybrid seed production. The variety has been increased both by hand and in isolated fields with continued observation for uniformity. No variant traits have been observed or are expected in X00R828. Hybrid Maize Variety X00R828 can be reproduced by planting seeds of the inbred parent varieties, growing the resulting maize plants under cross pollinating conditions, and harvesting the resulting seed using techniques familiar to the agricultural arts. Genotypic Characteristics of X00R828 In addition to phenotypic observations, a plant can also be described or identified by its genotype. The genotype of a plant can be characterized through a genetic marker profile. Genetic marker profiles can be obtained by techniques such as Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs), Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs), Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) which are also referred to as Microsatellites, and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). Particular markers used for these purposes may include any type of marker and marker profile which provides a means of distinguishing varieties. A genetic marker profile can be used, for example, to identify plants of the same variety or related varieties or to determine or validate a pedigree. In addition to being used for identification of maize variety X00R828 and its plant parts, the genetic marker profile is also useful in developing a locus conversion of X00R828. Methods of isolating nucleic acids from maize plants and methods for performing genetic marker profiles using SNP and SSR polymorphisms are well known in the art. SNPs are genetic markers based on a polymorphism in a single nucleotide. A marker system based on SNPs can be highly informative in linkage analysis relative to other marker systems in that multiple alleles may be present. A method comprising isolating nucleic acids, such as DNA, from a plant, a plant part, plant cell or a seed of the maize plants disclosed herein is provided. The method can include mechanical, electrical and/or chemical disruption of the plant, plant part, plant cell or seed, contacting the disrupted plant, plant part, plant cell or seed with a buffer or solvent, to produce a solution or suspension comprising nucleic acids, optionally contacting the nucleic acids with a precipitating agent to precipitate the nucleic acids, optionally extracting the nucleic acids, and optionally separating the nucleic acids such as by centrifugation or by binding to beads or a column, with subsequent elution, or a combination thereof. If DNA is being isolated, an RNase can be included in one or more of the method steps. The nucleic acids isolated can comprise all or substantially all of the genomic DNA sequence, all or substantially all of the chromosomal DNA sequence or all or substantially all of the coding sequences (cDNA) of the plant, plant part, or plant cell from which they were isolated. The amount and type of nucleic acids isolated may be sufficient to permit whole genome sequencing of the plant from which they were isolated or chromosomal marker analysis of the plant from which they were isolated. The methods can be used to produce nucleic acids from the plant, plant part, seed or cell, which nucleic acids can be, for example, analyzed to produce data. The data can be recorded. The nucleic acids from the disrupted cell, the disrupted plant, plant part, plant cell or seed or the nucleic acids following isolation or separation can be contacted with primers and nucleotide bases, and/or a polymerase to facilitate PCR sequencing or marker analysis of the nucleic acids. In some examples, the nucleic acids produced can be sequenced or contacted with markers to produce a genetic profile, a molecular profile, a marker profile, a haplotype, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the genetic profile or nucleotide sequence is recorded on a computer readable medium. In other examples, the methods may further comprise using the nucleic acids produced from plants, plant parts, plant cells or seeds in a plant breeding program, for example in making crosses, selection and/or advancement decisions in a breeding program. Crossing includes any type of plant breeding crossing method, including but not limited to crosses to produce hybrids, outcrossing, selfing, backcrossing, locus conversion, introgression and the like. Favorable genotypes and or marker profiles, optionally associated with a trait of interest, may be identified by one or more methodologies. In some examples one or more markers are used, including but not limited to AFLPs, RFLPs, ASH, SSRs, SNPs, indels, padlock probes, molecular inversion probes, microarrays, sequencing, and the like. In some methods, a target nucleic acid is amplified prior to hybridization with a probe. In other cases, the target nucleic acid is not amplified prior to hybridization, such as methods using molecular inversion probes. In some examples, the genotype related to a specific trait is monitored, while in other examples, a genome-wide evaluation including but not limited to one or more of marker panels, library screens, association studies, microarrays, gene chips, expression studies, or sequencing such as whole-genome resequencing and genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) may be used. In some examples, no target-specific probe is needed, for example by using sequencing technologies, including but not limited to next-generation sequencing methods (see, for example, Metzker (2010) Nat Rev Genet 11:31-46; and, Egan et al. (2012) Am J Bot 99:175-185) such as sequencing by synthesis (e.g., Roche 454 pyrosequencing, IIlumina Genome Analyzer, and Ion Torrent PGM or Proton systems), sequencing by ligation (e.g., SOLiD from Applied Biosystems, and Polnator system from Azco Biotech), and single molecule sequencing (SMS or third-generation sequencing) which eliminate template amplification (e.g., Helicos system, and PacBio RS system from Pacific BioSciences). Further technologies include optical sequencing systems (e.g., Starlight from Life Technologies), and nanopore sequencing (e.g., GridION from Oxford Nanopore Technologies). Each of these may be coupled with one or more enrichment strategies for organellar or nuclear genomes in order to reduce the complexity of the genome under investigation via PCR, hybridization, restriction enzyme (see, e.g., Elshire et al. (2011) PLoS ONE 6:e19379), and expression methods. In some examples, no reference genome sequence is needed in order to complete the analysis. X00R828 and its plant parts can be identified through a molecular marker profile. Such plant parts may be either diploid or haploid. The plant part includes at least one cell of the plant from which it was obtained, such as a diploid cell, a haploid cell or a somatic cell. Also provided are plants and plant parts substantially benefiting from the use of variety X00R828 in their development, such as variety X00R828 comprising a locus conversion. Comparisons of Maize Variety Hybrid X00R828 A breeder uses various methods to help determine which plants should be selected from segregating populations and ultimately which inbred varieties will be used to develop hybrids for commercialization. In addition to knowledge of the germplasm and plant genetics, a part of the hybrid selection process is dependent on experimental design coupled with the use of statistical analysis. Experimental design and statistical analysis are used to help determine which hybrid combinations are significantly better or different for one or more traits of interest. Experimental design methods are used to assess error so that differences between two hybrid varieties can be more accurately evaluated. Statistical analysis includes the calculation of mean values, determination of the statistical significance of the sources of variation, and the calculation of the appropriate variance components. One of ordinary skill in the art of plant breeding would know how to evaluate the traits of two plant varieties to determine if there is no significant difference between the two traits expressed by those varieties. Mean trait values may be used to determine whether trait differences are significant. Trait values should preferably be measured on plants grown under the same environmental conditions, and environmental conditions should be appropriate for the traits or traits being evaluated. Sufficient selection pressure should be present for optimum measurement of traits of interest such as herbicide tolerance or herbicide, insect or disease resistance. For example, a locus conversion of X00R828 for herbicide resistance or tolerance should be compared with an isogenic counterpart in the absence of the herbicide. In addition, a locus conversion for insect or disease resistance should be compared to the isogenic counterpart, in the absence of disease pressure or insect pressure. BLUP, Best Linear Unbiased Prediction, values can be reported for maize hybrid X00R828 and/or maize hybrid X00R828 comprising locus conversions. BLUP values can also be reported for other hybrids adapted to the same growing region as maize hybrid X00R828 with corresponding locus conversions. Development of Maize Hybrids Using X00R828 During the inbreeding process in maize, the vigor of the varieties decreases. However, vigor is restored when two different inbred varieties are crossed to produce the hybrid progeny (F1). An important consequence of the homozygosity and homogeneity of the inbred varieties is that the hybrid between a defined pair of inbreds may be reproduced indefinitely as long as the homogeneity of the inbred parents is maintained. Once the inbreds that create a superior hybrid have been identified, a continual supply of the hybrid seed can be produced using these inbred parents and the hybrid corn plants can then be generated from this hybrid seed supply. X00R828 or its parents may also be used to produce a double cross hybrid or a three-way hybrid. A single cross hybrid is produced when two inbred varieties are crossed to produce the F1 progeny. A double cross hybrid is produced from four inbred varieties crossed in pairs (A×B and C×D) and then the two F1 hybrids are crossed again (A×B)×(C×D). A three-way cross hybrid is produced from three inbred varieties where two of the inbred varieties are crossed (A×B) and then the resulting F1 hybrid is crossed with the third inbred variety (A×B)×C. In each case, pericarp tissue from the female parent will be a part of and protect the hybrid seed. Another form of commercial hybrid production involves the use of a mixture of male sterile hybrid seed and male pollinator seed. When planted, the resulting male sterile hybrid plants are pollinated by the pollinator plants. This method can be used to produce grain with enhanced quality grain traits, such as high oil, because desired quality grain traits expressed in the pollinator will also be expressed in the grain produced on the male sterile hybrid plant. In this method the desired quality grain trait does not have to be incorporated by lengthy procedures such as recurrent backcross selection into an inbred parent line. One use of this method is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,704,160 and 5,706,603. Molecular data from X00R828 may be used in a plant breeding process. Nucleic acids may be isolated from a seed of X00R828 or from a plant, plant part, or cell produced by growing a seed of X00R828, or from a seed of X00R828 with a locus conversion, or from a plant, plant part, or cell of X00R828 with a locus conversion. One or more polymorphisms may be isolated from the nucleic acids. A plant having one or more of the identified polymorphisms may be selected and used in a plant breeding method to produce another plant. Introduction of a New Trait or Locus into Hybrid Maize Variety X00R828 Hybrid variety X00R828 represents a new base genetic line into which a new locus or trait may be introduced or introgressed. Transformation and backcrossing represent two methods that can be used to accomplish such an introgression. The term locus conversion is used to designate the product of such an introgression. To select and develop a superior hybrid, it is necessary to identify and select genetically unique individuals that occur in a segregating population. The segregating population is the result of a combination of crossover events plus the independent assortment of specific combinations of alleles at many gene loci that results in specific and unique genotypes. Once such a variety is developed its value to society is substantial since it is important to advance the germplasm base as a whole in order to maintain or improve traits such as yield, disease resistance, pest resistance and plant performance in extreme weather conditions. Locus conversions are routinely used to add or modify one or a few traits of such a line and this further enhances its value and usefulness to society. Backcrossing can be used to improve inbred varieties and a hybrid variety which is made using those inbreds. Backcrossing can be used to transfer a specific desirable trait from one variety, the donor parent, to an inbred called the recurrent parent which has overall good agronomic characteristics yet that lacks the desirable trait. This transfer of the desirable trait into an inbred with overall good agronomic characteristics can be accomplished by first crossing a recurrent parent to a donor parent (non-recurrent parent). The progeny of this cross is then mated back to the recurrent parent followed by selection in the resultant progeny for the desired trait to be transferred from the non-recurrent parent. Traits may be used by those of ordinary skill in the art to characterize progeny. Traits are commonly evaluated at a significance level, such as a 1%, 5% or 10% significance level, when measured in plants grown in the same environmental conditions. For example, a locus conversion of X00R828 may be characterized as having essentially the same or essentially all of the phenotypic traits or physiological and morphological traits or characteristics as X00R828. By essentially all of the phenotypic characteristics or morphological and physiological characteristics, it is meant that all of the characteristics of a plant are recovered that are otherwise present when compared in the same environment, other than an occasional variant trait that might arise during backcrossing or direct introduction of a transgene or genetic modification. The traits used for comparison may be those traits shown in Table 1 as determined at the 5% significance level when grown under the same environmental conditions. Molecular markers can also be used during the breeding process for the selection of qualitative traits. For example, markers can be used to select plants that contain the alleles of interest during a backcrossing breeding program. The markers can also be used to select for the genome of the recurrent parent and against the genome of the donor parent. Using this procedure can minimize the amount of genome from the donor parent that remains in the selected plants. A backcross or locus conversion of X00R828 can be developed when DNA sequences are introduced through backcrossing, with a parent of X00R828 utilized as the recurrent parent. Naturally occurring, modified and transgenic DNA sequences may be introduced through backcrossing techniques. A backcross or locus conversion may produce a plant with a trait or locus conversion in at least one or more backcrosses, including at least 2 backcrosses, at least 3 backcrosses, at least 4 backcrosses, at least 5 backcrosses and the like. Molecular marker assisted breeding or selection may be utilized to reduce the number of backcrosses necessary to achieve the backcross conversion. For example, see Openshaw, et al., “Marker-assisted Selection in Backcross Breeding” in: Proceedings Symposium of the Analysis of Molecular Data, August 1994, Crop Science Society of America, Corvallis, OR, which demonstrated that a backcross locus conversion can be made in as few as two backcrosses. The complexity of the backcross conversion method depends on the type of trait being transferred (a single gene or closely linked genes compared to unlinked genes), the level of expression of the trait, the type of inheritance (cytoplasmic or nuclear), dominant or recessive trait expression, and the types of parents included in the cross. It is understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that for single locus or gene traits that are relatively easy to classify, the backcross method is effective and relatively easy to manage. Desired traits that may be transferred through backcross conversion include, but are not limited to, waxy starch, sterility (nuclear and cytoplasmic), fertility restoration, grain color (white), nutritional enhancements, drought tolerance, nitrogen utilization, altered fatty acid profile, increased digestibility, low phytate, industrial enhancements, disease resistance (bacterial, fungal, or viral), insect resistance, and herbicide tolerance or resistance. A locus conversion, also called a trait conversion, can be a native trait or a transgenic trait. In addition, a recombination site itself, such as an FRT site, Lox site or other site specific integration site, may be inserted by backcrossing and utilized for direct insertion of one or more genes of interest into a specific plant variety. The trait of interest is transferred from the donor parent to the recurrent parent, in this case, an inbred parent of the maize variety disclosed herein. A single locus may contain several transgenes, such as a transgene for disease resistance that, in the same expression vector, also contains a transgene for herbicide tolerance or resistance. The gene for herbicide tolerance or resistance may be used as a selectable marker and/or as a phenotypic trait. A single locus conversion of a site specific integration system allows for the integration of multiple genes at a known recombination site in the genome. At least one, at least two or at least three and less than ten, less than nine, less than eight, less than seven, less than six, less than five or less than four locus conversions may be introduced into the plant by backcrossing, introgression or transformation to express the desired trait, while the plant, or a plant grown from the seed, plant part or plant cell, otherwise retains the phenotypic characteristics of the deposited seed when grown under the same environmental conditions. The backcross or locus conversion may result from either the transfer of a dominant allele or a recessive allele. Selection of progeny containing the trait of interest can be accomplished by direct selection for a trait associated with a dominant allele. Transgenes transferred via backcrossing typically function as a dominant single gene trait and are relatively easy to classify. Selection of progeny for a trait that is transferred via a recessive allele, such as the waxy starch characteristic, requires growing and selfing the first backcross generation to determine which plants carry the recessive alleles. Recessive traits may require additional progeny testing in successive backcross generations to determine the presence of the locus of interest. The last backcross generation is usually selfed to give pure breeding progeny for the gene(s) being transferred, although a backcross conversion with a stably introgressed trait may also be maintained by further backcrossing to the recurrent parent with selection for the converted trait. Along with selection for the trait of interest, progeny are selected for the phenotype and/or genotype of the recurrent parent. While occasionally additional polynucleotide sequences or genes may be transferred along with the backcross conversion, the backcross conversion variety “fits into the same hybrid combination as the recurrent parent inbred variety and contributes the effect of the additional locus added through the backcross.” See Poehlman et al. (1995) Breeding Field Crop, 4th Ed., Iowa State University Press, Ames, I A., pp. 132-155 and 321-344. When one or more traits are introgressed into the variety a difference in quantitative agronomic traits, such as yield or dry down, between the variety and an introgressed version of the variety in some environments may occur. For example, the introgressed version, may provide a net yield increase in environments where the trait provides a benefit, such as when a variety with an introgressed trait for insect resistance is grown in an environment where insect pressure exists, or when a variety with herbicide tolerance is grown in an environment where the herbicide is used. The modified X00R828 may be further characterized as having essentially the same phenotypic characteristics of maize variety X00R828 such as are listed in Table 1 when grown under the same or similar environmental conditions and/or may be characterized by percent identity to X00R828 as determined by molecular markers, such as SSR markers or SNP markers. Examples of percent identity determined using markers include at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 99.5%. Traits can be used by those of ordinary skill in the art to characterize progeny. Traits are commonly evaluated at a significance level, such as a 1%, 5% or 10% significance level, when measured in plants grown in the same environmental conditions. Male Sterility and Hybrid Seed Production Hybrid seed production requires elimination or inactivation of pollen produced by the female inbred parent. Incomplete removal or inactivation of the pollen provides the potential for self-pollination. A reliable method of controlling male fertility in plants offers the opportunity for improved seed production. There are several ways in which a maize plant can be manipulated so that it is male sterile. These include use of manual or mechanical emasculation (or detasseling), use of one or more genetic factors that confer male sterility, including cytoplasmic genetic and/or nuclear genetic male sterility, use of gametocides and the like. A male sterile variety designated X00R828 may include one or more genetic factors, which result in cytoplasmic genetic and/or nuclear genetic male sterility. The male sterility may be either partial or complete male sterility. Hybrid maize seed is often produced by a male sterility system incorporating manual or mechanical detasseling. Alternate strips of two inbred varieties of maize are planted in a field, and the pollen-bearing tassels are removed from one of the inbreds (female). Provided that there is sufficient isolation from sources of foreign maize pollen, the ears of the detasseled inbred will be fertilized only from the other inbred (male), and the resulting seed is therefore hybrid and will form hybrid plants. Large scale commercial maize hybrid production, as it is practiced today, requires the use of some form of male sterility system which controls or inactivates male fertility. A reliable method of controlling male fertility in plants also offers the opportunity for improved plant breeding. This is especially true for development of maize hybrids, which relies upon some sort of male sterility system. There are several ways in which a maize plant can be manipulated so that is male sterile. These include use of manual or mechanical emasculation (or detasseling), cytoplasmic genetic male sterility, nuclear genetic male sterility, gametocides and the like. The laborious detasseling process can be avoided by using cytoplasmic male-sterile (CMS) inbreds. Plants of a CMS inbred are male sterile as a result of genetic factors in the cytoplasm, as opposed to the nucleus, and so nuclear linked genes are not transferred during backcrossing. Thus, this characteristic is inherited exclusively through the female parent in maize plants, since only the female provides cytoplasm to the fertilized seed. CMS plants are fertilized with pollen from another inbred that is not male-sterile. Pollen from the second inbred may or may not contribute genes that make the hybrid plants male-fertile, and either option may be preferred depending on the intended use of the hybrid. The same hybrid seed, a portion produced from detasseled fertile maize and a portion produced using the CMS system can be blended to insure that adequate pollen loads are available for fertilization when the hybrid plants are grown. CMS systems have been successfully used since the 1950's, and the male sterility trait is routinely backcrossed into inbred varieties. There are several methods of conferring genetic male sterility available, such as multiple mutant genes at separate locations within the genome that confer male sterility, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,654,465 and 4,727,219 to Brar et al. and chromosomal translocations as described by Patterson in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,861,709 and 3,710,511. In addition to these methods, Albertsen et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,432,068, describes a system of nuclear male sterility which includes: identifying a gene which is needed for male fertility; silencing this native gene which is needed for male fertility; removing the native promoter from the essential male fertility gene and replacing it with an inducible promoter; inserting this genetically engineered gene back into the plant; and thus creating a plant that is male sterile because the inducible promoter is not “on” resulting in the male fertility gene not being transcribed. Fertility is restored by inducing, or turning “on”, the promoter, which in turn allows the gene that confers male fertility to be transcribed. These, and the other methods of conferring genetic male sterility in the art, each possess their own benefits and drawbacks. Some other methods use a variety of approaches such as delivering into the plant a gene encoding a cytotoxic substance associated with a male tissue specific promoter or an antisense system in which a gene needed for fertility is identified and an antisense to that gene is inserted in the plant (see Fabinjanski, et al. EPO 89/3010153.8 publication no. 329,308 and PCT application PCT/CA90/00037 published as WO 90/08828). Another system for controlling male sterility makes use of gametocides. Gametocides are not a genetic system, but rather a topical application of chemicals. These chemicals affect cells that are needed for male fertility. The application of these chemicals affects fertility in the plants only for the growing season in which the gametocide is applied (see Carlson, Glenn R., and U.S. Pat. No. 4,936,904). Application of the gametocide, timing of the application and genotype specificity often limit the usefulness of the approach and it is not appropriate in all situations. Transformation Transgenes and transformation methods facilitate engineering of the genome of plants to contain and express heterologous genetic elements, such as foreign genetic elements, or additional copies of endogenous elements, or modified versions of native or endogenous genetic elements in order to alter at least one trait of a plant in a specific manner. Any sequences, such as DNA, whether from a different species or from the same species, which have been stably inserted into a genome using transformation are referred to herein collectively as “transgenes” and/or “transgenic events”. Transgenes can be moved from one genome to another using breeding techniques which may include, for example, crossing, backcrossing or double haploid production. In some embodiments, a transformed variant of X00R828 may comprise at least one transgene but could contain at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and/or no more than 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, or 2. Transformed versions of the claimed maize variety X00R828 containing and inheriting the transgene thereof are provided. Numerous methods for plant transformation have been developed, including biological and physical plant transformation protocols. In addition, expression vectors and in vitro culture methods for plant cell or tissue transformation and regeneration of plants are available. See, for example, Qiudeng, Q. et al. (2014) Maize transformation technology development for commercial event generation, Frontiers in Plant Science 5: 379. In general, methods to transform, modify, edit or alter plant endogenous genomic DNA include altering the plant native DNA sequence or a pre-existing transgenic sequence including regulatory elements, coding and non-coding sequences. These methods can be used, for example, to target nucleic acids to pre-engineered target recognition sequences in the genome. Such pre-engineered target sequences may be introduced by genome editing or modification. As an example, a genetically modified plant variety is generated using “custom” or engineered endonucleases such as meganucleases produced to modify plant genomes (see e.g., WO 2009/114321; Gao et al. (2010) Plant Journal 1:176-187). Another site-directed engineering method is through the use of zinc finger domain recognition coupled with the restriction properties of restriction enzyme. See e.g., Urnov, et al., (2010) Nat Rev Genet. 11(9):636-46; Shukla, et al., (2009) Nature 459 (7245):437-41. A transcription activator-like (TAL) effector-DNA modifying enzyme (TALE or TALEN) is also used to engineer changes in plant genome. See e.g., US20110145940, Cermak et al., (2011) Nucleic Acids Res. 39(12) and Boch et al., (2009), Science 326(5959): 1509-12. Site-specific modification of plant genomes can also be performed using the bacterial type II CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas (CRISPR-associated) system. See e.g., Belhaj et al., (2013), Plant Methods 9: 39; The Cas9/guide RNA-based system allows targeted cleavage of genomic DNA guided by a customizable small noncoding RNA in plants (see e.g., WO 2015026883A1). Plant transformation methods may involve the construction of an expression vector. Such a vector comprises a DNA sequence that contains a gene under the control of or operatively linked to a regulatory element, for example a promoter. The vector may contain one or more genes and one or more regulatory elements. A transgenic event which has been stably engineered into the germ cell line of a particular maize plant using transformation techniques, could be moved into the germ cell line of another variety using traditional breeding techniques that are well known in the plant breeding arts. These varieties can then be crossed to generate a hybrid maize variety plant such as maize variety plant X00R828 which comprises a transgenic event. For example, a backcrossing approach is commonly used to move a transgenic event from a transformed maize plant to another variety, and the resulting progeny would then comprise the transgenic event(s). Also, if an inbred variety was used for the transformation then the transgenic plants could be crossed to a different inbred in order to produce a transgenic hybrid maize plant. Various genetic elements can be introduced into the plant genome using transformation. These elements include, but are not limited to genes; coding sequences; inducible, constitutive, and tissue specific promoters; enhancing sequences; and signal and targeting sequences. For example, see the traits, genes and transformation methods listed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,118,055 and 6,284,953. In addition, transformability of a variety can be increased by introgressing the trait of high transformability from another variety known to have high transformability, such as Hi-II. See U.S. Patent Application Publication US 2004/0016030. With transgenic or genetically modified plants, a foreign protein can be produced in commercial quantities. Thus, techniques for the selection and propagation of transformed plants, which are well understood in the art, yield a plurality of transgenic or genetically modified plants that are harvested in a conventional manner, and a foreign protein then can be extracted from a tissue of interest or from total biomass. Protein extraction from plant biomass can be accomplished by known methods which are discussed, for example, by Sack, M. et al.,Curr. Opin. Biotech32: 163-170 (2015). Transgenic events can be mapped by one of ordinary skill in the art and such techniques are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Plants can be genetically engineered or modified to express various phenotypes of agronomic interest. Through the transformation or modification of maize the expression of genes can be altered to enhance disease resistance, insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, agronomic traits, grain quality and other traits. Transformation can also be used to insert DNA sequences which control or help control male-sterility. DNA sequences native to maize as well as non-native DNA sequences can be transformed into maize and used to alter levels of native or non-native proteins. Various promoters, targeting sequences, enhancing sequences, and other DNA sequences can be inserted into the maize genome for the purpose of altering the expression of proteins. Reduction of the activity of specific genes (also known as gene silencing, or gene suppression) is desirable for several aspects of genetic engineering in plants. Many techniques for gene silencing are well known to one of skill in the art, including but not limited to knock-outs (such as by insertion of a transposable element such as mu or other genetic elements such as a FRT, Lox or other site specific integration site, antisense technology (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,107,065; 5,453,566; and 5,759,829); co-suppression (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,323), virus-induced gene silencing; target-RNA-specific ribozymes; hairpin structures (WO 99/53050 and WO 98/53083); MicroRNA; ribozymes; oligonucleotide mediated targeted modification (e.g., WO 03/076574 and WO 99/25853); Zn-finger targeted molecules (e.g., WO 01/52620; WO 03/048345; and WO 00/42219); and other methods or combinations of the above methods known to those of skill in the art. Exemplary nucleotide sequences that may be altered by genetic engineering include, but are not limited to, those categorized below. 1. Transgenes that Confer Resistance to Insects or Disease and that Encode:(A) Plant disease resistance genes. Plant defenses are often activated by specific interaction between the product of a disease resistance gene (R) in the plant and the product of a corresponding avirulence (Avr) gene in the pathogen. A plant variety can be transformed with cloned resistance gene to engineer plants that are resistant to specific pathogen strains. A plant resistant to a disease is one that is more resistant to a pathogen as compared to the wild type plant.(B) ABacillus thuringiensisprotein, a derivative thereof or a synthetic polypeptide modeled thereon. DNA molecules encoding delta-endotoxin genes can be purchased from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA), for example, under ATCC Accession Nos. 40098, 67136, 31995 and 31998. Other non-limiting examples ofBacillus thuringiensistransgenes being genetically engineered are given in the following patents and patent applications: U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,188,960; 5,689,052; 5,880,275; 5,986,177; 7,105,332; 7,208,474; WO 91/14778; WO 99/31248; WO 01/12731; WO 99/24581; WO 97/40162 and U.S. application Ser. Nos. 10/032,717; 10/414,637; 11/018,615; 11/404,297; 11/404,638; 11/471,878; 11/780,501; 11/780,511; 11/780,503; 11/953,648; and Ser. No. 11/957,893.(C) An insect-specific hormone or pheromone such as an ecdysteroid and juvenile hormone, a variant thereof, a mimetic based thereon, or an antagonist or agonist thereof.(D) An insect-specific peptide which, upon expression, disrupts the physiology of the affected pest. For example, an insect diuretic hormone receptor or an allostatin. See also U.S. Pat. No. 5,266,317 disclosing genes encoding insect-specific toxins.(E) An enzyme responsible for a hyperaccumulation of a monoterpene, a sesquiterpene, a steroid, hydroxamic acid, a phenylpropanoid derivative or another non-protein molecule with insecticidal activity.(F) An enzyme involved in the modification, including the post-translational modification, of a biologically active molecule; for example, a glycolytic enzyme, a proteolytic enzyme, a lipolytic enzyme, a nuclease, a cyclase, a transaminase, an esterase, a hydrolase, a phosphatase, a kinase, a phosphorylase, a polymerase, an elastase, a chitinase and a glucanase, whether natural or synthetic. See PCT application WO 93/02197 in the name of Scott et al., which discloses the nucleotide sequence of a callase gene. DNA molecules which contain chitinase-encoding sequences can be obtained, for example, from the ATCC under Accession Nos. 39637 and 67152. See also U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,563,020; 7,145,060 and 7,087,810.(G) A molecule that stimulates signal transduction. For example, calmodulin cDNA clones.(H) A hydrophobic moment peptide. See PCT application WO 95/16776 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,580,852 disclosure of peptide derivatives of Tachyplesin which inhibit fungal plant pathogens) and PCT application WO 95/18855 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,607,914 (teaches synthetic antimicrobial peptides that confer disease resistance).(I) A membrane permease, a channel former or a channel blocker.(J) A viral-invasive protein or a complex toxin derived therefrom. For example, the accumulation of viral coat proteins in transformed plant cells imparts resistance to viral infection and/or disease development effected by the virus from which the coat protein gene is derived, as well as by related viruses. Coat protein-mediated resistance may been conferred upon transformed plants against, for example, alfalfa mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, tobacco streak virus, potato virus X, potato virus Y, tobacco etch virus, tobacco rattle virus and tobacco mosaic virus.(K) An insect-specific antibody or an immunotoxin derived therefrom. For example, an antibody targeted to a critical metabolic function in the insect gut would inactivate an affected enzyme, killing the insect.(L) A virus-specific antibody. Plants expressing recombinant antibody genes may be protected from virus attack.(M) A developmental-arrestive protein produced in nature by a pathogen or a parasite. For example, fungal endo alpha-1,4-D-polygalacturonases facilitate fungal colonization and plant nutrient release by solubilizing plant cell wall homo-alpha-1,4-D-galacturonase.(N) A developmental-arrestive protein produced in nature by a plant. For example, plants expressing the barley ribosome-inactivating gene may have an increased resistance to fungal disease.(O) Genes involved in the Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) Response and/or the pathogenesis related genes(P) Antifungal genes. See, e.g., U.S. application Ser. Nos. 09/950,933; 11/619,645; 11/657,710; 11/748,994; 11/774,121 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,891,085 and 7,306,946.(Q) Detoxification genes, such as for fumonisin, beauvericin, moniliformin and zearalenone and their structurally related derivatives. For example, see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,716,820; 5,792,931; 5,798,255; 5,846,812; 6,083,736; 6,538,177; 6,388,171 and 6,812,380.(R) Cystatin and cysteine proteinase inhibitors. See U.S. Pat. No. 7,205,453.(S) Defensin genes. See, e.g., WO03000863 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,911,577; 6,855,865; 6,777,592 and 7,238,781.(T) Genes conferring resistance to nematodes. See, e.g., PCT Application WO96/30517; PCT Application WO93/19181, WO 03/033651 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,284,948 and 7,301,069.(U) Genes that confer resistance toPhytophthoraRoot Rot, such as the Rps 1, Rps 1-a, Rps 1-b, Rps 1-c, Rps 1-d, Rps 1-e, Rps 1-k, Rps 2, Rps 3-a, Rps 3-b, Rps 3-c, Rps 4, Rps 5, Rps 6, Rps 7 and other Rps genes.(V) Genes that confer resistance to Brown Stem Rot, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,689,035.(W) Genes that confer resistance toColletotrichum, such as described in US Patent publication US20090035765. This includes the Rcg locus that may be utilized as a single locus conversion. 2. Transgenes that Confer Tolerance to a Herbicide, for Example:(A) A herbicide that inhibits the growing point or meristem, such as an imidazolinone or a sulfonylurea. Exemplary genes in this category code for mutant acetolactate synthase (ALS) and acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) enzyme as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,605,011; 5,013,659; 5,141,870; 5,767,361; 5,731,180; 5,304,732; 4,761,373; 5,331,107; 5,928,937; and 5,378,824; US Patent Publication No. 20070214515, and international publication WO 96/33270.(B) Glyphosate (tolerance imparted by mutant 5-enolpyruvl-3-phosphikimate synthase (EPSP) and aroA genes, respectively) and other phosphono compounds such as glufosinate (phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT) andStreptomyces hygroscopicusphosphinothricin acetyl transferase (bar) genes), and pyridinoxy or phenoxy proprionic acids and cyclohexones (ACCase inhibitor-encoding genes). See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,940,835, which discloses the nucleotide sequence of a form of EPSPS which can confer glyphosate tolerance. U.S. Pat. No. 5,627,061 also describes genes encoding EPSPS enzymes. See also U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,566,587; 6,338,961; 6,248,876 B1; 6,040,497; 5,804,425; 5,633,435; 5,145,783; 4,971,908; 5,312,910; 5,188,642; 4,940,835; 5,866,775; 6,225,114 B1; 6,130,366; 5,310,667; 4,535,060; 4,769,061; 5,633,448; 5,510,471; Re. 36,449; RE 37,287 E; and 5,491,288; and international publications EP1173580; WO 01/66704; EP1173581 and EP1173582. Glyphosate tolerance is also imparted to plants that express a gene that encodes a glyphosate oxido-reductase enzyme as described more fully in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,776,760 and 5,463,175. In addition, glyphosate tolerance can be imparted to plants by the over expression of genes encoding glyphosate N-acetyltransferase. See, for example, US2004/0082770; US2005/0246798; and US2008/0234130. A DNA molecule encoding a mutant aroA gene can be obtained under ATCC accession No. 39256, and the nucleotide sequence of the mutant gene is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,769,061. European Patent Application No. 0 333 033 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,975,374 disclose nucleotide sequences of glutamine synthetase genes which confer tolerance to herbicides such as L-phosphinothricin. The nucleotide sequence of a phosphinothricin-acetyl-transferase gene is provided in European Patent Nos. 0 242 246 and 0 242 236. See also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,969,213; 5,489,520; 5,550,318; 5,874,265; 5,919,675; 5,561,236; 5,648,477; 5,646,024; 6,177,616 B1; and 5,879,903. Exemplary genes conferring resistance to phenoxy propionic acids, cyclohexanediones and cyclohexones, such as sethoxydim and haloxyfop, are the Acc1-S1, Acc1-S2 and Acc1-S3 genes.(C) A herbicide that inhibits photosynthesis, such as a triazine (psbA and gs+ genes), glutathione S-transferase and a benzonitrile (nitrilase gene) such as bromoxynil. Nucleotide sequences for nitrilase genes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,648 to Stalker, and DNA molecules containing these genes are available under ATCC Accession Nos. 53435, 67441 and 67442.(D) Other genes that confer tolerance to herbicides include: a gene encoding a chimeric protein of rat cytochrome P4507A1 and yeast NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase, genes for glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase, and genes for various phosphotransferases.(E) A herbicide that inhibits protoporphyrinogen oxidase (protox or PPO) is necessary for the production of chlorophyll, which is necessary for all plant survival. The protox enzyme serves as the target for a variety of herbicidal compounds. PPO-inhibitor herbicides can inhibit growth of all the different species of plants present, causing their total destruction. The development of plants containing altered protox activity which are tolerant to these herbicides are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,288,306 B1; 6,282,837 B1; and 5,767,373; and international patent publication WO 01/12825.(F) Dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid) is an organochloride derivative of benzoic acid which functions by increasing plant growth rate such that the plant dies. 3. Transgenes that Confer or Contribute to an Altered Grain Characteristic, Such as:(A) Altered fatty acids, for example, by(1) Down-regulation of stearoyl-ACP desaturase to increase stearic acid content of the plant. See, e.g., WO99/64579,(2) Elevating oleic acid via FAD-2 gene modification and/or decreasing linolenic acid via FAD-3 gene modification (se, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,063,947; 6,323,392; 6,372,965 and WO 93/11245),(3) Altering conjugated linolenic or linoleic acid content, such as in WO 01/12800,(4) Altering LEC1, AGP, Dek1, Superal1, mi1ps, various Ipa genes such as Ipa1, Ipa3, hpt or hggt. For example, see WO 02/42424, WO 98/22604, WO 03/011015, WO02/057439, WO03/011015, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,423,886, 6,197,561, 6,825,397, and U.S. Application Serial Nos. US2003/0079247, US2003/0204870.(B) Altered phosphate content, for example, by the(1) Introduction of a phytase-encoding gene would enhance breakdown of phytate, adding more free phosphate to the transformed plant.(2) Modulating a gene that reduces phytate content. In maize, this, for example, could be accomplished, by cloning and then re-introducing DNA associated with one or more of the alleles, such as the LPA alleles, identified in maize mutants characterized by low levels of phytic acid, such as in WO 05/113778 and/or by altering inositol kinase activity as in WO 02/059324, US2003/0009011, WO 03/027243, US2003/0079247, WO 99/05298, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,197,561, 6,291,224, 6,391,348, WO2002/059324, US2003/0079247, Wo98/45448, WO99/55882, WO01/04147.(C) Altered carbohydrates affected, for example, by altering a gene for an enzyme that affects the branching pattern of starch or, a gene altering thioredoxin such as NTR and/or TRX (See U.S. Pat. No. 6,531,648) and/or a gamma zein knock out or mutant such as cs27 or TUSC27 or en27 (See U.S. Pat. No. 6,858,778 and US2005/0160488, US2005/0204418). See e.g., WO 99/10498 (improved digestibility and/or starch extraction through modification of UDP-D-xylose 4-epimerase, Fragile 1 and 2, Ref1, HCHL, C4H) and U.S. Pat. No. 6,232,529 (method of producing high oil seed by modification of starch levels (AGP)). The fatty acid modification genes mentioned herein may also be used to affect starch content and/or composition through the interrelationship of the starch and oil pathways.(D) Altered antioxidant content or composition, such as alteration of tocopherol or tocotrienols. For example, see U.S. Pat. No. 6,787,683, US2004/0034886 and WO 00/68393 involving the manipulation of antioxidant levels, and WO 03/082899 through alteration of a homogentisate geranyl transferase (hggt).(E) Altered essential seed amino acids. For example, see U.S. Pat. No. 6,127,600 (method of increasing accumulation of essential amino acids in seeds), U.S. Pat. No. 6,080,913 (binary methods of increasing accumulation of essential amino acids in seeds), U.S. Pat. No. 5,990,389 (high lysine), WO99/40209 (alteration of amino acid compositions in seeds), WO99/29882 (methods for altering amino acid content of proteins), U.S. Pat. No. 5,850,016 (alteration of amino acid compositions in seeds), WO98/20133 (proteins with enhanced levels of essential amino acids), U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,802 (high methionine), U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,801 (high threonine), U.S. Pat. No. 6,664,445 (plant amino acid biosynthetic enzymes), U.S. Pat. No. 6,459,019 (increased lysine and threonine), U.S. Pat. No. 6,441,274 (plant tryptophan synthase beta subunit), U.S. Pat. No. 6,346,403 (methionine metabolic enzymes), U.S. Pat. No. 5,939,599 (high sulfur), U.S. Pat. No. 5,912,414 (increased methionine), WO98/56935 (plant amino acid biosynthetic enzymes), WO98/45458 (engineered seed protein having higher percentage of essential amino acids), WO98/42831 (increased lysine), U.S. Pat. No. 5,633,436 (increasing sulfur amino acid content), U.S. Pat. No. 5,559,223 (synthetic storage proteins with defined structure containing programmable levels of essential amino acids for improvement of the nutritional value of plants), WO96/01905 (increased threonine), WO95/15392 (increased lysine), US2003/0163838, US2003/0150014, US2004/0068767, U.S. Pat. No. 6,803,498, WO01/79516. 4. Genes that Control Male-Sterility: There are several methods of conferring genetic male sterility available, such as multiple mutant genes at separate locations within the genome that confer male sterility, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,654,465 and 4,727,219 to Brar et al. and chromosomal translocations as described by Patterson in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,861,709 and 3,710,511. In addition to these methods, Albertsen et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,432,068, describe a system of nuclear male sterility which includes: identifying a gene which is needed for male fertility; silencing this native gene which is needed for male fertility; removing the native promoter from the essential male fertility gene and replacing it with an inducible promoter; inserting this genetically engineered gene back into the plant; and thus creating a plant that is male sterile because the inducible promoter is not “on” resulting in the male fertility gene not being transcribed. Fertility is restored by inducing, or turning “on”, the promoter, which in turn allows the gene that confers male fertility to be transcribed.(A) Introduction of a deacetylase gene under the control of a tapetum-specific promoter and with the application of the chemical N—Ac-PPT (WO 01/29237).(B) Introduction of various stamen-specific promoters (WO 92/13956, WO 92/13957).(C) Introduction of the barnase and the barstar gene. For additional examples of nuclear male and female sterility systems and genes, see also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,859,341; 6,297,426; 5,478,369; 5,824,524; 5,850,014; and 6,265,640. 5. Genes that create a site for site specific DNA integration. This includes the introduction of FRT sites that may be used in the FLP/FRT system and/or Lox sites that may be used in the Cre/Loxp system. For example, see WO 99/25821. Other systems that may be used include the Gin recombinase of phage Mu, the Pin recombinase ofE. coli, and the R/RS system of the pSR1 plasmid. 6. Genes that affect abiotic stress resistance (including but not limited to flowering, ear and seed development, enhancement of nitrogen utilization efficiency, altered nitrogen responsiveness, drought resistance or tolerance, cold resistance or tolerance, and salt resistance or tolerance) and increased yield under stress. For example, see: WO 00/73475 where water use efficiency is altered through alteration of malate; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,892,009; 5,965,705; 5,929,305; 5,891,859; 6,417,428; 6,664,446; 6,706,866; 6,717,034; 6,801,104; WO2000060089; WO2001026459; WO2001035725; WO2001034726; WO2001035727; WO2001036444; WO2001036597; WO2001036598; WO2002015675; WO2002017430; WO2002077185; WO2002079403; WO2003013227; WO2003013228; WO2003014327; WO2004031349; WO2004076638; WO9809521; and WO9938977 describing genes, including CBF genes and transcription factors effective in mitigating the negative effects of freezing, high salinity, and drought on plants, as well as conferring other positive effects on plant phenotype; US2004/0148654 and WO01/36596 where abscisic acid is altered in plants resulting in improved plant phenotype such as increased yield and/or increased tolerance to abiotic stress; WO2000/006341, WO04/090143, U.S. application Ser. Nos. 10/817,483 and 09/545,334 where cytokinin expression is modified resulting in plants with increased stress tolerance, such as drought tolerance, and/or increased yield. Also see WO0202776, WO2003052063, JP2002281975, U.S. Pat. No. 6,084,153, WO0164898, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,177,275, and 6,107,547 (enhancement of nitrogen utilization and altered nitrogen responsiveness). For ethylene alteration, see US20040128719, US20030166197 and WO200032761. For plant transcription factors or transcriptional regulators of abiotic stress, see e.g. US20040098764 or US20040078852. Other genes and transcription factors that affect plant growth and agronomic traits such as yield, flowering, plant growth and/or plant structure, can be introduced or introgressed into plants, see e.g. WO97/49811 (LHY), WO98/56918 (ESD4), WO97/10339 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,573,430 (TFL), U.S. Pat. No. 6,713,663 (FT), WO96/14414 (CON), WO96/38560, WO01/21822 (VRN1), WO00/44918 (VRN2), WO99/49064 (GI), WO00/46358 (FRI), WO97/29123, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,794,560, 6,307,126 (GAI), WO99/09174 (D8 and Rht), WO2004076638 and WO2004031349 (transcription factors). Using X00R828 to Develop Another Maize Plant The development of maize hybrids in a maize plant breeding program requires, in general, the development of homozygous inbred lines, the crossing of these lines, and the evaluation of the crosses. Maize plant breeding programs combine the genetic backgrounds from two or more inbred varieties or various other germplasm sources into breeding populations from which new inbred varieties are developed by selfing and selection of desired phenotypes. Hybrids also can be used as a source of plant breeding material or as source populations from which to develop or derive new maize varieties. Plant breeding techniques known in the art and used in a maize plant breeding program include, but are not limited to, recurrent selection, mass selection, bulk selection, backcrossing, making double haploids, pedigree breeding, open pollination breeding, restriction fragment length polymorphism enhanced selection, genetic marker enhanced selection, and transformation. Often combinations of these techniques are used. The inbred varieties derived from hybrids can be developed using plant breeding techniques as described above. New inbreds are crossed with other inbred varieties and the hybrids from these crosses are evaluated to determine which of those have commercial potential. The oldest and most traditional method of analysis is the observation of phenotypic traits but genotypic analysis may also be used. Methods for producing a maize plant by crossing a first parent maize plant with a second parent maize plant wherein either the first or second parent maize plant is a maize plant of the variety X00R828 are provided. The other parent may be any other maize plant, such as another inbred variety or a plant that is part of a synthetic or natural population. Any such methods using the maize variety X00R828 in crossing or breeding are provided, such as, for example: selfing, sibbing, backcrosses, mass selection, pedigree breeding, bulk selection, hybrid production, crosses to populations, and the like. Recurrent Selection and Mass Selection Recurrent selection is a method used in a plant breeding program to improve a population of plants. X00R828 is suitable for use in a recurrent selection program. The method entails individual plants cross pollinating with each other to form progeny. The progeny are grown and the superior progeny selected by any number of selection methods, which include individual plant, half-sib progeny, full-sib progeny, selfed progeny and topcrossing. The selected progeny are cross pollinated with each other to form progeny for another population. This population is planted and again superior plants are selected to cross pollinate with each other. Recurrent selection is a cyclical process and therefore can be repeated as many times as desired. The objective of recurrent selection is to improve the traits of a population. The improved population can then be used as a source of breeding material to obtain inbred varieties to be used in hybrids or used as parents for a synthetic cultivar. A synthetic cultivar is the resultant progeny formed by the intercrossing of several selected inbreds. X00R828 is suitable for use in mass selection. Mass selection is a useful technique when used in conjunction with molecular marker enhanced selection. In mass selection seeds from individuals are selected based on phenotype and/or genotype. These selected seeds are then bulked and used to grow the next generation. Bulk selection requires growing a population of plants in a bulk plot, allowing the plants to self-pollinate, harvesting the seed in bulk and then using a sample of the seed harvested in bulk to plant the next generation. Instead of self-pollination, directed pollination could be used as part of the breeding program. Production of Double Haploids The production of double haploids from X00R828 can also be used for the development of inbreds. Double haploids are produced by the doubling of a set of chromosomes (1N) from a heterozygous plant to produce a completely homozygous individual. For example, a method is provided of obtaining a substantially homozygous X00R828 progeny plant by obtaining a seed from the cross of X00R828 and another maize plant and applying double haploid methods to the F1 seed or F1 plant or to any successive filial generation. Methods for producing plants by doubling haploid seed generated by a cross of the plants, or parts thereof, disclosed herein with a different maize plant are provided. The use of double haploids substantially decreases the number of generations required to produce an inbred with similar genetics or characteristics to X00R828. For example, see U.S. Patent Application No. 2003/0005479. This can be advantageous because the process omits the generations of selfing needed to obtain a homozygous plant from a heterozygous source. Haploid induction systems have been developed for various plants to produce haploid tissues, plants and seeds. The haploid induction system can produce haploid plants from any genotype by crossing a selected variety (as female) with an inducer variety. Such inducer varieties for maize include Stock 6, RWS, KEMS, or KMS and ZMS, and indeterminate gametophyte (ig) mutation. Methods for obtaining haploid plants are also disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,639,951 and US Patent Application Publication No. 20020188965. In particular, a process of making seed substantially retaining the molecular marker profile of maize variety X00R828 is provided. Obtaining a seed of hybrid maize variety X00R828 further comprising a locus conversion, wherein representative seed is produced by crossing a first plant of variety PH4DDB or a locus conversion thereof with a second plant of variety PH48J7 or a locus conversion thereof, and wherein representative seed of said varieties PH4DDB and PH48J7 have been deposited and wherein said maize variety X00R828 further comprising a locus conversion has 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% of the same polymorphisms for molecular markers as the plant or plant part of maize variety X00R828. Sequences for the public markers can be found, for example, in the Panzea database which is available online from Panzea. The type of molecular marker used in the molecular profile can be but is not limited to Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms, SNPs. A process of making seed retaining essentially the same phenotypic, physiological, morphological or any combination thereof characteristics of maize variety X00R828 is also contemplated. Obtaining a seed of hybrid maize variety X00R828 further comprising a locus conversion, wherein representative seed is produced by crossing a first plant of variety PH4DDB or a locus conversion thereof with a second plant of variety PH48J7 or a locus conversion thereof, and wherein representative seed of said varieties PH4DDB and PH48J7 have been deposited and wherein said maize variety X00R828 further comprising a locus conversion has essentially the same morphological characteristics as maize variety X00R828 when grown in the same environmental conditions. The same environmental conditions may be, but is not limited to, a side-by-side comparison. The characteristics can be or include, for example, those listed in Table 1. The comparison can be made using any number of professionally accepted experimental designs and statistical analysis. Use of X00R828 in Tissue Culture Methods of tissue culturing cells of X00R828 and a tissue culture of X00R828 is provided. As used herein, the term “tissue culture” includes plant protoplasts, plant cell tissue culture, cultured microspores, plant calli, plant clumps, and the like. In certain embodiments, the tissue culture comprises embryos, protoplasts, meristematic cells, pollen, leaves or anthers derived from immature tissues of pollen, flowers, kernels, ears, cobs, leaves, husks, stalks, roots, root tips, anthers, silk, and the like. As used herein, phrases such as “growing the seed” or “grown from the seed” include embryo rescue, isolation of cells from seed for use in tissue culture, as well as traditional growing methods. Means for preparing and maintaining plant tissue cultures are well known in the art. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,538,880; 5,550,318, and 6,437,224, the latter describing tissue issue culture of maize, including tassel/anther culture. Thus, in certain embodiments, cells are provided which upon growth and differentiation produce maize plants having the genotype and/or phenotypic characteristics of variety X00R828. Seed Treatments and Cleaning Methods of harvesting the grain of the F1 plant of variety X00R828 and using the F2 grain as seed for planting are provided. Also provided are methods of using the seed of variety X00R828, or selfed grain harvested from variety X00R828, as seed for planting. Embodiments include cleaning the seed, treating the seed, and/or conditioning the seed and seed produced by such cleaning, conditioning, treating or any combination thereof. Cleaning the seed is understood in the art to include removal of one or more of foreign debris such as weed seed, chaff, and non-seed plant matter from the seed. Conditioning the seed is understood in the art to include controlling the temperature and rate of dry down of the seed and storing the seed in a controlled temperature environment. Seed treatment is the application of a composition to the seed such as a coating or powder. Methods for producing a treated seed include the step of applying a composition to the seed or seed surface. Seeds are provided which have on the surface a composition. Biological active components such as bacteria can also be used as a seed treatment. Some examples of compositions include active components such as insecticides, fungicides, pesticides, antimicrobials, germination inhibitors, germination promoters, cytokinins, and nutrients. Biological active components, such as bacteria, can also be used as a seed treatment. Carriers such as polymers can be used to increase binding of the active component to the seed. To protect and to enhance yield production and trait technologies, seed treatment options can provide additional crop plan flexibility and cost effective control against insects, weeds and diseases, thereby further enhancing the invention described herein. Seed material can be treated, typically surface treated, with a composition comprising combinations of chemical or biological herbicides, herbicide safeners, insecticides, fungicides, germination inhibitors and enhancers, nutrients, plant growth regulators and activators, bactericides, nematicides, avicides and/or molluscicides. These compounds are typically formulated together with further carriers, surfactants or application-promoting adjuvants customarily employed in the art of formulation. The coatings may be applied by impregnating propagation material with a liquid formulation or by coating with a combined wet or dry formulation. Examples of the various types of compounds that may be used as seed treatments are provided in The Pesticide Manual: A World Compendium, C. D. S. Tomlin Ed., Published by the British Crop Production Council. Some seed treatments that may be used on crop seed include, but are not limited to, one or more of abscisic acid, acibenzolar-S-methyl, avermectin, amitrol, azaconazole, azospirillum, azadirachtin, azoxystrobin,Bacillusspp. (including one or more ofcereus, firmus, megaterium, pumilis, sphaericus, subtilisand/orthuringiensis),Bradyrhizobiumspp. (including one or more ofbetae, canariense, elkanii, iriomotense, japonicum, liaonigense,pachyrhiziand/oryuanmingense), captan, carboxin, chitosan, clothianidin, copper, cyazypyr, difenoconazole, etidiazole, fipronil, fludioxonil, fluoxastrobin, fluquinconazole, flurazole, fluxofenim, harpin protein, imazalil, imidacloprid, ipconazole, isoflavenoids, lipo-chitooligosaccharide, mancozeb, manganese, maneb, mefenoxam, metalaxyl, metconazole, myclobutanil, PCNB, penflufen,penicillium, penthiopyrad, permethrine, picoxystrobin, prothioconazole, pyraclostrobin, rynaxypyr, S-metolachlor, saponin, sedaxane, TCMTB, tebuconazole, thiabendazole, thiamethoxam, thiocarb, thiram, tolclofos-methyl, triadimenol,trichoderma, trifloxystrobin, triticonazole and/or zinc. PCNB seed coat refers to EPA registration number 00293500419, containing quintozen and terrazole. TCMTB refers to 2-(thiocyanomethylthio) benzothiazole. Seed varieties and seeds with specific transgenic traits may be tested to determine which seed treatment options and application rates may complement such varieties and transgenic traits in order to enhance yield. For example, a variety with good yield potential but head smut susceptibility may benefit from the use of a seed treatment that provides protection against head smut, a variety with good yield potential but cyst nematode susceptibility may benefit from the use of a seed treatment that provides protection against cyst nematode, and so on. Likewise, a variety encompassing a transgenic trait conferring insect resistance may benefit from the second mode of action conferred by the seed treatment, a variety encompassing a transgenic trait conferring herbicide resistance may benefit from a seed treatment with a safener that enhances the plants resistance to that herbicide, etc. Further, the good root establishment and early emergence that results from the proper use of a seed treatment may result in more efficient nitrogen use, a better ability to withstand drought and an overall increase in yield potential of a variety or varieties containing a certain trait when combined with a seed treatment. INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY Another embodiment is a method of harvesting the grain or plant material of the F1 plant of variety X00R828 and using the grain or plant material in a commodity. Methods of producing a commodity plant product are also provided. Examples of maize grain or plant material as a commodity plant product include, but are not limited to, oils, meals, flour, starches, syrups, proteins, cellulose, silage, and sugars. Maize grain is used as human food, livestock feed, and as raw material in industry. The food uses of maize, in addition to human consumption of maize kernels, include both products of dry- and wet-milling industries. The principal products of maize dry milling are grits, meal and flour. The maize wet-milling industry can provide maize starch, maize syrups, and dextrose for food use. Maize oil is recovered from maize germ, which is a by-product of both dry- and wet-milling industries. Processing the grain can include one or more of cleaning to remove foreign material and debris from the grain, conditioning, such as addition of moisture to the grain, steeping the grain, wet milling, dry milling and sifting. Maize, including both grain and non-grain portions of the plant, is also used extensively as livestock feed, primarily for beef cattle, dairy cattle, hogs, and poultry. Industrial uses of maize include production of ethanol, maize starch in the wet-milling industry and maize flour in the dry-milling industry. The industrial applications of maize starch and flour are based on functional properties, such as viscosity, film formation, adhesive properties, and ability to suspend particles. The maize starch and flour have application in the paper and textile industries. Other industrial uses include applications in adhesives, building materials, foundry binders, laundry starches, explosives, oil-well muds, and other mining applications. Plant parts other than the grain of maize are also used in industry: for example, stalks and husks are made into paper and wallboard and cobs are used for fuel and to make charcoal. The seed of the maize variety, the plant produced from the seed, a plant produced from crossing of maize variety X00R828 and various parts of the maize plant and transgenic versions of the foregoing, can be utilized for human food, livestock feed, and as a raw material in industry. All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in the specification are incorporated by reference herein for the purpose cited to the same extent as if each was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference herein. The foregoing invention has been described in detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity and understanding. As is readily apparent to one skilled in the art, the foregoing are only some of the methods and compositions that illustrate the embodiments of the foregoing invention. It will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that variations, changes, modifications, and alterations may be applied to the compositions and/or methods described herein without departing from the true spirit, concept, and scope of the invention. As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having,” “contains”, “containing,” “characterized by” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. Unless expressly stated to the contrary, “or” is used as an inclusive term. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present). The indefinite articles “a” and “an” preceding an element or component are nonrestrictive regarding the number of instances (i.e., occurrences) of the element or component. Therefore “a” or “an” should be read to include one or at least one, and the singular word form of the element or component also includes the plural unless the number is obviously meant to be singular. DEPOSITS Applicant has made a deposit of at least 625 seeds of parental maize inbred varieties PH4DDB and PH48J7 with the Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Marine Algae and Microbiota (NCMA), 60 Bigelow Drive, East Boothbay, Me. 04544 USA, as NCMA Deposit Nos. 202211019 and 202004012, respectively. The seeds deposited with the NCMA on Nov. 9, 2022 for 202211019 and on Apr. 20, 2020 for 202004012, were obtained from the seed of the variety maintained by Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc., 7250 NW 62ndAvenue, Johnston, Iowa 50131-1000 since prior to the filing date of this application. Access to this seed will be available during the pendency of the application to the Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks and persons determined by the Commissioner to be entitled thereto upon request. Upon issuance of any claims in the application, the Applicant will make available to the public, pursuant to 37 C.F.R. § 1.808, a sample(s) of the deposit of at least 625 seeds of parental maize inbred varieties PH4DDB and PH48J7 with the NCMA. The deposits of the seed of parental maize inbred varieties for Hybrid Maize Variety X00R828 will be maintained in the NCMA depository, which is a public depository, for a period of 30 years, or 5 years after the most recent request, or for the enforceable life of the patent, whichever is longer, and will be replaced if it becomes nonviable during that period. Additionally, Applicant has or will satisfy all of the requirements of 37 C.F.R. §§ 1.801-1.809, including providing an indication of the viability of the sample upon deposit. Applicant has no authority to waive any restrictions imposed by law on the transfer of biological material or its transportation in commerce. Applicant does not waive any infringement of the rights granted under this patent or rights applicable to Hybrid Maize Variety X00R828 and/or its parental maize inbred varieties PH4DDB and PH48J7 under either the patent laws or the Plant Variety Protection Act (7 USC 2321 et seq.). Unauthorized seed multiplication is prohibited. TABLE 1VARIETY DESCRIPTION INFORMATION -* X00R8281. TYPE & YIELDGrain TextureDENTYield (bushels per acre)8.9Yield (Tonnage peracre @ 0% dry matter)2. MATURITY:DaysHeat UnitsComparative Relative Maturity (CRM)98Planting to 50% of plants in silk5413153. PLANT:ValueSENumberPlant Height (to flag leaf) (cm)231.1~15Ear Height (to base of top ear112.811.576node) (cm)Length of Top Ear Internode (cm)13.61.855Number of Nodes Above Ground15.40.495Anthocyanin of Brace Roots:11 = absent, 2 = faint, 3 = moderate,4 = dark4. LEAF:ValueSENumberWidth of Ear Node Leaf (cm)10.60.495Length of Ear Node Leaf (cm)812.765Number of Leaves Above Top Ear5.80.45Leaf Angle (Degrees)2245(at anthesis, 2nd leaf above topear to the stalk)Leaf ColorV. Dark GreenBrown Mid Rib (BMR)NoLeaf AttitudeSemi-erect(appearance of leaf above top ear)Leaf Sheath Pubescence:31 = none to 9 = peach-like fuzz5. TASSEL:ValueSENumberNumber of Primary Lateral Branches8.41.365Number of Secondary Branches0.80.755Branch Angle from Central Spike2345(Degrees)Tassel Length:51.46.225(from peduncle node to tassel tip) (cm)Peduncle Length:158.495(From top leaf node to lowerbranch) (cm)Central Spike Length (cm)20.49.525Flag Leaf Length (cm)39.23.125(from flag leaf collar to tassel tip)Pollen Shed: 0 = male sterile,69 = heavy shedAnther Color:Green-YellowGlume Color:6a. EAR (Unhusked ear):Silk color: (~3 days afterLight Greensilk emergence)Dry husk color:White(~65 days after 50% silking)Husk Tightness: (1 = very loose,29 = very tight)Husk Extension (at harvest):1 = short (ears exposed),2 = medium (<8 cm),3 = long (8-10 cm),4 = very long (>10 cm)Ear Position at Maturity16b. EAR (Husked ear data):ValueSENumberLength of Interior Husk (cm)19.70.525Shank Length (cm)7.83.145Ear Length (cm)17.81.295Ear Diameter at mid-point (mm)43.90.295Ear Weight (gm)17126.325Number of Kernel Rows151.475Number of Kernels Per Row34.22.665Kernel Rows: 1 = indistinct, 2 = distinct2Row Alignment:11 = straight, 2 = slightly curved,3 = spiralEar Taper:11 = slight cylind., 2 = average,3 = extreme conic.7. KERNEL (Dried):ValueSENumberKernel Length (mm)11.60.9229Kernel Width (mm)80.7129Kernel Thickness (mm)Kernel Pericarp colorClearAleurone Color Pattern1Aleurone ColorYellowHard Endosperm ColorYellow8. COB:ValueSENumberCob Diameter at mid-point (mm)26.40.165Cob ColorSalmon* Wherein X00R828 has one or more locus conversion(s) for insect control and/or herbicide tolerance.Number is the number of individual plants that were scored.Value is an average if more than one plant or plot is scored.

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DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Definitions of Plant Characteristics Barren Plants: Plants that are barren, i.e., lack an ear with grain, or have an ear with only a few scattered kernels.Cg:Colletotrichum graminicolarating. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection.CLN: Corn Lethal Necrosis (combination of Maize Chlorotic Mottle Virus and Maize Dwarf Mosaic virus) rating. A numerical rating that is based on a 1 to 9 scale of severity in which “1” indicates “most resistant” and “9” indicates “most susceptible.”Cn:Corynebacterium nebraskenserating. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection.Cz:Cercospora zeae-maydisrating. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection.Dgg:Diatraea grandiosellagirdling rating. A rating in which the value equals percent plants girdled and stalk lodged.Dropped Ears: Ears that have fallen from the plant to the ground.Dsp:Diabroticaspecies root rating. A rating that is based on a 1 to 9 scale in which “1” indicates “least affected” and “9” indicates “severe pruning.”Ear-Attitude: The attitude or position of the ear at harvest, which is scored as upright, horizontal, or pendant.Ear-Cob Color: The color of the cob, which is scored as white, pink, red, or brown.Ear-Cob Diameter: The average diameter of the cob when measured at the midpoint.Ear-Cob Strength: A measure of mechanical strength of the cobs to breakage, which is scored as strong or weak.Ear-Diameter: The average diameter of the ear when measured at the midpoint.Ear-Dry Husk Color: The color of the husks at harvest, which is scored as buff, red, or purple.Ear-Fresh Husk Color: The color of the husks 1 to 2 weeks after pollination, which is scored as green, red, or purple.Ear-Husk Bract: The length of an average husk leaf, which is scored as short, medium, or long.Ear-Husk Cover: The average distance from the tip of the ear to the tip of the husks in which the minimum value is no less than zero.Ear-Husk Opening: An evaluation of husk tightness at harvest, which is scored as tight, intermediate, or open.Ear-Length: The average length of the ear.Ear-Number Per Stalk: The average number of ears per plant.Ear-Shank Internodes: The average number of internodes on the ear shank.Ear-Shank Length: The average length of the ear shank.Ear-Shelling Percent: The average of the shelled grain weight divided by the sum of the shelled grain weight and cob weight for a single ear.Ear-Silk Color: The color of the silk observed 2 to 3 days after silk emergence, which is scored as green-yellow, yellow, pink, red, or purple.Ear-Taper (Shape): The taper or shape of the ear, which is scored as conical, semi-conical, or cylindrical.Ear-Weight: The average weight of an ear.Early Stand: The percent of plants that emerge from the ground as determined in the early spring.ER: Ear rot rating. A rating in which the value approximates percent ear rotted.Final Stand Count: The number of plants just prior to harvest.GDUs: Growing degree units. GDUs are calculated by the Barger Method in which the heat units for a 24 h period are calculated as follows: [(Maximum daily temperature+Minimum daily temperature)/2]−50. The highest maximum daily temperature used is 86° F. and the lowest minimum temperature used is 50° F.GDUs to Shed: The number of growing degree units (GDUs) or heat units required for a variety to have approximately 50% of the plants shedding pollen as measured from time of planting. GDUs to shed is determined by summing the individual GDU daily values from the planting date to the date of 50% pollen shed.GDUs to Silk: The number of growing degree units (GDUs) for a variety to have approximately 50% of the plants with silk emergence as measured from the time of planting. GDUs to silk is determined by summing the individual GDU daily values from the planting date to the date of 50% silking.Hc2:Helminthosporium carbonumrace 2 rating. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection.Hc3:Helminthosporium carbonumrace 3 rating. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection.Hm:Helminthosporium maydisrace 0 rating. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection.Ht1:Helminthosporium turcicumrace 1 rating. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection.Ht2:Helminthosporium turcicumrace 2 rating. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection.HtG: Chlorotic-lesion type resistance. “+” indicates the presence of Ht chlorotic-lesion type resistance; “−” indicates absence of Ht chlorotic-lesion type resistance; and “+/−” indicates segregation of Ht chlorotic-lesion type resistance. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection.Kernel-Aleurone Color: The color of the aleurone, which is scored as white, pink, tan, brown, bronze, red, purple, pale purple, colorless, or variegated.Kernel-Cap Color: The color of the kernel cap observed at dry stage, which is scored as white, lemon-yellow, yellow, or orange.Kernel-Endosperm Color: The color of the endosperm, which is scored as white, pale yellow, or yellow.Kernel-Endosperm Type: The type of endosperm, which is scored as normal, waxy, or opaque.Kernel-Grade: The percent of kernels that are classified as rounds.Kernel-Length: The average distance from the cap of the kernel to the pedicel.Kernel-Number Per Row: The average number of kernels in a single row.Kernel-Pericarp Color: The color of the pericarp, which is scored as colorless, red-white crown, tan, bronze, brown, light red, cherry red, or variegated.Kernel-Row Direction: The direction of the kernel rows on the ear, which is scored as straight, slightly curved, spiral, or indistinct (scattered).Kernel-Row Number: The average number of rows of kernels on a single ear.Kernel-Side Color: The color of the kernel side observed at the dry stage, which is scored as white, pale yellow, yellow, orange, red, or brown.Kernel-Thickness: The distance across the narrow side of the kernel.Kernel-Type: The type of kernel, which is scored as dent, flint, or intermediate.Kernel-Weight: The average weight of a predetermined number of kernels.Kernel-Width: The distance across the flat side of the kernel.Kz:Kabatiella zeaerating. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection.Leaf-Angle: Angle of the upper leaves to the stalk, which is scored as upright (0 to 30 degrees), intermediate (30 to 60 degrees), or lax (60 to 90 degrees).Leaf-Color: The color of the leaves 1 to 2 weeks after pollination, which is scored as light green, medium green, dark green, or very dark green.Leaf-Length: The average length of the primary ear leaf.Leaf-Longitudinal Creases: A rating of the number of longitudinal creases on the leaf surface 1 to 2 weeks after pollination. Creases are scored as absent, few, or many.Leaf-Marginal Waves: A rating of the waviness of the leaf margin 1 to 2 weeks after pollination, which is rated as none, few, or many.Leaf-Number: The average number of leaves of a mature plant. Counting begins with the cotyledonary leaf and ends with the flag leaf.Leaf-Sheath Anthocyanin: A rating of the level of anthocyanin in the leaf sheath 1 to 2 weeks after pollination, which is scored as absent, basal-weak, basal-strong, weak, or strong.Leaf-Sheath Pubescence: A rating of the pubescence of the leaf sheath. Ratings are taken 1 to 2 weeks after pollination and scored as light, medium, or heavy.Leaf-Width: The average width of the primary ear leaf when measured at its widest point.LSS: Late season standability. The value multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent plants lodged in disease evaluation plots.Moisture: The moisture of the grain at harvest.On1:Ostrinia nubilalis1st brood rating. The rating is based on a 1 to 9 scale in which “1” indicates “resistant” and “9” indicates “susceptible.”On2:Ostrinia nubilalis2nd brood rating. The rating is based on a 1 to 9 scale in which “1” indicates “resistant” and “9” indicates “susceptible.”Relative Maturity: A maturity rating based on regression analysis. The regression analysis is developed by utilizing check hybrids and their previously established day rating versus actual harvest moistures. Harvest moisture on the hybrid in question is determined and that moisture value is inserted into the regression equation to yield a relative maturity.Root Lodging: Root lodging is the percentage of plants that root lodge. A plant is counted as root lodged if a portion of the plant leans from the vertical axis by approximately 30 degrees or more.Seedling Color: Color of leaves at the 6 to 8 leaf stage.Seedling Height: Plant height at the 6 to 8 leaf stage.Seedling Vigor: A visual rating of the amount of vegetative growth on a 1 to 9 scale in which the best and worst ratings are “1” and “9”, respectively. The score is taken when the average entry in a trial is at the fifth leaf stage.Selection Index: The selection index gives a single measure of hybrid's worth based on information from multiple traits. One of the traits that is almost always included is yield. Traits may be weighted according to the level of importance assigned to them.Sr:Sphacelotheca reilianarating. The rating is actual percent infection.Stalk-Anthocyanin: A rating of the amount of anthocyanin pigmentation in the stalk. The stalk is rated 1 to 2 weeks after pollination as absent, basal-weak, basal-strong, weak, or strong.Stalk-Brace Root Color: The color of the brace roots observed 1 to 2 weeks after pollination as green, red, or purple.Stalk-Diameter: The average diameter of the lowest visible internode of the stalk.Stalk-Ear Height: The average height of the ear when measured from the ground to the point of attachment of the ear shank of the top developed ear to the stalk.Stalk-Internode Direction: The direction of the stalk internode observed after pollination as straight or zigzag.Stalk-Internode Length: The average length of the internode above the primary ear.Stalk Lodging: The percentage of plants that did stalk lodge. Plants are counted as stalk lodged if the plant is broken over or off below the ear.Stalk-Nodes With Brace Roots: The average number of nodes having brace roots per plant.Stalk-Plant Height: The average height of the plant when measured from the soil to the tip of the tassel.Stalk-Tillers: The percent of plants that have tillers. A tiller is defined as a secondary shoot that has developed as a tassel capable of shedding pollen.Staygreen: Staygreen is a measure of general plant health near the time of black layer formation (physiological maturity) and is usually recorded at the time the ear husks of most entries within a trial have turned a mature color. Scoring is on a 1 to 9 basis in which “1” and “9” are the best and worst score, respectively.STR: Stalk rot rating. The rating is based on a 1 to 9 scale of severity in which “1” indicates “25% of inoculated internode rotted” and “9” indicates “entire stalk rotted and collapsed.”SVC: Southeastern Virus Complex (combination of Maize Chlorotic Dwarf Virus and Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus) rating. The numerical rating is based on a 1 to 9 scale of severity in which “1” indicates “most resistant” and “9” indicates “most susceptible.”Tassel-Anther Color: The color of the anthers at 50% pollen shed, which is scored as green-yellow, yellow, pink, red, or purple.Tassel-Attitude: The attitude of the tassel after pollination, which is scored as open or compact.Tassel-Branch Angle: The angle of an average tassel branch to the main stem of the tassel, which is scored as upright (less than 30 degrees), intermediate (30 to 45 degrees), or lax (greater than 45 degrees).Tassel-Branch Number: The average number of primary tassel branches.Tassel-Glume Band: The closed anthocyanin band at the base of the glume, which is scored as present or absent.Tassel-Glume Color: The color of the glumes at 50% shed, which is scored as green, red, or purple.Tassel-Length: The length of the tassel, which is measured from the base of the bottom tassel branch to the tassel tip.Tassel-Peduncle Length: The average length of the tassel peduncle, which is measured from the base of the flag leaf to the base of the bottom tassel branch.Tassel-Pollen Shed: A visual rating of pollen shed that is determined by tapping the tassel and observing the pollen flow of approximately five plants per entry. The rating is based on a 1 to 9 scale in which “9” indicates “sterile” and “1” indicates “most pollen.”Tassel-Spike Length: The length of the spike, which is measured from the base of the top tassel branch to the tassel tip.Test Weight: Weight of the grain in pounds for a given volume (bushel) adjusted to 15.5% moisture.Yield: Yield of grain at harvest adjusted to 15.5% moisture. Other Definitions Allele: Any of one or more alternative forms of a gene locus, all of which relate to one trait or characteristic. In a diploid cell or organism, the two alleles of a given gene occupy corresponding loci on a pair of homologous chromosomes.Backcrossing: A process in which a breeder repeatedly crosses hybrid progeny back to one of the parents, for example, a first generation hybrid (F1) with one of the parental genotypes of the F1hybrid.Crossing: The pollination of a female flower of a corn plant, thereby resulting in the production of seed from the flower.Cross-pollination: Fertilization by the union of two gametes from different plants.Diploid: A cell or organism having two sets of chromosomes.Emasculate: The removal of plant male sex organs or the inactivation of the organs with a chemical agent or a cytoplasmic or nuclear genetic factor conferring male sterility.F1Hybrid: The first generation progeny of the cross of two plants.Genetic Complement: An aggregate of nucleotide sequences, the expression of which sequences defines the phenotype in corn plants, or components of plants including cells or tissue.Genomic Selection (GS) or Genome-wide selection (GWS): a use of genome-wide genotypic data to predict genomic estimated breeding values (GEBV) for selection purposes in breeding process.Genotype: The genetic constitution of a cell or organism.Haploid: A cell or organism having one set of the two sets of chromosomes in a diploid.Marker: A readily detectable phenotype or genotype, preferably inherited in codominant fashion (both alleles at a locus in a diploid heterozygote are readily detectable), with no environmental variance component, i.e., heritability of 1.Marker assisted breeding or marker assisted selection (MAS): A process of selecting a desired trait or desired traits in a plant or plants by detecting one or more markers from the plant, where the marker is associated with the desired trait.Phenotype: The detectable characteristics of a cell or organism, which characteristics are the manifestation of gene expression.Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL): Genetic loci that contribute, at least in part, to certain numerically representable traits that are usually continuously distributed.Regeneration: The development of a plant from tissue culture.Self-pollination: The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of the same plant.Single Locus Converted (Conversion) Plant: Plants which are developed by a plant breeding technique called backcrossing or by genome editing of a locus, wherein essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of an inbred are recovered in addition to the characteristics conferred by the single locus transferred into the inbred via the backcrossing or genome editing technique. A single locus may comprise one gene, or in the case of transgenic plants, one or more transgenes integrated into the host genome at a single site (locus).Tissue Culture: A composition comprising isolated cells of the same or a different type or a collection of such cells organized into parts of a plant.Three-way cross hybrid: A hybrid plant produced by crossing a first inbred plant with the F1hybrid progeny derived from crossing a second inbred plant with a third inbred plant.Transgene: A genetic sequence which has been introduced into the nuclear or cytoplasmic components of the genome of a corn plant by a genetic transformation technique. Variety Descriptions In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a novel hybrid corn plant variety designated CH011205. Hybrid variety CH011205 was produced from a cross of the inbred varieties designated CV181138 and CV426610. The inbred parents have been self-pollinated and ear-rowed a sufficient number of generations with careful attention paid to uniformity of plant type to show uniformity and stability within the limits of environmental influence. In accordance with one aspect of the invention, there is provided a corn plant having the physiological and morphological characteristics of corn plant CH011205. An analysis of such morphological traits was carried out, the results of which are presented in Table 1. TABLE 1Morphological Traits for Hybrid Variety CH011205CHARACTERISTICVALUE1STALKPlant Height (cm)303.9Ear Height (cm)122.7AnthocyaninAbsentBrace Root ColorFaintInternode DirectionStraightInternode Length (cm)21.52LEAFColorDark GreenLength (cm)87.7Width (cm)11.3Sheath AnthocyaninAbsentSheath PubescenceLightMarginal WavesModerateLongitudinal CreasesAbsent3TASSELLength (cm)15.8Peduncle Length (cm)8.6Branch Number6.8Anther ColorYellowGlume ColorGreen & Medium GreenGlume BandAbsent4EARSilk ColorYellowNumber Per Stalk1PositionUprightLength (cm)21.2ShapeCylindricalDiameter (cm)5Shank Length (cm)10.4Husk BractShortHusk Cover (cm)1Husk OpeningTightHusk Color FreshGreen & Medium GreenHusk Color DryBuffCob Diameter (cm)3Cob ColorRedShelling Percent88.95KERNELRow Number16Number Per Row44.2Row DirectionSlightly CurvedTypeDentCap ColorYellowSide ColorDeep YellowLength (depth) (mm)14.2Width (mm)8.7Thickness (mm)4.4Endosperm TypeNormalEndosperm ColorYellow*These are typical values. Values may vary due to environment. Other values that are substantially equivalent are within the scope of the invention. Substantially equivalent refers to quantitative traits that when compared do not show statistical differences of their means. Deposit Information A deposit of at least 625 seeds of inbred parent plant varieties CV181138 (U.S. Pat. No. 9,661,820) and CV426610 (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/026,307, filed Sep. 21, 2020) has been made with either the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110-2209 USA, or the Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Marine Algae and Microbiota (NCMA) at Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, 60 Bigelow Drive, East Boothbay, ME 04544 USA., and assigned ATCC Accession No. PTA-123825 and NCMA Accession No. 202005034, respectively. The dates of deposit with the specific International Depositary Authority are Feb. 21, 2017 and May 6, 2020, respectively. All restrictions upon availability to the public will be irrevocably removed upon granting of the patent, and the deposits are intended to meet all of the requirements of the Budapest Treaty and 37 C.F.R. § 1.801-1.809. Access to the deposits will be available during the pendency of the application to the Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks and persons determined by the Commissioner to be entitled thereto upon request. The deposits have been accepted under the Budapest Treaty and will be maintained in the specific Depository, which is a public depository, for a period of 30 years, or 5 years after the most recent request, or for the enforceable life of the patent, whichever is longer, and will be replaced if it becomes nonviable during that period. Applicant does not waive any infringement of their rights granted under this patent or under the Plant Variety Protection Act (7 U.S.C. 2321 et seq.). FURTHER EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION In one embodiment, compositions are provided comprising a seed of corn variety CH011205 comprised in plant seed cultivation media. Plant seed cultivation media are well known to those of skill in the art and include, but are in no way limited to, soil or synthetic cultivation medium. Plant seed cultivation media can provide adequate physical support for seeds and can retain moisture and/or nutritional components. Examples of characteristics for soils that may be desirable in certain embodiments can be found, for instance, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,932,166 and 4,707,176. Synthetic plant cultivation media are also well known in the art and may, in certain embodiments, comprise polymers or hydrogels. Examples of such compositions are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,241,537. In certain further aspects, the invention provides plants modified to include at least a first trait. Such plants may, in one embodiment, be developed by a plant breeding technique called backcrossing, wherein essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of a variety are recovered in addition to a genetic locus transferred into the hybrid via the backcrossing technique. By essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics, it is meant that all of the characteristics of a plant are recovered that are otherwise present when compared in the same environment, other than an occasional variant trait that might arise during backcrossing or direct introduction of a transgene. In one embodiment, such traits may be determined, for example, relative to the traits listed in Table 1 as determined at the 5% significance level when grown under the same environmental conditions. Backcrossing methods can be used with the present invention to improve or introduce a trait in a hybrid via modification of its inbred parent(s). The term backcrossing as used herein refers to the repeated crossing of a hybrid progeny back to one of the parental corn plants for that hybrid. The parental corn plant which contributes the locus or loci for the trait is termed the nonrecurrent or donor parent. This terminology refers to the fact that the nonrecurrent parent is used one time in the backcross protocol and therefore does not recur. The parental corn plant to which the locus or loci from the nonrecurrent parent are transferred is known as the recurrent parent as it is used for several rounds in the backcrossing protocol. In a typical backcross protocol, the original parent hybrid of interest (recurrent parent) is crossed to a second variety (nonrecurrent parent) that carries the genetic locus of interest to be transferred. The resulting progeny from this cross are then crossed again to the recurrent parent and the process is repeated until a corn plant is obtained wherein essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of the recurrent parent are recovered in the converted plant, in addition to the transferred locus from the nonrecurrent parent. The backcross process may be accelerated by the use of genetic markers, such as SSR, RFLP, SNP or AFLP markers to identify plants with the greatest genetic complement from the recurrent parent. The selection of a suitable recurrent parent is an important step for a successful backcrossing procedure. The goal of a backcross protocol is to add or substitute one or more new traits in the original inbred and hybrid progeny therefrom. To accomplish this, a genetic locus of the recurrent parent is modified or substituted with the locus from the nonrecurrent parent, while retaining essentially all of the rest of the genetic complement, and therefore the morphological and physiological constitution of the original plant. The choice of the particular nonrecurrent parent will depend on the purpose of the backcross; one of the major purposes is to add some commercially desirable, agronomically important trait to the plant. The exact backcrossing protocol will depend on the characteristic or trait being altered to determine an appropriate testing protocol. Although backcrossing methods are simplified when the characteristic being transferred is a dominant allele, a recessive allele may also be transferred. In this instance it may be necessary to introduce a test of the progeny to determine if the characteristic has been successfully transferred. Many traits have been identified that are not regularly selected for in the development of a new variety but that can be improved by backcrossing techniques. A genetic locus conferring the traits may or may not be transgenic. Examples of such traits known to those of skill in the art include, but are not limited to, male sterility, waxy starch, herbicide resistance, resistance to bacterial, fungal, or viral disease, insect resistance, male fertility and enhanced nutritional quality. These genes are generally inherited through the nucleus, but may be inherited through the cytoplasm. Some known exceptions to this are genes for male sterility, some of which are inherited cytoplasmically, but still act as a single locus trait. Direct selection may be applied when a genetic locus acts as a dominant trait. An example of a dominant trait is the herbicide resistance trait. For this selection process, the progeny of the initial cross are sprayed with the herbicide prior to the backcrossing. The spraying eliminates any plants which do not have the herbicide resistance characteristic, and only those plants which have the herbicide resistance gene are used in the subsequent backcross. This process is then repeated for all additional backcross generations. Many useful traits are those which are introduced by genetic transformation techniques. Methods for the genetic transformation of corn are known to those of skill in the art. For example, methods which have been described for the genetic transformation of corn include electroporation (U.S. Pat. No. 5,384,253), electrotransformation (U.S. Pat. No. 5,371,003), microprojectile bombardment (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,550,318, 5,736,369 and 5,538,880; and PCT Publication WO 95/06128),Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (U.S. Pat. No. 5,591,616 and European Patent Application Publication No. EP0672752), direct DNA uptake transformation of protoplasts and silicon carbide fiber-mediated transformation (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,302,532 and 5,464,765). Included among various plant transformation techniques are methods permitting the site-specific modification of a plant genome. These modifications can include, but are not limited to, site-specific mutations, deletions, insertions, and replacements of nucleotides. These modifications can be made anywhere within the genome of a plant, for example, in genomic elements, including, among others, coding sequences, regulatory elements, and non-coding DNA sequences. Any number of such modifications can be made and that number of modifications may be made in any order or combination, for example, simultaneously all together or one after another. Such methods may be used to modify a particular trait conferred by a locus. The techniques for making such modifications by genome editing are well known in the art and include, for example, use of CRISPR-Cas systems, zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), among others. A site-specific nuclease provided herein may be selected from the group consisting of a zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN), a meganuclease, an RNA-guided endonuclease, a TALE-endonuclease (TALEN), a recombinase, a transposase, or any combination thereof. See, e.g., Khandagale, K. et al., “Genome editing for targeted improvement in plants,” Plant Biotechnol Rep 10: 327-343 (2016); and Gaj, T. et al., “ZFN, TALEN and CRISPR/Cas-based methods for genome engineering,” Trends Biotechnol. 31(7): 397-405 (2013), the contents and disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. A recombinase may be a serine recombinase attached to a DNA recognition motif, a tyrosine recombinase attached to a DNA recognition motif or other recombinase enzyme known in the art. A recombinase or transposase may be a DNA transposase or recombinase attached to a DNA binding domain. A tyrosine recombinase attached to a DNA recognition motif may be selected from the group consisting of a Cre recombinase, a Flp recombinase, and a Tnp1 recombinase. According to some embodiments, a Cre recombinase or a Gin recombinase provided herein is tethered to a zinc-finger DNA binding domain. In another embodiment, a serine recombinase attached to a DNA recognition motif provided herein is selected from the group consisting of a PhiC31 integrase, an R4 integrase, and a TP-901 integrase. In another embodiment, a DNA transposase attached to a DNA binding domain provided herein is selected from the group consisting of a TALE-piggyBac and TALE-Mutator. An RNA-guided endonuclease may be selected from the group consisting of Cas1, Cas1B, Cas2, Cas3, Cas4, Cas5, Cas6, Cas7, Cas8, Cas9 (also known as Csn1 and Csx12), Cas10, Csy1, Csy2, Csy3, Cse1, Cse2, Csc1, Csc2, Csa5, Csn2, Csm2, Csm3, Csm4, Csm5, Csm6, Cmr1, Cmr3, Cmr4, Cmr5, Cmr6, Csb1, Csb2, Csb3, Csx17, Csx14, Csx10, Csx16, CsaX, Csx3, Csx1, Csx15, Csf1, Csf2, Csf3, Csf4, Cpf1, CasX, CasY, and homologs or modified versions thereof, Argonaute (non-limiting examples of Argonaute proteins includeThermus thermophilusArgonaute (TtAgo),Pyrococcus furiosusArgonaute (PfAgo), Natronobacterium gregoryi Argonaute (NgAgo) and homologs or modified versions thereof. According to some embodiments, an RNA-guided endonuclease may be a Cas9 or Cpf1 enzyme. For example, the CRISPR/Cas9 system allows targeted cleavage of genomic sequences guided by a small noncoding RNA in plants (WO 2015026883A1). As another example, Cpf1(Cas12a) acts as an endoribonuclease to process crRNA and an endodeoxyribonuclease to cleave targeted genomic sequences. The CRISPR/Cpf1 system enables gene deletion, insertion, base editing, and locus tagging in monocot and dicot plants (Alok et al., Frontiers in Plant Science, 31 Mar. 2020). One of ordinary skill in the art of plant breeding would know how to modify plant genomes using a method including but not limited to the techniques described herein. It is understood to those of skill in the art that a transgene or a modified native gene need not be directly transformed into a plant, as techniques for the production of stably transformed corn plants that pass single loci to progeny by Mendelian inheritance is well known in the art. Such loci may therefore be passed from parent plant to progeny plants by standard plant breeding techniques that are well known in the art. A. Male Sterility Examples of genes conferring male sterility include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,861,709, 3,710,511, 4,654,465, 5,625,132, and 4,727,219, each of the disclosures of which are specifically incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Male sterility genes can increase the efficiency with which hybrids are made, in that they eliminate the need to physically emasculate the corn plant used as a female in a given cross. When one desires to employ male-sterility systems with a corn plant in accordance with the invention, it may be beneficial to also utilize one or more male-fertility restorer genes. For example, when cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is used, hybrid seed production requires three inbred lines: (1) a cytoplasmically male-sterile line having a CMS cytoplasm; (2) a fertile inbred with normal cytoplasm, which is isogenic with the CMS line for nuclear genes (“maintainer line”); and (3) a distinct, fertile inbred with normal cytoplasm, carrying a fertility restoring gene (“restorer” line). The CMS line is propagated by pollination with the maintainer line, with all of the progeny being male sterile, as the CMS cytoplasm is derived from the female parent. These male sterile plants can then be efficiently employed as the female parent in hybrid crosses with the restorer line, without the need for physical emasculation of the male reproductive parts of the female parent. The presence of a male-fertility restorer gene results in the production of fully fertile F1hybrid progeny. If no restorer gene is present in the male parent, male-sterile hybrids are obtained. Such hybrids are useful when the vegetative tissue of the corn plant is utilized, e.g., for silage, but in most cases, the seeds will be deemed the most valuable portion of the crop, so fertility of the hybrids in these crops must be restored. Therefore, one aspect of the current invention concerns the hybrid corn plant CH011205 comprising a genetic locus capable of restoring male fertility in an otherwise male-sterile plant. Examples of male-sterility genes and corresponding restorers which could be employed with the plants of the invention are well known to those of skill in the art of plant breeding and are disclosed in, for instance, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,530,191; 5,689,041; 5,741,684; and 5,684,242, the disclosures of which are each specifically incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. B. Herbicide Resistance Numerous herbicide resistance genes are known and may be employed with the invention. A non-limiting example is a gene conferring resistance to a herbicide that inhibits the growing point or meristem such as imidazolinone or sulfonylurea herbicides. As imidazolinone and sulfonylurea herbicides are acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides that prevent the formation of branched chain amino acids, exemplary genes in this category code for ALS and AHAS enzymes as described, for example, by Lee et al.,EMBO J.,7:1241, 1988; Gleen et al.,Plant Molec. Biology,18:1185, 1992; and Miki et al.,Theor. Appl. Genet.,80:449, 1990. As a non-limiting example, a gene may be employed to confer resistance to the exemplary sulfonylurea herbicide nicosulfuron. Resistance genes for glyphosate (resistance conferred by mutant 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) and aroA genes, respectively) and other phosphono compounds such as glufosinate (phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT) andStreptomyces hygroscopicusphosphinothricin acetyltransferase (bar) genes) may also be used. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,940,835 to Shah et al., which discloses the nucleotide sequence of a form of EPSPS that can confer glyphosate resistance. Non-limiting examples of EPSPS transformation events conferring glyphosate resistance are provided by U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,040,497 and 7,632,985. The MON89788 event disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,632,985 in particular is beneficial in conferring glyphosate tolerance in combination with an increase in average yield relative to prior events A DNA molecule encoding a mutant aroA gene can be obtained under ATCC Accession No. 39256, and the nucleotide sequence of the mutant gene is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,769,061 to Comai. A hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene fromE. colithat confers resistance to glyphosate in tobacco callus and plants is described in Penaloza-Vazquez et al.,Plant Cell Reports,14:482, 1995. European Patent Application Publication No. EP0333033 to Kumada et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 4,975,374 to Goodman et al., disclose nucleotide sequences of glutamine synthetase genes that confer resistance to herbicides such as L-phosphinothricin. The nucleotide sequence of a phosphinothricin acetyltransferase gene is provided in European Patent Application Publication No. EP0242246 to Leemans et al. DeGreef et al. (Biotechnology,7:61, 1989) describe the production of transgenic plants that express chimeric bar genes coding for phosphinothricin acetyl transferase activity. Exemplary genes conferring resistance to a phenoxy class herbicide haloxyfop and a cyclohexanedione class herbicide sethoxydim are the Acct-S1, Acct-S2 and Acct-S3 genes described by Marshall et al., (Theor. Appl. Genet.,83:435, 1992). As a non-limiting example, a gene may confer resistance to other exemplary phenoxy class herbicides that include, but are not limited to, quizalofop-p-ethyl and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Genes are also known that confer resistance to herbicides that inhibit photosynthesis such as, for example, triazine herbicides (psbA and gs+ genes) and benzonitrile herbicides (nitrilase gene). As a non-limiting example, a gene may confer resistance to the exemplary benzonitrile herbicide bromoxynil. Przibila et al. (Plant Cell,3:169, 1991) describe the transformation ofChlamydomonaswith plasmids encoding mutant psbA genes. Nucleotide sequences for nitrilase genes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,648 to Stalker, and DNA molecules containing these genes are available under ATCC Accession Nos. 53435, 67441, and 67442. Cloning and expression of DNA coding for a glutathione S-transferase is described by Hayes et al. (Biochem. J.,285:173, 1992). 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) is a target of the HPPD-inhibiting herbicides, which deplete plant plastoquinone and vitamin E pools. Rippert et al. (Plant Physiol.,134:92, 2004) describes an HPPD-inhibitor resistant tobacco plant that was transformed with a yeast-derived prephenate dehydrogenase (PDH) gene. Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) is the target of the PPO-inhibitor class of herbicides; a PPO-inhibitor resistant PPO gene was recently identified inAmaranthus tuberculatus(Patzoldt et al.,PNAS,103(33):12329, 2006). The herbicide methyl viologen inhibits CO2assimilation. Foyer et al. (Plant Physiol.,109:1047, 1995) describe a plant overexpressing glutathione reductase (GR) that is resistant to methyl viologen treatment. Siminszky (Phytochemistry Reviews,5:445, 2006) describes plant cytochrome P450-mediated detoxification of multiple, chemically unrelated classes of herbicides. Modified bacterial genes have been successfully demonstrated to confer resistance to atrazine, a herbicide that binds to the plastoquinone-binding membrane protein QBin photosystem II to inhibit electron transport. See, for example, studies by Cheung et al. (PNAS,85:391, 1988), describing tobacco plants expressing the chloroplast psbA gene from an atrazine-resistant biotype ofAmaranthus hybridusfused to the regulatory sequences of a nuclear gene, and Wang et al. (Plant Biotech. J.,3:475, 2005), describing transgenic alfalfa,Arabidopsis, and tobacco plants expressing the atzA gene fromPseudomonassp. that were able to detoxify atrazine. Bayley et al. (Theor. Appl. Genet.,83:645, 1992) describe the creation of 2,4-D-resistant transgenic tobacco and cotton plants using the 2,4-D monooxygenase gene tfdA fromAlcaligenes eutrophusplasmid pJP5. U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20030135879 describes the isolation of a gene for dicamba monooxygenase (DMO) fromPsueodmonas maltophiliathat is involved in the conversion of dicamba to a non-toxic 3,6-dichlorosalicylic acid and thus may be used for producing plants tolerant to this herbicide. Other examples of herbicide resistance have been described, for instance, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,803,501; 6,448,476; 6,248,876; 6,225,114; 6,107,549; 5,866,775; 5,804,425; 5,633,435; 5,463,175. C. Waxy Starch The waxy characteristic is an example of a recessive trait. In this example, the progeny resulting from the first backcross generation (BC1) must be grown and selfed. A test is then run on the selfed seed from the BC1plant to determine which BC1plants carried the recessive gene for the waxy trait. In other recessive traits additional progeny testing, for example growing additional generations such as the BC1F1, may be required to determine which plants carry the recessive gene. D. Disease Resistance Plant defenses are often activated by specific interaction between the product of a disease resistance gene (R) in the plant and the product of a corresponding avirulence (Avr) gene in the pathogen. A plant line can be transformed with a cloned resistance gene to engineer plants that are resistant to specific pathogen strains. See, for example, Jones et al.,Science,266:789, 1994, which describes the cloning of the tomato Cf-9 gene for resistance toCladosporium fulvum; Martin et al.,Science,262:1432, 1993, which describes the tomato Pto gene for resistance toPseudomonas syringaepv.; and Mindrinos et al.,Cell,78:1089, 1994, which describes theArabidopsisRPS2 gene for resistance toPseudomonas syringae. A viral-invasive protein or a complex toxin derived therefrom may also be used for viral disease resistance. For example, the accumulation of viral coat proteins in transformed plant cells imparts resistance to viral infection and/or disease development effected by the virus from which the coat protein gene is derived, as well as by related viruses. See Beachy et al., (Annu. Rev. Phytopathol.,28:451, 1990). Coat protein-mediated resistance has been conferred upon transformed plants against alfalfa mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, tobacco streak virus, potato virus X, potato virus Y, tobacco etch virus, tobacco rattle virus and tobacco mosaic virus. Id. A virus-specific antibody may also be used. See, for example, Tavladoraki et al., (Nature,366:469, 1993), who show that transgenic plants expressing recombinant antibody genes are protected from virus attack. Additional means of inducing whole-plant resistance to a pathogen include modulation of the systemic acquired resistance (SAR) or pathogenesis related (PR) genes, for example genes homologous to theArabidopsis thalianaNIM1/NPR1/SAI1, and/or by increasing salicylic acid production. Logemann et al., (Biotechnology,10:305, 1992), for example, disclose transgenic plants expressing a barley ribosome-inactivating gene have an increased resistance to fungal disease. Plant defensins may be used to provide resistance to fungal pathogens (Thomma et al.,Planta,216:193, 2002). Other examples of fungal disease resistance are provided in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,653,280; 6,573,361; 6,506,962; 6,316,407; 6,215,048; 5,516,671; 5,773,696; 6,121,436; 6,316,407; and 6,506,962. E. Insect Resistance One example of an insect resistance gene includes aBacillus thuringiensis(Bt) protein, a derivative thereof or a synthetic polypeptide modeled thereon. See, for example, Geiser et al., (Gene,48:109, 1986), who disclose the cloning and nucleotide sequence of a Bt δ-endotoxin gene. Moreover, DNA molecules encoding δ-endotoxin genes can be purchased from the American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Virginia, for example, under ATCC Accession Nos. 40098, 67136, 31995 and 31998. Another example is a lectin. See, for example, Van Damme et al., (Plant Molec. Biol.,24:825, 1994), who disclose the nucleotide sequences of severalClivia miniatamannose-binding lectin genes. A vitamin-binding protein may also be used, such as avidin. See PCT application US93/06487, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. This application teaches the use of avidin and avidin homologues as larvicides against insect pests. Yet another insect resistance gene is an enzyme inhibitor, for example, a protease or proteinase inhibitor or an amylase inhibitor. See, for example, Abe et al., (J. Biol. Chem.,262:16793, 1987), which describes the nucleotide sequence of rice cysteine proteinase inhibitor, Huub et al., (Plant Molec. Biol.,21:985, 1993), which describes the nucleotide sequence of cDNA encoding tobacco proteinase inhibitor I, and Sumitani et al., (Biosci. Biotech. Biochem.,57:1243, 1993), which describes the nucleotide sequence ofStreptomyces nitrosporeusα-amylase inhibitor). An insect-specific hormone or pheromone may also be used. See, for example, Hammock et al., (Nature,344:458, 1990), which describes baculovirus expression of cloned juvenile hormone esterase, an inactivator of juvenile hormone, Gade and Goldsworthy (eds.)(Physiological Systems in Insects, Elsevier Academic Press, Burlington, MA, 2007), which describes allostatins and their potential use in pest control; and Palli et al., (Vitam. Horm.,73:59, 2005), which describes the use of ecdysteroid and ecdysteroid receptor in agriculture. Additionally, the diuretic hormone receptor (DHR) was identified in Price et al., (Insect Mol. Biol.,13:469, 2004) as a candidate target of insecticides. Still other examples include an insect-specific antibody or an immunotoxin derived therefrom and a developmental-arrestive protein. See Taylor et al., (Seventh Int'l Symposium on Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, Edinburgh, Scotland, Abstract W97, 1994), who described enzymatic inactivation in transgenic tobacco via production of single-chain antibody fragments. Nematode resistance has been described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,228,992 and bacterial disease resistance in U.S. Pat. No. 5,516,671. F. Modified Fatty Acid, Phytate, and Carbohydrate Metabolism Genes may be used conferring modified fatty acid metabolism. For example, stearyl-ACP desaturase genes may be used. See Knutzon et al., (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,89:2624, 1992). Various fatty acid desaturases have also been described, such as aSaccharomyces cerevisiaeOLE1 gene encoding Δ9 fatty acid desaturase, an enzyme which forms the monounsaturated palmitoleic (16:1) and oleic (18:1) fatty acids from palmitoyl (16:0) or stearoyl (18:0) CoA (McDonough et al.,J. Biol. Chem.,267(9):5931-5936, 1992); a gene encoding a stearoyl-acyl carrier protein delta-9 desaturase from castor (Fox et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,90:2486, 1993); Δ6- and Δ12-desaturases from the cyanobacteriaSynechocystisresponsible for the conversion of linoleic acid (18:2) to gamma-linolenic acid (18:3 gamma) (Reddy et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,22:293, 1993); a gene fromArabidopsis thalianathat encodes an omega-3 desaturase (Arondel et al.,Science,258:1353, 1992); plant Δ9 desaturases (PCT Application Publ. No. WO 91/13972) and soybean andBrassica Δ15 desaturases (European Patent Application Publication No. EP0616644). Phytate metabolism may also be modified by introduction of a phytase-encoding gene to enhance breakdown of phytate, adding more free phosphate to the transformed plant. For example, see Van Hartingsveldt et al., (Gene,127:87, 1993), which discloses the nucleotide sequence of anAspergillus nigerphytase gene. In corn, this, for example, could be accomplished by cloning and then reintroducing DNA associated with the single allele which is responsible for corn mutants characterized by low levels of phytic acid. See Raboy et al.,Plant Physiol.,124:355, 1990. A number of genes are known that may be used to alter carbohydrate metabolism. For example, plants may be transformed with a gene coding for an enzyme that alters the branching pattern of starch. See Shiroza et al., (J. Bacteriol.,170:810, 1988), which discloses the nucleotide sequence ofStreptococcus mutansfructosyltransferase gene, Steinmetz et al., (Mol. Gen. Genet.,20:220, 1985), which discloses the nucleotide sequence ofBacillus subtilislevansucrase gene), Pen et al., (Biotechnology,10:292, 1992), which discloses the production of transgenic plants that expressBacillus lichenmformisα-amylase, Elliot et al., (Plant Molec. Biol.,21:515, 1993), which discloses the nucleotide sequences of tomato invertase genes, Sergaard et al., (J. Biol. Chem.,268:22480, 1993), which discloses site-directed mutagenesis of barley α-amylase gene, and Fisher et al., (Plant Physiol.,102:1045, 1993) which discloses maize endosperm starch branching enzyme II. The Z10 gene encoding a 10 kD zein storage protein from maize may also be used to alter the quantities of 10 kD zein in the cells relative to other components (Kirihara et al.,Gene,71:359, 1988). U.S. Pat. No. 6,930,225 describes maize cellulose synthase genes and methods of use thereof. G. Resistance to Abiotic Stress Abiotic stress includes dehydration or other osmotic stress, salinity, high or low light intensity, high or low temperatures, submergence, exposure to heavy metals, and oxidative stress. Delta-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) from mothbean has been used to provide protection against general osmotic stress. Mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase (mt1D) fromE. colihas been used to provide protection against drought and salinity. Choline oxidase (codA fromArthrobactor globiformis) can protect against cold and salt.E. colicholine dehydrogenase (betA) provides protection against salt. Additional protection from cold can be provided by omega-3-fatty acid desaturase (fad7) fromArabidopsis thaliana. Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase and levan sucrase (SacB) from yeast andBacillus subtilis, respectively, can provide protection against drought (summarized from Annex II Genetic Engineering for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants, Consultative Group On InternationalAgricultural ResearchTechnical Advisory Committee). Overexpression of superoxide dismutase can be used to protect against superoxides, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,538,878 to Thomas et al. H. Additional Traits Additional traits can be introduced into the corn variety of the present invention. A non-limiting example of such a trait is a coding sequence which decreases RNA and/or protein levels. The decreased RNA and/or protein levels may be achieved through RNAi methods, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,506,559 to Fire et al. Another trait that may find use with the corn variety of the invention is a sequence which allows for site-specific recombination. Examples of such sequences include the FRT sequence used with the FLP recombinase; and the LOX sequence used with CRE recombinase. The recombinase genes can be encoded at any location within the genome of the corn plant, and are active in the hemizygous state. It may also be desirable to make corn plants more tolerant to or more easily transformed withAgrobacterium tumefaciens. Expression of p53 and iap, two baculovirus cell-death suppressor genes, inhibited tissue necrosis and DNA cleavage. Additional targets can include plant-encoded proteins that interact with theAgrobacteriumVir genes; enzymes involved in plant cell wall formation; and histones, histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases. In addition to the modification of oil, fatty acid or phytate content described above, it may additionally be beneficial to modify the amounts or levels of other compounds. For example, the amount or composition of antioxidants can be altered. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,787,618 and 7,154,029 and International Patent Application Publication No. WO 00/68393, which disclose the manipulation of antioxidant levels, and International Patent Application. Publication No. WO 03/082899, which discloses the manipulation of an antioxidant biosynthetic pathway. Additionally, seed amino acid content may be manipulated. U.S. Pat. No. 5,850,016 and International Patent Application Publication No. WO 99/40209 disclose the alteration of the amino acid compositions of seeds. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,080,913 and 6,127,600 disclose methods of increasing accumulation of essential amino acids in seeds. U.S. Pat. No. 5,559,223 describes synthetic storage proteins in which the levels of essential amino acids can be manipulated. International Patent Application Publication No. WO 99/29882 discloses methods for altering amino acid content of proteins. International Patent Application Publication No. WO 98/20133 describes proteins with enhanced levels of essential amino acids. International Patent Application Publication No. WO 98/56935 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,346,403, 6,441,274 and 6,664,445 disclose plant amino acid biosynthetic enzymes. International Patent Application Publication No. WO 98/45458 describes synthetic seed proteins having a higher percentage of essential amino acids than wild-type. U.S. Pat. No. 5,633,436 discloses plants comprising a higher content of sulfur-containing amino acids; U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,801 discloses plants comprising a high threonine content; U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,802 discloses plants comprising a high methionine content; U.S. Pat. No. 5,912,414 discloses plants comprising a high methionine content; U.S. Pat. No. 5,990,389 discloses plants comprising a high lysine content; U.S. Pat. No. 6,459,019 discloses plants comprising an increased lysine and threonine content; International Patent Application Publication No. WO 98/42831 discloses plants comprising a high lysine content; International Patent Application Publication No. WO 96/01905 discloses plants comprising a high threonine content; and International Patent Application Publication No. WO 95/15392 discloses plants comprising a high lysine content. I. Origin and Breeding History of an Exemplary Introduced Trait Provided by the invention are a hybrid plant in which one or more of the parents comprise an introduced trait. Such a plant may be defined as comprising a single locus conversion. Exemplary procedures for the preparation of such single locus conversions are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,205,460, the entire disclosure of which is specifically incorporated herein by reference. An example of a single locus conversion is 85DGD1. 85DGD1 MLms is a conversion of 85DGD1 to cytoplasmic male sterility. 85DGD1 MLms was derived using backcross methods. 85DGD1 (a proprietary inbred of Monsanto Company) was used as the recurrent parent and MLms, a germplasm source carrying ML cytoplasmic sterility, was used as the nonrecurrent parent. The breeding history of the converted inbred 85DGD1 MLms can be summarized as follows: Hawaii Nurseries PlantingMade up S-O: Female row 585 male row 500Date Apr. 2, 1992Hawaii Nurseries PlantingS-O was grown and plants wereDate Jul. 15, 1992backcrossed times 85DGD1(rows 444 {acute over ( )} 443)Hawaii Nurseries PlantingBulked seed of the BC1was grownDate Nov. 18, 1992and backcrossed times 85DGD1(rows V3-27 {acute over ( )} V3-26)Hawaii Nurseries PlantingBulked seed of the BC2was grownDate Apr. 2, 1993and backcrossed times 85DGD1(rows 37 {acute over ( )} 36)Hawaii Nurseries PlantingBulked seed of the BC3was grownDate Jul. 14, 1993and backcrossed times 85DGD1(rows 99 {acute over ( )} 98)Hawaii Nurseries PlantingBulked seed of BC4was grownDate Oct. 28, 1993and backcrossed times 85DGD1(rows KS-63 {acute over ( )} KS-62)Summer 1994A single ear of the BC5was grownand backcrossed times 85DGD1(MC94-822 {acute over ( )} MC94-822-7)Winter 1994Bulked seed of the BC6was grownand backcrossed times 85DGD1(3Q-1 {acute over ( )} 3Q-2)Summer 1995Seed of the BC7was bulkedand named 85DGD1 MLms. As described, techniques for the production of corn plants with added traits are well known in the art. A non-limiting example of such a procedure one of skill in the art could use for preparation of a hybrid corn plant CH011205 comprising an added trait is as follows:(a) crossing a parent of hybrid corn plant CH011205 such as CV181138 and/or CV426610 to a second (nonrecurrent) corn plant comprising a locus to be converted in the parent;(b) selecting at least a first progeny plant resulting from the crossing and comprising the locus;(c) crossing the selected progeny to the parent line of corn plant CH011205;(d) repeating steps (b) and (c) until a parent line of variety CH011205 is obtained comprising the locus; and(e) crossing the converted parent with the second parent to produce hybrid variety CH011205 comprising a trait. Following these steps, essentially any locus may be introduced into hybrid corn variety CH011205. For example, molecular techniques allow introduction of any given locus, without the need for phenotypic screening of progeny during the backcrossing steps. PCR and Southern hybridization are two examples of molecular techniques that may be used for confirmation of the presence of a given locus and thus conversion of that locus. The techniques are carried out as follows: Seeds of progeny plants are grown and DNA isolated from leaf tissue. Approximately one gram of leaf tissue is lyophilized overnight in 15 ml polypropylene tubes. Freeze-dried tissue is ground to a powder in the tube using a glass rod. Powdered tissue is mixed thoroughly with 3 ml extraction buffer (7.0M urea, 0.35M NaCl, 0.05M Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 0.01M EDTA, 1% sarcosine). Tissue/buffer homogenate is extracted with 3 ml phenol/chloroform. The aqueous phase is separated by centrifugation, and precipitated twice using 1/10 volume of 4.4M ammonium acetate pH 5.2, and an equal volume of isopropanol. The precipitate is washed with 75% ethanol and resuspended in 100-500 μl TE (0.01M Tris-HCl, 0.001M EDTA, pH 8.0). The DNA may then be screened as desired for presence of the locus. For PCR, 200-1000 ng genomic DNA from the progeny plant being screened is added to a reaction mix containing 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.3, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 50 mM KCl, 0.1 mg/ml gelatin, 200 μM each dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP, 20% glycerol, 2.5 units Taq DNA polymerase and 0.5 μM each of forward and reverse DNA primers that span a segment of the locus being converted. The reaction is run in a thermal cycling machine 3 minutes at 94 C, 39 repeats of the cycle 1 minute at 94 C, 1 minute at 50 C, 30 seconds at 72 C, followed by 5 minutes at 72 C. Twenty μl of each reaction mix is run on a 3.5% NuSieve gel in TBE buffer (90 mM Tris-borate, 2 mM EDTA) at 50V for two to four hours. The amplified fragment is detected using an agarose gel. Detection of an amplified fragment corresponding to the segment of the locus spanned by the primers indicates the presence of the locus. For Southern analysis, plant DNA is restricted, separated in an agarose gel and transferred to a Nylon filter in 10×SCP (20 SCP: 2M NaCl, 0.6M disodium phosphate, 0.02M disodium EDTA) according to standard methods (Southern,J. Mol. Biol.,98:503, 1975). Locus DNA or RNA sequences are labeled, for example, radioactively with32P by random priming (Feinberg & Vogelstein,Anal. Biochem.,132(1):6, 1983). Filters are prehybridized in 6×SCP, 10% dextran sulfate, 2% sarcosine, and 500 μg/ml denatured salmon sperm DNA. The labeled probe is denatured, hybridized to the filter and washed in 2×SCP, 1% SDS at 65° C. for 30 minutes and visualized by autoradiography using Kodak XAR5 film. Presence of the locus is indicated by detection of restriction fragments of the appropriate size. Tissue Cultures and In Vitro Regeneration of Corn Plants A further aspect of the invention relates to tissue cultures of the corn plant designated CH011205. As used herein, the term “tissue culture” indicates a composition comprising isolated cells of the same or a different type or a collection of such cells organized into parts of a plant. Exemplary types of tissue cultures are protoplasts, calli and plant cells that are intact in plants or parts of plants, such as embryos, pollen, flowers, kernels, ears, cobs, leaves, husks, stalks, roots, root tips, anthers, silk, and the like. In one embodiment, the tissue culture comprises embryos, protoplasts, meristematic cells, pollen, leaves or anthers derived from immature tissues of these plant parts. Means for preparing and maintaining plant tissue cultures are well known in the art (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,538,880 and 5,550,318, each incorporated herein by reference in their entirety). By way of example, a tissue culture comprising organs such as tassels or anthers has been used to produce regenerated plants (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,445,961 and 5,322,789; the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference). One type of tissue culture is tassel/anther culture. Tassels contain anthers which in turn enclose microspores. Microspores develop into pollen. For anther/microspore culture, if tassels are the plant composition, they can be selected at a stage when the microspores are uninucleate, that is, include only 1, rather than 2 or 3 nuclei. Methods to determine the correct stage are well known to those skilled in the art and include mitramycin fluorescent staining, trypan blue, and acetocarmine squashing. The mid-uninucleate microspore stage has been found to be the developmental stage most responsive to the subsequent methods disclosed to ultimately produce plants. Although microspore-containing plant organs such as tassels can generally be pretreated at any cold temperature below about 25° C., a range of 4° C. to 25° C. may be preferred, and a range of 8° C. to 14° C. may be particularly preferred. Although other temperatures yield embryoids and regenerated plants, cold temperatures produce optimum response rates compared to pretreatment at temperatures outside the preferred range. Response rate is measured as either the number of embryoids or the number of regenerated plants per number of microspores initiated in culture. Exemplary methods of microspore culture are disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,322,789 and 5,445,961, the disclosures of which are specifically incorporated herein by reference. Although not required, when tassels are employed as the plant organ, it is generally beneficial to sterilize their surface. Following surface sterilization of the tassels, for example, with a solution of calcium hypochloride, the anthers are removed from about 70 to 150 spikelets (small portions of the tassels) and placed in a preculture or pretreatment medium. Larger or smaller amounts can be used depending on the number of anthers. When one elects to employ tassels directly, tassels are generally pretreated at a cold temperature for a predefined time, often at 10° C. for about 4 days. After pretreatment of a whole tassel at a cold temperature, dissected anthers are further pretreated in an environment that diverts microspores from their developmental pathway. The function of the preculture medium is to switch the developmental program from one of pollen development to that of embryoid/callus development. An embodiment of such an environment in the form of a preculture medium includes a sugar alcohol, for example mannitol or sorbitol, inositol or the like. An exemplary synergistic combination is the use of mannitol at a temperature of about 10° C. for a period ranging from about 10 to 14 days. In one embodiment, 3 ml of 0.3M mannitol combined with 50 mg/l of ascorbic acid, silver nitrate, and colchicine is used for incubation of anthers at 10° C. for between 10 and 14 days. Another embodiment is to substitute sorbitol for mannitol. The colchicine produces chromosome doubling at this early stage. The chromosome doubling agent is generally only present at the preculture stage. It is believed that the mannitol or other similar carbon structures or environmental stress induce starvation and function to force microspores to focus their energies on entering developmental stages. The cells are unable to use, for example, mannitol as a carbon source at this stage. It is believed that these treatments confuse the cells causing them to develop as embryoids and plants from microspores. Dramatic increases in development from these haploid cells, as high as 25 embryoids in 104 microspores, have resulted from using these methods. To isolate microspores, an isolation media is generally used. An isolation media is used to separate microspores from the anther walls while maintaining their viability and embryogenic potential. An illustrative embodiment of an isolation media includes a 6% sucrose or maltose solution combined with an antioxidant such as 50 mg/l of ascorbic acid, 0.1 mg/l biotin, and 400 mg/l of proline, combined with 10 mg/l of nicotinic acid and 0.5 mg/l AgNO3. In another embodiment, the biotin and proline are omitted. An isolation media preferably has a higher antioxidant level when it is used to isolate microspores from a donor plant (a plant from which a plant composition containing a microspore is obtained) that is field grown in contrast to greenhouse grown. A preferred level of ascorbic acid in an isolation medium is from about 50 mg/l to about 125 mg/l and, more preferably, from about 50 mg/l to about 100 mg/l. One can find particular benefit in employing a support for the microspores during culturing and subculturing. Any support that maintains the cells near the surface can be used. An illustrative embodiment of a solid support is a TRANSWELL® culture dish. Another embodiment of a solid support for development of the microspores is a bilayer plate wherein liquid media is on top of a solid base. Other embodiments include a mesh or a millipore filter. Preferably, a solid support is a nylon mesh in the shape of a raft. A raft is defined as an approximately circular support material which is capable of floating slightly above the bottom of a tissue culture vessel, for example, a petri dish, of about a 60 or 100 mm size, although any other laboratory tissue culture vessel will suffice. In an illustrative embodiment, a raft is about 55 mm in diameter. Culturing isolated microspores on a solid support, for example, on a 10 mm pore nylon raft floating on 2.2 ml of medium in a 60 mm petri dish, prevents microspores from sinking into the liquid medium and thus avoiding low oxygen tension. These types of cell supports enable the serial transfer of the nylon raft with its associated microspore/embryoids ultimately to full strength medium containing activated charcoal and solidified with, for example, GELRITE™ (solidifying agent). The liquid medium passes through the mesh while the microspores are retained and supported at the medium-air interface. The surface tension of the liquid medium in the petri dish causes the raft to float. The liquid is able to pass through the mesh; consequently, the microspores stay on top. The mesh remains on top of the total volume of liquid medium. The culture vessels can be further defined as either (1) a bilayer 60 mm petri plate wherein the bottom 2 ml of medium are solidified with 0.7% agarose overlaid with 1 mm of liquid containing the microspores; (2) a nylon mesh raft wherein a wafer of nylon is floated on 1.2 ml of medium and 1 ml of isolated microspores is pipetted on top; or (3) TRANSWELL® plates wherein isolated microspores are pipetted onto membrane inserts which support the microspores at the surface of 2 ml of medium. Examples of processes of tissue culturing and regeneration of corn are described in, for example, European Patent Application Publication No. EP0160390, PCT Application WO 95/06128, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,369. Processes of Crossing Corn Plants and the Corn Plants Produced by Such Crosses The present invention provides processes of preparing novel corn plants and corn plants produced by such processes. In accordance with such a process, a first parent corn plant may be crossed with a second parent corn plant wherein the first and second corn plants are the parent lines of hybrid corn plant variety CH011205, or wherein at least one of the plants is of hybrid corn plant variety CH011205. Corn plants (Zea maysL.) can be crossed by either natural or mechanical techniques. Natural pollination occurs in corn when the wind blows pollen from the tassels to the silks that protrude from the tops of the recipient ears. Mechanical pollination can be effected either by controlling the types of pollen that can blow onto the silks or by pollinating by hand. In one embodiment, crossing comprises the steps of:(a) planting in pollinating proximity seeds of a first and a second parent corn plant, and preferably, seeds of a first inbred corn plant and a second, distinct inbred corn plant;(b) cultivating or growing the seeds of the first and second parent corn plants into plants that bear flowers;(c) emasculating flowers of either the first or second parent corn plant, i.e., treating the flowers so as to prevent pollen production, or alternatively, using as the female parent a male sterile plant, thereby providing an emasculated parent corn plant;(d) allowing natural cross-pollination to occur between the first and second parent corn plants;(e) harvesting seeds produced on the emasculated parent corn plant; and, when desired,(f) growing the harvested seed into a corn plant, preferably, a hybrid corn plant. Parental plants are typically planted in pollinating proximity to each other by planting the parental plants in alternating rows, in blocks or in any other convenient planting pattern. When the parental plants differ in timing of sexual maturity, it may be desired to plant the slower maturing plant first, thereby ensuring the availability of pollen from the male parent during the time at which silks on the female parent are receptive to pollen. Plants of both parental parents are cultivated and allowed to grow until the time of flowering. Advantageously, during this growth stage, plants are in general treated with fertilizer and/or other agricultural chemicals as considered appropriate by the grower. At the time of flowering, in the event that plant CH011205 is employed as the male parent, the tassels of the other parental plant are removed from all plants employed as the female parental plant to avoid self-pollination. The detasseling can be achieved manually but also can be done by machine. Alternatively, when the female parent corn plant comprises a cytoplasmic or nuclear gene conferring male sterility, detasseling may not be required. Additionally, a chemical gametocide may be used to sterilize the male flowers of the female plant. In this case, the parent plants used as the male may either not be treated with the chemical agent or may comprise a genetic factor which causes resistance to the emasculating effects of the chemical agent. Gametocides affect processes or cells involved in the development, maturation or release of pollen. Plants treated with such gametocides are rendered male sterile, but typically remain female fertile. The use of chemical gametocides is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,936,904, the disclosure of which is specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Furthermore, the use of Roundup herbicide in combination with glyphosate tolerant corn plants to produce male sterile corn plants is disclosed in PCT Publication WO 98/44140. Following emasculation, the plants are then typically allowed to continue to grow and natural cross-pollination occurs as a result of the action of wind, which is normal in the pollination of grasses, including corn. As a result of the emasculation of the female parent plant, all the pollen from the male parent plant is available for pollination because tassels, and thereby pollen bearing flowering parts, have been previously removed from all plants of the plant being used as the female in the hybridization. Of course, during this hybridization procedure, the parental varieties are grown such that they are isolated from other corn fields to minimize or prevent any accidental contamination of pollen from foreign sources. These isolation techniques are well within the skill of those skilled in this art. Both parental plants of corn may be allowed to continue to grow until maturity or the male rows may be destroyed after flowering is complete. Only the ears from the female parental plants are harvested to obtain seeds of a novel F1hybrid. The novel F1hybrid seed produced can then be planted in a subsequent growing season in commercial fields or, alternatively, advanced in breeding protocols for purposes of developing novel inbred lines. Alternatively, in another embodiment of the invention, one or both first and second parent corn plants can be from variety CH011205. Thus, any corn plant produced using corn plant CH011205 forms a part of the invention. As used herein, crossing can mean selfing, backcrossing, crossing to another or the same variety, crossing to populations, and the like. All corn plants produced using the corn variety CH011205 as a parent are, therefore, within the scope of this invention. One use of the instant corn variety is in the production of hybrid seed. Any time the corn plant CH011205 is crossed with another, different, corn plant, a corn hybrid plant is produced. As such, hybrid corn plant can be produced by crossing CH011205 with any second corn plant. Essentially any other corn plant can be used to produce a corn plant having corn plant CH011205 as one parent. All that is required is that the second plant be fertile, which corn plants naturally are, and that the plant is not corn variety CH011205. The goal of the process of producing an F1hybrid is to manipulate the genetic complement of corn to generate new combinations of genes which interact to yield new or improved traits (phenotypic characteristics). A process of producing an F1hybrid typically begins with the production of one or more inbred plants. Those plants are produced by repeated crossing of ancestrally related corn plants to try to combine certain genes within the inbred plants. The development of new inbred varieties using one or more starting varieties is well known in the art. In accordance with the invention, novel varieties may be created by crossing a corn variety, followed by multiple generations of breeding according to such well known methods. New varieties may be created by crossing a corn variety with any second plant. In selecting such a second plant to cross for the purpose of developing novel inbred lines, it may be desired to choose those plants which either themselves exhibit one or more desirable characteristics or which exhibit the desirable characteristic(s) when in hybrid combination. Examples of potentially desirable characteristics include greater yield, better stalks, better roots, resistance to insecticides, herbicides, pests, and disease, tolerance to heat and drought, reduced time to crop maturity, better agronomic quality, higher nutritional value, and uniformity in germination times, stand establishment, growth rate, maturity, and fruit size. Once initial crosses have been made with a corn variety, inbreeding takes place to produce new inbred varieties. Inbreeding requires manipulation by human breeders. Even in the extremely unlikely event inbreeding rather than crossbreeding occurred in natural corn, achievement of complete inbreeding cannot be expected in nature due to well-known deleterious effects of homozygosity and the large number of generations the plant would have to breed in isolation. The reason for the breeder to create inbred plants is to have a known reservoir of genes whose gametic transmission is predictable. The pedigree breeding method involves crossing two genotypes. Each genotype can have one or more desirable characteristics lacking in the other; or, each genotype can complement the other. If the two original parental genotypes do not provide all of the desirable characteristics, other genotypes can be included in the breeding population. Superior plants that are the products of these crosses are selfed and selected in successive generations. Each succeeding generation becomes more homogeneous as a result of self-pollination and selection. Typically, this method of breeding involves five or more generations of selfing and selection. After at least five generations, the inbred plant is considered genetically pure. Marker assisted selection (MAS) can be used to reduce the number of breeding cycles and improve selection accuracy. For example, see Openshaw et al., “Marker-assisted Selection in Backcross Breeding,” in: Proceedings Symposium of the Analysis of Molecular Data, August 1994, Crop Science Society of America. Genome-wide selection (GWS)/genomic selection (GS) can also be used as an alternative to, or in combination to, marker assisted selection and phenotype selection. GS utilizes quantitative models over a large number of markers distributed across the genome to predict the genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) of individual plants that has been genotyped but not phenotyped. GS can improve complex traits or combination of multiple traits without the need to identify markers associated with the traits. GS can replace phenotyping for a few selection cycles, thus reducing the cost and the time required for variety development (Crossa et al., Trends in Plant Science, November 2017, Vol. 22, No. 11). Uniform lines of new varieties may also be developed by way of doubled-haploids. This technique allows the creation of true breeding lines without the need for multiple generations of selfing and selection. In this manner true breeding lines can be produced in as little as one generation. Haploid induction systems have been developed for various plants to produce haploid tissues, plants and seeds. The haploid induction system can produce haploid plants from any genotype by crossing with an inducer line. Inducer lines and methods for obtaining haploid plants are known in the art. Haploid embryos may be produced, for example, from microspores, pollen, anther cultures, or ovary cultures. The haploid embryos may then be doubled autonomously, or by chemical treatments (e.g. colchicine treatment). Alternatively, haploid embryos may be grown into haploid plants and treated to induce chromosome doubling. In either case, fertile homozygous plants are obtained. In accordance with the invention, any of such techniques may be used in connection with a plant of the invention and progeny thereof to achieve a homozygous line. Corn has a diploid phase which means two conditions of a gene (two alleles) occupy each locus (position on a chromosome). If the alleles are the same at a locus, there is said to be homozygosity. If they are different, there is said to be heterozygosity. In a completely inbred plant, all loci are homozygous. Because many loci when homozygous are deleterious to the plant, in particular leading to reduced vigor, less kernels, weak and/or poor growth, production of inbred plants is an unpredictable and arduous process. Under some conditions, heterozygous advantage at some loci effectively bars perpetuation of homozygosity. A single cross hybrid corn variety is the cross of two inbred plants, each of which has a genotype which complements the genotype of the other. Typically, F1hybrids are more vigorous than their inbred parents. This hybrid vigor, or heterosis, is manifested in many polygenic traits, including markedly improved yields, better stalks, better roots, better uniformity and better insect and disease resistance. In the development of hybrids only the F1hybrid plants are typically sought. An F1single cross hybrid is produced when two inbred plants are crossed. A double cross hybrid is produced from four inbred plants crossed in pairs (A×B and C×D) and then the two F1hybrids are crossed again (A×B)×(C×D). Thousands of corn varieties are known to those of skill in the art, any one of which could be crossed with corn plant CH011205 to produce a hybrid plant. Estimates place the number of different corn accessions in gene banks around the world at around 50,000. The Maize Genetics Cooperation Stock Center, which is supported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, has a total collection of over 80,000 individually pedigreed samples (available on the World Wide Web at maizecoop.cropsci.uiuc.edu/). When the corn plant CH011205 is crossed with another plant to yield progeny, it can serve as either the maternal or paternal plant. For many crosses, the outcome is the same regardless of the assigned sex of the parental plants. However, due to increased seed yield and production characteristics, it may be desired to use one parental plant as the maternal plant. Some plants produce tighter ear husks leading to more loss, for example due to rot. There can be delays in silk formation which deleteriously affect timing of the reproductive cycle for a pair of parental inbreds. Seed coat characteristics can be preferable in one plant. Pollen can be shed better by one plant. Other variables can also affect preferred sexual assignment of a particular cross. The development of a hybrid corn variety involves three steps: (1) selecting plants from various germplasm pools; (2) selfing the selected plants for several generations to produce a series of inbred plants, which although different from each other, each breed true and are highly uniform; and (3) crossing the selected inbred plants with unrelated inbred plants to produce F1hybrid progeny. During this inbreeding process in corn, the vigor of the plants decreases; however, vigor is restored when two unrelated inbred plants are crossed to produce F1hybrid progeny. An important consequence of the genetic homozygosity and homogeneity of an inbred plant is that the F1hybrid progeny of any two inbred varieties are genetically and phenotypically uniform. Plant breeders choose these hybrid populations that display phenotypic uniformity. Once the inbred plants that produce superior hybrid progeny have been identified, the uniform traits of their hybrid progeny can be reproduced indefinitely as long as the homogeneity of the inbred parents is maintained. The development of inbred plants generally requires at least about 5 to 7 generations of selfing. Inbred plants are then cross-bred in an attempt to develop improved F1hybrids. Hybrids are then screened and evaluated in small scale field trials. Typically, about 10 to 15 phenotypic traits, selected for their potential commercial value, are measured. A selection index of the most commercially important traits is used to help evaluate hybrids. FACT, an acronym for Field Analysis Comparison Trial (strip trials), is an on-farm experimental testing program employed by Monsanto Company to perform the final evaluation of the commercial potential of a product. During the next several years, a progressive elimination of hybrids occurs based on more detailed evaluation of their phenotype. Eventually, strip trials (FACT) are conducted to formally compare the experimental hybrids being developed with other hybrids, some of which were previously developed and generally are commercially successful. That is, comparisons of experimental hybrids are made to competitive hybrids to determine if there was any advantage to further development of the experimental hybrids. After FACT testing is complete, determinations may be made whether commercial development should proceed for a given hybrid. The present invention provides a genetic complement of the hybrid corn plant variety designated CH011205. As used herein, the phrase “genetic complement” means an aggregate of nucleotide sequences, the expression of which defines the phenotype of a corn plant or a cell or tissue of that plant. By way of example, a corn plant is genotyped to determine a representative sample of the inherited markers it possesses. Markers are alleles at a single locus. They are preferably inherited in codominant fashion so that the presence of both alleles at a diploid locus is readily detectable, and they are free of environmental variation, i.e., their heritability is 1. This genotyping is preferably performed on at least one generation of the descendant plant for which the numerical value of the quantitative trait or traits of interest are also determined. The array of single locus genotypes is expressed as a profile of marker alleles, two at each locus. The marker allelic composition of each locus can be either homozygous or heterozygous. Homozygosity is a condition in which both alleles at a locus are characterized by the same nucleotide sequence or size of a repeated sequence. Heterozygosity refers to different conditions of the gene at a locus. A preferred type of genetic marker for use with the invention is simple sequence repeats (SSRs), although potentially any other type of genetic marker could be used, for example, restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and isozymes. All of the compositions and methods disclosed and claimed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in light of the present disclosure. While the compositions and methods of this invention have been described in terms of the foregoing illustrative embodiments, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations, changes, modifications, and alterations may be applied to the composition, methods, and in the steps or in the sequence of steps of the methods described herein, without departing from the true concept, spirit, and scope of the invention. More specifically, it will be apparent that certain agents that are both chemically and physiologically related may be substituted for the agents described herein while the same or similar results would be achieved. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope, and concept of the invention as defined by the appended claims. The references cited herein, to the extent that they provide exemplary procedural or other details supplementary to those set forth herein, are specifically incorporated herein by reference.

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DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Definitions of Plant Characteristics Barren Plants: Plants that are barren, i.e., lack an ear with grain, or have an ear with only a few scattered kernels. Cg:Colletotrichum graminicolarating. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection. CLN: Corn Lethal Necrosis (combination of Maize Chlorotic Mottle Virus and Maize Dwarf Mosaic virus) rating. A numerical rating that is based on a 1 to 9 scale of severity in which “1” indicates “most resistant” and “9” indicates “most susceptible.” Cn:Corynebacterium nebraskenserating. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection. Cz:Cercospora zeae-maydisrating. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection. Dgg:Diatraea grandiosellagirdling rating. A rating in which the value equals percent plants girdled and stalk lodged. Dropped Ears: Ears that have fallen from the plant to the ground. Dsp:Diabroticaspecies root rating. A rating that is based on a 1 to 9 scale in which “1” indicates “least affected” and “9” indicates “severe pruning.” Ear-Attitude: The attitude or position of the ear at harvest, which is scored as upright, horizontal, or pendant. Ear-Cob Color: The color of the cob, which is scored as white, pink, red, or brown. Ear-Cob Diameter: The average diameter of the cob when measured at the midpoint. Ear-Cob Strength: A measure of mechanical strength of the cobs to breakage, which is scored as strong or weak. Ear-Diameter: The average diameter of the ear when measured at the midpoint. Ear-Dry Husk Color: The color of the husks at harvest, which is scored as buff, red, or purple. Ear-Fresh Husk Color: The color of the husks 1 to 2 weeks after pollination, which is scored as green, red, or purple. Ear-Husk Bract: The length of an average husk leaf, which is scored as short, medium, or long. Ear-Husk Cover: The average distance from the tip of the ear to the tip of the husks in which the minimum value is no less than zero. Ear-Husk Opening: An evaluation of husk tightness at harvest, which is scored as tight, intermediate, or open. Ear-Length: The average length of the ear. Ear-Number Per Stalk: The average number of ears per plant. Ear-Shank Internodes: The average number of internodes on the ear shank. Ear-Shank Length: The average length of the ear shank. Ear-Shelling Percent: The average of the shelled grain weight divided by the sum of the shelled grain weight and cob weight for a single ear. Ear-Silk Color: The color of the silk observed 2 to 3 days after silk emergence, which is scored as green-yellow, yellow, pink, red, or purple. Ear-Taper (Shape): The taper or shape of the ear, which is scored as conical, semi-conical, or cylindrical. Ear-Weight: The average weight of an ear. Early Stand: The percent of plants that emerge from the ground as determined in the early spring. ER: Ear rot rating. A rating in which the value approximates percent ear rotted. Final Stand Count: The number of plants just prior to harvest. GDUs: Growing degree units. GDUs are calculated by the Barger Method in which the heat units for a 24 h period are calculated as follows: [(Maximum daily temperature+Minimum daily temperature)/2]−50. The highest maximum daily temperature used is 86° F. and the lowest minimum temperature used is 50° F. GDUs to Shed: The number of growing degree units (GDUs) or heat units required for a variety to have approximately 50% of the plants shedding pollen as measured from time of planting. GDUs to shed is determined by summing the individual GDU daily values from the planting date to the date of 50% pollen shed. GDUs to Silk: The number of growing degree units (GDUs) for a variety to have approximately 50% of the plants with silk emergence as measured from the time of planting. GDUs to silk is determined by summing the individual GDU daily values from the planting date to the date of 50% silking. Hc2:Helminthosporium carbonumrace 2 rating. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection. Hc3:Helminthosporium carbonumrace 3 rating. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection. Hm:Helminthosporium maydisrace 0 rating. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection. Ht1:Helminthosporium turcicumrace 1 rating. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection. Ht2:Helminthosporium turcicumrace 2 rating. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection. HtG: Chlorotic-lesion type resistance. “+” indicates the presence of Ht chlorotic-lesion type resistance; “−” indicates absence of Ht chlorotic-lesion type resistance; and “+/−” indicates segregation of Ht chlorotic-lesion type resistance. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection. Kernel-Aleurone Color: The color of the aleurone, which is scored as white, pink, tan, brown, bronze, red, purple, pale purple, colorless, or variegated. Kernel-Cap Color: The color of the kernel cap observed at dry stage, which is scored as white, lemon-yellow, yellow, or orange. Kernel-Endosperm Color: The color of the endosperm, which is scored as white, pale yellow, or yellow. Kernel-Endosperm Type: The type of endosperm, which is scored as normal, waxy, or opaque. Kernel-Grade: The percent of kernels that are classified as rounds. Kernel-Length: The average distance from the cap of the kernel to the pedicel. Kernel-Number Per Row: The average number of kernels in a single row. Kernel-Pericarp Color: The color of the pericarp, which is scored as colorless, red-white crown, tan, bronze, brown, light red, cherry red, or variegated. Kernel-Row Direction: The direction of the kernel rows on the ear, which is scored as straight, slightly curved, spiral, or indistinct (scattered). Kernel-Row Number: The average number of rows of kernels on a single ear. Kernel-Side Color: The color of the kernel side observed at the dry stage, which is scored as white, pale yellow, yellow, orange, red, or brown. Kernel-Thickness: The distance across the narrow side of the kernel. Kernel-Type: The type of kernel, which is scored as dent, flint, or intermediate. Kernel-Weight: The average weight of a predetermined number of kernels. Kernel-Width: The distance across the flat side of the kernel. Kz:Kabatiella zeaerating. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection. Leaf-Angle: Angle of the upper leaves to the stalk, which is scored as upright (0 to 30 degrees), intermediate (30 to 60 degrees), or lax (60 to 90 degrees). Leaf-Color: The color of the leaves 1 to 2 weeks after pollination, which is scored as light green, medium green, dark green, or very dark green. Leaf-Length: The average length of the primary ear leaf. Leaf-Longitudinal Creases: A rating of the number of longitudinal creases on the leaf surface 1 to 2 weeks after pollination. Creases are scored as absent, few, or many. Leaf-Marginal Waves: A rating of the waviness of the leaf margin 1 to 2 weeks after pollination, which is rated as none, few, or many. Leaf-Number: The average number of leaves of a mature plant. Counting begins with the cotyledonary leaf and ends with the flag leaf. Leaf-Sheath Anthocyanin: A rating of the level of anthocyanin in the leaf sheath 1 to 2 weeks after pollination, which is scored as absent, basal-weak, basal-strong, weak, or strong. Leaf-Sheath Pubescence: A rating of the pubescence of the leaf sheath. Ratings are taken 1 to 2 weeks after pollination and scored as light, medium, or heavy. Leaf-Width: The average width of the primary ear leaf when measured at its widest point. LSS: Late season standability. The value multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent plants lodged in disease evaluation plots. Moisture: The moisture of the grain at harvest. On1:Ostrinia nubilalis1st brood rating. The rating is based on a 1 to 9 scale in which “1” indicates “resistant” and “9” indicates “susceptible.” On2: Ostrinia nubilalis2nd brood rating. The rating is based on a 1 to 9 scale in which “1” indicates “resistant” and “9” indicates “susceptible.” Relative Maturity: A maturity rating based on regression analysis. The regression analysis is developed by utilizing check hybrids and their previously established day rating versus actual harvest moistures. Harvest moisture on the hybrid in question is determined and that moisture value is inserted into the regression equation to yield a relative maturity. Root Lodging: Root lodging is the percentage of plants that root lodge. A plant is counted as root lodged if a portion of the plant leans from the vertical axis by approximately 30 degrees or more. Seedling Color: Color of leaves at the 6 to 8 leaf stage. Seedling Height: Plant height at the 6 to 8 leaf stage. Seedling Vigor: A visual rating of the amount of vegetative growth on a 1 to 9 scale in which the best and worst ratings are “1” and “9”, respectively. The score is taken when the average entry in a trial is at the fifth leaf stage. Selection Index: The selection index gives a single measure of hybrid's worth based on information from multiple traits. One of the traits that is almost always included is yield. Traits may be weighted according to the level of importance assigned to them. Sr:Sphacelotheca reilianarating. The rating is actual percent infection. Stalk-Anthocyanin: A rating of the amount of anthocyanin pigmentation in the stalk. The stalk is rated 1 to 2 weeks after pollination as absent, basal-weak, basal-strong, weak, or strong. Stalk-Brace Root Color: The color of the brace roots observed 1 to 2 weeks after pollination as green, red, or purple. Stalk-Diameter: The average diameter of the lowest visible internode of the stalk. Stalk-Ear Height: The average height of the ear when measured from the ground to the point of attachment of the ear shank of the top developed ear to the stalk. Stalk-Internode Direction: The direction of the stalk internode observed after pollination as straight or zigzag. Stalk-Internode Length: The average length of the internode above the primary ear. Stalk Lodging: The percentage of plants that did stalk lodge. Plants are counted as stalk lodged if the plant is broken over or off below the ear. Stalk-Nodes With Brace Roots: The average number of nodes having brace roots per plant. Stalk-Plant Height: The average height of the plant when measured from the soil to the tip of the tassel. Stalk-Tillers: The percent of plants that have tillers. A tiller is defined as a secondary shoot that has developed as a tassel capable of shedding pollen. Staygreen: Staygreen is a measure of general plant health near the time of black layer formation (physiological maturity) and is usually recorded at the time the ear husks of most entries within a trial have turned a mature color. Scoring is on a 1 to 9 basis in which “1” and “9” are the best and worst score, respectively. STR: Stalk rot rating. The rating is based on a 1 to 9 scale of severity in which “1” indicates “25% of inoculated internode rotted” and “9” indicates “entire stalk rotted and collapsed.” SVC: Southeastern Virus Complex (combination of Maize Chlorotic Dwarf Virus and Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus) rating. The numerical rating is based on a 1 to 9 scale of severity in which “1” indicates “most resistant” and “9” indicates “most susceptible.” Tassel-Anther Color: The color of the anthers at 50% pollen shed, which is scored as green-yellow, yellow, pink, red, or purple. Tassel-Attitude: The attitude of the tassel after pollination, which is scored as open or compact. Tassel-Branch Angle: The angle of an average tassel branch to the main stem of the tassel, which is scored as upright (less than 30 degrees), intermediate (30 to 45 degrees), or lax (greater than 45 degrees). Tassel-Branch Number: The average number of primary tassel branches. Tassel-Glume Band: The closed anthocyanin band at the base of the glume, which is scored as present or absent. Tassel-Glume Color: The color of the glumes at 50% shed, which is scored as green, red, or purple. Tassel-Length: The length of the tassel, which is measured from the base of the bottom tassel branch to the tassel tip. Tassel-Peduncle Length: The average length of the tassel peduncle, which is measured from the base of the flag leaf to the base of the bottom tassel branch. Tassel-Pollen Shed: A visual rating of pollen shed that is determined by tapping the tassel and observing the pollen flow of approximately five plants per entry. The rating is based on a 1 to 9 scale in which “9” indicates “sterile” and “1” indicates “most pollen.” Tassel-Spike Length: The length of the spike, which is measured from the base of the top tassel branch to the tassel tip. Test Weight: Weight of the grain in pounds for a given volume (bushel) adjusted to 15.5% moisture. Yield: Yield of grain at harvest adjusted to 15.5% moisture. Other Definitions Allele: Any of one or more alternative forms of a gene locus, all of which relate to one trait or characteristic. In a diploid cell or organism, the two alleles of a given gene occupy corresponding loci on a pair of homologous chromosomes. Backcrossing: A process in which a breeder repeatedly crosses hybrid progeny back to one of the parents, for example, a first generation hybrid (F1) with one of the parental genotypes of the F1hybrid. Crossing: The pollination of a female flower of a corn plant, thereby resulting in the production of seed from the flower. Cross-pollination: Fertilization by the union of two gametes from different plants. Diploid: A cell or organism having two sets of chromosomes. Emasculate: The removal of plant male sex organs or the inactivation of the organs with a chemical agent or a cytoplasmic or nuclear genetic factor conferring male sterility. F1Hybrid: The first generation progeny of the cross of two plants. Genetic Complement: An aggregate of nucleotide sequences, the expression of which sequences defines the phenotype in corn plants, or components of plants including cells or tissue. Genomic Selection (GS) or Genome-wide selection (GWS): a use of genome-wide genotypic data to predict genomic estimated breeding values (GEBV) for selection purposes in breeding process. Genotype: The genetic constitution of a cell or organism. Haploid: A cell or organism having one set of the two sets of chromosomes in a diploid. Marker: A readily detectable phenotype or genotype, preferably inherited in codominant fashion (both alleles at a locus in a diploid heterozygote are readily detectable), with no environmental variance component, i.e., heritability of 1. Marker assisted breeding or marker assisted selection (MAS): A process of selecting a desired trait or desired traits in a plant or plants by detecting one or more markers from the plant, where the marker is associated with the desired trait. Phenotype: The detectable characteristics of a cell or organism, which characteristics are the manifestation of gene expression. Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL): Genetic loci that contribute, at least in part, to certain numerically representable traits that are usually continuously distributed. Regeneration: The development of a plant from tissue culture. Self-pollination: The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of the same plant. Single Locus Converted (Conversion) Plant: Plants which are developed by a plant breeding technique called backcrossing or by genome editing of a locus, wherein essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of an inbred are recovered in addition to the characteristics conferred by the single locus transferred into the inbred via the backcrossing or genome editing technique. A single locus may comprise one gene, or in the case of transgenic plants, one or more transgenes integrated into the host genome at a single site (locus). Tissue Culture: A composition comprising isolated cells of the same or a different type or a collection of such cells organized into parts of a plant. Three-way cross hybrid: A hybrid plant produced by crossing a first inbred plant with the F1hybrid progeny derived from crossing a second inbred plant with a third inbred plant. Transgene: A genetic sequence which has been introduced into the nuclear or cytoplasmic components of the genome of a corn plant by a genetic transformation technique. Variety Descriptions In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a novel hybrid corn plant variety designated CH011010. Hybrid variety CH011010 was produced from a cross of the inbred varieties designated CV417266 and CV413662. The inbred parents have been self-pollinated and ear-rowed a sufficient number of generations with careful attention paid to uniformity of plant type to show uniformity and stability within the limits of environmental influence. In accordance with one aspect of the invention, there is provided a corn plant having the physiological and morphological characteristics of corn plant CH011010. An analysis of such morphological traits was carried out, the results of which are presented in Table 1. TABLE 1Morphological Traits for Hybrid Variety CH011010CHARACTERISTICVALUE1STALKPlant Height (cm)252.9Ear Height (cm)85.2AnthocyaninAbsentBrace Root ColorFaintInternode DirectionZig - ZagInternode Length (cm)17.72LEAFColorDark GreenLength (cm)75.3Width (cm)8.7Sheath AnthocyaninAbsentSheath PubescenceMediumMarginal WavesModerateLongitudinal CreasesFew3TASSELLength (cm)50.3Peduncle Length (cm)13Branch Number7.1Anther ColorPurpleGlume ColorPale PurpleGlume BandAbsent4EARSilk ColorPinkNumber Per Stalk1PositionPendentLength (cm)17.6ShapeSemi-ConicalDiameter (cm)4.5Shank Length (cm)11.8Husk BractShortHusk Cover (cm)1.9Husk OpeningTightHusk Color FreshGreen & Medium GreenHusk Color DryBuffCob Diameter (cm)2.6Cob ColorRedShelling Percent89.35KERNELRow Number15.2Number Per Row35Row DirectionSlightly CurvedTypeDentCap ColorYellowSide ColorDeep YellowLength (depth) (mm)13Width (mm)8.8Thickness (mm)4.6Endosperm TypeNormalEndosperm ColorYellow*These are typical values. Values may vary due to environment. Other values that are substantially equivalent are within the scope of the invention. Substantially equivalent refers to quantitative traits that when compared do not show statistical differences of their means. Deposit Information A deposit of at least 625 seeds of inbred parent plant varieties CV417266 (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/023,502, filed Sep. 17, 2020) and CV413662 (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/023,509, filed Sep. 17, 2020) has been made with either the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110-2209 USA, or the Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Marine Algae and Microbiota (NCMA) at Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, 60 Bigelow Drive, East Boothbay, ME 04544 USA, and assigned NCMA Accession No. 202005005 and NCMA Accession No. 202005009, respectively. The dates of deposit with the specific International Depositary Authority are May 6, 2020 and May 6, 2020, respectively. All restrictions upon the deposits have been removed, and the deposits are intended to meet all of the requirements of the Budapest Treaty and 37 C.F.R. § 1.801-1.809. Access to the deposits will be available during the pendency of the application to the Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks and persons determined by the Commissioner to be entitled thereto upon request. The deposits have been accepted under the Budapest Treaty and will be maintained in the specific Depository, which is a public depository, for a period of 30 years, or 5 years after the most recent request, or for the enforceable life of the patent, whichever is longer, and will be replaced if it becomes nonviable during that period. Applicant does not waive any infringement of their rights granted under this patent or under the Plant Variety Protection Act (7 U.S.C. 2321 et seq.). Further Embodiments of the Invention In one embodiment, compositions are provided comprising a seed of corn variety CH011010 comprised in plant seed cultivation media. Plant seed cultivation media are well known to those of skill in the art and include, but are in no way limited to, soil or synthetic cultivation medium. Plant seed cultivation media can provide adequate physical support for seeds and can retain moisture and/or nutritional components. Examples of characteristics for soils that may be desirable in certain embodiments can be found, for instance, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,932,166 and 4,707,176. Synthetic plant cultivation media are also well known in the art and may, in certain embodiments, comprise polymers or hydrogels. Examples of such compositions are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,241,537. In certain further aspects, the invention provides plants modified to include at least a first trait. Such plants may, in one embodiment, be developed by a plant breeding technique called backcrossing, wherein essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of a variety are recovered in addition to a genetic locus transferred into the hybrid via the backcrossing technique. By essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics, it is meant that all of the characteristics of a plant are recovered that are otherwise present when compared in the same environment, other than an occasional variant trait that might arise during backcrossing or direct introduction of a transgene. In one embodiment, such traits may be determined, for example, relative to the traits listed in Table 1 as determined at the 5% significance level when grown under the same environmental conditions. Backcrossing methods can be used with the present invention to improve or introduce a trait in a hybrid via modification of its inbred parent(s). The term backcrossing as used herein refers to the repeated crossing of a hybrid progeny back to one of the parental corn plants for that hybrid. The parental corn plant which contributes the locus or loci for the trait is termed the nonrecurrent or donor parent. This terminology refers to the fact that the nonrecurrent parent is used one time in the backcross protocol and therefore does not recur. The parental corn plant to which the locus or loci from the nonrecurrent parent are transferred is known as the recurrent parent as it is used for several rounds in the backcrossing protocol. In a typical backcross protocol, the original parent hybrid of interest (recurrent parent) is crossed to a second variety (nonrecurrent parent) that carries the genetic locus of interest to be transferred. The resulting progeny from this cross are then crossed again to the recurrent parent and the process is repeated until a corn plant is obtained wherein essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of the recurrent parent are recovered in the converted plant, in addition to the transferred locus from the nonrecurrent parent. The backcross process may be accelerated by the use of genetic markers, such as SSR, RFLP, SNP or AFLP markers to identify plants with the greatest genetic complement from the recurrent parent. The selection of a suitable recurrent parent is an important step for a successful backcrossing procedure. The goal of a backcross protocol is to add or substitute one or more new traits in the original inbred and hybrid progeny therefrom. To accomplish this, a genetic locus of the recurrent parent is modified or substituted with the locus from the nonrecurrent parent, while retaining essentially all of the rest of the genetic complement, and therefore the morphological and physiological constitution of the original plant. The choice of the particular nonrecurrent parent will depend on the purpose of the backcross; one of the major purposes is to add some commercially desirable, agronomically important trait to the plant. The exact backcrossing protocol will depend on the characteristic or trait being altered to determine an appropriate testing protocol. Although backcrossing methods are simplified when the characteristic being transferred is a dominant allele, a recessive allele may also be transferred. In this instance it may be necessary to introduce a test of the progeny to determine if the characteristic has been successfully transferred. Many traits have been identified that are not regularly selected for in the development of a new variety but that can be improved by backcrossing techniques. A genetic locus conferring the traits may or may not be transgenic. Examples of such traits known to those of skill in the art include, but are not limited to, male sterility, waxy starch, herbicide resistance, resistance to bacterial, fungal, or viral disease, insect resistance, male fertility and enhanced nutritional quality. These genes are generally inherited through the nucleus, but may be inherited through the cytoplasm. Some known exceptions to this are genes for male sterility, some of which are inherited cytoplasmically, but still act as a single locus trait. Direct selection may be applied when a genetic locus acts as a dominant trait. An example of a dominant trait is the herbicide resistance trait. For this selection process, the progeny of the initial cross are sprayed with the herbicide prior to the backcrossing. The spraying eliminates any plants which do not have the herbicide resistance characteristic, and only those plants which have the herbicide resistance gene are used in the subsequent backcross. This process is then repeated for all additional backcross generations. Many useful traits are those which are introduced by genetic transformation techniques. Methods for the genetic transformation of corn are known to those of skill in the art. For example, methods which have been described for the genetic transformation of corn include electroporation (U.S. Pat. No. 5,384,253), electrotransformation (U.S. Pat. No. 5,371,003), microprojectile bombardment (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,550,318, 5,736,369 and 5,538,880; and PCT Publication WO 95/06128),Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (U.S. Pat. No. 5,591,616 and European Patent Application Publication No. EP0672752), direct DNA uptake transformation of protoplasts and silicon carbide fiber-mediated transformation (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,302,532 and 5,464,765). Included among various plant transformation techniques are methods permitting the site-specific modification of a plant genome. These modifications can include, but are not limited to, site-specific mutations, deletions, insertions, and replacements of nucleotides. These modifications can be made anywhere within the genome of a plant, for example, in genomic elements, including, among others, coding sequences, regulatory elements, and non-coding DNA sequences. Any number of such modifications can be made and that number of modifications may be made in any order or combination, for example, simultaneously all together or one after another. Such methods may be used to modify a particular trait conferred by a locus. The techniques for making such modifications by genome editing are well known in the art and include, for example, use of CRISPR-Cas systems, zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), among others. A site-specific nuclease provided herein may be selected from the group consisting of a zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN), a meganuclease, an RNA-guided endonuclease, a TALE-endonuclease (TALEN), a recombinase, a transposase, or any combination thereof. See, e.g., Khandagale, K. et al., “Genome editing for targeted improvement in plants,” Plant Biotechnol Rep 10: 327-343 (2016); and Gaj, T. et al., “ZFN, TALEN and CRISPR/Cas-based methods for genome engineering,” Trends Biotechnol. 31(7): 397-405 (2013), the contents and disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. A recombinase may be a serine recombinase attached to a DNA recognition motif, a tyrosine recombinase attached to a DNA recognition motif or other recombinase enzyme known in the art. A recombinase or transposase may be a DNA transposase or recombinase attached to a DNA binding domain. A tyrosine recombinase attached to a DNA recognition motif may be selected from the group consisting of a Cre recombinase, a Flp recombinase, and a Tnp1 recombinase. According to some embodiments, a Cre recombinase or a Gin recombinase provided herein is tethered to a zinc-finger DNA binding domain. In another embodiment, a serine recombinase attached to a DNA recognition motif provided herein is selected from the group consisting of a PhiC31 integrase, an R4 integrase, and a TP-901 integrase. In another embodiment, a DNA transposase attached to a DNA binding domain provided herein is selected from the group consisting of a TALE-piggyBac and TALE-Mutator. An RNA-guided endonuclease may be selected from the group consisting of Cas1, Cas1B, Cas2, Cas3, Cas4, Cas5, Cas6, Cas7, Cas8, Cas9 (also known as Csn1 and Csx12), Cas10, Csy1, Csy2, Csy3, Cse1, Cse2, Csc1, Csc2, Csa5, Csn2, Csm2, Csm3, Csm4, Csm5, Csm6, Cmr1, Cmr3, Cmr4, Cmr5, Cmr6, Csb1, Csb2, Csb3, Csx17, Csx14, Csx10, Csx16, CsaX, Csx3, Csx1, Csx15, Csf1, Csf2, Csf3, Csf4, Cpf1, CasX, CasY, and homologs or modified versions thereof, Argonaute (non-limiting examples of Argonaute proteins includeThermus thermophilusArgonaute (TtAgo),Pyrococcus furiosusArgonaute (PfAgo),Natronobacterium gregoryiArgonaute (NgAgo) and homologs or modified versions thereof. According to some embodiments, an RNA-guided endonuclease may be a Cas9 or Cpf1 enzyme. For example, the CRISPR/Cas9 system allows targeted cleavage of genomic sequences guided by a small noncoding RNA in plants (WO 2015026883A1). As another example, Cpf1(Cas12a) acts as an endoribonuclease to process crRNA and an endodeoxyribonuclease to cleave targeted genomic sequences. The CRISPR/Cpf1 system enables gene deletion, insertion, base editing, and locus tagging in monocot and dicot plants (Alok et al., Frontiers in Plant Science, 31 Mar. 2020). One of ordinary skill in the art of plant breeding would know how to modify plant genomes using a method including but not limited to the techniques described herein. It is understood to those of skill in the art that a transgene or a modified native gene need not be directly transformed into a plant, as techniques for the production of stably transformed corn plants that pass single loci to progeny by Mendelian inheritance is well known in the art. Such loci may therefore be passed from parent plant to progeny plants by standard plant breeding techniques that are well known in the art. A. Male Sterility Examples of genes conferring male sterility include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,861,709, 3,710,511, 4,654,465, 5,625,132, and 4,727,219, each of the disclosures of which are specifically incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Male sterility genes can increase the efficiency with which hybrids are made, in that they eliminate the need to physically emasculate the corn plant used as a female in a given cross. When one desires to employ male-sterility systems with a corn plant in accordance with the invention, it may be beneficial to also utilize one or more male-fertility restorer genes. For example, when cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is used, hybrid seed production requires three inbred lines: (1) a cytoplasmically male-sterile line having a CMS cytoplasm; (2) a fertile inbred with normal cytoplasm, which is isogenic with the CMS line for nuclear genes (“maintainer line”); and (3) a distinct, fertile inbred with normal cytoplasm, carrying a fertility restoring gene (“restorer” line). The CMS line is propagated by pollination with the maintainer line, with all of the progeny being male sterile, as the CMS cytoplasm is derived from the female parent. These male sterile plants can then be efficiently employed as the female parent in hybrid crosses with the restorer line, without the need for physical emasculation of the male reproductive parts of the female parent. The presence of a male-fertility restorer gene results in the production of fully fertile F1hybrid progeny. If no restorer gene is present in the male parent, male-sterile hybrids are obtained. Such hybrids are useful when the vegetative tissue of the corn plant is utilized, e.g., for silage, but in most cases, the seeds will be deemed the most valuable portion of the crop, so fertility of the hybrids in these crops must be restored. Therefore, one aspect of the current invention concerns the hybrid corn plant CH011010 comprising a genetic locus capable of restoring male fertility in an otherwise male-sterile plant. Examples of male-sterility genes and corresponding restorers which could be employed with the plants of the invention are well known to those of skill in the art of plant breeding and are disclosed in, for instance, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,530,191; 5,689,041; 5,741,684; and 5,684,242, the disclosures of which are each specifically incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. B. Herbicide Resistance Numerous herbicide resistance genes are known and may be employed with the invention. A non-limiting example is a gene conferring resistance to a herbicide that inhibits the growing point or meristem such as imidazolinone or sulfonylurea herbicides. As imidazolinone and sulfonylurea herbicides are acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides that prevent the formation of branched chain amino acids, exemplary genes in this category code for ALS and AHAS enzymes as described, for example, by Lee et al.,EMBO J.,7:1241, 1988; Gleen et al.,Plant Molec. Biology,18:1185, 1992; and Miki et al.,Theor. Appl. Genet.,80:449, 1990. As a non-limiting example, a gene may be employed to confer resistance to the exemplary sulfonylurea herbicide nicosulfuron. Resistance genes for glyphosate (resistance conferred by mutant 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) and aroA genes, respectively) and other phosphono compounds such as glufosinate (phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT) and Streptomyces hygroscopicus phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (bar) genes) may also be used. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,940,835 to Shah et al., which discloses the nucleotide sequence of a form of EPSPS that can confer glyphosate resistance. Non-limiting examples of EPSPS transformation events conferring glyphosate resistance are provided by U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,040,497 and 7,632,985. The MON89788 event disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,632,985 in particular is beneficial in conferring glyphosate tolerance in combination with an increase in average yield relative to prior events A DNA molecule encoding a mutant aroA gene can be obtained under ATCC Accession No. 39256, and the nucleotide sequence of the mutant gene is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,769,061 to Comai. A hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene fromE. colithat confers resistance to glyphosate in tobacco callus and plants is described in Penaloza-Vazquez et al.,Plant Cell Reports,14:482, 1995. European Patent Application Publication No. EP0333033 to Kumada et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 4,975,374 to Goodman et al., disclose nucleotide sequences of glutamine synthetase genes that confer resistance to herbicides such as L-phosphinothricin. The nucleotide sequence of a phosphinothricin acetyltransferase gene is provided in European Patent Application Publication No. EP0242246 to Leemans et al. DeGreef et al. (Biotechnology,7:61, 1989) describe the production of transgenic plants that express chimeric bar genes coding for phosphinothricin acetyl transferase activity. Exemplary genes conferring resistance to a phenoxy class herbicide haloxyfop and a cyclohexanedione class herbicide sethoxydim are the Acct-S1, Acct-S2 and Acct-S3 genes described by Marshall et al., (Theor. Appl. Genet.,83:435, 1992). As a non-limiting example, a gene may confer resistance to other exemplary phenoxy class herbicides that include, but are not limited to, quizalofop-p-ethyl and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Genes are also known that confer resistance to herbicides that inhibit photosynthesis such as, for example, triazine herbicides (psbA and gs+ genes) and benzonitrile herbicides (nitrilase gene). As a non-limiting example, a gene may confer resistance to the exemplary benzonitrile herbicide bromoxynil. Przibila et al. (Plant Cell,3:169, 1991) describe the transformation ofChlamydomonaswith plasmids encoding mutant psbA genes. Nucleotide sequences for nitrilase genes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,648 to Stalker, and DNA molecules containing these genes are available under ATCC Accession Nos. 53435, 67441, and 67442. Cloning and expression of DNA coding for a glutathione S-transferase is described by Hayes et al. (Biochem. J.,285:173, 1992). 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) is a target of the HPPD-inhibiting herbicides, which deplete plant plastoquinone and vitamin E pools. Rippert et al. (Plant Physiol.,134:92, 2004) describes an HPPD-inhibitor resistant tobacco plant that was transformed with a yeast-derived prephenate dehydrogenase (PDH) gene. Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) is the target of the PPO-inhibitor class of herbicides; a PPO-inhibitor resistant PPO gene was recently identified inAmaranthus tuberculatus(Patzoldt et al.,PNAS,103(33):12329, 2006). The herbicide methyl viologen inhibits CO2assimilation. Foyer et al. (Plant Physiol.,109:1047, 1995) describe a plant overexpressing glutathione reductase (GR) that is resistant to methyl viologen treatment. Siminszky (Phytochemistry Reviews,5:445, 2006) describes plant cytochrome P450-mediated detoxification of multiple, chemically unrelated classes of herbicides. Modified bacterial genes have been successfully demonstrated to confer resistance to atrazine, a herbicide that binds to the plastoquinone-binding membrane protein QB in photosystem II to inhibit electron transport. See, for example, studies by Cheung et al. (PNAS,85:391, 1988), describing tobacco plants expressing the chloroplast psbA gene from an atrazine-resistant biotype ofAmaranthus hybridusfused to the regulatory sequences of a nuclear gene, and Wang et al. (Plant Biotech. J.,3:475, 2005), describing transgenic alfalfa,Arabidopsis, and tobacco plants expressing the atzA gene fromPseudomonassp. that were able to detoxify atrazine. Bayley et al. (Theor. Appl. Genet.,83:645, 1992) describe the creation of 2,4-D-resistant transgenic tobacco and cotton plants using the 2,4-D monooxygenase gene tfdA fromAlcaligenes eutrophusplasmid pJP5. U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20030135879 describes the isolation of a gene for dicamba monooxygenase (DMO) fromPsueodmonas maltophiliathat is involved in the conversion of dicamba to a non-toxic 3,6-dichlorosalicylic acid and thus may be used for producing plants tolerant to this herbicide. Other examples of herbicide resistance have been described, for instance, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,803,501; 6,448,476; 6,248,876; 6,225,114; 6,107,549; 5,866,775; 5,804,425; 5,633,435; 5,463,175. C. Waxy Starch The waxy characteristic is an example of a recessive trait. In this example, the progeny resulting from the first backcross generation (BC1) must be grown and selfed. A test is then run on the selfed seed from the BC1plant to determine which BC1plants carried the recessive gene for the waxy trait. In other recessive traits additional progeny testing, for example growing additional generations such as the BC1F1, may be required to determine which plants carry the recessive gene. D. Disease Resistance Plant defenses are often activated by specific interaction between the product of a disease resistance gene (R) in the plant and the product of a corresponding avirulence (Avr) gene in the pathogen. A plant line can be transformed with a cloned resistance gene to engineer plants that are resistant to specific pathogen strains. See, for example, Jones et al.,Science,266:789, 1994, which describes the cloning of the tomato Cf-9 gene for resistance toCladosporium fulvum; Martin et al.,Science,262:1432, 1993, which describes the tomato Pto gene for resistance toPseudomonas syringaepv.; and Mindrinos et al.,Cell,78:1089, 1994, which describes theArabidopsisRPS2 gene for resistance toPseudomonas syringae. A viral-invasive protein or a complex toxin derived therefrom may also be used for viral disease resistance. For example, the accumulation of viral coat proteins in transformed plant cells imparts resistance to viral infection and/or disease development effected by the virus from which the coat protein gene is derived, as well as by related viruses. See Beachy et al., (Annu. Rev. Phytopathol.,28:451, 1990). Coat protein-mediated resistance has been conferred upon transformed plants against alfalfa mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, tobacco streak virus, potato virus X, potato virus Y, tobacco etch virus, tobacco rattle virus and tobacco mosaic virus. Id. A virus-specific antibody may also be used. See, for example, Tavladoraki et al., (Nature,366:469, 1993), who show that transgenic plants expressing recombinant antibody genes are protected from virus attack. Additional means of inducing whole-plant resistance to a pathogen include modulation of the systemic acquired resistance (SAR) or pathogenesis related (PR) genes, for example genes homologous to theArabidopsis thalianaNIM1/NPR1/SAI1, and/or by increasing salicylic acid production. Logemann et al., (Biotechnology,10:305, 1992), for example, disclose transgenic plants expressing a barley ribosome-inactivating gene have an increased resistance to fungal disease. Plant defensins may be used to provide resistance to fungal pathogens (Thomma et al.,Planta,216:193, 2002). Other examples of fungal disease resistance are provided in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,653,280; 6,573,361; 6,506,962; 6,316,407; 6,215,048; 5,516,671; 5,773,696; 6,121,436; 6,316,407; and 6,506,962. E. Insect Resistance One example of an insect resistance gene includes aBacillus thuringiensis(Bt) protein, a derivative thereof or a synthetic polypeptide modeled thereon. See, for example, Geiser et al., (Gene,48:109, 1986), who disclose the cloning and nucleotide sequence of a Bt δ-endotoxin gene. Moreover, DNA molecules encoding δ-endotoxin genes can be purchased from the American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Virginia, for example, under ATCC Accession Nos. 40098, 67136, 31995 and 31998. Another example is a lectin. See, for example, Van Damme et al., (Plant Molec. Biol.,24:825, 1994), who disclose the nucleotide sequences of severalClivia miniatamannose-binding lectin genes. A vitamin-binding protein may also be used, such as avidin. See PCT application US93/06487, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. This application teaches the use of avidin and avidin homologues as larvicides against insect pests. Yet another insect resistance gene is an enzyme inhibitor, for example, a protease or proteinase inhibitor or an amylase inhibitor. See, for example, Abe et al., (J. Biol. Chem.,262:16793, 1987), which describes the nucleotide sequence of rice cysteine proteinase inhibitor, Huub et al., (Plant Molec. Biol.,21:985, 1993), which describes the nucleotide sequence of cDNA encoding tobacco proteinase inhibitor I, and Sumitani et al., (Biosci. Biotech. Biochem.,57:1243, 1993), which describes the nucleotide sequence ofStreptomyces nitrosporeusα-amylase inhibitor). An insect-specific hormone or pheromone may also be used. See, for example, Hammock et al., (Nature,344:458, 1990), which describes baculovirus expression of cloned juvenile hormone esterase, an inactivator of juvenile hormone, Gade and Goldsworthy (eds.) (Physiological Systems in Insects, Elsevier Academic Press, Burlington, MA, 2007), which describes allostatins and their potential use in pest control; and Palli et al., (Vitam. Horm.,73:59, 2005), which describes the use of ecdysteroid and ecdysteroid receptor in agriculture. Additionally, the diuretic hormone receptor (DHR) was identified in Price et al., (Insect Mol. Biol.,13:469, 2004) as a candidate target of insecticides. Still other examples include an insect-specific antibody or an immunotoxin derived therefrom and a developmental-arrestive protein. See Taylor et al., (Seventh Int'l Symposium on Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, Edinburgh, Scotland, Abstract W97, 1994), who described enzymatic inactivation in transgenic tobacco via production of single-chain antibody fragments. Nematode resistance has been described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,228,992 and bacterial disease resistance in U.S. Pat. No. 5,516,671. F. Modified Fatty Acid, Phytate, and Carbohydrate Metabolism Genes may be used conferring modified fatty acid metabolism. For example, stearyl-ACP desaturase genes may be used. See Knutzon et al., (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,89:2624, 1992). Various fatty acid desaturases have also been described, such as aSaccharomyces cerevisiaeOLE1 gene encoding Δ9 fatty acid desaturase, an enzyme which forms the monounsaturated palmitoleic (16:1) and oleic (18:1) fatty acids from palmitoyl (16:0) or stearoyl (18:0) CoA (McDonough et al.,J. Biol. Chem.,267(9):5931-5936, 1992); a gene encoding a stearoyl-acyl carrier protein delta-9 desaturase from castor (Fox et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,90:2486, 1993); Δ6- and Δ12-desaturases from the cyanobacteriaSynechocystisresponsible for the conversion of linoleic acid (18:2) to gamma-linolenic acid (18:3 gamma) (Reddy et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,22:293, 1993); a gene fromArabidopsis thalianathat encodes an omega-3 desaturase (Arondel et al.,Science,258:1353, 1992); plant Δ9 desaturases (PCT Application Publ. No. WO 91/13972) and soybean and Brassica Δ5 desaturases (European Patent Application Publication No. EP0616644). Phytate metabolism may also be modified by introduction of a phytase-encoding gene to enhance breakdown of phytate, adding more free phosphate to the transformed plant. For example, see Van Hartingsveldt et al., (Gene,127:87, 1993), which discloses the nucleotide sequence of anAspergillus nigerphytase gene. In corn, this, for example, could be accomplished by cloning and then reintroducing DNA associated with the single allele which is responsible for corn mutants characterized by low levels of phytic acid. See Raboy et al.,Plant Physiol.,124:355, 1990. A number of genes are known that may be used to alter carbohydrate metabolism. For example, plants may be transformed with a gene coding for an enzyme that alters the branching pattern of starch. See Shiroza et al., (J. Bacteriol.,170:810, 1988), which discloses the nucleotide sequence ofStreptococcus mutansfructosyltransferase gene, Steinmetz et al., (Mol. Gen. Genet.,20:220, 1985), which discloses the nucleotide sequence ofBacillus subtilislevansucrase gene), Pen et al., (Biotechnology,10:292, 1992), which discloses the production of transgenic plants that expressBacillus licheniformisα-amylase, Elliot et al., (Plant Molec. Biol.,21:515, 1993), which discloses the nucleotide sequences of tomato invertase genes, Sørgaard et al., (J. Biol. Chem.,268:22480, 1993), which discloses site-directed mutagenesis of barley α-amylase gene, and Fisher et al., (Plant Physiol.,102:1045, 1993) which discloses maize endosperm starch branching enzyme II. The Z10 gene encoding a 10 kD zein storage protein from maize may also be used to alter the quantities of 10 kD zein in the cells relative to other components (Kirihara et al.,Gene,71:359, 1988). U.S. Pat. No. 6,930,225 describes maize cellulose synthase genes and methods of use thereof. G. Resistance to Abiotic Stress Abiotic stress includes dehydration or other osmotic stress, salinity, high or low light intensity, high or low temperatures, submergence, exposure to heavy metals, and oxidative stress. Delta-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) from mothbean has been used to provide protection against general osmotic stress. Mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase (mt1D) fromE. colihas been used to provide protection against drought and salinity. Choline oxidase (codA fromArthrobactor globiformis) can protect against cold and salt.E. colicholine dehydrogenase (betA) provides protection against salt. Additional protection from cold can be provided by omega-3-fatty acid desaturase (fad7) fromArabidopsis thaliana. Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase and levan sucrase (SacB) from yeast andBacillus subtilis, respectively, can provide protection against drought (summarized from Annex II Genetic Engineering for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants, Consultative Group On International Agricultural Research Technical Advisory Committee). Overexpression of superoxide dismutase can be used to protect against superoxides, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,538,878 to Thomas et al. H. Additional Traits Additional traits can be introduced into the corn variety of the present invention. A non-limiting example of such a trait is a coding sequence which decreases RNA and/or protein levels. The decreased RNA and/or protein levels may be achieved through RNAi methods, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,506,559 to Fire et al. Another trait that may find use with the corn variety of the invention is a sequence which allows for site-specific recombination. Examples of such sequences include the FRT sequence used with the FLP recombinase; and the LOX sequence used with CRE recombinase. The recombinase genes can be encoded at any location within the genome of the corn plant, and are active in the hemizygous state. It may also be desirable to make corn plants more tolerant to or more easily transformed withAgrobacterium tumefaciens. Expression of p53 and iap, two baculovirus cell-death suppressor genes, inhibited tissue necrosis and DNA cleavage. Additional targets can include plant-encoded proteins that interact with theAgrobacteriumVir genes; enzymes involved in plant cell wall formation; and histones, histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases. In addition to the modification of oil, fatty acid or phytate content described above, it may additionally be beneficial to modify the amounts or levels of other compounds. For example, the amount or composition of antioxidants can be altered. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,787,618 and 7,154,029 and International Patent Application Publication No. WO 00/68393, which disclose the manipulation of antioxidant levels, and International Patent Application. Publication No. WO 03/082899, which discloses the manipulation of an antioxidant biosynthetic pathway. Additionally, seed amino acid content may be manipulated. U.S. Pat. No. 5,850,016 and International Patent Application Publication No. WO 99/40209 disclose the alteration of the amino acid compositions of seeds. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,080,913 and 6,127,600 disclose methods of increasing accumulation of essential amino acids in seeds. U.S. Pat. No. 5,559,223 describes synthetic storage proteins in which the levels of essential amino acids can be manipulated. International Patent Application Publication No. WO 99/29882 discloses methods for altering amino acid content of proteins. International Patent Application Publication No. WO 98/20133 describes proteins with enhanced levels of essential amino acids. International Patent Application Publication No. WO 98/56935 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,346,403, 6,441,274 and 6,664,445 disclose plant amino acid biosynthetic enzymes. International Patent Application Publication No. WO 98/45458 describes synthetic seed proteins having a higher percentage of essential amino acids than wild-type. U.S. Pat. No. 5,633,436 discloses plants comprising a higher content of sulfur-containing amino acids; U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,801 discloses plants comprising a high threonine content; U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,802 discloses plants comprising a high methionine content; U.S. Pat. No. 5,912,414 discloses plants comprising a high methionine content; U.S. Pat. No. 5,990,389 discloses plants comprising a high lysine content; U.S. Pat. No. 6,459,019 discloses plants comprising an increased lysine and threonine content; International Patent Application Publication No. WO 98/42831 discloses plants comprising a high lysine content; International Patent Application Publication No. WO 96/01905 discloses plants comprising a high threonine content; and International Patent Application Publication No. WO 95/15392 discloses plants comprising a high lysine content. I. Origin and Breeding History of an Exemplary Introduced Trait Provided by the invention are a hybrid plant in which one or more of the parents comprise an introduced trait. Such a plant may be defined as comprising a single locus conversion. Exemplary procedures for the preparation of such single locus conversions are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,205,460, the entire disclosure of which is specifically incorporated herein by reference. An example of a single locus conversion is 85DGD1. 85DGD1 MLms is a conversion of 85DGD1 to cytoplasmic male sterility. 85DGD1 MLms was derived using backcross methods. 85DGD1 (a proprietary inbred of Monsanto Company) was used as the recurrent parent and MLms, a germplasm source carrying ML cytoplasmic sterility, was used as the nonrecurrent parent. The breeding history of the converted inbred 85DGD1 MLms can be summarized as follows: Hawaii Nurseries PlantingMade up S-O: Female row 585 male row 500Date Apr. 2, 1992Hawaii Nurseries PlantingS-O was grown and plants were backcrossedDate Jul. 15, 1992times 85DGD1 (rows 444 {acute over ( )} 443)Hawaii Nurseries PlantingBulked seed of the BC1was grown andDate Nov. 18, 1992backcrossed times 85DGD1 (rows V3-27 {acute over ( )}V3-26)Hawaii Nurseries PlantingBulked seed of the BC2was grown andDate Apr. 2, 1993backcrossed times 85DGD1 (rows 37 {acute over ( )} 36)Hawaii Nurseries PlantingBulked seed of the BC3was grown andDate Jul. 14, 1993backcrossed times 85DGD1 (rows 99 {acute over ( )} 98)Hawaii Nurseries PlantingBulked seed of BC4was grown andDate Oct. 28, 1993backcrossed times 85DGD1 (rows KS-63 {acute over ( )}KS-62)Summer 1994A single ear of the BC5was grown andbackcrossed times 85DGD1 (MC94-822 {acute over ( )}MC94-822-7)Winter 1994Bulked seed of the BC6was grown andbackcrossed times 85DGD1 (3Q-1 {acute over ( )} 3Q-2)Summer 1995Seed of the BC7was bulked and named85DGD1 MLms. As described, techniques for the production of corn plants with added traits are well known in the art. A non-limiting example of such a procedure one of skill in the art could use for preparation of a hybrid corn plant CH011010 comprising an added trait is as follows:(a) crossing a parent of hybrid corn plant CH011010 such as CV417266 and/or CV413662 to a second (nonrecurrent) corn plant comprising a locus to be converted in the parent;(b) selecting at least a first progeny plant resulting from the crossing and comprising the locus;(c) crossing the selected progeny to the parent line of corn plant CH011010;(d) repeating steps (b) and (c) until a parent line of variety CH011010 is obtained comprising the locus; and(e) crossing the converted parent with the second parent to produce hybrid variety CH011010 comprising a trait. Following these steps, essentially any locus may be introduced into hybrid corn variety CH011010. For example, molecular techniques allow introduction of any given locus, without the need for phenotypic screening of progeny during the backcrossing steps. PCR and Southern hybridization are two examples of molecular techniques that may be used for confirmation of the presence of a given locus and thus conversion of that locus. The techniques are carried out as follows: Seeds of progeny plants are grown and DNA isolated from leaf tissue. Approximately one gram of leaf tissue is lyophilized overnight in 15 ml polypropylene tubes. Freeze-dried tissue is ground to a powder in the tube using a glass rod. Powdered tissue is mixed thoroughly with 3 ml extraction buffer (7.0M urea, 0.35M NaCl, 0.05M Tris-HCI pH 8.0, 0.01M EDTA, 1% sarcosine). Tissue/buffer homogenate is extracted with 3 ml phenol/chloroform. The aqueous phase is separated by centrifugation, and precipitated twice using 1/10 volume of 4.4M ammonium acetate pH 5.2, and an equal volume of isopropanol. The precipitate is washed with 75% ethanol and resuspended in 100-500 μl TE (0.01M Tris-HCI, 0.001M EDTA, pH 8.0). The DNA may then be screened as desired for presence of the locus. For PCR, 200-1000 ng genomic DNA from the progeny plant being screened is added to a reaction mix containing 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.3, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 50 mM KCl, 0.1 mg/ml gelatin, 200 μM each dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP, 20% glycerol, 2.5 units Taq DNA polymerase and 0.5 μM each of forward and reverse DNA primers that span a segment of the locus being converted. The reaction is run in a thermal cycling machine 3 minutes at 94 C, 39 repeats of the cycle 1 minute at 94 C, 1 minute at 50 C, 30 seconds at 72 C, followed by 5 minutes at 72 C. Twenty μl of each reaction mix is run on a 3.5% NuSieve gel in TBE buffer (90 mM Tris-borate, 2 mM EDTA) at 50V for two to four hours. The amplified fragment is detected using an agarose gel. Detection of an amplified fragment corresponding to the segment of the locus spanned by the primers indicates the presence of the locus. For Southern analysis, plant DNA is restricted, separated in an agarose gel and transferred to a Nylon filter in 10×SCP (20 SCP: 2M NaCl, 0.6M disodium phosphate, 0.02M disodium EDTA) according to standard methods (Southern,J. Mol. Biol.,98:503, 1975). Locus DNA or RNA sequences are labeled, for example, radioactively with32P by random priming (Feinberg & Vogelstein,Anal. Biochem.,132(1):6, 1983). Filters are prehybridized in 6×SCP, 10% dextran sulfate, 2% sarcosine, and 500 μg/ml denatured salmon sperm DNA. The labeled probe is denatured, hybridized to the filter and washed in 2×SCP, 1% SDS at 65° C. for 30 minutes and visualized by autoradiography using Kodak XAR5 film. Presence of the locus is indicated by detection of restriction fragments of the appropriate size. Tissue Cultures and In Vitro Regeneration of Corn Plants A further aspect of the invention relates to tissue cultures of the corn plant designated CH011010. As used herein, the term “tissue culture” indicates a composition comprising isolated cells of the same or a different type or a collection of such cells organized into parts of a plant. Exemplary types of tissue cultures are protoplasts, calli and plant cells that are intact in plants or parts of plants, such as embryos, pollen, flowers, kernels, ears, cobs, leaves, husks, stalks, roots, root tips, anthers, silk, and the like. In one embodiment, the tissue culture comprises embryos, protoplasts, meristematic cells, pollen, leaves or anthers derived from immature tissues of these plant parts. Means for preparing and maintaining plant tissue cultures are well known in the art (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,538,880 and 5,550,318, each incorporated herein by reference in their entirety). By way of example, a tissue culture comprising organs such as tassels or anthers has been used to produce regenerated plants (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,445,961 and 5,322,789; the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference). One type of tissue culture is tassel/anther culture. Tassels contain anthers which in turn enclose microspores. Microspores develop into pollen. For anther/microspore culture, if tassels are the plant composition, they can be selected at a stage when the microspores are uninucleate, that is, include only 1, rather than 2 or 3 nuclei. Methods to determine the correct stage are well known to those skilled in the art and include mitramycin fluorescent staining, trypan blue, and acetocarmine squashing. The mid-uninucleate microspore stage has been found to be the developmental stage most responsive to the subsequent methods disclosed to ultimately produce plants. Although microspore-containing plant organs such as tassels can generally be pretreated at any cold temperature below about 25° C., a range of 4° C. to 25° C. may be preferred, and a range of 8° C. to 14° C. may be particularly preferred. Although other temperatures yield embryoids and regenerated plants, cold temperatures produce optimum response rates compared to pretreatment at temperatures outside the preferred range. Response rate is measured as either the number of embryoids or the number of regenerated plants per number of microspores initiated in culture. Exemplary methods of microspore culture are disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,322,789 and 5,445,961, the disclosures of which are specifically incorporated herein by reference. Although not required, when tassels are employed as the plant organ, it is generally beneficial to sterilize their surface. Following surface sterilization of the tassels, for example, with a solution of calcium hypochloride, the anthers are removed from about 70 to 150 spikelets (small portions of the tassels) and placed in a preculture or pretreatment medium. Larger or smaller amounts can be used depending on the number of anthers. When one elects to employ tassels directly, tassels are generally pretreated at a cold temperature for a predefined time, often at 10° C. for about 4 days. After pretreatment of a whole tassel at a cold temperature, dissected anthers are further pretreated in an environment that diverts microspores from their developmental pathway. The function of the preculture medium is to switch the developmental program from one of pollen development to that of embryoid/callus development. An embodiment of such an environment in the form of a preculture medium includes a sugar alcohol, for example mannitol or sorbitol, inositol or the like. An exemplary synergistic combination is the use of mannitol at a temperature of about 10° C. for a period ranging from about 10 to 14 days. In one embodiment, 3 ml of 0.3M mannitol combined with 50 mg/1 of ascorbic acid, silver nitrate, and colchicine is used for incubation of anthers at 10° C. for between 10 and 14 days. Another embodiment is to substitute sorbitol for mannitol. The colchicine produces chromosome doubling at this early stage. The chromosome doubling agent is generally only present at the preculture stage. It is believed that the mannitol or other similar carbon structures or environmental stress induce starvation and function to force microspores to focus their energies on entering developmental stages. The cells are unable to use, for example, mannitol as a carbon source at this stage. It is believed that these treatments confuse the cells causing them to develop as embryoids and plants from microspores. Dramatic increases in development from these haploid cells, as high as 25 embryoids in 104microspores, have resulted from using these methods. To isolate microspores, an isolation media is generally used. An isolation media is used to separate microspores from the anther walls while maintaining their viability and embryogenic potential. An illustrative embodiment of an isolation media includes a 6% sucrose or maltose solution combined with an antioxidant such as 50 mg/l of ascorbic acid, 0.1 mg/l biotin, and 400 mg/l of proline, combined with 10 mg/l of nicotinic acid and 0.5 mg/l AgNO3. In another embodiment, the biotin and proline are omitted. An isolation media preferably has a higher antioxidant level when it is used to isolate microspores from a donor plant (a plant from which a plant composition containing a microspore is obtained) that is field grown in contrast to greenhouse grown. A preferred level of ascorbic acid in an isolation medium is from about 50 mg/l to about 125 mg/l and, more preferably, from about 50 mg/l to about 100 mg/l. One can find particular benefit in employing a support for the microspores during culturing and subculturing. Any support that maintains the cells near the surface can be used. An illustrative embodiment of a solid support is a TRANSWELL® culture dish. Another embodiment of a solid support for development of the microspores is a bilayer plate wherein liquid media is on top of a solid base. Other embodiments include a mesh or a millipore filter. Preferably, a solid support is a nylon mesh in the shape of a raft. A raft is defined as an approximately circular support material which is capable of floating slightly above the bottom of a tissue culture vessel, for example, a petri dish, of about a 60 or 100 mm size, although any other laboratory tissue culture vessel will suffice. In an illustrative embodiment, a raft is about 55 mm in diameter. Culturing isolated microspores on a solid support, for example, on a 10 mm pore nylon raft floating on 2.2 ml of medium in a 60 mm petri dish, prevents microspores from sinking into the liquid medium and thus avoiding low oxygen tension. These types of cell supports enable the serial transfer of the nylon raft with its associated microspore/embryoids ultimately to full strength medium containing activated charcoal and solidified with, for example, GELRITE™ (solidifying agent). The liquid medium passes through the mesh while the microspores are retained and supported at the medium-air interface. The surface tension of the liquid medium in the petri dish causes the raft to float. The liquid is able to pass through the mesh; consequently, the microspores stay on top. The mesh remains on top of the total volume of liquid medium. The culture vessels can be further defined as either (1) a bilayer 60 mm petri plate wherein the bottom 2 ml of medium are solidified with 0.7% agarose overlaid with 1 mm of liquid containing the microspores; (2) a nylon mesh raft wherein a wafer of nylon is floated on 1.2 ml of medium and 1 ml of isolated microspores is pipetted on top; or (3) TRANSWELL® plates wherein isolated microspores are pipetted onto membrane inserts which support the microspores at the surface of 2 ml of medium. Examples of processes of tissue culturing and regeneration of corn are described in, for example, European Patent Application Publication No. EP0160390, PCT Application WO 95/06128, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,369. Processes of Crossing Corn Plants and the Corn Plants Produced by Such Crosses The present invention provides processes of preparing novel corn plants and corn plants produced by such processes. In accordance with such a process, a first parent corn plant may be crossed with a second parent corn plant wherein the first and second corn plants are the parent lines of hybrid corn plant variety CH011010, or wherein at least one of the plants is of hybrid corn plant variety CH011010. Corn plants (Zea maysL.) can be crossed by either natural or mechanical techniques. Natural pollination occurs in corn when the wind blows pollen from the tassels to the silks that protrude from the tops of the recipient ears. Mechanical pollination can be effected either by controlling the types of pollen that can blow onto the silks or by pollinating by hand. In one embodiment, crossing comprises the steps of:(a) planting in pollinating proximity seeds of a first and a second parent corn plant, and preferably, seeds of a first inbred corn plant and a second, distinct inbred corn plant;(b) cultivating or growing the seeds of the first and second parent corn plants into plants that bear flowers;(c) emasculating flowers of either the first or second parent corn plant, i.e., treating the flowers so as to prevent pollen production, or alternatively, using as the female parent a male sterile plant, thereby providing an emasculated parent corn plant;(d) allowing natural cross-pollination to occur between the first and second parent corn plants;(e) harvesting seeds produced on the emasculated parent corn plant; and, when desired, growing the harvested seed into a corn plant, preferably, a hybrid corn plant. Parental plants are typically planted in pollinating proximity to each other by planting the parental plants in alternating rows, in blocks or in any other convenient planting pattern. When the parental plants differ in timing of sexual maturity, it may be desired to plant the slower maturing plant first, thereby ensuring the availability of pollen from the male parent during the time at which silks on the female parent are receptive to pollen. Plants of both parental parents are cultivated and allowed to grow until the time of flowering. Advantageously, during this growth stage, plants are in general treated with fertilizer and/or other agricultural chemicals as considered appropriate by the grower. At the time of flowering, in the event that plant CH011010 is employed as the male parent, the tassels of the other parental plant are removed from all plants employed as the female parental plant to avoid self-pollination. The detasseling can be achieved manually but also can be done by machine. Alternatively, when the female parent corn plant comprises a cytoplasmic or nuclear gene conferring male sterility, detasseling may not be required. Additionally, a chemical gametocide may be used to sterilize the male flowers of the female plant. In this case, the parent plants used as the male may either not be treated with the chemical agent or may comprise a genetic factor which causes resistance to the emasculating effects of the chemical agent. Gametocides affect processes or cells involved in the development, maturation or release of pollen. Plants treated with such gametocides are rendered male sterile, but typically remain female fertile. The use of chemical gametocides is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,936,904, the disclosure of which is specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Furthermore, the use of Roundup herbicide in combination with glyphosate tolerant corn plants to produce male sterile corn plants is disclosed in PCT Publication WO 98/44140. Following emasculation, the plants are then typically allowed to continue to grow and natural cross-pollination occurs as a result of the action of wind, which is normal in the pollination of grasses, including corn. As a result of the emasculation of the female parent plant, all the pollen from the male parent plant is available for pollination because tassels, and thereby pollen bearing flowering parts, have been previously removed from all plants of the plant being used as the female in the hybridization. Of course, during this hybridization procedure, the parental varieties are grown such that they are isolated from other corn fields to minimize or prevent any accidental contamination of pollen from foreign sources. These isolation techniques are well within the skill of those skilled in this art. Both parental plants of corn may be allowed to continue to grow until maturity or the male rows may be destroyed after flowering is complete. Only the ears from the female parental plants are harvested to obtain seeds of a novel F1hybrid. The novel F1hybrid seed produced can then be planted in a subsequent growing season in commercial fields or, alternatively, advanced in breeding protocols for purposes of developing novel inbred lines. Alternatively, in another embodiment of the invention, one or both first and second parent corn plants can be from variety CH011010. Thus, any corn plant produced using corn plant CH011010 forms a part of the invention. As used herein, crossing can mean selfing, backcrossing, crossing to another or the same variety, crossing to populations, and the like. All corn plants produced using the corn variety CH011010 as a parent are, therefore, within the scope of this invention. One use of the instant corn variety is in the production of hybrid seed. Any time the corn plant CH011010 is crossed with another, different, corn plant, a corn hybrid plant is produced. As such, hybrid corn plant can be produced by crossing CH011010 with any second corn plant. Essentially any other corn plant can be used to produce a corn plant having corn plant CH011010 as one parent. All that is required is that the second plant be fertile, which corn plants naturally are, and that the plant is not corn variety CH011010. The goal of the process of producing an F1hybrid is to manipulate the genetic complement of corn to generate new combinations of genes which interact to yield new or improved traits (phenotypic characteristics). A process of producing an F1hybrid typically begins with the production of one or more inbred plants. Those plants are produced by repeated crossing of ancestrally related corn plants to try to combine certain genes within the inbred plants. The development of new inbred varieties using one or more starting varieties is well known in the art. In accordance with the invention, novel varieties may be created by crossing a corn variety, followed by multiple generations of breeding according to such well known methods. New varieties may be created by crossing a corn variety with any second plant. In selecting such a second plant to cross for the purpose of developing novel inbred lines, it may be desired to choose those plants which either themselves exhibit one or more desirable characteristics or which exhibit the desirable characteristic(s) when in hybrid combination. Examples of potentially desirable characteristics include greater yield, better stalks, better roots, resistance to insecticides, herbicides, pests, and disease, tolerance to heat and drought, reduced time to crop maturity, better agronomic quality, higher nutritional value, and uniformity in germination times, stand establishment, growth rate, maturity, and fruit size. Once initial crosses have been made with a corn variety, inbreeding takes place to produce new inbred varieties. Inbreeding requires manipulation by human breeders. Even in the extremely unlikely event inbreeding rather than crossbreeding occurred in natural corn, achievement of complete inbreeding cannot be expected in nature due to well-known deleterious effects of homozygosity and the large number of generations the plant would have to breed in isolation. The reason for the breeder to create inbred plants is to have a known reservoir of genes whose gametic transmission is predictable. The pedigree breeding method involves crossing two genotypes. Each genotype can have one or more desirable characteristics lacking in the other; or, each genotype can complement the other. If the two original parental genotypes do not provide all of the desirable characteristics, other genotypes can be included in the breeding population. Superior plants that are the products of these crosses are selfed and selected in successive generations. Each succeeding generation becomes more homogeneous as a result of self-pollination and selection. Typically, this method of breeding involves five or more generations of selfing and selection. After at least five generations, the inbred plant is considered genetically pure. Marker assisted selection (MAS) can be used to reduce the number of breeding cycles and improve selection accuracy. For example, see Openshaw et al., “Marker-assisted Selection in Backcross Breeding,” in: Proceedings Symposium of the Analysis of Molecular Data, August 1994, Crop Science Society of America. Genome-wide selection (GWS)/genomic selection (GS) can also be used as an alternative to, or in combination to, marker assisted selection and phenotype selection. GS utilizes quantitative models over a large number of markers distributed across the genome to predict the genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) of individual plants that has been genotyped but not phenotyped. GS can improve complex traits or combination of multiple traits without the need to identify markers associated with the traits. GS can replace phenotyping for a few selection cycles, thus reducing the cost and the time required for variety development (Crossa et al., Trends in Plant Science, November 2017, Vol. 22, No. 11). Uniform lines of new varieties may also be developed by way of doubled-haploids. This technique allows the creation of true breeding lines without the need for multiple generations of selfing and selection. In this manner true breeding lines can be produced in as little as one generation. Haploid induction systems have been developed for various plants to produce haploid tissues, plants and seeds. The haploid induction system can produce haploid plants from any genotype by crossing with an inducer line. Inducer lines and methods for obtaining haploid plants are known in the art. Haploid embryos may be produced, for example, from microspores, pollen, anther cultures, or ovary cultures. The haploid embryos may then be doubled autonomously, or by chemical treatments (e.g. colchicine treatment). Alternatively, haploid embryos may be grown into haploid plants and treated to induce chromosome doubling. In either case, fertile homozygous plants are obtained. In accordance with the invention, any of such techniques may be used in connection with a plant of the invention and progeny thereof to achieve a homozygous line. Corn has a diploid phase which means two conditions of a gene (two alleles) occupy each locus (position on a chromosome). If the alleles are the same at a locus, there is said to be homozygosity. If they are different, there is said to be heterozygosity. In a completely inbred plant, all loci are homozygous. Because many loci when homozygous are deleterious to the plant, in particular leading to reduced vigor, less kernels, weak and/or poor growth, production of inbred plants is an unpredictable and arduous process. Under some conditions, heterozygous advantage at some loci effectively bars perpetuation of homozygosity. A single cross hybrid corn variety is the cross of two inbred plants, each of which has a genotype which complements the genotype of the other. Typically, F1hybrids are more vigorous than their inbred parents. This hybrid vigor, or heterosis, is manifested in many polygenic traits, including markedly improved yields, better stalks, better roots, better uniformity and better insect and disease resistance. In the development of hybrids only the F1hybrid plants are typically sought. An F1single cross hybrid is produced when two inbred plants are crossed. A double cross hybrid is produced from four inbred plants crossed in pairs (A×B and C×D) and then the two F1hybrids are crossed again (A×B)×(C×D). Thousands of corn varieties are known to those of skill in the art, any one of which could be crossed with corn plant CH011010 to produce a hybrid plant. Estimates place the number of different corn accessions in gene banks around the world at around 50,000. The Maize Genetics Cooperation Stock Center, which is supported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, has a total collection of over 80,000 individually pedigreed samples (available on the World Wide Web at maizecoop.cropsci.uiuc.edu/). When the corn plant CH011010 is crossed with another plant to yield progeny, it can serve as either the maternal or paternal plant. For many crosses, the outcome is the same regardless of the assigned sex of the parental plants. However, due to increased seed yield and production characteristics, it may be desired to use one parental plant as the maternal plant. Some plants produce tighter ear husks leading to more loss, for example due to rot. There can be delays in silk formation which deleteriously affect timing of the reproductive cycle for a pair of parental inbreds. Seed coat characteristics can be preferable in one plant. Pollen can be shed better by one plant. Other variables can also affect preferred sexual assignment of a particular cross. The development of a hybrid corn variety involves three steps: (1) selecting plants from various germplasm pools; (2) selfing the selected plants for several generations to produce a series of inbred plants, which although different from each other, each breed true and are highly uniform; and (3) crossing the selected inbred plants with unrelated inbred plants to produce F1hybrid progeny. During this inbreeding process in corn, the vigor of the plants decreases; however, vigor is restored when two unrelated inbred plants are crossed to produce F1hybrid progeny. An important consequence of the genetic homozygosity and homogeneity of an inbred plant is that the F1hybrid progeny of any two inbred varieties are genetically and phenotypically uniform. Plant breeders choose these hybrid populations that display phenotypic uniformity. Once the inbred plants that produce superior hybrid progeny have been identified, the uniform traits of their hybrid progeny can be reproduced indefinitely as long as the homogeneity of the inbred parents is maintained. The development of inbred plants generally requires at least about 5 to 7 generations of selfing. Inbred plants are then cross-bred in an attempt to develop improved F1hybrids. Hybrids are then screened and evaluated in small scale field trials. Typically, about 10 to 15 phenotypic traits, selected for their potential commercial value, are measured. A selection index of the most commercially important traits is used to help evaluate hybrids. FACT, an acronym for Field Analysis Comparison Trial (strip trials), is an on-farm experimental testing program employed by Monsanto Company to perform the final evaluation of the commercial potential of a product. During the next several years, a progressive elimination of hybrids occurs based on more detailed evaluation of their phenotype. Eventually, strip trials (FACT) are conducted to formally compare the experimental hybrids being developed with other hybrids, some of which were previously developed and generally are commercially successful. That is, comparisons of experimental hybrids are made to competitive hybrids to determine if there was any advantage to further development of the experimental hybrids. After FACT testing is complete, determinations may be made whether commercial development should proceed for a given hybrid. The present invention provides a genetic complement of the hybrid corn plant variety designated CH011010. As used herein, the phrase “genetic complement” means an aggregate of nucleotide sequences, the expression of which defines the phenotype of a corn plant or a cell or tissue of that plant. By way of example, a corn plant is genotyped to determine a representative sample of the inherited markers it possesses. Markers are alleles at a single locus. They are preferably inherited in codominant fashion so that the presence of both alleles at a diploid locus is readily detectable, and they are free of environmental variation, i.e., their heritability is 1. This genotyping is preferably performed on at least one generation of the descendant plant for which the numerical value of the quantitative trait or traits of interest are also determined. The array of single locus genotypes is expressed as a profile of marker alleles, two at each locus. The marker allelic composition of each locus can be either homozygous or heterozygous. Homozygosity is a condition in which both alleles at a locus are characterized by the same nucleotide sequence or size of a repeated sequence. Heterozygosity refers to different conditions of the gene at a locus. A preferred type of genetic marker for use with the invention is simple sequence repeats (SSRs), although potentially any other type of genetic marker could be used, for example, restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and isozymes. All of the compositions and methods disclosed and claimed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in light of the present disclosure. While the compositions and methods of this invention have been described in terms of the foregoing illustrative embodiments, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations, changes, modifications, and alterations may be applied to the composition, methods, and in the steps or in the sequence of steps of the methods described herein, without departing from the true concept, spirit, and scope of the invention. More specifically, it will be apparent that certain agents that are both chemically and physiologically related may be substituted for the agents described herein while the same or similar results would be achieved. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope, and concept of the invention as defined by the appended claims. The references cited herein, to the extent that they provide exemplary procedural or other details supplementary to those set forth herein, are specifically incorporated herein by reference.

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DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Definitions of Plant Characteristics Barren Plants: Plants that are barren, i.e., lack an ear with grain, or have an ear with only a few scattered kernels. Cg:Colletotrichum graminicolarating. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection. CLN: Corn Lethal Necrosis (combination of Maize Chlorotic Mottle Virus and Maize Dwarf Mosaic virus) rating. A numerical rating that is based on a 1 to 9 scale of severity in which “1” indicates “most resistant” and “9” indicates “most susceptible.” Cn:Corynebacterium nebraskenserating. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection. Cz:Cercospora zeae-maydisrating. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection. Dgg:Diatraea grandiosellagirdling rating. A rating in which the value equals percent plants girdled and stalk lodged. Dropped Ears: Ears that have fallen from the plant to the ground. Dsp:Diabroticaspecies root rating. A rating that is based on a 1 to 9 scale in which “1” indicates “least affected” and “9” indicates “severe pruning.” Ear-Attitude: The attitude or position of the ear at harvest, which is scored as upright, horizontal, or pendant. Ear-Cob Color: The color of the cob, which is scored as white, pink, red, or brown. Ear-Cob Diameter: The average diameter of the cob when measured at the midpoint. Ear-Cob Strength: A measure of mechanical strength of the cobs to breakage, which is scored as strong or weak. Ear-Diameter: The average diameter of the ear when measured at the midpoint. Ear-Dry Husk Color: The color of the husks at harvest, which is scored as buff, red, or purple. Ear-Fresh Husk Color: The color of the husks 1 to 2 weeks after pollination, which is scored as green, red, or purple. Ear-Husk Bract: The length of an average husk leaf, which is scored as short, medium, or long. Ear-Husk Cover: The average distance from the tip of the ear to the tip of the husks in which the minimum value is no less than zero. Ear-Husk Opening: An evaluation of husk tightness at harvest, which is scored as tight, intermediate, or open. Ear-Length: The average length of the ear. Ear-Number Per Stalk: The average number of ears per plant. Ear-Shank Internodes: The average number of internodes on the ear shank. Ear-Shank Length: The average length of the ear shank. Ear-Shelling Percent: The average of the shelled grain weight divided by the sum of the shelled grain weight and cob weight for a single ear. Ear-Silk Color: The color of the silk observed 2 to 3 days after silk emergence, which is scored as green-yellow, yellow, pink, red, or purple. Ear-Taper (Shape): The taper or shape of the ear, which is scored as conical, semi-conical, or cylindrical. Ear-Weight: The average weight of an ear. Early Stand: The percent of plants that emerge from the ground as determined in the early spring. ER: Ear rot rating. A rating in which the value approximates percent ear rotted. Final Stand Count: The number of plants just prior to harvest. GDUs: Growing degree units. GDUs are calculated by the Barger Method in which the heat units for a 24 h period are calculated as follows: [(Maximum daily temperature+Minimum daily temperature)/2]−50. The highest maximum daily temperature used is 86° F. and the lowest minimum temperature used is 50° F. GDUs to Shed: The number of growing degree units (GDUs) or heat units required for a variety to have approximately 50% of the plants shedding pollen as measured from time of planting. GDUs to shed is determined by summing the individual GDU daily values from the planting date to the date of 50% pollen shed. GDUs to Silk: The number of growing degree units (GDUs) for a variety to have approximately 50% of the plants with silk emergence as measured from the time of planting. GDUs to silk is determined by summing the individual GDU daily values from the planting date to the date of 50% silking. Hc2:Helminthosporium carbonumrace 2 rating. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection. Hc3:Helminthosporium carbonumrace 3 rating. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection. Hm:Helminthosporium maydisrace 0 rating. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection. Ht1:Helminthosporium turcicumrace 1 rating. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection. Ht2:Helminthosporium turcicumrace 2 rating. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection. HtG: Chlorotic-lesion type resistance. “+” indicates the presence of Ht chlorotic-lesion type resistance; “−” indicates absence of Ht chlorotic-lesion type resistance; and “+/−” indicates segregation of Ht chlorotic-lesion type resistance. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection. Kernel-Aleurone Color: The color of the aleurone, which is scored as white, pink, tan, brown, bronze, red, purple, pale purple, colorless, or variegated. Kernel-Cap Color: The color of the kernel cap observed at dry stage, which is scored as white, lemon-yellow, yellow, or orange. Kernel-Endosperm Color: The color of the endosperm, which is scored as white, pale yellow, or yellow. Kernel-Endosperm Type: The type of endosperm, which is scored as normal, waxy, or opaque. Kernel-Grade: The percent of kernels that are classified as rounds. Kernel-Length: The average distance from the cap of the kernel to the pedicel. Kernel-Number Per Row: The average number of kernels in a single row. Kernel-Pericarp Color: The color of the pericarp, which is scored as colorless, red-white crown, tan, bronze, brown, light red, cherry red, or variegated. Kernel-Row Direction: The direction of the kernel rows on the ear, which is scored as straight, slightly curved, spiral, or indistinct (scattered). Kernel-Row Number: The average number of rows of kernels on a single ear. Kernel-Side Color: The color of the kernel side observed at the dry stage, which is scored as white, pale yellow, yellow, orange, red, or brown. Kernel-Thickness: The distance across the narrow side of the kernel. Kernel-Type: The type of kernel, which is scored as dent, flint, or intermediate. Kernel-Weight: The average weight of a predetermined number of kernels. Kernel-Width: The distance across the flat side of the kernel. Kz:Kabatiella zeaerating. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection. Leaf-Angle: Angle of the upper leaves to the stalk, which is scored as upright (0 to 30 degrees), intermediate (30 to 60 degrees), or lax (60 to 90 degrees). Leaf-Color: The color of the leaves 1 to 2 weeks after pollination, which is scored as light green, medium green, dark green, or very dark green. Leaf-Length: The average length of the primary ear leaf. Leaf-Longitudinal Creases: A rating of the number of longitudinal creases on the leaf surface 1 to 2 weeks after pollination. Creases are scored as absent, few, or many. Leaf-Marginal Waves: A rating of the waviness of the leaf margin 1 to 2 weeks after pollination, which is rated as none, few, or many. Leaf-Number: The average number of leaves of a mature plant. Counting begins with the cotyledonary leaf and ends with the flag leaf. Leaf-Sheath Anthocyanin: A rating of the level of anthocyanin in the leaf sheath 1 to 2 weeks after pollination, which is scored as absent, basal-weak, basal-strong, weak, or strong. Leaf-Sheath Pubescence: A rating of the pubescence of the leaf sheath. Ratings are taken 1 to 2 weeks after pollination and scored as light, medium, or heavy. Leaf-Width: The average width of the primary ear leaf when measured at its widest point. LSS: Late season standability. The value multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent plants lodged in disease evaluation plots. Moisture: The moisture of the grain at harvest. On1:Ostrinia nubilalis1st brood rating. The rating is based on a 1 to 9 scale in which “1” indicates “resistant” and “9” indicates “susceptible.” On2:Ostrinia nubilalis2nd brood rating. The rating is based on a 1 to 9 scale in which “1” indicates “resistant” and “9” indicates “susceptible.” Relative Maturity: A maturity rating based on regression analysis. The regression analysis is developed by utilizing check hybrids and their previously established day rating versus actual harvest moistures. Harvest moisture on the hybrid in question is determined and that moisture value is inserted into the regression equation to yield a relative maturity. Root Lodging: Root lodging is the percentage of plants that root lodge. A plant is counted as root lodged if a portion of the plant leans from the vertical axis by approximately 30 degrees or more. Seedling Color: Color of leaves at the 6 to 8 leaf stage. Seedling Height: Plant height at the 6 to 8 leaf stage. Seedling Vigor: A visual rating of the amount of vegetative growth on a 1 to 9 scale in which the best and worst ratings are “1” and “9”, respectively. The score is taken when the average entry in a trial is at the fifth leaf stage. Selection Index: The selection index gives a single measure of hybrid's worth based on information from multiple traits. One of the traits that is almost always included is yield. Traits may be weighted according to the level of importance assigned to them. Sr:Sphacelotheca reilianarating. The rating is actual percent infection. Stalk-Anthocyanin: A rating of the amount of anthocyanin pigmentation in the stalk. The stalk is rated 1 to 2 weeks after pollination as absent, basal-weak, basal-strong, weak, or strong. Stalk-Brace Root Color: The color of the brace roots observed 1 to 2 weeks after pollination as green, red, or purple. Stalk-Diameter: The average diameter of the lowest visible internode of the stalk. Stalk-Ear Height: The average height of the ear when measured from the ground to the point of attachment of the ear shank of the top developed ear to the stalk. Stalk-Internode Direction: The direction of the stalk internode observed after pollination as straight or zigzag. Stalk-Internode Length: The average length of the internode above the primary ear. Stalk Lodging: The percentage of plants that did stalk lodge. Plants are counted as stalk lodged if the plant is broken over or off below the ear. Stalk-Nodes With Brace Roots: The average number of nodes having brace roots per plant. Stalk-Plant Height: The average height of the plant when measured from the soil to the tip of the tassel. Stalk-Tillers: The percent of plants that have tillers. A tiller is defined as a secondary shoot that has developed as a tassel capable of shedding pollen. Staygreen: Staygreen is a measure of general plant health near the time of black layer formation (physiological maturity) and is usually recorded at the time the ear husks of most entries within a trial have turned a mature color. Scoring is on a 1 to 9 basis in which “1” and “9” are the best and worst score, respectively. STR: Stalk rot rating. The rating is based on a 1 to 9 scale of severity in which “1” indicates “25% of inoculated internode rotted” and “9” indicates “entire stalk rotted and collapsed.” SVC: Southeastern Virus Complex (combination of Maize Chlorotic Dwarf Virus and Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus) rating. The numerical rating is based on a 1 to 9 scale of severity in which “1” indicates “most resistant” and “9” indicates “most susceptible.” Tassel-Anther Color: The color of the anthers at 50% pollen shed, which is scored as green-yellow, yellow, pink, red, or purple. Tassel-Attitude: The attitude of the tassel after pollination, which is scored as open or compact. Tassel-Branch Angle: The angle of an average tassel branch to the main stem of the tassel, which is scored as upright (less than 30 degrees), intermediate (30 to 45 degrees), or lax (greater than 45 degrees). Tassel-Branch Number: The average number of primary tassel branches. Tassel-Glume Band: The closed anthocyanin band at the base of the glume, which is scored as present or absent. Tassel-Glume Color: The color of the glumes at 50% shed, which is scored as green, red, or purple. Tassel-Length: The length of the tassel, which is measured from the base of the bottom tassel branch to the tassel tip. Tassel-Peduncle Length: The average length of the tassel peduncle, which is measured from the base of the flag leaf to the base of the bottom tassel branch. Tassel-Pollen Shed: A visual rating of pollen shed that is determined by tapping the tassel and observing the pollen flow of approximately five plants per entry. The rating is based on a 1 to 9 scale in which “9” indicates “sterile” and “1” indicates “most pollen.” Tassel-Spike Length: The length of the spike, which is measured from the base of the top tassel branch to the tassel tip. Test Weight: Weight of the grain in pounds for a given volume (bushel) adjusted to 15.5% moisture. Yield: Yield of grain at harvest adjusted to 15.5% moisture. Other Definitions Allele: Any of one or more alternative forms of a gene locus, all of which relate to one trait or characteristic. In a diploid cell or organism, the two alleles of a given gene occupy corresponding loci on a pair of homologous chromosomes. Backcrossing: A process in which a breeder repeatedly crosses hybrid progeny back to one of the parents, for example, a first generation hybrid (F1) with one of the parental genotypes of the F1hybrid. Crossing: The pollination of a female flower of a corn plant, thereby resulting in the production of seed from the flower. Cross-pollination: Fertilization by the union of two gametes from different plants. Diploid: A cell or organism having two sets of chromosomes. Emasculate: The removal of plant male sex organs or the inactivation of the organs with a chemical agent or a cytoplasmic or nuclear genetic factor conferring male sterility. F1Hybrid: The first generation progeny of the cross of two plants. Genetic Complement: An aggregate of nucleotide sequences, the expression of which sequences defines the phenotype in corn plants, or components of plants including cells or tissue. Genomic Selection (GS) or Genome-wide selection (GWS): a use of genome-wide genotypic data to predict genomic estimated breeding values (GEBV) for selection purposes in breeding process. Genotype: The genetic constitution of a cell or organism. Haploid: A cell or organism having one set of the two sets of chromosomes in a diploid. Marker: A readily detectable phenotype or genotype, preferably inherited in codominant fashion (both alleles at a locus in a diploid heterozygote are readily detectable), with no environmental variance component, i.e., heritability of 1. Marker assisted breeding or marker assisted selection (MAS): A process of selecting a desired trait or desired traits in a plant or plants by detecting one or more markers from the plant, where the marker is associated with the desired trait. Phenotype: The detectable characteristics of a cell or organism, which characteristics are the manifestation of gene expression. Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL): Genetic loci that contribute, at least in part, to certain numerically representable traits that are usually continuously distributed. Regeneration: The development of a plant from tissue culture. Self-pollination: The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of the same plant. Single Locus Converted (Conversion) Plant: Plants which are developed by a plant breeding technique called backcrossing or by genome editing of a locus, wherein essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of an inbred are recovered in addition to the characteristics conferred by the single locus transferred into the inbred via the backcrossing or genome editing technique. A single locus may comprise one gene, or in the case of transgenic plants, one or more transgenes integrated into the host genome at a single site (locus). Tissue Culture: A composition comprising isolated cells of the same or a different type or a collection of such cells organized into parts of a plant. Three-way cross hybrid: A hybrid plant produced by crossing a first inbred plant with the F1hybrid progeny derived from crossing a second inbred plant with a third inbred plant. Transgene: A genetic sequence which has been introduced into the nuclear or cytoplasmic components of the genome of a corn plant by a genetic transformation technique. Variety Descriptions In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a novel hybrid corn plant variety designated CH011013. Hybrid variety CH011013 was produced from a cross of the inbred varieties designated CV382914 and CV397329. The inbred parents have been self-pollinated and ear-rowed a sufficient number of generations with careful attention paid to uniformity of plant type to show uniformity and stability within the limits of environmental influence. In accordance with one aspect of the invention, there is provided a corn plant having the physiological and morphological characteristics of corn plant CH011013. An analysis of such morphological traits was carried out, the results of which are presented in Table 1. TABLE 1Morphological Traits for Hybrid Variety CH011013CHARACTERISTICVALUE1STALKPlant Height (cm)244.7Ear Height (cm)68.6AnthocyaninWeakBrace Root ColorModerateInternode DirectionZig - ZagInternode Length (cm)19.92LEAFColorDark GreenLength (cm)68.4Width (cm)8.4Sheath AnthocyaninWeakSheath PubescenceLightMarginal WavesModerateLongitudinal CreasesFew3TASSELLength (cm)49Peduncle Length (cm)11.3Branch Number4.3Anther ColorPurpleGlume ColorLight RedGlume BandPresent4EARSilk ColorYellowNumber Per Stalk1PositionPendentLength (cm)17.4ShapeSemi-ConicalDiameter (cm)4.1Shank Length (cm)16.8Husk BractShortHusk Cover (cm)0.7Husk OpeningModerateHusk Color FreshGreen & Medium GreenHusk Color DryBuffCob Diameter (cm)2.2Cob ColorRedShelling Percent88.25KERNELRow Number13.2Number Per Row36.8Row DirectionStraightTypeDentCap ColorYellowSide ColorYellowLength (depth) (mm)10.6Width (mm)8.5Thickness (mm)4.2Endosperm TypeNormalEndosperm ColorYellowThese are typical values. Values may vary due to environment. Other values that are substantially equivalent are within the scope of the invention. Substantially equivalent refers to quantitative traits that when compared do not show statistical differences of their means In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a corn plant having the morphological characteristics of corn plant CV382914. A description of the morphological and physiological characteristics of corn plant CV382914 is presented in Table 2. TABLE 2Morphological and PhysiologicalTraits for Corn Variety CV382914CHARACTERISTICVALUE1STALKPlant Height (cm)242.3Ear Height (cm)81.5AnthocyaninBasal WeakBrace Root ColorModerateInternode DirectionZig - ZagInternode Length (cm)18.22LEAFColorDark GreenLength (cm)65Width (cm)8.1Sheath AnthocyaninWeakSheath PubescenceLightMarginal WavesModerateLongitudinal CreasesFew3TASSELLength (cm)31.6Peduncle Length (cm)11.2Branch Number2.3Anther ColorYellowGlume ColorPale PurpleGlume BandPresent4EARSilk ColorYellowNumber Per Stalk2PositionPendentLength (cm)12ShapeSemi-ConicalDiameter (cm)4.1Shank Length (cm)15.5Husk BractShortHusk Cover (cm)5Husk OpeningTightHusk Color FreshGreen & Medium GreenHusk Color DryBuffCob Diameter (cm)2.6Cob ColorRedShelling Percent84.25KERNELRow Number16Number Per Row22.7Row DirectionStraightTypeFlintCap ColorYellowSide ColorDeep YellowLength (depth) (mm)10.4Width (mm)7.6Thickness (mm)4.6Endosperm TypeNormalEndosperm ColorYellowThese are typical values. Values may vary due to environment. Other values that are substantially equivalent are within the scope of the invention. Substantially equivalent refers to quantitative traits that when compared do not show statistical differences of their means In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a corn plant having the morphological characteristics of corn plant CV397329. A description of the morphological and physiological characteristics of corn plant CV397329 is presented in Table 3. TABLE 3Morphological and PhysiologicalTraits for Corn Variety CV397329CHARACTERISTICVALUE1STALKPlant Height (cm)208.3Ear Height (cm)47.2AnthocyaninStrongBrace Root ColorFaintInternode DirectionZig - ZagInternode Length (cm)15.62LEAFColorDark GreenLength (cm)70.9Width (cm)8.1Sheath AnthocyaninWeakSheath PubescenceAbsentMarginal WavesModerateLongitudinal CreasesFew3TASSELLength (cm)37.3Peduncle Length (cm)17.7Branch Number8.4Anther ColorYellowGlume ColorPurpleGlume BandAbsent4EARSilk ColorPinkNumber Per Stalk2PositionUprightLength (cm)12.2ShapeSemi-ConicalDiameter (cm)3.8Shank Length (cm)13.1Husk BractMediumHusk Cover (cm)6Husk OpeningVery TightHusk Color FreshGreen & Medium GreenHusk Color DryBuffCob Diameter (cm)2.5Cob ColorPinkShelling Percent83.45KERNELRow Number14Number Per Row24.3Row DirectionSlightly CurvedTypeIntermediateCap ColorYellow - OrangeSide ColorOrangeLength (depth) (mm)9.2Width (mm)8.5Thickness (mm)4.8Endosperm TypeNormalEndosperm ColorYellowThese are typical values. Values may vary due to environment. Other values that are substantially equivalent are within the scope of the invention. Substantially equivalent refers to quantitative traits that when compared do not show statistical differences of their means. Deposit Information A deposit of at least 625 seeds of inbred parent plant varieties CV382914 (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/506,259, filed Oct. 20, 2021) and CV397329 (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/505,811, filed Oct. 20, 2021) has been made with either the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110-2209 USA, or the Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Marine Algae and Microbiota (NCMA) at Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, 60 Bigelow Drive, East Boothbay, ME 04544 USA, and assigned NCMA Accession No. 202106003 and NCMA Accession No. 202106009, respectively. The dates of deposit with the specific International Depositary Authority are Jun. 8, 2021 and Jun. 8, 2021, respectively. All restrictions upon the deposits have been removed, and the deposits are intended to meet all of the requirements of the Budapest Treaty and 37 C.F.R. § 1.801-1.809. Access to the deposits will be available during the pendency of the application to the Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks and persons determined by the Commissioner to be entitled thereto upon request. The deposits have been accepted under the Budapest Treaty and will be maintained in the specific Depository, which is a public depository, for a period of 30 years, or 5 years after the most recent request, or for the enforceable life of the patent, whichever is longer, and will be replaced if it becomes nonviable during that period. Applicant does not waive any infringement of their rights granted under this patent or under the Plant Variety Protection Act (7 U.S.C. 2321 et seq.). Further Embodiments of the Invention In one embodiment, compositions are provided comprising a seed of corn variety CH011013 comprised in plant seed cultivation media. Plant seed cultivation media are well known to those of skill in the art and include, but are in no way limited to, soil or synthetic cultivation medium. Plant seed cultivation media can provide adequate physical support for seeds and can retain moisture and/or nutritional components. Examples of characteristics for soils that may be desirable in certain embodiments can be found, for instance, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,932,166 and 4,707,176. Synthetic plant cultivation media are also well known in the art and may, in certain embodiments, comprise polymers or hydrogels. Examples of such compositions are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,241,537. In certain further aspects, the invention provides plants modified to include at least a first trait. Such plants may, in one embodiment, be developed by a plant breeding technique called backcrossing, wherein essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of a variety are recovered in addition to a genetic locus transferred into the hybrid via the backcrossing technique. By essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics, it is meant that all of the characteristics of a plant are recovered that are otherwise present when compared in the same environment, other than an occasional variant trait that might arise during backcrossing or direct introduction of a transgene. In one embodiment, such traits may be determined, for example, relative to the traits listed in Table 1 as determined at the 5% significance level when grown under the same environmental conditions. Backcrossing methods can be used with the present invention to improve or introduce a trait in a hybrid via modification of its inbred parent(s). The term backcrossing as used herein refers to the repeated crossing of a hybrid progeny back to one of the parental corn plants for that hybrid. The parental corn plant which contributes the locus or loci for the trait is termed the nonrecurrent or donor parent. This terminology refers to the fact that the nonrecurrent parent is used one time in the backcross protocol and therefore does not recur. The parental corn plant to which the locus or loci from the nonrecurrent parent are transferred is known as the recurrent parent as it is used for several rounds in the backcrossing protocol. In a typical backcross protocol, the original parent hybrid of interest (recurrent parent) is crossed to a second variety (nonrecurrent parent) that carries the genetic locus of interest to be transferred. The resulting progeny from this cross are then crossed again to the recurrent parent and the process is repeated until a corn plant is obtained wherein essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of the recurrent parent are recovered in the converted plant, in addition to the transferred locus from the nonrecurrent parent. The backcross process may be accelerated by the use of genetic markers, such as SSR, RFLP, SNP or AFLP markers to identify plants with the greatest genetic complement from the recurrent parent. The selection of a suitable recurrent parent is an important step for a successful backcrossing procedure. The goal of a backcross protocol is to add or substitute one or more new traits in the original inbred and hybrid progeny therefrom. To accomplish this, a genetic locus of the recurrent parent is modified or substituted with the locus from the nonrecurrent parent, while retaining essentially all of the rest of the genetic complement, and therefore the morphological and physiological constitution of the original plant. The choice of the particular nonrecurrent parent will depend on the purpose of the backcross; one of the major purposes is to add some commercially desirable, agronomically important trait to the plant. The exact backcrossing protocol will depend on the characteristic or trait being altered to determine an appropriate testing protocol. Although backcrossing methods are simplified when the characteristic being transferred is a dominant allele, a recessive allele may also be transferred. In this instance it may be necessary to introduce a test of the progeny to determine if the characteristic has been successfully transferred. Many traits have been identified that are not regularly selected for in the development of a new variety but that can be improved by backcrossing techniques. A genetic locus conferring the traits may or may not be transgenic. Examples of such traits known to those of skill in the art include, but are not limited to, male sterility, waxy starch, herbicide resistance, resistance to bacterial, fungal, or viral disease, insect resistance, male fertility and enhanced nutritional quality. These genes are generally inherited through the nucleus, but may be inherited through the cytoplasm. Some known exceptions to this are genes for male sterility, some of which are inherited cytoplasmically, but still act as a single locus trait. Direct selection may be applied when a genetic locus acts as a dominant trait. An example of a dominant trait is the herbicide resistance trait. For this selection process, the progeny of the initial cross are sprayed with the herbicide prior to the backcrossing. The spraying eliminates any plants which do not have the herbicide resistance characteristic, and only those plants which have the herbicide resistance gene are used in the subsequent backcross. This process is then repeated for all additional backcross generations. Many useful traits are those which are introduced by genetic transformation techniques. Methods for the genetic transformation of corn are known to those of skill in the art. For example, methods which have been described for the genetic transformation of corn include electroporation (U.S. Pat. No. 5,384,253), electrotransformation (U.S. Pat. No. 5,371,003), microprojectile bombardment (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,550,318, 5,736,369 and 5,538,880; and PCT Publication WO 95/06128),Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (U.S. Pat. No. 5,591,616 and European Patent Application Publication No. EP0672752), direct DNA uptake transformation of protoplasts and silicon carbide fiber-mediated transformation (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,302,532 and 5,464,765). Included among various plant transformation techniques are methods permitting the site-specific modification of a plant genome. These modifications can include, but are not limited to, site-specific mutations, deletions, insertions, and replacements of nucleotides. These modifications can be made anywhere within the genome of a plant, for example, in genomic elements, including, among others, coding sequences, regulatory elements, and non-coding DNA sequences. Any number of such modifications can be made and that number of modifications may be made in any order or combination, for example, simultaneously all together or one after another. Such methods may be used to modify a particular trait conferred by a locus. The techniques for making such modifications by genome editing are well known in the art and include, for example, use of CRISPR-Cas systems, zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), among others. A site-specific nuclease provided herein may be selected from the group consisting of a zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN), a meganuclease, an RNA-guided endonuclease, a TALE-endonuclease (TALEN), a recombinase, a transposase, or any combination thereof. See, e.g., Khandagale, K. et al., “Genome editing for targeted improvement in plants,” Plant Biotechnol Rep 10: 327-343 (2016); and Gaj, T. et al., “ZFN, TALEN and CRISPR/Cas-based methods for genome engineering,” Trends Biotechnol. 31(7): 397-405 (2013), the contents and disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. A recombinase may be a serine recombinase attached to a DNA recognition motif, a tyrosine recombinase attached to a DNA recognition motif or other recombinase enzyme known in the art. A recombinase or transposase may be a DNA transposase or recombinase attached to a DNA binding domain. A tyrosine recombinase attached to a DNA recognition motif may be selected from the group consisting of a Cre recombinase, a Flp recombinase, and a Tnp1 recombinase. According to some embodiments, a Cre recombinase or a Gin recombinase provided herein is tethered to a zinc-finger DNA binding domain. In another embodiment, a serine recombinase attached to a DNA recognition motif provided herein is selected from the group consisting of a PhiC31 integrase, an R4 integrase, and a TP-901 integrase. In another embodiment, a DNA transposase attached to a DNA binding domain provided herein is selected from the group consisting of a TALE-piggyBac and TALE-Mutator. An RNA-guided endonuclease may be selected from the group consisting of Cas1, Cas1B, Cas2, Cas3, Cas4, Cas5, Cas6, Cas7, Cas8, Cas9 (also known as Csn1 and Csx12), Cas10, Csy1, Csy2, Csy3, Cse1, Cse2, Csc1, Csc2, Csa5, Csn2, Csm2, Csm3, Csm4, Csm5, Csm6, Cmr1, Cmr3, Cmr4, Cmr5, Cmr6, Csb1, Csb2, Csb3, Csx17, Csx14, Csx10, Csx16, CsaX, Csx3, Csx1, Csx15, Csf1, Csf2, Csf3, Csf4, Cpf1, CasX, CasY, and homologs or modified versions thereof, Argonaute (non-limiting examples of Argonaute proteins includeThermus thermophilusArgonaute (TtAgo),Pyrococcus furiosusArgonaute (PfAgo), Natronobacterium gregoryi Argonaute (NgAgo) and homologs or modified versions thereof. According to some embodiments, an RNA-guided endonuclease may be a Cas9 or Cpf1 enzyme. For example, the CRISPR/Cas9 system allows targeted cleavage of genomic sequences guided by a small noncoding RNA in plants (WO 2015026883A1). As another example, Cpf1 (Cas12a) acts as an endoribonuclease to process crRNA and an endodeoxyribonuclease to cleave targeted genomic sequences. The CRISPR/Cpf1 system enables gene deletion, insertion, base editing, and locus tagging in monocot and dicot plants (Alok et al., Frontiers in Plant Science, 31 Mar. 2020). One of ordinary skill in the art of plant breeding would know how to modify plant genomes using a method including but not limited to the techniques described herein. It is understood to those of skill in the art that a transgene or a modified native gene need not be directly transformed into a plant, as techniques for the production of stably transformed corn plants that pass single loci to progeny by Mendelian inheritance is well known in the art. Such loci may therefore be passed from parent plant to progeny plants by standard plant breeding techniques that are well known in the art. A. Male Sterility Examples of genes conferring male sterility include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,861,709, 3,710,511, 4,654,465, 5,625,132, and 4,727,219, each of the disclosures of which are specifically incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Male sterility genes can increase the efficiency with which hybrids are made, in that they eliminate the need to physically emasculate the corn plant used as a female in a given cross. When one desires to employ male-sterility systems with a corn plant in accordance with the invention, it may be beneficial to also utilize one or more male-fertility restorer genes. For example, when cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is used, hybrid seed production requires three inbred lines: (1) a cytoplasmically male-sterile line having a CMS cytoplasm; (2) a fertile inbred with normal cytoplasm, which is isogenic with the CMS line for nuclear genes (“maintainer line”); and (3) a distinct, fertile inbred with normal cytoplasm, carrying a fertility restoring gene (“restorer” line). The CMS line is propagated by pollination with the maintainer line, with all of the progeny being male sterile, as the CMS cytoplasm is derived from the female parent. These male sterile plants can then be efficiently employed as the female parent in hybrid crosses with the restorer line, without the need for physical emasculation of the male reproductive parts of the female parent. The presence of a male-fertility restorer gene results in the production of fully fertile F1hybrid progeny. If no restorer gene is present in the male parent, male-sterile hybrids are obtained. Such hybrids are useful when the vegetative tissue of the corn plant is utilized, e.g., for silage, but in most cases, the seeds will be deemed the most valuable portion of the crop, so fertility of the hybrids in these crops must be restored. Therefore, one aspect of the current invention concerns the hybrid corn plant CH011013 comprising a genetic locus capable of restoring male fertility in an otherwise male-sterile plant. Examples of male-sterility genes and corresponding restorers which could be employed with the plants of the invention are well known to those of skill in the art of plant breeding and are disclosed in, for instance, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,530,191; 5,689,041; 5,741,684; and 5,684,242, the disclosures of which are each specifically incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. B. Herbicide Resistance Numerous herbicide resistance genes are known and may be employed with the invention. A non-limiting example is a gene conferring resistance to a herbicide that inhibits the growing point or meristem such as imidazolinone or sulfonylurea herbicides. As imidazolinone and sulfonylurea herbicides are acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides that prevent the formation of branched chain amino acids, exemplary genes in this category code for ALS and AHAS enzymes as described, for example, by Lee et al.,EMBO J.,7:1241, 1988; Gleen et al.,Plant Molec. Biology,18:1185, 1992; and Miki et al.,Theor. Appl. Genet.,80:449, 1990. As a non-limiting example, a gene may be employed to confer resistance to the exemplary sulfonylurea herbicide nicosulfuron. Resistance genes for glyphosate (resistance conferred by mutant 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) and aroA genes, respectively) and other phosphono compounds such as glufosinate (phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT) andStreptomyces hygroscopicusphosphinothricin acetyltransferase (bar) genes) may also be used. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,940,835 to Shah et al., which discloses the nucleotide sequence of a form of EPSPS that can confer glyphosate resistance. Non-limiting examples of EPSPS transformation events conferring glyphosate resistance are provided by U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,040,497 and 7,632,985. The MON89788 event disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,632,985 in particular is beneficial in conferring glyphosate tolerance in combination with an increase in average yield relative to prior events A DNA molecule encoding a mutant aroA gene can be obtained under ATCC Accession No. 39256, and the nucleotide sequence of the mutant gene is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,769,061 to Comai. A hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene fromE. colithat confers resistance to glyphosate in tobacco callus and plants is described in Penaloza-Vazquez et al.,Plant Cell Reports,14:482, 1995. European Patent Application Publication No. EP0333033 to Kumada et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 4,975,374 to Goodman et al., disclose nucleotide sequences of glutamine synthetase genes that confer resistance to herbicides such as L-phosphinothricin. The nucleotide sequence of a phosphinothricin acetyltransferase gene is provided in European Patent Application Publication No. EP0242246 to Leemans et al. DeGreef et al. (Biotechnology,7:61, 1989) describe the production of transgenic plants that express chimeric bar genes coding for phosphinothricin acetyl transferase activity. Exemplary genes conferring resistance to a phenoxy class herbicide haloxyfop and a cyclohexanedione class herbicide sethoxydim are the Acct-S1, Acct-S2 and Acct-S3 genes described by Marshall et al., (Theor. Appl. Genet.,83:435, 1992). As a non-limiting example, a gene may confer resistance to other exemplary phenoxy class herbicides that include, but are not limited to, quizalofop-p-ethyl and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Genes are also known that confer resistance to herbicides that inhibit photosynthesis such as, for example, triazine herbicides (psbA and gs+ genes) and benzonitrile herbicides (nitrilase gene). As a non-limiting example, a gene may confer resistance to the exemplary benzonitrile herbicide bromoxynil. Przibila et al. (Plant Cell,3:169, 1991) describe the transformation ofChlamydomonaswith plasmids encoding mutant psbA genes. Nucleotide sequences for nitrilase genes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,648 to Stalker, and DNA molecules containing these genes are available under ATCC Accession Nos. 53435, 67441, and 67442. Cloning and expression of DNA coding for a glutathione S-transferase is described by Hayes et al. (Biochem. J,285:173, 1992). 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) is a target of the HPPD-inhibiting herbicides, which deplete plant plastoquinone and vitamin E pools. Rippert et al. (Plant Physiol.,134:92, 2004) describes an HPPD-inhibitor resistant tobacco plant that was transformed with a yeast-derived prephenate dehydrogenase (PDH) gene. Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) is the target of the PPO-inhibitor class of herbicides; a PPO-inhibitor resistant PPO gene was recently identified inAmaranthus tuberculatus(Patzoldt et al.,PNAS,103(33):12329, 2006). The herbicide methyl viologen inhibits CO2assimilation. Foyer et al. (Plant Physiol.,109:1047, 1995) describe a plant overexpressing glutathione reductase (GR) that is resistant to methyl viologen treatment. Siminszky (Phytochemistry Reviews,5:445, 2006) describes plant cytochrome P450-mediated detoxification of multiple, chemically unrelated classes of herbicides. Modified bacterial genes have been successfully demonstrated to confer resistance to atrazine, a herbicide that binds to the plastoquinone-binding membrane protein QBin photosystem II to inhibit electron transport. See, for example, studies by Cheung et al. (PNAS,85:391, 1988), describing tobacco plants expressing the chloroplast psbA gene from an atrazine-resistant biotype ofAmaranthus hybridusfused to the regulatory sequences of a nuclear gene, and Wang et al. (Plant Biotech. J.,3:475, 2005), describing transgenic alfalfa,Arabidopsis, and tobacco plants expressing the atzA gene fromPseudomonassp. that were able to detoxify atrazine. Bayley et al. (Theor. Appl. Genet.,83:645, 1992) describe the creation of 2,4-D-resistant transgenic tobacco and cotton plants using the 2,4-D monooxygenase gene tfdA fromAlcaligenes eutrophusplasmid pJP5. U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20030135879 describes the isolation of a gene for dicamba monooxygenase (DMO) fromPsueodmonas maltophiliathat is involved in the conversion of dicamba to a non-toxic 3,6-dichlorosalicylic acid and thus may be used for producing plants tolerant to this herbicide. Other examples of herbicide resistance have been described, for instance, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,803,501; 6,448,476; 6,248,876; 6,225,114; 6,107,549; 5,866,775; 5,804,425; 5,633,435; 5,463,175. C. Waxy Starch The waxy characteristic is an example of a recessive trait. In this example, the progeny resulting from the first backcross generation (BC1) must be grown and selfed. A test is then run on the selfed seed from the BC1plant to determine which BC1plants carried the recessive gene for the waxy trait. In other recessive traits additional progeny testing, for example growing additional generations such as the BC1F1, may be required to determine which plants carry the recessive gene. D. Disease Resistance Plant defenses are often activated by specific interaction between the product of a disease resistance gene (R) in the plant and the product of a corresponding avirulence (Avr) gene in the pathogen. A plant line can be transformed with a cloned resistance gene to engineer plants that are resistant to specific pathogen strains. See, for example, Jones et al.,Science,266:789, 1994, which describes the cloning of the tomato Cf-9 gene for resistance toCladosporium fulvum; Martin et al.,Science,262:1432, 1993, which describes the tomato Pto gene for resistance toPseudomonas syringaepv.; and Mindrinos et al.,Cell,78:1089, 1994, which describes theArabidopsisRPS2 gene for resistance toPseudomonas syringae. A viral-invasive protein or a complex toxin derived therefrom may also be used for viral disease resistance. For example, the accumulation of viral coat proteins in transformed plant cells imparts resistance to viral infection and/or disease development effected by the virus from which the coat protein gene is derived, as well as by related viruses. See Beachy et al., (Annu. Rev. Phytopathol.,28:451, 1990). Coat protein-mediated resistance has been conferred upon transformed plants against alfalfa mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, tobacco streak virus, potato virus X, potato virus Y, tobacco etch virus, tobacco rattle virus and tobacco mosaic virus. Id. A virus-specific antibody may also be used. See, for example, Tavladoraki et al., (Nature,366:469, 1993), who show that transgenic plants expressing recombinant antibody genes are protected from virus attack. Additional means of inducing whole-plant resistance to a pathogen include modulation of the systemic acquired resistance (SAR) or pathogenesis related (PR) genes, for example genes homologous to theArabidopsis thalianaNIME/NPRI/SAI1, and/or by increasing salicylic acid production. Logemann et al., (Biotechnology,10:305, 1992), for example, disclose transgenic plants expressing a barley ribosome-inactivating gene have an increased resistance to fungal disease. Plant defensins may be used to provide resistance to fungal pathogens (Thomma et al.,Planta,216:193, 2002). Other examples of fungal disease resistance are provided in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,653,280; 6,573,361; 6,506,962; 6,316,407; 6,215,048; 5,516,671; 5,773,696; 6,121,436; 6,316,407; and 6,506,962. E. Insect Resistance One example of an insect resistance gene includes aBacillus thuringiensis(Bt) protein, a derivative thereof or a synthetic polypeptide modeled thereon. See, for example, Geiser et al., (Gene,48:109, 1986), who disclose the cloning and nucleotide sequence of a Bt S-endotoxin gene. Moreover, DNA molecules encoding S-endotoxin genes can be purchased from the American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Virginia, for example, under ATCC Accession Nos. 40098, 67136, 31995 and 31998. Another example is a lectin. See, for example, Van Damme et al., (Plant Molec. Biol.,24:825, 1994), who disclose the nucleotide sequences of severalClivia miniatamannose-binding lectin genes. A vitamin-binding protein may also be used, such as avidin. See PCT application US93/06487, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. This application teaches the use of avidin and avidin homologues as larvicides against insect pests. Yet another insect resistance gene is an enzyme inhibitor, for example, a protease or proteinase inhibitor or an amylase inhibitor. See, for example, Abe et al., (J. Biol. Chem.,262:16793, 1987), which describes the nucleotide sequence of rice cysteine proteinase inhibitor, Huub et al., (Plant Molec. Biol.,21:985, 1993), which describes the nucleotide sequence of cDNA encoding tobacco proteinase inhibitor I, and Sumitani et al., (Biosci. Biotech. Biochem.,57:1243, 1993), which describes the nucleotide sequence ofStreptomyces nitrosporeusα-amylase inhibitor). An insect-specific hormone or pheromone may also be used. See, for example, Hammock et al., (Nature,344:458, 1990), which describes baculovirus expression of cloned juvenile hormone esterase, an inactivator of juvenile hormone, Gade and Goldsworthy (eds.) (Physiological Systems in Insects, Elsevier Academic Press, Burlington, MA, 2007), which describes allostatins and their potential use in pest control; and Palli et al., (Vitam. Horm.,73:59, 2005), which describes the use of ecdysteroid and ecdysteroid receptor in agriculture. Additionally, the diuretic hormone receptor (DHR) was identified in Price et al., (Insect Mol. Biol.,13:469, 2004) as a candidate target of insecticides. Still other examples include an insect-specific antibody or an immunotoxin derived therefrom and a developmental-arrestive protein. See Taylor et al., (Seventh Int'l Symposium on Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, Edinburgh, Scotland, Abstract W97, 1994), who described enzymatic inactivation in transgenic tobacco via production of single-chain antibody fragments. Nematode resistance has been described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,228,992 and bacterial disease resistance in U.S. Pat. No. 5,516,671. F. Modified Fatty Acid, Phytate, and Carbohydrate Metabolism Genes may be used conferring modified fatty acid metabolism. For example, stearyl-ACP desaturase genes may be used. See Knutzon et al., (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,89:2624, 1992). Various fatty acid desaturases have also been described, such as aSaccharomyces cerevisiaeOLE1 gene encoding Δ9 fatty acid desaturase, an enzyme which forms the monounsaturated palmitoleic (16:1) and oleic (18:1) fatty acids from palmitoyl (16:0) or stearoyl (18:0) CoA (McDonough et al.,J. Biol. Chem.,267(9):5931-5936, 1992); a gene encoding a stearoyl-acyl carrier protein delta-9 desaturase from castor (Fox et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,90:2486, 1993); Δ6- and Δ12-desaturases from the cyanobacteriaSynechocystisresponsible for the conversion of linoleic acid (18:2) to gamma-linolenic acid (18:3 gamma) (Reddy et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,22:293, 1993); a gene fromArabidopsis thalianathat encodes an omega-3 desaturase (Arondel et al.,Science,258:1353, 1992); plant Δ9 desaturases (PCT Application Publ. No. WO 91/13972) and soybean andBrassicaΔ15 desaturases (European Patent Application Publication No. EP0616644). Phytate metabolism may also be modified by introduction of a phytase-encoding gene to enhance breakdown of phytate, adding more free phosphate to the transformed plant. For example, see Van Hartingsveldt et al., (Gene,127:87, 1993), which discloses the nucleotide sequence of anAspergillus nigerphytase gene. In corn, this, for example, could be accomplished by cloning and then reintroducing DNA associated with the single allele which is responsible for corn mutants characterized by low levels of phytic acid. See Raboy et al.,Plant Physiol.,124:355, 1990. A number of genes are known that may be used to alter carbohydrate metabolism. For example, plants may be transformed with a gene coding for an enzyme that alters the branching pattern of starch. See Shiroza et al., (J. Bacteriol.,170:810, 1988), which discloses the nucleotide sequence ofStreptococcus mutansfructosyltransferase gene, Steinmetz et al., (Mol. Gen. Genet.,20:220, 1985), which discloses the nucleotide sequence ofBacillus subtilislevansucrase gene), Pen et al., (Biotechnology,10:292, 1992), which discloses the production of transgenic plants that expressBacillus lichenformisα-amylase, Elliot et al., (Plant Molec. Biol.,21:515, 1993), which discloses the nucleotide sequences of tomato invertase genes, Sørgaard et al., (J. Biol. Chem.,268:22480, 1993), which discloses site-directed mutagenesis of barley α-amylase gene, and Fisher et al., (Plant Physiol.,102:1045, 1993) which discloses maize endosperm starch branching enzyme II. The Z10 gene encoding a 10 kD zein storage protein from maize may also be used to alter the quantities of 10 kD zein in the cells relative to other components (Kirihara et al.,Gene,71:359, 1988). U.S. Pat. No. 6,930,225 describes maize cellulose synthase genes and methods of use thereof. G. Resistance to Abiotic Stress Abiotic stress includes dehydration or other osmotic stress, salinity, high or low light intensity, high or low temperatures, submergence, exposure to heavy metals, and oxidative stress. Delta-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) from mothbean has been used to provide protection against general osmotic stress. Mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase (mtID) fromE. colihas been used to provide protection against drought and salinity. Choline oxidase (codA fromArthrobactor globiformis) can protect against cold and salt.E. colicholine dehydrogenase (betA) provides protection against salt. Additional protection from cold can be provided by omega-3-fatty acid desaturase (fad7) fromArabidopsis thaliana. Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase and levan sucrase (SacB) from yeast andBacillus subtilis, respectively, can provide protection against drought (summarized from Annex II Genetic Engineering for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants, Consultative Group On InternationalAgricultural ResearchTechnical Advisory Committee). Overexpression of superoxide dismutase can be used to protect against superoxides, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,538,878 to Thomas et al. H. Additional Traits Additional traits can be introduced into the corn variety of the present invention. A non-limiting example of such a trait is a coding sequence which decreases RNA and/or protein levels. The decreased RNA and/or protein levels may be achieved through RNAi methods, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,506,559 to Fire et al. Another trait that may find use with the corn variety of the invention is a sequence which allows for site-specific recombination. Examples of such sequences include the FRT sequence used with the FLP recombinase; and the LOX sequence used with CRE recombinase. The recombinase genes can be encoded at any location within the genome of the corn plant, and are active in the hemizygous state. It may also be desirable to make corn plants more tolerant to or more easily transformed withAgrobacterium tumefaciens. Expression of p53 and iap, two baculovirus cell-death suppressor genes, inhibited tissue necrosis and DNA cleavage. Additional targets can include plant-encoded proteins that interact with theAgrobacteriumVir genes; enzymes involved in plant cell wall formation; and histones, histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases. In addition to the modification of oil, fatty acid or phytate content described above, it may additionally be beneficial to modify the amounts or levels of other compounds. For example, the amount or composition of antioxidants can be altered. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,787,618 and 7,154,029 and International Patent Application Publication No. WO 00/68393, which disclose the manipulation of antioxidant levels, and International Patent Application. Publication No. WO 03/082899, which discloses the manipulation of an antioxidant biosynthetic pathway. Additionally, seed amino acid content may be manipulated. U.S. Pat. No. 5,850,016 and International Patent Application Publication No. WO 99/40209 disclose the alteration of the amino acid compositions of seeds. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,080,913 and 6,127,600 disclose methods of increasing accumulation of essential amino acids in seeds. U.S. Pat. No. 5,559,223 describes synthetic storage proteins in which the levels of essential amino acids can be manipulated. International Patent Application Publication No. WO 99/29882 discloses methods for altering amino acid content of proteins. International Patent Application Publication No. WO 98/20133 describes proteins with enhanced levels of essential amino acids. International Patent Application Publication No. WO 98/56935 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,346,403, 6,441,274 and 6,664,445 disclose plant amino acid biosynthetic enzymes. International Patent Application Publication No. WO 98/45458 describes synthetic seed proteins having a higher percentage of essential amino acids than wild-type. U.S. Pat. No. 5,633,436 discloses plants comprising a higher content of sulfur-containing amino acids; U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,801 discloses plants comprising a high threonine content; U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,802 discloses plants comprising a high methionine content; U.S. Pat. No. 5,912,414 discloses plants comprising a high methionine content; U.S. Pat. No. 5,990,389 discloses plants comprising a high lysine content; U.S. Pat. No. 6,459,019 discloses plants comprising an increased lysine and threonine content; International Patent Application Publication No. WO 98/42831 discloses plants comprising a high lysine content; International Patent Application Publication No. WO 96/01905 discloses plants comprising a high threonine content; and International Patent Application Publication No. WO 95/15392 discloses plants comprising a high lysine content. I. Origin and Breeding History of an Exemplary Introduced Trait Provided by the invention are a hybrid plant in which one or more of the parents comprise an introduced trait. Such a plant may be defined as comprising a single locus conversion. Exemplary procedures for the preparation of such single locus conversions are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,205,460, the entire disclosure of which is specifically incorporated herein by reference. An example of a single locus conversion is 85DGD1. 85DGD1 MLms is a conversion of 85DGD1 to cytoplasmic male sterility. 85DGD1 MLms was derived using backcross methods. 85DGD1 (a proprietary inbred of Monsanto Company) was used as the recurrent parent and MLms, a germplasm source carrying ML cytoplasmic sterility, was used as the nonrecurrent parent. The breeding history of the converted inbred 85DGD1 MLms can be summarized as follows: Hawaii Nurseries Planting Date Apr. 2, 1992Made up S-O: Female row 585 male row 500Hawaii Nurseries Planting Date Jul. 15, 1992S-O was grown and plants were backcrossedtimes 85DGD1 (rows 444 ′ 443)Hawaii Nurseries Planting Date Nov. 18, 1992Bulked seed of the BC1was grown andbackcrossed times 85DGD1 (rows V3-27 ′ V3-26)Hawaii Nurseries Planting Date Apr. 2, 1993Bulked seed of the BC2was grown andbackcrossed times 85DGD1 (rows 37 ′ 36)Hawaii Nurseries Planting Date Jul. 14, 1993Bulked seed of the BC3was grown andbackcrossed times 85DGD1 (rows 99 ′ 98)Hawaii Nurseries Planting Date Oct. 28, 1993Bulked seed of BC4was grown andbackcrossed times 85DGD1 (rows KS-63 ′ KS-62)Summer 1994A single ear of the BC5was grown andbackcrossed times 85DGD1 (MC94-822 ′ MC94-822-7)Winter 1994Bulked seed of the BC6was grown andbackcrossed times 85DGD1 (3Q-1 ′ 3Q-2)Summer 1995Seed of the BC7was bulked and named85DGD1 MLms. As described, techniques for the production of corn plants with added traits are well known in the art. A non-limiting example of such a procedure one of skill in the art could use for preparation of a hybrid corn plant CH011013 comprising an added trait is as follows:(a) crossing a parent of hybrid corn plant CH011013 such as CV382914 and/or CV397329 to a second (nonrecurrent) corn plant comprising a locus to be converted in the parent;(b) selecting at least a first progeny plant resulting from the crossing and comprising the locus;(c) crossing the selected progeny to the parent line of corn plant CH011013;(d) repeating steps (b) and (c) until a parent line of variety CH011013 is obtained comprising the locus; and(e) crossing the converted parent with the second parent to produce hybrid variety CH011013 comprising a trait. Following these steps, essentially any locus may be introduced into hybrid corn variety CH011013. For example, molecular techniques allow introduction of any given locus, without the need for phenotypic screening of progeny during the backcrossing steps. PCR and Southern hybridization are two examples of molecular techniques that may be used for confirmation of the presence of a given locus and thus conversion of that locus. The techniques are carried out as follows: Seeds of progeny plants are grown and DNA isolated from leaf tissue. Approximately one gram of leaf tissue is lyophilized overnight in 15 ml polypropylene tubes. Freeze-dried tissue is ground to a powder in the tube using a glass rod. Powdered tissue is mixed thoroughly with 3 ml extraction buffer (7.0 M urea, 0.35 M NaCl, 0.05 M Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 0.01 M EDTA, 1% sarcosine). Tissue/buffer homogenate is extracted with 3 ml phenol/chloroform. The aqueous phase is separated by centrifugation, and precipitated twice using 1/10 volume of 4.4 M ammonium acetate pH 5.2, and an equal volume of isopropanol. The precipitate is washed with 75% ethanol and resuspended in 100-500 μl TE (0.01 M Tris-HCl, 0.001 M EDTA, pH 8.0). The DNA may then be screened as desired for presence of the locus. For PCR, 200-1000 ng genomic DNA from the progeny plant being screened is added to a reaction mix containing 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.3, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 50 mM KCl, 0.1 mg/ml gelatin, 200 μM each dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP, 20% glycerol, 2.5 units Taq DNA polymerase and 0.5 μM each of forward and reverse DNA primers that span a segment of the locus being converted. The reaction is run in a thermal cycling machine 3 minutes at 94 C, 39 repeats of the cycle 1 minute at 94 C, 1 minute at 50 C, 30 seconds at 72 C, followed by 5 minutes at 72 C. Twenty μl of each reaction mix is run on a 3.5% NuSieve gel in TBE buffer (90 mM Tris-borate, 2 mM EDTA) at 50V for two to four hours. The amplified fragment is detected using an agarose gel. Detection of an amplified fragment corresponding to the segment of the locus spanned by the primers indicates the presence of the locus. For Southern analysis, plant DNA is restricted, separated in an agarose gel and transferred to a Nylon filter in 10×SCP (20 SCP: 2 M NaCl, 0.6 M disodium phosphate, 0.02 M disodium EDTA) according to standard methods (Southern,J Mol. Biol.,98:503, 1975). Locus DNA or RNA sequences are labeled, for example, radioactively with32P by random priming (Feinberg & Vogelstein,Anal. Biochem.,132(1):6, 1983). Filters are prehybridized in 6×SCP, 10% dextran sulfate, 2% sarcosine, and 500 μg/ml denatured salmon sperm DNA. The labeled probe is denatured, hybridized to the filter and washed in 2×SCP, 1% SDS at 65° C. for 30 minutes and visualized by autoradiography using Kodak XAR5 film. Presence of the locus is indicated by detection of restriction fragments of the appropriate size. Tissue Cultures and In Vitro Regeneration of Corn Plants A further aspect of the invention relates to tissue cultures of the corn plant designated CH011013. As used herein, the term “tissue culture” indicates a composition comprising isolated cells of the same or a different type or a collection of such cells organized into parts of a plant. Exemplary types of tissue cultures are protoplasts, calli and plant cells that are intact in plants or parts of plants, such as embryos, pollen, flowers, kernels, ears, cobs, leaves, husks, stalks, roots, root tips, anthers, silk, and the like. In one embodiment, the tissue culture comprises embryos, protoplasts, meristematic cells, pollen, leaves or anthers derived from immature tissues of these plant parts. Means for preparing and maintaining plant tissue cultures are well known in the art (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,538,880 and 5,550,318, each incorporated herein by reference in their entirety). By way of example, a tissue culture comprising organs such as tassels or anthers has been used to produce regenerated plants (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,445,961 and 5,322,789; the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference). One type of tissue culture is tassel/anther culture. Tassels contain anthers which in turn enclose microspores. Microspores develop into pollen. For anther/microspore culture, if tassels are the plant composition, they can be selected at a stage when the microspores are uninucleate, that is, include only 1, rather than 2 or 3 nuclei. Methods to determine the correct stage are well known to those skilled in the art and include mitramycin fluorescent staining, trypan blue, and acetocarmine squashing. The mid-uninucleate microspore stage has been found to be the developmental stage most responsive to the subsequent methods disclosed to ultimately produce plants. Although microspore-containing plant organs such as tassels can generally be pretreated at any cold temperature below about 25° C., a range of 4° C. to 25° C. may be preferred, and a range of 8° C. to 14° C. may be particularly preferred. Although other temperatures yield embryoids and regenerated plants, cold temperatures produce optimum response rates compared to pretreatment at temperatures outside the preferred range. Response rate is measured as either the number of embryoids or the number of regenerated plants per number of microspores initiated in culture. Exemplary methods of microspore culture are disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,322,789 and 5,445,961, the disclosures of which are specifically incorporated herein by reference. Although not required, when tassels are employed as the plant organ, it is generally beneficial to sterilize their surface. Following surface sterilization of the tassels, for example, with a solution of calcium hypochloride, the anthers are removed from about 70 to 150 spikelets (small portions of the tassels) and placed in a preculture or pretreatment medium. Larger or smaller amounts can be used depending on the number of anthers. When one elects to employ tassels directly, tassels are generally pretreated at a cold temperature for a predefined time, often at 10° C. for about 4 days. After pretreatment of a whole tassel at a cold temperature, dissected anthers are further pretreated in an environment that diverts microspores from their developmental pathway. The function of the preculture medium is to switch the developmental program from one of pollen development to that of embryoid/callus development. An embodiment of such an environment in the form of a preculture medium includes a sugar alcohol, for example mannitol or sorbitol, inositol or the like. An exemplary synergistic combination is the use of mannitol at a temperature of about 10° C. for a period ranging from about 10 to 14 days. In one embodiment, 3 ml of 0.3 M mannitol combined with 50 mg/l of ascorbic acid, silver nitrate, and colchicine is used for incubation of anthers at 10° C. for between 10 and 14 days. Another embodiment is to substitute sorbitol for mannitol. The colchicine produces chromosome doubling at this early stage. The chromosome doubling agent is generally only present at the preculture stage. It is believed that the mannitol or other similar carbon structures or environmental stress induce starvation and function to force microspores to focus their energies on entering developmental stages. The cells are unable to use, for example, mannitol as a carbon source at this stage. It is believed that these treatments confuse the cells causing them to develop as embryoids and plants from microspores. Dramatic increases in development from these haploid cells, as high as 25 embryoids in 104microspores, have resulted from using these methods. To isolate microspores, an isolation media is generally used. An isolation media is used to separate microspores from the anther walls while maintaining their viability and embryogenic potential. An illustrative embodiment of an isolation media includes a 6% sucrose or maltose solution combined with an antioxidant such as 50 mg/l of ascorbic acid, 0.1 mg/l biotin, and 400 mg/l of proline, combined with 10 mg/l of nicotinic acid and 0.5 mg/l AgNO3. In another embodiment, the biotin and proline are omitted. An isolation media preferably has a higher antioxidant level when it is used to isolate microspores from a donor plant (a plant from which a plant composition containing a microspore is obtained) that is field grown in contrast to greenhouse grown. A preferred level of ascorbic acid in an isolation medium is from about 50 mg/l to about 125 mg/l and, more preferably, from about 50 mg/l to about 100 mg/1. One can find particular benefit in employing a support for the microspores during culturing and subculturing. Any support that maintains the cells near the surface can be used. An illustrative embodiment of a solid support is a TRANSWELL® culture dish. Another embodiment of a solid support for development of the microspores is a bilayer plate wherein liquid media is on top of a solid base. Other embodiments include a mesh or a millipore filter. Preferably, a solid support is a nylon mesh in the shape of a raft. A raft is defined as an approximately circular support material which is capable of floating slightly above the bottom of a tissue culture vessel, for example, a petri dish, of about a 60 or 100 mm size, although any other laboratory tissue culture vessel will suffice. In an illustrative embodiment, a raft is about 55 mm in diameter. Culturing isolated microspores on a solid support, for example, on a 10 mm pore nylon raft floating on 2.2 ml of medium in a 60 mm petri dish, prevents microspores from sinking into the liquid medium and thus avoiding low oxygen tension. These types of cell supports enable the serial transfer of the nylon raft with its associated microspore/embryoids ultimately to full strength medium containing activated charcoal and solidified with, for example, GELRITE™ (solidifying agent). The liquid medium passes through the mesh while the microspores are retained and supported at the medium-air interface. The surface tension of the liquid medium in the petri dish causes the raft to float. The liquid is able to pass through the mesh; consequently, the microspores stay on top. The mesh remains on top of the total volume of liquid medium. The culture vessels can be further defined as either (1) a bilayer 60 mm petri plate wherein the bottom 2 ml of medium are solidified with 0.7% agarose overlaid with 1 mm of liquid containing the microspores; (2) a nylon mesh raft wherein a wafer of nylon is floated on 1.2 ml of medium and 1 ml of isolated microspores is pipetted on top; or (3) TRANSWELL® plates wherein isolated microspores are pipetted onto membrane inserts which support the microspores at the surface of 2 ml of medium. Examples of processes of tissue culturing and regeneration of corn are described in, for example, European Patent Application Publication No. EP0160390, PCT Application WO 95/06128, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,369. Processes of Crossing Corn Plants and the Corn Plants Produced by Such Crosses The present invention provides processes of preparing novel corn plants and corn plants produced by such processes. In accordance with such a process, a first parent corn plant may be crossed with a second parent corn plant wherein the first and second corn plants are the parent lines of hybrid corn plant variety CH011013, or wherein at least one of the plants is of hybrid corn plant variety CH011013. Corn plants (Zea maysL.) can be crossed by either natural or mechanical techniques. Natural pollination occurs in corn when the wind blows pollen from the tassels to the silks that protrude from the tops of the recipient ears. Mechanical pollination can be effected either by controlling the types of pollen that can blow onto the silks or by pollinating by hand. In one embodiment, crossing comprises the steps of:(a) planting in pollinating proximity seeds of a first and a second parent corn plant, and preferably, seeds of a first inbred corn plant and a second, distinct inbred corn plant;(b) cultivating or growing the seeds of the first and second parent corn plants into plants that bear flowers;(c) emasculating flowers of either the first or second parent corn plant, i.e., treating the flowers so as to prevent pollen production, or alternatively, using as the female parent a male sterile plant, thereby providing an emasculated parent corn plant;(d) allowing natural cross-pollination to occur between the first and second parent corn plants;(e) harvesting seeds produced on the emasculated parent corn plant; and, when desired,(f) growing the harvested seed into a corn plant, preferably, a hybrid corn plant. Parental plants are typically planted in pollinating proximity to each other by planting the parental plants in alternating rows, in blocks or in any other convenient planting pattern. When the parental plants differ in timing of sexual maturity, it may be desired to plant the slower maturing plant first, thereby ensuring the availability of pollen from the male parent during the time at which silks on the female parent are receptive to pollen. Plants of both parental parents are cultivated and allowed to grow until the time of flowering. Advantageously, during this growth stage, plants are in general treated with fertilizer and/or other agricultural chemicals as considered appropriate by the grower. At the time of flowering, in the event that plant CH011013 is employed as the male parent, the tassels of the other parental plant are removed from all plants employed as the female parental plant to avoid self-pollination. The detasseling can be achieved manually but also can be done by machine. Alternatively, when the female parent corn plant comprises a cytoplasmic or nuclear gene conferring male sterility, detasseling may not be required. Additionally, a chemical gametocide may be used to sterilize the male flowers of the female plant. In this case, the parent plants used as the male may either not be treated with the chemical agent or may comprise a genetic factor which causes resistance to the emasculating effects of the chemical agent. Gametocides affect processes or cells involved in the development, maturation or release of pollen. Plants treated with such gametocides are rendered male sterile, but typically remain female fertile. The use of chemical gametocides is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,936,904, the disclosure of which is specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Furthermore, the use of Roundup herbicide in combination with glyphosate tolerant corn plants to produce male sterile corn plants is disclosed in PCT Publication WO 98/44140. Following emasculation, the plants are then typically allowed to continue to grow and natural cross-pollination occurs as a result of the action of wind, which is normal in the pollination of grasses, including corn. As a result of the emasculation of the female parent plant, all the pollen from the male parent plant is available for pollination because tassels, and thereby pollen bearing flowering parts, have been previously removed from all plants of the plant being used as the female in the hybridization. Of course, during this hybridization procedure, the parental varieties are grown such that they are isolated from other corn fields to minimize or prevent any accidental contamination of pollen from foreign sources. These isolation techniques are well within the skill of those skilled in this art. Both parental plants of corn may be allowed to continue to grow until maturity or the male rows may be destroyed after flowering is complete. Only the ears from the female parental plants are harvested to obtain seeds of a novel F1hybrid. The novel F1hybrid seed produced can then be planted in a subsequent growing season in commercial fields or, alternatively, advanced in breeding protocols for purposes of developing novel inbred lines. Alternatively, in another embodiment of the invention, one or both first and second parent corn plants can be from variety CH011013. Thus, any corn plant produced using corn plant CH011013 forms a part of the invention. As used herein, crossing can mean selfing, backcrossing, crossing to another or the same variety, crossing to populations, and the like. All corn plants produced using the corn variety CH011013 as a parent are, therefore, within the scope of this invention. One use of the instant corn variety is in the production of hybrid seed. Any time the corn plant CH011013 is crossed with another, different, corn plant, a corn hybrid plant is produced. As such, hybrid corn plant can be produced by crossing CH011013 with any second corn plant. Essentially any other corn plant can be used to produce a corn plant having corn plant CH011013 as one parent. All that is required is that the second plant be fertile, which corn plants naturally are, and that the plant is not corn variety CH011013. The goal of the process of producing an F1hybrid is to manipulate the genetic complement of corn to generate new combinations of genes which interact to yield new or improved traits (phenotypic characteristics). A process of producing an F1hybrid typically begins with the production of one or more inbred plants. Those plants are produced by repeated crossing of ancestrally related corn plants to try to combine certain genes within the inbred plants. The development of new inbred varieties using one or more starting varieties is well known in the art. In accordance with the invention, novel varieties may be created by crossing a corn variety, followed by multiple generations of breeding according to such well known methods. New varieties may be created by crossing a corn variety with any second plant. In selecting such a second plant to cross for the purpose of developing novel inbred lines, it may be desired to choose those plants which either themselves exhibit one or more desirable characteristics or which exhibit the desirable characteristic(s) when in hybrid combination. Examples of potentially desirable characteristics include greater yield, better stalks, better roots, resistance to insecticides, herbicides, pests, and disease, tolerance to heat and drought, reduced time to crop maturity, better agronomic quality, higher nutritional value, and uniformity in germination times, stand establishment, growth rate, maturity, and fruit size. Once initial crosses have been made with a corn variety, inbreeding takes place to produce new inbred varieties. Inbreeding requires manipulation by human breeders. Even in the extremely unlikely event inbreeding rather than crossbreeding occurred in natural corn, achievement of complete inbreeding cannot be expected in nature due to well-known deleterious effects of homozygosity and the large number of generations the plant would have to breed in isolation. The reason for the breeder to create inbred plants is to have a known reservoir of genes whose gametic transmission is predictable. The pedigree breeding method involves crossing two genotypes. Each genotype can have one or more desirable characteristics lacking in the other; or, each genotype can complement the other. If the two original parental genotypes do not provide all of the desirable characteristics, other genotypes can be included in the breeding population. Superior plants that are the products of these crosses are selfed and selected in successive generations. Each succeeding generation becomes more homogeneous as a result of self-pollination and selection. Typically, this method of breeding involves five or more generations of selfing and selection. After at least five generations, the inbred plant is considered genetically pure. Marker assisted selection (MAS) can be used to reduce the number of breeding cycles and improve selection accuracy. For example, see Openshaw et al., “Marker-assisted Selection in Backcross Breeding,” in: Proceedings Symposium of the Analysis of Molecular Data, August 1994, Crop Science Society of America. Genome-wide selection (GWS)/genomic selection (GS) can also be used as an alternative to, or in combination to, marker assisted selection and phenotype selection. GS utilizes quantitative models over a large number of markers distributed across the genome to predict the genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) of individual plants that has been genotyped but not phenotyped. GS can improve complex traits or combination of multiple traits without the need to identify markers associated with the traits. GS can replace phenotyping for a few selection cycles, thus reducing the cost and the time required for variety development (Crossa et al., Trends in Plant Science, November 2017, Vol. 22, No. 11). Uniform lines of new varieties may also be developed by way of doubled-haploids. This technique allows the creation of true breeding lines without the need for multiple generations of selfing and selection. In this manner true breeding lines can be produced in as little as one generation. Haploid induction systems have been developed for various plants to produce haploid tissues, plants and seeds. The haploid induction system can produce haploid plants from any genotype by crossing with an inducer line. Inducer lines and methods for obtaining haploid plants are known in the art. Haploid embryos may be produced, for example, from microspores, pollen, anther cultures, or ovary cultures. The haploid embryos may then be doubled autonomously, or by chemical treatments (e.g. colchicine treatment). Alternatively, haploid embryos may be grown into haploid plants and treated to induce chromosome doubling. In either case, fertile homozygous plants are obtained. In accordance with the invention, any of such techniques may be used in connection with a plant of the invention and progeny thereof to achieve a homozygous line. Corn has a diploid phase which means two conditions of a gene (two alleles) occupy each locus (position on a chromosome). If the alleles are the same at a locus, there is said to be homozygosity. If they are different, there is said to be heterozygosity. In a completely inbred plant, all loci are homozygous. Because many loci when homozygous are deleterious to the plant, in particular leading to reduced vigor, less kernels, weak and/or poor growth, production of inbred plants is an unpredictable and arduous process. Under some conditions, heterozygous advantage at some loci effectively bars perpetuation of homozygosity. A single cross hybrid corn variety is the cross of two inbred plants, each of which has a genotype which complements the genotype of the other. Typically, F1hybrids are more vigorous than their inbred parents. This hybrid vigor, or heterosis, is manifested in many polygenic traits, including markedly improved yields, better stalks, better roots, better uniformity and better insect and disease resistance. In the development of hybrids only the F1hybrid plants are typically sought. An F1single cross hybrid is produced when two inbred plants are crossed. A double cross hybrid is produced from four inbred plants crossed in pairs (A×B and C×D) and then the two F1hybrids are crossed again (A×B)×(C×D). Thousands of corn varieties are known to those of skill in the art, any one of which could be crossed with corn plant CH011013 to produce a hybrid plant. Estimates place the number of different corn accessions in gene banks around the world at around 50,000. The Maize Genetics Cooperation Stock Center, which is supported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, has a total collection of over 80,000 individually pedigreed samples (available on the World Wide Web at maizecoop.cropsci.uiuc.edu/). When the corn plant CH011013 is crossed with another plant to yield progeny, it can serve as either the maternal or paternal plant. For many crosses, the outcome is the same regardless of the assigned sex of the parental plants. However, due to increased seed yield and production characteristics, it may be desired to use one parental plant as the maternal plant. Some plants produce tighter ear husks leading to more loss, for example due to rot. There can be delays in silk formation which deleteriously affect timing of the reproductive cycle for a pair of parental inbreds. Seed coat characteristics can be preferable in one plant. Pollen can be shed better by one plant. Other variables can also affect preferred sexual assignment of a particular cross. The development of a hybrid corn variety involves three steps: (1) selecting plants from various germplasm pools; (2) selfing the selected plants for several generations to produce a series of inbred plants, which although different from each other, each breed true and are highly uniform; and (3) crossing the selected inbred plants with unrelated inbred plants to produce F1hybrid progeny. During this inbreeding process in corn, the vigor of the plants decreases; however, vigor is restored when two unrelated inbred plants are crossed to produce F1hybrid progeny. An important consequence of the genetic homozygosity and homogeneity of an inbred plant is that the F1hybrid progeny of any two inbred varieties are genetically and phenotypically uniform. Plant breeders choose these hybrid populations that display phenotypic uniformity. Once the inbred plants that produce superior hybrid progeny have been identified, the uniform traits of their hybrid progeny can be reproduced indefinitely as long as the homogeneity of the inbred parents is maintained. The development of inbred plants generally requires at least about 5 to 7 generations of selfing. Inbred plants are then cross-bred in an attempt to develop improved F1hybrids. Hybrids are then screened and evaluated in small scale field trials. Typically, about 10 to 15 phenotypic traits, selected for their potential commercial value, are measured. A selection index of the most commercially important traits is used to help evaluate hybrids. FACT, an acronym for Field Analysis Comparison Trial (strip trials), is an on-farm experimental testing program employed by Monsanto Company to perform the final evaluation of the commercial potential of a product. During the next several years, a progressive elimination of hybrids occurs based on more detailed evaluation of their phenotype. Eventually, strip trials (FACT) are conducted to formally compare the experimental hybrids being developed with other hybrids, some of which were previously developed and generally are commercially successful. That is, comparisons of experimental hybrids are made to competitive hybrids to determine if there was any advantage to further development of the experimental hybrids. After FACT testing is complete, determinations may be made whether commercial development should proceed for a given hybrid. The present invention provides a genetic complement of the hybrid corn plant variety designated CH011013. As used herein, the phrase “genetic complement” means an aggregate of nucleotide sequences, the expression of which defines the phenotype of a corn plant or a cell or tissue of that plant. By way of example, a corn plant is genotyped to determine a representative sample of the inherited markers it possesses. Markers are alleles at a single locus. They are preferably inherited in codominant fashion so that the presence of both alleles at a diploid locus is readily detectable, and they are free of environmental variation, i.e., their heritability is 1. This genotyping is preferably performed on at least one generation of the descendant plant for which the numerical value of the quantitative trait or traits of interest are also determined. The array of single locus genotypes is expressed as a profile of marker alleles, two at each locus. The marker allelic composition of each locus can be either homozygous or heterozygous. Homozygosity is a condition in which both alleles at a locus are characterized by the same nucleotide sequence or size of a repeated sequence. Heterozygosity refers to different conditions of the gene at a locus. A preferred type of genetic marker for use with the invention is simple sequence repeats (SSRs), although potentially any other type of genetic marker could be used, for example, restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and isozymes. All of the compositions and methods disclosed and claimed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in light of the present disclosure. While the compositions and methods of this invention have been described in terms of the foregoing illustrative embodiments, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations, changes, modifications, and alterations may be applied to the composition, methods, and in the steps or in the sequence of steps of the methods described herein, without departing from the true concept, spirit, and scope of the invention. More specifically, it will be apparent that certain agents that are both chemically and physiologically related may be substituted for the agents described herein while the same or similar results would be achieved. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope, and concept of the invention as defined by the appended claims. The references cited herein, to the extent that they provide exemplary procedural or other details supplementary to those set forth herein, are specifically incorporated herein by reference.

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DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Definitions of Plant Characteristics Barren Plants: Plants that are barren, i.e., lack an ear with grain, or have an ear with only a few scattered kernels. Cg:Colletotrichum graminicolarating. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection. CLN: Corn Lethal Necrosis (combination of Maize Chlorotic Mottle Virus and Maize Dwarf Mosaic virus) rating. A numerical rating that is based on a 1 to 9 scale of severity in which “1” indicates “most resistant” and “9” indicates “most susceptible.” Cn:Corynebacterium nebraskenserating. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection. Cz:Cercospora zeae-maydisrating. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection. Dgg:Diatraea grandiosellagirdling rating. A rating in which the value equals percent plants girdled and stalk lodged. Dropped Ears: Ears that have fallen from the plant to the ground. Dsp:Diabroticaspecies root rating. A rating that is based on a 1 to 9 scale in which “1” indicates “least affected” and “9” indicates “severe pruning.” Ear-Attitude: The attitude or position of the ear at harvest, which is scored as upright, horizontal, or pendant. Ear-Cob Color: The color of the cob, which is scored as white, pink, red, or brown. Ear-Cob Diameter: The average diameter of the cob when measured at the midpoint. Ear-Cob Strength: A measure of mechanical strength of the cobs to breakage, which is scored as strong or weak. Ear-Diameter: The average diameter of the ear when measured at the midpoint. Ear-Dry Husk Color: The color of the husks at harvest, which is scored as buff, red, or purple. Ear-Fresh Husk Color: The color of the husks 1 to 2 weeks after pollination, which is scored as green, red, or purple. Ear-Husk Bract: The length of an average husk leaf, which is scored as short, medium, or long. Ear-Husk Cover: The average distance from the tip of the ear to the tip of the husks in which the minimum value is no less than zero. Ear-Husk Opening: An evaluation of husk tightness at harvest, which is scored as tight, intermediate, or open. Ear-Length: The average length of the ear. Ear-Number Per Stalk: The average number of ears per plant. Ear-Shank Internodes: The average number of internodes on the ear shank. Ear-Shank Length: The average length of the ear shank. Ear-Shelling Percent: The average of the shelled grain weight divided by the sum of the shelled grain weight and cob weight for a single ear. Ear-Silk Color: The color of the silk observed 2 to 3 days after silk emergence, which is scored as green-yellow, yellow, pink, red, or purple. Ear-Taper (Shape): The taper or shape of the ear, which is scored as conical, semi-conical, or cylindrical. Ear-Weight: The average weight of an ear. Early Stand: The percent of plants that emerge from the ground as determined in the early spring. ER: Ear rot rating. A rating in which the value approximates percent ear rotted. Final Stand Count: The number of plants just prior to harvest. GDUs: Growing degree units. GDUs are calculated by the Barger Method in which the heat units for a 24 h period are calculated as follows: [(Maximum daily temperature+Minimum daily temperature)/2]−50. The highest maximum daily temperature used is 86° F. and the lowest minimum temperature used is 50° F. GDUs to Shed: The number of growing degree units (GDUs) or heat units required for a variety to have approximately 50% of the plants shedding pollen as measured from time of planting. GDUs to shed is determined by summing the individual GDU daily values from the planting date to the date of 50% pollen shed. GDUs to Silk: The number of growing degree units (GDUs) for a variety to have approximately 50% of the plants with silk emergence as measured from the time of planting. GDUs to silk is determined by summing the individual GDU daily values from the planting date to the date of 50% silking. Hc2:Helminthosporium carbonumrace 2 rating. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection. Hc3:Helminthosporium carbonumrace 3 rating. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection. Hm:Helminthosporium maydisrace 0 rating. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection. Ht1:Helminthosporium turcicumrace 1 rating. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection. Ht2:Helminthosporium turcicumrace 2 rating. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection. HtG: Chlorotic-lesion type resistance. “+” indicates the presence of Ht chlorotic-lesion type resistance; “−” indicates absence of Ht chlorotic-lesion type resistance; and “+/−” indicates segregation of Ht chlorotic-lesion type resistance. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection. Kernel-Aleurone Color: The color of the aleurone, which is scored as white, pink, tan, brown, bronze, red, purple, pale purple, colorless, or variegated. Kernel-Cap Color: The color of the kernel cap observed at dry stage, which is scored as white, lemon-yellow, yellow, or orange. Kernel-Endosperm Color: The color of the endosperm, which is scored as white, pale yellow, or yellow. Kernel-Endosperm Type: The type of endosperm, which is scored as normal, waxy, or opaque. Kernel-Grade: The percent of kernels that are classified as rounds. Kernel-Length: The average distance from the cap of the kernel to the pedicel. Kernel-Number Per Row: The average number of kernels in a single row. Kernel-Pericarp Color: The color of the pericarp, which is scored as colorless, red-white crown, tan, bronze, brown, light red, cherry red, or variegated. Kernel-Row Direction: The direction of the kernel rows on the ear, which is scored as straight, slightly curved, spiral, or indistinct (scattered). Kernel-Row Number: The average number of rows of kernels on a single ear. Kernel-Side Color: The color of the kernel side observed at the dry stage, which is scored as white, pale yellow, yellow, orange, red, or brown. Kernel-Thickness: The distance across the narrow side of the kernel. Kernel-Type: The type of kernel, which is scored as dent, flint, or intermediate. Kernel-Weight: The average weight of a predetermined number of kernels. Kernel-Width: The distance across the flat side of the kernel. Kz:Kabatiella zeaerating. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection. Leaf-Angle: Angle of the upper leaves to the stalk, which is scored as upright (0 to 30 degrees), intermediate (30 to 60 degrees), or lax (60 to 90 degrees). Leaf-Color: The color of the leaves 1 to 2 weeks after pollination, which is scored as light green, medium green, dark green, or very dark green. Leaf-Length: The average length of the primary ear leaf. Leaf-Longitudinal Creases: A rating of the number of longitudinal creases on the leaf surface 1 to 2 weeks after pollination. Creases are scored as absent, few, or many. Leaf-Marginal Waves: A rating of the waviness of the leaf margin 1 to 2 weeks after pollination, which is rated as none, few, or many. Leaf-Number: The average number of leaves of a mature plant. Counting begins with the cotyledonary leaf and ends with the flag leaf. Leaf-Sheath Anthocyanin: A rating of the level of anthocyanin in the leaf sheath 1 to 2 weeks after pollination, which is scored as absent, basal-weak, basal-strong, weak, or strong. Leaf-Sheath Pubescence: A rating of the pubescence of the leaf sheath. Ratings are taken 1 to 2 weeks after pollination and scored as light, medium, or heavy. Leaf-Width: The average width of the primary ear leaf when measured at its widest point. LSS: Late season standability. The value multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent plants lodged in disease evaluation plots. Moisture: The moisture of the grain at harvest. On1:Ostrinia nubilalis1st brood rating. The rating is based on a 1 to 9 scale in which “1” indicates “resistant” and “9” indicates “susceptible.” On2:Ostrinia nubilalis2nd brood rating. The rating is based on a 1 to 9 scale in which “1” indicates “resistant” and “9” indicates “susceptible.” Relative Maturity: A maturity rating based on regression analysis. The regression analysis is developed by utilizing check hybrids and their previously established day rating versus actual harvest moistures. Harvest moisture on the hybrid in question is determined and that moisture value is inserted into the regression equation to yield a relative maturity. Root Lodging: Root lodging is the percentage of plants that root lodge. A plant is counted as root lodged if a portion of the plant leans from the vertical axis by approximately 30 degrees or more. Seedling Color: Color of leaves at the 6 to 8 leaf stage. Seedling Height: Plant height at the 6 to 8 leaf stage. Seedling Vigor: A visual rating of the amount of vegetative growth on a 1 to 9 scale in which the best and worst ratings are “1” and “9”, respectively. The score is taken when the average entry in a trial is at the fifth leaf stage. Selection Index: The selection index gives a single measure of hybrid's worth based on information from multiple traits. One of the traits that is almost always included is yield. Traits may be weighted according to the level of importance assigned to them. Sr:Sphacelotheca reilianarating. The rating is actual percent infection. Stalk-Anthocyanin: A rating of the amount of anthocyanin pigmentation in the stalk. The stalk is rated 1 to 2 weeks after pollination as absent, basal-weak, basal-strong, weak, or strong. Stalk-Brace Root Color: The color of the brace roots observed 1 to 2 weeks after pollination as green, red, or purple. Stalk-Diameter: The average diameter of the lowest visible internode of the stalk. Stalk-Ear Height: The average height of the ear when measured from the ground to the point of attachment of the ear shank of the top developed ear to the stalk. Stalk-Internode Direction: The direction of the stalk internode observed after pollination as straight or zigzag. Stalk-Internode Length: The average length of the internode above the primary ear. Stalk Lodging: The percentage of plants that did stalk lodge. Plants are counted as stalk lodged if the plant is broken over or off below the ear. Stalk-Nodes With Brace Roots: The average number of nodes having brace roots per plant. Stalk-Plant Height: The average height of the plant when measured from the soil to the tip of the tassel. Stalk-Tillers: The percent of plants that have tillers. A tiller is defined as a secondary shoot that has developed as a tassel capable of shedding pollen. Staygreen: Staygreen is a measure of general plant health near the time of black layer formation (physiological maturity) and is usually recorded at the time the ear husks of most entries within a trial have turned a mature color. Scoring is on a 1 to 9 basis in which “1” and “9” are the best and worst score, respectively. STR: Stalk rot rating. The rating is based on a 1 to 9 scale of severity in which “1” indicates “25% of inoculated internode rotted” and “9” indicates “entire stalk rotted and collapsed.” SVC: Southeastern Virus Complex (combination of Maize Chlorotic Dwarf Virus and Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus) rating. The numerical rating is based on a 1 to 9 scale of severity in which “1” indicates “most resistant” and “9” indicates “most susceptible.” Tassel-Anther Color: The color of the anthers at 50% pollen shed, which is scored as green-yellow, yellow, pink, red, or purple. Tassel-Attitude: The attitude of the tassel after pollination, which is scored as open or compact. Tassel-Branch Angle: The angle of an average tassel branch to the main stem of the tassel, which is scored as upright (less than 30 degrees), intermediate (30 to 45 degrees), or lax (greater than 45 degrees). Tassel-Branch Number: The average number of primary tassel branches. Tassel-Glume Band: The closed anthocyanin band at the base of the glume, which is scored as present or absent. Tassel-Glume Color: The color of the glumes at 50% shed, which is scored as green, red, or purple. Tassel-Length: The length of the tassel, which is measured from the base of the bottom tassel branch to the tassel tip. Tassel-Peduncle Length: The average length of the tassel peduncle, which is measured from the base of the flag leaf to the base of the bottom tassel branch. Tassel-Pollen Shed: A visual rating of pollen shed that is determined by tapping the tassel and observing the pollen flow of approximately five plants per entry. The rating is based on a 1 to 9 scale in which “9” indicates “sterile” and “1” indicates “most pollen.” Tassel-Spike Length: The length of the spike, which is measured from the base of the top tassel branch to the tassel tip. Test Weight: Weight of the grain in pounds for a given volume (bushel) adjusted to 15.5% moisture. Yield: Yield of grain at harvest adjusted to 15.5% moisture. Other Definitions Allele: Any of one or more alternative forms of a gene locus, all of which relate to one trait or characteristic. In a diploid cell or organism, the two alleles of a given gene occupy corresponding loci on a pair of homologous chromosomes. Backcrossing: A process in which a breeder repeatedly crosses hybrid progeny back to one of the parents, for example, a first generation hybrid (F1) with one of the parental genotypes of the F1hybrid. Crossing: The pollination of a female flower of a corn plant, thereby resulting in the production of seed from the flower. Cross-pollination: Fertilization by the union of two gametes from different plants. Diploid: A cell or organism having two sets of chromosomes. Emasculate: The removal of plant male sex organs or the inactivation of the organs with a chemical agent or a cytoplasmic or nuclear genetic factor conferring male sterility. F1Hybrid: The first generation progeny of the cross of two plants. Genetic Complement: An aggregate of nucleotide sequences, the expression of which sequences defines the phenotype in corn plants, or components of plants including cells or tissue. Genomic Selection (GS) or Genome-wide selection (GWS): a use of genome-wide genotypic data to predict genomic estimated breeding values (GEBV) for selection purposes in breeding process. Genotype: The genetic constitution of a cell or organism. Haploid: A cell or organism having one set of the two sets of chromosomes in a diploid. Marker: A readily detectable phenotype or genotype, preferably inherited in codominant fashion (both alleles at a locus in a diploid heterozygote are readily detectable), with no environmental variance component, i.e., heritability of 1. Marker assisted breeding or marker assisted selection (MAS): A process of selecting a desired trait or desired traits in a plant or plants by detecting one or more markers from the plant, where the marker is associated with the desired trait. Phenotype: The detectable characteristics of a cell or organism, which characteristics are the manifestation of gene expression. Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL): Genetic loci that contribute, at least in part, to certain numerically representable traits that are usually continuously distributed. Regeneration: The development of a plant from tissue culture. Self-pollination: The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of the same plant. Single Locus Converted (Conversion) Plant: Plants which are developed by a plant breeding technique called backcrossing or by genome editing of a locus, wherein essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of an inbred are recovered in addition to the characteristics conferred by the single locus transferred into the inbred via the backcrossing or genome editing technique. A single locus may comprise one gene, or in the case of transgenic plants, one or more transgenes integrated into the host genome at a single site (locus). Tissue Culture: A composition comprising isolated cells of the same or a different type or a collection of such cells organized into parts of a plant. Three-way cross hybrid: A hybrid plant produced by crossing a first inbred plant with the F1hybrid progeny derived from crossing a second inbred plant with a third inbred plant. Transgene: A genetic sequence which has been introduced into the nuclear or cytoplasmic components of the genome of a corn plant by a genetic transformation technique. Variety Descriptions In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a novel hybrid corn plant variety designated CH011176. Hybrid variety CH011176 was produced from a cross of the inbred varieties designated CV681190 and CV360779. The inbred parents have been self-pollinated and ear-rowed a sufficient number of generations with careful attention paid to uniformity of plant type to show uniformity and stability within the limits of environmental influence. In accordance with one aspect of the invention, there is provided a corn plant having the physiological and morphological characteristics of corn plant CH011176. An analysis of such morphological traits was carried out, the results of which are presented in Table 1. TABLE 1Morphological Traits for Hybrid Variety CH011176CHARACTERISTICVALUE1STALKPlant Height (cm)308.1Ear Height (cm)132.7AnthocyaninAbsentBrace Root ColorFaintInternode DirectionStraightInternode Length (cm)19.42LEAFColorDark GreenLength (cm)90.6Width (cm)11.9Sheath AnthocyaninAbsentSheath PubescenceMediumMarginal WavesModerateLongitudinal CreasesFew3TASSELLength (cm)47.7Peduncle Length (cm)13Branch Number6.7Anther ColorYellowGlume ColorGreen & Medium GreenGlume BandAbsent4EARSilk ColorYellowNumber Per Stalk1PositionUprightLength (cm)20.8ShapeCylindricalDiameter (cm)4.7Shank Length (cm)12Husk BractShortHusk Cover (cm)1.1Husk OpeningModerateHusk Color FreshGreen & Medium GreenHusk Color DryBuffCob Diameter (cm)2.6Cob ColorRedShelling Percent87.15KERNELRow Number16.8Number Per Row42.6Row DirectionStraightTypeDentCap ColorYellowSide ColorYellowLength (depth) (mm)13.1Width (mm)8.5Thickness (mm)4.6Endosperm TypeNormalEndosperm ColorYellow*These are typical values. Values may vary due to environment. Other values that are substantially equivalent are within the scope of the invention. Substantially equivalent refers to quantitative traits that when compared do not show statistical differences of their means. DEPOSIT INFORMATION A deposit of at least 625 seeds of inbred parent plant varieties CV681190 (U.S. Pat. No. 10,561,094) and CV360779 (U.S. Pat. No. 9,936,658) has been made with either the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110-2209 USA, or the Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Marine Algae and Microbiota (NCMA) at Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, 60 Bigelow Drive, East Boothbay, ME 04544 USA, and assigned ATCC Accession No. PTA-125236 and ATCC Accession No. PTA-124517, respectively. The dates of deposit with the specific International Depositary Authority are Sep. 20, 2018 and Oct. 4, 2017, respectively. All restrictions upon the deposits have been removed, and the deposits are intended to meet all of the requirements of the Budapest Treaty and 37 C.F.R. § 1.801-1.809. Access to the deposits will be available during the pendency of the application to the Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks and persons determined by the Commissioner to be entitled thereto upon request. The deposits have been accepted under the Budapest Treaty and will be maintained in the specific Depository, which is a public depository, for a period of 30 years, or 5 years after the most recent request, or for the enforceable life of the patent, whichever is longer, and will be replaced if it becomes nonviable during that period. Applicant does not waive any infringement of their rights granted under this patent or under the Plant Variety Protection Act (7 U.S.C. 2321 et seq.). FURTHER EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION In one embodiment, compositions are provided comprising a seed of corn variety CH011176 comprised in plant seed cultivation media. Plant seed cultivation media are well known to those of skill in the art and include, but are in no way limited to, soil or synthetic cultivation medium. Plant seed cultivation media can provide adequate physical support for seeds and can retain moisture and/or nutritional components. Examples of characteristics for soils that may be desirable in certain embodiments can be found, for instance, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,932,166 and 4,707,176. Synthetic plant cultivation media are also well known in the art and may, in certain embodiments, comprise polymers or hydrogels. Examples of such compositions are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,241,537. In certain further aspects, the invention provides plants modified to include at least a first trait. Such plants may, in one embodiment, be developed by a plant breeding technique called backcrossing, wherein essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of a variety are recovered in addition to a genetic locus transferred into the hybrid via the backcrossing technique. By essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics, it is meant that all of the characteristics of a plant are recovered that are otherwise present when compared in the same environment, other than an occasional variant trait that might arise during backcrossing or direct introduction of a transgene. In one embodiment, such traits may be determined, for example, relative to the traits listed in Table 1 as determined at the 5% significance level when grown under the same environmental conditions. Backcrossing methods can be used with the present invention to improve or introduce a trait in a hybrid via modification of its inbred parent(s). The term backcrossing as used herein refers to the repeated crossing of a hybrid progeny back to one of the parental corn plants for that hybrid. The parental corn plant which contributes the locus or loci for the trait is termed the nonrecurrent or donor parent. This terminology refers to the fact that the nonrecurrent parent is used one time in the backcross protocol and therefore does not recur. The parental corn plant to which the locus or loci from the nonrecurrent parent are transferred is known as the recurrent parent as it is used for several rounds in the backcrossing protocol. In a typical backcross protocol, the original parent hybrid of interest (recurrent parent) is crossed to a second variety (nonrecurrent parent) that carries the genetic locus of interest to be transferred. The resulting progeny from this cross are then crossed again to the recurrent parent and the process is repeated until a corn plant is obtained wherein essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of the recurrent parent are recovered in the converted plant, in addition to the transferred locus from the nonrecurrent parent. The backcross process may be accelerated by the use of genetic markers, such as SSR, RFLP, SNP or AFLP markers to identify plants with the greatest genetic complement from the recurrent parent. The selection of a suitable recurrent parent is an important step for a successful backcrossing procedure. The goal of a backcross protocol is to add or substitute one or more new traits in the original inbred and hybrid progeny therefrom. To accomplish this, a genetic locus of the recurrent parent is modified or substituted with the locus from the nonrecurrent parent, while retaining essentially all of the rest of the genetic complement, and therefore the morphological and physiological constitution of the original plant. The choice of the particular nonrecurrent parent will depend on the purpose of the backcross; one of the major purposes is to add some commercially desirable, agronomically important trait to the plant. The exact backcrossing protocol will depend on the characteristic or trait being altered to determine an appropriate testing protocol. Although backcrossing methods are simplified when the characteristic being transferred is a dominant allele, a recessive allele may also be transferred. In this instance it may be necessary to introduce a test of the progeny to determine if the characteristic has been successfully transferred. Many traits have been identified that are not regularly selected for in the development of a new variety but that can be improved by backcrossing techniques. A genetic locus conferring the traits may or may not be transgenic. Examples of such traits known to those of skill in the art include, but are not limited to, male sterility, waxy starch, herbicide resistance, resistance to bacterial, fungal, or viral disease, insect resistance, male fertility and enhanced nutritional quality. These genes are generally inherited through the nucleus, but may be inherited through the cytoplasm. Some known exceptions to this are genes for male sterility, some of which are inherited cytoplasmically, but still act as a single locus trait. Direct selection may be applied when a genetic locus acts as a dominant trait. An example of a dominant trait is the herbicide resistance trait. For this selection process, the progeny of the initial cross are sprayed with the herbicide prior to the backcrossing. The spraying eliminates any plants which do not have the herbicide resistance characteristic, and only those plants which have the herbicide resistance gene are used in the subsequent backcross. This process is then repeated for all additional backcross generations. Many useful traits are those which are introduced by genetic transformation techniques. Methods for the genetic transformation of corn are known to those of skill in the art. For example, methods which have been described for the genetic transformation of corn include electroporation (U.S. Pat. No. 5,384,253), electrotransformation (U.S. Pat. No. 5,371,003), microprojectile bombardment (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,550,318, 5,736,369 and 5,538,880; and PCT Publication WO 95/06128),Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (U.S. Pat. No. 5,591,616 and European Patent Application Publication No. EP0672752), direct DNA uptake transformation of protoplasts and silicon carbide fiber-mediated transformation (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,302,532 and 5,464,765). Included among various plant transformation techniques are methods permitting the site-specific modification of a plant genome. These modifications can include, but are not limited to, site-specific mutations, deletions, insertions, and replacements of nucleotides. These modifications can be made anywhere within the genome of a plant, for example, in genomic elements, including, among others, coding sequences, regulatory elements, and non-coding DNA sequences. Any number of such modifications can be made and that number of modifications may be made in any order or combination, for example, simultaneously all together or one after another. Such methods may be used to modify a particular trait conferred by a locus. The techniques for making such modifications by genome editing are well known in the art and include, for example, use of CRISPR-Cas systems, zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), among others. A site-specific nuclease provided herein may be selected from the group consisting of a zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN), a meganuclease, an RNA-guided endonuclease, a TALE-endonuclease (TALEN), a recombinase, a transposase, or any combination thereof. See, e.g., Khandagale, K. et al., “Genome editing for targeted improvement in plants,” Plant Biotechnol Rep 10: 327-343 (2016); and Gaj, T. et al., “ZFN, TALEN and CRISPR/Cas-based methods for genome engineering,” Trends Biotechnol. 31(7): 397-405 (2013), the contents and disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. A recombinase may be a serine recombinase attached to a DNA recognition motif, a tyrosine recombinase attached to a DNA recognition motif or other recombinase enzyme known in the art. A recombinase or transposase may be a DNA transposase or recombinase attached to a DNA binding domain. A tyrosine recombinase attached to a DNA recognition motif may be selected from the group consisting of a Cre recombinase, a Flp recombinase, and a Tnp1 recombinase. According to some embodiments, a Cre recombinase or a Gin recombinase provided herein is tethered to a zinc-finger DNA binding domain. In another embodiment, a serine recombinase attached to a DNA recognition motif provided herein is selected from the group consisting of a PhiC31 integrase, an R4 integrase, and a TP-901 integrase. In another embodiment, a DNA transposase attached to a DNA binding domain provided herein is selected from the group consisting of a TALE-piggyBac and TALE-Mutator. An RNA-guided endonuclease may be selected from the group consisting of Cas1, Cas1B, Cas2, Cas3, Cas4, Cas5, Cash, Cas7, Cas8, Cas9 (also known as Csn1 and Csx12), Cas10, Csy1, Csy2, Csy3, Cse1, Cse2, Csc1, Csc2, Csa5, Csn2, Csm2, Csm3, Csm4, Csm5, Csm6, Cmr1, Cmr3, Cmr4, Cmr5, Cmr6, Csb1, Csb2, Csb3, Csx17, Csx14, Csx10, Csx16, CsaX, Csx3, Csx1, Csx15, Csf1, Csf2, Csf3, Csf4, Cpf1, CasX, CasY, and homologs or modified versions thereof, Argonaute (non-limiting examples of Argonaute proteins includeThermus thermophilusArgonaute (TtAgo),Pyrococcus furiosusArgonaute (PfAgo), Natronobacterium gregoryi Argonaute (NgAgo) and homologs or modified versions thereof. According to some embodiments, an RNA-guided endonuclease may be a Cas9 or Cpf1 enzyme. For example, the CRISPR/Cas9 system allows targeted cleavage of genomic sequences guided by a small noncoding RNA in plants (WO 2015026883A1). As another example, Cpf1(Cas12a) acts as an endoribonuclease to process crRNA and an endodeoxyribonuclease to cleave targeted genomic sequences. The CRISPR/Cpf1 system enables gene deletion, insertion, base editing, and locus tagging in monocot and dicot plants (Alok et al., Frontiers in Plant Science, 31 Mar. 2020). One of ordinary skill in the art of plant breeding would know how to modify plant genomes using a method including but not limited to the techniques described herein. It is understood to those of skill in the art that a transgene or a modified native gene need not be directly transformed into a plant, as techniques for the production of stably transformed corn plants that pass single loci to progeny by Mendelian inheritance is well known in the art. Such loci may therefore be passed from parent plant to progeny plants by standard plant breeding techniques that are well known in the art. A. Male Sterility Examples of genes conferring male sterility include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,861,709, 3,710,511, 4,654,465, 5,625,132, and 4,727,219, each of the disclosures of which are specifically incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Male sterility genes can increase the efficiency with which hybrids are made, in that they eliminate the need to physically emasculate the corn plant used as a female in a given cross. When one desires to employ male-sterility systems with a corn plant in accordance with the invention, it may be beneficial to also utilize one or more male-fertility restorer genes. For example, when cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is used, hybrid seed production requires three inbred lines: (1) a cytoplasmically male-sterile line having a CMS cytoplasm; (2) a fertile inbred with normal cytoplasm, which is isogenic with the CMS line for nuclear genes (“maintainer line”); and (3) a distinct, fertile inbred with normal cytoplasm, carrying a fertility restoring gene (“restorer” line). The CMS line is propagated by pollination with the maintainer line, with all of the progeny being male sterile, as the CMS cytoplasm is derived from the female parent. These male sterile plants can then be efficiently employed as the female parent in hybrid crosses with the restorer line, without the need for physical emasculation of the male reproductive parts of the female parent. The presence of a male-fertility restorer gene results in the production of fully fertile F1hybrid progeny. If no restorer gene is present in the male parent, male-sterile hybrids are obtained. Such hybrids are useful when the vegetative tissue of the corn plant is utilized, e.g., for silage, but in most cases, the seeds will be deemed the most valuable portion of the crop, so fertility of the hybrids in these crops must be restored. Therefore, one aspect of the current invention concerns the hybrid corn plant CH011176 comprising a genetic locus capable of restoring male fertility in an otherwise male-sterile plant. Examples of male-sterility genes and corresponding restorers which could be employed with the plants of the invention are well known to those of skill in the art of plant breeding and are disclosed in, for instance, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,530,191; 5,689,041; 5,741,684; and 5,684,242, the disclosures of which are each specifically incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. B. Herbicide Resistance Numerous herbicide resistance genes are known and may be employed with the invention. A non-limiting example is a gene conferring resistance to a herbicide that inhibits the growing point or meristem such as imidazolinone or sulfonylurea herbicides. As imidazolinone and sulfonylurea herbicides are acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides that prevent the formation of branched chain amino acids, exemplary genes in this category code for ALS and AHAS enzymes as described, for example, by Lee et al.,EMBO J.,7:1241, 1988; Gleen et al.,Plant Molec. Biology,18:1185, 1992; and Miki et al.,Theor. Appl. Genet.,80:449, 1990. As a non-limiting example, a gene may be employed to confer resistance to the exemplary sulfonylurea herbicide nicosulfuron. Resistance genes for glyphosate (resistance conferred by mutant 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) and aroA genes, respectively) and other phosphono compounds such as glufosinate (phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT) andStreptomyces hygroscopicusphosphinothricin acetyltransferase (bar) genes) may also be used. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,940,835 to Shah et al., which discloses the nucleotide sequence of a form of EPSPS that can confer glyphosate resistance. Non-limiting examples of EPSPS transformation events conferring glyphosate resistance are provided by U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,040,497 and 7,632,985. The MON89788 event disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,632,985 in particular is beneficial in conferring glyphosate tolerance in combination with an increase in average yield relative to prior events A DNA molecule encoding a mutant aroA gene can be obtained under ATCC Accession No. 39256, and the nucleotide sequence of the mutant gene is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,769,061 to Comai. A hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene fromE. colithat confers resistance to glyphosate in tobacco callus and plants is described in Penaloza-Vazquez et al.,Plant Cell Reports,14:482, 1995. European Patent Application Publication No. EP0333033 to Kumada et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 4,975,374 to Goodman et al., disclose nucleotide sequences of glutamine synthetase genes that confer resistance to herbicides such as L-phosphinothricin. The nucleotide sequence of a phosphinothricin acetyltransferase gene is provided in European Patent Application Publication No. EP0242246 to Leemans et al. DeGreef et al. (Biotechnology,7:61, 1989) describe the production of transgenic plants that express chimeric bar genes coding for phosphinothricin acetyl transferase activity. Exemplary genes conferring resistance to a phenoxy class herbicide haloxyfop and a cyclohexanedione class herbicide sethoxydim are the Acct-S1, Acct-S2 and Acct-S3 genes described by Marshall et al., (Theor. Appl. Genet.,83:435, 1992). As a non-limiting example, a gene may confer resistance to other exemplary phenoxy class herbicides that include, but are not limited to, quizalofop-p-ethyl and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Genes are also known that confer resistance to herbicides that inhibit photosynthesis such as, for example, triazine herbicides (psbA and gs+ genes) and benzonitrile herbicides (nitrilase gene). As a non-limiting example, a gene may confer resistance to the exemplary benzonitrile herbicide bromoxynil. Przibila et al. (Plant Cell,3:169, 1991) describe the transformation ofChlamydomonaswith plasmids encoding mutant psbA genes. Nucleotide sequences for nitrilase genes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,648 to Stalker, and DNA molecules containing these genes are available under ATCC Accession Nos. 53435, 67441, and 67442. Cloning and expression of DNA coding for a glutathione S-transferase is described by Hayes et al. (Biochem. J.,285:173, 1992). 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) is a target of the HPPD-inhibiting herbicides, which deplete plant plastoquinone and vitamin E pools. Rippert et al. (Plant Physiol.,134:92, 2004) describes an HPPD-inhibitor resistant tobacco plant that was transformed with a yeast-derived prephenate dehydrogenase (PDH) gene. Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) is the target of the PPO-inhibitor class of herbicides; a PPO-inhibitor resistant PPO gene was recently identified inAmaranthus tuberculatus(Patzoldt et al.,PNAS,103(33):12329, 2006). The herbicide methyl viologen inhibits CO2assimilation. Foyer et al. (Plant Physiol.,109:1047, 1995) describe a plant overexpressing glutathione reductase (GR) that is resistant to methyl viologen treatment. Siminszky (Phytochemistry Reviews,5:445, 2006) describes plant cytochrome P450-mediated detoxification of multiple, chemically unrelated classes of herbicides. Modified bacterial genes have been successfully demonstrated to confer resistance to atrazine, a herbicide that binds to the plastoquinone-binding membrane protein QBin photosystem II to inhibit electron transport. See, for example, studies by Cheung et al. (PNAS,85:391, 1988), describing tobacco plants expressing the chloroplast psbA gene from an atrazine-resistant biotype ofAmaranthus hybridusfused to the regulatory sequences of a nuclear gene, and Wang et al. (Plant Biotech. J.,3:475, 2005), describing transgenic alfalfa,Arabidopsis, and tobacco plants expressing the atzA gene fromPseudomonassp. that were able to detoxify atrazine. Bayley et al. (Theon. Appl. Genet.,83:645, 1992) describe the creation of 2,4-D-resistant transgenic tobacco and cotton plants using the 2,4-D monooxygenase gene tfdA fromAlcaligenes eutrophusplasmid pJP5. U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20030135879 describes the isolation of a gene for dicamba monooxygenase (DMO) fromPsueodmonas maltophiliathat is involved in the conversion of dicamba to a non-toxic 3,6-dichlorosalicylic acid and thus may be used for producing plants tolerant to this herbicide. Other examples of herbicide resistance have been described, for instance, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,803,501; 6,448,476; 6,248,876; 6,225,114; 6,107,549; 5,866,775; 5,804,425; 5,633,435; 5,463,175. C. Waxy Starch The waxy characteristic is an example of a recessive trait. In this example, the progeny resulting from the first backcross generation (BC1) must be grown and selfed. A test is then run on the selfed seed from the BC1plant to determine which BC1plants carried the recessive gene for the waxy trait. In other recessive traits additional progeny testing, for example growing additional generations such as the BC1F1, may be required to determine which plants carry the recessive gene. D. Disease Resistance Plant defenses are often activated by specific interaction between the product of a disease resistance gene (R) in the plant and the product of a corresponding avirulence (Avr) gene in the pathogen. A plant line can be transformed with a cloned resistance gene to engineer plants that are resistant to specific pathogen strains. See, for example, Jones et al.,Science,266:789, 1994, which describes the cloning of the tomato Cf-9 gene for resistance toCladosporium fulvum; Martin et al.,Science,262:1432, 1993, which describes the tomato Pto gene for resistance toPseudomonas syringaepv.; and Mindrinos et al., Cell, 78:1089, 1994, which describes theArabidopsisRPS2 gene for resistance toPseudomonas syringae. A viral-invasive protein or a complex toxin derived therefrom may also be used for viral disease resistance. For example, the accumulation of viral coat proteins in transformed plant cells imparts resistance to viral infection and/or disease development effected by the virus from which the coat protein gene is derived, as well as by related viruses. See Beachy et al., (Annu. Rev. Phytopathol.,28:451, 1990). Coat protein-mediated resistance has been conferred upon transformed plants against alfalfa mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, tobacco streak virus, potato virus X, potato virus Y, tobacco etch virus, tobacco rattle virus and tobacco mosaic virus. Id. A virus-specific antibody may also be used. See, for example, Tavladoraki et al., (Nature, 366:469, 1993), who show that transgenic plants expressing recombinant antibody genes are protected from virus attack. Additional means of inducing whole-plant resistance to a pathogen include modulation of the systemic acquired resistance (SAR) or pathogenesis related (PR) genes, for example genes homologous to theArabidopsis thalianaNIM1/NPR1/SAI1, and/or by increasing salicylic acid production. Logemann et al., (Biotechnology,10:305, 1992), for example, disclose transgenic plants expressing a barley ribosome-inactivating gene have an increased resistance to fungal disease. Plant defensins may be used to provide resistance to fungal pathogens (Thomma et al.,Planta,216:193, 2002). Other examples of fungal disease resistance are provided in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,653,280; 6,573,361; 6,506,962; 6,316,407; 6,215,048; 5,516,671; 5,773,696; 6,121,436; 6,316,407; and 6,506,962. E. Insect Resistance One example of an insect resistance gene includes aBacillus thuringiensis(Bt) protein, a derivative thereof or a synthetic polypeptide modeled thereon. See, for example, Geiser et al., (Gene,48:109, 1986), who disclose the cloning and nucleotide sequence of a Bt δ-endotoxin gene. Moreover, DNA molecules encoding δ-endotoxin genes can be purchased from the American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Virginia, for example, under ATCC Accession Nos. 40098, 67136, 31995 and 31998. Another example is a lectin. See, for example, Van Damme et al., (Plant Molec. Biol.,24:825, 1994), who disclose the nucleotide sequences of severalClivia miniatamannose-binding lectin genes. A vitamin-binding protein may also be used, such as avidin. See PCT application US93/06487, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. This application teaches the use of avidin and avidin homologues as larvicides against insect pests. Yet another insect resistance gene is an enzyme inhibitor, for example, a protease or proteinase inhibitor or an amylase inhibitor. See, for example, Abe et al., (J. Biol. Chem.,262:16793, 1987), which describes the nucleotide sequence of rice cysteine proteinase inhibitor, Huub et al., (Plant Molec. Biol.,21:985, 1993), which describes the nucleotide sequence of cDNA encoding tobacco proteinase inhibitor I, and Sumitani et al., (Biosci. Biotech. Biochem.,57:1243, 1993), which describes the nucleotide sequence ofStreptomyces nitrosporeusα-amylase inhibitor). An insect-specific hormone or pheromone may also be used. See, for example, Hammock et al., (Nature,344:458, 1990), which describes baculovirus expression of cloned juvenile hormone esterase, an inactivator of juvenile hormone, Gade and Goldsworthy (eds.) (Physiological Systems in Insects, Elsevier Academic Press, Burlington, MA, 2007), which describes allostatins and their potential use in pest control; and Palli et al., (Vitam. Horm.,73:59, 2005), which describes the use of ecdysteroid and ecdysteroid receptor in agriculture. Additionally, the diuretic hormone receptor (DHR) was identified in Price et al., (Insect Mol. Biol.,13:469, 2004) as a candidate target of insecticides. Still other examples include an insect-specific antibody or an immunotoxin derived therefrom and a developmental-arrestive protein. See Taylor et al., (Seventh Int'l Symposium on Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, Edinburgh, Scotland, Abstract W97, 1994), who described enzymatic inactivation in transgenic tobacco via production of single-chain antibody fragments. Nematode resistance has been described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,228,992 and bacterial disease resistance in U.S. Pat. No. 5,516,671. F. Modified Fatty Acid, Phytate, and Carbohydrate Metabolism Genes may be used conferring modified fatty acid metabolism. For example, stearyl-ACP desaturase genes may be used. See Knutzon et al., (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,89:2624, 1992). Various fatty acid desaturases have also been described, such as aSaccharomyces cerevisiaeOLE1 gene encoding 49 fatty acid desaturase, an enzyme which forms the monounsaturated palmitoleic (16:1) and oleic (18:1) fatty acids from palmitoyl (16:0) or stearoyl (18:0) CoA (McDonough et al.,J. Biol. Chem.,267(9):5931-5936, 1992); a gene encoding a stearoyl-acyl carrier protein delta-9 desaturase from castor (Fox et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,90:2486, 1993); Δ6- and Δ12-desaturases from the cyanobacteriaSynechocystisresponsible for the conversion of linoleic acid (18:2) to gamma-linolenic acid (18:3 gamma) (Reddy et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,22:293, 1993); a gene fromArabidopsis thalianathat encodes an omega-3 desaturase (Arondel et al.,Science,258:1353, 1992); plant Δ9 desaturases (PCT Application Publ. No. WO 91/13972) and soybean and Brassica Δ15 desaturases (European Patent Application Publication No. EP0616644). Phytate metabolism may also be modified by introduction of a phytase-encoding gene to enhance breakdown of phytate, adding more free phosphate to the transformed plant. For example, see Van Hartingsveldt et al., (Gene,127:87, 1993), which discloses the nucleotide sequence of anAspergillus nigerphytase gene. In corn, this, for example, could be accomplished by cloning and then reintroducing DNA associated with the single allele which is responsible for corn mutants characterized by low levels of phytic acid. See Raboy et al.,Plant Physiol.,124:355, 1990. A number of genes are known that may be used to alter carbohydrate metabolism. For example, plants may be transformed with a gene coding for an enzyme that alters the branching pattern of starch. See Shiroza et al., (J. Bacteriol.,170:810, 1988), which discloses the nucleotide sequence ofStreptococcus mutansfructosyltransferase gene, Steinmetz et al., (Mol. Gen. Genet.,20:220, 1985), which discloses the nucleotide sequence ofBacillus subtilislevansucrase gene), Pen et al., (Biotechnology,10:292, 1992), which discloses the production of transgenic plants that expressBacillus licheniformisα-amylase, Elliot et al., (Plant Molec. Biol.,21:515, 1993), which discloses the nucleotide sequences of tomato invertase genes, Sørgaard et al., (J. Biol. Chem.,268:22480, 1993), which discloses site-directed mutagenesis of barley α-amylase gene, and Fisher et al., (Plant Physiol.,102:1045, 1993) which discloses maize endosperm starch branching enzyme II. The Z10 gene encoding a 10 kD zein storage protein from maize may also be used to alter the quantities of 10 kD zein in the cells relative to other components (Kirihara et al.,Gene,71:359, 1988). U.S. Pat. No. 6,930,225 describes maize cellulose synthase genes and methods of use thereof. G. Resistance to Abiotic Stress Abiotic stress includes dehydration or other osmotic stress, salinity, high or low light intensity, high or low temperatures, submergence, exposure to heavy metals, and oxidative stress. Delta-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) from mothbean has been used to provide protection against general osmotic stress. Mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase (mt1D) fromE. colihas been used to provide protection against drought and salinity. Choline oxidase (codA fromArthrobactor globiformis) can protect against cold and salt.E. colicholine dehydrogenase (betA) provides protection against salt. Additional protection from cold can be provided by omega-3-fatty acid desaturase (fad7) fromArabidopsis thaliana. Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase and levan sucrase (SacB) from yeast andBacillus subtilis, respectively, can provide protection against drought (summarized from Annex II Genetic Engineering for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants, Consultative Group On InternationalAgricultural ResearchTechnical Advisory Committee). Overexpression of superoxide dismutase can be used to protect against superoxides, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,538,878 to Thomas et al. H. Additional Traits Additional traits can be introduced into the corn variety of the present invention. A non-limiting example of such a trait is a coding sequence which decreases RNA and/or protein levels. The decreased RNA and/or protein levels may be achieved through RNAi methods, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,506,559 to Fire et al. Another trait that may find use with the corn variety of the invention is a sequence which allows for site-specific recombination. Examples of such sequences include the FRT sequence used with the FLP recombinase; and the LOX sequence used with CRE recombinase. The recombinase genes can be encoded at any location within the genome of the corn plant, and are active in the hemizygous state. It may also be desirable to make corn plants more tolerant to or more easily transformed withAgrobacterium tumefaciens. Expression of p53 and iap, two baculovirus cell-death suppressor genes, inhibited tissue necrosis and DNA cleavage. Additional targets can include plant-encoded proteins that interact with theAgrobacteriumVir genes; enzymes involved in plant cell wall formation; and histones, histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases. In addition to the modification of oil, fatty acid or phytate content described above, it may additionally be beneficial to modify the amounts or levels of other compounds. For example, the amount or composition of antioxidants can be altered. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,787,618 and 7,154,029 and International Patent Application Publication No. WO 00/68393, which disclose the manipulation of antioxidant levels, and International Patent Application. Publication No. WO 03/082899, which discloses the manipulation of an antioxidant biosynthetic pathway. Additionally, seed amino acid content may be manipulated. U.S. Pat. No. 5,850,016 and International Patent Application Publication No. WO 99/40209 disclose the alteration of the amino acid compositions of seeds. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,080,913 and 6,127,600 disclose methods of increasing accumulation of essential amino acids in seeds. U.S. Pat. No. 5,559,223 describes synthetic storage proteins in which the levels of essential amino acids can be manipulated. International Patent Application Publication No. WO 99/29882 discloses methods for altering amino acid content of proteins. International Patent Application Publication No. WO 98/20133 describes proteins with enhanced levels of essential amino acids. International Patent Application Publication No. WO 98/56935 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,346,403, 6,441,274 and 6,664,445 disclose plant amino acid biosynthetic enzymes. International Patent Application Publication No. WO 98/45458 describes synthetic seed proteins having a higher percentage of essential amino acids than wild-type. U.S. Pat. No. 5,633,436 discloses plants comprising a higher content of sulfur-containing amino acids; U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,801 discloses plants comprising a high threonine content; U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,802 discloses plants comprising a high methionine content; U.S. Pat. No. 5,912,414 discloses plants comprising a high methionine content; U.S. Pat. No. 5,990,389 discloses plants comprising a high lysine content; U.S. Pat. No. 6,459,019 discloses plants comprising an increased lysine and threonine content; International Patent Application Publication No. WO 98/42831 discloses plants comprising a high lysine content; International Patent Application Publication No. WO 96/01905 discloses plants comprising a high threonine content; and International Patent Application Publication No. WO 95/15392 discloses plants comprising a high lysine content. I. Origin and Breeding History of an Exemplary Introduced Trait Provided by the invention are a hybrid plant in which one or more of the parents comprise an introduced trait. Such a plant may be defined as comprising a single locus conversion. Exemplary procedures for the preparation of such single locus conversions are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,205,460, the entire disclosure of which is specifically incorporated herein by reference. An example of a single locus conversion is 85DGD1. 85DGD1 MLms is a conversion of 85DGD1 to cytoplasmic male sterility. 85DGD1 MLms was derived using backcross methods. 85DGD1 (a proprietary inbred of Monsanto Company) was used as the recurrent parent and MLms, a germplasm source carrying ML cytoplasmic sterility, was used as the nonrecurrent parent. The breeding history of the converted inbred 85DGD1 MLms can be summarized as follows: Hawaii Nurseries PlantingMade up S-O: Female row 585 male row 500Date Apr. 2, 1992Hawaii Nurseries PlantingS-O was grown and plants were backcrossedDate Jul. 15, 1992times 85DGD1 (rows 444 {acute over ( )} 443)Hawaii Nurseries PlantingBulked seed of the BC1was grown andDate Nov. 18, 1992backcrossed times 85DGD1 (rows V3-27 {acute over ( )}V3-26)Hawaii Nurseries PlantingBulked seed of the BC2was grown andDate Apr. 2, 1993backcrossed times 85DGD1 (rows 37 {acute over ( )} 36)Hawaii Nurseries PlantingBulked seed of the BC3was grown andDate Jul. 14, 1993backcrossed times 85DGD1 (rows 99 {acute over ( )} 98)Hawaii Nurseries PlantingBulked seed of BC4was grown andDate Oct. 28, 1993backcrossed times 85DGD1 (rows KS-63 {acute over ( )}KS-62)Summer 1994A single ear of the BC5was grown andbackcrossed times 85DGD1 (MC94-822 {acute over ( )}MC94-822-7)Winter 1994Bulked seed of the BC6was grown andbackcrossed times 85DGD1 (3Q-1 {acute over ( )} 3Q-2)Summer 1995Seed of the BC7was bulked and named85DGD1 MLms. As described, techniques for the production of corn plants with added traits are well known in the art. A non-limiting example of such a procedure one of skill in the art could use for preparation of a hybrid corn plant CH011176 comprising an added trait is as follows:(a) crossing a parent of hybrid corn plant CH011176 such as CV681190 and/or CV360779 to a second (nonrecurrent) corn plant comprising a locus to be converted in the parent;(b) selecting at least a first progeny plant resulting from the crossing and comprising the locus;(c) crossing the selected progeny to the parent line of corn plant CH011176;(d) repeating steps (b) and (c) until a parent line of variety CH011176 is obtained comprising the locus; and(e) crossing the converted parent with the second parent to produce hybrid variety CH011176 comprising a trait. Following these steps, essentially any locus may be introduced into hybrid corn variety CH011176. For example, molecular techniques allow introduction of any given locus, without the need for phenotypic screening of progeny during the backcrossing steps. PCR and Southern hybridization are two examples of molecular techniques that may be used for confirmation of the presence of a given locus and thus conversion of that locus. The techniques are carried out as follows: Seeds of progeny plants are grown and DNA isolated from leaf tissue. Approximately one gram of leaf tissue is lyophilized overnight in 15 ml polypropylene tubes. Freeze-dried tissue is ground to a powder in the tube using a glass rod. Powdered tissue is mixed thoroughly with 3 ml extraction buffer (7.0M urea, 0.35M NaCl, 0.05M Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 0.01M EDTA, 1% sarcosine). Tissue/buffer homogenate is extracted with 3 ml phenol/chloroform. The aqueous phase is separated by centrifugation, and precipitated twice using 1/10 volume of 4.4M ammonium acetate pH 5.2, and an equal volume of isopropanol. The precipitate is washed with 75% ethanol and resuspended in 100-500 μl TE (0.01M Tris-HCl, 0.001M EDTA, pH 8.0). The DNA may then be screened as desired for presence of the locus. For PCR, 200-1000 ng genomic DNA from the progeny plant being screened is added to a reaction mix containing 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.3, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 50 mM KCl, 0.1 mg/ml gelatin, 200 μM each dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP, 20% glycerol, 2.5 units Taq DNA polymerase and 0.5 μM each of forward and reverse DNA primers that span a segment of the locus being converted. The reaction is run in a thermal cycling machine 3 minutes at 94 C, 39 repeats of the cycle 1 minute at 94 C, 1 minute at 50 C, 30 seconds at 72 C, followed by 5 minutes at 72 C. Twenty μl of each reaction mix is run on a 3.5% NuSieve gel in TBE buffer (90 mM Tris-borate, 2 mM EDTA) at 50V for two to four hours. The amplified fragment is detected using an agarose gel. Detection of an amplified fragment corresponding to the segment of the locus spanned by the primers indicates the presence of the locus. For Southern analysis, plant DNA is restricted, separated in an agarose gel and transferred to a Nylon filter in 10×SCP (20 SCP: 2M NaCl, 0.6M disodium phosphate, 0.02M disodium EDTA) according to standard methods (Southern,J. Mol. Biol.,98:503, 1975). Locus DNA or RNA sequences are labeled, for example, radioactively with32P by random priming (Feinberg & Vogelstein, Anal. Biochem., 132(1):6, 1983). Filters are prehybridized in 6×SCP, 10% dextran sulfate, 2% sarcosine, and 500 μg/ml denatured salmon sperm DNA. The labeled probe is denatured, hybridized to the filter and washed in 2×SCP, 1% SDS at 65° C. for 30 minutes and visualized by autoradiography using Kodak XAR5 film. Presence of the locus is indicated by detection of restriction fragments of the appropriate size. Tissue Cultures and In Vitro Regeneration of Corn Plants A further aspect of the invention relates to tissue cultures of the corn plant designated CH011176. As used herein, the term “tissue culture” indicates a composition comprising isolated cells of the same or a different type or a collection of such cells organized into parts of a plant. Exemplary types of tissue cultures are protoplasts, calli and plant cells that are intact in plants or parts of plants, such as embryos, pollen, flowers, kernels, ears, cobs, leaves, husks, stalks, roots, root tips, anthers, silk, and the like. In one embodiment, the tissue culture comprises embryos, protoplasts, meristematic cells, pollen, leaves or anthers derived from immature tissues of these plant parts. Means for preparing and maintaining plant tissue cultures are well known in the art (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,538,880 and 5,550,318, each incorporated herein by reference in their entirety). By way of example, a tissue culture comprising organs such as tassels or anthers has been used to produce regenerated plants (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,445,961 and 5,322,789; the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference). One type of tissue culture is tassel/anther culture. Tassels contain anthers which in turn enclose microspores. Microspores develop into pollen. For anther/microspore culture, if tassels are the plant composition, they can be selected at a stage when the microspores are uninucleate, that is, include only 1, rather than 2 or 3 nuclei. Methods to determine the correct stage are well known to those skilled in the art and include mitramycin fluorescent staining, trypan blue, and acetocarmine squashing. The mid-uninucleate microspore stage has been found to be the developmental stage most responsive to the subsequent methods disclosed to ultimately produce plants. Although microspore-containing plant organs such as tassels can generally be pretreated at any cold temperature below about 25° C., a range of 4° C. to 25° C. may be preferred, and a range of 8° C. to 14° C. may be particularly preferred. Although other temperatures yield embryoids and regenerated plants, cold temperatures produce optimum response rates compared to pretreatment at temperatures outside the preferred range. Response rate is measured as either the number of embryoids or the number of regenerated plants per number of microspores initiated in culture. Exemplary methods of microspore culture are disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,322,789 and 5,445,961, the disclosures of which are specifically incorporated herein by reference. Although not required, when tassels are employed as the plant organ, it is generally beneficial to sterilize their surface. Following surface sterilization of the tassels, for example, with a solution of calcium hypochloride, the anthers are removed from about 70 to 150 spikelets (small portions of the tassels) and placed in a preculture or pretreatment medium. Larger or smaller amounts can be used depending on the number of anthers. When one elects to employ tassels directly, tassels are generally pretreated at a cold temperature for a predefined time, often at 10° C. for about 4 days. After pretreatment of a whole tassel at a cold temperature, dissected anthers are further pretreated in an environment that diverts microspores from their developmental pathway. The function of the preculture medium is to switch the developmental program from one of pollen development to that of embryoid/callus development. An embodiment of such an environment in the form of a preculture medium includes a sugar alcohol, for example mannitol or sorbitol, inositol or the like. An exemplary synergistic combination is the use of mannitol at a temperature of about 10° C. for a period ranging from about 10 to 14 days. In one embodiment, 3 ml of 0.3M mannitol combined with 50 mg/l of ascorbic acid, silver nitrate, and colchicine is used for incubation of anthers at 10° C. for between 10 and 14 days. Another embodiment is to substitute sorbitol for mannitol. The colchicine produces chromosome doubling at this early stage. The chromosome doubling agent is generally only present at the preculture stage. It is believed that the mannitol or other similar carbon structures or environmental stress induce starvation and function to force microspores to focus their energies on entering developmental stages. The cells are unable to use, for example, mannitol as a carbon source at this stage. It is believed that these treatments confuse the cells causing them to develop as embryoids and plants from microspores. Dramatic increases in development from these haploid cells, as high as 25 embryoids in 104microspores, have resulted from using these methods. To isolate microspores, an isolation media is generally used. An isolation media is used to separate microspores from the anther walls while maintaining their viability and embryogenic potential. An illustrative embodiment of an isolation media includes a 6% sucrose or maltose solution combined with an antioxidant such as 50 mg/l of ascorbic acid, 0.1 mg/l biotin, and 400 mg/l of proline, combined with 10 mg/l of nicotinic acid and 0.5 mg/l AgNO3. In another embodiment, the biotin and proline are omitted. An isolation media preferably has a higher antioxidant level when it is used to isolate microspores from a donor plant (a plant from which a plant composition containing a microspore is obtained) that is field grown in contrast to greenhouse grown. A preferred level of ascorbic acid in an isolation medium is from about 50 mg/l to about 125 mg/l and, more preferably, from about 50 mg/l to about 100 mg/l. One can find particular benefit in employing a support for the microspores during culturing and subculturing. Any support that maintains the cells near the surface can be used. An illustrative embodiment of a solid support is a TRANSWELL® culture dish. Another embodiment of a solid support for development of the microspores is a bilayer plate wherein liquid media is on top of a solid base. Other embodiments include a mesh or a millipore filter. Preferably, a solid support is a nylon mesh in the shape of a raft. A raft is defined as an approximately circular support material which is capable of floating slightly above the bottom of a tissue culture vessel, for example, a petri dish, of about a 60 or 100 mm size, although any other laboratory tissue culture vessel will suffice. In an illustrative embodiment, a raft is about 55 mm in diameter. Culturing isolated microspores on a solid support, for example, on a 10 mm pore nylon raft floating on 2.2 ml of medium in a 60 mm petri dish, prevents microspores from sinking into the liquid medium and thus avoiding low oxygen tension. These types of cell supports enable the serial transfer of the nylon raft with its associated microspore/embryoids ultimately to full strength medium containing activated charcoal and solidified with, for example, GELRITE™ (solidifying agent). The liquid medium passes through the mesh while the microspores are retained and supported at the medium-air interface. The surface tension of the liquid medium in the petri dish causes the raft to float. The liquid is able to pass through the mesh; consequently, the microspores stay on top. The mesh remains on top of the total volume of liquid medium. The culture vessels can be further defined as either (1) a bilayer 60 mm petri plate wherein the bottom 2 ml of medium are solidified with 0.7% agarose overlaid with 1 mm of liquid containing the microspores; (2) a nylon mesh raft wherein a wafer of nylon is floated on 1.2 ml of medium and 1 ml of isolated microspores is pipetted on top; or (3) TRANSWELL® plates wherein isolated microspores are pipetted onto membrane inserts which support the microspores at the surface of 2 ml of medium. Examples of processes of tissue culturing and regeneration of corn are described in, for example, European Patent Application Publication No. EP0160390, PCT Application WO 95/06128, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,369. Processes of Crossing Corn Plants and the Corn Plants Produced by Such Crosses The present invention provides processes of preparing novel corn plants and corn plants produced by such processes. In accordance with such a process, a first parent corn plant may be crossed with a second parent corn plant wherein the first and second corn plants are the parent lines of hybrid corn plant variety CH011176, or wherein at least one of the plants is of hybrid corn plant variety CH011176. Corn plants (Zea maysL.) can be crossed by either natural or mechanical techniques. Natural pollination occurs in corn when the wind blows pollen from the tassels to the silks that protrude from the tops of the recipient ears. Mechanical pollination can be effected either by controlling the types of pollen that can blow onto the silks or by pollinating by hand. In one embodiment, crossing comprises the steps of:(a) planting in pollinating proximity seeds of a first and a second parent corn plant, and preferably, seeds of a first inbred corn plant and a second, distinct inbred corn plant;(b) cultivating or growing the seeds of the first and second parent corn plants into plants that bear flowers;(c) emasculating flowers of either the first or second parent corn plant, i.e., treating the flowers so as to prevent pollen production, or alternatively, using as the female parent a male sterile plant, thereby providing an emasculated parent corn plant;(d) allowing natural cross-pollination to occur between the first and second parent corn plants;(e) harvesting seeds produced on the emasculated parent corn plant; and, when desired,(f) growing the harvested seed into a corn plant, preferably, a hybrid corn plant. Parental plants are typically planted in pollinating proximity to each other by planting the parental plants in alternating rows, in blocks or in any other convenient planting pattern. When the parental plants differ in timing of sexual maturity, it may be desired to plant the slower maturing plant first, thereby ensuring the availability of pollen from the male parent during the time at which silks on the female parent are receptive to pollen. Plants of both parental parents are cultivated and allowed to grow until the time of flowering. Advantageously, during this growth stage, plants are in general treated with fertilizer and/or other agricultural chemicals as considered appropriate by the grower. At the time of flowering, in the event that plant CH011176 is employed as the male parent, the tassels of the other parental plant are removed from all plants employed as the female parental plant to avoid self-pollination. The detasseling can be achieved manually but also can be done by machine. Alternatively, when the female parent corn plant comprises a cytoplasmic or nuclear gene conferring male sterility, detasseling may not be required. Additionally, a chemical gametocide may be used to sterilize the male flowers of the female plant. In this case, the parent plants used as the male may either not be treated with the chemical agent or may comprise a genetic factor which causes resistance to the emasculating effects of the chemical agent. Gametocides affect processes or cells involved in the development, maturation or release of pollen. Plants treated with such gametocides are rendered male sterile, but typically remain female fertile. The use of chemical gametocides is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,936,904, the disclosure of which is specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Furthermore, the use of Roundup herbicide in combination with glyphosate tolerant corn plants to produce male sterile corn plants is disclosed in PCT Publication WO 98/44140. Following emasculation, the plants are then typically allowed to continue to grow and natural cross-pollination occurs as a result of the action of wind, which is normal in the pollination of grasses, including corn. As a result of the emasculation of the female parent plant, all the pollen from the male parent plant is available for pollination because tassels, and thereby pollen bearing flowering parts, have been previously removed from all plants of the plant being used as the female in the hybridization. Of course, during this hybridization procedure, the parental varieties are grown such that they are isolated from other corn fields to minimize or prevent any accidental contamination of pollen from foreign sources. These isolation techniques are well within the skill of those skilled in this art. Both parental plants of corn may be allowed to continue to grow until maturity or the male rows may be destroyed after flowering is complete. Only the ears from the female parental plants are harvested to obtain seeds of a novel F1hybrid. The novel F1hybrid seed produced can then be planted in a subsequent growing season in commercial fields or, alternatively, advanced in breeding protocols for purposes of developing novel inbred lines. Alternatively, in another embodiment of the invention, one or both first and second parent corn plants can be from variety CH011176. Thus, any corn plant produced using corn plant CH011176 forms a part of the invention. As used herein, crossing can mean selfing, backcrossing, crossing to another or the same variety, crossing to populations, and the like. All corn plants produced using the corn variety CH011176 as a parent are, therefore, within the scope of this invention. One use of the instant corn variety is in the production of hybrid seed. Any time the corn plant CH011176 is crossed with another, different, corn plant, a corn hybrid plant is produced. As such, hybrid corn plant can be produced by crossing CH011176 with any second corn plant. Essentially any other corn plant can be used to produce a corn plant having corn plant CH011176 as one parent. All that is required is that the second plant be fertile, which corn plants naturally are, and that the plant is not corn variety CH011176. The goal of the process of producing an F1hybrid is to manipulate the genetic complement of corn to generate new combinations of genes which interact to yield new or improved traits (phenotypic characteristics). A process of producing an F1hybrid typically begins with the production of one or more inbred plants. Those plants are produced by repeated crossing of ancestrally related corn plants to try to combine certain genes within the inbred plants. The development of new inbred varieties using one or more starting varieties is well known in the art. In accordance with the invention, novel varieties may be created by crossing a corn variety, followed by multiple generations of breeding according to such well known methods. New varieties may be created by crossing a corn variety with any second plant. In selecting such a second plant to cross for the purpose of developing novel inbred lines, it may be desired to choose those plants which either themselves exhibit one or more desirable characteristics or which exhibit the desirable characteristic(s) when in hybrid combination. Examples of potentially desirable characteristics include greater yield, better stalks, better roots, resistance to insecticides, herbicides, pests, and disease, tolerance to heat and drought, reduced time to crop maturity, better agronomic quality, higher nutritional value, and uniformity in germination times, stand establishment, growth rate, maturity, and fruit size. Once initial crosses have been made with a corn variety, inbreeding takes place to produce new inbred varieties. Inbreeding requires manipulation by human breeders. Even in the extremely unlikely event inbreeding rather than crossbreeding occurred in natural corn, achievement of complete inbreeding cannot be expected in nature due to well-known deleterious effects of homozygosity and the large number of generations the plant would have to breed in isolation. The reason for the breeder to create inbred plants is to have a known reservoir of genes whose gametic transmission is predictable. The pedigree breeding method involves crossing two genotypes. Each genotype can have one or more desirable characteristics lacking in the other; or, each genotype can complement the other. If the two original parental genotypes do not provide all of the desirable characteristics, other genotypes can be included in the breeding population. Superior plants that are the products of these crosses are selfed and selected in successive generations. Each succeeding generation becomes more homogeneous as a result of self-pollination and selection. Typically, this method of breeding involves five or more generations of selfing and selection. After at least five generations, the inbred plant is considered genetically pure. Marker assisted selection (MAS) can be used to reduce the number of breeding cycles and improve selection accuracy. For example, see Openshaw et al., “Marker-assisted Selection in Backcross Breeding,” in: Proceedings Symposium of the Analysis of Molecular Data, August 1994, Crop Science Society of America. Genome-wide selection (GWS)/genomic selection (GS) can also be used as an alternative to, or in combination to, marker assisted selection and phenotype selection. GS utilizes quantitative models over a large number of markers distributed across the genome to predict the genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) of individual plants that has been genotyped but not phenotyped. GS can improve complex traits or combination of multiple traits without the need to identify markers associated with the traits. GS can replace phenotyping for a few selection cycles, thus reducing the cost and the time required for variety development (Crossa et al., Trends in Plant Science, November 2017, Vol. 22, No. 11). Uniform lines of new varieties may also be developed by way of doubled-haploids. This technique allows the creation of true breeding lines without the need for multiple generations of selfing and selection. In this manner true breeding lines can be produced in as little as one generation. Haploid induction systems have been developed for various plants to produce haploid tissues, plants and seeds. The haploid induction system can produce haploid plants from any genotype by crossing with an inducer line. Inducer lines and methods for obtaining haploid plants are known in the art. Haploid embryos may be produced, for example, from microspores, pollen, anther cultures, or ovary cultures. The haploid embryos may then be doubled autonomously, or by chemical treatments (e.g. colchicine treatment). Alternatively, haploid embryos may be grown into haploid plants and treated to induce chromosome doubling. In either case, fertile homozygous plants are obtained. In accordance with the invention, any of such techniques may be used in connection with a plant of the invention and progeny thereof to achieve a homozygous line. Corn has a diploid phase which means two conditions of a gene (two alleles) occupy each locus (position on a chromosome). If the alleles are the same at a locus, there is said to be homozygosity. If they are different, there is said to be heterozygosity. In a completely inbred plant, all loci are homozygous. Because many loci when homozygous are deleterious to the plant, in particular leading to reduced vigor, less kernels, weak and/or poor growth, production of inbred plants is an unpredictable and arduous process. Under some conditions, heterozygous advantage at some loci effectively bars perpetuation of homozygosity. A single cross hybrid corn variety is the cross of two inbred plants, each of which has a genotype which complements the genotype of the other. Typically, F1hybrids are more vigorous than their inbred parents. This hybrid vigor, or heterosis, is manifested in many polygenic traits, including markedly improved yields, better stalks, better roots, better uniformity and better insect and disease resistance. In the development of hybrids only the F1hybrid plants are typically sought. An F1single cross hybrid is produced when two inbred plants are crossed. A double cross hybrid is produced from four inbred plants crossed in pairs (A×B and C×D) and then the two F1hybrids are crossed again (A×B)×(C×D). Thousands of corn varieties are known to those of skill in the art, any one of which could be crossed with corn plant CH011176 to produce a hybrid plant. Estimates place the number of different corn accessions in gene banks around the world at around 50,000. The Maize Genetics Cooperation Stock Center, which is supported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, has a total collection of over 80,000 individually pedigreed samples (available on the World Wide Web at maizecoop.cropsci.uiuc.edu/). When the corn plant CH011176 is crossed with another plant to yield progeny, it can serve as either the maternal or paternal plant. For many crosses, the outcome is the same regardless of the assigned sex of the parental plants. However, due to increased seed yield and production characteristics, it may be desired to use one parental plant as the maternal plant. Some plants produce tighter ear husks leading to more loss, for example due to rot. There can be delays in silk formation which deleteriously affect timing of the reproductive cycle for a pair of parental inbreds. Seed coat characteristics can be preferable in one plant. Pollen can be shed better by one plant. Other variables can also affect preferred sexual assignment of a particular cross. The development of a hybrid corn variety involves three steps: (1) selecting plants from various germplasm pools; (2) selfing the selected plants for several generations to produce a series of inbred plants, which although different from each other, each breed true and are highly uniform; and (3) crossing the selected inbred plants with unrelated inbred plants to produce F1hybrid progeny. During this inbreeding process in corn, the vigor of the plants decreases; however, vigor is restored when two unrelated inbred plants are crossed to produce F1hybrid progeny. An important consequence of the genetic homozygosity and homogeneity of an inbred plant is that the F1hybrid progeny of any two inbred varieties are genetically and phenotypically uniform. Plant breeders choose these hybrid populations that display phenotypic uniformity. Once the inbred plants that produce superior hybrid progeny have been identified, the uniform traits of their hybrid progeny can be reproduced indefinitely as long as the homogeneity of the inbred parents is maintained. The development of inbred plants generally requires at least about 5 to 7 generations of selfing. Inbred plants are then cross-bred in an attempt to develop improved F1hybrids. Hybrids are then screened and evaluated in small scale field trials. Typically, about 10 to 15 phenotypic traits, selected for their potential commercial value, are measured. A selection index of the most commercially important traits is used to help evaluate hybrids. FACT, an acronym for Field Analysis Comparison Trial (strip trials), is an on-farm experimental testing program employed by Monsanto Company to perform the final evaluation of the commercial potential of a product. During the next several years, a progressive elimination of hybrids occurs based on more detailed evaluation of their phenotype. Eventually, strip trials (FACT) are conducted to formally compare the experimental hybrids being developed with other hybrids, some of which were previously developed and generally are commercially successful. That is, comparisons of experimental hybrids are made to competitive hybrids to determine if there was any advantage to further development of the experimental hybrids. After FACT testing is complete, determinations may be made whether commercial development should proceed for a given hybrid. The present invention provides a genetic complement of the hybrid corn plant variety designated CH011176. As used herein, the phrase “genetic complement” means an aggregate of nucleotide sequences, the expression of which defines the phenotype of a corn plant or a cell or tissue of that plant. By way of example, a corn plant is genotyped to determine a representative sample of the inherited markers it possesses. Markers are alleles at a single locus. They are preferably inherited in codominant fashion so that the presence of both alleles at a diploid locus is readily detectable, and they are free of environmental variation, i.e., their heritability is 1. This genotyping is preferably performed on at least one generation of the descendant plant for which the numerical value of the quantitative trait or traits of interest are also determined. The array of single locus genotypes is expressed as a profile of marker alleles, two at each locus. The marker allelic composition of each locus can be either homozygous or heterozygous. Homozygosity is a condition in which both alleles at a locus are characterized by the same nucleotide sequence or size of a repeated sequence. Heterozygosity refers to different conditions of the gene at a locus. A preferred type of genetic marker for use with the invention is simple sequence repeats (SSRs), although potentially any other type of genetic marker could be used, for example, restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and isozymes. All of the compositions and methods disclosed and claimed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in light of the present disclosure. While the compositions and methods of this invention have been described in terms of the foregoing illustrative embodiments, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations, changes, modifications, and alterations may be applied to the composition, methods, and in the steps or in the sequence of steps of the methods described herein, without departing from the true concept, spirit, and scope of the invention. More specifically, it will be apparent that certain agents that are both chemically and physiologically related may be substituted for the agents described herein while the same or similar results would be achieved. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope, and concept of the invention as defined by the appended claims. The references cited herein, to the extent that they provide exemplary procedural or other details supplementary to those set forth herein, are specifically incorporated herein by reference.

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DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Definitions of Plant Characteristics Barren Plants: Plants that are barren, i.e., lack an ear with grain, or have an ear with only a few scattered kernels. Cg:Colletotrichum graminicolarating. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection. CLN: Corn Lethal Necrosis (combination of Maize Chlorotic Mottle Virus and Maize Dwarf Mosaic virus) rating. A numerical rating that is based on a 1 to 9 scale of severity in which “1” indicates “most resistant” and “9” indicates “most susceptible.” Cn:Corynebacterium nebraskenserating. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection. Cz:Cercospora zeae-maydisrating. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection. Dgg:Diatraea grandiosellagirdling rating. A rating in which the value equals percent plants girdled and stalk lodged. Dropped Ears: Ears that have fallen from the plant to the ground. Dsp:Diabroticaspecies root rating. A rating that is based on a 1 to 9 scale in which “1” indicates “least affected” and “9” indicates “severe pruning.” Ear-Attitude: The attitude or position of the ear at harvest, which is scored as upright, horizontal, or pendant. Ear-Cob Color: The color of the cob, which is scored as white, pink, red, or brown. Ear-Cob Diameter: The average diameter of the cob when measured at the midpoint. Ear-Cob Strength: A measure of mechanical strength of the cobs to breakage, which is scored as strong or weak. Ear-Diameter: The average diameter of the ear when measured at the midpoint. Ear-Dry Husk Color: The color of the husks at harvest, which is scored as buff, red, or purple. Ear-Fresh Husk Color: The color of the husks 1 to 2 weeks after pollination, which is scored as green, red, or purple. Ear-Husk Bract: The length of an average husk leaf, which is scored as short, medium, or long. Ear-Husk Cover: The average distance from the tip of the ear to the tip of the husks in which the minimum value is no less than zero. Ear-Husk Opening: An evaluation of husk tightness at harvest, which is scored as tight, intermediate, or open. Ear-Length: The average length of the ear. Ear-Number Per Stalk: The average number of ears per plant. Ear-Shank Internodes: The average number of internodes on the ear shank. Ear-Shank Length: The average length of the ear shank. Ear-Shelling Percent: The average of the shelled grain weight divided by the sum of the shelled grain weight and cob weight for a single ear. Ear-Silk Color: The color of the silk observed 2 to 3 days after silk emergence, which is scored as green-yellow, yellow, pink, red, or purple. Ear-Taper (Shape): The taper or shape of the ear, which is scored as conical, semi-conical, or cylindrical. Ear-Weight: The average weight of an ear. Early Stand: The percent of plants that emerge from the ground as determined in the early spring. ER: Ear rot rating. A rating in which the value approximates percent ear rotted. Final Stand Count: The number of plants just prior to harvest. GDUs: Growing degree units. GDUs are calculated by the Barger Method in which the heat units for a 24 h period are calculated as follows: [(Maximum daily temperature+Minimum daily temperature)/2]-50. The highest maximum daily temperature used is 86° F. and the lowest minimum temperature used is 50° F. GDUs to Shed: The number of growing degree units (GDUs) or heat units required for a variety to have approximately 50% of the plants shedding pollen as measured from time of planting. GDUs to shed is determined by summing the individual GDU daily values from the planting date to the date of 50% pollen shed. GDUs to Silk: The number of growing degree units (GDUs) for a variety to have approximately 50% of the plants with silk emergence as measured from the time of planting. GDUs to silk is determined by summing the individual GDU daily values from the planting date to the date of 50% silking. Hc2:Helminthosporium carbonumrace 2 rating. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection. Hc3:Helminthosporium carbonumrace 3 rating. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection. Hm:Helminthosporium maydisrace 0 rating. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection. Ht1: Helminthosporium turcicumrace 1 rating. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection. Ht2:Helminthosporium turcicumrace 2 rating. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection. HtG: Chlorotic-lesion type resistance. “+” indicates the presence of Ht chlorotic-lesion type resistance; “−” indicates absence of Ht chlorotic-lesion type resistance; and “+/−” indicates segregation of Ht chlorotic-lesion type resistance. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection. Kernel-Aleurone Color: The color of the aleurone, which is scored as white, pink, tan, brown, bronze, red, purple, pale purple, colorless, or variegated. Kernel-Cap Color: The color of the kernel cap observed at dry stage, which is scored as white, lemon-yellow, yellow, or orange. Kernel-Endosperm Color: The color of the endosperm, which is scored as white, pale yellow, or yellow. Kernel-Endosperm Type: The type of endosperm, which is scored as normal, waxy, or opaque. Kernel-Grade: The percent of kernels that are classified as rounds. Kernel-Length: The average distance from the cap of the kernel to the pedicel. Kernel-Number Per Row: The average number of kernels in a single row. Kernel-Pericarp Color: The color of the pericarp, which is scored as colorless, red-white crown, tan, bronze, brown, light red, cherry red, or variegated. Kernel-Row Direction: The direction of the kernel rows on the ear, which is scored as straight, slightly curved, spiral, or indistinct (scattered). Kernel-Row Number: The average number of rows of kernels on a single ear. Kernel-Side Color: The color of the kernel side observed at the dry stage, which is scored as white, pale yellow, yellow, orange, red, or brown. Kernel-Thickness: The distance across the narrow side of the kernel. Kernel-Type: The type of kernel, which is scored as dent, flint, or intermediate. Kernel-Weight: The average weight of a predetermined number of kernels. Kernel-Width: The distance across the flat side of the kernel. Kz:Kabatiella zeaerating. The rating multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent total plant infection. Leaf-Angle: Angle of the upper leaves to the stalk, which is scored as upright (0 to 30 degrees), intermediate (30 to 60 degrees), or lax (60 to 90 degrees). Leaf-Color: The color of the leaves 1 to 2 weeks after pollination, which is scored as light green, medium green, dark green, or very dark green. Leaf-Length: The average length of the primary ear leaf. Leaf-Longitudinal Creases: A rating of the number of longitudinal creases on the leaf surface 1 to 2 weeks after pollination. Creases are scored as absent, few, or many. Leaf-Marginal Waves: A rating of the waviness of the leaf margin 1 to 2 weeks after pollination, which is rated as none, few, or many. Leaf-Number: The average number of leaves of a mature plant. Counting begins with the cotyledonary leaf and ends with the flag leaf. Leaf-Sheath Anthocyanin: A rating of the level of anthocyanin in the leaf sheath 1 to 2 weeks after pollination, which is scored as absent, basal-weak, basal-strong, weak, or strong. Leaf-Sheath Pubescence: A rating of the pubescence of the leaf sheath. Ratings are taken 1 to 2 weeks after pollination and scored as light, medium, or heavy. Leaf-Width: The average width of the primary ear leaf when measured at its widest point. LSS: Late season standability. The value multiplied by 10 is approximately equal to percent plants lodged in disease evaluation plots. Moisture: The moisture of the grain at harvest. On1: Ostrinia nubilalis1st brood rating. The rating is based on a 1 to 9 scale in which “1” indicates “resistant” and “9” indicates “susceptible.” On2:Ostrinia nubilalis2nd brood rating. The rating is based on a 1 to 9 scale in which “1” indicates “resistant” and “9” indicates “susceptible.” Relative Maturity: A maturity rating based on regression analysis. The regression analysis is developed by utilizing check hybrids and their previously established day rating versus actual harvest moistures. Harvest moisture on the hybrid in question is determined and that moisture value is inserted into the regression equation to yield a relative maturity. Root Lodging: Root lodging is the percentage of plants that root lodge. A plant is counted as root lodged if a portion of the plant leans from the vertical axis by approximately 30 degrees or more. Seedling Color: Color of leaves at the 6 to 8 leaf stage. Seedling Height: Plant height at the 6 to 8 leaf stage. Seedling Vigor: A visual rating of the amount of vegetative growth on a 1 to 9 scale in which the best and worst ratings are “1” and “9”, respectively. The score is taken when the average entry in a trial is at the fifth leaf stage. Selection Index: The selection index gives a single measure of hybrid's worth based on information from multiple traits. One of the traits that is almost always included is yield. Traits may be weighted according to the level of importance assigned to them. Sr:Sphacelotheca reilianarating. The rating is actual percent infection. Stalk-Anthocyanin: A rating of the amount of anthocyanin pigmentation in the stalk. The stalk is rated 1 to 2 weeks after pollination as absent, basal-weak, basal-strong, weak, or strong. Stalk-Brace Root Color: The color of the brace roots observed 1 to 2 weeks after pollination as green, red, or purple. Stalk-Diameter: The average diameter of the lowest visible internode of the stalk. Stalk-Ear Height: The average height of the ear when measured from the ground to the point of attachment of the ear shank of the top developed ear to the stalk. Stalk-Internode Direction: The direction of the stalk internode observed after pollination as straight or zigzag. Stalk-Internode Length: The average length of the internode above the primary ear. Stalk Lodging: The percentage of plants that did stalk lodge. Plants are counted as stalk lodged if the plant is broken over or off below the ear. Stalk-Nodes With Brace Roots: The average number of nodes having brace roots per plant. Stalk-Plant Height: The average height of the plant when measured from the soil to the tip of the tassel. Stalk-Tillers: The percent of plants that have tillers. A tiller is defined as a secondary shoot that has developed as a tassel capable of shedding pollen. Staygreen: Staygreen is a measure of general plant health near the time of black layer formation (physiological maturity) and is usually recorded at the time the ear husks of most entries within a trial have turned a mature color. Scoring is on a 1 to 9 basis in which “1” and “9” are the best and worst score, respectively. STR: Stalk rot rating. The rating is based on a 1 to 9 scale of severity in which “1” indicates “25% of inoculated internode rotted” and “9” indicates “entire stalk rotted and collapsed.” SVC: Southeastern Virus Complex (combination of Maize Chlorotic Dwarf Virus and Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus) rating. The numerical rating is based on a 1 to 9 scale of severity in which “1” indicates “most resistant” and “9” indicates “most susceptible.” Tassel-Anther Color: The color of the anthers at 50% pollen shed, which is scored as green-yellow, yellow, pink, red, or purple. Tassel-Attitude: The attitude of the tassel after pollination, which is scored as open or compact. Tassel-Branch Angle: The angle of an average tassel branch to the main stem of the tassel, which is scored as upright (less than 30 degrees), intermediate (30 to 45 degrees), or lax (greater than 45 degrees). Tassel-Branch Number: The average number of primary tassel branches. Tassel-Glume Band: The closed anthocyanin band at the base of the glume, which is scored as present or absent. Tassel-Glume Color: The color of the glumes at 50% shed, which is scored as green, red, or purple. Tassel-Length: The length of the tassel, which is measured from the base of the bottom tassel branch to the tassel tip. Tassel-Peduncle Length: The average length of the tassel peduncle, which is measured from the base of the flag leaf to the base of the bottom tassel branch. Tassel-Pollen Shed: A visual rating of pollen shed that is determined by tapping the tassel and observing the pollen flow of approximately five plants per entry. The rating is based on a 1 to 9 scale in which “9” indicates “sterile” and “1” indicates “most pollen.” Tassel-Spike Length: The length of the spike, which is measured from the base of the top tassel branch to the tassel tip. Test Weight: Weight of the grain in pounds for a given volume (bushel) adjusted to 15.5% moisture. Yield: Yield of grain at harvest adjusted to 15.5% moisture. Other Definitions Allele: Any of one or more alternative forms of a gene locus, all of which relate to one trait or characteristic. In a diploid cell or organism, the two alleles of a given gene occupy corresponding loci on a pair of homologous chromosomes. Backcrossing: A process in which a breeder repeatedly crosses hybrid progeny back to one of the parents, for example, a first generation hybrid (F1) with one of the parental genotypes of the F1hybrid. Crossing: The pollination of a female flower of a corn plant, thereby resulting in the production of seed from the flower. Cross-pollination: Fertilization by the union of two gametes from different plants. Diploid: A cell or organism having two sets of chromosomes. Emasculate: The removal of plant male sex organs or the inactivation of the organs with a chemical agent or a cytoplasmic or nuclear genetic factor conferring male sterility. F1Hybrid: The first generation progeny of the cross of two plants. Genetic Complement: An aggregate of nucleotide sequences, the expression of which sequences defines the phenotype in corn plants, or components of plants including cells or tissue. Genomic Selection (GS) or Genome-wide selection (GWS): a use of genome-wide genotypic data to predict genomic estimated breeding values (GEBV) for selection purposes in breeding process. Genotype: The genetic constitution of a cell or organism. Haploid: A cell or organism having one set of the two sets of chromosomes in a diploid. Marker: A readily detectable phenotype or genotype, preferably inherited in codominant fashion (both alleles at a locus in a diploid heterozygote are readily detectable), with no environmental variance component, i.e., heritability of 1. Marker assisted breeding or marker assisted selection (MAS): A process of selecting a desired trait or desired traits in a plant or plants by detecting one or more markers from the plant, where the marker is associated with the desired trait. Phenotype: The detectable characteristics of a cell or organism, which characteristics are the manifestation of gene expression. Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL): Genetic loci that contribute, at least in part, to certain numerically representable traits that are usually continuously distributed. Regeneration: The development of a plant from tissue culture. Self-pollination: The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of the same plant. Single Locus Converted (Conversion) Plant: Plants which are developed by a plant breeding technique called backcrossing or by genome editing of a locus, wherein essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of an inbred are recovered in addition to the characteristics conferred by the single locus transferred into the inbred via the backcrossing or genome editing technique. A single locus may comprise one gene, or in the case of transgenic plants, one or more transgenes integrated into the host genome at a single site (locus). Tissue Culture: A composition comprising isolated cells of the same or a different type or a collection of such cells organized into parts of a plant. Three-way cross hybrid: A hybrid plant produced by crossing a first inbred plant with the F1hybrid progeny derived from crossing a second inbred plant with a third inbred plant. Transgene: A genetic sequence which has been introduced into the nuclear or cytoplasmic components of the genome of a corn plant by a genetic transformation technique. Variety Descriptions In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a novel hybrid corn plant variety designated CH011009. Hybrid variety CH011009 was produced from a cross of the inbred varieties designated CV602186 and CV413999. The inbred parents have been self-pollinated and ear-rowed a sufficient number of generations with careful attention paid to uniformity of plant type to show uniformity and stability within the limits of environmental influence. In accordance with one aspect of the invention, there is provided a corn plant having the physiological and morphological characteristics of corn plant CH011009. An analysis of such morphological traits was carried out, the results of which are presented in Table 1. TABLE 1Morphological Traits for Hybrid Variety CH011009CHARACTERISTICVALUE1STALKPlant Height (cm)273.1Ear Height (cm)103.7AnthocyaninStrongBrace Root ColorDarkInternode DirectionStraightInternode Length (cm)17.82LEAFColorDark GreenLength (cm)81.3Width (cm)9.7Sheath AnthocyaninWeakSheath PubescenceLightMarginal WavesModerateLongitudinal CreasesFew3TASSELLength (cm)43.3Peduncle Length (cm)8.2Branch Number5.2Anther ColorPinkGlume ColorPale PurpleGlume BandAbsent4EARSilk ColorYellowNumber Per Stalk1PositionUprightLength (cm)20.6ShapeSemi-ConicalDiameter (cm)4.5Shank Length (cm)13.6Husk BractShortHusk Cover (cm)2.7Husk OpeningModerateHusk Color FreshGreen & Medium GreenHusk Color DryBuffCob Diameter (cm)2.6Cob ColorRedShelling Percent89.75KERNELRow Number15.6Number Per Row40.4Row DirectionStraightTypeDentCap ColorYellowSide ColorYellow - OrangeLength (depth) (mm)11.6Width (mm)8.1Thickness (mm)4.4Endosperm TypeNormalEndosperm ColorYellow*These are typical values. Values may vary due to environment. Other values that are substantially equivalent are within the scope of the invention. Substantially equivalent refers to quantitative traits that when compared do not show statistical differences of their means. Deposit Information A deposit of at least 625 seeds of inbred parent plant varieties CV602186 (U.S. Pat. No. 10,638,705) and CV413999 (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/022,147, filed Sep. 16, 2020) has been made with either the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110-2209 USA, or the Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Marine Algae and Microbiota (NCMA) at Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, 60 Bigelow Drive, East Boothbay, ME 04544 USA, and assigned ATCC Accession No. PTA-125251 and NCMA Accession No. 202005008, respectively. The dates of deposit with the specific International Depositary Authority are Sep. 20, 2018 and May 6, 2020, respectively. All restrictions upon the deposits have been removed, and the deposits are intended to meet all of the requirements of the Budapest Treaty and 37 C.F.R. § 1.801-1.809. Access to the deposits will be available during the pendency of the application to the Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks and persons determined by the Commissioner to be entitled thereto upon request. The deposits have been accepted under the Budapest Treaty and will be maintained in the specific Depository, which is a public depository, for a period of 30 years, or 5 years after the most recent request, or for the enforceable life of the patent, whichever is longer, and will be replaced if it becomes nonviable during that period. Applicant does not waive any infringement of their rights granted under this patent or under the Plant Variety Protection Act (7 U.S.C. 2321 et seq.). Further Embodiments of the Invention In one embodiment, compositions are provided comprising a seed of corn variety CH011009 comprised in plant seed cultivation media. Plant seed cultivation media are well known to those of skill in the art and include, but are in no way limited to, soil or synthetic cultivation medium. Plant seed cultivation media can provide adequate physical support for seeds and can retain moisture and/or nutritional components. Examples of characteristics for soils that may be desirable in certain embodiments can be found, for instance, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,932,166 and 4,707,176. Synthetic plant cultivation media are also well known in the art and may, in certain embodiments, comprise polymers or hydrogels. Examples of such compositions are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,241,537. In certain further aspects, the invention provides plants modified to include at least a first trait. Such plants may, in one embodiment, be developed by a plant breeding technique called backcrossing, wherein essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of a variety are recovered in addition to a genetic locus transferred into the hybrid via the backcrossing technique. By essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics, it is meant that all of the characteristics of a plant are recovered that are otherwise present when compared in the same environment, other than an occasional variant trait that might arise during backcrossing or direct introduction of a transgene. In one embodiment, such traits may be determined, for example, relative to the traits listed in Table 1 as determined at the 5% significance level when grown under the same environmental conditions. Backcrossing methods can be used with the present invention to improve or introduce a trait in a hybrid via modification of its inbred parent(s). The term backcrossing as used herein refers to the repeated crossing of a hybrid progeny back to one of the parental corn plants for that hybrid. The parental corn plant which contributes the locus or loci for the trait is termed the nonrecurrent or donor parent. This terminology refers to the fact that the nonrecurrent parent is used one time in the backcross protocol and therefore does not recur. The parental corn plant to which the locus or loci from the nonrecurrent parent are transferred is known as the recurrent parent as it is used for several rounds in the backcrossing protocol. In a typical backcross protocol, the original parent hybrid of interest (recurrent parent) is crossed to a second variety (nonrecurrent parent) that carries the genetic locus of interest to be transferred. The resulting progeny from this cross are then crossed again to the recurrent parent and the process is repeated until a corn plant is obtained wherein essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of the recurrent parent are recovered in the converted plant, in addition to the transferred locus from the nonrecurrent parent. The backcross process may be accelerated by the use of genetic markers, such as SSR, RFLP, SNP or AFLP markers to identify plants with the greatest genetic complement from the recurrent parent. The selection of a suitable recurrent parent is an important step for a successful backcrossing procedure. The goal of a backcross protocol is to add or substitute one or more new traits in the original inbred and hybrid progeny therefrom. To accomplish this, a genetic locus of the recurrent parent is modified or substituted with the locus from the nonrecurrent parent, while retaining essentially all of the rest of the genetic complement, and therefore the morphological and physiological constitution of the original plant. The choice of the particular nonrecurrent parent will depend on the purpose of the backcross; one of the major purposes is to add some commercially desirable, agronomically important trait to the plant. The exact backcrossing protocol will depend on the characteristic or trait being altered to determine an appropriate testing protocol. Although backcrossing methods are simplified when the characteristic being transferred is a dominant allele, a recessive allele may also be transferred. In this instance it may be necessary to introduce a test of the progeny to determine if the characteristic has been successfully transferred. Many traits have been identified that are not regularly selected for in the development of a new variety but that can be improved by backcrossing techniques. A genetic locus conferring the traits may or may not be transgenic. Examples of such traits known to those of skill in the art include, but are not limited to, male sterility, waxy starch, herbicide resistance, resistance to bacterial, fungal, or viral disease, insect resistance, male fertility and enhanced nutritional quality. These genes are generally inherited through the nucleus, but may be inherited through the cytoplasm. Some known exceptions to this are genes for male sterility, some of which are inherited cytoplasmically, but still act as a single locus trait. Direct selection may be applied when a genetic locus acts as a dominant trait. An example of a dominant trait is the herbicide resistance trait. For this selection process, the progeny of the initial cross are sprayed with the herbicide prior to the backcrossing. The spraying eliminates any plants which do not have the herbicide resistance characteristic, and only those plants which have the herbicide resistance gene are used in the subsequent backcross. This process is then repeated for all additional backcross generations. Many useful traits are those which are introduced by genetic transformation techniques. Methods for the genetic transformation of corn are known to those of skill in the art. For example, methods which have been described for the genetic transformation of corn include electroporation (U.S. Pat. No. 5,384,253), electrotransformation (U.S. Pat. No. 5,371,003), microprojectile bombardment (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,550,318, 5,736,369 and 5,538,880; and PCT Publication WO 95/06128),Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (U.S. Pat. No. 5,591,616 and European Patent Application Publication No. EP0672752), direct DNA uptake transformation of protoplasts and silicon carbide fiber-mediated transformation (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,302,532 and 5,464,765). Included among various plant transformation techniques are methods permitting the site-specific modification of a plant genome. These modifications can include, but are not limited to, site-specific mutations, deletions, insertions, and replacements of nucleotides. These modifications can be made anywhere within the genome of a plant, for example, in genomic elements, including, among others, coding sequences, regulatory elements, and non-coding DNA sequences. Any number of such modifications can be made and that number of modifications may be made in any order or combination, for example, simultaneously all together or one after another. Such methods may be used to modify a particular trait conferred by a locus. The techniques for making such modifications by genome editing are well known in the art and include, for example, use of CRISPR-Cas systems, zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), among others. A site-specific nuclease provided herein may be selected from the group consisting of a zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN), a meganuclease, an RNA-guided endonuclease, a TALE-endonuclease (TALEN), a recombinase, a transposase, or any combination thereof. See, e.g., Khandagale, K. et al., “Genome editing for targeted improvement in plants,” Plant Biotechnol Rep 10: 327-343 (2016); and Gaj, T. et al., “ZFN, TALEN and CRISPR/Cas-based methods for genome engineering,” Trends Biotechnol. 31(7): 397-405 (2013), the contents and disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. A recombinase may be a serine recombinase attached to a DNA recognition motif, a tyrosine recombinase attached to a DNA recognition motif or other recombinase enzyme known in the art. A recombinase or transposase may be a DNA transposase or recombinase attached to a DNA binding domain. A tyrosine recombinase attached to a DNA recognition motif may be selected from the group consisting of a Cre recombinase, a Flp recombinase, and a Tnp1 recombinase. According to some embodiments, a Cre recombinase or a Gin recombinase provided herein is tethered to a zinc-finger DNA binding domain. In another embodiment, a serine recombinase attached to a DNA recognition motif provided herein is selected from the group consisting of a PhiC31 integrase, an R4 integrase, and a TP-901 integrase. In another embodiment, a DNA transposase attached to a DNA binding domain provided herein is selected from the group consisting of a TALE-piggyBac and TALE-Mutator. An RNA-guided endonuclease may be selected from the group consisting of Cas1, Cas1B, Cas2, Cas3, Cas4, Cas5, Cas6, Cas7, Cas8, Cas9 (also known as Csn1 and Csx12), Cas10, Csy1, Csy2, Csy3, Cse1, Cse2, Csc1, Csc2, Csa5, Csn2, Csm2, Csm3, Csm4, Csm5, Csm6, Cmr1, Cmr3, Cmr4, Cmr5, Cmr6, Csb1, Csb2, Csb3, Csx17, Csx14, Csx10, Csx16, CsaX, Csx3, Csx1, Csx15, Csf1, Csf2, Csf3, Csf4, Cpf1, CasX, CasY, and homologs or modified versions thereof, Argonaute (non-limiting examples of Argonaute proteins include Thermus thermophilus Argonaute (TtAgo), Pyrococcus furiosus Argonaute (PfAgo), Natronobacterium gregoryi Argonaute (NgAgo) and homologs or modified versions thereof. According to some embodiments, an RNA-guided endonuclease may be a Cas9 or Cpf1 enzyme. For example, the CRISPR/Cas9 system allows targeted cleavage of genomic sequences guided by a small noncoding RNA in plants (WO 2015026883A1). As another example, Cpf1(Cas12a) acts as an endoribonuclease to process crRNA and an endodeoxyribonuclease to cleave targeted genomic sequences. The CRISPR/Cpf1 system enables gene deletion, insertion, base editing, and locus tagging in monocot and dicot plants (Alok et al., Frontiers in Plant Science, 31 Mar. 2020). One of ordinary skill in the art of plant breeding would know how to modify plant genomes using a method including but not limited to the techniques described herein. It is understood to those of skill in the art that a transgene or a modified native gene need not be directly transformed into a plant, as techniques for the production of stably transformed corn plants that pass single loci to progeny by Mendelian inheritance is well known in the art. Such loci may therefore be passed from parent plant to progeny plants by standard plant breeding techniques that are well known in the art. A. Male Sterility Examples of genes conferring male sterility include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,861,709, 3,710,511, 4,654,465, 5,625,132, and 4,727,219, each of the disclosures of which are specifically incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Male sterility genes can increase the efficiency with which hybrids are made, in that they eliminate the need to physically emasculate the corn plant used as a female in a given cross. When one desires to employ male-sterility systems with a corn plant in accordance with the invention, it may be beneficial to also utilize one or more male-fertility restorer genes. For example, when cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is used, hybrid seed production requires three inbred lines: (1) a cytoplasmically male-sterile line having a CMS cytoplasm; (2) a fertile inbred with normal cytoplasm, which is isogenic with the CMS line for nuclear genes (“maintainer line”); and (3) a distinct, fertile inbred with normal cytoplasm, carrying a fertility restoring gene (“restorer” line). The CMS line is propagated by pollination with the maintainer line, with all of the progeny being male sterile, as the CMS cytoplasm is derived from the female parent. These male sterile plants can then be efficiently employed as the female parent in hybrid crosses with the restorer line, without the need for physical emasculation of the male reproductive parts of the female parent. The presence of a male-fertility restorer gene results in the production of fully fertile F1hybrid progeny. If no restorer gene is present in the male parent, male-sterile hybrids are obtained. Such hybrids are useful when the vegetative tissue of the corn plant is utilized, e.g., for silage, but in most cases, the seeds will be deemed the most valuable portion of the crop, so fertility of the hybrids in these crops must be restored. Therefore, one aspect of the current invention concerns the hybrid corn plant CH011009 comprising a genetic locus capable of restoring male fertility in an otherwise male-sterile plant. Examples of male-sterility genes and corresponding restorers which could be employed with the plants of the invention are well known to those of skill in the art of plant breeding and are disclosed in, for instance, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,530,191; 5,689,041; 5,741,684; and 5,684,242, the disclosures of which are each specifically incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. B. Herbicide Resistance Numerous herbicide resistance genes are known and may be employed with the invention. A non-limiting example is a gene conferring resistance to a herbicide that inhibits the growing point or meristem such as imidazolinone or sulfonylurea herbicides. As imidazolinone and sulfonylurea herbicides are acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides that prevent the formation of branched chain amino acids, exemplary genes in this category code for ALS and AHAS enzymes as described, for example, by Lee et al.,EMBO J.,7:1241, 1988; Gleen et al.,Plant Molec. Biology,18:1185, 1992; and Miki et al.,Theor. Appl. Genet.,80:449, 1990. As a non-limiting example, a gene may be employed to confer resistance to the exemplary sulfonylurea herbicide nicosulfuron. Resistance genes for glyphosate (resistance conferred by mutant 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) and aroA genes, respectively) and other phosphono compounds such as glufosinate (phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT) andStreptomyces hygroscopicusphosphinothricin acetyltransferase (bar) genes) may also be used. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,940,835 to Shah et al., which discloses the nucleotide sequence of a form of EPSPS that can confer glyphosate resistance. Non-limiting examples of EPSPS transformation events conferring glyphosate resistance are provided by U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,040,497 and 7,632,985. The MON89788 event disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,632,985 in particular is beneficial in conferring glyphosate tolerance in combination with an increase in average yield relative to prior events A DNA molecule encoding a mutant aroA gene can be obtained under ATCC Accession No. 39256, and the nucleotide sequence of the mutant gene is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,769,061 to Comai. A hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene fromE. colithat confers resistance to glyphosate in tobacco callus and plants is described in Penaloza-Vazquez et al.,Plant Cell Reports,14:482, 1995. European Patent Application Publication No. EP0333033 to Kumada et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 4,975,374 to Goodman et al., disclose nucleotide sequences of glutamine synthetase genes that confer resistance to herbicides such as L-phosphinothricin. The nucleotide sequence of a phosphinothricin acetyltransferase gene is provided in European Patent Application Publication No. EP0242246 to Leemans et al. DeGreef et al. (Biotechnology,7:61, 1989) describe the production of transgenic plants that express chimeric bar genes coding for phosphinothricin acetyl transferase activity. Exemplary genes conferring resistance to a phenoxy class herbicide haloxyfop and a cyclohexanedione class herbicide sethoxydim are the Acct-S1, Acct-S2 and Acct-S3 genes described by Marshall et al., (Theor. Appl. Genet.,83:435, 1992). As a non-limiting example, a gene may confer resistance to other exemplary phenoxy class herbicides that include, but are not limited to, quizalofop-p-ethyl and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Genes are also known that confer resistance to herbicides that inhibit photosynthesis such as, for example, triazine herbicides (psbA and gs+ genes) and benzonitrile herbicides (nitrilase gene). As a non-limiting example, a gene may confer resistance to the exemplary benzonitrile herbicide bromoxynil. Przibila et al. (Plant Cell,3:169, 1991) describe the transformation ofChlamydomonaswith plasmids encoding mutant psbA genes. Nucleotide sequences for nitrilase genes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,648 to Stalker, and DNA molecules containing these genes are available under ATCC Accession Nos. 53435, 67441, and 67442. Cloning and expression of DNA coding for a glutathione S-transferase is described by Hayes et al. (Biochem. J.,285:173, 1992). 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) is a target of the HPPD-inhibiting herbicides, which deplete plant plastoquinone and vitamin E pools. Rippert et al. (Plant Physiol.,134:92, 2004) describes an HPPD-inhibitor resistant tobacco plant that was transformed with a yeast-derived prephenate dehydrogenase (PDH) gene. Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) is the target of the PPO-inhibitor class of herbicides; a PPO-inhibitor resistant PPO gene was recently identified inAmaranthus tuberculatus(Patzoldt et al.,PNAS,103(33):12329, 2006). The herbicide methyl viologen inhibits CO2assimilation. Foyer et al. (Plant Physiol.,109:1047, 1995) describe a plant overexpressing glutathione reductase (GR) that is resistant to methyl viologen treatment. Siminszky (Phytochemistry Reviews,5:445, 2006) describes plant cytochrome P450-mediated detoxification of multiple, chemically unrelated classes of herbicides. Modified bacterial genes have been successfully demonstrated to confer resistance to atrazine, a herbicide that binds to the plastoquinone-binding membrane protein QB in photosystem II to inhibit electron transport. See, for example, studies by Cheung et al. (PNAS,85:391, 1988), describing tobacco plants expressing the chloroplast psbA gene from an atrazine-resistant biotype ofAmaranthus hybridusfused to the regulatory sequences of a nuclear gene, and Wang et al. (Plant Biotech. J.,3:475, 2005), describing transgenic alfalfa,Arabidopsis, and tobacco plants expressing the atzA gene fromPseudomonassp. that were able to detoxify atrazine. Bayley et al. (Theon. Appl. Genet.,83:645, 1992) describe the creation of 2,4-D-resistant transgenic tobacco and cotton plants using the 2,4-D monooxygenase gene tfdA fromAlcaligenes eutrophusplasmid pJP5. U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20030135879 describes the isolation of a gene for dicamba monooxygenase (DMO) fromPsueodmonas maltophiliathat is involved in the conversion of dicamba to a non-toxic 3,6-dichlorosalicylic acid and thus may be used for producing plants tolerant to this herbicide. Other examples of herbicide resistance have been described, for instance, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,803,501; 6,448,476; 6,248,876; 6,225,114; 6,107,549; 5,866,775; 5,804,425; 5,633,435; 5,463,175. C. Waxy Starch The waxy characteristic is an example of a recessive trait. In this example, the progeny resulting from the first backcross generation (BC1) must be grown and selfed. A test is then run on the selfed seed from the BC1plant to determine which BC1plants carried the recessive gene for the waxy trait. In other recessive traits additional progeny testing, for example growing additional generations such as the BC1F1, may be required to determine which plants carry the recessive gene. D. Disease Resistance Plant defenses are often activated by specific interaction between the product of a disease resistance gene (R) in the plant and the product of a corresponding avirulence (Avr) gene in the pathogen. A plant line can be transformed with a cloned resistance gene to engineer plants that are resistant to specific pathogen strains. See, for example, Jones et al.,Science,266:789, 1994, which describes the cloning of the tomato Cf-9 gene for resistance toCladosporium fulvum; Martin et al.,Science,262:1432, 1993, which describes the tomato Pto gene for resistance toPseudomonas syringae pv.; and Mindrinos et al.,Cell,78:1089, 1994, which describes theArabidopsisRPS2 gene for resistance toPseudomonas syringae. A viral-invasive protein or a complex toxin derived therefrom may also be used for viral disease resistance. For example, the accumulation of viral coat proteins in transformed plant cells imparts resistance to viral infection and/or disease development effected by the virus from which the coat protein gene is derived, as well as by related viruses. See Beachy et al., (Annu. Rev. Phytopathol.,28:451, 1990). Coat protein-mediated resistance has been conferred upon transformed plants against alfalfa mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, tobacco streak virus, potato virus X, potato virus Y, tobacco etch virus, tobacco rattle virus and tobacco mosaic virus. Id. A virus-specific antibody may also be used. See, for example, Tavladoraki et al., (Nature,366:469, 1993), who show that transgenic plants expressing recombinant antibody genes are protected from virus attack. Additional means of inducing whole-plant resistance to a pathogen include modulation of the systemic acquired resistance (SAR) or pathogenesis related (PR) genes, for example genes homologous to theArabidopsis thaliana NIMI/NPRI/SAII, and/or by increasing salicylic acid production. Logemann et al., (Biotechnology,10:305, 1992), for example, disclose transgenic plants expressing a barley ribosome-inactivating gene have an increased resistance to fungal disease. Plant defensins may be used to provide resistance to fungal pathogens (Thomma et al.,Planta,216:193, 2002). Other examples of fungal disease resistance are provided in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,653,280; 6,573,361; 6,506,962; 6,316,407; 6,215,048; 5,516,671; 5,773,696; 6,121,436; 6,316,407; and 6,506,962. E. Insect Resistance One example of an insect resistance gene includes aBacillus thuringiensis(Bt) protein, a derivative thereof or a synthetic polypeptide modeled thereon. See, for example, Geiser et al., (Gene,48:109, 1986), who disclose the cloning and nucleotide sequence of a Bt δ-endotoxin gene. Moreover, DNA molecules encoding δ-endotoxin genes can be purchased from the American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Virginia, for example, under ATCC Accession Nos. 40098, 67136, 31995 and 31998. Another example is a lectin. See, for example, Van Damme et al., (PlantMolec. Biol.,24:825, 1994), who disclose the nucleotide sequences of severalClivia miniatamannose-binding lectin genes. A vitamin-binding protein may also be used, such as avidin. See PCT application US93/06487, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. This application teaches the use of avidin and avidin homologues as larvicides against insect pests. Yet another insect resistance gene is an enzyme inhibitor, for example, a protease or proteinase inhibitor or an amylase inhibitor. See, for example, Abe et al., (J. Biol. Chem.,262:16793, 1987), which describes the nucleotide sequence of rice cysteine proteinase inhibitor, Huub et al., (Plant Molec. Biol.,21:985, 1993), which describes the nucleotide sequence of cDNA encoding tobacco proteinase inhibitor I, and Sumitani et al., (Biosci. Biotech. Biochem.,57:1243, 1993), which describes the nucleotide sequence ofStreptomyces nitrosporeusα-amylase inhibitor). An insect-specific hormone or pheromone may also be used. See, for example, Hammock et al., (Nature,344:458, 1990), which describes baculovirus expression of cloned juvenile hormone esterase, an inactivator of juvenile hormone, Gade and Goldsworthy (eds.) (Physiological Systems in Insects, Elsevier Academic Press, Burlington, MA, 2007), which describes allostatins and their potential use in pest control; and Palli et al., (Vitam. Horm.,73:59, 2005), which describes the use of ecdysteroid and ecdysteroid receptor in agriculture. Additionally, the diuretic hormone receptor (DHR) was identified in Price et al., (Insect Mol. Biol.,13:469, 2004) as a candidate target of insecticides. Still other examples include an insect-specific antibody or an immunotoxin derived therefrom and a developmental-arrestive protein. See Taylor et al., (Seventh Int'l Symposium on Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, Edinburgh, Scotland, Abstract W97, 1994), who described enzymatic inactivation in transgenic tobacco via production of single-chain antibody fragments. Nematode resistance has been described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,228,992 and bacterial disease resistance in U.S. Pat. No. 5,516,671. F. Modified Fatty Acid, Phytate, and Carbohydrate Metabolism Genes may be used conferring modified fatty acid metabolism. For example, stearyl-ACP desaturase genes may be used. See Knutzon et al., (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,89:2624, 1992). Various fatty acid desaturases have also been described, such as aSaccharomyces cerevisiaeOLE1 gene encoding Δ9 fatty acid desaturase, an enzyme which forms the monounsaturated palmitoleic (16:1) and oleic (18:1) fatty acids from palmitoyl (16:0) or stearoyl (18:0) CoA (McDonough et al.,J. Biol. Chem.,267(9):5931-5936, 1992); a gene encoding a stearoyl-acyl carrier protein delta-9 desaturase from castor (Fox et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,90:2486, 1993); Δ6- and Δ12-desaturases from the cyanobacteriaSynechocystisresponsible for the conversion of linoleic acid (18:2) to gamma-linolenic acid (18:3 gamma) (Reddy et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,22:293, 1993); a gene fromArabidopsis thalianathat encodes an omega-3 desaturase (Arondel et al.,Science,258:1353, 1992); plant 49 desaturases (PCT Application Publ. No. WO 91/13972) and soybean and Brassica Δ15 desaturases (European Patent Application Publication No. EP0616644). Phytate metabolism may also be modified by introduction of a phytase-encoding gene to enhance breakdown of phytate, adding more free phosphate to the transformed plant. For example, see Van Hartingsveldt et al., (Gene,127:87, 1993), which discloses the nucleotide sequence of anAspergillus nigerphytase gene. In corn, this, for example, could be accomplished by cloning and then reintroducing DNA associated with the single allele which is responsible for corn mutants characterized by low levels of phytic acid. See Raboy et al.,Plant Physiol.,124:355, 1990. A number of genes are known that may be used to alter carbohydrate metabolism. For example, plants may be transformed with a gene coding for an enzyme that alters the branching pattern of starch. See Shiroza et al., (J. Bacteriol.,170:810, 1988), which discloses the nucleotide sequence of Streptococcus mutans fructosyltransferase gene, Steinmetz et al., (Mol. Gen. Genet.,20:220, 1985), which discloses the nucleotide sequence ofBacillus subtilislevansucrase gene), Pen et al., (Biotechnology,10:292, 1992), which discloses the production of transgenic plants that expressBacillus licheniformisα-amylase, Elliot et al., (Plant Molec. Biol.,21:515, 1993), which discloses the nucleotide sequences of tomato invertase genes, Sørgaard et al., (J. Biol. Chem.,268:22480, 1993), which discloses site-directed mutagenesis of barley α-amylase gene, and Fisher et al., (Plant Physiol.,102:1045, 1993) which discloses maize endosperm starch branching enzyme II. The Z10 gene encoding a 10 kD zein storage protein from maize may also be used to alter the quantities of 10 kD zein in the cells relative to other components (Kirihara et al.,Gene,71:359, 1988). U.S. Pat. No. 6,930,225 describes maize cellulose synthase genes and methods of use thereof. G. Resistance to Abiotic Stress Abiotic stress includes dehydration or other osmotic stress, salinity, high or low light intensity, high or low temperatures, submergence, exposure to heavy metals, and oxidative stress. Delta-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) from mothbean has been used to provide protection against general osmotic stress. Mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase (mt1D) fromE. colihas been used to provide protection against drought and salinity. Choline oxidase (codA fromArthrobactor globiformis) can protect against cold and salt.E. colicholine dehydrogenase (betA) provides protection against salt. Additional protection from cold can be provided by omega-3-fatty acid desaturase (fad7) fromArabidopsis thaliana. Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase and levan sucrase (SacB) from yeast andBacillus subtilis, respectively, can provide protection against drought (summarized from Annex II Genetic Engineering for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants, Consultative Group On International Agricultural Research Technical Advisory Committee). Overexpression of superoxide dismutase can be used to protect against superoxides, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,538,878 to Thomas et al. H. Additional Traits Additional traits can be introduced into the corn variety of the present invention. A non-limiting example of such a trait is a coding sequence which decreases RNA and/or protein levels. The decreased RNA and/or protein levels may be achieved through RNAi methods, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,506,559 to Fire et al. Another trait that may find use with the corn variety of the invention is a sequence which allows for site-specific recombination. Examples of such sequences include the FRT sequence used with the FLP recombinase; and the LOX sequence used with CRE recombinase. The recombinase genes can be encoded at any location within the genome of the corn plant, and are active in the hemizygous state. It may also be desirable to make corn plants more tolerant to or more easily transformed withAgrobacterium tumefaciens. Expression of p53 and iap, two baculovirus cell-death suppressor genes, inhibited tissue necrosis and DNA cleavage. Additional targets can include plant-encoded proteins that interact with theAgrobacteriumVir genes; enzymes involved in plant cell wall formation; and histones, histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases. In addition to the modification of oil, fatty acid or phytate content described above, it may additionally be beneficial to modify the amounts or levels of other compounds. For example, the amount or composition of antioxidants can be altered. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,787,618 and 7,154,029 and International Patent Application Publication No. WO 00/68393, which disclose the manipulation of antioxidant levels, and International Patent Application. Publication No. WO 03/082899, which discloses the manipulation of an antioxidant biosynthetic pathway. Additionally, seed amino acid content may be manipulated. U.S. Pat. No. 5,850,016 and International Patent Application Publication No. WO 99/40209 disclose the alteration of the amino acid compositions of seeds. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,080,913 and 6,127,600 disclose methods of increasing accumulation of essential amino acids in seeds. U.S. Pat. No. 5,559,223 describes synthetic storage proteins in which the levels of essential amino acids can be manipulated. International Patent Application Publication No. WO 99/29882 discloses methods for altering amino acid content of proteins. International Patent Application Publication No. WO 98/20133 describes proteins with enhanced levels of essential amino acids. International Patent Application Publication No. WO 98/56935 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,346,403, 6,441,274 and 6,664,445 disclose plant amino acid biosynthetic enzymes. International Patent Application Publication No. WO 98/45458 describes synthetic seed proteins having a higher percentage of essential amino acids than wild-type. U.S. Pat. No. 5,633,436 discloses plants comprising a higher content of sulfur-containing amino acids; U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,801 discloses plants comprising a high threonine content; U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,802 discloses plants comprising a high methionine content; U.S. Pat. No. 5,912,414 discloses plants comprising a high methionine content; U.S. Pat. No. 5,990,389 discloses plants comprising a high lysine content; U.S. Pat. No. 6,459,019 discloses plants comprising an increased lysine and threonine content; International Patent Application Publication No. WO 98/42831 discloses plants comprising a high lysine content; International Patent Application Publication No. WO 96/01905 discloses plants comprising a high threonine content; and International Patent Application Publication No. WO 95/15392 discloses plants comprising a high lysine content. I. Origin and Breeding History of an Exemplary Introduced Trait Provided by the invention are a hybrid plant in which one or more of the parents comprise an introduced trait. Such a plant may be defined as comprising a single locus conversion. Exemplary procedures for the preparation of such single locus conversions are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,205,460, the entire disclosure of which is specifically incorporated herein by reference. An example of a single locus conversion is 85DGD1. 85DGD1 MLms is a conversion of 85DGD1 to cytoplasmic male sterility. 85DGD1 MLms was derived using backcross methods. 85DGD1 (a proprietary inbred of Monsanto Company) was used as the recurrent parent and MLms, a germplasm source carrying ML cytoplasmic sterility, was used as the nonrecurrent parent. The breeding history of the converted inbred 85DGD1 MLms can be summarized as follows: Hawaii Nurseries PlantingMade up S-O: Female row 585 male row 500Date Apr. 2, 1992Hawaii Nurseries PlantingS-O was grown and plants were backcrossedDate Jul. 15, 1992times 85DGD1 (rows 444 {acute over ( )} 443)Hawaii Nurseries PlantingBulked seed of the BC1was grown andDate Nov. 18, 1992backcrossed times 85DGD1 (rows V3-27 {acute over ( )}V3-26)Hawaii Nurseries PlantingBulked seed of the BC2was grown andDate Apr. 2, 1993backcrossed times 85DGD1 (rows 37 {acute over ( )} 36)Hawaii Nurseries PlantingBulked seed of the BC3was grown andDate Jul. 14, 1993backcrossed times 85DGD1 (rows 99 {acute over ( )} 98)Hawaii Nurseries PlantingBulked seed of BC4was grown andDate Oct. 28, 1993backcrossed times 85DGD1 (rows KS-63 {acute over ( )}KS-62)Summer 1994A single ear of the BC5was grown andbackcrossed times 85DGD1 (MC94-822 {acute over ( )}MC94-822-7)Winter 1994Bulked seed of the BC6was grown andbackcrossed times 85DGD1 (3Q-1 {acute over ( )} 3Q-2)Summer 1995Seed of the BC7was bulked and named85DGD1 MLms. As described, techniques for the production of corn plants with added traits are well known in the art. A non-limiting example of such a procedure one of skill in the art could use for preparation of a hybrid corn plant CH011009 comprising an added trait is as follows:(a) crossing a parent of hybrid corn plant CH011009 such as CV602186 and/or CV413999 to a second (nonrecurrent) corn plant comprising a locus to be converted in the parent;(b) selecting at least a first progeny plant resulting from the crossing and comprising the locus;(c) crossing the selected progeny to the parent line of corn plant CH011009;(d) repeating steps (b) and (c) until a parent line of variety CH011009 is obtained comprising the locus; and(e) crossing the converted parent with the second parent to produce hybrid variety CH011009 comprising a trait. Following these steps, essentially any locus may be introduced into hybrid corn variety CH011009. For example, molecular techniques allow introduction of any given locus, without the need for phenotypic screening of progeny during the backcrossing steps. PCR and Southern hybridization are two examples of molecular techniques that may be used for confirmation of the presence of a given locus and thus conversion of that locus. The techniques are carried out as follows: Seeds of progeny plants are grown and DNA isolated from leaf tissue. Approximately one gram of leaf tissue is lyophilized overnight in 15 ml polypropylene tubes. Freeze-dried tissue is ground to a powder in the tube using a glass rod. Powdered tissue is mixed thoroughly with 3 ml extraction buffer (7.0M urea, 0.35M NaCl, 0.05M Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 0.01M EDTA, 1% sarcosine). Tissue/buffer homogenate is extracted with 3 ml phenol/chloroform. The aqueous phase is separated by centrifugation, and precipitated twice using 1/10 volume of 4.4M ammonium acetate pH 5.2, and an equal volume of isopropanol. The precipitate is washed with 75% ethanol and resuspended in 100-500 μl TE (0.01M Tris-HCl, 0.001M EDTA, pH 8.0). The DNA may then be screened as desired for presence of the locus. For PCR, 200-1000 ng genomic DNA from the progeny plant being screened is added to a reaction mix containing 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.3, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 50 mM KCl, 0.1 mg/ml gelatin, 200 μM each dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP, 20% glycerol, 2.5 units Taq DNA polymerase and 0.5 μM each of forward and reverse DNA primers that span a segment of the locus being converted. The reaction is run in a thermal cycling machine 3 minutes at 94° C., 39 repeats of the cycle 1 minute at 94° C., 1 minute at 50° C., 30 seconds at 72° C., followed by 5 minutes at 72° C. Twenty μl of each reaction mix is run on a 3.5% NuSieve gel in TBE buffer (90 mM Tris-borate, 2 mM EDTA) at 50V for two to four hours. The amplified fragment is detected using an agarose gel. Detection of an amplified fragment corresponding to the segment of the locus spanned by the primers indicates the presence of the locus. For Southern analysis, plant DNA is restricted, separated in an agarose gel and transferred to a Nylon filter in 10×SCP (20 SCP: 2M NaCl, 0.6M disodium phosphate, 0.02M disodium EDTA) according to standard methods (Southern,J. Mol. Biol.,98:503, 1975). Locus DNA or RNA sequences are labeled, for example, radioactively with32P by random priming (Feinberg & Vogelstein,Anal. Biochem.,132(1):6, 1983). Filters are prehybridized in 6×SCP, 10% dextran sulfate, 2% sarcosine, and 500 μg/ml denatured salmon sperm DNA. The labeled probe is denatured, hybridized to the filter and washed in 2×SCP, 1% SDS at 65° C. for 30 minutes and visualized by autoradiography using Kodak XAR5 film. Presence of the locus is indicated by detection of restriction fragments of the appropriate size. Tissue Cultures and In Vitro Regeneration of Corn Plants A further aspect of the invention relates to tissue cultures of the corn plant designated CH011009. As used herein, the term “tissue culture” indicates a composition comprising isolated cells of the same or a different type or a collection of such cells organized into parts of a plant. Exemplary types of tissue cultures are protoplasts, calli and plant cells that are intact in plants or parts of plants, such as embryos, pollen, flowers, kernels, ears, cobs, leaves, husks, stalks, roots, root tips, anthers, silk, and the like. In one embodiment, the tissue culture comprises embryos, protoplasts, meristematic cells, pollen, leaves or anthers derived from immature tissues of these plant parts. Means for preparing and maintaining plant tissue cultures are well known in the art (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,538,880 and 5,550,318, each incorporated herein by reference in their entirety). By way of example, a tissue culture comprising organs such as tassels or anthers has been used to produce regenerated plants (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,445,961 and 5,322,789; the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference). One type of tissue culture is tassel/anther culture. Tassels contain anthers which in turn enclose microspores. Microspores develop into pollen. For anther/microspore culture, if tassels are the plant composition, they can be selected at a stage when the microspores are uninucleate, that is, include only 1, rather than 2 or 3 nuclei. Methods to determine the correct stage are well known to those skilled in the art and include mitramycin fluorescent staining, trypan blue, and acetocarmine squashing. The mid-uninucleate microspore stage has been found to be the developmental stage most responsive to the subsequent methods disclosed to ultimately produce plants. Although microspore-containing plant organs such as tassels can generally be pretreated at any cold temperature below about 25° C., a range of 4° C. to 25° C. may be preferred, and a range of 8° C. to 14° C. may be particularly preferred. Although other temperatures yield embryoids and regenerated plants, cold temperatures produce optimum response rates compared to pretreatment at temperatures outside the preferred range. Response rate is measured as either the number of embryoids or the number of regenerated plants per number of microspores initiated in culture. Exemplary methods of microspore culture are disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,322,789 and 5,445,961, the disclosures of which are specifically incorporated herein by reference. Although not required, when tassels are employed as the plant organ, it is generally beneficial to sterilize their surface. Following surface sterilization of the tassels, for example, with a solution of calcium hypochloride, the anthers are removed from about 70 to 150 spikelets (small portions of the tassels) and placed in a preculture or pretreatment medium. Larger or smaller amounts can be used depending on the number of anthers. When one elects to employ tassels directly, tassels are generally pretreated at a cold temperature for a predefined time, often at 10° C. for about 4 days. After pretreatment of a whole tassel at a cold temperature, dissected anthers are further pretreated in an environment that diverts microspores from their developmental pathway. The function of the preculture medium is to switch the developmental program from one of pollen development to that of embryoid/callus development. An embodiment of such an environment in the form of a preculture medium includes a sugar alcohol, for example mannitol or sorbitol, inositol or the like. An exemplary synergistic combination is the use of mannitol at a temperature of about 10° C. for a period ranging from about 10 to 14 days. In one embodiment, 3 ml of 0.3M mannitol combined with 50 mg/l of ascorbic acid, silver nitrate, and colchicine is used for incubation of anthers at 10° C. for between 10 and 14 days. Another embodiment is to substitute sorbitol for mannitol. The colchicine produces chromosome doubling at this early stage. The chromosome doubling agent is generally only present at the preculture stage. It is believed that the mannitol or other similar carbon structures or environmental stress induce starvation and function to force microspores to focus their energies on entering developmental stages. The cells are unable to use, for example, mannitol as a carbon source at this stage. It is believed that these treatments confuse the cells causing them to develop as embryoids and plants from microspores. Dramatic increases in development from these haploid cells, as high as 25 embryoids in 104microspores, have resulted from using these methods. To isolate microspores, an isolation media is generally used. An isolation media is used to separate microspores from the anther walls while maintaining their viability and embryogenic potential. An illustrative embodiment of an isolation media includes a 6% sucrose or maltose solution combined with an antioxidant such as 50 mg/l of ascorbic acid, 0.1 mg/l biotin, and 400 mg/l of proline, combined with 10 mg/l of nicotinic acid and 0.5 mg/l AgNO3. In another embodiment, the biotin and proline are omitted. An isolation media preferably has a higher antioxidant level when it is used to isolate microspores from a donor plant (a plant from which a plant composition containing a microspore is obtained) that is field grown in contrast to greenhouse grown. A preferred level of ascorbic acid in an isolation medium is from about 50 mg/l to about 125 mg/l and, more preferably, from about 50 mg/l to about 100 mg/l. One can find particular benefit in employing a support for the microspores during culturing and subculturing. Any support that maintains the cells near the surface can be used. An illustrative embodiment of a solid support is a TRANSWELL® culture dish. Another embodiment of a solid support for development of the microspores is a bilayer plate wherein liquid media is on top of a solid base. Other embodiments include a mesh or a millipore filter. Preferably, a solid support is a nylon mesh in the shape of a raft. A raft is defined as an approximately circular support material which is capable of floating slightly above the bottom of a tissue culture vessel, for example, a petri dish, of about a 60 or 100 mm size, although any other laboratory tissue culture vessel will suffice. In an illustrative embodiment, a raft is about 55 mm in diameter. Culturing isolated microspores on a solid support, for example, on a 10 mm pore nylon raft floating on 2.2 ml of medium in a 60 mm petri dish, prevents microspores from sinking into the liquid medium and thus avoiding low oxygen tension. These types of cell supports enable the serial transfer of the nylon raft with its associated microspore/embryoids ultimately to full strength medium containing activated charcoal and solidified with, for example, GELRITE™ (solidifying agent). The liquid medium passes through the mesh while the microspores are retained and supported at the medium-air interface. The surface tension of the liquid medium in the petri dish causes the raft to float. The liquid is able to pass through the mesh; consequently, the microspores stay on top. The mesh remains on top of the total volume of liquid medium. The culture vessels can be further defined as either (1) a bilayer 60 mm petri plate wherein the bottom 2 ml of medium are solidified with 0.7% agarose overlaid with 1 mm of liquid containing the microspores; (2) a nylon mesh raft wherein a wafer of nylon is floated on 1.2 ml of medium and 1 ml of isolated microspores is pipetted on top; or (3) TRANSWELL® plates wherein isolated microspores are pipetted onto membrane inserts which support the microspores at the surface of 2 ml of medium. Examples of processes of tissue culturing and regeneration of corn are described in, for example, European Patent Application Publication No. EP0160390, PCT Application WO 95/06128, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,369. Processes of Crossing Corn Plants and the Corn Plants Produced by Such Crosses The present invention provides processes of preparing novel corn plants and corn plants produced by such processes. In accordance with such a process, a first parent corn plant may be crossed with a second parent corn plant wherein the first and second corn plants are the parent lines of hybrid corn plant variety CH011009, or wherein at least one of the plants is of hybrid corn plant variety CH011009. Corn plants (Zea maysL.) can be crossed by either natural or mechanical techniques. Natural pollination occurs in corn when the wind blows pollen from the tassels to the silks that protrude from the tops of the recipient ears. Mechanical pollination can be effected either by controlling the types of pollen that can blow onto the silks or by pollinating by hand. In one embodiment, crossing comprises the steps of:(a) planting in pollinating proximity seeds of a first and a second parent corn plant, and preferably, seeds of a first inbred corn plant and a second, distinct inbred corn plant;(b) cultivating or growing the seeds of the first and second parent corn plants into plants that bear flowers;(c) emasculating flowers of either the first or second parent corn plant, i.e., treating the flowers so as to prevent pollen production, or alternatively, using as the female parent a male sterile plant, thereby providing an emasculated parent corn plant;(d) allowing natural cross-pollination to occur between the first and second parent corn plants;(e) harvesting seeds produced on the emasculated parent corn plant; and, when desired, growing the harvested seed into a corn plant, preferably, a hybrid corn plant. Parental plants are typically planted in pollinating proximity to each other by planting the parental plants in alternating rows, in blocks or in any other convenient planting pattern. When the parental plants differ in timing of sexual maturity, it may be desired to plant the slower maturing plant first, thereby ensuring the availability of pollen from the male parent during the time at which silks on the female parent are receptive to pollen. Plants of both parental parents are cultivated and allowed to grow until the time of flowering. Advantageously, during this growth stage, plants are in general treated with fertilizer and/or other agricultural chemicals as considered appropriate by the grower. At the time of flowering, in the event that plant CH011009 is employed as the male parent, the tassels of the other parental plant are removed from all plants employed as the female parental plant to avoid self-pollination. The detasseling can be achieved manually but also can be done by machine. Alternatively, when the female parent corn plant comprises a cytoplasmic or nuclear gene conferring male sterility, detasseling may not be required. Additionally, a chemical gametocide may be used to sterilize the male flowers of the female plant. In this case, the parent plants used as the male may either not be treated with the chemical agent or may comprise a genetic factor which causes resistance to the emasculating effects of the chemical agent. Gametocides affect processes or cells involved in the development, maturation or release of pollen. Plants treated with such gametocides are rendered male sterile, but typically remain female fertile. The use of chemical gametocides is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,936,904, the disclosure of which is specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Furthermore, the use of Roundup herbicide in combination with glyphosate tolerant corn plants to produce male sterile corn plants is disclosed in PCT Publication WO 98/44140. Following emasculation, the plants are then typically allowed to continue to grow and natural cross-pollination occurs as a result of the action of wind, which is normal in the pollination of grasses, including corn. As a result of the emasculation of the female parent plant, all the pollen from the male parent plant is available for pollination because tassels, and thereby pollen bearing flowering parts, have been previously removed from all plants of the plant being used as the female in the hybridization. Of course, during this hybridization procedure, the parental varieties are grown such that they are isolated from other corn fields to minimize or prevent any accidental contamination of pollen from foreign sources. These isolation techniques are well within the skill of those skilled in this art. Both parental plants of corn may be allowed to continue to grow until maturity or the male rows may be destroyed after flowering is complete. Only the ears from the female parental plants are harvested to obtain seeds of a novel F1hybrid. The novel F1hybrid seed produced can then be planted in a subsequent growing season in commercial fields or, alternatively, advanced in breeding protocols for purposes of developing novel inbred lines. Alternatively, in another embodiment of the invention, one or both first and second parent corn plants can be from variety CH011009. Thus, any corn plant produced using corn plant CH011009 forms a part of the invention. As used herein, crossing can mean selfing, backcrossing, crossing to another or the same variety, crossing to populations, and the like. All corn plants produced using the corn variety CH011009 as a parent are, therefore, within the scope of this invention. One use of the instant corn variety is in the production of hybrid seed. Any time the corn plant CH011009 is crossed with another, different, corn plant, a corn hybrid plant is produced. As such, hybrid corn plant can be produced by crossing CH011009 with any second corn plant. Essentially any other corn plant can be used to produce a corn plant having corn plant CH011009 as one parent. All that is required is that the second plant be fertile, which corn plants naturally are, and that the plant is not corn variety CH011009. The goal of the process of producing an F1hybrid is to manipulate the genetic complement of corn to generate new combinations of genes which interact to yield new or improved traits (phenotypic characteristics). A process of producing an F1hybrid typically begins with the production of one or more inbred plants. Those plants are produced by repeated crossing of ancestrally related corn plants to try to combine certain genes within the inbred plants. The development of new inbred varieties using one or more starting varieties is well known in the art. In accordance with the invention, novel varieties may be created by crossing a corn variety, followed by multiple generations of breeding according to such well known methods. New varieties may be created by crossing a corn variety with any second plant. In selecting such a second plant to cross for the purpose of developing novel inbred lines, it may be desired to choose those plants which either themselves exhibit one or more desirable characteristics or which exhibit the desirable characteristic(s) when in hybrid combination. Examples of potentially desirable characteristics include greater yield, better stalks, better roots, resistance to insecticides, herbicides, pests, and disease, tolerance to heat and drought, reduced time to crop maturity, better agronomic quality, higher nutritional value, and uniformity in germination times, stand establishment, growth rate, maturity, and fruit size. Once initial crosses have been made with a corn variety, inbreeding takes place to produce new inbred varieties. Inbreeding requires manipulation by human breeders. Even in the extremely unlikely event inbreeding rather than crossbreeding occurred in natural corn, achievement of complete inbreeding cannot be expected in nature due to well-known deleterious effects of homozygosity and the large number of generations the plant would have to breed in isolation. The reason for the breeder to create inbred plants is to have a known reservoir of genes whose gametic transmission is predictable. The pedigree breeding method involves crossing two genotypes. Each genotype can have one or more desirable characteristics lacking in the other; or, each genotype can complement the other. If the two original parental genotypes do not provide all of the desirable characteristics, other genotypes can be included in the breeding population. Superior plants that are the products of these crosses are selfed and selected in successive generations. Each succeeding generation becomes more homogeneous as a result of self-pollination and selection. Typically, this method of breeding involves five or more generations of selfing and selection. After at least five generations, the inbred plant is considered genetically pure. Marker assisted selection (MAS) can be used to reduce the number of breeding cycles and improve selection accuracy. For example, see Openshaw et al., “Marker-assisted Selection in Backcross Breeding,” in: Proceedings Symposium of the Analysis of Molecular Data, August 1994, Crop Science Society of America. Genome-wide selection (GWS)/genomic selection (GS) can also be used as an alternative to, or in combination to, marker assisted selection and phenotype selection. GS utilizes quantitative models over a large number of markers distributed across the genome to predict the genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) of individual plants that has been genotyped but not phenotyped. GS can improve complex traits or combination of multiple traits without the need to identify markers associated with the traits. GS can replace phenotyping for a few selection cycles, thus reducing the cost and the time required for variety development (Crossa et al., Trends in Plant Science, November 2017, Vol. 22, No. 11). Uniform lines of new varieties may also be developed by way of doubled-haploids. This technique allows the creation of true breeding lines without the need for multiple generations of selfing and selection. In this manner true breeding lines can be produced in as little as one generation. Haploid induction systems have been developed for various plants to produce haploid tissues, plants and seeds. The haploid induction system can produce haploid plants from any genotype by crossing with an inducer line. Inducer lines and methods for obtaining haploid plants are known in the art. Haploid embryos may be produced, for example, from microspores, pollen, anther cultures, or ovary cultures. The haploid embryos may then be doubled autonomously, or by chemical treatments (e.g. colchicine treatment). Alternatively, haploid embryos may be grown into haploid plants and treated to induce chromosome doubling. In either case, fertile homozygous plants are obtained. In accordance with the invention, any of such techniques may be used in connection with a plant of the invention and progeny thereof to achieve a homozygous line. Corn has a diploid phase which means two conditions of a gene (two alleles) occupy each locus (position on a chromosome). If the alleles are the same at a locus, there is said to be homozygosity. If they are different, there is said to be heterozygosity. In a completely inbred plant, all loci are homozygous. Because many loci when homozygous are deleterious to the plant, in particular leading to reduced vigor, less kernels, weak and/or poor growth, production of inbred plants is an unpredictable and arduous process. Under some conditions, heterozygous advantage at some loci effectively bars perpetuation of homozygosity. A single cross hybrid corn variety is the cross of two inbred plants, each of which has a genotype which complements the genotype of the other. Typically, F1hybrids are more vigorous than their inbred parents. This hybrid vigor, or heterosis, is manifested in many polygenic traits, including markedly improved yields, better stalks, better roots, better uniformity and better insect and disease resistance. In the development of hybrids only the F1hybrid plants are typically sought. An F1single cross hybrid is produced when two inbred plants are crossed. A double cross hybrid is produced from four inbred plants crossed in pairs (A×B and C×D) and then the two F1hybrids are crossed again (A×B)×(C×D). Thousands of corn varieties are known to those of skill in the art, any one of which could be crossed with corn plant CH011009 to produce a hybrid plant. Estimates place the number of different corn accessions in gene banks around the world at around 50,000. The Maize Genetics Cooperation Stock Center, which is supported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, has a total collection of over 80,000 individually pedigreed samples (available on the World Wide Web at maizecoop.cropsci.uiuc.edu/). When the corn plant CH011009 is crossed with another plant to yield progeny, it can serve as either the maternal or paternal plant. For many crosses, the outcome is the same regardless of the assigned sex of the parental plants. However, due to increased seed yield and production characteristics, it may be desired to use one parental plant as the maternal plant. Some plants produce tighter ear husks leading to more loss, for example due to rot. There can be delays in silk formation which deleteriously affect timing of the reproductive cycle for a pair of parental inbreds. Seed coat characteristics can be preferable in one plant. Pollen can be shed better by one plant. Other variables can also affect preferred sexual assignment of a particular cross. The development of a hybrid corn variety involves three steps: (1) selecting plants from various germplasm pools; (2) selfing the selected plants for several generations to produce a series of inbred plants, which although different from each other, each breed true and are highly uniform; and (3) crossing the selected inbred plants with unrelated inbred plants to produce F1hybrid progeny. During this inbreeding process in corn, the vigor of the plants decreases; however, vigor is restored when two unrelated inbred plants are crossed to produce F1hybrid progeny. An important consequence of the genetic homozygosity and homogeneity of an inbred plant is that the F1hybrid progeny of any two inbred varieties are genetically and phenotypically uniform. Plant breeders choose these hybrid populations that display phenotypic uniformity. Once the inbred plants that produce superior hybrid progeny have been identified, the uniform traits of their hybrid progeny can be reproduced indefinitely as long as the homogeneity of the inbred parents is maintained. The development of inbred plants generally requires at least about 5 to 7 generations of selfing. Inbred plants are then cross-bred in an attempt to develop improved F1hybrids. Hybrids are then screened and evaluated in small scale field trials. Typically, about 10 to 15 phenotypic traits, selected for their potential commercial value, are measured. A selection index of the most commercially important traits is used to help evaluate hybrids. FACT, an acronym for Field Analysis Comparison Trial (strip trials), is an on-farm experimental testing program employed by Monsanto Company to perform the final evaluation of the commercial potential of a product. During the next several years, a progressive elimination of hybrids occurs based on more detailed evaluation of their phenotype. Eventually, strip trials (FACT) are conducted to formally compare the experimental hybrids being developed with other hybrids, some of which were previously developed and generally are commercially successful. That is, comparisons of experimental hybrids are made to competitive hybrids to determine if there was any advantage to further development of the experimental hybrids. After FACT testing is complete, determinations may be made whether commercial development should proceed for a given hybrid. The present invention provides a genetic complement of the hybrid corn plant variety designated CH011009. As used herein, the phrase “genetic complement” means an aggregate of nucleotide sequences, the expression of which defines the phenotype of a corn plant or a cell or tissue of that plant. By way of example, a corn plant is genotyped to determine a representative sample of the inherited markers it possesses. Markers are alleles at a single locus. They are preferably inherited in codominant fashion so that the presence of both alleles at a diploid locus is readily detectable, and they are free of environmental variation, i.e., their heritability is 1. This genotyping is preferably performed on at least one generation of the descendant plant for which the numerical value of the quantitative trait or traits of interest are also determined. The array of single locus genotypes is expressed as a profile of marker alleles, two at each locus. The marker allelic composition of each locus can be either homozygous or heterozygous. Homozygosity is a condition in which both alleles at a locus are characterized by the same nucleotide sequence or size of a repeated sequence. Heterozygosity refers to different conditions of the gene at a locus. A preferred type of genetic marker for use with the invention is simple sequence repeats (SSRs), although potentially any other type of genetic marker could be used, for example, restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and isozymes. All of the compositions and methods disclosed and claimed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in light of the present disclosure. While the compositions and methods of this invention have been described in terms of the foregoing illustrative embodiments, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations, changes, modifications, and alterations may be applied to the composition, methods, and in the steps or in the sequence of steps of the methods described herein, without departing from the true concept, spirit, and scope of the invention. More specifically, it will be apparent that certain agents that are both chemically and physiologically related may be substituted for the agents described herein while the same or similar results would be achieved. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope, and concept of the invention as defined by the appended claims. The references cited herein, to the extent that they provide exemplary procedural or other details supplementary to those set forth herein, are specifically incorporated herein by reference.

11856914

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION In the description and tables that follow, a number of terms are used. In order to provide a clear and consistent understanding of the specification and claims, including the scope to be given such terms, the following definitions are provided: Abiotic stress: As used herein, abiotic stress relates to all non-living chemical and physical factors in the environment. Examples of abiotic stress include, but are not limited to, drought, flooding, salinity, temperature, and climate change. Allele. Any of one or more alternative forms of a genetic sequence. In a diploid cell or organism, the two alleles of a given sequence typically occupy corresponding loci on a pair of homologous chromosomes. Alter. The utilization of up-regulation, down-regulation, or gene silencing. Backcrossing. A process in which a breeder crosses progeny back to one of the parental genotypes one or more times. Commonly used to introduce one or more locus conversions from one genetic background into another. Breeding. The genetic manipulation of living organisms. BU/A. Bushels per Acre. The seed yield in bushels/acre is the actual yield of the grain at harvest. Brown Stem Rot. This is a visual disease score from 1 to 9 comparing all genotypes in a given test. The score is based on leaf symptoms of yellowing and necrosis caused by brown stem rot. Visual scores range from a score of 9, which indicates no symptoms, to a score of 1 which indicates severe symptoms of leaf yellowing and necrosis. Cell. Cell as used herein includes a plant cell, whether isolated, in tissue culture, or incorporated in a plant or plant part. Cotyledon. A cotyledon is a type of seed leaf. The cotyledon contains the food storage tissues of the seed. Cross-pollination. Fertilization by the union of two gametes from different plants. Diploid. A cell or organism having two sets of chromosomes. Embryo. The embryo is the small plant contained within a mature seed. Emergence. This score indicates the ability of the seed to emerge when planted 3″ deep in sand at a controlled temperature of 25° C. The number of plants that emerge each day are counted. Based on this data, each genotype is given a 1 to 9 score based on its rate of emergence and percent of emergence. A score of 9 indicates an excellent rate and percent of emergence, an intermediate score of 5 indicates average ratings and a score of 1 indicates a very poor rate and percent of emergence. F#. The “F” symbol denotes the filial generation, and the # is the generation number, such as F1, F2, F3, etc. Gene. As used herein, “gene” refers to a unit of inheritance corresponding to DNA or RNA that code for a type of protein or for an RNA chain that has a function in the organism. Gene Silencing. The interruption or suppression of the expression of a gene at the level of transcription or translation. Genotype. Refers to the genetic constitution of a cell or organism. Haploid. A cell or organism having one set of the two sets of chromosomes in a diploid. Hilum. This refers to the scar left on the seed that marks the place where the seed was attached to the pod prior to the seed being harvested. Hypocotyl. A hypocotyl is the portion of an embryo or seedling between the cotyledons and the root. Therefore, it can be considered a transition zone between shoot and root. Iron Deficiency Chlorosis. Iron deficiency chlorosis (IDC) is a yellowing of the leaves caused by a lack of iron in the soybean plant. Iron is essential in the formation of chlorophyll, which gives plants their green color. In high pH soils, iron becomes insoluble and cannot be absorbed by plant roots. Soybean cultivars differ in their genetic ability to utilize the available iron. A score of 9 means no stunting of the plants or yellowing of the leaves, and a score of 1 indicates the plants are dead or dying caused by iron deficiency, a score of 5 means plants have intermediate health with some leaf yellowing. Linkage. Refers to a phenomenon wherein alleles on the same chromosome tend to segregate together more often than expected by chance if their transmission was independent. Linkage Disequilibrium. Refers to a phenomenon wherein alleles tend to remain together in linkage groups when segregating from parents to offspring, with a greater frequency than expected from their individual frequencies. Linoleic Acid Percent. Linoleic acid is one of the five most abundant fatty acids in soybean seeds. It is measured by gas chromatography and is reported as a percent of the total oil content. Locus. A defined segment of DNA. Lodging Resistance. Lodging is rated on a scale of 1 to 9. A score of 9 indicates erect plants. A score of 5 indicates plants are leaning at a 45° angle in relation to the ground and a score of 1 indicates plants are lying on the ground. Maturity Date. Plants are considered mature when 95% of the pods have reached their mature color. The number of days are calculated either from August 31 or from the planting date. Maturity Group. This refers to an agreed upon industry division of groups of soybean varieties based on zones in which they are adapted, primarily according to day length or latitude. They consist of very long day length varieties (Groups 000, 00, 0), and extend to very short day length varieties (Groups VII, VIII, IX, X). Nucleic Acid. An acidic, chainlike biological macromolecule consisting of multiple repeat units of phosphoric acid, sugar and purine and pyrimidine bases. Relative Maturity (RM). The term relative maturity is a numerical value that is assigned to a soybean cultivar based on comparisons with the maturity values of other varieties. The number preceding the decimal point in the RM refers to the maturity group. The number following the decimal point refers to the relative earliness or lateness within each maturity group. For example, a 3.0 is an early group III cultivar, while a 3.9 is a late group III cultivar. Oil or Oil Percent. Soybean seeds contain a considerable amount of oil. Oil is measured by NIR spectrophotometry and is reported as a percentage basis. Oleic Acid Percent. Oleic acid is one of the five most abundant fatty acids in soybean seeds. It is measured by gas chromatography and is reported as a percent of the total oil content. Palmitic Acid Percent. Palmitic acid is one of the five most abundant fatty acids in soybean seeds. It is measured by gas chromatography and is reported as a percent of the total oil content. Pedigree. Refers to the lineage or genealogical descent of a plant. Pedigree Distance. Relationship among generations based on their ancestral links as evidenced in pedigrees. May be measured by the distance of the pedigree from a given starting point in the ancestry. Percent Identity. Percent identity as used herein refers to the comparison of the homozygous alleles of two soybean varieties. Percent identity is determined by comparing a statistically significant number of the homozygous alleles of two developed varieties. For example, a percent identity of 90% between soybean cultivar 1 and soybean cultivar 2 means that the two cultivars have the same allele at 90% of their loci. Percent Similarity. Percent similarity as used herein refers to the comparison of the homozygous alleles of a soybean cultivar such as soybean cultivar 01140108 with another plant, and if the homozygous allele of soybean cultivar 01140108 matches at least one of the alleles from the other plant, then they are scored as similar. Percent similarity is determined by comparing a statistically significant number of loci and recording the number of loci with similar alleles as a percentage. A percent similarity of 90% between soybean cultivar 01140108 and another plant means that soybean cultivar 01140108 matches at least one of the alleles of the other plant at 90% of the loci. PhytophthoraTolerance. Tolerance toPhytophthoraroot rot is rated on a scale of 1 to 9, with a score of 9 being the best or highest tolerance ranging down to a score of 1 which indicates the plants have no tolerance toPhytophthora. Phenotypic Score. The Phenotypic Score is a visual rating of general appearance of the cultivar. All visual traits are considered in the score including healthiness, standability, appearance, and freedom of disease. Ratings are scored from 1 being poor to 9 being excellent. Plant. As used herein, the term “plant” includes reference to an immature or mature whole plant, including a plant from which seed, grain, or anthers have been removed. Seed or embryo that will produce the plant is also considered to be the plant. Plant Height. Plant height is taken from the top of the soil to the top node of the plant and is measured in centimeters. Plant Parts. As used herein, the term “plant parts” (or a soybean plant, or a part thereof) includes but is not limited to protoplasts, leaves, stems, roots, root tips, anthers, pistils, seed, grain, embryo, pollen, ovules, cotyledon, hypocotyl, pod, flower, shoot, tissue, petiole, cells, meristematic cells, and the like. Pod. This refers to the fruit of a soybean plant. It consists of the hull or shell (pericarp) and the soybean seeds. Progeny. As used herein, includes an F1soybean plant produced from the cross of two soybean plants where at least one plant includes soybean cultivar 01140108 and progeny further includes, but is not limited to, subsequent F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7, F8, F9, and F10generational crosses with the recurrent parental line. Protein Percent. Soybean seeds contain a considerable amount of protein. Protein is generally measured by NIR spectrophotometry and is reported on an as is percentage basis. Pubescence. This refers to a covering of very fine hairs closely arranged on the leaves, stems, and pods of the soybean plant. Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL). Quantitative trait loci (QTL) refer to genetic loci that control to some degree numerically representable traits that are usually continuously distributed. Regeneration. Regeneration refers to the development of a plant from tissue culture. Seed Protein Peroxidase Activity. Seed protein peroxidase activity refers to a chemical taxonomic technique to separate cultivars based on the presence or absence of the peroxidase enzyme in the seed coat. There are two types of soybean cultivars; those having high peroxidase activity (dark red color) and those having low peroxidase activity (no color). Seed Yield (Bushels/Acre). The yield in bushels/acre is the actual yield of the grain at harvest. Seeds Per Pound. Soybean seeds vary in seed size; therefore, the number of seeds required to make up one pound also varies. The number of seeds per pound affect the pounds of seed required to plant a given area and can also impact end uses. Shattering. The amount of pod dehiscence prior to harvest. Pod dehiscence involves seeds falling from the pods to the soil. This is a visual score from 1 to 9 comparing all genotypes within a given test. A score of 9 means pods have not opened and no seeds have fallen out. A score of 5 indicates approximately 50% of the pods have opened, with seeds falling to the ground, and a score of 1 indicates 100% of the pods are opened. Single Locus Converted (Conversion). Single locus converted (conversion), also known as coisogenic plants, refers to plants which are developed by a plant breeding technique called backcrossing and/or by genetic transformation to introduce a given locus that is transgenic in origin, wherein essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of a soybean variety are recovered in addition to the characteristics of the locus transferred into the variety via the backcrossing technique or by genetic transformation. BREEDING HISTORY The breeding history of the cultivar can be summarized as follows:2016 A cross with parentage 13030243-17 X HT3-006 was made near Adel, Iowa.2016-17 F1 populations were grown in Argentina and were advanced using modified single seed descent.2017 F2 bulk populations were grown in the Midwest and single plants were pulled.2017-18 Plant rows were grown near Chacabuco, Argentina.2018 Yield trials were grown at 6 locations in the Midwest. F5 single plants were pulled.2018-19 Plant rows were grown near Chacabuco, Argentina.2019 Based on yield from 2018 trials, 16DF610108-01-04 was advanced to 2019 PRYT trials grown at 6 locations in the Midwest.2020 Based on yield from 2019 trials, 16DF610108-01-04 was advanced to 2020 Elite yield trials. 16DF610108-01-04 was Given a Variety Designation 01140108. The cultivar has shown uniformity and stability, as described in the following variety description information. It has been self-pollinated a sufficient number of generations with careful attention to uniformity of plant type. The line has been increased with continued observation for uniformity. The results of an objective evaluation of the cultivar are presented in the table(s) that follow. TABLE 1DESCRIPTION OF SOYBEAN CULTIVAR 01140108Seed Coat Color (Mature Seed):YellowSeed Coat Luster (Mature Seed):DullCotyledon Color (Mature Seed):YellowLeaflet Shape:OvateGrowth Habit:IndeterminateFlower Color:PurpleHilum Color (Mature Seed):BrownPlant Pubescence Color:Light TawnyPod Wall Color:TanMaturity Group:IIIRelative Maturity:3.2Plant Lodging Score:7.3Plant Height (cm):91Seed Size (# seed/lb):2971Seed % Protein:33.8Seed % Oil:20.2 Physiological Responses: Contains GM_A19788 event conferring resistance to glyphosate herbicides including ROUNDUP. Event GM_A19788 is also known as event MON89788, which is the subject of U.S. Pat. No. 7,632,985, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Event MON89788 is also covered by one or more of the following patents: U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,051,753; 6,660,911; 6,949,696; 7,141,722; 7,608,761; 8,053,184; and 9,017,947. Contains GM_A92205 event conferring resistance to dicamba herbicides. Event GM_A92205 is also known as event MON87708, which is the subject of U.S. Pat. No. 8,501,407, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Event MON87708 is also covered by one or more of the following patents: U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,850,019; 7,812,224; 7,838,729; 7,884,262; 7,939,721; 8,119,380; 8,207,092; 8,629,323; 8,754,011; and RE45,048. Contains event A5547-127, which confers tolerance to glufosinate herbicides. Event A5547-127, which also has the alternate designations “EE-GM2,” “LL55,” and “ACS-GM006-4,” is the subject of U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,017,756, 8,700,336; 8,952,142; 9,062,324; and 9,683,242, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. Disease Resistance: Soybean Cyst Nematode—Rhg 1. This invention is also directed to methods for producing a soybean plant by crossing a first parent soybean plant with a second parent soybean plant, wherein the first or second soybean plant is the soybean plant from cultivar 01140108. Further, both first and second parent soybean plants may be from cultivar 01140108. Therefore, any methods using soybean cultivar 01140108 are part of this invention: selfing, backcrosses, hybrid breeding, and crosses to populations. Any plants produced using soybean cultivar 01140108 as at least one parent are within the scope of this invention. Additional methods include, but are not limited to, expression vectors introduced into plant tissues using a direct gene transfer method, such as microprojectile-mediated delivery, DNA injection, electroporation, and the like. More preferably, expression vectors are introduced into plant tissues by using either microprojectile-mediated delivery with a biolistic device or by usingAgrobacterium-mediated transformation. Transformant plants obtained with the germplasm of the invention are intended to be within the scope of this invention. Soybean cultivar 01140108 is similar to soybean cultivar 13030243-17. While similar to soybean cultivar 13030243-17 there are numerous differences including: soybean cultivar 01140108 has the GM_A92205 gene conferring resistance to dicamba herbicides and the A5547-127 gene conferring resistance to glufosinate herbicides, and soybean cultivar 13030243-17 does not contain these genes. FURTHER EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION The advent of new molecular biological techniques has allowed the isolation and characterization of genetic elements with specific functions, such as encoding specific protein products. Scientists in the field of plant biology developed a strong interest in engineering the genome of plants to contain and express foreign genetic elements, or additional, or modified versions of native or endogenous genetic elements in order to alter the traits of a plant in a specific manner. Any DNA sequences, whether from a different species or from the same species, which are introduced into the genome using transformation or various breeding methods are referred to herein collectively as “transgenes.” In some embodiments of the invention, a transgenic variant of soybean cultivar 01140108 may contain at least one transgene but could contain at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and/or no more than 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, or 2. Over the last 15 to 20 years several methods for producing transgenic plants have been developed, and the present invention also relates to transgenic variants of the claimed soybean cultivar 01140108. Nucleic acids or polynucleotides refer to RNA or DNA that is linear or branched, single or double stranded, or a hybrid thereof. The term also encompasses RNA/DNA hybrids. These terms also encompass untranslated sequence located at both the 3′ and 5′ ends of the coding region of the gene: at least approximately 1000 nucleotides of sequence upstream from the 5′ end of the coding region and at least approximately 200 nucleotides of sequence downstream from the 3′ end of the coding region of the gene. Less common bases, such as inosine, 5-methylcytosine, 6-methyladenine, hypoxanthine and others can also be used for antisense, dsRNA and ribozyme pairing. For example, polynucleotides that contain C-5 propyne analogues of uridine and cytidine have been shown to bind RNA with high affinity and to be potent antisense inhibitors of gene expression. Other modifications, such as modification to the phosphodiester backbone, or the 2′-hydroxy in the ribose sugar group of the RNA can also be made. The antisense polynucleotides and ribozymes can consist entirely of ribonucleotides, or can contain mixed ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides. The polynucleotides of the invention may be produced by any means, including genomic preparations, cDNA preparations, in vitro synthesis, RT-PCR, and in vitro or in vivo transcription. One embodiment of the invention is a process for producing soybean cultivar 01140108 further comprising a desired trait, said process comprising introducing a transgene that confers a desired trait to a soybean plant of cultivar 01140108. Another embodiment is the product produced by this process. In one embodiment the desired trait may be one or more of herbicide resistance, insect resistance, disease resistance, decreased phytate, or modified fatty acid or carbohydrate metabolism. The specific gene may be any known in the art or listed herein, including: a polynucleotide conferring resistance to imidazolinone, dicamba, sulfonylurea, glyphosate, glufosinate, triazine, benzonitrile, cyclohexanedione, phenoxy propionic acid, and L-phosphinothricin; a polynucleotide encoding aBacillus thuringiensispolypeptide; a polynucleotide encoding phytase, FAD-2, FAD-3, galactinol synthase, or a raffinose synthetic enzyme; or a polynucleotide conferring resistance to soybean cyst nematode, brown stem rot,Phytophthoraroot rot, soybean mosaic virus, or sudden death syndrome. Numerous methods for plant transformation have been developed, including biological and physical plant transformation protocols. See, for example, Miki et al., “Procedures for Introducing Foreign DNA into Plants,” inMethods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Glick and Thompson Eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, pp. 67-88 (1993), and Armstrong, “The First Decade of Maize Transformation: A Review and Future Perspective,”Maydica,44:101-109 (1999). In addition, expression vectors and in vitro culture methods for plant cell or tissue transformation and regeneration of plants are available. See, for example, Gruber et al., “Vectors for Plant Transformation,” inMethods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Glick and Thompson Eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, pp. 89-119 (1993). A genetic trait which has been engineered into the genome of a particular soybean plant may then be moved into the genome of another cultivar using traditional breeding techniques that are well known in the plant breeding arts. For example, a backcrossing approach is commonly used to move a transgene from a transformed soybean cultivar into an already developed soybean cultivar, and the resulting backcross conversion plant would then comprise the transgene(s). Various genetic elements can be introduced into the plant genome using transformation. These elements include, but are not limited to, genes, coding sequences, inducible, constitutive and tissue specific promoters, enhancing sequences, and signal and targeting sequences. For example, see the traits, genes, and transformation methods listed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,118,055. Included among various plant transformation techniques are methods that permit the site-specific modification of a plant genome, including coding sequences, regulatory elements, non-coding and other DNA sequences in a plant genome. Such methods are well-known in the art and include, for example, use of the CRISPR-Cas system, zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), among others. Plant transformation may involve the construction of an expression vector which will function in plant cells. Such a vector can comprise DNA comprising a gene under control of, or operatively linked to, a regulatory element (for example, a promoter). The expression vector may contain one or more such operably linked gene/regulatory element combinations. The vector(s) may be in the form of a plasmid and can be used alone or in combination with other plasmids to provide transformed soybean plants using transformation methods as described below to incorporate transgenes into the genetic material of the soybean plant(s). Expression Vectors for Soybean Transformation: Marker Genes Expression vectors include at least one genetic marker operably linked to a regulatory element (for example, a promoter) that allows transformed cells containing the marker to be either recovered by negative selection, i.e., inhibiting growth of cells that do not contain the selectable marker gene, or by positive selection, i.e., screening for the product encoded by the genetic marker. Many commonly used selectable marker genes for plant transformation are well known in the transformation arts, and include, for example, genes that code for enzymes that metabolically detoxify a selective chemical agent which may be an antibiotic or an herbicide, or genes that encode an altered target which is insensitive to the inhibitor. A few positive selection methods are also known in the art. One commonly used selectable marker gene for plant transformation is the neomycin phosphotransferase II (nptII) gene which, when under the control of plant regulatory signals, confers resistance to kanamycin. Fraley et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,80:4803 (1983). Another commonly used selectable marker gene is the hygromycin phosphotransferase gene which confers resistance to the antibiotic hygromycin. Vanden Elzen et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,5:299 (1985). Additional selectable marker genes of bacterial origin that confer resistance to antibiotics include gentamycin acetyl transferase, streptomycin phosphotransferase and aminoglycoside-3′-adenyl transferase, the bleomycin resistance determinant (Hayford et al.,Plant Physiol.,86:1216 (1988); Jones et al.,Mol. Gen. Genet.,210:86 (1987); Svab et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,14:197 (1990); Hille et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,7:171 (1986)). Other selectable marker genes confer resistance to herbicides such as glyphosate, glufosinate, or bromoxynil (Comai et al.,Nature,317:741-744 (1985); Gordon-Kamm et al.,Plant Cell,2:603-618 (1990); Stalke et al.,Science,242:419-423 (1988)). Selectable marker genes for plant transformation not of bacterial origin include, for example, mouse dihydrofolate reductase, plant 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase, and plant acetolactate synthase (Eichholtz et al.,Somatic Cell Mol. Genet.,13:67 (1987); Shah et al.,Science,233:478 (1986); Charest et al.,Plant Cell Rep.,8:643 (1990)). Another class of marker genes for plant transformation requires screening of presumptively transformed plant cells, rather than direct genetic selection of transformed cells, for resistance to a toxic substance such as an antibiotic. These genes are particularly useful to quantify or visualize the spatial pattern of expression of a gene in specific tissues and are frequently referred to as reporter genes because they can be fused to a gene or gene regulatory sequence for the investigation of gene expression. Commonly used genes for screening presumptively transformed cells include β-glucuronidase (GUS), β-galactosidase, luciferase, and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (Jefferson, R. A.,Plant Mol. Biol. Rep.,5:387 (1987); Teeri et al.,EMBO J.,8:343 (1989); Koncz et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,84:131 (1987); DeBlock et al.,EMBO J.,3:1681 (1984)). In vivo methods for visualizing GUS activity that do not require destruction of plant tissue are available (Molecular Probes, Publication 2908, IMAGENE GREEN, pp. 1-4 (1993); Naleway et al.,J. Cell Biol.,115:151a (1991)). However, these in vivo methods for visualizing GUS activity have not proven useful for recovery of transformed cells because of low sensitivity, high fluorescent backgrounds, and limitations associated with the use of luciferase genes as selectable markers. More recently, a gene encoding Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) has been utilized as a marker for gene expression in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (Chalfie et al.,Science,263:802 (1994)). GFP and mutants of GFP may be used as screenable markers. Expression Vectors for Soybean Transformation: Promoters Genes included in expression vectors must be driven by a nucleotide sequence comprising a regulatory element (for example, a promoter). Several types of promoters are well known in the transformation arts as are other regulatory elements that can be used alone or in combination with promoters. As used herein, “promoter” includes reference to a region of DNA upstream from the start of transcription and involved in recognition and binding of RNA polymerase and other proteins to initiate transcription. A “plant promoter” is a promoter capable of initiating transcription in plant cells. Examples of promoters under developmental control include promoters that preferentially initiate transcription in certain tissues, such as leaves, roots, seeds, fibers, xylem vessels, tracheids, or sclerenchyma. Such promoters are referred to as “tissue-preferred.” Promoters that initiate transcription only in a certain tissue are referred to as “tissue-specific.” A “cell-type” specific promoter primarily drives expression in certain cell types in one or more organs, for example, vascular cells in roots or leaves. An “inducible” promoter is a promoter which is under environmental control. Examples of environmental conditions that may affect transcription by inducible promoters include anaerobic conditions or the presence of light. Tissue-specific, tissue-preferred, cell-type specific, and inducible promoters constitute the class of “non-constitutive” promoters. A “constitutive” promoter is a promoter that is active under most environmental conditions. A. Inducible Promoters—An inducible promoter is operably linked to a gene for expression in soybean. Optionally, the inducible promoter is operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal sequence which is operably linked to a gene for expression in soybean. With an inducible promoter the rate of transcription increases in response to an inducing agent. Any inducible promoter can be used in the instant invention. See, Ward et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,22:361-366 (1993). Exemplary inducible promoters include, but are not limited to, that from the ACEI system which responds to copper (Mett et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,90:4567-4571 (1993)); In2 gene from maize which responds to benzenesulfonamide herbicide safeners (Hershey et al.,Mol. Gen Genetics,227:229-237 (1991); Gatz et al.,Mol. Gen. Genetics,243:32-38 (1994)); or Tet repressor from Tn10 (Gatz et al.,Mol. Gen. Genetics,227:229-237 (1991)). A particularly preferred inducible promoter is a promoter that responds to an inducing agent to which plants do not normally respond. An exemplary inducible promoter is the inducible promoter from a steroid hormone gene, glucocorticoid response elements, the transcriptional activity of which is induced by a glucocorticoid hormone (Schena et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,88:10421-10425 (1991)). B. Constitutive Promoters—A constitutive promoter is operably linked to a gene for expression in soybean or the constitutive promoter is operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal sequence which is operably linked to a gene for expression in soybean. Many different constitutive promoters can be utilized in the instant invention. Exemplary constitutive promoters include, but are not limited to, the promoters from plant viruses such as the 35S promoter from CaMV (Odell et al.,Nature,313:810-812 (1985)) and the promoters from such genes as rice actin (McElroy et al.,Plant Cell,2: 163-171 (1990)); ubiquitin (Christensen et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,12:619-632 (1989); Christensen et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,18:675-689 (1992)); pEMU (Last et al.,Theor. Appl. Genet.,81:581-588 (1991)); MAS (Velten et al.,EMBO J.,3:2723-2730 (1984)); and maize H3 histone (Lepetit et al.,Mol. Gen. Genetics,231:276-285 (1992); Atanassova et al.,Plant Journal,2 (3): 291-300 (1992)). The ALS promoter, an Xba1/Ncol fragment 5′ to theBrassica napusALS3 structural gene (or a nucleotide sequence similarity to said Xba1/Ncol fragment), represents a particularly useful constitutive promoter. See PCT Application WO 96/30530. C. Tissue-Specific or Tissue-Preferred Promoters—A tissue-specific promoter is operably linked to a gene for expression in soybean. Optionally, the tissue-specific promoter is operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal sequence which is operably linked to a gene for expression in soybean. Plants transformed with a gene of interest operably linked to a tissue-specific promoter produce the protein product of the transgene exclusively, or preferentially, in a specific tissue. Any tissue-specific or tissue-preferred promoter can be utilized in the instant invention. Exemplary tissue-specific or tissue-preferred promoters include, but are not limited to, a root-preferred promoter such as that from the phaseolin gene (Murai et al.,Science,23:476-482 (1983); Sengupta-Gopalan et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,82:3320-3324 (1985)); a leaf-specific and light-induced promoter such as that from cab or rubisco (Simpson et al.,EMBO J.,4(11):2723-2729 (1985); Timko et al.,Nature,318:579-582 (1985)); an anther-specific promoter such as that from LAT52 (Twell et al.,Mol. Gen. Genetics,217:240-245 (1989)); a pollen-specific promoter such as that from Zm13 (Guerrero et al.,Mol. Gen. Genetics,244:161-168 (1993)); or a microspore-preferred promoter such as that from apg (Twell et al.,Sex. Plant Reprod.,6:217-224 (1993)). Signal Sequences for Targeting Proteins to Subcellular Compartments Transport of a protein produced by transgenes to a subcellular compartment, such as the chloroplast, vacuole, peroxisome, glyoxysome, cell wall, or mitochondrion, or for secretion into the apoplast, is accomplished by means of operably linking the nucleotide sequence encoding a signal sequence to the 5′ and/or 3′ region of a gene encoding the protein of interest. Targeting sequences at the 5′ and/or 3′ end of the structural gene may determine during protein synthesis and processing where the encoded protein is ultimately compartmentalized. The presence of a signal sequence directs a polypeptide to either an intracellular organelle or subcellular compartment or for secretion to the apoplast. Many signal sequences are known in the art. See, for example, Becker et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,20:49 (1992); Knox, C. et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,9:3-17 (1987); Lerner et al.,Plant Physiol.,91:124-129 (1989); Frontes et al.,Plant Cell,3:483-496 (1991); Matsuoka et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.,88:834 (1991); Gould et al.,J. Cell. Biol.,108:1657 (1989); Creissen et al.,Plant J.,2:129 (1991); Kalderon et al.,Cell,39:499-509 (1984); Steifel et al.,Plant Cell,2:785-793 (1990). Foreign Protein Genes and Agronomic Genes With transgenic plants according to the present invention, a foreign protein can be produced in commercial quantities. Thus, techniques for the selection and propagation of transformed plants, which are well understood in the art, yield a plurality of transgenic plants which are harvested in a conventional manner, and a foreign protein can then be extracted from a tissue of interest or from total biomass. Protein extraction from plant biomass can be accomplished by known methods which are discussed, for example, by Heney and Orr,Anal. Biochem.,114:92-6 (1981). According to a preferred embodiment, the transgenic plant provided for commercial production of foreign protein is a soybean plant. In another preferred embodiment, the biomass of interest is seed. For the relatively small number of transgenic plants that show higher levels of expression, a genetic map can be generated, primarily via conventional RFLP, PCR, and SSR analysis, which identifies the approximate chromosomal location of the integrated DNA molecule. For exemplary methodologies in this regard, see, Glick and Thompson,Methods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, 269:284 (1993). Map information concerning chromosomal location is useful for proprietary protection of a subject transgenic plant. Wang et al. discuss “Large Scale Identification, Mapping and Genotyping of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Human Genome,”Science,280:1077-1082 (1998), and similar capabilities are becoming increasingly available for the soybean genome. Map information concerning chromosomal location is useful for proprietary protection of a subject transgenic plant. If unauthorized propagation is undertaken and crosses made with other germplasm, the map of the integration region can be compared to similar maps for suspect plants to determine if the latter have a common parentage with the subject plant. Map comparisons would involve hybridizations, RFLP, PCR, SSR, and sequencing, all of which are conventional techniques. SNPs may also be used alone or in combination with other techniques. Likewise, by means of the present invention, plants can be genetically engineered to express various phenotypes of agronomic interest. Through the transformation of soybean, the expression of genes can be altered to enhance disease resistance, insect resistance, herbicide resistance, agronomic, grain quality, and other traits. Transformation can also be used to insert DNA sequences which control or help control male-sterility. DNA sequences native to soybean, as well as non-native DNA sequences, can be transformed into soybean and used to alter levels of native or non-native proteins. Various promoters, targeting sequences, enhancing sequences, and other DNA sequences can be inserted into the genome for the purpose of altering the expression of proteins. Reduction of the activity of specific genes (also known as gene silencing or gene suppression) is desirable for several aspects of genetic engineering in plants. Many techniques for gene silencing are well known to one of skill in the art, including, but not limited to, knock-outs (such as by insertion of a transposable element such as mu (Vicki Chandler, The Maize Handbook, Ch. 118 (Springer-Verlag 1994)) or other genetic elements such as a FRT and Lox that are used for site specific integrations, antisense technology (see, e.g., Sheehy et al.,PNAS USA,85:8805-8809 (1988); and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,107,065, 5,453,566, and 5,759,829); co-suppression (e.g., Taylor,Plant Cell,9:1245 (1997); Jorgensen,Trends Biotech.,8(12):340-344 (1990); Flavell,PNAS USA,91:3490-3496 (1994); Finnegan et al.,Bio/Technology,12:883-888 (1994); Neuhuber et al.,Mol. Gen. Genet.,244:230-241 (1994)); RNA interference (Napoli et al.,Plant Cell,2:279-289 (1990); U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,323; Sharp,Genes Dev.,13:139-141 (1999); Zamore et al.,Cell,101:25-33 (2000); Montgomery et al.,PNAS USA,95:15502-15507 (1998)), virus-induced gene silencing (Burton et al.,Plant Cell,12:691-705 (2000); Baulcombe,Curr. Op. Plant Bio.,2:109-113 (1999)); target-RNA-specific ribozymes (Haseloff et al.,Nature,334: 585-591 (1988)); hairpin structures (Smith et al.,Nature,407:319-320 (2000); WO 99/53050; WO 98/53083); MicroRNA (Aukerman & Sakai,Plant Cell,15:2730-2741 (2003)); ribozymes (Steinecke et al.,EMBO J.,11:1525 (1992); Perriman et al.,Antisense Res. Dev.,3:253 (1993)); oligonucleotide mediated targeted modification (e.g., WO 03/076574 and WO 99/25853); Zn-finger targeted molecules (e.g., WO 01/52620, WO 03/048345, and WO 00/42219); and other methods or combinations of the above methods known to those of skill in the art. Likewise, by means of the present invention, agronomic genes can be expressed in transformed plants. More particularly, plants can be genetically engineered to express various phenotypes of agronomic interest. Exemplary genes implicated in this regard include, but are not limited to, those categorized below: 1. Genes that Confer Resistance to Pests or Disease and that Encode: A. Plant disease resistance genes. Plant defenses are often activated by specific interaction between the product of a disease resistance gene (R) in the plant and the product of a corresponding avirulence (Avr) gene in the pathogen. A plant cultivar can be transformed with one or more cloned resistance genes to engineer plants that are resistant to specific pathogen strains. See, for example, Jones et al.,Science,266:789 (1994) (cloning of the tomato Cf-9 gene for resistance toCladosporium fulvum); Martin et al.,Science,262:1432 (1993) (tomato Pto gene for resistance toPseudomonas syringaepv. tomato encodes a protein kinase); Mindrinos et al.,Cell,78:1089 (1994) (ArabidopsisRSP2 gene for resistance toPseudomonas syringae); McDowell & Woffenden,Trends Biotechnol.,21(4):178-83 (2003); and Toyoda et al.,Transgenic Res.,11 (6):567-82 (2002). B. A gene conferring resistance to a pest, such as soybean cyst nematode. See, e.g., PCT Application WO 96/30517 and PCT Application WO 93/19181. C. ABacillus thuringiensisprotein, a derivative thereof or a synthetic polypeptide modelled thereon. See, for example, Geiser et al.,Gene,48:109 (1986), who disclose the cloning and nucleotide sequence of a Bt δ-endotoxin gene. Moreover, DNA molecules encoding δ-endotoxin genes can be purchased from American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Virginia, for example, under ATCC Accession Nos. 40098, 67136, 31995, and 31998. D. A lectin. See, for example, Van Damme et al.,Plant Molec. Biol.,24:25 (1994), who disclose the nucleotide sequences of severalClivia miniatamannose-binding lectin genes. E. A vitamin-binding protein such as avidin. See, PCT Application US 93/06487, which teaches the use of avidin and avidin homologues as larvicides against insect pests. F. An enzyme inhibitor, for example, a protease or proteinase inhibitor or an amylase inhibitor. See, for example, Abe et al.,J. Biol. Chem.,262:16793 (1987) (nucleotide sequence of rice cysteine proteinase inhibitor); Huub et al.,Plant Molec. Biol.,21:985 (1993) (nucleotide sequence of cDNA encoding tobacco proteinase inhibitor I); Sumitani et al.,Biosci. Biotech. Biochem.,57:1243 (1993) (nucleotide sequence ofStreptomyces nitrosporeusα-amylase inhibitor); and U.S. Pat. No. 5,494,813 (Hepher and Atkinson, issued Feb. 27, 1996). G. An insect-specific hormone or pheromone, such as an ecdysteroid or juvenile hormone, a variant thereof, a mimetic based thereon, or an antagonist or agonist thereof. See, for example, the disclosure by Hammock et al.,Nature,344:458 (1990), of baculovirus expression of cloned juvenile hormone esterase, an inactivator of juvenile hormone. H. An insect-specific peptide or neuropeptide which, upon expression, disrupts the physiology of the affected pest. For example, see the disclosures of Regan,J. Biol. Chem.,269:9 (1994) (expression cloning yields DNA coding for insect diuretic hormone receptor); Pratt et al.,Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm.,163:1243 (1989) (an allostatin is identified inDiploptera puntata); Chattopadhyay et al.,Critical Reviews in Microbiology,30(1):33-54 (2004); Zjawiony,J Nat Prod,67(2):300-310 (2004); Carlini & Grossi-de-Sa,Toxicon,40(11):1515-1539 (2002); Ussuf et al.,Curr Sci.,80(7):847-853 (2001); Vasconcelos & Oliveira,Toxicon,44(4):385-403 (2004). See also, U.S. Pat. No. 5,266,317 to Tomalski et al., which discloses genes encoding insect-specific, paralytic neurotoxins. I. An insect-specific venom produced in nature by a snake, a wasp, etc. For example, see, Pang et al.,Gene,116:165 (1992), for disclosure of heterologous expression in plants of a gene coding for a scorpion insectotoxic peptide. J. An enzyme responsible for a hyperaccumulation of a monoterpene, a sesquiterpene, a steroid, hydroxamic acid, a phenylpropanoid derivative, or another non-protein molecule with insecticidal activity. K. An enzyme involved in the modification, including the post-translational modification, of a biologically active molecule; for example, a glycolytic enzyme, a proteolytic enzyme, a lipolytic enzyme, a nuclease, a cyclase, a transaminase, an esterase, a hydrolase, a phosphatase, a kinase, a phosphorylase, a polymerase, an elastase, a chitinase, and a glucanase, whether natural or synthetic. See, PCT Application WO 93/02197 (Scott et al.), which discloses the nucleotide sequence of a callase gene. DNA molecules which contain chitinase-encoding sequences can be obtained, for example, from the ATCC under Accession Nos. 39637 and 67152. See also, Kramer et al.,Insect Biochem. Molec. Biol.,23:691 (1993), who teach the nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding tobacco hornworm chitinase, and Kawalleck et al.,Plant Molec. Biol.,21:673 (1993), who provide the nucleotide sequence of the parsley ubi4-2 polyubiquitin gene, U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,145,060, 7,087,810, and 6,563,020. L. A molecule that stimulates signal transduction. For example, see the disclosure by Botella et al.,Plant Molec. Biol.,24:757 (1994), of nucleotide sequences for mung bean calmodulin cDNA clones, and Griess et al.,Plant Physiol.,104:1467 (1994), who provide the nucleotide sequence of a maize calmodulin cDNA clone. M. A hydrophobic moment peptide. See, PCT Application WO 95/16776 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,580,852, which disclose peptide derivatives of tachyplesin which inhibit fungal plant pathogens, and PCT Application WO 95/18855 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,607,914 which teaches synthetic antimicrobial peptides that confer disease resistance. N. A membrane permease, a channel former or a channel blocker. For example, see the disclosure of Jaynes et al.,Plant Sci,89:43 (1993), of heterologous expression of a cecropin-β lytic peptide analog to render transgenic tobacco plants resistant toPseudomonas solanacearum. O. A viral-invasive protein or a complex toxin derived therefrom. For example, the accumulation of viral coat proteins in transformed plant cells imparts resistance to viral infection and/or disease development effected by the virus from which the coat protein gene is derived, as well as by related viruses. See, Beachy et al.,Ann. Rev. Phytopathol.,28:451 (1990). Coat protein-mediated resistance has been conferred upon transformed plants against alfalfa mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, and tobacco mosaic virus. P. An insect-specific antibody or an immunotoxin derived therefrom. Thus, an antibody targeted to a critical metabolic function in the insect gut would inactivate an affected enzyme, killing the insect. See, Taylor et al., Abstract #497, Seventh Int'l Symposium on Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions (Edinburgh, Scotland 1994) (enzymatic inactivation in transgenic tobacco via production of single-chain antibody fragments). Q. A virus-specific antibody. See, for example, Tavladoraki et al.,Nature,366:469 (1993), who show that transgenic plants expressing recombinant antibody genes are protected from virus attack. R. A developmental-arrestive protein produced in nature by a pathogen or a parasite. Thus, fungal endo-α-1,4-D-polygalacturonases facilitate fungal colonization and plant nutrient release by solubilizing plant cell wall homo-α-1,4-D-galacturonase. See, Lamb et al.,Bio/Technology,10:1436 (1992). The cloning and characterization of a gene which encodes a bean endopolygalacturonase-inhibiting protein is described by Toubart et al.,Plant J.,2:367 (1992). S. A developmental-arrestive protein produced in nature by a plant. For example, Logemann et al.,Bio/Technology,10:305 (1992), have shown that transgenic plants expressing the barley ribosome-inactivating gene have an increased resistance to fungal disease. T. Genes involved in the Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) Response and/or the pathogenesis-related genes. Briggs, S.,Current Biology,5(2) (1995); Pieterse & Van Loon,Curr. Opin. Plant Bio.,7(4):456-64 (2004); and Somssich,Cell,113(7):815-6 (2003). U. Antifungal genes. See, Cornelissen and Melchers,Plant Physiol.,101:709-712 (1993); Parijs et al.,Planta,183:258-264 (1991); and Bushnell et al.,Can. J. of Plant Path., (1998). See also, U.S. Pat. No. 6,875,907. V. Detoxification genes, such as for fumonisin, beauvericin, moniliformin, and zearalenone and their structurally-related derivatives. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,792,931. W. Cystatin and cysteine proteinase inhibitors. See, U.S. Pat. No. 7,205,453. X. Defensin genes. See, WO 03/000863 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,911,577. Y. Genes conferring resistance to nematodes, and in particular soybean cyst nematodes. See, e.g., PCT Applications WO 96/30517, WO 93/19181, and WO 03/033651; Urwin et al.,Planta,204:472-479 (1998); Williamson,Curr Opin Plant Bio.,2(4):327-31 (1999). Z. Genes that confer resistance toPhytophthoraRoot Rot, such as the Rps1, Rps1a, Rps1b, Rps1c, Rps1d, Rps1e, Rps1k, Rps2, Rps3a, Rps3b, Rps3c, Rps4, Rps5, Rps6, Rps7, and other Rps genes. See, for example, Shoemaker et al.,PhytophthoraRoot Rot Resistance Gene Mapping in Soybean, Plant Genome IV Conference, San Diego, Calif. (1995). AA. Genes that confer resistance to Brown Stem Rot, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,689,035 and incorporated by reference for this purpose. Any of the above-listed disease or pest resistance genes (A-AA) can be introduced into the claimed soybean cultivar through a cultivar of means including, but not limited to, transformation and crossing. 2. Genes that Confer Resistance to an Herbicide, for Example: A. An herbicide that inhibits the growing point or meristem, such as an imidazolinone or a sulfonylurea. Exemplary genes in this category code for mutant ALS and AHAS enzyme as described, for example, by Lee et al.,EMBO J.,7:1241 (1988) and Miki et al.,Theor. Appl. Genet.,80:449 (1990), respectively. B. Glyphosate (resistance conferred by mutant 5-enolpyruvlshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) and aroA genes, respectively) and other phosphono compounds, such as glufosinate (phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT) andStreptomyces hygroscopicusPAT bar genes), pyridinoxy or phenoxy propionic acids, and cyclohexanediones (ACCase inhibitor-encoding genes). See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,940,835 to Shah et al., which discloses the nucleotide sequence of a form of EPSPS which can confer glyphosate resistance. U.S. Pat. No. 5,627,061 to Barry et al., also describes genes encoding EPSPS enzymes. See also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,566,587, 6,338,961, 6,248,876, 6,040,497, 5,804,425, 5,633,435, 5,145,783, 4,971,908, 5,312,910, 5,188,642, 4,940,835, 5,866,775, 6,225,114, 6,130,366, 5,310,667, 4,535,060, 4,769,061, 5,633,448, 5,510,471, RE 36,449, RE 37,287, and 5,491,288; and International Publications EP1173580, WO 01/66704, EP1173581, and EP1173582, which are incorporated herein by reference for this purpose. Glyphosate resistance is also imparted to plants that express a gene that encodes a glyphosate oxido-reductase enzyme, as described more fully in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,776,760 and 5,463,175, which are incorporated herein by reference for this purpose. In addition, glyphosate resistance can be imparted to plants by the over expression of genes encoding glyphosate N-acetyltransferase. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,462,481. A DNA molecule encoding a mutant aroA gene can be obtained under ATCC Accession No. 39256, and the nucleotide sequence of the mutant gene is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,769,061 to Comai. European Patent Appl. No. 0 333 033 to Kumada et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 4,975,374 to Goodman et al., disclose nucleotide sequences of glutamine synthetase genes which confer resistance to herbicides such as L-phosphinothricin. The nucleotide sequence of a PAT gene is provided in European Patent Appl. No. 0 242 246 to Leemans et al. DeGreef et al.,Bio/Technology,7:61 (1989) describe the production of transgenic plants that express chimeric bar genes coding for phosphinothricin acetyl transferase activity. Exemplary of genes conferring resistance to phenoxy propionic acids and cyclohexanediones, such as sethoxydim and haloxyfop are the Acc1-S1, Acc1-S2, and Acc2-S3 genes described by Marshall et al.,Theor. Appl. Genet.,83:435 (1992). C. An herbicide that inhibits photosynthesis, such as a triazine (psbA and gs+ genes) and a benzonitrile (nitrilase gene). Przibila et al.,Plant Cell,3:169 (1991), describe the transformation ofChlamydomonaswith plasmids encoding mutant psbA genes. Nucleotide sequences for nitrilase genes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,648 to Stalker and DNA molecules containing these genes are available under ATCC Accession Nos. 53435, 67441, and 67442. Cloning and expression of DNA coding for a glutathione S-transferase is described by Hayes et al.,Biochem. J.,285:173 (1992). D. Acetohydroxy acid synthase, which has been found to make plants that express this enzyme resistant to multiple types of herbicides, has been introduced into a variety of plants. See, Hattori et al.,Mol. Gen. Genet.,246:419 (1995). Other genes that confer tolerance to herbicides include a gene encoding a chimeric protein of rat cytochrome P4507A1 and yeast NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (Shiota et al.,Plant Physiol.,106:17 (1994)); genes for glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase (Aono et al.,Plant Cell Physiol.,36:1687 (1995)); and genes for various phosphotransferases (Datta et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,20:619 (1992)). E. Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (protox) is necessary for the production of chlorophyll, which is necessary for all plant survival. The protox enzyme serves as the target for a variety of herbicidal compounds. These herbicides also inhibit growth of all the different species of plants present, causing their total destruction. The development of plants containing altered protox activity which are resistant to these herbicides are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,288,306, 6,282,837, 5,767,373, and International Publication WO 01/12825. Any of the above listed herbicide genes (A-E) can be introduced into the claimed soybean cultivar through a variety of means including but not limited to transformation and crossing. 3. Genes that Confer or Contribute to a Value-Added Trait, Such as: A. Modified fatty acid metabolism, for example, by transforming a plant with an antisense gene of stearyl-ACP desaturase to increase stearic acid content of the plant. See, Knultzon et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,89:2625 (1992). B. Decreased phytate content: 1) Introduction of a phytase-encoding gene enhances breakdown of phytate, adding more free phosphate to the transformed plant. For example, see, Van Hartingsveldt et al.,Gene,127:87 (1993), for a disclosure of the nucleotide sequence of anAspergillus nigerphytase gene. 2) Up-regulation of a gene that reduces phytate content. In maize, this, for example, could be accomplished by cloning and then re-introducing DNA associated with one or more of the alleles, such as the LPA alleles, identified in maize mutants characterized by low levels of phytic acid, such as in Raboy et al.,Maydica,35:383 (1990), and/or by altering inositol kinase activity as in WO 02/059324, U.S. Publ. No. 2003/000901, WO 03/027243, U.S. Publ. No. 2003/0079247, WO 99/05298, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,197,561, 6,291,224, 6,391,348, WO 2002/059324, U.S. Publ. No. 2003/0079247, WO 98/45448, WO 99/55882, and WO 01/04147. C. Modified carbohydrate composition effected, for example, by transforming plants with a gene coding for an enzyme that alters the branching pattern of starch, or a gene altering thioredoxin, such as NTR and/or TRX (see, U.S. Pat. No. 6,531,648, which is incorporated by reference for this purpose), and/or a gamma zein knock out or mutant, such as cs27 or TUSC27 or en27 (see, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,858,778 and 7,741,533 and U.S. Publ. No. 2005/0160488, which are incorporated by reference for this purpose). See, Shiroza et al.,J. Bacteriol.,170:810 (1988) (nucleotide sequence ofStreptococcus mutansfructosyltransferase gene); Steinmetz et al.,Mol. Gen. Genet.,200:220 (1985) (nucleotide sequence ofBacillus subtilislevansucrase gene); Pen et al.,Bio/Technology,10:292 (1992) (production of transgenic plants that expressBacillus licheniformisalpha-amylase); Elliot et al.,Plant Molec. Biol.,21:515 (1993) (nucleotide sequences of tomato invertase genes); Sogaard et al.,J. Biol. Chem.,268:22480 (1993) (site-directed mutagenesis of barley alpha-amylase gene); Fisher et al.,Plant Physiol.,102:1045 (1993) (maize endosperm starch branching enzyme II); WO 99/10498 (improved digestibility and/or starch extraction through modification of UDP-D-xylose 4-epimerase, Fragile 1 and 2, Ref 1, HCHL, C4H); U.S. Pat. No. 6,232,529 (method of producing high oil seed by modification of starch levels (AGP)). The fatty acid modification genes mentioned above may also be used to affect starch content and/or composition through the interrelationship of the starch and oil pathways. D. Elevated oleic acid via FAD-2 gene modification and/or decreased linolenic acid via FAD-3 gene modification. See, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,063,947, 6,323,392, and International Publication WO 93/11245. Linolenic acid is one of the five most abundant fatty acids in soybean seeds. The low oxidative stability of linolenic acid is one reason that soybean oil undergoes partial hydrogenation. When partially hydrogenated, all unsaturated fatty acids form trans fats. Soybeans are the largest source of edible-oils in the U.S. and 40% of soybean oil production is partially hydrogenated. The consumption of trans fats increases the risk of heart disease. Regulations banning trans fats have encouraged the development of low linolenic soybeans. Soybeans containing low linolenic acid percentages create a more stable oil requiring hydrogenation less often. This provides trans-fat free alternatives in products such as cooking oil. E. Altering conjugated linolenic or linoleic acid content, such as in WO 01/12800. Altering LEC1, AGP, Dek1, Superal1, mi1ps, and various Ipa genes, such as Ipa1, Ipa3, hpt, or hggt. See, for example, WO 02/42424, WO 98/22604, WO 03/011015, WO 02/057439, WO 03/011015, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,423,886, 6,197,561, 6,825,397, 7,157,621, U.S. Publ. No. 2003/0079247, and Rivera-Madrid, R. et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.,92:5620-5624 (1995). F. Altered antioxidant content or composition, such as alteration of tocopherol or tocotrienols. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,787,683, 7,154,029, WO 00/68393 (involving the manipulation of antioxidant levels through alteration of a phytl prenyl transferase (ppt)); WO 03/082899 (through alteration of a homogentisate geranyl geranyl transferase (hggt)). G. Altered essential seed amino acids. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,127,600 (method of increasing accumulation of essential amino acids in seeds); U.S. Pat. No. 6,080,913 (binary methods of increasing accumulation of essential amino acids in seeds); U.S. Pat. No. 5,990,389 (high lysine); U.S. Pat. No. 5,850,016 (alteration of amino acid compositions in seeds); U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,802 (high methionine); U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,801 (high threonine); U.S. Pat. No. 6,664,445 (plant amino acid biosynthetic enzymes); U.S. Pat. No. 6,459,019 (increased lysine and threonine); U.S. Pat. No. 6,441,274 (plant tryptophan synthase beta subunit); U.S. Pat. No. 6,346,403 (methionine metabolic enzymes); U.S. Pat. No. 5,939,599 (high sulfur); U.S. Pat. No. 5,912,414 (increased methionine); U.S. Pat. No. 5,633,436 (increasing sulfur amino acid content); U.S. Pat. No. 5,559,223 (synthetic storage proteins with defined structure containing programmable levels of essential amino acids for improvement of the nutritional value of plants); U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,638 (hemicellulose); U.S. Pat. No. 7,098,381 (UDPGdH); U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,638 (RGP); U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,399,859, 6,930,225, 7,179,955, and 6,803,498; U.S. Publ. No. 2004/0068767; WO 99/40209 (alteration of amino acid compositions in seeds); WO 99/29882 (methods for altering amino acid content of proteins); WO 98/20133 (proteins with enhanced levels of essential amino acids); WO 98/56935 (plant amino acid biosynthetic enzymes); WO 98/45458 (engineered seed protein having higher percentage of essential amino acids); WO 98/42831 (increased lysine); WO 96/01905 (increased threonine); WO 95/15392 (increased lysine); WO 01/79516; and WO 00/09706 (Ces A: cellulose synthase). 4. Genes that Control Male Sterility: There are several methods of conferring genetic male sterility available, such as multiple mutant genes at separate locations within the genome that confer male sterility, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,654,465 and 4,727,219 to Brar et al., and chromosomal translocations as described by Patterson in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,861,709 and 3,710,511. In addition to these methods, Albertsen et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,432,068, describes a system of nuclear male sterility which includes: identifying a gene which is critical to male fertility; silencing this native gene which is critical to male fertility; removing the native promoter from the essential male fertility gene and replacing it with an inducible promoter; inserting this genetically engineered gene back into the plant; and thus creating a plant that is male sterile because the inducible promoter is not “on” resulting in the male fertility gene not being transcribed. Fertility is restored by inducing, or turning “on,” the promoter, which in turn allows the gene that confers male fertility to be transcribed. A. Introduction of a deacetylase gene under the control of a tapetum-specific promoter and with the application of the chemical N-Ac-PPT. See, International Publication WO 01/29237. B. Introduction of various stamen-specific promoters. See, International Publications WO 92/13956 and WO 92/13957. C. Introduction of the barnase and the barstar genes. See, Paul et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,19:611-622 (1992). For additional examples of nuclear male and female sterility systems and genes, see also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,859,341, 6,297,426, 5,478,369, 5,824,524, 5,850,014, and 6,265,640, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 5. Genes that Create a Site for Site Specific DNA Integration: This includes the introduction of FRT sites that may be used in the FLP/FRT system and/or Lox sites that may be used in the Cre/loxP system. See, for example, Lyznik et al., Site-Specific Recombination for Genetic Engineering in Plants,Plant Cell Rep,21:925-932 (2003) and WO 99/25821, which are hereby incorporated by reference. Other systems that may be used include the Gin recombinase of phage Mu (Maeser et al. (1991); Vicki Chandler, The Maize Handbook, Ch. 118 (Springer-Verlag 1994)); the Pin recombinase ofE. coli(Enomoto et al. (1983)); and the R/RS system of the pSR1 plasmid (Araki et al. (1992)). 6. Genes that Affect Abiotic Stress Resistance: Genes that affect abiotic stress resistance (including but not limited to flowering, pod and seed development, enhancement of nitrogen utilization efficiency, altered nitrogen responsiveness, drought resistance or tolerance, cold resistance or tolerance, and salt resistance or tolerance) and increased yield under stress. For example, see: WO 00/73475 where water use efficiency is altered through alteration of malate; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,892,009, 5,965,705, 5,929,305, 5,891,859, 6,417,428, 6,664,446, 6,706,866, 6,717,034, 6,801,104, WO 2000/060089, WO 2001/026459, WO 2001/035725, WO 2001/034726, WO 2001/035727, WO 2001/036444, WO 2001/036597, WO 2001/036598, WO 2002/015675, WO 2002/017430, WO 2002/077185, WO 2002/079403, WO 2003/013227, WO 2003/013228, WO 2003/014327, WO 2004/031349, WO 2004/076638, WO 98/09521, and WO 99/38977 describing genes, including CBF genes and transcription factors effective in mitigating the negative effects of freezing, high salinity, and drought on plants, as well as conferring other positive effects on plant phenotype; U.S. Publ. No. 2004/0148654 and WO 01/36596, where abscisic acid is altered in plants resulting in improved plant phenotype, such as increased yield and/or increased tolerance to abiotic stress; WO 2000/006341, WO 04/090143, U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,531,723 and 6,992,237, where cytokinin expression is modified resulting in plants with increased stress tolerance, such as drought tolerance, and/or increased yield. See also, WO 02/02776, WO 2003/052063, JP 2002281975, U.S. Pat. No. 6,084,153, WO 01/64898, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,177,275 and 6,107,547 (enhancement of nitrogen utilization and altered nitrogen responsiveness). For ethylene alteration, see, U.S. Publ. Nos. 2004/0128719, 2003/0166197, and WO 2000/32761. For plant transcription factors or transcriptional regulators of abiotic stress, see, e.g., U.S. Publ. Nos. 2004/0098764 or 2004/0078852. Other genes and transcription factors that affect plant growth and agronomic traits, such as yield, flowering, plant growth, and/or plant structure, can be introduced or introgressed into plants. See, e.g., WO 97/49811 (LHY), WO 98/56918 (ESD4), WO 97/10339, U.S. Pat. No. 6,573,430 (TFL), 6,713,663 (FT), 6,794,560, 6,307,126 (GAI), WO 96/14414 (CON), WO 96/38560, WO 01/21822 (VRN1), WO 00/44918 (VRN2), WO 99/49064 (GI), WO 00/46358 (FRI), WO 97/29123, WO 99/09174 (D8 and Rht), WO 2004/076638, and WO 004/031349 (transcription factors). Methods for Soybean Transformation Numerous methods for plant transformation have been developed including biological and physical plant transformation protocols. See, for example, Miki et al., “Procedures for Introducing Foreign DNA into Plants,” inMethods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Glick and Thompson Eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, pp. 67-88 (1993). In addition, expression vectors and in-vitro culture methods for plant cell or tissue transformation and regeneration of plants are available. See, for example, Gruber et al., “Vectors for Plant Transformation,” inMethods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Glick and Thompson Eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, pp. 89-119 (1993). A.Agrobacterium-mediated Transformation—One method for introducing an expression vector into plants is based on the natural transformation system ofAgrobacterium. See, for example, Horsch et al.,Science,227:1229 (1985).A. tumefaciensandA. rhizogenesare plant pathogenic soil bacteria which genetically transform plant cells. The Ti and Ri plasmids ofA. tumefaciensandA. rhizogenes, respectively, carry genes responsible for genetic transformation of the plant. See, for example, Kado, C. I.,Crit. Rev. Plant Sci.,10:1 (1991). Descriptions ofAgrobacteriumvector systems and methods forAgrobacterium-mediated gene transfer are provided by Gruber et al., supra, Miki et al., supra, and Moloney et al.,Plant Cell Reports,8:238 (1989). See also, U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,055 (Townsend and Thomas), issued Oct. 8, 1996. B. Direct Gene Transfer—Several methods of plant transformation, collectively referred to as direct gene transfer, have been developed as an alternative toAgrobacterium-mediated transformation. A generally applicable method of plant transformation is microprojectile-mediated transformation where DNA is carried on the surface of microprojectiles measuring 1 to 4 μm. The expression vector is introduced into plant tissues with a biolistic device that accelerates the microprojectiles to speeds of 300 to 600 m/s which is sufficient to penetrate plant cell walls and membranes. Sanford et al.,Part. Sci. Technol.,5:27 (1987); Sanford, J. C.,Trends Biotech.,6:299 (1988); Klein et al.,Bio/Tech.,6:559-563 (1988); Sanford, J. C.,Physiol Plant,7:206 (1990); Klein et al.,Biotechnology,10:268 (1992). See also, U.S. Pat. No. 5,015,580 (Christou et al.), issued May 14, 1991 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,322,783 (Tomes et al.), issued Jun. 21, 1994. Another method for physical delivery of DNA to plants is sonication of target cells. Zhang et al.,Bio/Technology,9:996 (1991). Alternatively, liposome and spheroplast fusion have been used to introduce expression vectors into plants. Deshayes et al.,EMBO J.,4:2731 (1985); Christou et al.,Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,84:3962 (1987). Direct uptake of DNA into protoplasts using CaCl2) precipitation, polyvinyl alcohol or poly-L-ornithine have also been reported. Hain et al.,Mol. Gen. Genet.,199:161 (1985) and Draper et al.,Plant Cell Physiol.,23:451 (1982). Electroporation of protoplasts and whole cells and tissues have also been described (Donn et al., In Abstracts of VIIthInternational Congress on Plant Cell and Tissue Culture IAPTC, A2-38, p. 53 (1990); D'Halluin et al.,Plant Cell,4:1495-1505 (1992); and Spencer et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,24:51-61 (1994)). Following transformation of soybean target tissues, expression of the above-described selectable marker genes allows for preferential selection of transformed cells, tissues, and/or plants, using regeneration and selection methods well known in the art. The foregoing methods for transformation would typically be used for producing a transgenic cultivar. The transgenic cultivar could then be crossed with another (non-transformed or transformed) cultivar in order to produce a new transgenic cultivar. Alternatively, a genetic trait that has been engineered into a particular soybean line using the foregoing transformation techniques could be moved into another line using traditional backcrossing techniques that are well known in the plant breeding arts. For example, a backcrossing approach could be used to move an engineered trait from a public, non-elite cultivar into an elite cultivar, or from a cultivar containing a foreign gene in its genome into a cultivar or cultivars that do not contain that gene. As used herein, “crossing” can refer to a simple x by y cross or the process of backcrossing depending on the context. Genetic Marker Profile Through SSR and First Generation Progeny In addition to phenotypic observations, a plant can also be identified by its genotype. The genotype of a plant can be characterized through a genetic marker profile which can identify plants of the same cultivar, or a related cultivar, or be used to determine or validate a pedigree. Genetic marker profiles can be obtained by techniques such as Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs), Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs), Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) (which are also referred to as Microsatellites), and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). For example, see, Cregan et al., “An Integrated Genetic Linkage Map of the Soybean Genome,”Crop Science,39:1464-1490 (1999) and Berry et al., “Assessing Probability of Ancestry Using Simple Sequence Repeat Profiles: Applications to Maize Inbred Lines and Soybean Varieties,”Genetics,165:331-342 (2003), each of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. Particular markers used for these purposes are not limited to any particular set of markers, but are envisioned to include any type of marker and marker profile which provides a means of distinguishing varieties. One method of comparison is to use only homozygous loci for soybean cultivar 01140108. Primers and PCR protocols for assaying these and other markers are disclosed in the Soybase (sponsored by the USDA Agricultural Research Service and Iowa State University). In addition to being used for identification of soybean cultivar 01140108, and plant parts and plant cells of soybean cultivar 01140108, the genetic profile may be used to identify a soybean plant produced through the use of soybean cultivar 01140108 or to verify a pedigree for progeny plants produced through the use of soybean cultivar 01140108. The genetic marker profile is also useful in breeding and developing backcross conversions. The present invention provides in one embodiment a soybean plant cultivar characterized by molecular and physiological data obtained from the representative sample of said cultivar deposited with the Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Marine Algae and Microbiota (NCMA). Further provided by the invention is a soybean plant formed by the combination of the disclosed soybean plant or plant cell with another soybean plant or cell and comprising the homozygous alleles of the cultivar. Means of performing genetic marker profiles using SSR polymorphisms are well known in the art. SSRs are genetic markers based on polymorphisms in repeated nucleotide sequences, such as microsatellites. A marker system based on SSRs can be highly informative in linkage analysis relative to other marker systems in that multiple alleles may be present. Another advantage of this type of marker is that, through use of flanking primers, detection of SSRs can be achieved, for example, by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), thereby eliminating the need for labor-intensive Southern hybridization. PCR detection is done by use of two oligonucleotide primers flanking the polymorphic segment of repetitive DNA. Repeated cycles of heat denaturation of the DNA followed by annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences at low temperatures, and extension of the annealed primers with DNA polymerase, comprise the major part of the methodology. Following amplification, markers can be scored by electrophoresis of the amplification products. Scoring of marker genotype is based on the size of the amplified fragment, which may be measured by the number of base pairs of the fragment. While variation in the primer used or in laboratory procedures can affect the reported fragment size, relative values should remain constant regardless of the specific primer or laboratory used. When comparing varieties it is preferable if all SSR profiles are performed in the same lab. Primers used are publicly available and may be found in the Soybase or Cregan supra. See also, PCT Publication No. WO 99/31964 (Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Soybean); U.S. Pat. No. 6,162,967 (Positional Cloning of Soybean Cyst Nematode Resistance Genes); and U.S. Pat. No. 7,288,386 (Soybean Sudden Death Syndrome Resistant Soybeans and Methods of Breeding and Identifying Resistant Plants), the disclosure of which are incorporated herein by reference. The SSR profile of soybean plant 01140108 can be used to identify plants comprising soybean cultivar 01140108 as a parent, since such plants will comprise the same homozygous alleles as soybean cultivar 01140108. Because the soybean cultivar is essentially homozygous at all relevant loci, most loci should have only one type of allele present. In contrast, a genetic marker profile of an F1progeny should be the sum of those parents, e.g., if one parent was homozygous for allele x at a particular locus, and the other parent homozygous for allele y at that locus, then the F1progeny will be xy (heterozygous) at that locus. Subsequent generations of progeny produced by selection and breeding are expected to be of genotype x (homozygous), y (homozygous), or xy (heterozygous) for that locus position. When the F1plant is selfed or sibbed for successive filial generations, the locus should be either x or y for that position. In addition, plants and plant parts substantially benefiting from the use of soybean cultivar 01140108 in their development, such as soybean cultivar 01140108 comprising a backcross conversion, transgene, or genetic sterility factor, may be identified by having a molecular marker profile with a high percent identity to soybean cultivar 01140108. Such a percent identity might be 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, or 99.9% identical to soybean cultivar 01140108. The SSR profile of soybean cultivar 01140108 can also be used to identify essentially derived varieties and other progeny varieties developed from the use of soybean cultivar 01140108, as well as cells and other plant parts thereof. Such plants may be developed using the markers identified in WO 00/31964, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,162,967, and 7,288,386. Progeny plants and plant parts produced using soybean cultivar 01140108 may be identified by having a molecular marker profile of at least 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 99.5% genetic contribution from soybean cultivar, as measured by either percent identity or percent similarity. Such progeny may be further characterized as being within a pedigree distance of soybean cultivar 01140108, such as within 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or less cross-pollinations to a soybean plant other than soybean cultivar 01140108 or a plant that has soybean cultivar 01140108 as a progenitor. Unique molecular profiles may be identified with other molecular tools such as SNPs and RFLPs. While determining the SSR genetic marker profile of the plants described supra, several unique SSR profiles may also be identified which did not appear in either parent of such plant. Such unique SSR profiles may arise during the breeding process from recombination or mutation. A combination of several unique alleles provides a means of identifying a plant cultivar, an F1progeny produced from such cultivar, and progeny produced from such cultivar. Single-Gene Conversions When the term “soybean plant” is used in the context of the present invention, this also includes any single gene conversions of that cultivar. The term single gene converted plant as used herein refers to those soybean plants which are developed by a plant breeding technique called backcrossing wherein essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of a cultivar are recovered in addition to the single gene transferred into the cultivar via the backcrossing technique. By “essentially all” as used herein in the context of morphological and physiological characteristics it is meant that the characteristics of a plant are recovered that are otherwise present when compared in the same environment, other than occasional variant traits that might arise during backcrossing or direct introduction of a transgene. It is understood that a locus introduced by backcrossing may or may not be transgenic in origin, and thus the term backcrossing specifically includes backcrossing to introduce loci that were created by genetic transformation. Backcrossing methods can be used with the present invention to improve or introduce a characteristic into the cultivar. The term “backcrossing” as used herein refers to the repeated crossing of a hybrid progeny back to the recurrent parent, i.e., backcrossing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or more times to the recurrent parent. The parental soybean plant that contributes the gene for the desired characteristic is termed the nonrecurrent or donor parent. This terminology refers to the fact that the nonrecurrent parent is used one time in the backcross protocol and therefore does not recur. The parental soybean plant to which the gene or genes from the nonrecurrent parent are transferred is known as the recurrent parent as it is used for several rounds in the backcrossing protocol (Poehlman & Sleper (1994); Fehr, Principles of Cultivar Development, pp. 261-286 (1987)). In a typical backcross protocol, the original cultivar of interest (recurrent parent) is crossed to a second cultivar (nonrecurrent parent) that carries the single gene of interest to be transferred. The resulting progeny from this cross are then crossed again to the recurrent parent and the process is repeated until a soybean plant is obtained wherein essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of the recurrent parent are recovered in the converted plant, in addition to the single transferred gene from the nonrecurrent parent. The selection of a suitable recurrent parent is an important step for a successful backcrossing procedure. The goal of a backcross protocol is to alter or substitute a single trait or characteristic in the original cultivar. To accomplish this, a single gene of the recurrent cultivar is modified or substituted with the desired gene from the nonrecurrent parent, while retaining essentially all of the rest of the genetic, and therefore the morphological and physiological constitution of the original cultivar. The choice of the particular nonrecurrent parent will depend on the purpose of the backcross; one of the major purposes is to add some agronomically important trait to the plant. The exact backcrossing protocol will depend on the characteristic or trait being altered to determine an appropriate testing protocol. Although backcrossing methods are simplified when the characteristic being transferred is a dominant allele, a recessive allele may also be transferred. In this instance it may be necessary to introduce a test of the progeny to determine if the desired characteristic has been successfully transferred. Many single gene traits have been identified that are not regularly selected for in the development of a new cultivar but that can be improved by backcrossing techniques. Single gene traits may or may not be transgenic. Examples of these traits include, but are not limited to, male sterility, waxy starch, herbicide resistance, resistance for bacterial, fungal, or viral disease, insect resistance, male fertility, enhanced nutritional quality, industrial usage, yield stability, and yield enhancement. These genes are generally inherited through the nucleus. Several of these single gene traits are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,959,185, 5,973,234, and 5,977,445, the disclosures of which are specifically hereby incorporated by reference. Introduction of a New Trait or Locus into Soybean Cultivar 01140108 Cultivar 01140108 represents a new base genetic cultivar into which a new locus or trait may be introgressed. Direct transformation and backcrossing represent two important methods that can be used to accomplish such an introgression. The term backcross conversion and single locus conversion are used interchangeably to designate the product of a backcrossing program. Backcross Conversions of Soybean Cultivar 01140108 A backcross conversion of soybean cultivar 01140108 occurs when DNA sequences are introduced through backcrossing (Hallauer et al., “Corn Breeding,”Corn and Corn Improvements, No. 18, pp. 463-481 (1988)), with soybean cultivar 01140108 utilized as the recurrent parent. Both naturally occurring and transgenic DNA sequences may be introduced through backcrossing techniques. A backcross conversion may produce a plant with a trait or locus conversion in at least two or more backcrosses, including at least 2 crosses, at least 3 crosses, at least 4 crosses, at least 5 crosses, and the like. Molecular marker assisted breeding or selection may be utilized to reduce the number of backcrosses necessary to achieve the backcross conversion. For example, see, Openshaw, S. J. et al., Marker-assisted Selection in Backcross Breeding,Proceedings Symposium of the Analysis of Molecular Data, Crop Science Society of America, Corvallis, Oregon (August 1994), where it is demonstrated that a backcross conversion can be made in as few as two backcrosses. The complexity of the backcross conversion method depends on the type of trait being transferred (single genes or closely linked genes as compared to unlinked genes), the level of expression of the trait, the type of inheritance (cytoplasmic or nuclear), and the types of parents included in the cross. It is understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that for single gene traits that are relatively easy to classify, the backcross method is effective and relatively easy to manage. (See, Hallauer et al.,Corn and Corn Improvement, Sprague and Dudley, Third Ed. (1998)). Desired traits that may be transferred through backcross conversion include, but are not limited to, sterility (nuclear and cytoplasmic), fertility restoration, nutritional enhancements, drought tolerance, nitrogen utilization, altered fatty acid profile, low phytate, industrial enhancements, disease resistance (bacterial, fungal, or viral), insect resistance, and herbicide resistance. In addition, an introgression site itself, such as an FRT site, Lox site, or other site specific integration site, may be inserted by backcrossing and utilized for direct insertion of one or more genes of interest into a specific plant cultivar. A single locus may contain several transgenes, such as a transgene for disease resistance that, in the same expression vector, also contains a transgene for herbicide resistance. The gene for herbicide resistance may be used as a selectable marker and/or as a phenotypic trait. A single locus conversion of site specific integration system allows for the integration of multiple genes at the converted loci. The backcross conversion may result from either the transfer of a dominant allele or a recessive allele. Selection of progeny containing the trait of interest is accomplished by direct selection for a trait associated with a dominant allele. Transgenes transferred via backcrossing typically function as a dominant single gene trait and are relatively easy to classify. Selection of progeny for a trait that is transferred via a recessive allele requires growing and selfing the first backcross generation to determine which plants carry the recessive alleles. Recessive traits may require additional progeny testing in successive backcross generations to determine the presence of the locus of interest. The last backcross generation is usually selfed to give pure breeding progeny for the gene(s) being transferred, although a backcross conversion with a stably introgressed trait may also be maintained by further backcrossing to the recurrent parent with selection for the converted trait. Along with selection for the trait of interest, progeny are selected for the phenotype of the recurrent parent. The backcross is a form of inbreeding, and the features of the recurrent parent are automatically recovered after successive backcrosses. Poehlman,Breeding Field Crops, p. 204 (1987). Poehlman suggests from one to four or more backcrosses, but as noted above, the number of backcrosses necessary can be reduced with the use of molecular markers. Other factors, such as a genetically similar donor parent, may also reduce the number of backcrosses necessary. As noted by Poehlman, backcrossing is easiest for simply inherited, dominant, and easily recognized traits. One process for adding or modifying a trait or locus in soybean cultivar 01140108 comprises crossing soybean cultivar 01140108 plants grown from soybean cultivar 01140108 seed with plants of another soybean cultivar that comprise the desired trait or locus, selecting F1progeny plants that comprise the desired trait or locus to produce selected F1progeny plants, crossing the selected progeny plants with the soybean cultivar 01140108 plants to produce backcross progeny plants, selecting for backcross progeny plants that have the desired trait or locus and the morphological characteristics of soybean cultivar 01140108 to produce selected backcross progeny plants, and backcrossing to soybean cultivar 01140108 three or more times in succession to produce selected fourth or higher backcross progeny plants that comprise said trait or locus. The modified soybean cultivar 01140108 may be further characterized as having the morphological and physiological characteristics of soybean cultivar 01140108 listed in Table 1 as determined at the 5% significance level when grown in the same environmental conditions and/or may be characterized by percent similarity or identity to soybean cultivar 01140108 as determined by SSR markers. The above method may be utilized with fewer backcrosses in appropriate situations, such as when the donor parent is highly related or markers are used in the selection step. Desired traits that may be used include those nucleic acids known in the art, some of which are listed herein, that will affect traits through nucleic acid expression or inhibition. Desired loci include the introgression of FRT, Lox, and other sites for site specific integration, which may also affect a desired trait if a functional nucleic acid is inserted at the integration site. In addition, the above process and other similar processes described herein may be used to produce first generation progeny soybean seed by adding a step at the end of the process that comprises crossing soybean cultivar 01140108 with the introgressed trait or locus with a different soybean plant and harvesting the resultant first generation progeny soybean seed. Tissue Culture Further reproduction of the cultivar can occur by tissue culture and regeneration. Tissue culture of various tissues of soybeans and regeneration of plants therefrom is well known and widely published. For example, reference may be had to Komatsuda, T. et al.,Crop Sci.,31:333-337 (1991); Stephens, P. A. et al.,Theor. Appl. Genet.,82:633-635 (1991); Komatsuda, T. et al.,Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture,28:103-113 (1992); Dhir, S. et al.,Plant Cell Reports,11:285-289 (1992); Pandey, P. et al.,Japan J. Breed.,42:1-5 (1992); and Shetty, K. et al.,Plant Science,81:245-251 (1992); as well as U.S. Pat. No. 5,024,944, issued Jun. 18, 1991 to Collins et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 5,008,200, issued Apr. 16, 1991 to Ranch et al. Thus, another aspect of this invention is to provide cells which upon growth and differentiation produce soybean plants having the morphological and physiological characteristics of soybean cultivar 01140108. As used herein, the term “tissue culture” indicates a composition comprising isolated cells of the same or a different type or a collection of such cells organized into parts of a plant. Exemplary types of tissue cultures are protoplasts, calli, plant clumps, and plant cells that can generate tissue culture that are intact in plants or parts of plants, such as embryos, pollen, flowers, seeds, pods, petioles, leaves, stems, roots, root tips, anthers, pistils, and the like. Means for preparing and maintaining plant tissue culture are well known in the art. By way of example, a tissue culture comprising organs has been used to produce regenerated plants. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,959,185, 5,973,234, and 5,977,445 describe certain techniques, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. Using Soybean Cultivar 01140108 to Develop Other Soybean Varieties Soybean varieties such as soybean cultivar 01140108 are typically developed for use in seed and grain production. However, soybean varieties such as soybean cultivar 01140108 also provide a source of breeding material that may be used to develop new soybean varieties. Plant breeding techniques known in the art and used in a soybean plant breeding program include, but are not limited to, recurrent selection, bulk selection, mass selection, backcrossing, pedigree breeding, open pollination breeding, restriction fragment length polymorphism enhanced selection, genetic marker enhanced selection, making double haploids, and transformation. Often combinations of these techniques are used. The development of soybean varieties in a plant breeding program requires, in general, the development and evaluation of homozygous varieties. There are many analytical methods available to evaluate a new cultivar. The oldest and most traditional method of analysis is the observation of phenotypic traits, but genotypic analysis may also be used. Additional Breeding Methods This invention is directed to methods for producing a soybean plant by crossing a first parent soybean plant with a second parent soybean plant wherein either the first or second parent soybean plant is cultivar 01140108. The other parent may be any other soybean plant, such as a soybean plant that is part of a synthetic or natural population. Any such methods using soybean cultivar 01140108 are part of this invention: selfing, sibbing, backcrosses, mass selection, pedigree breeding, bulk selection, hybrid production, crosses to populations, and the like. These methods are well known in the art and some of the more commonly used breeding methods are described below. Descriptions of breeding methods can be found in one of several reference books (e.g., Allard, Principles of Plant Breeding (1960); Simmonds, Principles of Crop Improvement (1979); Sneep et al. (1979); Fehr, “Breeding Methods for Cultivar Development,” Chapter 7, Soybean Improvement, Production and Uses, 2nd ed., Wilcox editor (1987)). The following describes breeding methods that may be used with soybean cultivar 01140108 in the development of further soybean plants. One such embodiment is a method for developing a cultivar 01140108 progeny soybean plant in a soybean plant breeding program comprising: obtaining the soybean plant, or a part thereof, of cultivar 01140108, utilizing said plant, or plant part, as a source of breeding material, and selecting a soybean cultivar 01140108 progeny plant with molecular markers in common with cultivar 01140108 and/or with morphological and/or physiological characteristics selected from the characteristics listed in Tables 1 or 2. Breeding steps that may be used in the soybean plant breeding program include pedigree breeding, backcrossing, mutation breeding, and recurrent selection. In conjunction with these steps, techniques such as RFLP-enhanced selection, genetic marker enhanced selection (for example, SSR markers), and the making of double haploids may be utilized. Another method involves producing a population of soybean cultivar 01140108 progeny soybean plants, comprising crossing cultivar 01140108 with another soybean plant, thereby producing a population of soybean plants which, on average, derive 50% of their alleles from soybean cultivar 01140108. A plant of this population may be selected and repeatedly selfed or sibbed with a soybean cultivar resulting from these successive filial generations. One embodiment of this invention is the soybean cultivar produced by this method and that has obtained at least 50% of its alleles from soybean cultivar 01140108. One of ordinary skill in the art of plant breeding would know how to evaluate the traits of two plant varieties to determine if there is no significant difference between the two traits expressed by those varieties. For example, see, Fehr and Walt,Principles of Cultivar Development, pp. 261-286 (1987). Thus the invention includes soybean cultivar 01140108 progeny soybean plants comprising a combination of at least two cultivar 01140108 traits selected from the group consisting of those listed in Tables 1 and 2 or the cultivar 01140108 combination of traits listed in the Summary of the Invention, so that said progeny soybean plant is not significantly different for said traits than soybean cultivar 01140108 as determined at the 5% significance level when grown in the same environmental conditions. Using techniques described herein, molecular markers may be used to identify said progeny plant as a soybean cultivar 01140108 progeny plant. Mean trait values may be used to determine whether trait differences are significant, and preferably the traits are measured on plants grown under the same environmental conditions. Once such a cultivar is developed, its value is substantial since it is important to advance the germplasm base as a whole in order to maintain or improve traits such as yield, disease resistance, pest resistance, and plant performance in extreme environmental conditions. Progeny of soybean cultivar 01140108 may also be characterized through their filial relationship with soybean cultivar 01140108, as for example, being within a certain number of breeding crosses of soybean cultivar 01140108. A breeding cross is a cross made to introduce new genetics into the progeny, and is distinguished from a cross, such as a self or a sib cross, made to select among existing genetic alleles. The lower the number of breeding crosses in the pedigree, the closer the relationship between soybean cultivar 01140108 and its progeny. For example, progeny produced by the methods described herein may be within 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 breeding crosses of soybean cultivar 01140108. As used herein, the term “plant” includes plant cells, plant protoplasts, plant cell tissue cultures from which soybean plants can be regenerated, plant calli, plant clumps, and plant cells that are intact in plants or parts of plants, such as embryos, pollen, ovules, flowers, pods, leaves, roots, root tips, anthers, cotyledons, hypocotyls, meristematic cells, stems, pistils, petiole, and the like. Pedigree Breeding Pedigree breeding starts with the crossing of two genotypes, such as soybean cultivar 01140108 and another soybean cultivar having one or more desirable characteristics that is lacking or which complements soybean cultivar 01140108. If the two original parents do not provide all the desired characteristics, other sources can be included in the breeding population. In the pedigree method, superior plants are selfed and selected in successive filial generations. In the succeeding filial generations, the heterozygous condition gives way to homogeneous varieties as a result of self-pollination and selection. Typically in the pedigree method of breeding, five or more successive filial generations of selfing and selection is practiced: F1to F2; F2to F3; F3to F4; F4to F5; etc. After a sufficient amount of inbreeding, successive filial generations will serve to increase seed of the developed cultivar. Preferably, the developed cultivar comprises homozygous alleles at about 95% or more of its loci. In addition to being used to create a backcross conversion, backcrossing can also be used in combination with pedigree breeding. As discussed previously, backcrossing can be used to transfer one or more specifically desirable traits from one cultivar, the donor parent, to a developed cultivar called the recurrent parent, which has overall good agronomic characteristics yet lacks that desirable trait or traits. However, the same procedure can be used to move the progeny toward the genotype of the recurrent parent, but at the same time retain many components of the nonrecurrent parent by stopping the backcrossing at an early stage and proceeding with selfing and selection. For example, a soybean cultivar may be crossed with another cultivar to produce a first generation progeny plant. The first generation progeny plant may then be backcrossed to one of its parent varieties to create a BC1or BC2. Progeny are selfed and selected so that the newly developed cultivar has many of the attributes of the recurrent parent and yet several of the desired attributes of the nonrecurrent parent. This approach leverages the value and strengths of the recurrent parent for use in new soybean varieties. Therefore, an embodiment of this invention is a method of making a backcross conversion of soybean cultivar 01140108, comprising the steps of crossing a plant of soybean cultivar 01140108 with a donor plant comprising a desired trait, selecting an F1progeny plant comprising the desired trait, and backcrossing the selected F1progeny plant to a plant of soybean cultivar 01140108. This method may further comprise the step of obtaining a molecular marker profile of soybean cultivar 01140108 and using the molecular marker profile to select for a progeny plant with the desired trait and the molecular marker profile of soybean cultivar 01140108. In one embodiment, the desired trait is a mutant gene or transgene present in the donor parent. Recurrent Selection and Mass Selection Recurrent selection is a method used in a plant breeding program to improve a population of plants. Soybean cultivar 01140108 is suitable for use in a recurrent selection program. The method entails individual plants cross pollinating with each other to form progeny. The progeny are grown and the superior progeny selected by any number of selection methods, which include individual plant, half-sib progeny, full-sib progeny, and selfed progeny. The selected progeny are cross pollinated with each other to form progeny for another population. This population is planted and again superior plants are selected to cross pollinate with each other. Recurrent selection is a cyclical process and therefore can be repeated as many times as desired. The objective of recurrent selection is to improve the traits of a population. The improved population can then be used as a source of breeding material to obtain new varieties for commercial or breeding use, including the production of a synthetic cultivar. A synthetic cultivar is the resultant progeny formed by the intercrossing of several selected varieties. Mass selection is a useful technique when used in conjunction with molecular marker enhanced selection. In mass selection, seeds from individuals are selected based on phenotype or genotype. These selected seeds are then bulked and used to grow the next generation. Bulk selection requires growing a population of plants in a bulk plot, allowing the plants to self-pollinate, harvesting the seed in bulk, and then using a sample of the seed harvested in bulk to plant the next generation. Also, instead of self-pollination, directed pollination could be used as part of the breeding program. Mutation Breeding Mutation breeding is another method of introducing new traits into soybean cultivar 01140108. Mutations that occur spontaneously or are artificially induced can be useful sources of variability for a plant breeder. The goal of artificial mutagenesis is to increase the rate of mutation for a desired characteristic. Mutation rates can be increased by many different means including temperature, long-term seed storage, tissue culture conditions, radiation; such as X-rays, Gamma rays (e.g., cobalt 60 or cesium 137), neutrons, (product of nuclear fission by uranium 235 in an atomic reactor), Beta radiation (emitted from radioisotopes such as phosphorus 32 or carbon 14), or ultraviolet radiation (preferably from 2500 to 2900 nm), or chemical mutagens (such as base analogues (5-bromo-uracil)), related compounds (8-ethoxy caffeine), antibiotics (streptonigrin), alkylating agents (sulfur mustards, nitrogen mustards, epoxides, ethylenamines, sulfates, sulfonates, sulfones, lactones), azide, hydroxylamine, nitrous acid, or acridines. Once a desired trait is observed through mutagenesis the trait may then be incorporated into existing germplasm by traditional breeding techniques. Details of mutation breeding can be found in Fehr, “Principles of Cultivar Development,” Macmillan Publishing Company (1993). In addition, mutations created in other soybean plants may be used to produce a backcross conversion of soybean cultivar 01140108 that comprises such mutation. Breeding with Molecular Markers Molecular markers, which includes markers identified through the use of techniques such as Isozyme Electrophoresis, Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs), Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs), Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs), and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), may be used in plant breeding methods utilizing soybean cultivar 01140108. Isozyme Electrophoresis and RFLPs have been widely used to determine genetic composition. Shoemaker and Olsen, Molecular Linkage Map of Soybean (Glycine maxL. Merr.), pp. 6.131-6.138 (1993). In S. J. O'Brien (ed.),Genetic Maps: Locus Maps of Complex Genomes, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, developed a molecular genetic linkage map that consisted of 25 linkage groups with about 365 RFLP, 11 RAPD, 3 classical markers, and 4 isozyme loci. See also, Shoemaker, R. C., 1994 RFLP Map of Soybean, pp. 299-309; In R. L. Phillips and I. K. Vasil (ed.),DNA-based markers in plants, Kluwer Academic Press Dordrecht, the Netherlands. SSR technology is currently the most efficient and practical marker technology. More marker loci can be routinely used, and more alleles per marker locus can be found, using SSRs in comparison to RFLPs. For example, Diwan and Cregan described a highly polymorphic microsatellite loci in soybean with as many as 26 alleles. (Diwan, N. and Cregan. P. B., Automated sizing of fluorescent-labelled simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to assay genetic variation in Soybean,Theor. Appl. Genet.,95:220-225 (1997). Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms may also be used to identify the unique genetic composition of the invention and progeny varieties retaining that unique genetic composition. Various molecular marker techniques may be used in combination to enhance overall resolution. Soybean DNA molecular marker linkage maps have been rapidly constructed and widely implemented in genetic studies. One such study is described in Cregan et al., “An Integrated Genetic Linkage Map of the Soybean Genome,”Crop Science,39:1464-1490 (1999). Sequences and PCR conditions of SSR Loci in Soybean, as well as the most current genetic map, may be found in Soybase on the World Wide Web. One use of molecular markers is Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) mapping. QTL mapping is the use of markers, which are known to be closely linked to alleles that have measurable effects on a quantitative trait. Selection in the breeding process is based upon the accumulation of markers linked to the positive effecting alleles and/or the elimination of the markers linked to the negative effecting alleles from the plant's genome. Molecular markers can also be used during the breeding process for the selection of qualitative traits. For example, markers closely linked to alleles or markers containing sequences within the actual alleles of interest can be used to select plants that contain the alleles of interest during a backcrossing breeding program. The markers can also be used to select for the genome of the recurrent parent and against the genome of the donor parent. Using this procedure can minimize the amount of genome from the donor parent that remains in the selected plants. It can also be used to reduce the number of crosses back to the recurrent parent needed in a backcrossing program. The use of molecular markers in the selection process is often called genetic marker enhanced selection. Molecular markers may also be used to identify and exclude certain sources of germplasm as parental varieties or ancestors of a plant by providing a means of tracking genetic profiles through crosses. Production of Double Haploids The production of double haploids can also be used for the development of plants with a homozygous phenotype in the breeding program. For example, a soybean plant for which soybean cultivar 01140108 is a parent can be used to produce double haploid plants. Double haploids are produced by the doubling of a set of chromosomes (1 N) from a heterozygous plant to produce a completely homozygous individual. For example, see, Wan et al., “Efficient Production of Doubled Haploid Plants Through Colchicine Treatment of Anther-Derived Maize Callus,”Theoretical and Applied Genetics,77:889-892 (1989) and U.S. Pat. No. 7,135,615. This can be advantageous because the process omits the generations of selfing needed to obtain a homozygous plant from a heterozygous source. Haploid induction systems have been developed for various plants to produce haploid tissues, plants and seeds. The haploid induction system can produce haploid plants from any genotype by crossing a selected line (as female) with an inducer line. Such inducer lines for maize include Stock 6 (Coe,Am. Nat.,93:381-382 (1959); Sharkar and Coe,Genetics,54:453-464 (1966); KEMS (Deimling, Roeber, and Geiger,Vortr. Pflanzenzuchtg,38:203-224 (1997); or KMS and ZMS (Chalyk, Bylich & Chebotar,MNL,68:47 (1994); Chalyk & Chebotar,Plant Breeding,119:363-364 (2000)); and indeterminate gametophyte (ig) mutation (Kermicle,Science,166:1422-1424 (1969). The disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. Methods for obtaining haploid plants are also disclosed in Kobayashi, M. et al.,Journ. of Heredity,71(1):9-14 (1980); Pollacsek, M., Agronomie (Paris) 12(3):247-251 (1992); Cho-Un-Haing et al.,Journ. of Plant Biol.,39(3):185-188 (1996); Verdoodt, L. et al., 96(2):294-300 (February 1998); Genetic Manipulation in Plant Breeding, Proceedings International Symposium Organized by EUCARPIA, Berlin, Germany (Sep. 8-13, 1985); Chalyk et al.,Maize Genet Coop., Newsletter 68:47 (1994). Thus, an embodiment of this invention is a process for making a substantially homozygous soybean cultivar 01140108 progeny plant by producing or obtaining a seed from the cross of soybean cultivar 01140108 and another soybean plant and applying double haploid methods to the F1seed or F1plant or to any successive filial generation. Based on studies in maize and currently being conducted in soybean, such methods would decrease the number of generations required to produce a cultivar with similar genetics or characteristics to soybean cultivar 01140108. See, Bernardo, R. and Kahler, A. L.,Theor. Appl. Genet.,102:986-992 (2001). In particular, a process of making seed retaining the molecular marker profile of soybean cultivar 01140108 is contemplated, such process comprising obtaining or producing F1seed for which soybean cultivar 01140108 is a parent, inducing doubled haploids to create progeny without the occurrence of meiotic segregation, obtaining the molecular marker profile of soybean cultivar 01140108, and selecting progeny that retain the molecular marker profile of soybean cultivar 01140108. Descriptions of other breeding methods that are commonly used for different traits and crops can be found in one of several reference books (e.g., Allard (1960); Simmonds (1979); Sneep et al. (1979); Fehr (1987)). INDUSTRIAL USES The seed of soybean cultivar 01140108, the plant produced from the seed, the hybrid soybean plant produced from the crossing of the cultivar with any other soybean plant, hybrid seed, and various parts of the hybrid soybean plant can be utilized for human food, livestock feed, and as a raw material in industry. The soybean seeds produced by soybean cultivar 01140108 can be crushed, or a component of the soybean seeds can be extracted, in order to comprise a commodity plant product, such as protein concentrate, protein isolate, soybean hulls, meal, flour, or oil for a food or feed product. Soybean cultivar 01140108 can be used to produce soybean oil. To produce soybean oil, the soybeans harvested from soybean cultivar 01140108 are cracked, adjusted for moisture content, rolled into flakes and the oil is solvent-extracted from the flakes with commercial hexane. The oil is then refined, blended for different applications, and sometimes hydrogenated. Soybean oils, both liquid and partially hydrogenated, are used domestically and exported, sold as “vegetable oil” or are used in a wide variety of processed foods. Soybean cultivar 01140108 can be used to produce meal. After oil is extracted from whole soybeans harvested from soybean cultivar 01140108, the remaining material or “meal” is “toasted” (a misnomer because the heat treatment is with moist steam) and ground in a hammer mill. Soybean meal is an essential element of the American production method of growing farm animals, such as poultry and swine, on an industrial scale that began in the 1930s; and more recently the aquaculture of catfish. Ninety-eight percent of the U.S. soybean crop is used for livestock feed. Soybean meal is also used in lower end dog foods. Soybean meal produced from soybean cultivar 01140108 can also be used to produce soybean protein concentrate and soybean protein isolate. In addition to soybean meal, soybean cultivar 01140108 can be used to produce soy flour. Soy flour refers to defatted soybeans where special care was taken during desolventizing (not toasted) to minimize denaturation of the protein and to retain a high Nitrogen Solubility Index (NSI) in making the flour. Soy flour is the starting material for production of soy concentrate and soy protein isolate. Defatted soy flour is obtained from solvent extracted flakes, and contains less than 1% oil. Full-fat soy flour is made from unextracted, dehulled beans, and contains about 18% to 20% oil. Due to its high oil content, a specialized Alpine Fine Impact Mill must be used for grinding rather than the more common hammer mill. Low-fat soy flour is made by adding back some oil to defatted soy flour. The lipid content varies according to specifications, usually between 4.5% and 9%. High-fat soy flour can also be produced by adding back soybean oil to defatted flour at the level of 15%. Lecithinated soy flour is made by adding soybean lecithin to defatted, low-fat or high-fat soy flours to increase their dispersibility and impart emulsifying properties. The lecithin content varies up to 15%. For human consumption, soybean cultivar 01140108 can be used to produce edible protein ingredients which offer a healthier, less expensive replacement for animal protein in meats, as well as in dairy-type products. The soybeans produced by soybean cultivar 01140108 can be processed to produce a texture and appearance similar to many other foods. For example, soybeans are the primary ingredient in many dairy product substitutes (e.g., soy milk, margarine, soy ice cream, soy yogurt, soy cheese, and soy cream cheese) and meat substitutes (e.g., veggie burgers). These substitutes are readily available in most supermarkets. Although soy milk does not naturally contain significant amounts of digestible calcium (the high calcium content of soybeans is bound to the insoluble constituents and remains in the soy pulp), many manufacturers of soy milk sell calcium-enriched products as well. Soy is also used in tempeh: the beans (sometimes mixed with grain) are fermented into a solid cake. Additionally, soybean cultivar 01140108 can be used to produce various types of “fillers” in meat and poultry products. Food service, retail, and institutional (primarily school lunch and correctional) facilities regularly use such “extended” products, that is, products which contain soy fillers. Extension may result in diminished flavor, but fat and cholesterol are reduced by adding soy fillers to certain products. Vitamin and mineral fortification can be used to make soy products nutritionally equivalent to animal protein; the protein quality is already roughly equivalent. Table 2 compares performance characteristics of soybean cultivar 01140108 to selected varieties of commercial value. Shown are the comparison numbers, cultivar names, performance characteristics, t values, and critical t values at the 0.05% and 0.01% levels of significance, respectively. TABLE 2PAIRED COMPARISONSCriti-Criti-calcalComp# of# ofMeantt @t @#YearLoc.Obs.GenotypeYldValue.05.011202040820114010852.92.04*1.662.37BXF30379651.62202040820114010852.93.30**1.662.37BXF29385550.63202040820114010852.95.42**1.662.37BXF31525148.8*Significant at 0.05 level of probability**Significant at 0.01 level of probability As shown in Table 2, soybean cultivar 01140108 yields better than three commercial varieties with the increase over BXF293855 and BXF315251 being significant at the 0.01 level of probability and the increase over BXF303796 being significant at the 0.05 level of probability. The use of the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar referents in the context of describing the invention (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The terms “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and “containing” are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning “including, but not limited to,”) unless otherwise noted. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. For example, if the range 10-15 is disclosed, then 11, 12, 13, and 14 are also disclosed. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention. DEPOSIT INFORMATION Applicant has made a deposit of at least 625 seeds of the claimed soybean cultivar 01140108 with the Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Marine Algae and Microbiota (NCMA), 60 Bigelow Drive, East Boothbay, Maine, 04544 USA. The seeds are deposited under NCMA Accession No. 202201062. The date of the deposit is Jan. 27, 2022. The deposit has been accepted under the Budapest Treaty and will be maintained in the NCMA depository for a period of 30 years, or 5 years after the most recent request, or for the enforceable life of the patent, whichever is longer, and will be replaced if necessary during that period. Upon issuance, all restrictions on the availability to the public of the deposit will be irrevocably removed consistent with all of the requirements of the Budapest Treaty and 37 C.F.R. §§ 1.801-1.809. Applicant does not waive any infringement of rights granted under this patent or under the Plant Variety Protection Act (7 USC 2321 et seq.). While a number of exemplary aspects and embodiments have been discussed above, those of skill in the art will recognize certain modifications, permutations, additions and sub combinations thereof. It is therefore intended that the following appended claims and claims hereafter introduced are interpreted to include all such modifications, permutations, additions, and sub-combinations as are within their true spirit and scope.

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DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION In the description and tables that follow, a number of terms are used. In order to provide a clear and consistent understanding of the specification and claims, including the scope to be given such terms, the following definitions are provided: Abiotic stress: As used herein, abiotic stress relates to all non-living chemical and physical factors in the environment. Examples of abiotic stress include, but are not limited to, drought, flooding, salinity, temperature, and climate change. Allele. Any of one or more alternative forms of a genetic sequence. In a diploid cell or organism, the two alleles of a given sequence typically occupy corresponding loci on a pair of homologous chromosomes. Alter. The utilization of up-regulation, down-regulation, or gene silencing. Backcrossing. A process in which a breeder crosses progeny back to one of the parental genotypes one or more times. Commonly used to introduce one or more locus conversions from one genetic background into another. Breeding. The genetic manipulation of living organisms. BU/A. Bushels per Acre. The seed yield in bushels/acre is the actual yield of the grain at harvest. Brown Stem Rot. This is a visual disease score from 1 to 9 comparing all genotypes in a given test. The score is based on leaf symptoms of yellowing and necrosis caused by brown stem rot. Visual scores range from a score of 9, which indicates no symptoms, to a score of 1 which indicates severe symptoms of leaf yellowing and necrosis. Cell. Cell as used herein includes a plant cell, whether isolated, in tissue culture, or incorporated in a plant or plant part. Cotyledon. A cotyledon is a type of seed leaf. The cotyledon contains the food storage tissues of the seed. Cross-pollination. Fertilization by the union of two gametes from different plants. Diploid. A cell or organism having two sets of chromosomes. Embryo. The embryo is the small plant contained within a mature seed. Emergence. This score indicates the ability of the seed to emerge when planted 3″ deep in sand at a controlled temperature of 25° C. The number of plants that emerge each day are counted. Based on this data, each genotype is given a 1 to 9 score based on its rate of emergence and percent of emergence. A score of 9 indicates an excellent rate and percent of emergence, an intermediate score of 5 indicates average ratings and a score of 1 indicates a very poor rate and percent of emergence. F#. The “F” symbol denotes the filial generation, and the #is the generation number, such as F1, F2, F3, etc. Gene. As used herein, “gene” refers to a unit of inheritance corresponding to DNA or RNA that code for a type of protein or for an RNA chain that has a function in the organism. Gene Silencing. The interruption or suppression of the expression of a gene at the level of transcription or translation. Genotype. Refers to the genetic constitution of a cell or organism. Haploid. A cell or organism having one set of the two sets of chromosomes in a diploid. Hilum. This refers to the scar left on the seed that marks the place where the seed was attached to the pod prior to the seed being harvested. Hypocotyl. A hypocotyl is the portion of an embryo or seedling between the cotyledons and the root. Therefore, it can be considered a transition zone between shoot and root. Iron Deficiency Chlorosis. Iron deficiency chlorosis (IDC) is a yellowing of the leaves caused by a lack of iron in the soybean plant. Iron is essential in the formation of chlorophyll, which gives plants their green color. In high pH soils, iron becomes insoluble and cannot be absorbed by plant roots. Soybean cultivars differ in their genetic ability to utilize the available iron. A score of 9 means no stunting of the plants or yellowing of the leaves, and a score of 1 indicates the plants are dead or dying caused by iron deficiency, a score of 5 means plants have intermediate health with some leaf yellowing. Linkage. Refers to a phenomenon wherein alleles on the same chromosome tend to segregate together more often than expected by chance if their transmission was independent. Linkage Disequilibrium. Refers to a phenomenon wherein alleles tend to remain together in linkage groups when segregating from parents to offspring, with a greater frequency than expected from their individual frequencies. Linoleic Acid Percent. Linoleic acid is one of the five most abundant fatty acids in soybean seeds. It is measured by gas chromatography and is reported as a percent of the total oil content. Locus. A defined segment of DNA. Lodging Resistance. Lodging is rated on a scale of 1 to 9. A score of 9 indicates erect plants. A score of 5 indicates plants are leaning at a 45° angle in relation to the ground and a score of 1 indicates plants are lying on the ground. Maturity Date. Plants are considered mature when 95% of the pods have reached their mature color. The number of days are calculated either from August 31 or from the planting date. Maturity Group. This refers to an agreed upon industry division of groups of soybean varieties based on zones in which they are adapted, primarily according to day length or latitude. They consist of very long day length varieties (Groups 000, 00, 0), and extend to very short day length varieties (Groups VII, VIII, IX, X). Nucleic Acid. An acidic, chainlike biological macromolecule consisting of multiple repeat units of phosphoric acid, sugar and purine and pyrimidine bases. Relative Maturity (RM). The term relative maturity is a numerical value that is assigned to a soybean cultivar based on comparisons with the maturity values of other varieties. The number preceding the decimal point in the RM refers to the maturity group. The number following the decimal point refers to the relative earliness or lateness within each maturity group. For example, a 3.0 is an early group III cultivar, while a 3.9 is a late group III cultivar. Oil or Oil Percent. Soybean seeds contain a considerable amount of oil. Oil is measured by NIR spectrophotometry and is reported as a percentage basis. Oleic Acid Percent. Oleic acid is one of the five most abundant fatty acids in soybean seeds. It is measured by gas chromatography and is reported as a percent of the total oil content. Palmitic Acid Percent. Palmitic acid is one of the five most abundant fatty acids in soybean seeds. It is measured by gas chromatography and is reported as a percent of the total oil content. Pedigree. Refers to the lineage or genealogical descent of a plant. Pedigree Distance. Relationship among generations based on their ancestral links as evidenced in pedigrees. May be measured by the distance of the pedigree from a given starting point in the ancestry. Percent Identity. Percent identity as used herein refers to the comparison of the homozygous alleles of two soybean varieties. Percent identity is determined by comparing a statistically significant number of the homozygous alleles of two developed varieties. For example, a percent identity of 90% between soybean cultivar 1 and soybean cultivar 2 means that the two cultivars have the same allele at 90% of their loci. Percent Similarity. Percent similarity as used herein refers to the comparison of the homozygous alleles of a soybean cultivar such as soybean cultivar 00350156 with another plant, and if the homozygous allele of soybean cultivar 00350156 matches at least one of the alleles from the other plant, then they are scored as similar. Percent similarity is determined by comparing a statistically significant number of loci and recording the number of loci with similar alleles as a percentage. A percent similarity of 90% between soybean cultivar 00350156 and another plant means that soybean cultivar 00350156 matches at least one of the alleles of the other plant at 90% of the loci. PhytophthoraTolerance. Tolerance toPhytophthoraroot rot is rated on a scale of 1 to 9, with a score of 9 being the best or highest tolerance ranging down to a score of 1 which indicates the plants have no tolerance toPhytophthora. Phenotypic Score. The Phenotypic Score is a visual rating of general appearance of the cultivar. All visual traits are considered in the score including healthiness, standability, appearance, and freedom of disease. Ratings are scored from 1 being poor to 9 being excellent. Plant. As used herein, the term “plant” includes reference to an immature or mature whole plant, including a plant from which seed, grain, or anthers have been removed. Seed or embryo that will produce the plant is also considered to be the plant. Plant Height. Plant height is taken from the top of the soil to the top node of the plant and is measured in centimeters. Plant Parts. As used herein, the term “plant parts” (or a soybean plant, or a part thereof) includes but is not limited to protoplasts, leaves, stems, roots, root tips, anthers, pistils, seed, grain, embryo, pollen, ovules, cotyledon, hypocotyl, pod, flower, shoot, tissue, petiole, cells, meristematic cells, and the like. Pod. This refers to the fruit of a soybean plant. It consists of the hull or shell (pericarp) and the soybean seeds. Progeny. As used herein, includes an F1soybean plant produced from the cross of two soybean plants where at least one plant includes soybean cultivar 00350156 and progeny further includes, but is not limited to, subsequent F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7, F8, F9, and F10generational crosses with the recurrent parental line. Protein Percent. Soybean seeds contain a considerable amount of protein. Protein is generally measured by NIR spectrophotometry and is reported on an as is percentage basis. Pubescence. This refers to a covering of very fine hairs closely arranged on the leaves, stems, and pods of the soybean plant. Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL). Quantitative trait loci (QTL) refer to genetic loci that control to some degree numerically representable traits that are usually continuously distributed. Regeneration. Regeneration refers to the development of a plant from tissue culture. Seed Protein Peroxidase Activity. Seed protein peroxidase activity refers to a chemical taxonomic technique to separate cultivars based on the presence or absence of the peroxidase enzyme in the seed coat. There are two types of soybean cultivars; those having high peroxidase activity (dark red color) and those having low peroxidase activity (no color). Seed Yield (Bushels/Acre). The yield in bushels/acre is the actual yield of the grain at harvest. Seeds Per Pound. Soybean seeds vary in seed size; therefore, the number of seeds required to make up one pound also varies. The number of seeds per pound affect the pounds of seed required to plant a given area and can also impact end uses. Shattering. The amount of pod dehiscence prior to harvest. Pod dehiscence involves seeds falling from the pods to the soil. This is a visual score from 1 to 9 comparing all genotypes within a given test. A score of 9 means pods have not opened and no seeds have fallen out. A score of 5 indicates approximately 50% of the pods have opened, with seeds falling to the ground, and a score of 1 indicates 100% of the pods are opened. Single Locus Converted (Conversion). Single locus converted (conversion), also known as coisogenic plants, refers to plants which are developed by a plant breeding technique called backcrossing and/or by genetic transformation to introduce a given locus that is transgenic in origin, wherein essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of a soybean variety are recovered in addition to the characteristics of the locus transferred into the variety via the backcrossing technique or by genetic transformation. Breeding History The breeding history of the cultivar can be summarized as follows:2016 A cross with parentage 11MB43198-43-07-28×(11MB43198-43-07-28×14537631) was made near Adel, IA.2016-17 An F1 and F2 population was grown in South America.2017 F3 bulk populations were grown in the Midwest and single plants were pulled.2017-18 Plant rows were grown near Chacabuco, Argentina.2018 Yield trials were grown at 6 locations in the Midwest. F5 single plants were pulled.2018-19 Plant rows were grown near Chacabuco, Argentina.2019 Based on yield from 2018 trials, 16MQ90333-19-02 was advanced to 2019 PRYT yield trials.2020 Based on yield from 2019 trials, 16MQ90333-19-02 was advanced to 2020 Elite yield trials. 16MQ90333-19-02 given variety designation 00350156. The cultivar has shown uniformity and stability, as described in the following variety description information. It has been self-pollinated a sufficient number of generations with careful attention to uniformity of plant type. The line has been increased with continued observation for uniformity. The results of an objective evaluation of the cultivar are presented in the table(s) that follow. TABLE 1DESCRIPTION OF SOYBEANCULTIVAR 00350156Seed Coat Color (Mature Seed):YellowSeed Coat Luster (Mature Seed):DullCotyledon Color (Mature Seed):YellowLeaflet Shape:OvateGrowth Habit:IndeterminateFlower Color:PurpleHilum Color (Mature Seed):BlackPlant Pubescence Color:Light TawnyPod Wall Color:BrownMaturity Group:IIIRelative Maturity:3.3Plant Lodging Score:7.0Plant Height (cm):91Seed Size (# seed/lb):3044Seed % Protein:34.0Seed % Oil:20.3 Physiological Responses: Contains DAS-44406-6 event conferring tolerance to 2,4-D herbicides, glyphosate herbicides, and glufosinate herbicides. Event DAS-44406-6 is the subject of U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,491,288; 5,510,471; 5,633,448; 5,717,084; 5,728,925; 5,792,930; 6,063,601; 6,313,282; 6,338,961; 6,566,587; 8,283,522; 8,460,891; 8,916,752; 9,371,394; and 9,540,655, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. There is natural variation in soybeans caused by genetics and environment. Soybeans containing Event DAS-44406-6 (Enlist E3™ soybeans) are genetically yellow. From time to time, seed coat color variation may be observed in soybean seeds comprising Event DAS-44406-6 due to environment and other factors. This can include a light brown band connecting the ends of the hilum and/or light brown shadows on each side of the hilum of the yellow seed coat. Such seeds are however herein described based on genetics, i.e., as having yellow seed coat (hull) and yellow cotyledons. Disease Resistance: Soybean Cyst Nematode—rhg 1. This invention is also directed to methods for producing a soybean plant by crossing a first parent soybean plant with a second parent soybean plant, wherein the first or second soybean plant is the soybean plant from cultivar 00350156. Further, both first and second parent soybean plants may be from cultivar 00350156. Therefore, any methods using soybean cultivar 00350156 are part of this invention: selfing, backcrosses, hybrid breeding, and crosses to populations. Any plants produced using soybean cultivar 00350156 as at least one parent are within the scope of this invention. Additional methods include, but are not limited to, expression vectors introduced into plant tissues using a direct gene transfer method, such as microprojectile-mediated delivery, DNA injection, electroporation, and the like. More preferably, expression vectors are introduced into plant tissues by using either microprojectile-mediated delivery with a biolistic device or by usingAgrobacterium-mediated transformation. Transformant plants obtained with the germplasm of the invention are intended to be within the scope of this invention. Soybean cultivar 00350156 is similar to soybean cultivar 11MB43198-43-07-28. While similar to soybean cultivar 11MB43198-43-07-28 there are numerous differences including: soybean cultivar 00350156 has black hila color, while soybean cultivar 11MB43198-43-07-28 has brown hila color. Further Embodiments of the Invention The advent of new molecular biological techniques has allowed the isolation and characterization of genetic elements with specific functions, such as encoding specific protein products. Scientists in the field of plant biology developed a strong interest in engineering the genome of plants to contain and express foreign genetic elements, or additional, or modified versions of native or endogenous genetic elements in order to alter the traits of a plant in a specific manner. Any DNA sequences, whether from a different species or from the same species, which are introduced into the genome using transformation or various breeding methods are referred to herein collectively as “transgenes.” In some embodiments of the invention, a transgenic variant of soybean cultivar 00350156 may contain at least one transgene but could contain at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and/or no more than 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, or 2. Over the last 15 to 20 years several methods for producing transgenic plants have been developed, and the present invention also relates to transgenic variants of the claimed soybean cultivar 00350156. Nucleic acids or polynucleotides refer to RNA or DNA that is linear or branched, single or double stranded, or a hybrid thereof. The term also encompasses RNA/DNA hybrids. These terms also encompass untranslated sequence located at both the 3′ and 5′ ends of the coding region of the gene: at least approximately 1000 nucleotides of sequence upstream from the 5′ end of the coding region and at least approximately 200 nucleotides of sequence downstream from the 3′ end of the coding region of the gene. Less common bases, such as inosine, 5-methylcytosine, 6-methyladenine, hypoxanthine and others can also be used for antisense, dsRNA and ribozyme pairing. For example, polynucleotides that contain C-5 propyne analogues of uridine and cytidine have been shown to bind RNA with high affinity and to be potent antisense inhibitors of gene expression. Other modifications, such as modification to the phosphodiester backbone, or the 2′-hydroxy in the ribose sugar group of the RNA can also be made. The antisense polynucleotides and ribozymes can consist entirely of ribonucleotides, or can contain mixed ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides. The polynucleotides of the invention may be produced by any means, including genomic preparations, cDNA preparations, in vitro synthesis, RT-PCR, and in vitro or in vivo transcription. One embodiment of the invention is a process for producing soybean cultivar 00350156 further comprising a desired trait, said process comprising introducing a transgene that confers a desired trait to a soybean plant of cultivar 00350156. Another embodiment is the product produced by this process. In one embodiment the desired trait may be one or more of herbicide resistance, insect resistance, disease resistance, decreased phytate, or modified fatty acid or carbohydrate metabolism. The specific gene may be any known in the art or listed herein, including: a polynucleotide conferring resistance to imidazolinone, dicamba, sulfonylurea, glyphosate, glufosinate, triazine, benzonitrile, cyclohexanedione, phenoxy propionic acid, and L-phosphinothricin; a polynucleotide encoding aBacillus thuringiensispolypeptide; a polynucleotide encoding phytase, FAD-2, FAD-3, galactinol synthase, or a raffinose synthetic enzyme; or a polynucleotide conferring resistance to soybean cyst nematode, brown stem rot,Phytophthoraroot rot, soybean mosaic virus, or sudden death syndrome. Numerous methods for plant transformation have been developed, including biological and physical plant transformation protocols. See, for example, Miki et al., “Procedures for Introducing Foreign DNA into Plants,” inMethods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Glick and Thompson Eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, pp. 67-88 (1993), and Armstrong, “The First Decade of Maize Transformation: A Review and Future Perspective,”Maydica,44:101-109 (1999). In addition, expression vectors and in vitro culture methods for plant cell or tissue transformation and regeneration of plants are available. See, for example, Gruber et al., “Vectors for Plant Transformation,” inMethods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Glick and Thompson Eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, pp. 89-119 (1993). A genetic trait which has been engineered into the genome of a particular soybean plant may then be moved into the genome of another cultivar using traditional breeding techniques that are well known in the plant breeding arts. For example, a backcrossing approach is commonly used to move a transgene from a transformed soybean cultivar into an already developed soybean cultivar, and the resulting backcross conversion plant would then comprise the transgene(s). Various genetic elements can be introduced into the plant genome using transformation. These elements include, but are not limited to, genes, coding sequences, inducible, constitutive and tissue specific promoters, enhancing sequences, and signal and targeting sequences. For example, see the traits, genes, and transformation methods listed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,118,055. Included among various plant transformation techniques are methods that permit the site-specific modification of a plant genome, including coding sequences, regulatory elements, non-coding and other DNA sequences in a plant genome. Such methods are well-known in the art and include, for example, use of the CRISPR-Cas system, zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), among others. Plant transformation may involve the construction of an expression vector which will function in plant cells. Such a vector can comprise DNA comprising a gene under control of, or operatively linked to, a regulatory element (for example, a promoter). The expression vector may contain one or more such operably linked gene/regulatory element combinations. The vector(s) may be in the form of a plasmid and can be used alone or in combination with other plasmids to provide transformed soybean plants using transformation methods as described below to incorporate transgenes into the genetic material of the soybean plant(s). Expression Vectors for Soybean Transformation: Marker Genes Expression vectors include at least one genetic marker operably linked to a regulatory element (for example, a promoter) that allows transformed cells containing the marker to be either recovered by negative selection, i.e., inhibiting growth of cells that do not contain the selectable marker gene, or by positive selection, i.e., screening for the product encoded by the genetic marker. Many commonly used selectable marker genes for plant transformation are well known in the transformation arts, and include, for example, genes that code for enzymes that metabolically detoxify a selective chemical agent which may be an antibiotic or an herbicide, or genes that encode an altered target which is insensitive to the inhibitor. A few positive selection methods are also known in the art. One commonly used selectable marker gene for plant transformation is the neomycin phosphotransferase II (nptII) gene which, when under the control of plant regulatory signals, confers resistance to kanamycin. Fraley et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,80:4803 (1983). Another commonly used selectable marker gene is the hygromycin phosphotransferase gene which confers resistance to the antibiotic hygromycin. Vanden Elzen et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,5:299 (1985). Additional selectable marker genes of bacterial origin that confer resistance to antibiotics include gentamycin acetyl transferase, streptomycin phosphotransferase and aminoglycoside-3′-adenyl transferase, the bleomycin resistance determinant (Hayford et al.,Plant Physiol.,86:1216 (1988); Jones et al.,Mol. Gen. Genet.,210:86 (1987); Svab et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,14:197 (1990); Hille et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,7:171 (1986)). Other selectable marker genes confer resistance to herbicides such as glyphosate, glufosinate, or bromoxynil (Comai et al.,Nature,317:741-744 (1985); Gordon-Kamm et al.,Plant Cell,2:603-618 (1990); Stalke et al.,Science,242:419-423 (1988)). Selectable marker genes for plant transformation not of bacterial origin include, for example, mouse dihydrofolate reductase, plant 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase, and plant acetolactate synthase (Eichholtz et al.,Somatic Cell Mol. Genet.,13:67 (1987); Shah et al.,Science,233:478 (1986); Charest et al.,Plant Cell Rep.,8:643 (1990)). Another class of marker genes for plant transformation requires screening of presumptively transformed plant cells, rather than direct genetic selection of transformed cells, for resistance to a toxic substance such as an antibiotic. These genes are particularly useful to quantify or visualize the spatial pattern of expression of a gene in specific tissues and are frequently referred to as reporter genes because they can be fused to a gene or gene regulatory sequence for the investigation of gene expression. Commonly used genes for screening presumptively transformed cells include β-glucuronidase (GUS), β-galactosidase, luciferase, and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (Jefferson, R. A.,Plant Mol. Biol. Rep., 5:387 (1987); Teeri et al.,EMBO J.,8:343 (1989); Koncz et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,84:131 (1987); DeBlock et al.,EMBO J.,3:1681 (1984)). In vivo methods for visualizing GUS activity that do not require destruction of plant tissue are available (Molecular Probes, Publication 2908, IMAGENE GREEN, pp. 1-4 (1993); Naleway et al.,J. Cell Biol.,115:151a (1991)). However, these in vivo methods for visualizing GUS activity have not proven useful for recovery of transformed cells because of low sensitivity, high fluorescent backgrounds, and limitations associated with the use of luciferase genes as selectable markers. More recently, a gene encoding Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) has been utilized as a marker for gene expression in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (Chalfie et al.,Science,263:802 (1994)). GFP and mutants of GFP may be used as screenable markers. Expression Vectors for Soybean Transformation: Promoters Genes included in expression vectors must be driven by a nucleotide sequence comprising a regulatory element (for example, a promoter). Several types of promoters are well known in the transformation arts as are other regulatory elements that can be used alone or in combination with promoters. As used herein, “promoter” includes reference to a region of DNA upstream from the start of transcription and involved in recognition and binding of RNA polymerase and other proteins to initiate transcription. A “plant promoter” is a promoter capable of initiating transcription in plant cells. Examples of promoters under developmental control include promoters that preferentially initiate transcription in certain tissues, such as leaves, roots, seeds, fibers, xylem vessels, tracheids, or sclerenchyma. Such promoters are referred to as “tissue-preferred.” Promoters that initiate transcription only in a certain tissue are referred to as “tissue-specific.” A “cell-type” specific promoter primarily drives expression in certain cell types in one or more organs, for example, vascular cells in roots or leaves. An “inducible” promoter is a promoter which is under environmental control. Examples of environmental conditions that may affect transcription by inducible promoters include anaerobic conditions or the presence of light. Tissue-specific, tissue-preferred, cell-type specific, and inducible promoters constitute the class of “non-constitutive” promoters. A “constitutive” promoter is a promoter that is active under most environmental conditions. A. Inducible Promoters—An inducible promoter is operably linked to a gene for expression in soybean. Optionally, the inducible promoter is operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal sequence which is operably linked to a gene for expression in soybean. With an inducible promoter the rate of transcription increases in response to an inducing agent. Any inducible promoter can be used in the instant invention. See, Ward et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,22:361-366 (1993). Exemplary inducible promoters include, but are not limited to, that from the ACEI system which responds to copper (Mett et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,90:4567-4571 (1993)); In2 gene from maize which responds to benzenesulfonamide herbicide safeners (Hershey et al.,Mol. Gen Genetics,227:229-237 (1991); Gatz et al.,Mol. Gen. Genetics,243:32-38 (1994)); or Tet repressor from Tn10 (Gatz et al.,Mol. Gen. Genetics,227:229-237 (1991)). A particularly preferred inducible promoter is a promoter that responds to an inducing agent to which plants do not normally respond. An exemplary inducible promoter is the inducible promoter from a steroid hormone gene, glucocorticoid response elements, the transcriptional activity of which is induced by a glucocorticoid hormone (Schena et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,88:10421-10425 (1991)). B. Constitutive Promoters—A constitutive promoter is operably linked to a gene for expression in soybean or the constitutive promoter is operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal sequence which is operably linked to a gene for expression in soybean. Many different constitutive promoters can be utilized in the instant invention. Exemplary constitutive promoters include, but are not limited to, the promoters from plant viruses such as the 35S promoter from CaMV (Odell et al.,Nature,313:810-812 (1985)) and the promoters from such genes as rice actin (McElroy et al.,Plant Cell,2: 163-171 (1990)); ubiquitin (Christensen et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,12:619-632 (1989); Christensen et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,18:675-689 (1992)); pEMU (Last et al.,Theor. Appl. Genet.,81:581-588 (1991)); MAS (Velten et al.,EMBO J.,3:2723-2730 (1984)); and maize H3 histone (Lepetit et al.,Mol. Gen. Genetics,231:276-285 (1992); Atanassova et al.,Plant Journal,2 (3): 291-300 (1992)). The ALS promoter, an Xba1/Ncol fragment 5′ to theBrassica napusALS3 structural gene (or a nucleotide sequence similarity to said Xba1/Ncol fragment), represents a particularly useful constitutive promoter. See PCT Application WO 96/30530. C. Tissue-Specific or Tissue-Preferred Promoters—A tissue-specific promoter is operably linked to a gene for expression in soybean. Optionally, the tissue-specific promoter is operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal sequence which is operably linked to a gene for expression in soybean. Plants transformed with a gene of interest operably linked to a tissue-specific promoter produce the protein product of the transgene exclusively, or preferentially, in a specific tissue. Any tissue-specific or tissue-preferred promoter can be utilized in the instant invention. Exemplary tissue-specific or tissue-preferred promoters include, but are not limited to, a root-preferred promoter such as that from the phaseolin gene (Murai et al.,Science,23:476-482 (1983); Sengupta-Gopalan et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,82:3320-3324 (1985)); a leaf-specific and light-induced promoter such as that from cab or rubisco (Simpson et al.,EMBO J.,4(11):2723-2729 (1985); Timko et al.,Nature,318:579-582 (1985)); an anther-specific promoter such as that from LAT52 (Twell et al.,Mol. Gen. Genetics,217:240-245 (1989)); a pollen-specific promoter such as that from Zm13 (Guerrero et al.,Mol. Gen. Genetics,244:161-168 (1993)); or a microspore-preferred promoter such as that from apg (Twell et al.,Sex. Plant Reprod.,6:217-224 (1993)). Signal Sequences for Targeting Proteins to Subcellular Compartments Transport of a protein produced by transgenes to a subcellular compartment, such as the chloroplast, vacuole, peroxisome, glyoxysome, cell wall, or mitochondrion, or for secretion into the apoplast, is accomplished by means of operably linking the nucleotide sequence encoding a signal sequence to the 5′ and/or 3′ region of a gene encoding the protein of interest. Targeting sequences at the 5′ and/or 3′ end of the structural gene may determine during protein synthesis and processing where the encoded protein is ultimately compartmentalized. The presence of a signal sequence directs a polypeptide to either an intracellular organelle or subcellular compartment or for secretion to the apoplast. Many signal sequences are known in the art. See, for example, Becker et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,20:49 (1992); Knox, C. et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,9:3-17 (1987); Lerner et al.,Plant Physiol.,91:124-129 (1989); Frontes et al.,Plant Cell,3:483-496 (1991); Matsuoka et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.,88:834 (1991); Gould et al.,J. Cell. Biol.,108:1657 (1989); Creissen et al.,Plant J.,2:129 (1991); Kalderon et al.,Cell,39:499-509 (1984); Steifel et al.,Plant Cell,2:785-793 (1990). Foreign Protein Genes and Agronomic Genes With transgenic plants according to the present invention, a foreign protein can be produced in commercial quantities. Thus, techniques for the selection and propagation of transformed plants, which are well understood in the art, yield a plurality of transgenic plants which are harvested in a conventional manner, and a foreign protein can then be extracted from a tissue of interest or from total biomass. Protein extraction from plant biomass can be accomplished by known methods which are discussed, for example, by Heney and Orr,Anal. Biochem.,114:92-6 (1981). According to a preferred embodiment, the transgenic plant provided for commercial production of foreign protein is a soybean plant. In another preferred embodiment, the biomass of interest is seed. For the relatively small number of transgenic plants that show higher levels of expression, a genetic map can be generated, primarily via conventional RFLP, PCR, and SSR analysis, which identifies the approximate chromosomal location of the integrated DNA molecule. For exemplary methodologies in this regard, see, Glick and Thompson,Methods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, 269:284 (1993). Map information concerning chromosomal location is useful for proprietary protection of a subject transgenic plant. Wang et al. discuss “Large Scale Identification, Mapping and Genotyping of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Human Genome,”Science,280:1077-1082 (1998), and similar capabilities are becoming increasingly available for the soybean genome. Map information concerning chromosomal location is useful for proprietary protection of a subject transgenic plant. If unauthorized propagation is undertaken and crosses made with other germplasm, the map of the integration region can be compared to similar maps for suspect plants to determine if the latter have a common parentage with the subject plant. Map comparisons would involve hybridizations, RFLP, PCR, SSR, and sequencing, all of which are conventional techniques. SNPs may also be used alone or in combination with other techniques. Likewise, by means of the present invention, plants can be genetically engineered to express various phenotypes of agronomic interest. Through the transformation of soybean, the expression of genes can be altered to enhance disease resistance, insect resistance, herbicide resistance, agronomic, grain quality, and other traits. Transformation can also be used to insert DNA sequences which control or help control male-sterility. DNA sequences native to soybean, as well as non-native DNA sequences, can be transformed into soybean and used to alter levels of native or non-native proteins. Various promoters, targeting sequences, enhancing sequences, and other DNA sequences can be inserted into the genome for the purpose of altering the expression of proteins. Reduction of the activity of specific genes (also known as gene silencing or gene suppression) is desirable for several aspects of genetic engineering in plants. Many techniques for gene silencing are well known to one of skill in the art, including, but not limited to, knock-outs (such as by insertion of a transposable element such as mu (Vicki Chandler, The Maize Handbook, Ch. 118 (Springer-Verlag 1994)) or other genetic elements such as a FRT and Lox that are used for site specific integrations, antisense technology (see, e.g., Sheehy et al.,PNAS USA,85:8805-8809 (1988); and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,107,065, 5,453,566, and 5,759,829); co-suppression (e.g., Taylor,Plant Cell,9:1245 (1997); Jorgensen,Trends Biotech.,8(12):340-344 (1990); Flavell,PNAS USA,91:3490-3496 (1994); Finnegan et al.,Bio/Technology,12:883-888 (1994); Neuhuber et al.,Mol. Gen. Genet.,244:230-241 (1994)); RNA interference (Napoli et al.,Plant Cell,2:279-289 (1990); U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,323; Sharp,Genes Dev.,13:139-141 (1999); Zamore et al.,Cell,101:25-33 (2000); Montgomery et al.,PNAS USA,95:15502-15507 (1998)), virus-induced gene silencing (Burton et al.,Plant Cell,12:691-705 (2000); Baulcombe,Curr. Op. Plant Bio.,2:109-113 (1999)); target-RNA-specific ribozymes (Haseloff et al.,Nature,334: 585-591 (1988)); hairpin structures (Smith et al.,Nature,407:319-320 (2000); WO 99/53050; WO 98/53083); MicroRNA (Aukerman & Sakai,Plant Cell,15:2730-2741 (2003)); ribozymes (Steinecke et al.,EMBO J.,11:1525 (1992); Perriman et al.,Antisense Res. Dev.,3:253 (1993)); oligonucleotide mediated targeted modification (e.g., WO 03/076574 and WO 99/25853); Zn-finger targeted molecules (e.g., WO 01/52620, WO 03/048345, and WO 00/42219); and other methods or combinations of the above methods known to those of skill in the art. Likewise, by means of the present invention, agronomic genes can be expressed in transformed plants. More particularly, plants can be genetically engineered to express various phenotypes of agronomic interest. Exemplary genes implicated in this regard include, but are not limited to, those categorized below: 1. Genes that Confer Resistance to Pests or Disease and that Encode: A. Plant disease resistance genes. Plant defenses are often activated by specific interaction between the product of a disease resistance gene (R) in the plant and the product of a corresponding avirulence (Avr) gene in the pathogen. A plant cultivar can be transformed with one or more cloned resistance genes to engineer plants that are resistant to specific pathogen strains. See, for example, Jones et al.,Science,266:789 (1994) (cloning of the tomato Cf-9 gene for resistance toCladosporium fulvum); Martin et al.,Science,262:1432 (1993) (tomato Pto gene for resistance toPseudomonas syringaepv. tomato encodes a protein kinase); Mindrinos et al.,Cell,78:1089 (1994) (ArabidopsisRSP2 gene for resistance toPseudomonas syringae); McDowell & Woffenden,Trends Biotechnol.,21(4):178-83 (2003); and Toyoda et al.,Transgenic Res.,11 (6):567-82 (2002). B. A gene conferring resistance to a pest, such as soybean cyst nematode. See, e.g., PCT Application WO 96/30517 and PCT Application WO 93/19181. C. ABacillus thuringiensisprotein, a derivative thereof or a synthetic polypeptide modelled thereon. See, for example, Geiser et al.,Gene,48:109 (1986), who disclose the cloning and nucleotide sequence of a Bt δ-endotoxin gene. Moreover, DNA molecules encoding δ-endotoxin genes can be purchased from American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Virginia, for example, under ATCC Accession Nos. 40098, 67136, 31995, and 31998. D. A lectin. See, for example, Van Damme et al.,Plant Molec. Biol.,24:25 (1994), who disclose the nucleotide sequences of severalClivia miniatamannose-binding lectin genes. E. A vitamin-binding protein such as avidin. See, PCT Application US 93/06487, which teaches the use of avidin and avidin homologues as larvicides against insect pests. F. An enzyme inhibitor, for example, a protease or proteinase inhibitor or an amylase inhibitor. See, for example, Abe et al.,J. Biol. Chem.,262:16793 (1987) (nucleotide sequence of rice cysteine proteinase inhibitor); Huub et al.,Plant Molec. Biol.,21:985 (1993) (nucleotide sequence of cDNA encoding tobacco proteinase inhibitor I); Sumitani et al.,Biosci. Biotech. Biochem.,57:1243 (1993) (nucleotide sequence ofStreptomyces nitrosporeusα-amylase inhibitor); and U.S. Pat. No. 5,494,813 (Hepher and Atkinson, issued Feb. 27, 1996). G. An insect-specific hormone or pheromone, such as an ecdysteroid or juvenile hormone, a variant thereof, a mimetic based thereon, or an antagonist or agonist thereof. See, for example, the disclosure by Hammock et al.,Nature,344:458 (1990), of baculovirus expression of cloned juvenile hormone esterase, an inactivator of juvenile hormone. H. An insect-specific peptide or neuropeptide which, upon expression, disrupts the physiology of the affected pest. For example, see the disclosures of Regan,J. Biol. Chem.,269:9 (1994) (expression cloning yields DNA coding for insect diuretic hormone receptor); Pratt et al.,Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm.,163:1243 (1989) (an allostatin is identified inDiploptera puntata); Chattopadhyay et al.,Critical Reviews in Microbiology,30(1):33-54 (2004); Zjawiony,J Nat Prod,67(2):300-310 (2004); Carlini & Grossi-de-Sa,Toxicon,40(11):1515-1539 (2002); Ussuf et al.,Curr Sci.,80(7):847-853 (2001); Vasconcelos & Oliveira,Toxicon,44(4):385-403 (2004). See also, U.S. Pat. No. 5,266,317 to Tomalski et al., which discloses genes encoding insect-specific, paralytic neurotoxins. I. An insect-specific venom produced in nature by a snake, a wasp, etc. For example, see, Pang et al.,Gene,116:165 (1992), for disclosure of heterologous expression in plants of a gene coding for a scorpion insectotoxic peptide. J. An enzyme responsible for a hyperaccumulation of a monoterpene, a sesquiterpene, a steroid, hydroxamic acid, a phenylpropanoid derivative, or another non-protein molecule with insecticidal activity. K. An enzyme involved in the modification, including the post-translational modification, of a biologically active molecule; for example, a glycolytic enzyme, a proteolytic enzyme, a lipolytic enzyme, a nuclease, a cyclase, a transaminase, an esterase, a hydrolase, a phosphatase, a kinase, a phosphorylase, a polymerase, an elastase, a chitinase, and a glucanase, whether natural or synthetic. See, PCT Application WO 93/02197 (Scott et al.), which discloses the nucleotide sequence of a callase gene. DNA molecules which contain chitinase-encoding sequences can be obtained, for example, from the ATCC under Accession Nos. 39637 and 67152. See also, Kramer et al.,Insect Biochem. Molec. Biol.,23:691 (1993), who teach the nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding tobacco hornworm chitinase, and Kawalleck et al.,Plant Molec. Biol.,21:673 (1993), who provide the nucleotide sequence of the parsley ubi4-2 polyubiquitin gene, U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,145,060, 7,087,810, and 6,563,020. L. A molecule that stimulates signal transduction. For example, see the disclosure by Botella et al.,Plant Molec. Biol.,24:757 (1994), of nucleotide sequences for mung bean calmodulin cDNA clones, and Griess et al.,Plant Physiol.,104:1467 (1994), who provide the nucleotide sequence of a maize calmodulin cDNA clone. M. A hydrophobic moment peptide. See, PCT Application WO 95/16776 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,580,852, which disclose peptide derivatives of tachyplesin which inhibit fungal plant pathogens, and PCT Application WO 95/18855 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,607,914 which teaches synthetic antimicrobial peptides that confer disease resistance. N. A membrane permease, a channel former or a channel blocker. For example, see the disclosure of Jaynes et al.,Plant Sci,89:43 (1993), of heterologous expression of a cecropin-β lytic peptide analog to render transgenic tobacco plants resistant toPseudomonas solanacearum. O. A viral-invasive protein or a complex toxin derived therefrom. For example, the accumulation of viral coat proteins in transformed plant cells imparts resistance to viral infection and/or disease development effected by the virus from which the coat protein gene is derived, as well as by related viruses. See, Beachy et al.,Ann. Rev. Phytopathol.,28:451 (1990). Coat protein-mediated resistance has been conferred upon transformed plants against alfalfa mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, and tobacco mosaic virus. P. An insect-specific antibody or an immunotoxin derived therefrom. Thus, an antibody targeted to a critical metabolic function in the insect gut would inactivate an affected enzyme, killing the insect. See, Taylor et al., Abstract #497, Seventh Int'l Symposium on Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions (Edinburgh, Scotland 1994) (enzymatic inactivation in transgenic tobacco via production of single-chain antibody fragments). Q. A virus-specific antibody. See, for example, Tavladoraki et al.,Nature,366:469 (1993), who show that transgenic plants expressing recombinant antibody genes are protected from virus attack. R. A developmental-arrestive protein produced in nature by a pathogen or a parasite. Thus, fungal endo-α-1,4-D-polygalacturonases facilitate fungal colonization and plant nutrient release by solubilizing plant cell wall homo-α-1,4-D-galacturonase. See, Lamb et al.,Bio/Technology,10:1436 (1992). The cloning and characterization of a gene which encodes a bean endopolygalacturonase-inhibiting protein is described by Toubart et al.,Plant J.,2:367 (1992). S. A developmental-arrestive protein produced in nature by a plant. For example, Logemann et al.,Bio/Technology,10:305 (1992), have shown that transgenic plants expressing the barley ribosome-inactivating gene have an increased resistance to fungal disease. T. Genes involved in the Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) Response and/or the pathogenesis-related genes. Briggs, S.,Current Biology,5(2) (1995); Pieterse & Van Loon,Curr. Opin. Plant Bio.,7(4):456-64 (2004); and Somssich,Cell,113(7):815-6 (2003). U. Antifungal genes. See, Cornelissen and Melchers,Plant Physiol.,101:709-712 (1993); Parijs et al.,Planta,183:258-264 (1991); and Bushnell et al.,Can. J. of Plant Path.,20(2):137-149 (1998). See also, U.S. Pat. No. 6,875,907. V. Detoxification genes, such as for fumonisin, beauvericin, moniliformin, and zearalenone and their structurally-related derivatives. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,792,931. W. Cystatin and cysteine proteinase inhibitors. See, U.S. Pat. No. 7,205,453. X. Defensin genes. See, WO 03/000863 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,911,577. Y. Genes conferring resistance to nematodes, and in particular soybean cyst nematodes. See, e.g., PCT Applications WO 96/30517, WO 93/19181, and WO 03/033651; Urwin et al.,Planta,204:472-479 (1998); Williamson,Curr Opin Plant Bio.,2(4):327-31 (1999). Z. Genes that confer resistance toPhytophthoraRoot Rot, such as the Rps1, Rps1a, Rps1b, Rps1c, Rps1d, Rps1e, Rps1k, Rps2, Rps3a, Rps3b, Rps3c, Rps4, Rps5, Rps6, Rps7, and other Rps genes. See, for example, Shoemaker et al.,PhytophthoraRoot Rot Resistance Gene Mapping in Soybean, Plant Genome IV Conference, San Diego, Calif. (1995). AA. Genes that confer resistance to Brown Stem Rot, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,689,035 and incorporated by reference for this purpose. Any of the above-listed disease or pest resistance genes (A-AA) can be introduced into the claimed soybean cultivar through a cultivar of means including, but not limited to, transformation and crossing. 2. Genes that Confer Resistance to an Herbicide, for Example: A. An herbicide that inhibits the growing point or meristem, such as an imidazolinone or a sulfonylurea. Exemplary genes in this category code for mutant ALS and AHAS enzyme as described, for example, by Lee et al.,EMBO J.,7:1241 (1988) and Miki et al.,Theor. Appl. Genet.,80:449 (1990), respectively. B. Glyphosate (resistance conferred by mutant 5-enolpyruvlshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) and aroA genes, respectively) and other phosphono compounds, such as glufosinate (phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT) andStreptomyces hygroscopicusPAT bar genes), pyridinoxy or phenoxy propionic acids, and cyclohexanediones (ACCase inhibitor-encoding genes). See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,940,835 to Shah et al., which discloses the nucleotide sequence of a form of EPSPS which can confer glyphosate resistance. U.S. Pat. No. 5,627,061 to Barry et al., also describes genes encoding EPSPS enzymes. See also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,566,587, 6,338,961, 6,248,876, 6,040,497, 5,804,425, 5,633,435, 5,145,783, 4,971,908, 5,312,910, 5,188,642, 4,940,835, 5,866,775, 6,225,114, 6,130,366, 5,310,667, 4,535,060, 4,769,061, 5,633,448, 5,510,471, RE 36,449, RE 37,287, and 5,491,288; and International Publications EP1173580, WO 01/66704, EP1173581, and EP1173582, which are incorporated herein by reference for this purpose. Glyphosate resistance is also imparted to plants that express a gene that encodes a glyphosate oxido-reductase enzyme, as described more fully in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,776,760 and 5,463,175, which are incorporated herein by reference for this purpose. In addition, glyphosate resistance can be imparted to plants by the over expression of genes encoding glyphosate N-acetyltransferase. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,462,481. A DNA molecule encoding a mutant aroA gene can be obtained under ATCC Accession No. 39256, and the nucleotide sequence of the mutant gene is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,769,061 to Comai. European Patent Appl. No. 0 333 033 to Kumada et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 4,975,374 to Goodman et al., disclose nucleotide sequences of glutamine synthetase genes which confer resistance to herbicides such as L-phosphinothricin. The nucleotide sequence of a PAT gene is provided in European Patent Appl. No. 0 242 246 to Leemans et al. DeGreef et al.,Bio/Technology,7:61 (1989) describe the production of transgenic plants that express chimeric bar genes coding for phosphinothricin acetyl transferase activity. Exemplary of genes conferring resistance to phenoxy propionic acids and cyclohexanediones, such as sethoxydim and haloxyfop are the Acc1-S1, Acc1-S2, and Acc2-S3 genes described by Marshall et al.,Theor. Appl. Genet.,83:435 (1992). C. An herbicide that inhibits photosynthesis, such as a triazine (psbA and gs+ genes) and a benzonitrile (nitrilase gene). Przibila et al.,Plant Cell,3:169 (1991), describe the transformation ofChlamydomonaswith plasmids encoding mutant psbA genes. Nucleotide sequences for nitrilase genes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,648 to Stalker and DNA molecules containing these genes are available under ATCC Accession Nos. 53435, 67441, and 67442. Cloning and expression of DNA coding for a glutathione S-transferase is described by Hayes et al.,Biochem. J.,285:173 (1992). D. Acetohydroxy acid synthase, which has been found to make plants that express this enzyme resistant to multiple types of herbicides, has been introduced into a variety of plants. See, Hattori et al.,Mol. Gen. Genet.,246:419 (1995). Other genes that confer tolerance to herbicides include a gene encoding a chimeric protein of rat cytochrome P4507A1 and yeast NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (Shiota et al.,Plant Physiol.,106:17 (1994)); genes for glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase (Aono et al.,Plant Cell Physiol.,36:1687 (1995)); and genes for various phosphotransferases (Datta et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,20:619 (1992)). E. Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (protox) is necessary for the production of chlorophyll, which is necessary for all plant survival. The protox enzyme serves as the target for a variety of herbicidal compounds. These herbicides also inhibit growth of all the different species of plants present, causing their total destruction. The development of plants containing altered protox activity which are resistant to these herbicides are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,288,306, 6,282,837, 5,767,373, and International Publication WO 01/12825. Any of the above listed herbicide genes (A-E) can be introduced into the claimed soybean cultivar through a variety of means including but not limited to transformation and crossing. 3. Genes that Confer or Contribute to a Value-Added Trait, Such as: A. Modified fatty acid metabolism, for example, by transforming a plant with an antisense gene of stearyl-ACP desaturase to increase stearic acid content of the plant. See, Knultzon et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,89:2625 (1992). B. Decreased phytate content: 1) Introduction of a phytase-encoding gene enhances breakdown of phytate, adding more free phosphate to the transformed plant. For example, see, Van Hartingsveldt et al.,Gene,127:87 (1993), for a disclosure of the nucleotide sequence of anAspergillus nigerphytase gene. 2) Up-regulation of a gene that reduces phytate content. In maize, this, for example, could be accomplished by cloning and then re-introducing DNA associated with one or more of the alleles, such as the LPA alleles, identified in maize mutants characterized by low levels of phytic acid, such as in Raboy et al.,Maydica,35:383 (1990), and/or by altering inositol kinase activity as in WO 02/059324, U.S. Publ. No. 2003/000901, WO 03/027243, U.S. Publ. No. 2003/0079247, WO 99/05298, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,197,561, 6,291,224, 6,391,348, WO 2002/059324, U.S. Publ. No. 2003/0079247, WO 98/45448, WO 99/55882, and WO 01/04147. C. Modified carbohydrate composition effected, for example, by transforming plants with a gene coding for an enzyme that alters the branching pattern of starch, or a gene altering thioredoxin, such as NTR and/or TRX (see, U.S. Pat. No. 6,531,648, which is incorporated by reference for this purpose), and/or a gamma zein knock out or mutant, such as cs27 or TUSC27 or en27 (see, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,858,778 and 7,741,533 and U.S. Publ. No. 2005/0160488, which are incorporated by reference for this purpose). See, Shiroza et al.,J. Bacteriol.,170:810 (1988) (nucleotide sequence ofStreptococcus mutansfructosyltransferase gene); Steinmetz et al.,Mol. Gen. Genet.,200:220 (1985) (nucleotide sequence ofBacillus subtilislevansucrase gene); Pen et al.,Bio/Technology,10:292 (1992) (production of transgenic plants that expressBacillus licheniformisalpha-amylase); Elliot et al.,Plant Molec. Biol.,21:515 (1993) (nucleotide sequences of tomato invertase genes); Sogaard et al.,J. Biol. Chem.,268:22480 (1993) (site-directed mutagenesis of barley alpha-amylase gene); Fisher et al.,Plant Physiol.,102:1045 (1993) (maize endosperm starch branching enzyme II); WO 99/10498 (improved digestibility and/or starch extraction through modification of UDP-D-xylose 4-epimerase, Fragile 1 and 2, Ref 1, HCHL, C4H); U.S. Pat. No. 6,232,529 (method of producing high oil seed by modification of starch levels (AGP)). The fatty acid modification genes mentioned above may also be used to affect starch content and/or composition through the interrelationship of the starch and oil pathways. D. Elevated oleic acid via FAD-2 gene modification and/or decreased linolenic acid via FAD-3 gene modification. See, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,063,947, 6,323,392, and International Publication WO 93/11245. Linolenic acid is one of the five most abundant fatty acids in soybean seeds. The low oxidative stability of linolenic acid is one reason that soybean oil undergoes partial hydrogenation. When partially hydrogenated, all unsaturated fatty acids form trans fats. Soybeans are the largest source of edible-oils in the U.S. and 40% of soybean oil production is partially hydrogenated. The consumption of trans fats increases the risk of heart disease. Regulations banning trans fats have encouraged the development of low linolenic soybeans. Soybeans containing low linolenic acid percentages create a more stable oil requiring hydrogenation less often. This provides trans-fat free alternatives in products such as cooking oil. E. Altering conjugated linolenic or linoleic acid content, such as in WO 01/12800. Altering LEC1, AGP, Dek1, Superal1, mi1ps, and various Ipa genes, such as Ipa1, Ipa3, hpt, or hggt. See, for example, WO 02/42424, WO 98/22604, WO 03/011015, WO 02/057439, WO 03/011015, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,423,886, 6,197,561, 6,825,397, 7,157,621, U.S. Publ. No. 2003/0079247, and Rivera-Madrid, R. et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.,92:5620-5624 (1995). F. Altered antioxidant content or composition, such as alteration of tocopherol or tocotrienols. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,787,683, 7,154,029, WO 00/68393 (involving the manipulation of antioxidant levels through alteration of a phytl prenyl transferase (ppt)); WO 03/082899 (through alteration of a homogentisate geranyl geranyl transferase (hggt)). G. Altered essential seed amino acids. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,127,600 (method of increasing accumulation of essential amino acids in seeds); U.S. Pat. No. 6,080,913 (binary methods of increasing accumulation of essential amino acids in seeds); U.S. Pat. No. 5,990,389 (high lysine); U.S. Pat. No. 5,850,016 (alteration of amino acid compositions in seeds); U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,802 (high methionine); U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,801 (high threonine); U.S. Pat. No. 6,664,445 (plant amino acid biosynthetic enzymes); U.S. Pat. No. 6,459,019 (increased lysine and threonine); U.S. Pat. No. 6,441,274 (plant tryptophan synthase beta subunit); U.S. Pat. No. 6,346,403 (methionine metabolic enzymes); U.S. Pat. No. 5,939,599 (high sulfur); U.S. Pat. No. 5,912,414 (increased methionine); U.S. Pat. No. 5,633,436 (increasing sulfur amino acid content); U.S. Pat. No. 5,559,223 (synthetic storage proteins with defined structure containing programmable levels of essential amino acids for improvement of the nutritional value of plants); U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,638 (hemicellulose); U.S. Pat. No. 7,098,381 (UDPGdH); U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,638 (RGP); U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,399,859, 6,930,225, 7,179,955, and 6,803,498; U.S. Publ. No. 2004/0068767; WO 99/40209 (alteration of amino acid compositions in seeds); WO 99/29882 (methods for altering amino acid content of proteins); WO 98/20133 (proteins with enhanced levels of essential amino acids); WO 98/56935 (plant amino acid biosynthetic enzymes); WO 98/45458 (engineered seed protein having higher percentage of essential amino acids); WO 98/42831 (increased lysine); WO 96/01905 (increased threonine); WO 95/15392 (increased lysine); WO 01/79516; and WO 00/09706 (Ces A: cellulose synthase). 4. Genes that Control Male Sterility: There are several methods of conferring genetic male sterility available, such as multiple mutant genes at separate locations within the genome that confer male sterility, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,654,465 and 4,727,219 to Brar et al., and chromosomal translocations as described by Patterson in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,861,709 and 3,710,511. In addition to these methods, Albertsen et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,432,068, describes a system of nuclear male sterility which includes: identifying a gene which is critical to male fertility; silencing this native gene which is critical to male fertility; removing the native promoter from the essential male fertility gene and replacing it with an inducible promoter; inserting this genetically engineered gene back into the plant; and thus creating a plant that is male sterile because the inducible promoter is not “on” resulting in the male fertility gene not being transcribed. Fertility is restored by inducing, or turning “on,” the promoter, which in turn allows the gene that confers male fertility to be transcribed. A. Introduction of a deacetylase gene under the control of a tapetum-specific promoter and with the application of the chemical N-Ac-PPT. See, International Publication WO 01/29237. B. Introduction of various stamen-specific promoters. See, International Publications WO 92/13956 and WO 92/13957. C. Introduction of the barnase and the barstar genes. See, Paul et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,19:611-622 (1992). For additional examples of nuclear male and female sterility systems and genes, see also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,859,341, 6,297,426, 5,478,369, 5,824,524, 5,850,014, and 6,265,640, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 5. Genes that Create a Site for Site Specific DNA Integration: This includes the introduction of FRT sites that may be used in the FLP/FRT system and/or Lox sites that may be used in the Cre/loxP system. See, for example, Lyznik et al., Site-Specific Recombination for Genetic Engineering in Plants,Plant Cell Rep,21:925-932 (2003) and WO 99/25821, which are hereby incorporated by reference. Other systems that may be used include the Gin recombinase of phage Mu (Maeser et al. (1991); Vicki Chandler, The Maize Handbook, Ch. 118 (Springer-Verlag 1994)); the Pin recombinase ofE. coli(Enomoto et al. (1983)); and the R/RS system of the pSR1 plasmid (Araki et al. (1992)). 6. Genes that Affect Abiotic Stress Resistance: Genes that affect abiotic stress resistance (including but not limited to flowering, pod and seed development, enhancement of nitrogen utilization efficiency, altered nitrogen responsiveness, drought resistance or tolerance, cold resistance or tolerance, and salt resistance or tolerance) and increased yield under stress. For example, see: WO 00/73475 where water use efficiency is altered through alteration of malate; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,892,009, 5,965,705, 5,929,305, 5,891,859, 6,417,428, 6,664,446, 6,706,866, 6,717,034, 6,801,104, WO 2000/060089, WO 2001/026459, WO 2001/035725, WO 2001/034726, WO 2001/035727, WO 2001/036444, WO 2001/036597, WO 2001/036598, WO 2002/015675, WO 2002/017430, WO 2002/077185, WO 2002/079403, WO 2003/013227, WO 2003/013228, WO 2003/014327, WO 2004/031349, WO 2004/076638, WO 98/09521, and WO 99/38977 describing genes, including CBF genes and transcription factors effective in mitigating the negative effects of freezing, high salinity, and drought on plants, as well as conferring other positive effects on plant phenotype; U.S. Publ. No. 2004/0148654 and WO 01/36596, where abscisic acid is altered in plants resulting in improved plant phenotype, such as increased yield and/or increased tolerance to abiotic stress; WO 2000/006341, WO 04/090143, U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,531,723 and 6,992,237, where cytokinin expression is modified resulting in plants with increased stress tolerance, such as drought tolerance, and/or increased yield. See also, WO 02/02776, WO 2003/052063, JP 2002281975, U.S. Pat. No. 6,084,153, WO 01/64898, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,177,275 and 6,107,547 (enhancement of nitrogen utilization and altered nitrogen responsiveness). For ethylene alteration, see, U.S. Publ. Nos. 2004/0128719, 2003/0166197, and WO 2000/32761. For plant transcription factors or transcriptional regulators of abiotic stress, see, e.g., U.S. Publ. Nos. 2004/0098764 or 2004/0078852. Other genes and transcription factors that affect plant growth and agronomic traits, such as yield, flowering, plant growth, and/or plant structure, can be introduced or introgressed into plants. See, e.g., WO 97/49811 (LHY), WO 98/56918 (ESD4), WO 97/10339, U.S. Pat. No. 6,573,430 (TFL), 6,713,663 (FT), 6,794,560, 6,307,126 (GAI), WO 96/14414 (CON), WO 96/38560, WO 01/21822 (VRN1), WO 00/44918 (VRN2), WO 99/49064 (GI), WO 00/46358 (FRI), WO 97/29123, WO 99/09174 (D8 and Rht), WO 2004/076638, and WO 004/031349 (transcription factors). Methods for Soybean Transformation Numerous methods for plant transformation have been developed including biological and physical plant transformation protocols. See, for example, Miki et al., “Procedures for Introducing Foreign DNA into Plants,” inMethods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Glick and Thompson Eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, pp. 67-88 (1993). In addition, expression vectors and in-vitro culture methods for plant cell or tissue transformation and regeneration of plants are available. See, for example, Gruber et al., “Vectors for Plant Transformation,” inMethods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Glick and Thompson Eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, pp. 89-119 (1993). A.Agrobacterium-mediated Transformation—One method for introducing an expression vector into plants is based on the natural transformation system ofAgrobacterium. See, for example, Horsch et al., Science,227:1229 (1985).A. tumefaciensandA. rhizogenesare plant pathogenic soil bacteria which genetically transform plant cells. The Ti and Ri plasmids ofA. tumefaciensandA. rhizogenes, respectively, carry genes responsible for genetic transformation of the plant. See, for example, Kado, C. I.,Crit. Rev. Plant Sci.,10:1 (1991). Descriptions ofAgrobacteriumvector systems and methods forAgrobacterium-mediated gene transfer are provided by Gruber et al., supra, Miki et al., supra, and Moloney et al.,Plant Cell Reports,8:238 (1989). See also, U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,055 (Townsend and Thomas), issued Oct. 8, 1996. B. Direct Gene Transfer—Several methods of plant transformation, collectively referred to as direct gene transfer, have been developed as an alternative toAgrobacterium-mediated transformation. A generally applicable method of plant transformation is microprojectile-mediated transformation where DNA is carried on the surface of microprojectiles measuring 1 to 4 m. The expression vector is introduced into plant tissues with a biolistic device that accelerates the microprojectiles to speeds of 300 to 600 m/s which is sufficient to penetrate plant cell walls and membranes. Sanford et al.,Part. Sci. Technol.,5:27 (1987); Sanford, J. C.,Trends Biotech.,6:299 (1988); Klein et al.,Bio/Tech.,6:559-563 (1988); Sanford, J. C.,Physiol Plant,7:206 (1990); Klein et al.,Biotechnology,10:268 (1992). See also, U.S. Pat. No. 5,015,580 (Christou et al.), issued May 14, 1991 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,322,783 (Tomes et al.), issued Jun. 21, 1994. Another method for physical delivery of DNA to plants is sonication of target cells. Zhang et al.,Bio/Technology,9:996 (1991). Alternatively, liposome and spheroplast fusion have been used to introduce expression vectors into plants. Deshayes et al.,EMBO J.,4:2731 (1985); Christou et al.,Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,84:3962 (1987). Direct uptake of DNA into protoplasts using CaCl2precipitation, polyvinyl alcohol or poly-L-ornithine have also been reported. Hain et al.,Mol. Gen. Genet.,199:161 (1985) and Draper et al.,Plant Cell Physiol.,23:451 (1982). Electroporation of protoplasts and whole cells and tissues have also been described (Donn et al., In Abstracts of VIIthInternational Congress on Plant Cell and Tissue Culture IAPTC, A2-38, p. 53 (1990); D'Halluin et al.,Plant Cell,4:1495-1505 (1992); and Spencer et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,24:51-61 (1994)). Following transformation of soybean target tissues, expression of the above-described selectable marker genes allows for preferential selection of transformed cells, tissues, and/or plants, using regeneration and selection methods well known in the art. The foregoing methods for transformation would typically be used for producing a transgenic cultivar. The transgenic cultivar could then be crossed with another (non-transformed or transformed) cultivar in order to produce a new transgenic cultivar. Alternatively, a genetic trait that has been engineered into a particular soybean line using the foregoing transformation techniques could be moved into another line using traditional backcrossing techniques that are well known in the plant breeding arts. For example, a backcrossing approach could be used to move an engineered trait from a public, non-elite cultivar into an elite cultivar, or from a cultivar containing a foreign gene in its genome into a cultivar or cultivars that do not contain that gene. As used herein, “crossing” can refer to a simple x by y cross or the process of backcrossing depending on the context. Genetic Marker Profile Through SSR and First Generation Progeny In addition to phenotypic observations, a plant can also be identified by its genotype. The genotype of a plant can be characterized through a genetic marker profile which can identify plants of the same cultivar, or a related cultivar, or be used to determine or validate a pedigree. Genetic marker profiles can be obtained by techniques such as Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs), Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs), Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) (which are also referred to as Microsatellites), and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). For example, see, Cregan et al., “An Integrated Genetic Linkage Map of the Soybean Genome,”Crop Science,39:1464-1490 (1999) and Berry et al., “Assessing Probability of Ancestry Using Simple Sequence Repeat Profiles: Applications to Maize Inbred Lines and Soybean Varieties,”Genetics,165:331-342 (2003), each of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. Particular markers used for these purposes are not limited to any particular set of markers, but are envisioned to include any type of marker and marker profile which provides a means of distinguishing varieties. One method of comparison is to use only homozygous loci for soybean cultivar 00350156. Primers and PCR protocols for assaying these and other markers are disclosed in the Soybase (sponsored by the USDA Agricultural Research Service and Iowa State University). In addition to being used for identification of soybean cultivar 00350156, and plant parts and plant cells of soybean cultivar 00350156, the genetic profile may be used to identify a soybean plant produced through the use of soybean cultivar 00350156 or to verify a pedigree for progeny plants produced through the use of soybean cultivar 00350156. The genetic marker profile is also useful in breeding and developing backcross conversions. The present invention provides in one embodiment a soybean plant cultivar characterized by molecular and physiological data obtained from the representative sample of said cultivar deposited with the Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Marine Algae and Microbiota (NCMA). Further provided by the invention is a soybean plant formed by the combination of the disclosed soybean plant or plant cell with another soybean plant or cell and comprising the homozygous alleles of the cultivar. Means of performing genetic marker profiles using SSR polymorphisms are well known in the art. SSRs are genetic markers based on polymorphisms in repeated nucleotide sequences, such as microsatellites. A marker system based on SSRs can be highly informative in linkage analysis relative to other marker systems in that multiple alleles may be present. Another advantage of this type of marker is that, through use of flanking primers, detection of SSRs can be achieved, for example, by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), thereby eliminating the need for labor-intensive Southern hybridization. PCR detection is done by use of two oligonucleotide primers flanking the polymorphic segment of repetitive DNA. Repeated cycles of heat denaturation of the DNA followed by annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences at low temperatures, and extension of the annealed primers with DNA polymerase, comprise the major part of the methodology. Following amplification, markers can be scored by electrophoresis of the amplification products. Scoring of marker genotype is based on the size of the amplified fragment, which may be measured by the number of base pairs of the fragment. While variation in the primer used or in laboratory procedures can affect the reported fragment size, relative values should remain constant regardless of the specific primer or laboratory used. When comparing varieties it is preferable if all SSR profiles are performed in the same lab. Primers used are publicly available and may be found in the Soybase or Cregan supra. See also, PCT Publication No. WO 99/31964 (Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Soybean); U.S. Pat. No. 6,162,967 (Positional Cloning of Soybean Cyst Nematode Resistance Genes); and U.S. Pat. No. 7,288,386 (Soybean Sudden Death Syndrome Resistant Soybeans and Methods of Breeding and Identifying Resistant Plants), the disclosure of which are incorporated herein by reference. The SSR profile of soybean plant 00350156 can be used to identify plants comprising soybean cultivar 00350156 as a parent, since such plants will comprise the same homozygous alleles as soybean cultivar 00350156. Because the soybean cultivar is essentially homozygous at all relevant loci, most loci should have only one type of allele present. In contrast, a genetic marker profile of an F1progeny should be the sum of those parents, e.g., if one parent was homozygous for allele x at a particular locus, and the other parent homozygous for allele y at that locus, then the F1progeny will be xy (heterozygous) at that locus. Subsequent generations of progeny produced by selection and breeding are expected to be of genotype x (homozygous), y (homozygous), or xy (heterozygous) for that locus position. When the F1plant is selfed or sibbed for successive filial generations, the locus should be either x or y for that position. In addition, plants and plant parts substantially benefiting from the use of soybean cultivar 00350156 in their development, such as soybean cultivar 00350156 comprising a backcross conversion, transgene, or genetic sterility factor, may be identified by having a molecular marker profile with a high percent identity to soybean cultivar 00350156. Such a percent identity might be 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, or 99.9% identical to soybean cultivar 00350156. The SSR profile of soybean cultivar 00350156 can also be used to identify essentially derived varieties and other progeny varieties developed from the use of soybean cultivar 00350156, as well as cells and other plant parts thereof. Such plants may be developed using the markers identified in WO 00/31964, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,162,967, 7,288,386. Progeny plants and plant parts produced using soybean cultivar 00350156 may be identified by having a molecular marker profile of at least 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 99.5% genetic contribution from soybean cultivar, as measured by either percent identity or percent similarity. Such progeny may be further characterized as being within a pedigree distance of soybean cultivar 00350156, such as within 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or less cross-pollinations to a soybean plant other than soybean cultivar 00350156 or a plant that has soybean cultivar 00350156 as a progenitor. Unique molecular profiles may be identified with other molecular tools such as SNPs and RFLPs. While determining the SSR genetic marker profile of the plants described supra, several unique SSR profiles may also be identified which did not appear in either parent of such plant. Such unique SSR profiles may arise during the breeding process from recombination or mutation. A combination of several unique alleles provides a means of identifying a plant cultivar, an F1progeny produced from such cultivar, and progeny produced from such cultivar. Single-Gene Conversions When the term “soybean plant” is used in the context of the present invention, this also includes any single gene conversions of that cultivar. The term single gene converted plant as used herein refers to those soybean plants which are developed by a plant breeding technique called backcrossing wherein essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of a cultivar are recovered in addition to the single gene transferred into the cultivar via the backcrossing technique. By “essentially all” as used herein in the context of morphological and physiological characteristics it is meant that the characteristics of a plant are recovered that are otherwise present when compared in the same environment, other than occasional variant traits that might arise during backcrossing or direct introduction of a transgene. It is understood that a locus introduced by backcrossing may or may not be transgenic in origin, and thus the term backcrossing specifically includes backcrossing to introduce loci that were created by genetic transformation. Backcrossing methods can be used with the present invention to improve or introduce a characteristic into the cultivar. The term “backcrossing” as used herein refers to the repeated crossing of a hybrid progeny back to the recurrent parent, i.e., backcrossing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or more times to the recurrent parent. The parental soybean plant that contributes the gene for the desired characteristic is termed the nonrecurrent or donor parent. This terminology refers to the fact that the nonrecurrent parent is used one time in the backcross protocol and therefore does not recur. The parental soybean plant to which the gene or genes from the nonrecurrent parent are transferred is known as the recurrent parent as it is used for several rounds in the backcrossing protocol (Poehlman & Sleper (1994); Fehr, Principles of Cultivar Development, pp. 261-286 (1987)). In a typical backcross protocol, the original cultivar of interest (recurrent parent) is crossed to a second cultivar (nonrecurrent parent) that carries the single gene of interest to be transferred. The resulting progeny from this cross are then crossed again to the recurrent parent and the process is repeated until a soybean plant is obtained wherein essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of the recurrent parent are recovered in the converted plant, in addition to the single transferred gene from the nonrecurrent parent. The selection of a suitable recurrent parent is an important step for a successful backcrossing procedure. The goal of a backcross protocol is to alter or substitute a single trait or characteristic in the original cultivar. To accomplish this, a single gene of the recurrent cultivar is modified or substituted with the desired gene from the nonrecurrent parent, while retaining essentially all of the rest of the genetic, and therefore the morphological and physiological constitution of the original cultivar. The choice of the particular nonrecurrent parent will depend on the purpose of the backcross; one of the major purposes is to add some agronomically important trait to the plant. The exact backcrossing protocol will depend on the characteristic or trait being altered to determine an appropriate testing protocol. Although backcrossing methods are simplified when the characteristic being transferred is a dominant allele, a recessive allele may also be transferred. In this instance it may be necessary to introduce a test of the progeny to determine if the desired characteristic has been successfully transferred. Many single gene traits have been identified that are not regularly selected for in the development of a new cultivar but that can be improved by backcrossing techniques. Single gene traits may or may not be transgenic. Examples of these traits include, but are not limited to, male sterility, waxy starch, herbicide resistance, resistance for bacterial, fungal, or viral disease, insect resistance, male fertility, enhanced nutritional quality, industrial usage, yield stability, and yield enhancement. These genes are generally inherited through the nucleus. Several of these single gene traits are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,959,185, 5,973,234, and 5,977,445, the disclosures of which are specifically hereby incorporated by reference. Introduction of a New Trait or Locus into Soybean Cultivar 00350156 Cultivar 00350156 represents a new base genetic cultivar into which a new locus or trait may be introgressed. Direct transformation and backcrossing represent two important methods that can be used to accomplish such an introgression. The term backcross conversion and single locus conversion are used interchangeably to designate the product of a backcrossing program. Backcross Conversions of Soybean Cultivar 00350156 A backcross conversion of soybean cultivar 00350156 occurs when DNA sequences are introduced through backcrossing (Hallauer et al., “Corn Breeding,”Corn and Corn Improvements, No. 18, pp. 463-481 (1988)), with soybean cultivar 00350156 utilized as the recurrent parent. Both naturally occurring and transgenic DNA sequences may be introduced through backcrossing techniques. A backcross conversion may produce a plant with a trait or locus conversion in at least two or more backcrosses, including at least 2 crosses, at least 3 crosses, at least 4 crosses, at least 5 crosses, and the like. Molecular marker assisted breeding or selection may be utilized to reduce the number of backcrosses necessary to achieve the backcross conversion. For example, see, Openshaw, S. J. et al., Marker-assisted Selection in Backcross Breeding,Proceedings Symposium of the Analysis of Molecular Data, Crop Science Society of America, Corvallis, Oregon (August 1994), where it is demonstrated that a backcross conversion can be made in as few as two backcrosses. The complexity of the backcross conversion method depends on the type of trait being transferred (single genes or closely linked genes as compared to unlinked genes), the level of expression of the trait, the type of inheritance (cytoplasmic or nuclear), and the types of parents included in the cross. It is understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that for single gene traits that are relatively easy to classify, the backcross method is effective and relatively easy to manage. (See, Hallauer et al.,Corn and Corn Improvement, Sprague and Dudley, Third Ed. (1998)). Desired traits that may be transferred through backcross conversion include, but are not limited to, sterility (nuclear and cytoplasmic), fertility restoration, nutritional enhancements, drought tolerance, nitrogen utilization, altered fatty acid profile, low phytate, industrial enhancements, disease resistance (bacterial, fungal, or viral), insect resistance, and herbicide resistance. In addition, an introgression site itself, such as an FRT site, Lox site, or other site specific integration site, may be inserted by backcrossing and utilized for direct insertion of one or more genes of interest into a specific plant cultivar. A single locus may contain several transgenes, such as a transgene for disease resistance that, in the same expression vector, also contains a transgene for herbicide resistance. The gene for herbicide resistance may be used as a selectable marker and/or as a phenotypic trait. A single locus conversion of site specific integration system allows for the integration of multiple genes at the converted loci. The backcross conversion may result from either the transfer of a dominant allele or a recessive allele. Selection of progeny containing the trait of interest is accomplished by direct selection for a trait associated with a dominant allele. Transgenes transferred via backcrossing typically function as a dominant single gene trait and are relatively easy to classify. Selection of progeny for a trait that is transferred via a recessive allele requires growing and selfing the first backcross generation to determine which plants carry the recessive alleles. Recessive traits may require additional progeny testing in successive backcross generations to determine the presence of the locus of interest. The last backcross generation is usually selfed to give pure breeding progeny for the gene(s) being transferred, although a backcross conversion with a stably introgressed trait may also be maintained by further backcrossing to the recurrent parent with selection for the converted trait. Along with selection for the trait of interest, progeny are selected for the phenotype of the recurrent parent. The backcross is a form of inbreeding, and the features of the recurrent parent are automatically recovered after successive backcrosses. Poehlman,Breeding Field Crops, p. 204 (1987). Poehlman suggests from one to four or more backcrosses, but as noted above, the number of backcrosses necessary can be reduced with the use of molecular markers. Other factors, such as a genetically similar donor parent, may also reduce the number of backcrosses necessary. As noted by Poehlman, backcrossing is easiest for simply inherited, dominant, and easily recognized traits. One process for adding or modifying a trait or locus in soybean cultivar 00350156 comprises crossing soybean cultivar 00350156 plants grown from soybean cultivar 00350156 seed with plants of another soybean cultivar that comprise the desired trait or locus, selecting F1progeny plants that comprise the desired trait or locus to produce selected F1progeny plants, crossing the selected progeny plants with the soybean cultivar 00350156 plants to produce backcross progeny plants, selecting for backcross progeny plants that have the desired trait or locus and the morphological characteristics of soybean cultivar 00350156 to produce selected backcross progeny plants, and backcrossing to soybean cultivar 00350156 three or more times in succession to produce selected fourth or higher backcross progeny plants that comprise said trait or locus. The modified soybean cultivar 00350156 may be further characterized as having the morphological and physiological characteristics of soybean cultivar 00350156 listed in Table 1 as determined at the 5% significance level when grown in the same environmental conditions and/or may be characterized by percent similarity or identity to soybean cultivar 00350156 as determined by SSR markers. The above method may be utilized with fewer backcrosses in appropriate situations, such as when the donor parent is highly related or markers are used in the selection step. Desired traits that may be used include those nucleic acids known in the art, some of which are listed herein, that will affect traits through nucleic acid expression or inhibition. Desired loci include the introgression of FRT, Lox, and other sites for site specific integration, which may also affect a desired trait if a functional nucleic acid is inserted at the integration site. In addition, the above process and other similar processes described herein may be used to produce first generation progeny soybean seed by adding a step at the end of the process that comprises crossing soybean cultivar 00350156 with the introgressed trait or locus with a different soybean plant and harvesting the resultant first generation progeny soybean seed. Tissue Culture Further reproduction of the cultivar can occur by tissue culture and regeneration. Tissue culture of various tissues of soybeans and regeneration of plants therefrom is well known and widely published. For example, reference may be had to Komatsuda, T. et al.,Crop Sci.,31:333-337 (1991); Stephens, P. A. et al.,Theor. Appl. Genet.,82:633-635 (1991); Komatsuda, T. et al.,Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture,28:103-113 (1992); Dhir, S. et al.,Plant Cell Reports,11:285-289 (1992); Pandey, P. et al.,Japan J. Breed.,42:1-5 (1992); and Shetty, K. et al.,Plant Science,81:245-251 (1992); as well as U.S. Pat. No. 5,024,944, issued Jun. 18, 1991 to Collins et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 5,008,200, issued Apr. 16, 1991 to Ranch et al. Thus, another aspect of this invention is to provide cells which upon growth and differentiation produce soybean plants having the morphological and physiological characteristics of soybean cultivar 00350156. As used herein, the term “tissue culture” indicates a composition comprising isolated cells of the same or a different type or a collection of such cells organized into parts of a plant. Exemplary types of tissue cultures are protoplasts, calli, plant clumps, and plant cells that can generate tissue culture that are intact in plants or parts of plants, such as embryos, pollen, flowers, seeds, pods, petioles, leaves, stems, roots, root tips, anthers, pistils, and the like. Means for preparing and maintaining plant tissue culture are well known in the art. By way of example, a tissue culture comprising organs has been used to produce regenerated plants. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,959,185, 5,973,234, and 5,977,445 describe certain techniques, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. Using Soybean Cultivar 00350156 to Develop Other Soybean Varieties Soybean varieties such as soybean cultivar 00350156 are typically developed for use in seed and grain production. However, soybean varieties such as soybean cultivar 00350156 also provide a source of breeding material that may be used to develop new soybean varieties. Plant breeding techniques known in the art and used in a soybean plant breeding program include, but are not limited to, recurrent selection, bulk selection, mass selection, backcrossing, pedigree breeding, open pollination breeding, restriction fragment length polymorphism enhanced selection, genetic marker enhanced selection, making double haploids, and transformation. Often combinations of these techniques are used. The development of soybean varieties in a plant breeding program requires, in general, the development and evaluation of homozygous varieties. There are many analytical methods available to evaluate a new cultivar. The oldest and most traditional method of analysis is the observation of phenotypic traits, but genotypic analysis may also be used. Additional Breeding Methods This invention is directed to methods for producing a soybean plant by crossing a first parent soybean plant with a second parent soybean plant wherein either the first or second parent soybean plant is cultivar 00350156. The other parent may be any other soybean plant, such as a soybean plant that is part of a synthetic or natural population. Any such methods using soybean cultivar 00350156 are part of this invention: selfing, sibbing, backcrosses, mass selection, pedigree breeding, bulk selection, hybrid production, crosses to populations, and the like. These methods are well known in the art and some of the more commonly used breeding methods are described below. Descriptions of breeding methods can be found in one of several reference books (e.g., Allard, Principles of Plant Breeding (1960); Simmonds, Principles of Crop Improvement (1979); Sneep et al. (1979); Fehr, “Breeding Methods for Cultivar Development,” Chapter 7, Soybean Improvement, Production and Uses, 2nd ed., Wilcox editor (1987)). The following describes breeding methods that may be used with soybean cultivar 00350156 in the development of further soybean plants. One such embodiment is a method for developing a cultivar 00350156 progeny soybean plant in a soybean plant breeding program comprising: obtaining the soybean plant, or a part thereof, of cultivar 00350156, utilizing said plant, or plant part, as a source of breeding material, and selecting a soybean cultivar 00350156 progeny plant with molecular markers in common with cultivar 00350156 and/or with morphological and/or physiological characteristics selected from the characteristics listed in Tables 1 or 2. Breeding steps that may be used in the soybean plant breeding program include pedigree breeding, backcrossing, mutation breeding, and recurrent selection. In conjunction with these steps, techniques such as RFLP-enhanced selection, genetic marker enhanced selection (for example, SSR markers), and the making of double haploids may be utilized. Another method involves producing a population of soybean cultivar 00350156 progeny soybean plants, comprising crossing cultivar 00350156 with another soybean plant, thereby producing a population of soybean plants which, on average, derive 50% of their alleles from soybean cultivar 00350156. A plant of this population may be selected and repeatedly selfed or sibbed with a soybean cultivar resulting from these successive filial generations. One embodiment of this invention is the soybean cultivar produced by this method and that has obtained at least 50% of its alleles from soybean cultivar 00350156. One of ordinary skill in the art of plant breeding would know how to evaluate the traits of two plant varieties to determine if there is no significant difference between the two traits expressed by those varieties. For example, see, Fehr and Walt,Principles of Cultivar Development, pp. 261-286 (1987). Thus the invention includes soybean cultivar 00350156 progeny soybean plants comprising a combination of at least two cultivar 00350156 traits selected from the group consisting of those listed in Tables 1 and 2 or the cultivar 00350156 combination of traits listed in the Summary of the Invention, so that said progeny soybean plant is not significantly different for said traits than soybean cultivar 00350156 as determined at the 5% significance level when grown in the same environmental conditions. Using techniques described herein, molecular markers may be used to identify said progeny plant as a soybean cultivar 00350156 progeny plant. Mean trait values may be used to determine whether trait differences are significant, and preferably the traits are measured on plants grown under the same environmental conditions. Once such a cultivar is developed, its value is substantial since it is important to advance the germplasm base as a whole in order to maintain or improve traits such as yield, disease resistance, pest resistance, and plant performance in extreme environmental conditions. Progeny of soybean cultivar 00350156 may also be characterized through their filial relationship with soybean cultivar 00350156, as for example, being within a certain number of breeding crosses of soybean cultivar 00350156. A breeding cross is a cross made to introduce new genetics into the progeny, and is distinguished from a cross, such as a self or a sib cross, made to select among existing genetic alleles. The lower the number of breeding crosses in the pedigree, the closer the relationship between soybean cultivar 00350156 and its progeny. For example, progeny produced by the methods described herein may be within 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 breeding crosses of soybean cultivar 00350156. As used herein, the term “plant” includes plant cells, plant protoplasts, plant cell tissue cultures from which soybean plants can be regenerated, plant calli, plant clumps, and plant cells that are intact in plants or parts of plants, such as embryos, pollen, ovules, flowers, pods, leaves, roots, root tips, anthers, cotyledons, hypocotyls, meristematic cells, stems, pistils, petiole, and the like. Pedigree Breeding Pedigree breeding starts with the crossing of two genotypes, such as soybean cultivar 00350156 and another soybean cultivar having one or more desirable characteristics that is lacking or which complements soybean cultivar 00350156. If the two original parents do not provide all the desired characteristics, other sources can be included in the breeding population. In the pedigree method, superior plants are selfed and selected in successive filial generations. In the succeeding filial generations, the heterozygous condition gives way to homogeneous varieties as a result of self-pollination and selection. Typically in the pedigree method of breeding, five or more successive filial generations of selfing and selection is practiced: F1to F2; F2to F3; F3to F4; F4to F5; etc. After a sufficient amount of inbreeding, successive filial generations will serve to increase seed of the developed cultivar. Preferably, the developed cultivar comprises homozygous alleles at about 95% or more of its loci. In addition to being used to create a backcross conversion, backcrossing can also be used in combination with pedigree breeding. As discussed previously, backcrossing can be used to transfer one or more specifically desirable traits from one cultivar, the donor parent, to a developed cultivar called the recurrent parent, which has overall good agronomic characteristics yet lacks that desirable trait or traits. However, the same procedure can be used to move the progeny toward the genotype of the recurrent parent, but at the same time retain many components of the nonrecurrent parent by stopping the backcrossing at an early stage and proceeding with selfing and selection. For example, a soybean cultivar may be crossed with another cultivar to produce a first generation progeny plant. The first generation progeny plant may then be backcrossed to one of its parent varieties to create a BC1or BC2. Progeny are selfed and selected so that the newly developed cultivar has many of the attributes of the recurrent parent and yet several of the desired attributes of the nonrecurrent parent. This approach leverages the value and strengths of the recurrent parent for use in new soybean varieties. Therefore, an embodiment of this invention is a method of making a backcross conversion of soybean cultivar 00350156, comprising the steps of crossing a plant of soybean cultivar 00350156 with a donor plant comprising a desired trait, selecting an F1progeny plant comprising the desired trait, and backcrossing the selected F1progeny plant to a plant of soybean cultivar 00350156. This method may further comprise the step of obtaining a molecular marker profile of soybean cultivar 00350156 and using the molecular marker profile to select for a progeny plant with the desired trait and the molecular marker profile of soybean cultivar 00350156. In one embodiment, the desired trait is a mutant gene or transgene present in the donor parent. Recurrent Selection and Mass Selection Recurrent selection is a method used in a plant breeding program to improve a population of plants. Soybean cultivar 00350156 is suitable for use in a recurrent selection program. The method entails individual plants cross pollinating with each other to form progeny. The progeny are grown and the superior progeny selected by any number of selection methods, which include individual plant, half-sib progeny, full-sib progeny, and selfed progeny. The selected progeny are cross pollinated with each other to form progeny for another population. This population is planted and again superior plants are selected to cross pollinate with each other. Recurrent selection is a cyclical process and therefore can be repeated as many times as desired. The objective of recurrent selection is to improve the traits of a population. The improved population can then be used as a source of breeding material to obtain new varieties for commercial or breeding use, including the production of a synthetic cultivar. A synthetic cultivar is the resultant progeny formed by the intercrossing of several selected varieties. Mass selection is a useful technique when used in conjunction with molecular marker enhanced selection. In mass selection, seeds from individuals are selected based on phenotype or genotype. These selected seeds are then bulked and used to grow the next generation. Bulk selection requires growing a population of plants in a bulk plot, allowing the plants to self-pollinate, harvesting the seed in bulk, and then using a sample of the seed harvested in bulk to plant the next generation. Also, instead of self-pollination, directed pollination could be used as part of the breeding program. Mutation Breeding Mutation breeding is another method of introducing new traits into soybean cultivar 00350156. Mutations that occur spontaneously or are artificially induced can be useful sources of variability for a plant breeder. The goal of artificial mutagenesis is to increase the rate of mutation for a desired characteristic. Mutation rates can be increased by many different means including temperature, long-term seed storage, tissue culture conditions, radiation; such as X-rays, Gamma rays (e.g., cobalt 60 or cesium 137), neutrons, (product of nuclear fission by uranium 235 in an atomic reactor), Beta radiation (emitted from radioisotopes such as phosphorus 32 or carbon 14), or ultraviolet radiation (preferably from 2500 to 2900 nm), or chemical mutagens (such as base analogues (5-bromo-uracil)), related compounds (8-ethoxy caffeine), antibiotics (streptonigrin), alkylating agents (sulfur mustards, nitrogen mustards, epoxides, ethylenamines, sulfates, sulfonates, sulfones, lactones), azide, hydroxylamine, nitrous acid, or acridines. Once a desired trait is observed through mutagenesis the trait may then be incorporated into existing germplasm by traditional breeding techniques. Details of mutation breeding can be found in Fehr, “Principles of Cultivar Development,” Macmillan Publishing Company (1993). In addition, mutations created in other soybean plants may be used to produce a backcross conversion of soybean cultivar 00350156 that comprises such mutation. Breeding with Molecular Markers Molecular markers, which includes markers identified through the use of techniques such as Isozyme Electrophoresis, Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs), Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs), Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs), and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), may be used in plant breeding methods utilizing soybean cultivar 00350156. Isozyme Electrophoresis and RFLPs have been widely used to determine genetic composition. Shoemaker and Olsen, Molecular Linkage Map of Soybean (Glycine maxL. Merr.), pp. 6.131-6.138 (1993). In S. J. O'Brien (ed.),Genetic Maps: Locus Maps of Complex Genomes, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, developed a molecular genetic linkage map that consisted of 25 linkage groups with about 365 RFLP, 11 RAPD, 3 classical markers, and 4 isozyme loci. See also, Shoemaker, R. C., 1994 RFLP Map of Soybean, pp. 299-309; In R. L. Phillips and I. K. Vasil (ed.),DNA-based markers in plants, Kluwer Academic Press Dordrecht, the Netherlands. SSR technology is currently the most efficient and practical marker technology. More marker loci can be routinely used, and more alleles per marker locus can be found, using SSRs in comparison to RFLPs. For example, Diwan and Cregan described a highly polymorphic microsatellite loci in soybean with as many as 26 alleles. (Diwan, N. and Cregan. P. B., Automated sizing of fluorescent-labelled simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to assay genetic variation in Soybean,Theor. Appl. Genet.,95:220-225 (1997). Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms may also be used to identify the unique genetic composition of the invention and progeny varieties retaining that unique genetic composition. Various molecular marker techniques may be used in combination to enhance overall resolution. Soybean DNA molecular marker linkage maps have been rapidly constructed and widely implemented in genetic studies. One such study is described in Cregan et al., “An Integrated Genetic Linkage Map of the Soybean Genome,”Crop Science,39:1464-1490 (1999). Sequences and PCR conditions of SSR Loci in Soybean, as well as the most current genetic map, may be found in Soybase on the World Wide Web. One use of molecular markers is Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) mapping. QTL mapping is the use of markers, which are known to be closely linked to alleles that have measurable effects on a quantitative trait. Selection in the breeding process is based upon the accumulation of markers linked to the positive effecting alleles and/or the elimination of the markers linked to the negative effecting alleles from the plant's genome. Molecular markers can also be used during the breeding process for the selection of qualitative traits. For example, markers closely linked to alleles or markers containing sequences within the actual alleles of interest can be used to select plants that contain the alleles of interest during a backcrossing breeding program. The markers can also be used to select for the genome of the recurrent parent and against the genome of the donor parent. Using this procedure can minimize the amount of genome from the donor parent that remains in the selected plants. It can also be used to reduce the number of crosses back to the recurrent parent needed in a backcrossing program. The use of molecular markers in the selection process is often called genetic marker enhanced selection. Molecular markers may also be used to identify and exclude certain sources of germplasm as parental varieties or ancestors of a plant by providing a means of tracking genetic profiles through crosses. Production of Double Haploids The production of double haploids can also be used for the development of plants with a homozygous phenotype in the breeding program. For example, a soybean plant for which soybean cultivar 00350156 is a parent can be used to produce double haploid plants. Double haploids are produced by the doubling of a set of chromosomes (1 N) from a heterozygous plant to produce a completely homozygous individual. For example, see, Wan et al., “Efficient Production of Doubled Haploid Plants Through Colchicine Treatment of Anther-Derived Maize Callus,”Theoretical and Applied Genetics,77:889-892 (1989) and U.S. Pat. No. 7,135,615. This can be advantageous because the process omits the generations of selfing needed to obtain a homozygous plant from a heterozygous source. Haploid induction systems have been developed for various plants to produce haploid tissues, plants and seeds. The haploid induction system can produce haploid plants from any genotype by crossing a selected line (as female) with an inducer line. Such inducer lines for maize include Stock 6 (Coe,Am. Nat.,93:381-382 (1959); Sharkar and Coe,Genetics,54:453-464 (1966); KEMS (Deimling, Roeber, and Geiger,Vortr. Pflanzenzuchtg,38:203-224 (1997); or KMS and ZMS (Chalyk, Bylich & Chebotar, MNL, 68:47 (1994); Chalyk & Chebotar,Plant Breeding,119:363-364 (2000)); and indeterminate gametophyte (ig) mutation (Kermicle,Science,166:1422-1424 (1969). The disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. Methods for obtaining haploid plants are also disclosed in Kobayashi, M. et al.,Journ. of Heredity,71(1):9-14 (1980); Pollacsek, M., Agronomie (Paris) 12(3):247-251 (1992); Cho-Un-Haing et al., Journ. of Plant Biol., 39(3):185-188 (1996); Verdoodt, L. et al., 96(2):294-300 (February 1998); Genetic Manipulation inPlant Breeding, Proceedings International Symposium Organized by EUCARPIA, Berlin, Germany (Sep. 8-13,1985); Chalyk et al.,Maize Genet Coop., Newsletter 68:47 (1994). Thus, an embodiment of this invention is a process for making a substantially homozygous soybean cultivar 00350156 progeny plant by producing or obtaining a seed from the cross of soybean cultivar 00350156 and another soybean plant and applying double haploid methods to the F1seed or F1plant or to any successive filial generation. Based on studies in maize and currently being conducted in soybean, such methods would decrease the number of generations required to produce a cultivar with similar genetics or characteristics to soybean cultivar 00350156. See, Bernardo, R. and Kahler, A. L.,Theor. Appl. Genet.,102:986-992 (2001). In particular, a process of making seed retaining the molecular marker profile of soybean cultivar 00350156 is contemplated, such process comprising obtaining or producing F1seed for which soybean cultivar 00350156 is a parent, inducing doubled haploids to create progeny without the occurrence of meiotic segregation, obtaining the molecular marker profile of soybean cultivar 00350156, and selecting progeny that retain the molecular marker profile of soybean cultivar 00350156. Descriptions of other breeding methods that are commonly used for different traits and crops can be found in one of several reference books (e.g., Allard (1960); Simmonds (1979); Sneep et al. (1979); Fehr (1987)). Industrial Uses The seed of soybean cultivar 00350156, the plant produced from the seed, the hybrid soybean plant produced from the crossing of the cultivar with any other soybean plant, hybrid seed, and various parts of the hybrid soybean plant can be utilized for human food, livestock feed, and as a raw material in industry. The soybean seeds produced by soybean cultivar 00350156 can be crushed, or a component of the soybean seeds can be extracted, in order to comprise a commodity plant product, such as protein concentrate, protein isolate, soybean hulls, meal, flour, or oil for a food or feed product. Soybean cultivar 00350156 can be used to produce soybean oil. To produce soybean oil, the soybeans harvested from soybean cultivar 00350156 are cracked, adjusted for moisture content, rolled into flakes and the oil is solvent-extracted from the flakes with commercial hexane. The oil is then refined, blended for different applications, and sometimes hydrogenated. Soybean oils, both liquid and partially hydrogenated, are used domestically and exported, sold as “vegetable oil” or are used in a wide variety of processed foods. Soybean cultivar 00350156 can be used to produce meal. After oil is extracted from whole soybeans harvested from soybean cultivar 00350156, the remaining material or “meal” is “toasted” (a misnomer because the heat treatment is with moist steam) and ground in a hammer mill. Soybean meal is an essential element of the American production method of growing farm animals, such as poultry and swine, on an industrial scale that began in the 1930s; and more recently the aquaculture of catfish. Ninety-eight percent of the U.S. soybean crop is used for livestock feed. Soybean meal is also used in lower end dog foods. Soybean meal produced from soybean cultivar 00350156 can also be used to produce soybean protein concentrate and soybean protein isolate. In addition to soybean meal, soybean cultivar 00350156 can be used to produce soy flour. Soy flour refers to defatted soybeans where special care was taken during desolventizing (not toasted) to minimize denaturation of the protein and to retain a high Nitrogen Solubility Index (NSI) in making the flour. Soy flour is the starting material for production of soy concentrate and soy protein isolate. Defatted soy flour is obtained from solvent extracted flakes, and contains less than 1% oil. Full-fat soy flour is made from unextracted, dehulled beans, and contains about 18% to 20% oil. Due to its high oil content, a specialized Alpine Fine Impact Mill must be used for grinding rather than the more common hammer mill. Low-fat soy flour is made by adding back some oil to defatted soy flour. The lipid content varies according to specifications, usually between 4.5% and 9%. High-fat soy flour can also be produced by adding back soybean oil to defatted flour at the level of 15%. Lecithinated soy flour is made by adding soybean lecithin to defatted, low-fat or high-fat soy flours to increase their dispersibility and impart emulsifying properties. The lecithin content varies up to 15%. For human consumption, soybean cultivar 00350156 can be used to produce edible protein ingredients which offer a healthier, less expensive replacement for animal protein in meats, as well as in dairy-type products. The soybeans produced by soybean cultivar 00350156 can be processed to produce a texture and appearance similar to many other foods. For example, soybeans are the primary ingredient in many dairy product substitutes (e.g., soy milk, margarine, soy ice cream, soy yogurt, soy cheese, and soy cream cheese) and meat substitutes (e.g., veggie burgers). These substitutes are readily available in most supermarkets. Although soy milk does not naturally contain significant amounts of digestible calcium (the high calcium content of soybeans is bound to the insoluble constituents and remains in the soy pulp), many manufacturers of soy milk sell calcium-enriched products as well. Soy is also used in tempeh: the beans (sometimes mixed with grain) are fermented into a solid cake. Additionally, soybean cultivar 00350156 can be used to produce various types of “fillers” in meat and poultry products. Food service, retail, and institutional (primarily school lunch and correctional) facilities regularly use such “extended” products, that is, products which contain soy fillers. Extension may result in diminished flavor, but fat and cholesterol are reduced by adding soy fillers to certain products. Vitamin and mineral fortification can be used to make soy products nutritionally equivalent to animal protein; the protein quality is already roughly equivalent. Table 2 compares performance characteristics of soybean cultivar 00350156 to selected varieties of commercial value. Shown are the comparison numbers, cultivar names, performance characteristics, t values, and critical t values at the 0.05% and 0.01% levels of significance, respectively. TABLE 2PAIRED COMPARISONSCritical tCritical tComp #Year# of Loc.# of Obs.GenotypeMean Yldt Value@ .05@ .011202046920035015656.73.71**1.662.37PE330X53.62202046920035015656.76.73**1.662.37ME333351.53202046920035015656.74.22**1.662.37PE340X53.14202046920035015656.74.16**1.662.37PE340953.55202046920035015656.72.09*1.662.37PG35E08N54.86202046920035015656.73.10**1.662.37PE310053.87202046920035015656.72.77**1.662.37PE311054.18202046920035015656.73.23**1.662.37PE347054.1*Significant at 0.05 level of probability**Significant at 0.01 level of probability As shown in Table 2, soybean cultivar 00350156 yields better than eight commercial varieties with the increase over most comparisons being significant at the 0.01 level of probability except for the increase over PG35E08N being significant at the 0.05 level of probability. The use of the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar referents in the context of describing the invention (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The terms “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and “containing” are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning “including, but not limited to,”) unless otherwise noted. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. For example, if the range 10-15 is disclosed, then 11, 12, 13, and 14 are also disclosed. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention. Deposit Information Applicant has made a deposit of at least 625 seeds of the claimed soybean cultivar 00350156 with the Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Marine Algae and Microbiota (NCMA), 60 Bigelow Drive, East Boothbay, Maine, 04544 USA. The seeds are deposited under NCMA Accession No. 202203109. The date of the deposit is Mar. 25, 2022. The deposit has been accepted under the Budapest Treaty and will be maintained in the NCMA depository for a period of 30 years, or 5 years after the most recent request, or for the enforceable life of the patent, whichever is longer, and will be replaced if necessary during that period. Upon issuance, all restrictions on the availability to the public of the deposit will be irrevocably removed consistent with all of the requirements of the Budapest Treaty and 37 C.F.R. §§ 1.801-1.809. Applicant does not waive any infringement of rights granted under this patent or under the Plant Variety Protection Act (7 USC 2321 et seq.). While a number of exemplary aspects and embodiments have been discussed above, those of skill in the art will recognize certain modifications, permutations, additions and sub combinations thereof. It is therefore intended that the following appended claims and claims hereafter introduced are interpreted to include all such modifications, permutations, additions, and sub-combinations as are within their true spirit and scope.

11856916

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION In the description and table that follows, a number of terms are used. In order to provide a clear and consistent understanding of the specification and claims, including the scope to be given such terms, the following definitions are provided: Abiotic stress: As used herein, abiotic stress relates to all non-living chemical and physical factors in the environment. Examples of abiotic stress include, but are not limited to, drought, flooding, salinity, temperature, and climate change. Allele. Any of one or more alternative forms of a genetic sequence. In a diploid cell or organism, the two alleles of a given sequence typically occupy corresponding loci on a pair of homologous chromosomes. Alter. The utilization of up-regulation, down-regulation, or gene silencing. Backcrossing. A process in which a breeder crosses progeny back to one of the parental genotypes one or more times. Commonly used to introduce one or more locus conversions from one genetic background into another. Breeding. The genetic manipulation of living organisms. BU/A. Bushels per Acre. The seed yield in bushels/acre is the actual yield of the grain at harvest. Brown Stem Rot. This is a visual disease score from 1 to 9 comparing all genotypes in a given test. The score is based on leaf symptoms of yellowing and necrosis caused by brown stem rot. Visual scores range from a score of 9, which indicates no symptoms, to a score of 1 which indicates severe symptoms of leaf yellowing and necrosis. Cell. Cell as used herein includes a plant cell, whether isolated, in tissue culture, or incorporated in a plant or plant part. Cotyledon. A cotyledon is a type of seed leaf. The cotyledon contains the food storage tissues of the seed. Cross-pollination. Fertilization by the union of two gametes from different plants. Diploid. A cell or organism having two sets of chromosomes. Embryo. The embryo is the small plant contained within a mature seed. Emergence. This score indicates the ability of the seed to emerge when planted 3″ deep in sand at a controlled temperature of 25° C. The number of plants that emerge each day are counted. Based on this data, each genotype is given a 1 to 9 score based on its rate of emergence and percent of emergence. A score of 9 indicates an excellent rate and percent of emergence, an intermediate score of 5 indicates average ratings and a score of 1 indicates a very poor rate and percent of emergence. F#The “F” symbol denotes the filial generation, and the # is the generation number, such as F1, F2. F3.etc. Gene. As used herein, “gene” refers to a unit of inheritance corresponding to DNA or RNA that code for a type of protein or for an RNA chain that has a function in the organism. Gene Silencing. The interruption or suppression of the expression of a gene at the level of transcription or translation. Genotype. Refers to the genetic constitution of a cell or organism. Haploid. A cell or organism having one set of the two sets of chromosomes in a diploid. Hilum. This refers to the scar left on the seed that marks the place where the seed was attached to the pod prior to the seed being harvested. Hypocotyl. A hypocotyl is the portion of an embryo or seedling between the cotyledons and the root. Therefore, it can be considered a transition zone between shoot and root. Iron Deficiency Chlorosis. Iron deficiency chlorosis (IDC) is a yellowing of the leaves caused by a lack of iron in the soybean plant. Iron is essential in the formation of chlorophyll, which gives plants their green color. In high pH soils, iron becomes insoluble and cannot be absorbed by plant roots. Soybean cultivars differ in their genetic ability to utilize the available iron. A score of 9 means no stunting of the plants or yellowing of the leaves, and a score of 1 indicates the plants are dead or dying caused by iron deficiency, a score of 5 means plants have intermediate health with some leaf yellowing. Linkage. Refers to a phenomenon wherein alleles on the same chromosome tend to segregate together more often than expected by chance if their transmission was independent. Linkage Disequilibrium. Refers to a phenomenon wherein alleles tend to remain together in linkage groups when segregating from parents to offspring, with a greater frequency than expected from their individual frequencies. Linoleic Acid Percent. Linoleic acid is one of the five most abundant fatty acids in soybean seeds. It is measured by gas chromatography and is reported as a percent of the total oil content. Locus. A defined segment of DNA. Lodging Resistance. Lodging is rated on a scale of 1 to 9. A score of 9 indicates erect plants. A score of 5 indicates plants are leaning at a 45° angle in relation to the ground and a score of 1 indicates plants are lying on the ground. Maturity Date. Plants are considered mature when 95% of the pods have reached their mature color. The number of days are calculated either from August 31 or from the planting date. Maturity Group. This refers to an agreed upon industry division of groups of soybean varieties based on zones in which they are adapted, primarily according to day length or latitude. They consist of very long day length varieties (Groups 000, 00, 0), and extend to very short day length varieties (Groups VII, VIII, IX, X). Nucleic Acid. An acidic, chainlike biological macromolecule consisting of multiple repeat units of phosphoric acid, sugar and purine and pyrimidine bases. Relative Maturity (RM). The term relative maturity is a numerical value that is assigned to a soybean cultivar based on comparisons with the maturity values of other varieties. The number preceding the decimal point in the RM refers to the maturity group. The number following the decimal point refers to the relative earliness or lateness within each maturity group. For example, a 3.0 is an early group III cultivar, while a 3.9 is a late group III cultivar. Oil or Oil Percent. Soybean seeds contain a considerable amount of oil. Oil is measured by NIR spectrophotometry and is reported as a percentage basis. Oleic Acid Percent. Oleic acid is one of the five most abundant fatty acids in soybean seeds. It is measured by gas chromatography and is reported as a percent of the total oil content. Palmitic Acid Percent. Palmitic acid is one of the five most abundant fatty acids in soybean seeds. It is measured by gas chromatography and is reported as a percent of the total oil content. Pedigree. Refers to the lineage or genealogical descent of a plant. Pedigree Distance. Relationship among generations based on their ancestral links as evidenced in pedigrees. May be measured by the distance of the pedigree from a given starting point in the ancestry. Percent Identity. Percent identity as used herein refers to the comparison of the homozygous alleles of two soybean varieties. Percent identity is determined by comparing a statistically significant number of the homozygous alleles of two developed varieties. For example, a percent identity of 90% between soybean cultivar 1 and soybean cultivar 2 means that the two cultivars have the same allele at 90% of their loci. Percent Similarity. Percent similarity as used herein refers to the comparison of the homozygous alleles of a soybean cultivar such as soybean cultivar 06380605 with another plant, and if the homozygous allele of soybean cultivar 06380605 matches at least one of the alleles from the other plant, then they are scored as similar. Percent similarity is determined by comparing a statistically significant number of loci and recording the number of loci with similar alleles as a percentage. A percent similarity of 90% between soybean cultivar 06380605 and another plant means that soybean cultivar 06380605 matches at least one of the alleles of the other plant at 90% of the loci. PhytophthoraTolerance. Tolerance toPhytophthoraroot rot is rated on a scale of 1 to 9, with a score of 9 being the best or highest tolerance ranging down to a score of 1 which indicates the plants have no tolerance toPhytophthora. Phenotypic Score. The Phenotypic Score is a visual rating of general appearance of the cultivar. All visual traits are considered in the score including healthiness, standability, appearance, and freedom of disease. Ratings are scored from 1 being poor to 9 being excellent. Plant. As used herein, the term “plant” includes reference to an immature or mature whole plant, including a plant from which seed, grain, or anthers have been removed. Seed or embryo that will produce the plant is also considered to be the plant. Plant Height. Plant height is taken from the top of the soil to the top node of the plant and is measured in centimeters. Plant Parts. As used herein, the term “plant parts” (or a soybean plant, or a part thereof) includes but is not limited to protoplasts, leaves, stems, roots, root tips, anthers, pistils, seed, grain, embryo, pollen, ovules, cotyledon, hypocotyl, pod, flower, shoot, tissue, petiole, cells, meristematic cells, and the like. Pod. This refers to the fruit of a soybean plant. It consists of the hull or shell (pericarp) and the soybean seeds. Progeny. As used herein, includes an F1soybean plant produced from the cross of two soybean plants where at least one plant includes soybean cultivar 06380605 and progeny further includes, but is not limited to, subsequent F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7, F8, F9, and F10generational crosses with the recurrent parental line. Protein Percent. Soybean seeds contain a considerable amount of protein. Protein is generally measured by NIR spectrophotometry and is reported on an as is percentage basis. Pubescence. This refers to a covering of very fine hairs closely arranged on the leaves, stems, and pods of the soybean plant. Quantitative Trait Loci (OTL). Quantitative trait loci (QTL) refer to genetic loci that control to some degree numerically representable traits that are usually continuously distributed. Regeneration. Regeneration refers to the development of a plant from tissue culture. Seed Protein Peroxidase Activity. Seed protein peroxidase activity refers to a chemical taxonomic technique to separate cultivars based on the presence or absence of the peroxidase enzyme in the seed coat. There are two types of soybean cultivars; those having high peroxidase activity (dark red color) and those having low peroxidase activity (no color). Seed Yield (Bushels/Acre). The yield in bushels/acre is the actual yield of the grain at harvest. Seeds Per Pound. Soybean seeds vary in seed size; therefore, the number of seeds required to make up one pound also varies. The number of seeds per pound affect the pounds of seed required to plant a given area and can also impact end uses. Shattering. The amount of pod dehiscence prior to harvest. Pod dehiscence involves seeds falling from the pods to the soil. This is a visual score from 1 to 9 comparing all genotypes within a given test. A score of 9 means pods have not opened and no seeds have fallen out. A score of 5 indicates approximately 50% of the pods have opened, with seeds falling to the ground, and a score of 1 indicates 100% of the pods are opened. Single Locus Converted (Conversion). Single locus converted (conversion), also known as coisogenic plants, refers to plants which are developed by a plant breeding technique called backcrossing and/or by genetic transformation to introduce a given locus that is transgenic in origin, wherein essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of a soybean variety are recovered in addition to the characteristics of the locus transferred into the variety via the backcrossing technique or by genetic transformation. Breeding History The breeding history of the cultivar can be summarized as follows:2015-16 A cross with parentage 12462927-03 X GF21404075 was made near Chacabuco, Argentina.2016 F1populations were grown near Adel, Iowa and advanced using modified single seed descent.2016-17 F2populations were grown near Chacabuco, Argentina and advanced using modified single seed descent.2017 F3bulk populations were grown in the Midwest and single plants were pulled.2017-18 Plant rows were grown near Chacabuco, Argentina.2018 Yield trials were grown at 6 location in the Midwest. F5single plants were pulled.2018-19 Plant rows were grown near Chacabuco, Argentina.2019 Based on yield from 2018 trials, 16MA30035-06-08 was advanced to 2019 PRYT trials.2020 Based on yield from 2019 trials, 16MA30035-06-08 was advanced to 2020 Elite yield trials. 16MA30035-06-08 was given variety designation 06380605. The cultivar has shown uniformity and stability, as described in the following variety description information. It has been self-pollinated a sufficient number of generations with careful attention to uniformity of plant type. The line has been increased with continued observation for uniformity. The results of an objective evaluation of the cultivar are presented in the table that follows. TABLE 1DESCRIPTION OF SOYBEAN CULTIVAR 06380605Seed Coat Color (Mature Seed):YellowSeed Coat Luster (Mature Seed):DullCotyledon Color (Mature Seed):YellowLeaflet Shape:OvateGrowth Habit:IndeterminateFlower Color:WhiteHilum Color (Mature Seed):BuffPlant Pubescence Color:GrayPod Wall Color:TanMaturity Group:0Relative Maturity:0.3Plant Lodging Score:5.9Plant Height (cm):71Seed Size (# seed/lb):3463Seed % Protein:34.8Seed % Oil:20.5 Physiological Responses: Contains DAS-44406-6 event conferring tolerance to 2,4-D herbicides, glyphosate herbicides, and glufosinate herbicides. Event DAS-44406-6 is the subject of U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,491,288; 5,510,471; 5,633,448; 5,717,084; 5,728,925; 5,792,930; 6,063,601; 6,313,282; 6,338,961; 6,566,587; 8,283,522; 8,460,891; 8,916,752; 9,371,394; and 9,540,655, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. There is natural variation in soybeans caused by genetics and environment. Soybeans containing Event DAS-44406-6 (Enlist E3™ soybeans) are genetically yellow. From time to time, seed coat color variation may be observed in soybean seeds comprising Event DAS-44406-6 due to environment and other factors. This can include a light brown band connecting the ends of the hilum and/or light brown shadows on each side of the hilum of the yellow seed coat. Such seeds are however herein described based on genetics, i.e., as having yellow seed coat (hull) and yellow cotyledons. Disease Resistance:PhytophthoraRoot Rot—Rps 1k; Soybean Cyst Nematode—rhg 1. This invention is also directed to methods for producing a soybean plant by crossing a first parent soybean plant with a second parent soybean plant, wherein the first or second soybean plant is the soybean plant from cultivar 06380605. Further, both first and second parent soybean plants may be from cultivar 06380605. Therefore, any methods using soybean cultivar 06380605 are part of this invention: selfing, backcrosses, hybrid breeding, and crosses to populations. Any plants produced using soybean cultivar 06380605 as at least one parent are within the scope of this invention. Additional methods include, but are not limited to, expression vectors introduced into plant tissues using a direct gene transfer method, such as microprojectile-mediated delivery, DNA injection, electroporation, and the like. More preferably, expression vectors are introduced into plant tissues by using either microprojectile-mediated delivery with a biolistic device or by usingAgrobacterium-mediated transformation. Transformant plants obtained with the germplasm of the invention are intended to be within the scope of this invention. Soybean cultivar 06380605 is similar to soybean cultivar 12462927-03. While similar to soybean cultivar 12462927-03 there are numerous differences including: soybean cultivar 06380605 has genes for resistance to glufosinate, glyphosate, and 2,4-D herbicides and soybean cultivar 12462927-03 does not contain these genes. Additionally, soybean cultivar 06380605 has buff hila color and gray plant pubescence color, while soybean cultivar 12462927-03 has black hila color and light tawny plant pubescence color. Further Embodiments of the Invention The advent of new molecular biological techniques has allowed the isolation and characterization of genetic elements with specific functions, such as encoding specific protein products. Scientists in the field of plant biology developed a strong interest in engineering the genome of plants to contain and express foreign genetic elements, or additional, or modified versions of native or endogenous genetic elements in order to alter the traits of a plant in a specific manner. Any DNA sequences, whether from a different species or from the same species, which are introduced into the genome using transformation or various breeding methods are referred to herein collectively as “transgenes.” In some embodiments of the invention, a transgenic variant of soybean cultivar 06380605 may contain at least one transgene but could contain at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and/or no more than 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, or 2. Over the last 15 to 20 years several methods for producing transgenic plants have been developed, and the present invention also relates to transgenic variants of the claimed soybean cultivar 06380605. Nucleic acids or polynucleotides refer to RNA or DNA that is linear or branched, single or double stranded, or a hybrid thereof. The term also encompasses RNA/DNA hybrids. These terms also encompass untranslated sequence located at both the 3′ and 5′ ends of the coding region of the gene: at least approximately 1000 nucleotides of sequence upstream from the 5′ end of the coding region and at least approximately 200 nucleotides of sequence downstream from the 3′ end of the coding region of the gene. Less common bases, such as inosine, 5-methylcytosine, 6-methyladenine, hypoxanthine and others can also be used for antisense, dsRNA and ribozyme pairing. For example, polynucleotides that contain C-5 propyne analogues of uridine and cytidine have been shown to bind RNA with high affinity and to be potent antisense inhibitors of gene expression. Other modifications, such as modification to the phosphodiester backbone, or the 2′-hydroxy in the ribose sugar group of the RNA can also be made. The antisense polynucleotides and ribozymes can consist entirely of ribonucleotides, or can contain mixed ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides. The polynucleotides of the invention may be produced by any means, including genomic preparations, cDNA preparations, in vitro synthesis, RT-PCR, and in vitro or in vivo transcription. One embodiment of the invention is a process for producing soybean cultivar 06380605 further comprising a desired trait, said process comprising introducing a transgene that confers a desired trait to a soybean plant of cultivar 06380605. Another embodiment is the product produced by this process. In one embodiment the desired trait may be one or more of herbicide resistance, insect resistance, disease resistance, decreased phytate, or modified fatty acid or carbohydrate metabolism. The specific gene may be any known in the art or listed herein, including: a polynucleotide conferring resistance to imidazolinone, dicamba, sulfonylurea, glyphosate, glufosinate, triazine, benzonitrile, cyclohexanedione, phenoxy propionic acid, and L-phosphinothricin; a polynucleotide encoding aBacillus thuringiensispolypeptide; a polynucleotide encoding phytase, FAD-2, FAD-3, galactinol synthase, or a raffinose synthetic enzyme; or a polynucleotide conferring resistance to soybean cyst nematode, brown stem rot,Phytophthoraroot rot, soybean mosaic virus, or sudden death syndrome. Numerous methods for plant transformation have been developed, including biological and physical plant transformation protocols. See, for example, Miki et al., “Procedures for Introducing Foreign DNA into Plants,” inMethods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Glick and Thompson Eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, pp. 67-88 (1993), and Armstrong, “The First Decade of Maize Transformation: A Review and Future Perspective,”Maydica,44:101-109 (1999). In addition, expression vectors and in vitro culture methods for plant cell or tissue transformation and regeneration of plants are available. See, for example, Gruber et al., “Vectors for Plant Transformation,” inMethods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Glick and Thompson Eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, pp. 89-119 (1993). A genetic trait which has been engineered into the genome of a particular soybean plant may then be moved into the genome of another cultivar using traditional breeding techniques that are well known in the plant breeding arts. For example, a backcrossing approach is commonly used to move a transgene from a transformed soybean cultivar into an already developed soybean cultivar, and the resulting backcross conversion plant would then comprise the transgene(s). Various genetic elements can be introduced into the plant genome using transformation. These elements include, but are not limited to, genes, coding sequences, inducible, constitutive and tissue specific promoters, enhancing sequences, and signal and targeting sequences. For example, see the traits, genes, and transformation methods listed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,118,055. Included among various plant transformation techniques are methods that permit the site-specific modification of a plant genome, including coding sequences, regulatory elements, non-coding and other DNA sequences in a plant genome. Such methods are well-known in the art and include, for example, use of the CRISPR-Cas system, zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), among others. Plant transformation may involve the construction of an expression vector which will function in plant cells. Such a vector can comprise DNA comprising a gene under control of, or operatively linked to, a regulatory element (for example, a promoter). The expression vector may contain one or more such operably linked gene/regulatory element combinations. The vector(s) may be in the form of a plasmid and can be used alone or in combination with other plasmids to provide transformed soybean plants using transformation methods as described below to incorporate transgenes into the genetic material of the soybean plant(s). Expression Vectors for Soybean Transformation: Marker Genes Expression vectors include at least one genetic marker operably linked to a regulatory element (for example, a promoter) that allows transformed cells containing the marker to be either recovered by negative selection, i.e., inhibiting growth of cells that do not contain the selectable marker gene, or by positive selection, i.e., screening for the product encoded by the genetic marker. Many commonly used selectable marker genes for plant transformation are well known in the transformation arts, and include, for example, genes that code for enzymes that metabolically detoxify a selective chemical agent which may be an antibiotic or an herbicide, or genes that encode an altered target which is insensitive to the inhibitor. A few positive selection methods are also known in the art. One commonly used selectable marker gene for plant transformation is the neomycin phosphotransferase II (nptII) gene which, when under the control of plant regulatory signals, confers resistance to kanamycin. Fraley et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,80:4803 (1983). Another commonly used selectable marker gene is the hygromycin phosphotransferase gene which confers resistance to the antibiotic hygromycin. Vanden Elzen et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,5:299 (1985). Additional selectable marker genes of bacterial origin that confer resistance to antibiotics include gentamycin acetyl transferase, streptomycin phosphotransferase and aminoglycoside-3′-adenyl transferase, the bleomycin resistance determinant (Hayford et al.,Plant Physiol.,86:1216 (1988); Jones et al.,Mol. Gen. Genet.,210:86 (1987); Svab et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,14:197 (1990); Hille et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,7:171 (1986)). Other selectable marker genes confer resistance to herbicides such as glyphosate, glufosinate, or bromoxynil (Comai et al.,Nature,317:741-744 (1985); Gordon-Kamm et al.,Plant Cell,2:603-618 (1990); Stalke et al.,Science,242:419-423 (1988)). Selectable marker genes for plant transformation not of bacterial origin include, for example, mouse dihydrofolate reductase, plant 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase, and plant acetolactate synthase (Eichholtz et al.,Somatic Cell Mol. Genet.,13:67 (1987); Shah et al.,Science,233:478 (1986); Charest et al.,Plant Cell Rep.,8:643 (1990)). Another class of marker genes for plant transformation requires screening of presumptively transformed plant cells, rather than direct genetic selection of transformed cells, for resistance to a toxic substance such as an antibiotic. These genes are particularly useful to quantify or visualize the spatial pattern of expression of a gene in specific tissues and are frequently referred to as reporter genes because they can be fused to a gene or gene regulatory sequence for the investigation of gene expression. Commonly used genes for screening presumptively transformed cells include β-glucuronidase (GUS), β-galactosidase, luciferase, and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (Jefferson, R. A.,Plant Mol. Biol. Rep.,5:387 (1987); Teeri et al.,EMBO J.,8:343 (1989); Koncz et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,84:131 (1987); DeBlock et al.,EMBO J.,3:1681 (1984)). In vivo methods for visualizing GUS activity that do not require destruction of plant tissue are available (Molecular Probes, Publication 2908, IMAGENE GREEN, pp. 1-4 (1993); Naleway et al.,J. Cell Biol.,115:151a (1991)). However, these in vivo methods for visualizing GUS activity have not proven useful for recovery of transformed cells because of low sensitivity, high fluorescent backgrounds, and limitations associated with the use of luciferase genes as selectable markers. More recently, a gene encoding Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) has been utilized as a marker for gene expression in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (Chalfie et al.,Science,263:802 (1994)). GFP and mutants of GFP may be used as screenable markers. Expression Vectors for Soybean Transformation: Promoters Genes included in expression vectors must be driven by a nucleotide sequence comprising a regulatory element (for example, a promoter). Several types of promoters are well known in the transformation arts as are other regulatory elements that can be used alone or in combination with promoters. As used herein, “promoter” includes reference to a region of DNA upstream from the start of transcription and involved in recognition and binding of RNA polymerase and other proteins to initiate transcription. A “plant promoter” is a promoter capable of initiating transcription in plant cells. Examples of promoters under developmental control include promoters that preferentially initiate transcription in certain tissues, such as leaves, roots, seeds, fibers, xylem vessels, tracheids, or sclerenchyma. Such promoters are referred to as “tissue-preferred.” Promoters that initiate transcription only in a certain tissue are referred to as “tissue-specific.” A “cell-type” specific promoter primarily drives expression in certain cell types in one or more organs, for example, vascular cells in roots or leaves. An “inducible” promoter is a promoter which is under environmental control. Examples of environmental conditions that may affect transcription by inducible promoters include anaerobic conditions or the presence of light. Tissue-specific, tissue-preferred, cell-type specific, and inducible promoters constitute the class of “non-constitutive” promoters. A “constitutive” promoter is a promoter that is active under most environmental conditions. A. Inducible Promoters—An inducible promoter is operably linked to a gene for expression in soybean. Optionally, the inducible promoter is operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal sequence which is operably linked to a gene for expression in soybean. With an inducible promoter the rate of transcription increases in response to an inducing agent. Any inducible promoter can be used in the instant invention. See, Ward et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,22:361-366 (1993). Exemplary inducible promoters include, but are not limited to, that from the ACEI system which responds to copper (Mett et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,90:4567-4571 (1993)); In2 gene from maize which responds to benzenesulfonamide herbicide safeners (Hershey et al.,Mol. Gen Genetics,227:229-237 (1991); Gatz et al.,Mol. Gen. Genetics,243:32-38 (1994)); or Tet repressor from Tn10 (Gatz et al.,Mol. Gen. Genetics,227:229-237 (1991)). A particularly preferred inducible promoter is a promoter that responds to an inducing agent to which plants do not normally respond. An exemplary inducible promoter is the inducible promoter from a steroid hormone gene, glucocorticoid response elements, the transcriptional activity of which is induced by a glucocorticoid hormone (Schena et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,88:10421-10425 (1991)). B. Constitutive Promoters—A constitutive promoter is operably linked to a gene for expression in soybean or the constitutive promoter is operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal sequence which is operably linked to a gene for expression in soybean. Many different constitutive promoters can be utilized in the instant invention. Exemplary constitutive promoters include, but are not limited to, the promoters from plant viruses such as the 35S promoter from CaMV (Odell et al.,Nature,313:810-812 (1985)) and the promoters from such genes as rice actin (McElroy et al.,Plant Cell,2: 163-171 (1990)); ubiquitin (Christensen et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,12:619-632 (1989); Christensen et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,18:675-689 (1992)); pEMU (Last et al.,Theor. Appl. Genet.,81:581-588 (1991)); MAS (Velten et al.,EMBO J.,3:2723-2730 (1984)); and maize H3 histone (Lepetit et al.,Mol. Gen. Genetics,231:276-285 (1992); Atanassova et al.,Plant Journal,2 (3): 291-300 (1992)). The ALS promoter, an Xba1/Ncol fragment 5′ to theBrassica napusALS3 structural gene (or a nucleotide sequence similarity to said Xba1/Ncol fragment), represents a particularly useful constitutive promoter. See PCT Application WO 96/30530. C. Tissue-Specific or Tissue-Preferred Promoters—A tissue-specific promoter is operably linked to a gene for expression in soybean. Optionally, the tissue-specific promoter is operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal sequence which is operably linked to a gene for expression in soybean. Plants transformed with a gene of interest operably linked to a tissue-specific promoter produce the protein product of the transgene exclusively, or preferentially, in a specific tissue. Any tissue-specific or tissue-preferred promoter can be utilized in the instant invention. Exemplary tissue-specific or tissue-preferred promoters include, but are not limited to, a root-preferred promoter such as that from the phaseolin gene (Murai et al.,Science,23:476-482 (1983); Sengupta-Gopalan et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,82:3320-3324 (1985)); a leaf-specific and light-induced promoter such as that from cab or rubisco (Simpson et al.,EMBO J.,4(11):2723-2729 (1985); Timko et al.,Nature,318:579-582 (1985)); an anther-specific promoter such as that from LAT52 (Twell et al.,Mol. Gen. Genetics,217:240-245 (1989)); a pollen-specific promoter such as that from Zm13 (Guerrero et al.,Mol. Gen. Genetics,244:161-168 (1993)); or a microspore-preferred promoter such as that from apg (Twell et al.,Sex. Plant Reprod.,6:217-224 (1993)). Signal Sequences for Targeting Proteins to Subcellular Compartments Transport of a protein produced by transgenes to a subcellular compartment, such as the chloroplast, vacuole, peroxisome, glyoxysome, cell wall, or mitochondrion, or for secretion into the apoplast, is accomplished by means of operably linking the nucleotide sequence encoding a signal sequence to the 5′ and/or 3′ region of a gene encoding the protein of interest. Targeting sequences at the 5′ and/or 3′ end of the structural gene may determine during protein synthesis and processing where the encoded protein is ultimately compartmentalized. The presence of a signal sequence directs a polypeptide to either an intracellular organelle or subcellular compartment or for secretion to the apoplast. Many signal sequences are known in the art. See, for example, Becker et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,20:49 (1992); Knox, C. et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,9:3-17 (1987); Lerner et al.,Plant Physiol.,91:124-129 (1989); Frontes et al.,Plant Cell,3:483-496 (1991); Matsuoka et al.,Proc. Nal. Acad. Sci.,88:834 (1991); Gould et al.,J. Cell. Biol.,108:1657 (1989); Creissen et al.,Plant J.,2:129 (1991); Kalderon et al.,Cell,39:499-509 (1984); Steifel et al.,Plant Cell,2:785-793 (1990). Foreign Protein Genes and Agronomic Genes With transgenic plants according to the present invention, a foreign protein can be produced in commercial quantities. Thus, techniques for the selection and propagation of transformed plants, which are well understood in the art, yield a plurality of transgenic plants which are harvested in a conventional manner, and a foreign protein can then be extracted from a tissue of interest or from total biomass. Protein extraction from plant biomass can be accomplished by known methods which are discussed, for example, by Heney and Orr,Anal. Biochem.,114:92-6 (1981). According to a preferred embodiment, the transgenic plant provided for commercial production of foreign protein is a soybean plant. In another preferred embodiment, the biomass of interest is seed. For the relatively small number of transgenic plants that show higher levels of expression, a genetic map can be generated, primarily via conventional RFLP, PCR, and SSR analysis, which identifies the approximate chromosomal location of the integrated DNA molecule. For exemplary methodologies in this regard, see, Glick and Thompson,Methods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, 269:284 (1993). Map information concerning chromosomal location is useful for proprietary protection of a subject transgenic plant. Wang et al. discuss “Large Scale Identification, Mapping and Genotyping of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Human Genome,”Science,280:1077-1082 (1998), and similar capabilities are becoming increasingly available for the soybean genome. Map information concerning chromosomal location is useful for proprietary protection of a subject transgenic plant. If unauthorized propagation is undertaken and crosses made with other germplasm, the map of the integration region can be compared to similar maps for suspect plants to determine if the latter have a common parentage with the subject plant. Map comparisons would involve hybridizations, RFLP, PCR, SSR, and sequencing, all of which are conventional techniques. SNPs may also be used alone or in combination with other techniques. Likewise, by means of the present invention, plants can be genetically engineered to express various phenotypes of agronomic interest. Through the transformation of soybean, the expression of genes can be altered to enhance disease resistance, insect resistance, herbicide resistance, agronomic, grain quality, and other traits. Transformation can also be used to insert DNA sequences which control or help control male-sterility. DNA sequences native to soybean, as well as non-native DNA sequences, can be transformed into soybean and used to alter levels of native or non-native proteins. Various promoters, targeting sequences, enhancing sequences, and other DNA sequences can be inserted into the genome for the purpose of altering the expression of proteins. Reduction of the activity of specific genes (also known as gene silencing or gene suppression) is desirable for several aspects of genetic engineering in plants. Many techniques for gene silencing are well known to one of skill in the art, including, but not limited to, knock-outs (such as by insertion of a transposable element such as mu (Vicki Chandler, The Maize Handbook, Ch. 118 (Springer-Verlag 1994)) or other genetic elements such as a FRT and Lox that are used for site specific integrations, antisense technology (see, e.g., Sheehy et al.,PNAS USA,85:8805-8809 (1988); and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,107,065, 5,453,566, and 5,759,829); co-suppression (e.g., Taylor,Plant Cell,9:1245 (1997); Jorgensen,Trends Biotech.,8(12):340-344 (1990); Flavell,PNAS USA,91:3490-3496 (1994); Finnegan et al.,Bio/Technology,12:883-888 (1994); Neuhuber et al.,Mol. Gen. Genet.,244:230-241 (1994)); RNA interference (Napoli et al.,Plant Cell,2:279-289 (1990); U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,323; Sharp,Genes Dev.,13:139-141 (1999); Zamore et al.,Cell,101:25-33 (2000); Montgomery et al.,PNAS USA,95:15502-15507 (1998)), virus-induced gene silencing (Burton et al.,Plant Cell,12:691-705 (2000); Baulcombe,Curr. Op. Plant Bio.,2:109-113 (1999)); target-RNA-specific ribozymes (Haseloff et al.,Nature,334: 585-591 (1988)); hairpin structures (Smith et al.,Nature,407:319-320 (2000); WO 99/53050; WO 98/53083); MicroRNA (Aukerman & Sakai,Plant Cell,15:2730-2741 (2003)); ribozymes (Steinecke et al.,EMBO J.,11:1525 (1992); Perriman et al.,Antisense Res. Dev.,3:253 (1993)); oligonucleotide mediated targeted modification (e.g., WO 03/076574 and WO 99/25853); Zn-finger targeted molecules (e.g., WO 01/52620, WO 03/048345, and WO 00/42219); and other methods or combinations of the above methods known to those of skill in the art. Likewise, by means of the present invention, agronomic genes can be expressed in transformed plants. More particularly, plants can be genetically engineered to express various phenotypes of agronomic interest. Exemplary genes implicated in this regard include, but are not limited to, those categorized below: 1. Genes that Confer Resistance to Pests or Disease and that Encode: A. Plant disease resistance genes. Plant defenses are often activated by specific interaction between the product of a disease resistance gene (R) in the plant and the product of a corresponding avirulence (Avr) gene in the pathogen. A plant cultivar can be transformed with one or more cloned resistance genes to engineer plants that are resistant to specific pathogen strains. See, for example, Jones et al.,Science,266:789 (1994) (cloning of the tomato Cf-9 gene for resistance toCladosporium fulvum); Martin et al.,Science,262:1432 (1993) (tomato Pto gene for resistance toPseudomonas syringaepv. tomato encodes a protein kinase); Mindrinos et al.,Cell,78:1089 (1994) (ArabidopsisRSP2 gene for resistance toPseudomonas syringae); McDowell & Woffenden,Trends Biotechnol.,21(4):178-83 (2003); and Toyoda et al.,Transgenic Res.,11 (6):567-82 (2002). B. A gene conferring resistance to a pest, such as soybean cyst nematode. See, e.g., PCT Application WO 96/30517 and PCT Application WO 93/19181. C. ABacillus thuringiensisprotein, a derivative thereof or a synthetic polypeptide modelled thereon. See, for example, Geiser et al.,Gene,48:109 (1986), who disclose the cloning and nucleotide sequence of a Bt δ-endotoxin gene. Moreover, DNA molecules encoding δ-endotoxin genes can be purchased from American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Virginia, for example, under ATCC Accession Nos. 40098, 67136, 31995, and 31998. D. A lectin. See, for example, Van Damme et al.,Plant Molec. Biol.,24:25 (1994), who disclose the nucleotide sequences of severalClivia miniatamannose-binding lectin genes. E. A vitamin-binding protein such as avidin. See, PCT Application US 93/06487, which teaches the use of avidin and avidin homologues as larvicides against insect pests. F. An enzyme inhibitor, for example, a protease or proteinase inhibitor or an amylase inhibitor. See, for example, Abe et al.,J. Biol. Chem.,262:16793 (1987) (nucleotide sequence of rice cysteine proteinase inhibitor); Huub et al.,Plant Molec. Biol.,21:985 (1993) (nucleotide sequence of cDNA encoding tobacco proteinase inhibitor I); Sumitani et al.,Biosci. Biotech. Biochem.,57:1243 (1993) (nucleotide sequence ofStreptomyces nitrosporeusα-amylase inhibitor); and U.S. Pat. No. 5,494,813 (Hepher and Atkinson, issued Feb. 27, 1996). G. An insect-specific hormone or pheromone, such as an ecdysteroid or juvenile hormone, a variant thereof, a mimetic based thereon, or an antagonist or agonist thereof. See, for example, the disclosure by Hammock et al.,Nature,344:458 (1990), of baculovirus expression of cloned juvenile hormone esterase, an inactivator of juvenile hormone. H. An insect-specific peptide or neuropeptide which, upon expression, disrupts the physiology of the affected pest. For example, see the disclosures of Regan,J. Biol. Chem.,269:9 (1994) (expression cloning yields DNA coding for insect diuretic hormone receptor); Pratt et al.,Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm.,163:1243 (1989) (an allostatin is identified inDiploptera puntata); Chattopadhyay et al.,Critical Reviews in Microbiology,30(1):33-54 (2004); Zjawiony,J Nat Prod,67(2):300-310 (2004); Carlini & Grossi-de-Sa,Toxicon,40(11):1515-1539 (2002); Ussuf et al.,Curr Sci.,80(7):847-853 (2001); Vasconcelos & Oliveira,Toxicon,44(4):385-403 (2004). See also, U.S. Pat. No. 5,266,317 to Tomalski et al., which discloses genes encoding insect-specific, paralytic neurotoxins. I. An insect-specific venom produced in nature by a snake, a wasp, etc. For example, see, Pang et al.,Gene,116:165 (1992), for disclosure of heterologous expression in plants of a gene coding for a scorpion insectotoxic peptide. J. An enzyme responsible for a hyperaccumulation of a monoterpene, a sesquiterpene, a steroid, hydroxamic acid, a phenylpropanoid derivative, or another non-protein molecule with insecticidal activity. K. An enzyme involved in the modification, including the post-translational modification, of a biologically active molecule; for example, a glycolytic enzyme, a proteolytic enzyme, a lipolytic enzyme, a nuclease, a cyclase, a transaminase, an esterase, a hydrolase, a phosphatase, a kinase, a phosphorylase, a polymerase, an elastase, a chitinase, and a glucanase, whether natural or synthetic. See, PCT Application WO 93/02197 (Scott et al.), which discloses the nucleotide sequence of a callase gene. DNA molecules which contain chitinase-encoding sequences can be obtained, for example, from the ATCC under Accession Nos. 39637 and 67152. See also, Kramer et al.,Insect Biochem. Molec. Biol.,23:691 (1993), who teach the nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding tobacco hornworm chitinase, and Kawalleck et al.,Plant Molec. Biol.,21:673 (1993), who provide the nucleotide sequence of the parsley ubi4-2 polyubiquitin gene, U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,145,060, 7,087,810, and 6,563,020. L. A molecule that stimulates signal transduction. For example, see the disclosure by Botella et al.,Plant Molec. Biol.,24:757 (1994), of nucleotide sequences for mung bean calmodulin cDNA clones, and Griess et al.,Plant Physiol.,104:1467 (1994), who provide the nucleotide sequence of a maize calmodulin cDNA clone. M. A hydrophobic moment peptide. See, PCT Application WO 95/16776 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,580,852, which disclose peptide derivatives of tachyplesin which inhibit fungal plant pathogens, and PCT Application WO 95/18855 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,607,914 which teaches synthetic antimicrobial peptides that confer disease resistance. N. A membrane permease, a channel former or a channel blocker. For example, see the disclosure of Jaynes et al.,Plant Sci,89:43 (1993), of heterologous expression of a cecropin-β lytic peptide analog to render transgenic tobacco plants resistant toPseudomonas solanacearum. O. A viral-invasive protein or a complex toxin derived therefrom. For example, the accumulation of viral coat proteins in transformed plant cells imparts resistance to viral infection and/or disease development effected by the virus from which the coat protein gene is derived, as well as by related viruses. See, Beachy et al.,Ann. Rev. Phytopathol.,28:451 (1990). Coat protein-mediated resistance has been conferred upon transformed plants against alfalfa mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, and tobacco mosaic virus. P. An insect-specific antibody or an immunotoxin derived therefrom. Thus, an antibody targeted to a critical metabolic function in the insect gut would inactivate an affected enzyme, killing the insect. See, Taylor et al., Abstract #497, Seventh Int'l Symposium on Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions (Edinburgh, Scotland 1994) (enzymatic inactivation in transgenic tobacco via production of single-chain antibody fragments). Q. A virus-specific antibody. See, for example, Tavladoraki et al.,Nature,366:469 (1993), who show that transgenic plants expressing recombinant antibody genes are protected from virus attack. R. A developmental-arrestive protein produced in nature by a pathogen or a parasite. Thus, fungal endo-α-1, 4-D-polygalacturonases facilitate fungal colonization and plant nutrient release by solubilizing plant cell wall homo-α-1,4-D-galacturonase. See, Lamb et al.,Bio/Technology,10:1436 (1992). The cloning and characterization of a gene which encodes a bean endopolygalacturonase-inhibiting protein is described by Toubart et al.,Plant J.,2:367 (1992). S. A developmental-arrestive protein produced in nature by a plant. For example, Logemann et al.,Bio/Technology,10:305 (1992), have shown that transgenic plants expressing the barley ribosome-inactivating gene have an increased resistance to fungal disease. T. Genes involved in the Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) Response and/or the pathogenesis-related genes. Briggs, S.,Current Biology,5(2) (1995); Pieterse & Van Loon,Curr. Opin. Plant Bio.,7(4):456-64 (2004); and Somssich,Cell,113(7):815-6 (2003). U. Antifungal genes. See, Cornelissen and Melchers,Plant Physiol.,101:709-712 (1993); Parijs et al.,Planta,183:258-264 (1991); and Bushnell et al.,Can. J. of Plant Path.,20(2):137-149 (1998). See also, U.S. Pat. No. 6,875,907. V. Detoxification genes, such as for fumonisin, beauvericin, moniliformin, and zearalenone and their structurally-related derivatives. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,792,931. W. Cystatin and cysteine proteinase inhibitors. See, U.S. Pat. No. 7,205,453. X. Defensin genes. See, WO 03/000863 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,911,577. Y. Genes conferring resistance to nematodes, and in particular soybean cyst nematodes. See, e.g., PCT Applications WO 96/30517, WO 93/19181, and WO 03/033651; Urwin et al.,Planta,204:472-479 (1998); Williamson,Curr Opin Plant Bio.,2(4):327-31 (1999). Z. Genes that confer resistance toPhytophthoraRoot Rot, such as the Rps1, Rps1a, Rps1b, Rps1c, Rps1d, Rps1e, Rps1k, Rps2, Rps3a, Rps3b, Rps3c, Rps4, Rps5, Rps6, Rps7, and other Rps genes. See, for example, Shoemaker et al.,PhytophthoraRoot Rot Resistance Gene Mapping in Soybean, Plant Genome IV Conference, San Diego, Calif. (1995). AA. Genes that confer resistance to Brown Stem Rot, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,689,035 and incorporated by reference for this purpose. Any of the above-listed disease or pest resistance genes (A-AA) can be introduced into the claimed soybean cultivar through a cultivar of means including, but not limited to, transformation and crossing. 2. Genes that Confer Resistance to an Herbicide, for Example: A. An herbicide that inhibits the growing point or meristem, such as an imidazolinone or a sulfonylurea. Exemplary genes in this category code for mutant ALS and AHAS enzyme as described, for example, by Lee et al.,EMBO J.,7:1241 (1988) and Miki et al.,Theor. Appl. Genet.,80:449 (1990), respectively. B. Glyphosate (resistance conferred by mutant 5-enolpyruvlshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) and aroA genes, respectively) and other phosphono compounds, such as glufosinate (phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT) andStreptomyces hygroscopicusPAT bar genes), pyridinoxy or phenoxy propionic acids, and cyclohexanediones (ACCase inhibitor-encoding genes). See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,940,835 to Shah et al., which discloses the nucleotide sequence of a form of EPSPS which can confer glyphosate resistance. U.S. Pat. No. 5,627,061 to Barry et al., also describes genes encoding EPSPS enzymes. See also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,566,587, 6,338,961, 6,248,876, 6,040,497, 5,804,425, 5,633,435, 5,145,783, 4,971,908, 5,312,910, 5,188,642, 4,940,835, 5,866,775, 6,225,114, 6,130,366, 5,310,667, 4,535,060, 4,769,061, 5,633,448, 5,510,471, RE 36,449, RE 37,287, and 5,491,288; and International Publications EP1173580, WO 01/66704, EP1173581, and EP1173582, which are incorporated herein by reference for this purpose. Glyphosate resistance is also imparted to plants that express a gene that encodes a glyphosate oxido-reductase enzyme, as described more fully in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,776,760 and 5,463,175, which are incorporated herein by reference for this purpose. In addition, glyphosate resistance can be imparted to plants by the over expression of genes encoding glyphosate N-acetyltransferase. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,462,481. A DNA molecule encoding a mutant aroA gene can be obtained under ATCC Accession No. 39256, and the nucleotide sequence of the mutant gene is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,769,061 to Comai. European Patent Appl. No. 0 333 033 to Kumada et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 4,975,374 to Goodman et al., disclose nucleotide sequences of glutamine synthetase genes which confer resistance to herbicides such as L-phosphinothricin. The nucleotide sequence of a PAT gene is provided in European Patent Appl. No. 0 242 246 to Leemans et al. DeGreef et al.,Bio/Technology,7:61 (1989) describe the production of transgenic plants that express chimeric bar genes coding for phosphinothricin acetyl transferase activity. Exemplary of genes conferring resistance to phenoxy propionic acids and cyclohexanediones, such as sethoxydim and haloxyfop are the Acc1-S1, Acc1-S2, and Acc2-S3 genes described by Marshall et al.,Theor. Appl. Genet.,83:435 (1992). C. An herbicide that inhibits photosynthesis, such as a triazine (psbA and gs+ genes) and a benzonitrile (nitrilase gene). Przibila et al.,Plant Cell,3:169 (1991), describe the transformation ofChlamydomonaswith plasmids encoding mutant psbA genes. Nucleotide sequences for nitrilase genes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,648 to Stalker and DNA molecules containing these genes are available under ATCC Accession Nos. 53435, 67441, and 67442. Cloning and expression of DNA coding for a glutathione S-transferase is described by Hayes et al.,Biochem. J.,285:173 (1992). D. Acetohydroxy acid synthase, which has been found to make plants that express this enzyme resistant to multiple types of herbicides, has been introduced into a variety of plants. See, Hattori et al.,Mol. Gen. Genet.,246:419 (1995). Other genes that confer tolerance to herbicides include a gene encoding a chimeric protein of rat cytochrome P4507A1 and yeast NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (Shiota et al.,Plant Physiol.,106:17 (1994)); genes for glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase (Aono et al.,Plant Cell Physiol.,36:1687 (1995)); and genes for various phosphotransferases (Datta et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,20:619 (1992)). E. Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (protox) is necessary for the production of chlorophyll, which is necessary for all plant survival. The protox enzyme serves as the target for a variety of herbicidal compounds. These herbicides also inhibit growth of all the different species of plants present, causing their total destruction. The development of plants containing altered protox activity which are resistant to these herbicides are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,288,306, 6,282,837, 5,767,373, and International Publication WO 01/12825. Any of the above listed herbicide genes (A-E) can be introduced into the claimed soybean cultivar through a variety of means including but not limited to transformation and crossing. 3. Genes that Confer or Contribute to a Value-Added Trait, Such as: A. Modified fatty acid metabolism, for example, by transforming a plant with an antisense gene of stearyl-ACP desaturase to increase stearic acid content of the plant. See, Knultzon et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,89:2625 (1992). B. Decreased phytate content: 1) Introduction of a phytase-encoding gene enhances breakdown of phytate, adding more free phosphate to the transformed plant. For example, see, Van Hartingsveldt et al.,Gene,127:87 (1993), for a disclosure of the nucleotide sequence of anAspergillus nigerphytase gene. 2) Up-regulation of a gene that reduces phytate content. In maize, this, for example, could be accomplished by cloning and then re-introducing DNA associated with one or more of the alleles, such as the LPA alleles, identified in maize mutants characterized by low levels of phytic acid, such as in Raboy et al.,Maydica,35:383 (1990), and/or by altering inositol kinase activity as in WO 02/059324, U.S. Publ. No. 2003/000901, WO 03/027243, U.S. Publ. No. 2003/0079247, WO 99/05298, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,197,561, 6,291,224, 6,391,348, WO 2002/059324, U.S. Publ. No. 2003/0079247, WO 98/45448, WO 99/55882, and WO 01/04147. C. Modified carbohydrate composition effected, for example, by transforming plants with a gene coding for an enzyme that alters the branching pattern of starch, or a gene altering thioredoxin, such as NTR and/or TRX (see, U.S. Pat. No. 6,531,648, which is incorporated by reference for this purpose), and/or a gamma zein knock out or mutant, such as cs27 or TUSC27 or en27 (see, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,858,778 and 7,741,533 and U.S. Publ. No. 2005/0160488, which are incorporated by reference for this purpose). See, Shiroza et al.,J. Bacteriol.,170:810 (1988) (nucleotide sequence ofStreptococcus mutansfructosyltransferase gene); Steinmetz et al.,Mol. Gen. Genet.,200:220 (1985) (nucleotide sequence ofBacillus subtilislevansucrase gene); Pen et al.,Bio/Technology,10:292 (1992) (production of transgenic plants that expressBacillus licheniformisalpha-amylase); Elliot et al.,Plant Molec. Biol.,21:515 (1993) (nucleotide sequences of tomato invertase genes); Sogaard et al.,J. Biol. Chem.,268:22480 (1993) (site-directed mutagenesis of barley alpha-amylase gene); Fisher et al.,Plant Physiol.,102:1045 (1993) (maize endosperm starch branching enzyme II); WO 99/10498 (improved digestibility and/or starch extraction through modification of UDP-D-xylose 4-epimerase, Fragile 1 and 2, Ref 1, HCHL, C4H); U.S. Pat. No. 6,232,529 (method of producing high oil seed by modification of starch levels (AGP)). The fatty acid modification genes mentioned above may also be used to affect starch content and/or composition through the interrelationship of the starch and oil pathways. D. Elevated oleic acid via FAD-2 gene modification and/or decreased linolenic acid via FAD-3 gene modification. See, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,063,947, 6,323,392, and International Publication WO 93/11245. Linolenic acid is one of the five most abundant fatty acids in soybean seeds. The low oxidative stability of linolenic acid is one reason that soybean oil undergoes partial hydrogenation. When partially hydrogenated, all unsaturated fatty acids form trans fats. Soybeans are the largest source of edible-oils in the U.S. and 40% of soybean oil production is partially hydrogenated. The consumption of trans fats increases the risk of heart disease. Regulations banning trans fats have encouraged the development of low linolenic soybeans. Soybeans containing low linolenic acid percentages create a more stable oil requiring hydrogenation less often. This provides trans-fat free alternatives in products such as cooking oil. E. Altering conjugated linolenic or linoleic acid content, such as in WO 01/12800. Altering LEC1, AGP, Dek1, Superal1, mi1ps, and various Ipa genes, such as Ipa1, Ipa3, hpt, or hggt. See, for example, WO 02/42424, WO 98/22604, WO 03/011015, WO 02/057439, WO 03/011015, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,423,886, 6,197,561, 6,825,397, 7,157,621, U.S. Publ. No. 2003/0079247, and Rivera-Madrid, R. et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.,92:5620-5624 (1995). F. Altered antioxidant content or composition, such as alteration of tocopherol or tocotrienols. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,787,683, 7,154,029, WO 00/68393 (involving the manipulation of antioxidant levels through alteration of a phytl prenyl transferase (ppt)); WO 03/082899 (through alteration of a homogentisate geranyl geranyl transferase (hggt)). G. Altered essential seed amino acids. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,127,600 (method of increasing accumulation of essential amino acids in seeds); U.S. Pat. No. 6,080,913 (binary methods of increasing accumulation of essential amino acids in seeds); U.S. Pat. No. 5,990,389 (high lysine); U.S. Pat. No. 5,850,016 (alteration of amino acid compositions in seeds); U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,802 (high methionine); U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,801 (high threonine); U.S. Pat. No. 6,664,445 (plant amino acid biosynthetic enzymes); U.S. Pat. No. 6,459,019 (increased lysine and threonine); U.S. Pat. No. 6,441,274 (plant tryptophan synthase beta subunit); U.S. Pat. No. 6,346,403 (methionine metabolic enzymes); U.S. Pat. No. 5,939,599 (high sulfur); U.S. Pat. No. 5,912,414 (increased methionine); U.S. Pat. No. 5,633,436 (increasing sulfur amino acid content); U.S. Pat. No. 5,559,223 (synthetic storage proteins with defined structure containing programmable levels of essential amino acids for improvement of the nutritional value of plants); U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,638 (hemicellulose); U.S. Pat. No. 7,098,381 (UDPGdH); U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,638 (RGP); U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,399,859, 6,930,225, 7,179,955, and 6,803,498; U.S. Publ. No. 2004/0068767; WO 99/40209 (alteration of amino acid compositions in seeds); WO 99/29882 (methods for altering amino acid content of proteins); WO 98/20133 (proteins with enhanced levels of essential amino acids); WO 98/56935 (plant amino acid biosynthetic enzymes); WO 98/45458 (engineered seed protein having higher percentage of essential amino acids); WO 98/42831 (increased lysine); WO 96/01905 (increased threonine); WO 95/15392 (increased lysine); WO 01/79516; and WO 00/09706 (Ces A: cellulose synthase). 4. Genes that Control Male Sterility: There are several methods of conferring genetic male sterility available, such as multiple mutant genes at separate locations within the genome that confer male sterility, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,654,465 and 4,727,219 to Brar et al., and chromosomal translocations as described by Patterson in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,861,709 and 3,710,511. In addition to these methods, Albertsen et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,432,068, describes a system of nuclear male sterility which includes: identifying a gene which is critical to male fertility; silencing this native gene which is critical to male fertility; removing the native promoter from the essential male fertility gene and replacing it with an inducible promoter; inserting this genetically engineered gene back into the plant; and thus creating a plant that is male sterile because the inducible promoter is not “on” resulting in the male fertility gene not being transcribed. Fertility is restored by inducing, or turning “on,” the promoter, which in turn allows the gene that confers male fertility to be transcribed. A. Introduction of a deacetylase gene under the control of a tapetum-specific promoter and with the application of the chemical N-Ac-PPT. See, International Publication WO 01/29237. B. Introduction of various stamen-specific promoters. See, International Publications WO 92/13956 and WO 92/13957. C. Introduction of the barnase and the barstar genes. See, Paul et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,19:611-622 (1992). For additional examples of nuclear male and female sterility systems and genes, see also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,859,341, 6,297,426, 5,478,369, 5,824,524, 5,850,014, and 6,265,640, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 5. Genes that Create a Site for Site Specific DNA Integration: This includes the introduction of FRT sites that may be used in the FLP/FRT system and/or Lox sites that may be used in the Cre/loxP system. See, for example, Lyznik et al., Site-Specific Recombination for Genetic Engineering in Plants,Plant Cell Rep,21:925-932 (2003) and WO 99/25821, which are hereby incorporated by reference. Other systems that may be used include the Gin recombinase of phage Mu (Maeser et al. (1991); Vicki Chandler, The Maize Handbook, Ch. 118 (Springer-Verlag 1994)); the Pin recombinase ofE. coli(Enomoto et al. (1983)); and the R/RS system of the pSR1 plasmid (Araki et al. (1992)). 6. Genes that Affect Abiotic Stress Resistance: Genes that affect abiotic stress resistance (including but not limited to flowering, pod and seed development, enhancement of nitrogen utilization efficiency, altered nitrogen responsiveness, drought resistance or tolerance, cold resistance or tolerance, and salt resistance or tolerance) and increased yield under stress. For example, see: WO 00/73475 where water use efficiency is altered through alteration of malate; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,892,009, 5,965,705, 5,929,305, 5,891,859, 6,417,428, 6,664,446, 6,706,866, 6,717,034, 6,801,104, WO 2000/060089, WO 2001/026459, WO 2001/035725, WO 2001/034726, WO 2001/035727, WO 2001/036444, WO 2001/036597, WO 2001/036598, WO 2002/015675, WO 2002/017430, WO 2002/077185, WO 2002/079403, WO 2003/013227, WO 2003/013228, WO 2003/014327, WO 2004/031349, WO 2004/076638, WO 98/09521, and WO 99/38977 describing genes, including CBF genes and transcription factors effective in mitigating the negative effects of freezing, high salinity, and drought on plants, as well as conferring other positive effects on plant phenotype; U.S. Publ. No. 2004/0148654 and WO 01/36596, where abscisic acid is altered in plants resulting in improved plant phenotype, such as increased yield and/or increased tolerance to abiotic stress; WO 2000/006341, WO 04/090143, U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,531,723 and 6,992,237, where cytokinin expression is modified resulting in plants with increased stress tolerance, such as drought tolerance, and/or increased yield. See also, WO 02/02776, WO 2003/052063, JP 2002281975, U.S. Pat. No. 6,084,153, WO 01/64898, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,177,275 and 6,107,547 (enhancement of nitrogen utilization and altered nitrogen responsiveness). For ethylene alteration, see, U.S. Publ. Nos. 2004/0128719, 2003/0166197, and WO 2000/32761. For plant transcription factors or transcriptional regulators of abiotic stress, see, e.g., U.S. Publ. Nos. 2004/0098764 or 2004/0078852. Other genes and transcription factors that affect plant growth and agronomic traits, such as yield, flowering, plant growth, and/or plant structure, can be introduced or introgressed into plants. See, e.g., WO 97/49811 (LHY), WO 98/56918 (ESD4), WO 97/10339, U.S. Pat. No. 6,573,430 (TFL), 6,713,663 (FT), 6,794,560, 6,307,126 (GAI), WO 96/14414 (CON), WO 96/38560, WO 01/21822 (VRN1), WO 00/44918 (VRN2), WO 99/49064 (GI), WO 00/46358 (FRI), WO 97/29123, WO 99/09174 (D8 and Rht), WO 2004/076638, and WO 004/031349 (transcription factors). Methods for Soybean Transformation Numerous methods for plant transformation have been developed including biological and physical plant transformation protocols. See, for example, Miki et al., “Procedures for Introducing Foreign DNA into Plants,” inMethods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Glick and Thompson Eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, pp. 67-88 (1993). In addition, expression vectors and in-vitro culture methods for plant cell or tissue transformation and regeneration of plants are available. See, for example, Gruber et al., “Vectors for Plant Transformation,” inMethods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Glick and Thompson Eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, pp. 89-119 (1993). A.Agrobacterium-mediated Transformation—One method for introducing an expression vector into plants is based on the natural transformation system ofAgrobacterium. See, for example, Horsch et al., Science,227:1229 (1985).A. tumefaciensandA. rhizogenesare plant pathogenic soil bacteria which genetically transform plant cells. The Ti and Ri plasmids ofA. tumefaciensandA. rhizogenes, respectively, carry genes responsible for genetic transformation of the plant. See, for example, Kado, C. I.,Crit. Rev. Plant Sci.,10:1 (1991). Descriptions ofAgrobacteriumvector systems and methods forAgrobacterium-mediated gene transfer are provided by Gruber et al., supra, Miki et al., supra, and Moloney et al.,Plant Cell Reports,8:238 (1989). See also, U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,055 (Townsend and Thomas), issued Oct. 8, 1996. B. Direct Gene Transfer—Several methods of plant transformation, collectively referred to as direct gene transfer, have been developed as an alternative toAgrobacterium-mediated transformation. A generally applicable method of plant transformation is microprojectile-mediated transformation where DNA is carried on the surface of microprojectiles measuring 1 to 4 sm. The expression vector is introduced into plant tissues with a biolistic device that accelerates the microprojectiles to speeds of 300 to 600 m/s which is sufficient to penetrate plant cell walls and membranes. Sanford et al.,Part. Sci. Technol.,5:27 (1987); Sanford, J. C.,Trends Biotech.,6:299 (1988); Klein et al.,Bio/Tech.,6:559-563 (1988); Sanford, J. C.,Physiol Plant,7:206 (1990); Klein et al.,Biotechnology,10:268 (1992). See also, U.S. Pat. No. 5,015,580 (Christou et al.), issued May 14, 1991 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,322,783 (Tomes et al.), issued Jun. 21, 1994. Another method for physical delivery of DNA to plants is sonication of target cells. Zhang et al.,Bio/Technology,9:996 (1991). Alternatively, liposome and spheroplast fusion have been used to introduce expression vectors into plants. Deshayes et al.,EMBO J.,4:2731 (1985); Christou et al.,Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,84:3962 (1987). Direct uptake of DNA into protoplasts using CaCl2) precipitation, polyvinyl alcohol or poly-L-ornithine have also been reported. Hain et al.,Mol. Gen. Genet.,199:161 (1985) and Draper et al.,Plant Cell Physiol.,23:451 (1982). Electroporation of protoplasts and whole cells and tissues have also been described (Donn et al., In Abstracts of VIIthInternational Congress onPlant Celland Tissue Culture IAPTC, A2-38, p. 53 (1990); D'Halluin et al.,Plant Cell,4:1495-1505 (1992); and Spencer et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,24:51-61 (1994)). Following transformation of soybean target tissues, expression of the above-described selectable marker genes allows for preferential selection of transformed cells, tissues, and/or plants, using regeneration and selection methods well known in the art. The foregoing methods for transformation would typically be used for producing a transgenic cultivar. The transgenic cultivar could then be crossed with another (non-transformed or transformed) cultivar in order to produce a new transgenic cultivar. Alternatively, a genetic trait that has been engineered into a particular soybean line using the foregoing transformation techniques could be moved into another line using traditional backcrossing techniques that are well known in the plant breeding arts. For example, a backcrossing approach could be used to move an engineered trait from a public, non-elite cultivar into an elite cultivar, or from a cultivar containing a foreign gene in its genome into a cultivar or cultivars that do not contain that gene. As used herein, “crossing” can refer to a simple x by y cross or the process of backcrossing depending on the context. Genetic Marker Profile Through SSR and First Generation Progeny In addition to phenotypic observations, a plant can also be identified by its genotype. The genotype of a plant can be characterized through a genetic marker profile which can identify plants of the same cultivar, or a related cultivar, or be used to determine or validate a pedigree. Genetic marker profiles can be obtained by techniques such as Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs), Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs), Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) (which are also referred to as Microsatellites), and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). For example, see, Cregan et al., “An Integrated Genetic Linkage Map of the Soybean Genome,”Crop Science,39:1464-1490 (1999) and Berry et al., “Assessing Probability of Ancestry Using Simple Sequence Repeat Profiles: Applications to Maize Inbred Lines and Soybean Varieties,”Genetics,165:331-342 (2003), each of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. Particular markers used for these purposes are not limited to any particular set of markers, but are envisioned to include any type of marker and marker profile which provides a means of distinguishing varieties. One method of comparison is to use only homozygous loci for soybean cultivar 06380605. Primers and PCR protocols for assaying these and other markers are disclosed in the Soybase (sponsored by the USDAAgricultural ResearchService and Iowa State University). In addition to being used for identification of soybean cultivar 06380605, and plant parts and plant cells of soybean cultivar 06380605, the genetic profile may be used to identify a soybean plant produced through the use of soybean cultivar 06380605 or to verify a pedigree for progeny plants produced through the use of soybean cultivar 06380605. The genetic marker profile is also useful in breeding and developing backcross conversions. The present invention provides in one embodiment a soybean plant cultivar characterized by molecular and physiological data obtained from the representative sample of said cultivar deposited with the Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Marine Algae and Microbiota (NCMA). Further provided by the invention is a soybean plant formed by the combination of the disclosed soybean plant or plant cell with another soybean plant or cell and comprising the homozygous alleles of the cultivar. Means of performing genetic marker profiles using SSR polymorphisms are well known in the art. SSRs are genetic markers based on polymorphisms in repeated nucleotide sequences, such as microsatellites. A marker system based on SSRs can be highly informative in linkage analysis relative to other marker systems in that multiple alleles may be present. Another advantage of this type of marker is that, through use of flanking primers, detection of SSRs can be achieved, for example, by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), thereby eliminating the need for labor-intensive Southern hybridization. PCR detection is done by use of two oligonucleotide primers flanking the polymorphic segment of repetitive DNA. Repeated cycles of heat denaturation of the DNA followed by annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences at low temperatures, and extension of the annealed primers with DNA polymerase, comprise the major part of the methodology. Following amplification, markers can be scored by electrophoresis of the amplification products. Scoring of marker genotype is based on the size of the amplified fragment, which may be measured by the number of base pairs of the fragment. While variation in the primer used or in laboratory procedures can affect the reported fragment size, relative values should remain constant regardless of the specific primer or laboratory used. When comparing varieties it is preferable if all SSR profiles are performed in the same lab. Primers used are publicly available and may be found in the Soybase or Cregan supra. See also, PCT Publication No. WO 99/31964 (Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Soybean); U.S. Pat. No. 6,162,967 (Positional Cloning of Soybean Cyst Nematode Resistance Genes); and U.S. Pat. No. 7,288,386 (Soybean Sudden Death Syndrome Resistant Soybeans and Methods of Breeding and Identifying Resistant Plants), the disclosure of which are incorporated herein by reference. The SSR profile of soybean plant 06380605 can be used to identify plants comprising soybean cultivar 06380605 as a parent, since such plants will comprise the same homozygous alleles as soybean cultivar 06380605. Because the soybean cultivar is essentially homozygous at all relevant loci, most loci should have only one type of allele present. In contrast, a genetic marker profile of an F1progeny should be the sum of those parents, e.g., if one parent was homozygous for allele x at a particular locus, and the other parent homozygous for allele y at that locus, then the F1progeny will be xy (heterozygous) at that locus. Subsequent generations of progeny produced by selection and breeding are expected to be of genotype x (homozygous), y (homozygous), or xy (heterozygous) for that locus position. When the F1plant is selfed or sibbed for successive filial generations, the locus should be either x or y for that position. In addition, plants and plant parts substantially benefiting from the use of soybean cultivar 06380605 in their development, such as soybean cultivar 06380605 comprising a backcross conversion, transgene, or genetic sterility factor, may be identified by having a molecular marker profile with a high percent identity to soybean cultivar 06380605. Such a percent identity might be 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, or 99.9% identical to soybean cultivar 06380605. The SSR profile of soybean cultivar 06380605 can also be used to identify essentially derived varieties and other progeny varieties developed from the use of soybean cultivar 06380605, as well as cells and other plant parts thereof. Such plants may be developed using the markers identified in WO 00/31964, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,162,967, and 7,288,386. Progeny plants and plant parts produced using soybean cultivar 06380605 may be identified by having a molecular marker profile of at least 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 99.5% genetic contribution from soybean cultivar, as measured by either percent identity or percent similarity. Such progeny may be further characterized as being within a pedigree distance of soybean cultivar 06380605, such as within 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or less cross-pollinations to a soybean plant other than soybean cultivar 06380605 or a plant that has soybean cultivar 06380605 as a progenitor. Unique molecular profiles may be identified with other molecular tools such as SNPs and RFLPs. While determining the SSR genetic marker profile of the plants described supra, several unique SSR profiles may also be identified which did not appear in either parent of such plant. Such unique SSR profiles may arise during the breeding process from recombination or mutation. A combination of several unique alleles provides a means of identifying a plant cultivar, an F1progeny produced from such cultivar, and progeny produced from such cultivar. Single-Gene Conversions When the term “soybean plant” is used in the context of the present invention, this also includes any single gene conversions of that cultivar. The term single gene converted plant as used herein refers to those soybean plants which are developed by a plant breeding technique called backcrossing wherein essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of a cultivar are recovered in addition to the single gene transferred into the cultivar via the backcrossing technique. By “essentially all” as used herein in the context of morphological and physiological characteristics it is meant that the characteristics of a plant are recovered that are otherwise present when compared in the same environment, other than occasional variant traits that might arise during backcrossing or direct introduction of a transgene. It is understood that a locus introduced by backcrossing may or may not be transgenic in origin, and thus the term backcrossing specifically includes backcrossing to introduce loci that were created by genetic transformation. Backcrossing methods can be used with the present invention to improve or introduce a characteristic into the cultivar. The term “backcrossing” as used herein refers to the repeated crossing of a hybrid progeny back to the recurrent parent, i.e., backcrossing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or more times to the recurrent parent. The parental soybean plant that contributes the gene for the desired characteristic is termed the nonrecurrent or donor parent. This terminology refers to the fact that the nonrecurrent parent is used one time in the backcross protocol and therefore does not recur. The parental soybean plant to which the gene or genes from the nonrecurrent parent are transferred is known as the recurrent parent as it is used for several rounds in the backcrossing protocol (Poehlman & Sleper (1994); Fehr, Principles of Cultivar Development, pp. 261-286 (1987)). In a typical backcross protocol, the original cultivar of interest (recurrent parent) is crossed to a second cultivar (nonrecurrent parent) that carries the single gene of interest to be transferred. The resulting progeny from this cross are then crossed again to the recurrent parent and the process is repeated until a soybean plant is obtained wherein essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of the recurrent parent are recovered in the converted plant, in addition to the single transferred gene from the nonrecurrent parent. The selection of a suitable recurrent parent is an important step for a successful backcrossing procedure. The goal of a backcross protocol is to alter or substitute a single trait or characteristic in the original cultivar. To accomplish this, a single gene of the recurrent cultivar is modified or substituted with the desired gene from the nonrecurrent parent, while retaining essentially all of the rest of the genetic, and therefore the morphological and physiological constitution of the original cultivar. The choice of the particular nonrecurrent parent will depend on the purpose of the backcross; one of the major purposes is to add some agronomically important trait to the plant. The exact backcrossing protocol will depend on the characteristic or trait being altered to determine an appropriate testing protocol. Although backcrossing methods are simplified when the characteristic being transferred is a dominant allele, a recessive allele may also be transferred. In this instance it may be necessary to introduce a test of the progeny to determine if the desired characteristic has been successfully transferred. Many single gene traits have been identified that are not regularly selected for in the development of a new cultivar but that can be improved by backcrossing techniques. Single gene traits may or may not be transgenic. Examples of these traits include, but are not limited to, male sterility, waxy starch, herbicide resistance, resistance for bacterial, fungal, or viral disease, insect resistance, male fertility, enhanced nutritional quality, industrial usage, yield stability, and yield enhancement. These genes are generally inherited through the nucleus. Several of these single gene traits are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,959,185, 5,973,234, and 5,977,445, the disclosures of which are specifically hereby incorporated by reference. Introduction of a New Trait or Locus into Soybean Cultivar 06380605 Cultivar 06380605 represents a new base genetic cultivar into which a new locus or trait may be introgressed. Direct transformation and backcrossing represent two important methods that can be used to accomplish such an introgression. The term backcross conversion and single locus conversion are used interchangeably to designate the product of a backcrossing program. Backcross Conversions of Soybean Cultivar 06380605 A backcross conversion of soybean cultivar 06380605 occurs when DNA sequences are introduced through backcrossing (Hallauer et al., “Corn Breeding,”Corn and Corn Improvements, No. 18, pp. 463-481 (1988)), with soybean cultivar 06380605 utilized as the recurrent parent. Both naturally occurring and transgenic DNA sequences may be introduced through backcrossing techniques. A backcross conversion may produce a plant with a trait or locus conversion in at least two or more backcrosses, including at least 2 crosses, at least 3 crosses, at least 4 crosses, at least 5 crosses, and the like. Molecular marker assisted breeding or selection may be utilized to reduce the number of backcrosses necessary to achieve the backcross conversion. For example, see, Openshaw, S. J. et al., Marker-assisted Selection in Backcross Breeding,Proceedings Symposium of the Analysis of Molecular Data, Crop Science Society of America, Corvallis, Oregon (August 1994), where it is demonstrated that a backcross conversion can be made in as few as two backcrosses. The complexity of the backcross conversion method depends on the type of trait being transferred (single genes or closely linked genes as compared to unlinked genes), the level of expression of the trait, the type of inheritance (cytoplasmic or nuclear), and the types of parents included in the cross. It is understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that for single gene traits that are relatively easy to classify, the backcross method is effective and relatively easy to manage. (See, Hallauer et al.,Corn and Corn Improvement, Sprague and Dudley, Third Ed. (1998)). Desired traits that may be transferred through backcross conversion include, but are not limited to, sterility (nuclear and cytoplasmic), fertility restoration, nutritional enhancements, drought tolerance, nitrogen utilization, altered fatty acid profile, low phytate, industrial enhancements, disease resistance (bacterial, fungal, or viral), insect resistance, and herbicide resistance. In addition, an introgression site itself, such as an FRT site, Lox site, or other site specific integration site, may be inserted by backcrossing and utilized for direct insertion of one or more genes of interest into a specific plant cultivar. A single locus may contain several transgenes, such as a transgene for disease resistance that, in the same expression vector, also contains a transgene for herbicide resistance. The gene for herbicide resistance may be used as a selectable marker and/or as a phenotypic trait. A single locus conversion of site specific integration system allows for the integration of multiple genes at the converted loci. The backcross conversion may result from either the transfer of a dominant allele or a recessive allele. Selection of progeny containing the trait of interest is accomplished by direct selection for a trait associated with a dominant allele. Transgenes transferred via backcrossing typically function as a dominant single gene trait and are relatively easy to classify. Selection of progeny for a trait that is transferred via a recessive allele requires growing and selfing the first backcross generation to determine which plants carry the recessive alleles. Recessive traits may require additional progeny testing in successive backcross generations to determine the presence of the locus of interest. The last backcross generation is usually selfed to give pure breeding progeny for the gene(s) being transferred, although a backcross conversion with a stably introgressed trait may also be maintained by further backcrossing to the recurrent parent with selection for the converted trait. Along with selection for the trait of interest, progeny are selected for the phenotype of the recurrent parent. The backcross is a form of inbreeding, and the features of the recurrent parent are automatically recovered after successive backcrosses. Poehlman,Breeding Field Crops, p. 204 (1987). Poehlman suggests from one to four or more backcrosses, but as noted above, the number of backcrosses necessary can be reduced with the use of molecular markers. Other factors, such as a genetically similar donor parent, may also reduce the number of backcrosses necessary. As noted by Poehlman, backcrossing is easiest for simply inherited, dominant, and easily recognized traits. One process for adding or modifying a trait or locus in soybean cultivar 06380605 comprises crossing soybean cultivar 06380605 plants grown from soybean cultivar 06380605 seed with plants of another soybean cultivar that comprise the desired trait or locus, selecting F1progeny plants that comprise the desired trait or locus to produce selected F1progeny plants, crossing the selected progeny plants with the soybean cultivar 06380605 plants to produce backcross progeny plants, selecting for backcross progeny plants that have the desired trait or locus and the morphological characteristics of soybean cultivar 06380605 to produce selected backcross progeny plants, and backcrossing to soybean cultivar 06380605 three or more times in succession to produce selected fourth or higher backcross progeny plants that comprise said trait or locus. The modified soybean cultivar 06380605 may be further characterized as having the morphological and physiological characteristics of soybean cultivar 06380605 listed in Table 1 as determined at the 5% significance level when grown in the same environmental conditions and/or may be characterized by percent similarity or identity to soybean cultivar 06380605 as determined by SSR markers. The above method may be utilized with fewer backcrosses in appropriate situations, such as when the donor parent is highly related or markers are used in the selection step. Desired traits that may be used include those nucleic acids known in the art, some of which are listed herein, that will affect traits through nucleic acid expression or inhibition. Desired loci include the introgression of FRT, Lox, and other sites for site specific integration, which may also affect a desired trait if a functional nucleic acid is inserted at the integration site. In addition, the above process and other similar processes described herein may be used to produce first generation progeny soybean seed by adding a step at the end of the process that comprises crossing soybean cultivar 06380605 with the introgressed trait or locus with a different soybean plant and harvesting the resultant first generation progeny soybean seed. Tissue Culture Further reproduction of the cultivar can occur by tissue culture and regeneration. Tissue culture of various tissues of soybeans and regeneration of plants therefrom is well known and widely published. For example, reference may be had to Komatsuda, T. et al.,Crop Sci.,31:333-337 (1991); Stephens, P. A. et al.,Theor. Appl. Genet.,82:633-635 (1991); Komatsuda, T. et al.,Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture,28:103-113 (1992); Dhir, S. et al.,Plant Cell Reports,11:285-289 (1992); Pandey, P. et al.,Japan J. Breed.,42:1-5 (1992); and Shetty, K. et al.,Plant Science,81:245-251 (1992); as well as U.S. Pat. No. 5,024,944, issued Jun. 18, 1991 to Collins et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 5,008,200, issued Apr. 16, 1991 to Ranch et al. Thus, another aspect of this invention is to provide cells which upon growth and differentiation produce soybean plants having the morphological and physiological characteristics of soybean cultivar 06380605. As used herein, the term “tissue culture” indicates a composition comprising isolated cells of the same or a different type or a collection of such cells organized into parts of a plant. Exemplary types of tissue cultures are protoplasts, calli, plant clumps, and plant cells that can generate tissue culture that are intact in plants or parts of plants, such as embryos, pollen, flowers, seeds, pods, petioles, leaves, stems, roots, root tips, anthers, pistils, and the like. Means for preparing and maintaining plant tissue culture are well known in the art. By way of example, a tissue culture comprising organs has been used to produce regenerated plants. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,959,185, 5,973,234, and 5,977,445 describe certain techniques, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. Using Soybean Cultivar 06380605 to Develop Other Soybean Varieties Soybean varieties such as soybean cultivar 06380605 are typically developed for use in seed and grain production. However, soybean varieties such as soybean cultivar 06380605 also provide a source of breeding material that may be used to develop new soybean varieties. Plant breeding techniques known in the art and used in a soybean plant breeding program include, but are not limited to, recurrent selection, bulk selection, mass selection, backcrossing, pedigree breeding, open pollination breeding, restriction fragment length polymorphism enhanced selection, genetic marker enhanced selection, making double haploids, and transformation. Often combinations of these techniques are used. The development of soybean varieties in a plant breeding program requires, in general, the development and evaluation of homozygous varieties. There are many analytical methods available to evaluate a new cultivar. The oldest and most traditional method of analysis is the observation of phenotypic traits, but genotypic analysis may also be used. Additional Breeding Methods This invention is directed to methods for producing a soybean plant by crossing a first parent soybean plant with a second parent soybean plant wherein either the first or second parent soybean plant is cultivar 06380605. The other parent may be any other soybean plant, such as a soybean plant that is part of a synthetic or natural population. Any such methods using soybean cultivar 06380605 are part of this invention: selfing, sibbing, backcrosses, mass selection, pedigree breeding, bulk selection, hybrid production, crosses to populations, and the like. These methods are well known in the art and some of the more commonly used breeding methods are described below. Descriptions of breeding methods can be found in one of several reference books (e.g., Allard, Principles of Plant Breeding (1960); Simmonds, Principles of Crop Improvement (1979); Sneep et al. (1979); Fehr, “Breeding Methods for Cultivar Development,” Chapter 7, Soybean Improvement, Production and Uses, 2nd ed., Wilcox editor (1987)). The following describes breeding methods that may be used with soybean cultivar 06380605 in the development of further soybean plants. One such embodiment is a method for developing a cultivar 06380605 progeny soybean plant in a soybean plant breeding program comprising: obtaining the soybean plant, or a part thereof, of cultivar 06380605, utilizing said plant, or plant part, as a source of breeding material, and selecting a soybean cultivar 06380605 progeny plant with molecular markers in common with cultivar 06380605 and/or with morphological and/or physiological characteristics selected from the characteristics listed in Table 1. Breeding steps that may be used in the soybean plant breeding program include pedigree breeding, backcrossing, mutation breeding, and recurrent selection. In conjunction with these steps, techniques such as RFLP-enhanced selection, genetic marker enhanced selection (for example, SSR markers), and the making of double haploids may be utilized. Another method involves producing a population of soybean cultivar 06380605 progeny soybean plants, comprising crossing cultivar 06380605 with another soybean plant, thereby producing a population of soybean plants which, on average, derive 50% of their alleles from soybean cultivar 06380605. A plant of this population may be selected and repeatedly selfed or sibbed with a soybean cultivar resulting from these successive filial generations. One embodiment of this invention is the soybean cultivar produced by this method and that has obtained at least 50% of its alleles from soybean cultivar 06380605. One of ordinary skill in the art of plant breeding would know how to evaluate the traits of two plant varieties to determine if there is no significant difference between the two traits expressed by those varieties. For example, see, Fehr and Walt,Principles of Cultivar Development, pp. 261-286 (1987). Thus the invention includes soybean cultivar 06380605 progeny soybean plants comprising a combination of at least two cultivar 06380605 traits selected from the group consisting of those listed in Table 1 or the cultivar 06380605 combination of traits listed in the Summary of the Invention, so that said progeny soybean plant is not significantly different for said traits than soybean cultivar 06380605 as determined at the 5% significance level when grown in the same environmental conditions. Using techniques described herein, molecular markers may be used to identify said progeny plant as a soybean cultivar 06380605 progeny plant. Mean trait values may be used to determine whether trait differences are significant, and preferably the traits are measured on plants grown under the same environmental conditions. Once such a cultivar is developed, its value is substantial since it is important to advance the germplasm base as a whole in order to maintain or improve traits such as yield, disease resistance, pest resistance, and plant performance in extreme environmental conditions. Progeny of soybean cultivar 06380605 may also be characterized through their filial relationship with soybean cultivar 06380605, as for example, being within a certain number of breeding crosses of soybean cultivar 06380605. A breeding cross is a cross made to introduce new genetics into the progeny, and is distinguished from a cross, such as a self or a sib cross, made to select among existing genetic alleles. The lower the number of breeding crosses in the pedigree, the closer the relationship between soybean cultivar 06380605 and its progeny. For example, progeny produced by the methods described herein may be within 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 breeding crosses of soybean cultivar 06380605. As used herein, the term “plant” includes plant cells, plant protoplasts, plant cell tissue cultures from which soybean plants can be regenerated, plant calli, plant clumps, and plant cells that are intact in plants or parts of plants, such as embryos, pollen, ovules, flowers, pods, leaves, roots, root tips, anthers, cotyledons, hypocotyls, meristematic cells, stems, pistils, petiole, and the like. Pedigree Breeding Pedigree breeding starts with the crossing of two genotypes, such as soybean cultivar 06380605 and another soybean cultivar having one or more desirable characteristics that is lacking or which complements soybean cultivar 06380605. If the two original parents do not provide all the desired characteristics, other sources can be included in the breeding population. In the pedigree method, superior plants are selfed and selected in successive filial generations. In the succeeding filial generations, the heterozygous condition gives way to homogeneous varieties as a result of self-pollination and selection. Typically in the pedigree method of breeding, five or more successive filial generations of selfing and selection is practiced: F1to F2; F2to F3; F3to F4; F4to F5; etc. After a sufficient amount of inbreeding, successive filial generations will serve to increase seed of the developed cultivar. Preferably, the developed cultivar comprises homozygous alleles at about 95% or more of its loci. In addition to being used to create a backcross conversion, backcrossing can also be used in combination with pedigree breeding. As discussed previously, backcrossing can be used to transfer one or more specifically desirable traits from one cultivar, the donor parent, to a developed cultivar called the recurrent parent, which has overall good agronomic characteristics yet lacks that desirable trait or traits. However, the same procedure can be used to move the progeny toward the genotype of the recurrent parent, but at the same time retain many components of the nonrecurrent parent by stopping the backcrossing at an early stage and proceeding with selfing and selection. For example, a soybean cultivar may be crossed with another cultivar to produce a first generation progeny plant. The first generation progeny plant may then be backcrossed to one of its parent varieties to create a BC1or BC2. Progeny are selfed and selected so that the newly developed cultivar has many of the attributes of the recurrent parent and yet several of the desired attributes of the nonrecurrent parent. This approach leverages the value and strengths of the recurrent parent for use in new soybean varieties. Therefore, an embodiment of this invention is a method of making a backcross conversion of soybean cultivar 06380605, comprising the steps of crossing a plant of soybean cultivar 06380605 with a donor plant comprising a desired trait, selecting an F1progeny plant comprising the desired trait, and backcrossing the selected F1progeny plant to a plant of soybean cultivar 06380605. This method may further comprise the step of obtaining a molecular marker profile of soybean cultivar 06380605 and using the molecular marker profile to select for a progeny plant with the desired trait and the molecular marker profile of soybean cultivar 06380605. In one embodiment, the desired trait is a mutant gene or transgene present in the donor parent. Recurrent Selection and Mass Selection Recurrent selection is a method used in a plant breeding program to improve a population of plants. Soybean cultivar 06380605 is suitable for use in a recurrent selection program. The method entails individual plants cross pollinating with each other to form progeny. The progeny are grown and the superior progeny selected by any number of selection methods, which include individual plant, half-sib progeny, full-sib progeny, and selfed progeny. The selected progeny are cross pollinated with each other to form progeny for another population. This population is planted and again superior plants are selected to cross pollinate with each other. Recurrent selection is a cyclical process and therefore can be repeated as many times as desired. The objective of recurrent selection is to improve the traits of a population. The improved population can then be used as a source of breeding material to obtain new varieties for commercial or breeding use, including the production of a synthetic cultivar. A synthetic cultivar is the resultant progeny formed by the intercrossing of several selected varieties. Mass selection is a useful technique when used in conjunction with molecular marker enhanced selection. In mass selection, seeds from individuals are selected based on phenotype or genotype. These selected seeds are then bulked and used to grow the next generation. Bulk selection requires growing a population of plants in a bulk plot, allowing the plants to self-pollinate, harvesting the seed in bulk, and then using a sample of the seed harvested in bulk to plant the next generation. Also, instead of self-pollination, directed pollination could be used as part of the breeding program. Mutation Breeding Mutation breeding is another method of introducing new traits into soybean cultivar 06380605. Mutations that occur spontaneously or are artificially induced can be useful sources of variability for a plant breeder. The goal of artificial mutagenesis is to increase the rate of mutation for a desired characteristic. Mutation rates can be increased by many different means including temperature, long-term seed storage, tissue culture conditions, radiation; such as X-rays, Gamma rays (e.g., cobalt 60 or cesium 137), neutrons, (product of nuclear fission by uranium 235 in an atomic reactor), Beta radiation (emitted from radioisotopes such as phosphorus 32 or carbon 14), or ultraviolet radiation (preferably from 2500 to 2900 nm), or chemical mutagens (such as base analogues (5-bromo-uracil)), related compounds (8-ethoxy caffeine), antibiotics (streptonigrin), alkylating agents (sulfur mustards, nitrogen mustards, epoxides, ethylenamines, sulfates, sulfonates, sulfones, lactones), azide, hydroxylamine, nitrous acid, or acridines. Once a desired trait is observed through mutagenesis the trait may then be incorporated into existing germplasm by traditional breeding techniques. Details of mutation breeding can be found in Fehr, “Principles of Cultivar Development,” Macmillan Publishing Company (1993). In addition, mutations created in other soybean plants may be used to produce a backcross conversion of soybean cultivar 06380605 that comprises such mutation. Breeding with Molecular Markers Molecular markers, which includes markers identified through the use of techniques such as Isozyme Electrophoresis, Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs), Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs), Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs), and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), may be used in plant breeding methods utilizing soybean cultivar 06380605. Isozyme Electrophoresis and RFLPs have been widely used to determine genetic composition. Shoemaker and Olsen, Molecular Linkage Map of Soybean (Glycine maxL. Merr.), pp. 6.131-6.138 (1993). In S. J. O'Brien (ed.), Genetic Maps: Locus Maps of Complex Genomes, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, developed a molecular genetic linkage map that consisted of 25 linkage groups with about 365 RFLP, 11 RAPD, 3 classical markers, and 4 isozyme loci. See also, Shoemaker, R. C., 1994 RFLP Map of Soybean, pp. 299-309; In R. L. Phillips and I. K. Vasil (ed.),DNA-based markers in plants, Kluwer Academic Press Dordrecht, the Netherlands. SSR technology is currently the most efficient and practical marker technology. More marker loci can be routinely used, and more alleles per marker locus can be found, using SSRs in comparison to RFLPs. For example, Diwan and Cregan described a highly polymorphic microsatellite loci in soybean with as many as 26 alleles. (Diwan, N. and Cregan. P. B., Automated sizing of fluorescent-labelled simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to assay genetic variation in Soybean,Theor. Appl. Genet.,95:220-225 (1997). Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms may also be used to identify the unique genetic composition of the invention and progeny varieties retaining that unique genetic composition. Various molecular marker techniques may be used in combination to enhance overall resolution. Soybean DNA molecular marker linkage maps have been rapidly constructed and widely implemented in genetic studies. One such study is described in Cregan et al., “An Integrated Genetic Linkage Map of the Soybean Genome,”Crop Science,39:1464-1490 (1999). Sequences and PCR conditions of SSR Loci in Soybean, as well as the most current genetic map, may be found in Soybase on the World Wide Web. One use of molecular markers is Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) mapping. QTL mapping is the use of markers, which are known to be closely linked to alleles that have measurable effects on a quantitative trait. Selection in the breeding process is based upon the accumulation of markers linked to the positive effecting alleles and/or the elimination of the markers linked to the negative effecting alleles from the plant's genome. Molecular markers can also be used during the breeding process for the selection of qualitative traits. For example, markers closely linked to alleles or markers containing sequences within the actual alleles of interest can be used to select plants that contain the alleles of interest during a backcrossing breeding program. The markers can also be used to select for the genome of the recurrent parent and against the genome of the donor parent. Using this procedure can minimize the amount of genome from the donor parent that remains in the selected plants. It can also be used to reduce the number of crosses back to the recurrent parent needed in a backcrossing program. The use of molecular markers in the selection process is often called genetic marker enhanced selection. Molecular markers may also be used to identify and exclude certain sources of germplasm as parental varieties or ancestors of a plant by providing a means of tracking genetic profiles through crosses. Production of Double Haploids The production of double haploids can also be used for the development of plants with a homozygous phenotype in the breeding program. For example, a soybean plant for which soybean cultivar 06380605 is a parent can be used to produce double haploid plants. Double haploids are produced by the doubling of a set of chromosomes (1 N) from a heterozygous plant to produce a completely homozygous individual. For example, see, Wan et al., “Efficient Production of Doubled Haploid Plants Through Colchicine Treatment of Anther-Derived Maize Callus,”Theoretical and Applied Genetics,77:889-892 (1989) and U.S. Pat. No. 7,135,615. This can be advantageous because the process omits the generations of selfing needed to obtain a homozygous plant from a heterozygous source. Haploid induction systems have been developed for various plants to produce haploid tissues, plants and seeds. The haploid induction system can produce haploid plants from any genotype by crossing a selected line (as female) with an inducer line. Such inducer lines for maize include Stock 6 (Coe,Am. Nat.,93:381-382 (1959); Sharkar and Coe,Genetics,54:453-464 (1966); KEMS (Deimling, Roeber, and Geiger,Vortr. Pflanzenzuchtg,38:203-224 (1997); or KMS and ZMS (Chalyk, Bylich & Chebotar,MNL,68:47 (1994); Chalyk & Chebotar,Plant Breeding,119:363-364 (2000)); and indeterminate gametophyte (ig) mutation (Kermicle,Science,166:1422-1424 (1969). The disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. Methods for obtaining haploid plants are also disclosed in Kobayashi, M. et al.,Journ. of Heredity,71(1):9-14 (1980); Pollacsek, M., Agronomie (Paris) 12(3):247-251 (1992); Cho-Un-Haing et al.,Journ. of Plant Biol.,39(3):185-188 (1996); Verdoodt, L. et al., 96(2):294-300 (February 1998); Genetic Manipulation in Plant Breeding, Proceedings International Symposium Organized by EUCARPIA, Berlin, Germany (Sep. 8-13, 1985); Chalyk et al.,Maize Genet Coop., Newsletter 68:47 (1994). Thus, an embodiment of this invention is a process for making a substantially homozygous soybean cultivar 06380605 progeny plant by producing or obtaining a seed from the cross of soybean cultivar 06380605 and another soybean plant and applying double haploid methods to the F1seed or F1plant or to any successive filial generation. Based on studies in maize and currently being conducted in soybean, such methods would decrease the number of generations required to produce a cultivar with similar genetics or characteristics to soybean cultivar 06380605. See, Bernardo, R. and Kahler, A. L.,Theor. Appl. Genet.,102:986-992 (2001). In particular, a process of making seed retaining the molecular marker profile of soybean cultivar 06380605 is contemplated, such process comprising obtaining or producing F1seed for which soybean cultivar 06380605 is a parent, inducing doubled haploids to create progeny without the occurrence of meiotic segregation, obtaining the molecular marker profile of soybean cultivar 06380605, and selecting progeny that retain the molecular marker profile of soybean cultivar 06380605. Descriptions of other breeding methods that are commonly used for different traits and crops can be found in one of several reference books (e.g., Allard (1960); Simmonds (1979); Sneep et al. (1979); Fehr (1987)). Industrial Uses The seed of soybean cultivar 06380605, the plant produced from the seed, the hybrid soybean plant produced from the crossing of the cultivar with any other soybean plant, hybrid seed, and various parts of the hybrid soybean plant can be utilized for human food, livestock feed, and as a raw material in industry. The soybean seeds produced by soybean cultivar 06380605 can be crushed, or a component of the soybean seeds can be extracted, in order to comprise a commodity plant product, such as protein concentrate, protein isolate, soybean hulls, meal, flour, or oil for a food or feed product. Soybean cultivar 06380605 can be used to produce soybean oil. To produce soybean oil, the soybeans harvested from soybean cultivar 06380605 are cracked, adjusted for moisture content, rolled into flakes and the oil is solvent-extracted from the flakes with commercial hexane. The oil is then refined, blended for different applications, and sometimes hydrogenated. Soybean oils, both liquid and partially hydrogenated, are used domestically and exported, sold as “vegetable oil” or are used in a wide variety of processed foods. Soybean cultivar 06380605 can be used to produce meal. After oil is extracted from whole soybeans harvested from soybean cultivar 06380605, the remaining material or “meal” is “toasted” (a misnomer because the heat treatment is with moist steam) and ground in a hammer mill. Soybean meal is an essential element of the American production method of growing farm animals, such as poultry and swine, on an industrial scale that began in the 1930s; and more recently the aquaculture of catfish. Ninety-eight percent of the U.S. soybean crop is used for livestock feed. Soybean meal is also used in lower end dog foods. Soybean meal produced from soybean cultivar 06380605 can also be used to produce soybean protein concentrate and soybean protein isolate. In addition to soybean meal, soybean cultivar 06380605 can be used to produce soy flour. Soy flour refers to defatted soybeans where special care was taken during desolventizing (not toasted) to minimize denaturation of the protein and to retain a high Nitrogen Solubility Index (NSI) in making the flour. Soy flour is the starting material for production of soy concentrate and soy protein isolate. Defatted soy flour is obtained from solvent extracted flakes, and contains less than 1% oil. Full-fat soy flour is made from unextracted, dehulled beans, and contains about 18% to 20% oil. Due to its high oil content, a specialized Alpine Fine Impact Mill must be used for grinding rather than the more common hammer mill. Low-fat soy flour is made by adding back some oil to defatted soy flour. The lipid content varies according to specifications, usually between 4.5% and 9%. High-fat soy flour can also be produced by adding back soybean oil to defatted flour at the level of 15%. Lecithinated soy flour is made by adding soybean lecithin to defatted, low-fat or high-fat soy flours to increase their dispersibility and impart emulsifying properties. The lecithin content varies up to 15%. For human consumption, soybean cultivar 06380605 can be used to produce edible protein ingredients which offer a healthier, less expensive replacement for animal protein in meats, as well as in dairy-type products. The soybeans produced by soybean cultivar 06380605 can be processed to produce a texture and appearance similar to many other foods. For example, soybeans are the primary ingredient in many dairy product substitutes (e.g., soy milk, margarine, soy ice cream, soy yogurt, soy cheese, and soy cream cheese) and meat substitutes (e.g., veggie burgers). These substitutes are readily available in most supermarkets. Although soy milk does not naturally contain significant amounts of digestible calcium (the high calcium content of soybeans is bound to the insoluble constituents and remains in the soy pulp), many manufacturers of soy milk sell calcium-enriched products as well. Soy is also used in tempeh: the beans (sometimes mixed with grain) are fermented into a solid cake. Additionally, soybean cultivar 06380605 can be used to produce various types of “fillers” in meat and poultry products. Food service, retail, and institutional (primarily school lunch and correctional) facilities regularly use such “extended” products, that is, products which contain soy fillers. Extension may result in diminished flavor, but fat and cholesterol are reduced by adding soy fillers to certain products. Vitamin and mineral fortification can be used to make soy products nutritionally equivalent to animal protein; the protein quality is already roughly equivalent. The use of the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar referents in the context of describing the invention (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The terms “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and “containing” are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning “including, but not limited to,”) unless otherwise noted. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. For example, if the range 10-15 is disclosed, then 11, 12, 13, and 14 are also disclosed. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention. DEPOSIT INFORMATION Applicant has made a deposit of at least 625 seeds of the claimed soybean cultivar 06380605 with the Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Marine Algae and Microbiota (NCMA), 60 Bigelow Drive, East Boothbay, Maine, 04544 USA. The seeds are deposited under NCMA Accession No. 202203121. The date of the deposit is Mar. 25, 2022. The deposit has been accepted under the Budapest Treaty and will be maintained in the NCMA depository for a period of 30 years, or 5 years after the most recent request, or for the enforceable life of the patent, whichever is longer, and will be replaced if necessary during that period. Upon issuance, all restrictions on the availability to the public of the deposit will be irrevocably removed consistent with all of the requirements of the Budapest Treaty and 37 C.F.R. §§ 1.801-1.809. Applicant does not waive any infringement of rights granted under this patent or under the Plant Variety Protection Act (7 USC 2321 et seq.). While a number of exemplary aspects and embodiments have been discussed above, those of skill in the art will recognize certain modifications, permutations, additions and sub combinations thereof. It is therefore intended that the following appended claims and claims hereafter introduced are interpreted to include all such modifications, permutations, additions, and sub-combinations as are within their true spirit and scope.

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DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION In the description and tables that follow, a number of terms are used. In order to provide a clear and consistent understanding of the specification and claims, including the scope to be given such terms, the following definitions are provided: Abiotic stress: As used herein, abiotic stress relates to all non-living chemical and physical factors in the environment. Examples of abiotic stress include, but are not limited to, drought, flooding, salinity, temperature, and climate change. Allele. Any of one or more alternative forms of a genetic sequence. In a diploid cell or organism, the two alleles of a given sequence typically occupy corresponding loci on a pair of homologous chromosomes. Alter. The utilization of up-regulation, down-regulation, or gene silencing. Backcrossing. A process in which a breeder crosses progeny back to one of the parental genotypes one or more times. Commonly used to introduce one or more locus conversions from one genetic background into another. Breeding. The genetic manipulation of living organisms. BU/A. Bushels per Acre. The seed yield in bushels/acre is the actual yield of the grain at harvest. Brown Stem Rot. This is a visual disease score from 1 to 9 comparing all genotypes in a given test. The score is based on leaf symptoms of yellowing and necrosis caused by brown stem rot. Visual scores range from a score of 9, which indicates no symptoms, to a score of 1 which indicates severe symptoms of leaf yellowing and necrosis. Cell. Cell as used herein includes a plant cell, whether isolated, in tissue culture, or incorporated in a plant or plant part. Cotyledon. A cotyledon is a type of seed leaf. The cotyledon contains the food storage tissues of the seed. Cross-pollination. Fertilization by the union of two gametes from different plants. Diploid. A cell or organism having two sets of chromosomes. Embryo. The embryo is the small plant contained within a mature seed. Emergence. This score indicates the ability of the seed to emerge when planted 3″ deep in sand at a controlled temperature of 25° C. The number of plants that emerge each day are counted. Based on this data, each genotype is given a 1 to 9 score based on its rate of emergence and percent of emergence. A score of 9 indicates an excellent rate and percent of emergence, an intermediate score of 5 indicates average ratings and a score of 1 indicates a very poor rate and percent of emergence. F#. The “F” symbol denotes the filial generation, and the #is the generation number, such as F1, F2, F3, etc. Gene. As used herein, “gene” refers to a unit of inheritance corresponding to DNA or RNA that code for a type of protein or for an RNA chain that has a function in the organism. Gene Silencing. The interruption or suppression of the expression of a gene at the level of transcription or translation. Genotype. Refers to the genetic constitution of a cell or organism. Haploid. A cell or organism having one set of the two sets of chromosomes in a diploid. Hilum. This refers to the scar left on the seed that marks the place where the seed was attached to the pod prior to the seed being harvested. Hypocotyl. A hypocotyl is the portion of an embryo or seedling between the cotyledons and the root. Therefore, it can be considered a transition zone between shoot and root. Iron Deficiency Chlorosis. Iron deficiency chlorosis (IDC) is a yellowing of the leaves caused by a lack of iron in the soybean plant. Iron is essential in the formation of chlorophyll, which gives plants their green color. In high pH soils, iron becomes insoluble and cannot be absorbed by plant roots. Soybean cultivars differ in their genetic ability to utilize the available iron. A score of 9 means no stunting of the plants or yellowing of the leaves, and a score of 1 indicates the plants are dead or dying caused by iron deficiency, a score of 5 means plants have intermediate health with some leaf yellowing. Linkage. Refers to a phenomenon wherein alleles on the same chromosome tend to segregate together more often than expected by chance if their transmission was independent. Linkage Disequilibrium. Refers to a phenomenon wherein alleles tend to remain together in linkage groups when segregating from parents to offspring, with a greater frequency than expected from their individual frequencies. Linoleic Acid Percent. Linoleic acid is one of the five most abundant fatty acids in soybean seeds. It is measured by gas chromatography and is reported as a percent of the total oil content. Locus. A defined segment of DNA. Lodging Resistance. Lodging is rated on a scale of 1 to 9. A score of 9 indicates erect plants. A score of 5 indicates plants are leaning at a 450 angle in relation to the ground and a score of 1 indicates plants are lying on the ground. Maturity Date. Plants are considered mature when 95% of the pods have reached their mature color. The number of days are calculated either from August 31 or from the planting date. Maturity Group. This refers to an agreed upon industry division of groups of soybean varieties based on zones in which they are adapted, primarily according to day length or latitude. They consist of very long day length varieties (Groups 000, 00, 0), and extend to very short day length varieties (Groups VII, VIII, IX, X). Nucleic Acid. An acidic, chainlike biological macromolecule consisting of multiple repeat units of phosphoric acid, sugar and purine and pyrimidine bases. Relative Maturity (RM). The term relative maturity is a numerical value that is assigned to a soybean cultivar based on comparisons with the maturity values of other varieties. The number preceding the decimal point in the RM refers to the maturity group. The number following the decimal point refers to the relative earliness or lateness within each maturity group. For example, a 3.0 is an early group III cultivar, while a 3.9 is a late group III cultivar. Oil or Oil Percent. Soybean seeds contain a considerable amount of oil. Oil is measured by NIR spectrophotometry and is reported as a percentage basis. Oleic Acid Percent. Oleic acid is one of the five most abundant fatty acids in soybean seeds. It is measured by gas chromatography and is reported as a percent of the total oil content. Palmitic Acid Percent. Palmitic acid is one of the five most abundant fatty acids in soybean seeds. It is measured by gas chromatography and is reported as a percent of the total oil content. Pedigree. Refers to the lineage or genealogical descent of a plant. Pedigree Distance. Relationship among generations based on their ancestral links as evidenced in pedigrees. May be measured by the distance of the pedigree from a given starting point in the ancestry. Percent Identity. Percent identity as used herein refers to the comparison of the homozygous alleles of two soybean varieties. Percent identity is determined by comparing a statistically significant number of the homozygous alleles of two developed varieties. For example, a percent identity of 90% between soybean cultivar 1 and soybean cultivar 2 means that the two cultivars have the same allele at 90% of their loci. Percent Similarity. Percent similarity as used herein refers to the comparison of the homozygous alleles of a soybean cultivar such as soybean cultivar 02220303 with another plant, and if the homozygous allele of soybean cultivar 02220303 matches at least one of the alleles from the other plant, then they are scored as similar. Percent similarity is determined by comparing a statistically significant number of loci and recording the number of loci with similar alleles as a percentage. A percent similarity of 90% between soybean cultivar 02220303 and another plant means that soybean cultivar 02220303 matches at least one of the alleles of the other plant at 90% of the loci. PhytophthoraTolerance. Tolerance toPhytophthoraroot rot is rated on a scale of 1 to 9, with a score of 9 being the best or highest tolerance ranging down to a score of 1 which indicates the plants have no tolerance toPhytophthora. Phenotypic Score. The Phenotypic Score is a visual rating of general appearance of the cultivar. All visual traits are considered in the score including healthiness, standability, appearance, and freedom of disease. Ratings are scored from 1 being poor to 9 being excellent. Plant. As used herein, the term “plant” includes reference to an immature or mature whole plant, including a plant from which seed, grain, or anthers have been removed. Seed or embryo that will produce the plant is also considered to be the plant. Plant Height. Plant height is taken from the top of the soil to the top node of the plant and is measured in centimeters. Plant Parts. As used herein, the term “plant parts” (or a soybean plant, or a part thereof) includes but is not limited to protoplasts, leaves, stems, roots, root tips, anthers, pistils, seed, grain, embryo, pollen, ovules, cotyledon, hypocotyl, pod, flower, shoot, tissue, petiole, cells, meristematic cells, and the like. Pod. This refers to the fruit of a soybean plant. It consists of the hull or shell (pericarp) and the soybean seeds. Progeny. As used herein, includes an F1soybean plant produced from the cross of two soybean plants where at least one plant includes soybean cultivar 02220303 and progeny further includes, but is not limited to, subsequent F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7, F8, F9, and F10generational crosses with the recurrent parental line. Protein Percent. Soybean seeds contain a considerable amount of protein. Protein is generally measured by NIR spectrophotometry and is reported on an as is percentage basis. Pubescence. This refers to a covering of very fine hairs closely arranged on the leaves, stems, and pods of the soybean plant. Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL). Quantitative trait loci (QTL) refer to genetic loci that control to some degree numerically representable traits that are usually continuously distributed. Regeneration. Regeneration refers to the development of a plant from tissue culture. Seed Protein Peroxidase Activity. Seed protein peroxidase activity refers to a chemical taxonomic technique to separate cultivars based on the presence or absence of the peroxidase enzyme in the seed coat. There are two types of soybean cultivars; those having high peroxidase activity (dark red color) and those having low peroxidase activity (no color). Seed Yield (Bushels/Acre). The yield in bushels/acre is the actual yield of the grain at harvest. Seeds Per Pound. Soybean seeds vary in seed size; therefore, the number of seeds required to make up one pound also varies. The number of seeds per pound affect the pounds of seed required to plant a given area and can also impact end uses. Shattering. The amount of pod dehiscence prior to harvest. Pod dehiscence involves seeds falling from the pods to the soil. This is a visual score from 1 to 9 comparing all genotypes within a given test. A score of 9 means pods have not opened and no seeds have fallen out. A score of 5 indicates approximately 50% of the pods have opened, with seeds falling to the ground, and a score of 1 indicates 100% of the pods are opened. Single Locus Converted (Conversion). Single locus converted (conversion), also known as coisogenic plants, refers to plants which are developed by a plant breeding technique called backcrossing and/or by genetic transformation to introduce a given locus that is transgenic in origin, wherein essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of a soybean variety are recovered in addition to the characteristics of the locus transferred into the variety via the backcrossing technique or by genetic transformation. Breeding History The breeding history of the cultivar can be summarized as follows:2015-16 A cross with parentage 12462927-03×11MB43034-28-07-35 was made near Chacabuco, Argentina.2016 F1 populations were grown near Adel, Iowa and advanced using modified single seed descent.2016-17 F2 populations were grown near Chacabuco, Argentina and advanced using modified single seed descent.2017 F3 bulk populations were grown in the Midwest and single plants were pulled.2017-18 Plant rows were grown near Chacabuco, Argentina.2018 Yield trials were grown at 6 location in the Midwest. F5 single plants were pulled.2018-19 Plant rows were grown near Chacabuco, Argentina.2019 Based on yield from 2018 trials, 16MA30123-03-02 was advanced to 2019 PRYT trials.2020 Based on yield from 2019 trials, 16MA30123-03-02 was advanced to 2020 Elite yield trials. 16MA30123-03-02 was given variety designation 02220303. The cultivar has shown uniformity and stability, as described in the following variety description information. It has been self-pollinated a sufficient number of generations with careful attention to uniformity of plant type. The line has been increased with continued observation for uniformity. The results of an objective evaluation of the cultivar are presented in the table(s) that follow. TABLE 1DESCRIPTION OF SOYBEAN CULTIVAR 02220303Seed Coat Color (Mature Seed):YellowSeed Coat Luster (Mature Seed):DullCotyledon Color (Mature Seed):YellowLeaflet Shape:OvateGrowth Habit:IndeterminateFlower Color:PurpleHilum Color (Mature Seed):Imperfect Black and BuffPlant Pubescence Color:GrayPod Wall Color:TanMaturity Group:0Relative Maturity:0.4Plant Lodging Score:6.4Plant Height (cm):86Seed Size (# seed/lb):3065Seed % Protein:35.5Seed % Oil:20.0 Physiological Responses: Contains DAS-44406-6 event conferring tolerance to 2,4-D herbicides, glyphosate herbicides, and glufosinate herbicides. Event DAS-44406-6 is the subject of U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,491,288; 5,510,471; 5,633,448; 5,717,084; 5,728,925; 5,792,930; 6,063,601; 6,313,282; 6,338,961; 6,566,587; 8,283,522; 8,460,891; 8,916,752; 9,371,394; and 9,540,655, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. There is natural variation in soybeans caused by genetics and environment. Soybeans containing Event DAS-44406-6 (Enlist E3™ soybeans) are genetically yellow. From time to time, seed coat color variation may be observed in soybean seeds comprising Event DAS-44406-6 due to environment and other factors. This can include a light brown band connecting the ends of the hilum and/or light brown shadows on each side of the hilum of the yellow seed coat. Such seeds are however herein described based on genetics, i.e., as having yellow seed coat (hull) and yellow cotyledons. Disease Resistance:PhytophthoraRoot Rot—Rps 3a. This invention is also directed to methods for producing a soybean plant by crossing a first parent soybean plant with a second parent soybean plant, wherein the first or second soybean plant is the soybean plant from cultivar 02220303. Further, both first and second parent soybean plants may be from cultivar 02220303. Therefore, any methods using soybean cultivar 02220303 are part of this invention: selfing, backcrosses, hybrid breeding, and crosses to populations. Any plants produced using soybean cultivar 02220303 as at least one parent are within the scope of this invention. Additional methods include, but are not limited to, expression vectors introduced into plant tissues using a direct gene transfer method, such as microprojectile-mediated delivery, DNA injection, electroporation, and the like. More preferably, expression vectors are introduced into plant tissues by using either microprojectile-mediated delivery with a biolistic device or by usingAgrobacterium-mediated transformation. Transformant plants obtained with the germplasm of the invention are intended to be within the scope of this invention. Soybean cultivar 02220303 is similar to soybean cultivar 12462927-03. While similar to soybean cultivar 12462927-03 there are numerous differences including: soybean cultivar 02220303 has genes for resistance to glufosinate, glyphosate, and 2,4-D herbicides and soybean cultivar 12462927-03 does not contain these genes. Additionally, soybean cultivar 02220303 has purple flower color and gray plant pubescence color, while soybean cultivar 12462927-03 has white flower color and light tawny plant pubescence color. Further Embodiments of the Invention The advent of new molecular biological techniques has allowed the isolation and characterization of genetic elements with specific functions, such as encoding specific protein products. Scientists in the field of plant biology developed a strong interest in engineering the genome of plants to contain and express foreign genetic elements, or additional, or modified versions of native or endogenous genetic elements in order to alter the traits of a plant in a specific manner. Any DNA sequences, whether from a different species or from the same species, which are introduced into the genome using transformation or various breeding methods are referred to herein collectively as “transgenes.” In some embodiments of the invention, a transgenic variant of soybean cultivar 02220303 may contain at least one transgene but could contain at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and/or no more than 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, or 2. Over the last 15 to 20 years several methods for producing transgenic plants have been developed, and the present invention also relates to transgenic variants of the claimed soybean cultivar 02220303. Nucleic acids or polynucleotides refer to RNA or DNA that is linear or branched, single or double stranded, or a hybrid thereof. The term also encompasses RNA/DNA hybrids. These terms also encompass untranslated sequence located at both the 3′ and 5′ ends of the coding region of the gene: at least approximately 1000 nucleotides of sequence upstream from the 5′ end of the coding region and at least approximately 200 nucleotides of sequence downstream from the 3′ end of the coding region of the gene. Less common bases, such as inosine, 5-methylcytosine, 6-methyladenine, hypoxanthine and others can also be used for antisense, dsRNA and ribozyme pairing. For example, polynucleotides that contain C-5 propyne analogues of uridine and cytidine have been shown to bind RNA with high affinity and to be potent antisense inhibitors of gene expression. Other modifications, such as modification to the phosphodiester backbone, or the 2′-hydroxy in the ribose sugar group of the RNA can also be made. The antisense polynucleotides and ribozymes can consist entirely of ribonucleotides, or can contain mixed ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides. The polynucleotides of the invention may be produced by any means, including genomic preparations, cDNA preparations, in vitro synthesis, RT-PCR, and in vitro or in vivo transcription. One embodiment of the invention is a process for producing soybean cultivar 02220303 further comprising a desired trait, said process comprising introducing a transgene that confers a desired trait to a soybean plant of cultivar 02220303. Another embodiment is the product produced by this process. In one embodiment the desired trait may be one or more of herbicide resistance, insect resistance, disease resistance, decreased phytate, or modified fatty acid or carbohydrate metabolism. The specific gene may be any known in the art or listed herein, including: a polynucleotide conferring resistance to imidazolinone, dicamba, sulfonylurea, glyphosate, glufosinate, triazine, benzonitrile, cyclohexanedione, phenoxy propionic acid, and L-phosphinothricin; a polynucleotide encoding aBacillus thuringiensispolypeptide; a polynucleotide encoding phytase, FAD-2, FAD-3, galactinol synthase, or a raffinose synthetic enzyme; or a polynucleotide conferring resistance to soybean cyst nematode, brown stem rot,Phytophthoraroot rot, soybean mosaic virus, or sudden death syndrome. Numerous methods for plant transformation have been developed, including biological and physical plant transformation protocols. See, for example, Miki et al., “Procedures for Introducing Foreign DNA into Plants,” inMethods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Glick and Thompson Eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, pp. 67-88 (1993), and Armstrong, “The First Decade of Maize Transformation: A Review and Future Perspective,”Maydica,44:101-109 (1999). In addition, expression vectors and in vitro culture methods for plant cell or tissue transformation and regeneration of plants are available. See, for example, Gruber et al., “Vectors for Plant Transformation,” inMethods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Glick and Thompson Eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, pp. 89-119 (1993). A genetic trait which has been engineered into the genome of a particular soybean plant may then be moved into the genome of another cultivar using traditional breeding techniques that are well known in the plant breeding arts. For example, a backcrossing approach is commonly used to move a transgene from a transformed soybean cultivar into an already developed soybean cultivar, and the resulting backcross conversion plant would then comprise the transgene(s). Various genetic elements can be introduced into the plant genome using transformation. These elements include, but are not limited to, genes, coding sequences, inducible, constitutive and tissue specific promoters, enhancing sequences, and signal and targeting sequences. For example, see the traits, genes, and transformation methods listed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,118,055. Included among various plant transformation techniques are methods that permit the site-specific modification of a plant genome, including coding sequences, regulatory elements, non-coding and other DNA sequences in a plant genome. Such methods are well-known in the art and include, for example, use of the CRISPR-Cas system, zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), among others. Plant transformation may involve the construction of an expression vector which will function in plant cells. Such a vector can comprise DNA comprising a gene under control of, or operatively linked to, a regulatory element (for example, a promoter). The expression vector may contain one or more such operably linked gene/regulatory element combinations. The vector(s) may be in the form of a plasmid and can be used alone or in combination with other plasmids to provide transformed soybean plants using transformation methods as described below to incorporate transgenes into the genetic material of the soybean plant(s). Expression Vectors for Soybean Transformation: Marker Genes Expression vectors include at least one genetic marker operably linked to a regulatory element (for example, a promoter) that allows transformed cells containing the marker to be either recovered by negative selection, i.e., inhibiting growth of cells that do not contain the selectable marker gene, or by positive selection, i.e., screening for the product encoded by the genetic marker. Many commonly used selectable marker genes for plant transformation are well known in the transformation arts, and include, for example, genes that code for enzymes that metabolically detoxify a selective chemical agent which may be an antibiotic or an herbicide, or genes that encode an altered target which is insensitive to the inhibitor. A few positive selection methods are also known in the art. One commonly used selectable marker gene for plant transformation is the neomycin phosphotransferase II (nptII) gene which, when under the control of plant regulatory signals, confers resistance to kanamycin. Fraley et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,80:4803 (1983). Another commonly used selectable marker gene is the hygromycin phosphotransferase gene which confers resistance to the antibiotic hygromycin. Vanden Elzen et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,5:299 (1985). Additional selectable marker genes of bacterial origin that confer resistance to antibiotics include gentamycin acetyl transferase, streptomycin phosphotransferase and aminoglycoside-3′-adenyl transferase, the bleomycin resistance determinant (Hayford et al.,Plant Physiol.,86:1216 (1988); Jones et al.,Mol. Gen. Genet.,210:86 (1987); Svab et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,14:197 (1990); Hille et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,7:171 (1986)). Other selectable marker genes confer resistance to herbicides such as glyphosate, glufosinate, or bromoxynil (Comai et al.,Nature,317:741-744 (1985); Gordon-Kamm et al.,Plant Cell,2:603-618 (1990); Stalke et al.,Science,242:419-423 (1988)). Selectable marker genes for plant transformation not of bacterial origin include, for example, mouse dihydrofolate reductase, plant 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase, and plant acetolactate synthase (Eichholtz et al.,Somatic Cell Mol. Genet.,13:67 (1987); Shah et al.,Science,233:478 (1986); Charest et al.,Plant Cell Rep.,8:643 (1990)). Another class of marker genes for plant transformation requires screening of presumptively transformed plant cells, rather than direct genetic selection of transformed cells, for resistance to a toxic substance such as an antibiotic. These genes are particularly useful to quantify or visualize the spatial pattern of expression of a gene in specific tissues and are frequently referred to as reporter genes because they can be fused to a gene or gene regulatory sequence for the investigation of gene expression. Commonly used genes for screening presumptively transformed cells include β-glucuronidase (GUS), β-galactosidase, luciferase, and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (Jefferson, R. A.,Plant Mol. Biol. Rep.,5:387 (1987); Teeri et al.,EMBO J.,8:343 (1989); Koncz et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,84:131 (1987); DeBlock et al.,EMBO J.,3:1681 (1984)). In vivo methods for visualizing GUS activity that do not require destruction of plant tissue are available (Molecular Probes, Publication 2908, IMAGENE GREEN, pp. 1-4 (1993); Naleway et al.,J. Cell Biol.,115:151a (1991)). However, these in vivo methods for visualizing GUS activity have not proven useful for recovery of transformed cells because of low sensitivity, high fluorescent backgrounds, and limitations associated with the use of luciferase genes as selectable markers. More recently, a gene encoding Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) has been utilized as a marker for gene expression in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (Chalfie et al.,Science,263:802 (1994)). GFP and mutants of GFP may be used as screenable markers. Expression Vectors for Soybean Transformation: Promoters Genes included in expression vectors must be driven by a nucleotide sequence comprising a regulatory element (for example, a promoter). Several types of promoters are well known in the transformation arts as are other regulatory elements that can be used alone or in combination with promoters. As used herein, “promoter” includes reference to a region of DNA upstream from the start of transcription and involved in recognition and binding of RNA polymerase and other proteins to initiate transcription. A “plant promoter” is a promoter capable of initiating transcription in plant cells. Examples of promoters under developmental control include promoters that preferentially initiate transcription in certain tissues, such as leaves, roots, seeds, fibers, xylem vessels, tracheids, or sclerenchyma. Such promoters are referred to as “tissue-preferred.” Promoters that initiate transcription only in a certain tissue are referred to as “tissue-specific.” A “cell-type” specific promoter primarily drives expression in certain cell types in one or more organs, for example, vascular cells in roots or leaves. An “inducible” promoter is a promoter which is under environmental control. Examples of environmental conditions that may affect transcription by inducible promoters include anaerobic conditions or the presence of light. Tissue-specific, tissue-preferred, cell-type specific, and inducible promoters constitute the class of “non-constitutive” promoters. A “constitutive” promoter is a promoter that is active under most environmental conditions. A. Inducible Promoters—An inducible promoter is operably linked to a gene for expression in soybean. Optionally, the inducible promoter is operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal sequence which is operably linked to a gene for expression in soybean. With an inducible promoter the rate of transcription increases in response to an inducing agent. Any inducible promoter can be used in the instant invention. See, Ward et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,22:361-366 (1993). Exemplary inducible promoters include, but are not limited to, that from the ACEI system which responds to copper (Mett et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,90:4567-4571 (1993)); In2 gene from maize which responds to benzenesulfonamide herbicide safeners (Hershey et al.,Mol. Gen Genetics,227:229-237 (1991); Gatz et al.,Mol. Gen. Genetics,243:32-38 (1994)); or Tet repressor from Tn10 (Gatz et al.,Mol. Gen. Genetics,227:229-237 (1991)). A particularly preferred inducible promoter is a promoter that responds to an inducing agent to which plants do not normally respond. An exemplary inducible promoter is the inducible promoter from a steroid hormone gene, glucocorticoid response elements, the transcriptional activity of which is induced by a glucocorticoid hormone (Schena et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,88:10421-10425 (1991)). B. Constitutive Promoters—A constitutive promoter is operably linked to a gene for expression in soybean or the constitutive promoter is operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal sequence which is operably linked to a gene for expression in soybean. Many different constitutive promoters can be utilized in the instant invention. Exemplary constitutive promoters include, but are not limited to, the promoters from plant viruses such as the 35S promoter from CaMV (Odell et al.,Nature,313:810-812 (1985)) and the promoters from such genes as rice actin (McElroy et al.,Plant Cell,2: 163-171 (1990)); ubiquitin (Christensen et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,12:619-632 (1989); Christensen et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,18:675-689 (1992)); pEMU (Last et al.,Theor. Appl. Genet.,81:581-588 (1991)); MAS (Velten et al.,EMBO J.,3:2723-2730 (1984)); and maize H3 histone (Lepetit et al.,Mol. Gen. Genetics,231:276-285 (1992); Atanassova et al.,Plant Journal,2 (3): 291-300 (1992)). The ALS promoter, an Xbal/Ncol fragment 5′ to theBrassica napusALS3 structural gene (or a nucleotide sequence similarity to said Xbal/Ncol fragment), represents a particularly useful constitutive promoter. See PCT Application WO 96/30530. C. Tissue-Specific or Tissue-Preferred Promoters—A tissue-specific promoter is operably linked to a gene for expression in soybean. Optionally, the tissue-specific promoter is operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal sequence which is operably linked to a gene for expression in soybean. Plants transformed with a gene of interest operably linked to a tissue-specific promoter produce the protein product of the transgene exclusively, or preferentially, in a specific tissue. Any tissue-specific or tissue-preferred promoter can be utilized in the instant invention. Exemplary tissue-specific or tissue-preferred promoters include, but are not limited to, a root-preferred promoter such as that from the phaseolin gene (Murai et al.,Science,23:476-482 (1983); Sengupta-Gopalan et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,82:3320-3324 (1985)); a leaf-specific and light-induced promoter such as that from cab or rubisco (Simpson et al.,EMBO J.,4(11):2723-2729 (1985); Timko et al.,Nature,318:579-582 (1985)); an anther-specific promoter such as that from LAT52 (Twell et al.,Mol. Gen. Genetics,217:240-245 (1989)); a pollen-specific promoter such as that from Zm13 (Guerrero et al.,Mol. Gen. Genetics,244:161-168 (1993)); or a microspore-preferred promoter such as that from apg (Twell et al.,Sex. Plant Reprod.,6:217-224 (1993)). Signal Sequences for Targeting Proteins to Subcellular Compartments Transport of a protein produced by transgenes to a subcellular compartment, such as the chloroplast, vacuole, peroxisome, glyoxysome, cell wall, or mitochondrion, or for secretion into the apoplast, is accomplished by means of operably linking the nucleotide sequence encoding a signal sequence to the 5′ and/or 3′ region of a gene encoding the protein of interest. Targeting sequences at the 5′ and/or 3′ end of the structural gene may determine during protein synthesis and processing where the encoded protein is ultimately compartmentalized. The presence of a signal sequence directs a polypeptide to either an intracellular organelle or subcellular compartment or for secretion to the apoplast. Many signal sequences are known in the art. See, for example, Becker et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,20:49 (1992); Knox, C. et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,9:3-17 (1987); Lerner et al.,Plant Physiol.,91:124-129 (1989); Frontes et al.,Plant Cell,3:483-496 (1991); Matsuoka et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.,88:834 (1991); Gould et al.,J. Cell. Biol.,108:1657 (1989); Creissen et al.,Plant J.,2:129 (1991); Kalderon et al.,Cell,39:499-509 (1984); Steifel et al.,Plant Cell,2:785-793 (1990). Foreign Protein Genes and Agronomic Genes With transgenic plants according to the present invention, a foreign protein can be produced in commercial quantities. Thus, techniques for the selection and propagation of transformed plants, which are well understood in the art, yield a plurality of transgenic plants which are harvested in a conventional manner, and a foreign protein can then be extracted from a tissue of interest or from total biomass. Protein extraction from plant biomass can be accomplished by known methods which are discussed, for example, by Heney and Orr,Anal. Biochem.,114:92-6 (1981). According to a preferred embodiment, the transgenic plant provided for commercial production of foreign protein is a soybean plant. In another preferred embodiment, the biomass of interest is seed. For the relatively small number of transgenic plants that show higher levels of expression, a genetic map can be generated, primarily via conventional RFLP, PCR, and SSR analysis, which identifies the approximate chromosomal location of the integrated DNA molecule. For exemplary methodologies in this regard, see, Glick and Thompson,Methods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, 269:284 (1993). Map information concerning chromosomal location is useful for proprietary protection of a subject transgenic plant. Wang et al. discuss “Large Scale Identification, Mapping and Genotyping of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Human Genome,”Science,280:1077-1082 (1998), and similar capabilities are becoming increasingly available for the soybean genome. Map information concerning chromosomal location is useful for proprietary protection of a subject transgenic plant. If unauthorized propagation is undertaken and crosses made with other germplasm, the map of the integration region can be compared to similar maps for suspect plants to determine if the latter have a common parentage with the subject plant. Map comparisons would involve hybridizations, RFLP, PCR, SSR, and sequencing, all of which are conventional techniques. SNPs may also be used alone or in combination with other techniques. Likewise, by means of the present invention, plants can be genetically engineered to express various phenotypes of agronomic interest. Through the transformation of soybean, the expression of genes can be altered to enhance disease resistance, insect resistance, herbicide resistance, agronomic, grain quality, and other traits. Transformation can also be used to insert DNA sequences which control or help control male-sterility. DNA sequences native to soybean, as well as non-native DNA sequences, can be transformed into soybean and used to alter levels of native or non-native proteins. Various promoters, targeting sequences, enhancing sequences, and other DNA sequences can be inserted into the genome for the purpose of altering the expression of proteins. Reduction of the activity of specific genes (also known as gene silencing or gene suppression) is desirable for several aspects of genetic engineering in plants. Many techniques for gene silencing are well known to one of skill in the art, including, but not limited to, knock-outs (such as by insertion of a transposable element such as mu (Vicki Chandler, The Maize Handbook, Ch. 118 (Springer-Verlag 1994)) or other genetic elements such as a FRT and Lox that are used for site specific integrations, antisense technology (see, e.g., Sheehy et al.,PNAS USA,85:8805-8809 (1988); and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,107,065, 5,453,566, and 5,759,829); co-suppression (e.g., Taylor,Plant Cell,9:1245 (1997); Jorgensen,Trends Biotech.,8(12):340-344 (1990); Flavell,PNAS USA,91:3490-3496 (1994); Finnegan et al.,Bio/Technology,12:883-888 (1994); Neuhuber et al.,Mol. Gen. Genet.,244:230-241 (1994)); RNA interference (Napoli et al.,Plant Cell,2:279-289 (1990); U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,323; Sharp,Genes Dev.,13:139-141 (1999); Zamore et al.,Cell,101:25-33 (2000); Montgomery et al.,PNAS USA,95:15502-15507 (1998)), virus-induced gene silencing (Burton et al.,Plant Cell,12:691-705 (2000); Baulcombe,Curr. Op. Plant Bio.,2:109-113 (1999)); target-RNA-specific ribozymes (Haseloff et al.,Nature,334: 585-591 (1988)); hairpin structures (Smith et al.,Nature,407:319-320 (2000); WO 99/53050; WO 98/53083); MicroRNA (Aukerman & Sakai,Plant Cell,15:2730-2741 (2003)); ribozymes (Steinecke et al.,EMBO J.,11:1525 (1992); Perriman et al.,Antisense Res. Dev.,3:253 (1993)); oligonucleotide mediated targeted modification (e.g., WO 03/076574 and WO 99/25853); Zn-finger targeted molecules (e.g., WO 01/52620, WO 03/048345, and WO 00/42219); and other methods or combinations of the above methods known to those of skill in the art. Likewise, by means of the present invention, agronomic genes can be expressed in transformed plants. More particularly, plants can be genetically engineered to express various phenotypes of agronomic interest. Exemplary genes implicated in this regard include, but are not limited to, those categorized below: 1. Genes that Confer Resistance to Pests or Disease and that Encode: A. Plant disease resistance genes. Plant defenses are often activated by specific interaction between the product of a disease resistance gene (R) in the plant and the product of a corresponding avirulence (Avr) gene in the pathogen. A plant cultivar can be transformed with one or more cloned resistance genes to engineer plants that are resistant to specific pathogen strains. See, for example, Jones et al.,Science,266:789 (1994) (cloning of the tomato Cf-9 gene for resistance toCladosporium fulvum); Martin et al.,Science,262:1432 (1993) (tomato Pto gene for resistance toPseudomonas syringaepv. tomato encodes a protein kinase); Mindrinos et al.,Cell,78:1089 (1994) (ArabidopsisRSP2 gene for resistance toPseudomonas syringae); McDowell & Woffenden,Trends Biotechnol.,21(4):178-83 (2003); and Toyoda et al.,Transgenic Res.,11 (6):567-82 (2002). B. A gene conferring resistance to a pest, such as soybean cyst nematode. See, e.g., PCT Application WO 96/30517 and PCT Application WO 93/19181. C. ABacillus thuringiensisprotein, a derivative thereof or a synthetic polypeptide modelled thereon. See, for example, Geiser et al.,Gene,48:109 (1986), who disclose the cloning and nucleotide sequence of a Bt δ-endotoxin gene. Moreover, DNA molecules encoding δ-endotoxin genes can be purchased from American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Virginia, for example, under ATCC Accession Nos. 40098, 67136, 31995, and 31998. D. A lectin. See, for example, Van Damme et al.,Plant Molec. Biol.,24:25 (1994), who disclose the nucleotide sequences of severalClivia miniatamannose-binding lectin genes. E. A vitamin-binding protein such as avidin. See, PCT Application US 93/06487, which teaches the use of avidin and avidin homologues as larvicides against insect pests. F. An enzyme inhibitor, for example, a protease or proteinase inhibitor or an amylase inhibitor. See, for example, Abe et al.,J. Biol. Chem.,262:16793 (1987) (nucleotide sequence of rice cysteine proteinase inhibitor); Huub et al.,Plant Molec. Biol.,21:985 (1993) (nucleotide sequence of cDNA encoding tobacco proteinase inhibitor I); Sumitani et al.,Biosci. Biotech. Biochem.,57:1243 (1993) (nucleotide sequence ofStreptomyces nitrosporeusα-amylase inhibitor); and U.S. Pat. No. 5,494,813 (Hepher and Atkinson, issued Feb. 27, 1996). G. An insect-specific hormone or pheromone, such as an ecdysteroid or juvenile hormone, a variant thereof, a mimetic based thereon, or an antagonist or agonist thereof. See, for example, the disclosure by Hammock et al.,Nature,344:458 (1990), of baculovirus expression of cloned juvenile hormone esterase, an inactivator of juvenile hormone. H. An insect-specific peptide or neuropeptide which, upon expression, disrupts the physiology of the affected pest. For example, see the disclosures of Regan,J. Biol. Chem.,269:9 (1994) (expression cloning yields DNA coding for insect diuretic hormone receptor); Pratt et al.,Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm.,163:1243 (1989) (an allostatin is identified inDiploptera puntata); Chattopadhyay et al.,Critical Reviews in Microbiology,30(1):33-54 (2004); Zjawiony, J Nat Prod, 67(2):300-310 (2004); Carlini & Grossi-de-Sa,Toxicon,40(11):1515-1539 (2002); Ussuf et al.,Curr Sci.,80(7):847-853 (2001); Vasconcelos & Oliveira,Toxicon,44(4):385-403 (2004). See also, U.S. Pat. No. 5,266,317 to Tomalski et al., which discloses genes encoding insect-specific, paralytic neurotoxins. I. An insect-specific venom produced in nature by a snake, a wasp, etc. For example, see, Pang et al.,Gene,116:165 (1992), for disclosure of heterologous expression in plants of a gene coding for a scorpion insectotoxic peptide. J. An enzyme responsible for a hyperaccumulation of a monoterpene, a sesquiterpene, a steroid, hydroxamic acid, a phenylpropanoid derivative, or another non-protein molecule with insecticidal activity. K. An enzyme involved in the modification, including the post-translational modification, of a biologically active molecule; for example, a glycolytic enzyme, a proteolytic enzyme, a lipolytic enzyme, a nuclease, a cyclase, a transaminase, an esterase, a hydrolase, a phosphatase, a kinase, a phosphorylase, a polymerase, an elastase, a chitinase, and a glucanase, whether natural or synthetic. See, PCT Application WO 93/02197 (Scott et al.), which discloses the nucleotide sequence of a callase gene. DNA molecules which contain chitinase-encoding sequences can be obtained, for example, from the ATCC under Accession Nos. 39637 and 67152. See also, Kramer et al.,Insect Biochem. Molec. Biol.,23:691 (1993), who teach the nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding tobacco hornworm chitinase, and Kawalleck et al.,Plant Molec. Biol.,21:673 (1993), who provide the nucleotide sequence of the parsley ubi4-2 polyubiquitin gene, U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,145,060, 7,087,810, and 6,563,020. L. A molecule that stimulates signal transduction. For example, see the disclosure by Botella et al.,Plant Molec. Biol.,24:757 (1994), of nucleotide sequences for mung bean calmodulin cDNA clones, and Griess et al.,Plant Physiol.,104:1467 (1994), who provide the nucleotide sequence of a maize calmodulin cDNA clone. M. A hydrophobic moment peptide. See, PCT Application WO 95/16776 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,580,852, which disclose peptide derivatives of tachyplesin which inhibit fungal plant pathogens, and PCT Application WO 95/18855 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,607,914 which teaches synthetic antimicrobial peptides that confer disease resistance. N. A membrane permease, a channel former or a channel blocker. For example, see the disclosure of Jaynes et al.,Plant Sci,89:43 (1993), of heterologous expression of a cecropin-β lytic peptide analog to render transgenic tobacco plants resistant toPseudomonas solanacearum. O. A viral-invasive protein or a complex toxin derived therefrom. For example, the accumulation of viral coat proteins in transformed plant cells imparts resistance to viral infection and/or disease development effected by the virus from which the coat protein gene is derived, as well as by related viruses. See, Beachy et al.,Ann. Rev. Phytopathol.,28:451 (1990). Coat protein-mediated resistance has been conferred upon transformed plants against alfalfa mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, and tobacco mosaic virus. P. An insect-specific antibody or an immunotoxin derived therefrom. Thus, an antibody targeted to a critical metabolic function in the insect gut would inactivate an affected enzyme, killing the insect. See, Taylor et al., Abstract #497, Seventh Int'l Symposium on Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions (Edinburgh, Scotland 1994) (enzymatic inactivation in transgenic tobacco via production of single-chain antibody fragments). Q. A virus-specific antibody. See, for example, Tavladoraki et al.,Nature,366:469 (1993), who show that transgenic plants expressing recombinant antibody genes are protected from virus attack. R. A developmental-arrestive protein produced in nature by a pathogen or a parasite. Thus, fungal endo-α-1,4-D-polygalacturonases facilitate fungal colonization and plant nutrient release by solubilizing plant cell wall homo-α-1,4-D-galacturonase. See, Lamb et al.,Bio/Technology,10:1436 (1992). The cloning and characterization of a gene which encodes a bean endopolygalacturonase-inhibiting protein is described by Toubart et al.,Plant J.,2:367 (1992). S. A developmental-arrestive protein produced in nature by a plant. For example, Logemann et al.,Bio/Technology,10:305 (1992), have shown that transgenic plants expressing the barley ribosome-inactivating gene have an increased resistance to fungal disease. T. Genes involved in the Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) Response and/or the pathogenesis-related genes. Briggs, S.,Current Biology,5(2) (1995); Pieterse & Van Loon,Curr. Opin. Plant Bio.,7(4):456-64 (2004); and Somssich,Cell,113(7):815-6 (2003). U. Antifungal genes. See, Cornelissen and Melchers,Plant Physiol.,101:709-712 (1993); Parijs et al.,Planta,183:258-264 (1991); and Bushnell et al.,Can. J. of Plant Path.,20(2):137-149 (1998). See also, U.S. Pat. No. 6,875,907. V. Detoxification genes, such as for fumonisin, beauvericin, moniliformin, and zearalenone and their structurally-related derivatives. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,792,931. W. Cystatin and cysteine proteinase inhibitors. See, U.S. Pat. No. 7,205,453. X. Defensin genes. See, WO 03/000863 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,911,577. Y. Genes conferring resistance to nematodes, and in particular soybean cyst nematodes. See, e.g., PCT Applications WO 96/30517, WO 93/19181, and WO 03/033651; Urwin et al.,Planta,204:472-479 (1998); Williamson,Curr Opin Plant Bio.,2(4):327-31 (1999). Z. Genes that confer resistance toPhytophthoraRoot Rot, such as the Rps1, Rps1a, Rps1b, Rps1c, Rps1d, Rps1e, Rps1k, Rps2, Rps3a, Rps3b, Rps3c, Rps4, Rps5, Rps6, Rps7, and other Rps genes. See, for example, Shoemaker et al.,PhytophthoraRoot Rot ResistanceGeneMapping in Soybean, Plant Genome IV Conference, San Diego, Calif. (1995). AA. Genes that confer resistance to Brown Stem Rot, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,689,035 and incorporated by reference for this purpose. Any of the above-listed disease or pest resistance genes (A-AA) can be introduced into the claimed soybean cultivar through a cultivar of means including, but not limited to, transformation and crossing. 2. Genes that Confer Resistance to an Herbicide, for Example: A. An herbicide that inhibits the growing point or meristem, such as an imidazolinone or a sulfonylurea. Exemplary genes in this category code for mutant ALS and AHAS enzyme as described, for example, by Lee et al.,EMBO J.,7:1241 (1988) and Miki et al.,Theor. Appl. Genet.,80:449 (1990), respectively. B. Glyphosate (resistance conferred by mutant 5-enolpyruvlshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) and aroA genes, respectively) and other phosphono compounds, such as glufosinate (phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT) andStreptomyces hygroscopicusPAT bar genes), pyridinoxy or phenoxy propionic acids, and cyclohexanediones (ACCase inhibitor-encoding genes). See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,940,835 to Shah et al., which discloses the nucleotide sequence of a form of EPSPS which can confer glyphosate resistance. U.S. Pat. No. 5,627,061 to Barry et al., also describes genes encoding EPSPS enzymes. See also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,566,587, 6,338,961, 6,248,876, 6,040,497, 5,804,425, 5,633,435, 5,145,783, 4,971,908, 5,312,910, 5,188,642, 4,940,835, 5,866,775, 6,225,114, 6,130,366, 5,310,667, 4,535,060, 4,769,061, 5,633,448, 5,510,471, RE 36,449, RE 37,287, and 5,491,288; and International Publications EP1173580, WO 01/66704, EP1173581, and EP1173582, which are incorporated herein by reference for this purpose. Glyphosate resistance is also imparted to plants that express a gene that encodes a glyphosate oxido-reductase enzyme, as described more fully in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,776,760 and 5,463,175, which are incorporated herein by reference for this purpose. In addition, glyphosate resistance can be imparted to plants by the over expression of genes encoding glyphosate N-acetyltransferase. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,462,481. A DNA molecule encoding a mutant aroA gene can be obtained under ATCC Accession No. 39256, and the nucleotide sequence of the mutant gene is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,769,061 to Comai. European Patent Appl. No. 0 333 033 to Kumada et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 4,975,374 to Goodman et al., disclose nucleotide sequences of glutamine synthetase genes which confer resistance to herbicides such as L-phosphinothricin. The nucleotide sequence of a PAT gene is provided in European Patent Appl. No. 0 242 246 to Leemans et al. DeGreef et al.,Bio/Technology,7:61 (1989) describe the production of transgenic plants that express chimeric bar genes coding for phosphinothricin acetyl transferase activity. Exemplary of genes conferring resistance to phenoxy propionic acids and cyclohexanediones, such as sethoxydim and haloxyfop are the Acc1-S1, Acc1-S2, and Acc2-S3 genes described by Marshall et al.,Theor. Appl. Genet.,83:435 (1992). C. An herbicide that inhibits photosynthesis, such as a triazine (psbA and gs+ genes) and a benzonitrile (nitrilase gene). Przibila et al.,Plant Cell,3:169 (1991), describe the transformation ofChlamydomonaswith plasmids encoding mutant psbA genes. Nucleotide sequences for nitrilase genes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,648 to Stalker and DNA molecules containing these genes are available under ATCC Accession Nos. 53435, 67441, and 67442. Cloning and expression of DNA coding for a glutathione S-transferase is described by Hayes et al.,Biochem. J.,285:173 (1992). D. Acetohydroxy acid synthase, which has been found to make plants that express this enzyme resistant to multiple types of herbicides, has been introduced into a variety of plants. See, Hattori et al.,Mol. Gen. Genet.,246:419 (1995). Other genes that confer tolerance to herbicides include a gene encoding a chimeric protein of rat cytochrome P4507A1 and yeast NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (Shiota et al.,Plant Physiol.,106:17 (1994)); genes for glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase (Aono et al.,Plant Cell Physiol.,36:1687 (1995)); and genes for various phosphotransferases (Datta et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,20:619 (1992)). E. Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (protox) is necessary for the production of chlorophyll, which is necessary for all plant survival. The protox enzyme serves as the target for a variety of herbicidal compounds. These herbicides also inhibit growth of all the different species of plants present, causing their total destruction. The development of plants containing altered protox activity which are resistant to these herbicides are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,288,306, 6,282,837, 5,767,373, and International Publication WO 01/12825. Any of the above listed herbicide genes (A-E) can be introduced into the claimed soybean cultivar through a variety of means including but not limited to transformation and crossing. 3. Genes that Confer or Contribute to a Value-Added Trait, Such as: A. Modified fatty acid metabolism, for example, by transforming a plant with an antisense gene of stearyl-ACP desaturase to increase stearic acid content of the plant. See, Knultzon et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,89:2625 (1992). B. Decreased phytate content: 1) Introduction of a phytase-encoding gene enhances breakdown of phytate, adding more free phosphate to the transformed plant. For example, see, Van Hartingsveldt et al.,Gene,127:87 (1993), for a disclosure of the nucleotide sequence of anAspergillus nigerphytase gene. 2) Up-regulation of a gene that reduces phytate content. In maize, this, for example, could be accomplished by cloning and then re-introducing DNA associated with one or more of the alleles, such as the LPA alleles, identified in maize mutants characterized by low levels of phytic acid, such as in Raboy et al.,Maydica,35:383 (1990), and/or by altering inositol kinase activity as in WO 02/059324, U.S. Publ. No. 2003/000901, WO 03/027243, U.S. Publ. No. 2003/0079247, WO 99/05298, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,197,561, 6,291,224, 6,391,348, WO 2002/059324, U.S. Publ. No. 2003/0079247, WO 98/45448, WO 99/55882, and WO 01/04147. C. Modified carbohydrate composition effected, for example, by transforming plants with a gene coding for an enzyme that alters the branching pattern of starch, or a gene altering thioredoxin, such as NTR and/or TRX (see, U.S. Pat. No. 6,531,648, which is incorporated by reference for this purpose), and/or a gamma zein knock out or mutant, such as cs27 or TUSC27 or en27 (see, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,858,778 and 7,741,533 and U.S. Publ. No. 2005/0160488, which are incorporated by reference for this purpose). See, Shiroza et al.,J. Bacteriol.,170:810 (1988) (nucleotide sequence ofStreptococcus mutansfructosyltransferase gene); Steinmetz et al.,Mol. Gen. Genet.,200:220 (1985) (nucleotide sequence ofBacillus subtilislevansucrase gene); Pen et al.,Bio/Technology,10:292 (1992) (production of transgenic plants that expressBacillus licheniformisalpha-amylase); Elliot et al.,Plant Molec. Biol.,21:515 (1993) (nucleotide sequences of tomato invertase genes); Sogaard et al.,J. Biol. Chem.,268:22480 (1993) (site-directed mutagenesis of barley alpha-amylase gene); Fisher et al.,Plant Physiol.,102:1045 (1993) (maize endosperm starch branching enzyme II); WO 99/10498 (improved digestibility and/or starch extraction through modification of UDP-D-xylose 4-epimerase, Fragile 1 and 2, Ref 1, HCHL, C4H); U.S. Pat. No. 6,232,529 (method of producing high oil seed by modification of starch levels (AGP)). The fatty acid modification genes mentioned above may also be used to affect starch content and/or composition through the interrelationship of the starch and oil pathways. D. Elevated oleic acid via FAD-2 gene modification and/or decreased linolenic acid via FAD-3 gene modification. See, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,063,947, 6,323,392, and International Publication WO 93/11245. Linolenic acid is one of the five most abundant fatty acids in soybean seeds. The low oxidative stability of linolenic acid is one reason that soybean oil undergoes partial hydrogenation. When partially hydrogenated, all unsaturated fatty acids form trans fats. Soybeans are the largest source of edible-oils in the U.S. and 40% of soybean oil production is partially hydrogenated. The consumption of trans fats increases the risk of heart disease. Regulations banning trans fats have encouraged the development of low linolenic soybeans. Soybeans containing low linolenic acid percentages create a more stable oil requiring hydrogenation less often. This provides trans-fat free alternatives in products such as cooking oil. E. Altering conjugated linolenic or linoleic acid content, such as in WO 01/12800. Altering LEC1, AGP, Dek1, Superal1, mi1ps, and various Ipa genes, such as Ipa1, Ipa3, hpt, or hggt. See, for example, WO 02/42424, WO 98/22604, WO 03/011015, WO 02/057439, WO 03/011015, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,423,886, 6,197,561, 6,825,397, 7,157,621, U.S. Publ. No. 2003/0079247, and Rivera-Madrid, R. et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.,92:5620-5624 (1995). F. Altered antioxidant content or composition, such as alteration of tocopherol or tocotrienols. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,787,683, 7,154,029, WO 00/68393 (involving the manipulation of antioxidant levels through alteration of a phytl prenyl transferase (ppt)); WO 03/082899 (through alteration of a homogentisate geranyl geranyl transferase (hggt)). G. Altered essential seed amino acids. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,127,600 (method of increasing accumulation of essential amino acids in seeds); U.S. Pat. No. 6,080,913 (binary methods of increasing accumulation of essential amino acids in seeds); U.S. Pat. No. 5,990,389 (high lysine); U.S. Pat. No. 5,850,016 (alteration of amino acid compositions in seeds); U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,802 (high methionine); U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,801 (high threonine); U.S. Pat. No. 6,664,445 (plant amino acid biosynthetic enzymes); U.S. Pat. No. 6,459,019 (increased lysine and threonine); U.S. Pat. No. 6,441,274 (plant tryptophan synthase beta subunit); U.S. Pat. No. 6,346,403 (methionine metabolic enzymes); U.S. Pat. No. 5,939,599 (high sulfur); U.S. Pat. No. 5,912,414 (increased methionine); U.S. Pat. No. 5,633,436 (increasing sulfur amino acid content); U.S. Pat. No. 5,559,223 (synthetic storage proteins with defined structure containing programmable levels of essential amino acids for improvement of the nutritional value of plants); U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,638 (hemicellulose); U.S. Pat. No. 7,098,381 (UDPGdH); U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,638 (RGP); U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,399,859, 6,930,225, 7,179,955, and 6,803,498; U.S. Publ. No. 2004/0068767; WO 99/40209 (alteration of amino acid compositions in seeds); WO 99/29882 (methods for altering amino acid content of proteins); WO 98/20133 (proteins with enhanced levels of essential amino acids); WO 98/56935 (plant amino acid biosynthetic enzymes); WO 98/45458 (engineered seed protein having higher percentage of essential amino acids); WO 98/42831 (increased lysine); WO 96/01905 (increased threonine); WO 95/15392 (increased lysine); WO 01/79516; and WO 00/09706 (Ces A: cellulose synthase). 4. Genes that Control Male Sterility: There are several methods of conferring genetic male sterility available, such as multiple mutant genes at separate locations within the genome that confer male sterility, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,654,465 and 4,727,219 to Brar et al., and chromosomal translocations as described by Patterson in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,861,709 and 3,710,511. In addition to these methods, Albertsen et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,432,068, describes a system of nuclear male sterility which includes: identifying a gene which is critical to male fertility; silencing this native gene which is critical to male fertility; removing the native promoter from the essential male fertility gene and replacing it with an inducible promoter; inserting this genetically engineered gene back into the plant; and thus creating a plant that is male sterile because the inducible promoter is not “on” resulting in the male fertility gene not being transcribed. Fertility is restored by inducing, or turning “on,” the promoter, which in turn allows the gene that confers male fertility to be transcribed. A. Introduction of a deacetylase gene under the control of a tapetum-specific promoter and with the application of the chemical N-Ac-PPT. See, International Publication WO 01/29237. B. Introduction of various stamen-specific promoters. See, International Publications WO 92/13956 and WO 92/13957. C. Introduction of the barnase and the barstar genes. See, Paul et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,19:611-622 (1992). For additional examples of nuclear male and female sterility systems and genes, see also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,859,341, 6,297,426, 5,478,369, 5,824,524, 5,850,014, and 6,265,640, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 5. Genes that Create a Site for Site Specific DNA Integration: This includes the introduction of FRT sites that may be used in the FLP/FRT system and/or Lox sites that may be used in the Cre/loxP system. See, for example, Lyznik et al., Site-Specific Recombination for Genetic Engineering in Plants,Plant Cell Rep,21:925-932 (2003) and WO 99/25821, which are hereby incorporated by reference. Other systems that may be used include the Gin recombinase of phage Mu (Maeser et al. (1991); Vicki Chandler, The Maize Handbook, Ch. 118 (Springer-Verlag 1994)); the Pin recombinase ofE. coli(Enomoto et al. (1983)); and the R/RS system of the pSR1 plasmid (Araki et al. (1992)). 6. Genes that Affect Abiotic Stress Resistance: Genes that affect abiotic stress resistance (including but not limited to flowering, pod and seed development, enhancement of nitrogen utilization efficiency, altered nitrogen responsiveness, drought resistance or tolerance, cold resistance or tolerance, and salt resistance or tolerance) and increased yield under stress. For example, see: WO 00/73475 where water use efficiency is altered through alteration of malate; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,892,009, 5,965,705, 5,929,305, 5,891,859, 6,417,428, 6,664,446, 6,706,866, 6,717,034, 6,801,104, WO 2000/060089, WO 2001/026459, WO 2001/035725, WO 2001/034726, WO 2001/035727, WO 2001/036444, WO 2001/036597, WO 2001/036598, WO 2002/015675, WO 2002/017430, WO 2002/077185, WO 2002/079403, WO 2003/013227, WO 2003/013228, WO 2003/014327, WO 2004/031349, WO 2004/076638, WO 98/09521, and WO 99/38977 describing genes, including CBF genes and transcription factors effective in mitigating the negative effects of freezing, high salinity, and drought on plants, as well as conferring other positive effects on plant phenotype; U.S. Publ. No. 2004/0148654 and WO 01/36596, where abscisic acid is altered in plants resulting in improved plant phenotype, such as increased yield and/or increased tolerance to abiotic stress; WO 2000/006341, WO 04/090143, U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,531,723 and 6,992,237, where cytokinin expression is modified resulting in plants with increased stress tolerance, such as drought tolerance, and/or increased yield. See also, WO 02/02776, WO 2003/052063, JP 2002281975, U.S. Pat. No. 6,084,153, WO 01/64898, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,177,275 and 6,107,547 (enhancement of nitrogen utilization and altered nitrogen responsiveness). For ethylene alteration, see, U.S. Publ. Nos. 2004/0128719, 2003/0166197, and WO 2000/32761. For plant transcription factors or transcriptional regulators of abiotic stress, see, e.g., U.S. Publ. Nos. 2004/0098764 or 2004/0078852. Other genes and transcription factors that affect plant growth and agronomic traits, such as yield, flowering, plant growth, and/or plant structure, can be introduced or introgressed into plants. See, e.g., WO 97/49811 (LHY), WO 98/56918 (ESD4), WO 97/10339, U.S. Pat. No. 6,573,430 (TFL), 6,713,663 (FT), 6,794,560, 6,307,126 (GAI), WO 96/14414 (CON), WO 96/38560, WO 01/21822 (VRN1), WO 00/44918 (VRN2), WO 99/49064 (GI), WO 00/46358 (FRI), WO 97/29123, WO 99/09174 (D8 and Rht), WO 2004/076638, and WO 004/031349 (transcription factors). Methods for Soybean Transformation Numerous methods for plant transformation have been developed including biological and physical plant transformation protocols. See, for example, Miki et al., “Procedures for Introducing Foreign DNA into Plants,” inMethods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Glick and Thompson Eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, pp. 67-88 (1993). In addition, expression vectors and in-vitro culture methods for plant cell or tissue transformation and regeneration of plants are available. See, for example, Gruber et al., “Vectors for Plant Transformation,” inMethods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Glick and Thompson Eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, pp. 89-119 (1993). A.Agrobacterium-mediated Transformation—One method for introducing an expression vector into plants is based on the natural transformation system ofAgrobacterium. See, for example, Horsch et al., Science,227:1229 (1985).A. tumefaciensandA. rhizogenesare plant pathogenic soil bacteria which genetically transform plant cells. The Ti and Ri plasmids ofA. tumefaciensandA. rhizogenes, respectively, carry genes responsible for genetic transformation of the plant. See, for example, Kado, C. I.,Crit. Rev. Plant Sci.,10:1 (1991). Descriptions ofAgrobacteriumvector systems and methods forAgrobacterium-mediated gene transfer are provided by Gruber et al., supra, Miki et al., supra, and Moloney et al.,Plant Cell Reports,8:238 (1989). See also, U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,055 (Townsend and Thomas), issued Oct. 8, 1996. B. Direct Gene Transfer—Several methods of plant transformation, collectively referred to as direct gene transfer, have been developed as an alternative toAgrobacterium-mediated transformation. A generally applicable method of plant transformation is microprojectile-mediated transformation where DNA is carried on the surface of microprojectiles measuring 1 to 4 m. The expression vector is introduced into plant tissues with a biolistic device that accelerates the microprojectiles to speeds of 300 to 600 m/s which is sufficient to penetrate plant cell walls and membranes. Sanford et al.,Part. Sci. Technol.,5:27 (1987); Sanford, J. C.,Trends Biotech.,6:299 (1988); Klein et al.,Bio/Tech.,6:559-563 (1988); Sanford, J. C.,Physiol Plant,7:206 (1990); Klein et al.,Biotechnology,10:268 (1992). See also, U.S. Pat. No. 5,015,580 (Christou et al.), issued May 14, 1991 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,322,783 (Tomes et al.), issued Jun. 21, 1994. Another method for physical delivery of DNA to plants is sonication of target cells. Zhang et al.,Bio/Technology,9:996 (1991). Alternatively, liposome and spheroplast fusion have been used to introduce expression vectors into plants. Deshayes et al.,EMBO J.,4:2731 (1985); Christou et al.,Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,84:3962 (1987). Direct uptake of DNA into protoplasts using CaCl2) precipitation, polyvinyl alcohol or poly-L-ornithine have also been reported. Hain et al.,Mol. Gen. Genet.,199:161 (1985) and Draper et al.,Plant Cell Physiol.,23:451 (1982). Electroporation of protoplasts and whole cells and tissues have also been described (Donn et al., In Abstracts of VIIthInternational Congress onPlant Celland Tissue Culture IAPTC, A2-38, p. 53 (1990); D'Halluin et al.,Plant Cell,4:1495-1505 (1992); and Spencer et al.,Plant Mol. Biol.,24:51-61 (1994)). Following transformation of soybean target tissues, expression of the above-described selectable marker genes allows for preferential selection of transformed cells, tissues, and/or plants, using regeneration and selection methods well known in the art. The foregoing methods for transformation would typically be used for producing a transgenic cultivar. The transgenic cultivar could then be crossed with another (non-transformed or transformed) cultivar in order to produce a new transgenic cultivar. Alternatively, a genetic trait that has been engineered into a particular soybean line using the foregoing transformation techniques could be moved into another line using traditional backcrossing techniques that are well known in the plant breeding arts. For example, a backcrossing approach could be used to move an engineered trait from a public, non-elite cultivar into an elite cultivar, or from a cultivar containing a foreign gene in its genome into a cultivar or cultivars that do not contain that gene. As used herein, “crossing” can refer to a simple x by y cross or the process of backcrossing depending on the context. Genetic Marker Profile Through SSR and First Generation Progeny In addition to phenotypic observations, a plant can also be identified by its genotype. The genotype of a plant can be characterized through a genetic marker profile which can identify plants of the same cultivar, or a related cultivar, or be used to determine or validate a pedigree. Genetic marker profiles can be obtained by techniques such as Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs), Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs), Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) (which are also referred to as Microsatellites), and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). For example, see, Cregan et al., “An Integrated Genetic Linkage Map of the Soybean Genome,”Crop Science,39:1464-1490 (1999) and Berry et al., “Assessing Probability of Ancestry Using Simple Sequence Repeat Profiles: Applications to Maize Inbred Lines and Soybean Varieties,”Genetics,165:331-342 (2003), each of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. Particular markers used for these purposes are not limited to any particular set of markers, but are envisioned to include any type of marker and marker profile which provides a means of distinguishing varieties. One method of comparison is to use only homozygous loci for soybean cultivar 02220303. Primers and PCR protocols for assaying these and other markers are disclosed in the Soybase (sponsored by the USDA Agricultural Research Service and Iowa State University). In addition to being used for identification of soybean cultivar 02220303, and plant parts and plant cells of soybean cultivar 02220303, the genetic profile may be used to identify a soybean plant produced through the use of soybean cultivar 02220303 or to verify a pedigree for progeny plants produced through the use of soybean cultivar 02220303. The genetic marker profile is also useful in breeding and developing backcross conversions. The present invention provides in one embodiment a soybean plant cultivar characterized by molecular and physiological data obtained from the representative sample of said cultivar deposited with the Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Marine Algae and Microbiota (NCMA). Further provided by the invention is a soybean plant formed by the combination of the disclosed soybean plant or plant cell with another soybean plant or cell and comprising the homozygous alleles of the cultivar. Means of performing genetic marker profiles using SSR polymorphisms are well known in the art. SSRs are genetic markers based on polymorphisms in repeated nucleotide sequences, such as microsatellites. A marker system based on SSRs can be highly informative in linkage analysis relative to other marker systems in that multiple alleles may be present. Another advantage of this type of marker is that, through use of flanking primers, detection of SSRs can be achieved, for example, by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), thereby eliminating the need for labor-intensive Southern hybridization. PCR detection is done by use of two oligonucleotide primers flanking the polymorphic segment of repetitive DNA. Repeated cycles of heat denaturation of the DNA followed by annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences at low temperatures, and extension of the annealed primers with DNA polymerase, comprise the major part of the methodology. Following amplification, markers can be scored by electrophoresis of the amplification products. Scoring of marker genotype is based on the size of the amplified fragment, which may be measured by the number of base pairs of the fragment. While variation in the primer used or in laboratory procedures can affect the reported fragment size, relative values should remain constant regardless of the specific primer or laboratory used. When comparing varieties it is preferable if all SSR profiles are performed in the same lab. Primers used are publicly available and may be found in the Soybase or Cregan supra. See also, PCT Publication No. WO 99/31964 (Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Soybean); U.S. Pat. No. 6,162,967 (Positional Cloning of Soybean Cyst Nematode Resistance Genes); and U.S. Pat. No. 7,288,386 (Soybean Sudden Death Syndrome Resistant Soybeans and Methods of Breeding and Identifying Resistant Plants), the disclosure of which are incorporated herein by reference. The SSR profile of soybean plant 02220303 can be used to identify plants comprising soybean cultivar 02220303 as a parent, since such plants will comprise the same homozygous alleles as soybean cultivar 02220303. Because the soybean cultivar is essentially homozygous at all relevant loci, most loci should have only one type of allele present. In contrast, a genetic marker profile of an F1progeny should be the sum of those parents, e.g., if one parent was homozygous for allele x at a particular locus, and the other parent homozygous for allele y at that locus, then the F1progeny will be xy (heterozygous) at that locus. Subsequent generations of progeny produced by selection and breeding are expected to be of genotype x (homozygous), y (homozygous), or xy (heterozygous) for that locus position. When the F1plant is selfed or sibbed for successive filial generations, the locus should be either x or y for that position. In addition, plants and plant parts substantially benefiting from the use of soybean cultivar 02220303 in their development, such as soybean cultivar 02220303 comprising a backcross conversion, transgene, or genetic sterility factor, may be identified by having a molecular marker profile with a high percent identity to soybean cultivar 02220303. Such a percent identity might be 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, or 99.9% identical to soybean cultivar 02220303. The SSR profile of soybean cultivar 02220303 can also be used to identify essentially derived varieties and other progeny varieties developed from the use of soybean cultivar 02220303, as well as cells and other plant parts thereof. Such plants may be developed using the markers identified in WO 00/31964, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,162,967, and 7,288,386. Progeny plants and plant parts produced using soybean cultivar 02220303 may be identified by having a molecular marker profile of at least 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 99.5% genetic contribution from soybean cultivar, as measured by either percent identity or percent similarity. Such progeny may be further characterized as being within a pedigree distance of soybean cultivar 02220303, such as within 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or less cross-pollinations to a soybean plant other than soybean cultivar 02220303 or a plant that has soybean cultivar 02220303 as a progenitor. Unique molecular profiles may be identified with other molecular tools such as SNPs and RFLPs. While determining the SSR genetic marker profile of the plants described supra, several unique SSR profiles may also be identified which did not appear in either parent of such plant. Such unique SSR profiles may arise during the breeding process from recombination or mutation. A combination of several unique alleles provides a means of identifying a plant cultivar, an F1progeny produced from such cultivar, and progeny produced from such cultivar. Single-Gene Conversions When the term “soybean plant” is used in the context of the present invention, this also includes any single gene conversions of that cultivar. The term single gene converted plant as used herein refers to those soybean plants which are developed by a plant breeding technique called backcrossing wherein essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of a cultivar are recovered in addition to the single gene transferred into the cultivar via the backcrossing technique. By “essentially all” as used herein in the context of morphological and physiological characteristics it is meant that the characteristics of a plant are recovered that are otherwise present when compared in the same environment, other than occasional variant traits that might arise during backcrossing or direct introduction of a transgene. It is understood that a locus introduced by backcrossing may or may not be transgenic in origin, and thus the term backcrossing specifically includes backcrossing to introduce loci that were created by genetic transformation. Backcrossing methods can be used with the present invention to improve or introduce a characteristic into the cultivar. The term “backcrossing” as used herein refers to the repeated crossing of a hybrid progeny back to the recurrent parent, i.e., backcrossing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or more times to the recurrent parent. The parental soybean plant that contributes the gene for the desired characteristic is termed the nonrecurrent or donor parent. This terminology refers to the fact that the nonrecurrent parent is used one time in the backcross protocol and therefore does not recur. The parental soybean plant to which the gene or genes from the nonrecurrent parent are transferred is known as the recurrent parent as it is used for several rounds in the backcrossing protocol (Poehlman & Sleper (1994); Fehr, Principles of Cultivar Development, pp. 261-286 (1987)). In a typical backcross protocol, the original cultivar of interest (recurrent parent) is crossed to a second cultivar (nonrecurrent parent) that carries the single gene of interest to be transferred. The resulting progeny from this cross are then crossed again to the recurrent parent and the process is repeated until a soybean plant is obtained wherein essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of the recurrent parent are recovered in the converted plant, in addition to the single transferred gene from the nonrecurrent parent. The selection of a suitable recurrent parent is an important step for a successful backcrossing procedure. The goal of a backcross protocol is to alter or substitute a single trait or characteristic in the original cultivar. To accomplish this, a single gene of the recurrent cultivar is modified or substituted with the desired gene from the nonrecurrent parent, while retaining essentially all of the rest of the genetic, and therefore the morphological and physiological constitution of the original cultivar. The choice of the particular nonrecurrent parent will depend on the purpose of the backcross; one of the major purposes is to add some agronomically important trait to the plant. The exact backcrossing protocol will depend on the characteristic or trait being altered to determine an appropriate testing protocol. Although backcrossing methods are simplified when the characteristic being transferred is a dominant allele, a recessive allele may also be transferred. In this instance it may be necessary to introduce a test of the progeny to determine if the desired characteristic has been successfully transferred. Many single gene traits have been identified that are not regularly selected for in the development of a new cultivar but that can be improved by backcrossing techniques. Single gene traits may or may not be transgenic. Examples of these traits include, but are not limited to, male sterility, waxy starch, herbicide resistance, resistance for bacterial, fungal, or viral disease, insect resistance, male fertility, enhanced nutritional quality, industrial usage, yield stability, and yield enhancement. These genes are generally inherited through the nucleus. Several of these single gene traits are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,959,185, 5,973,234, and 5,977,445, the disclosures of which are specifically hereby incorporated by reference. Introduction of a New Trait or Locus into Soybean Cultivar 02220303 Cultivar 02220303 represents a new base genetic cultivar into which a new locus or trait may be introgressed. Direct transformation and backcrossing represent two important methods that can be used to accomplish such an introgression. The term backcross conversion and single locus conversion are used interchangeably to designate the product of a backcrossing program. Backcross Conversions of Soybean Cultivar 02220303 A backcross conversion of soybean cultivar 02220303 occurs when DNA sequences are introduced through backcrossing (Hallauer et al., “Corn Breeding,”Corn and Corn Improvements, No. 18, pp. 463-481 (1988)), with soybean cultivar 02220303 utilized as the recurrent parent. Both naturally occurring and transgenic DNA sequences may be introduced through backcrossing techniques. A backcross conversion may produce a plant with a trait or locus conversion in at least two or more backcrosses, including at least 2 crosses, at least 3 crosses, at least 4 crosses, at least 5 crosses, and the like. Molecular marker assisted breeding or selection may be utilized to reduce the number of backcrosses necessary to achieve the backcross conversion. For example, see, Openshaw, S. J. et al., Marker-assisted Selection in Backcross Breeding,Proceedings Symposium of the Analysis of Molecular Data, Crop Science Society of America, Corvallis, Oregon (August 1994), where it is demonstrated that a backcross conversion can be made in as few as two backcrosses. The complexity of the backcross conversion method depends on the type of trait being transferred (single genes or closely linked genes as compared to unlinked genes), the level of expression of the trait, the type of inheritance (cytoplasmic or nuclear), and the types of parents included in the cross. It is understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that for single gene traits that are relatively easy to classify, the backcross method is effective and relatively easy to manage. (See, Hallauer et al.,Corn and Corn Improvement, Sprague and Dudley, Third Ed. (1998)). Desired traits that may be transferred through backcross conversion include, but are not limited to, sterility (nuclear and cytoplasmic), fertility restoration, nutritional enhancements, drought tolerance, nitrogen utilization, altered fatty acid profile, low phytate, industrial enhancements, disease resistance (bacterial, fungal, or viral), insect resistance, and herbicide resistance. In addition, an introgression site itself, such as an FRT site, Lox site, or other site specific integration site, may be inserted by backcrossing and utilized for direct insertion of one or more genes of interest into a specific plant cultivar. A single locus may contain several transgenes, such as a transgene for disease resistance that, in the same expression vector, also contains a transgene for herbicide resistance. The gene for herbicide resistance may be used as a selectable marker and/or as a phenotypic trait. A single locus conversion of site specific integration system allows for the integration of multiple genes at the converted loci. The backcross conversion may result from either the transfer of a dominant allele or a recessive allele. Selection of progeny containing the trait of interest is accomplished by direct selection for a trait associated with a dominant allele. Transgenes transferred via backcrossing typically function as a dominant single gene trait and are relatively easy to classify. Selection of progeny for a trait that is transferred via a recessive allele requires growing and selfing the first backcross generation to determine which plants carry the recessive alleles. Recessive traits may require additional progeny testing in successive backcross generations to determine the presence of the locus of interest. The last backcross generation is usually selfed to give pure breeding progeny for the gene(s) being transferred, although a backcross conversion with a stably introgressed trait may also be maintained by further backcrossing to the recurrent parent with selection for the converted trait. Along with selection for the trait of interest, progeny are selected for the phenotype of the recurrent parent. The backcross is a form of inbreeding, and the features of the recurrent parent are automatically recovered after successive backcrosses. Poehlman,Breeding Field Crops, p. 204 (1987). Poehlman suggests from one to four or more backcrosses, but as noted above, the number of backcrosses necessary can be reduced with the use of molecular markers. Other factors, such as a genetically similar donor parent, may also reduce the number of backcrosses necessary. As noted by Poehlman, backcrossing is easiest for simply inherited, dominant, and easily recognized traits. One process for adding or modifying a trait or locus in soybean cultivar 02220303 comprises crossing soybean cultivar 02220303 plants grown from soybean cultivar 02220303 seed with plants of another soybean cultivar that comprise the desired trait or locus, selecting F1progeny plants that comprise the desired trait or locus to produce selected F1progeny plants, crossing the selected progeny plants with the soybean cultivar 02220303 plants to produce backcross progeny plants, selecting for backcross progeny plants that have the desired trait or locus and the morphological characteristics of soybean cultivar 02220303 to produce selected backcross progeny plants, and backcrossing to soybean cultivar 02220303 three or more times in succession to produce selected fourth or higher backcross progeny plants that comprise said trait or locus. The modified soybean cultivar 02220303 may be further characterized as having the morphological and physiological characteristics of soybean cultivar 02220303 listed in Table 1 as determined at the 5% significance level when grown in the same environmental conditions and/or may be characterized by percent similarity or identity to soybean cultivar 02220303 as determined by SSR markers. The above method may be utilized with fewer backcrosses in appropriate situations, such as when the donor parent is highly related or markers are used in the selection step. Desired traits that may be used include those nucleic acids known in the art, some of which are listed herein, that will affect traits through nucleic acid expression or inhibition. Desired loci include the introgression of FRT, Lox, and other sites for site specific integration, which may also affect a desired trait if a functional nucleic acid is inserted at the integration site. In addition, the above process and other similar processes described herein may be used to produce first generation progeny soybean seed by adding a step at the end of the process that comprises crossing soybean cultivar 02220303 with the introgressed trait or locus with a different soybean plant and harvesting the resultant first generation progeny soybean seed. Tissue Culture Further reproduction of the cultivar can occur by tissue culture and regeneration. Tissue culture of various tissues of soybeans and regeneration of plants therefrom is well known and widely published. For example, reference may be had to Komatsuda, T. et al.,CropSci., 31:333-337 (1991); Stephens, P. A. et al.,Theor. Appl. Genet.,82:633-635 (1991); Komatsuda, T. et al.,Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 28:103-113 (1992); Dhir, S. et al.,Plant Cell Reports,11:285-289 (1992); Pandey, P. et al.,Japan J. Breed.,42:1-5 (1992); and Shetty, K. et al.,Plant Science,81:245-251 (1992); as well as U.S. Pat. No. 5,024,944, issued Jun. 18, 1991 to Collins et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 5,008,200, issued Apr. 16, 1991 to Ranch et al. Thus, another aspect of this invention is to provide cells which upon growth and differentiation produce soybean plants having the morphological and physiological characteristics of soybean cultivar 02220303. As used herein, the term “tissue culture” indicates a composition comprising isolated cells of the same or a different type or a collection of such cells organized into parts of a plant. Exemplary types of tissue cultures are protoplasts, calli, plant clumps, and plant cells that can generate tissue culture that are intact in plants or parts of plants, such as embryos, pollen, flowers, seeds, pods, petioles, leaves, stems, roots, root tips, anthers, pistils, and the like. Means for preparing and maintaining plant tissue culture are well known in the art. By way of example, a tissue culture comprising organs has been used to produce regenerated plants. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,959,185, 5,973,234, and 5,977,445 describe certain techniques, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. Using Soybean Cultivar 02220303 to Develop other Soybean Varieties Soybean varieties such as soybean cultivar 02220303 are typically developed for use in seed and grain production. However, soybean varieties such as soybean cultivar 02220303 also provide a source of breeding material that may be used to develop new soybean varieties.Plantbreeding techniques known in the art and used in a soybean plant breeding program include, but are not limited to, recurrent selection, bulk selection, mass selection, backcrossing, pedigree breeding, open pollination breeding, restriction fragment length polymorphism enhanced selection, genetic marker enhanced selection, making double haploids, and transformation. Often combinations of these techniques are used. The development of soybean varieties in a plant breeding program requires, in general, the development and evaluation of homozygous varieties. There are many analytical methods available to evaluate a new cultivar. The oldest and most traditional method of analysis is the observation of phenotypic traits, but genotypic analysis may also be used. Additional Breeding Methods This invention is directed to methods for producing a soybean plant by crossing a first parent soybean plant with a second parent soybean plant wherein either the first or second parent soybean plant is cultivar 02220303. The other parent may be any other soybean plant, such as a soybean plant that is part of a synthetic or natural population. Any such methods using soybean cultivar 02220303 are part of this invention: selfing, sibbing, backcrosses, mass selection, pedigree breeding, bulk selection, hybrid production, crosses to populations, and the like. These methods are well known in the art and some of the more commonly used breeding methods are described below. Descriptions of breeding methods can be found in one of several reference books (e.g., Allard, Principles of Plant Breeding (1960); Simmonds, Principles of Crop Improvement (1979); Sneep et al. (1979); Fehr, “Breeding Methods for Cultivar Development,” Chapter 7, Soybean Improvement, Production and Uses, 2nd ed., Wilcox editor (1987)). The following describes breeding methods that may be used with soybean cultivar 02220303 in the development of further soybean plants. One such embodiment is a method for developing a cultivar 02220303 progeny soybean plant in a soybean plant breeding program comprising: obtaining the soybean plant, or a part thereof, of cultivar 02220303, utilizing said plant, or plant part, as a source of breeding material, and selecting a soybean cultivar 02220303 progeny plant with molecular markers in common with cultivar 02220303 and/or with morphological and/or physiological characteristics selected from the characteristics listed in Tables 1 or 2. Breeding steps that may be used in the soybean plant breeding program include pedigree breeding, backcrossing, mutation breeding, and recurrent selection. In conjunction with these steps, techniques such as RFLP-enhanced selection, genetic marker enhanced selection (for example, SSR markers), and the making of double haploids may be utilized. Another method involves producing a population of soybean cultivar 02220303 progeny soybean plants, comprising crossing cultivar 02220303 with another soybean plant, thereby producing a population of soybean plants which, on average, derive 50% of their alleles from soybean cultivar 02220303. A plant of this population may be selected and repeatedly selfed or sibbed with a soybean cultivar resulting from these successive filial generations. One embodiment of this invention is the soybean cultivar produced by this method and that has obtained at least 50% of its alleles from soybean cultivar 02220303. One of ordinary skill in the art of plant breeding would know how to evaluate the traits of two plant varieties to determine if there is no significant difference between the two traits expressed by those varieties. For example, see, Fehr and Walt,Principles of Cultivar Development, pp.261-286 (1987). Thus the invention includes soybean cultivar 02220303 progeny soybean plants comprising a combination of at least two cultivar 02220303 traits selected from the group consisting of those listed in Tables 1 and 2 or the cultivar 02220303 combination of traits listed in the Summary of the Invention, so that said progeny soybean plant is not significantly different for said traits than soybean cultivar 02220303 as determined at the 5% significance level when grown in the same environmental conditions. Using techniques described herein, molecular markers may be used to identify said progeny plant as a soybean cultivar 02220303 progeny plant. Mean trait values may be used to determine whether trait differences are significant, and preferably the traits are measured on plants grown under the same environmental conditions. Once such a cultivar is developed, its value is substantial since it is important to advance the germplasm base as a whole in order to maintain or improve traits such as yield, disease resistance, pest resistance, and plant performance in extreme environmental conditions. Progeny of soybean cultivar 02220303 may also be characterized through their filial relationship with soybean cultivar 02220303, as for example, being within a certain number of breeding crosses of soybean cultivar 02220303. A breeding cross is a cross made to introduce new genetics into the progeny, and is distinguished from a cross, such as a self or a sib cross, made to select among existing genetic alleles. The lower the number of breeding crosses in the pedigree, the closer the relationship between soybean cultivar 02220303 and its progeny. For example, progeny produced by the methods described herein may be within 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 breeding crosses of soybean cultivar 02220303. As used herein, the term “plant” includes plant cells, plant protoplasts, plant cell tissue cultures from which soybean plants can be regenerated, plant calli, plant clumps, and plant cells that are intact in plants or parts of plants, such as embryos, pollen, ovules, flowers, pods, leaves, roots, root tips, anthers, cotyledons, hypocotyls, meristematic cells, stems, pistils, petiole, and the like. Pedigree Breeding Pedigree breeding starts with the crossing of two genotypes, such as soybean cultivar 02220303 and another soybean cultivar having one or more desirable characteristics that is lacking or which complements soybean cultivar 02220303. If the two original parents do not provide all the desired characteristics, other sources can be included in the breeding population. In the pedigree method, superior plants are selfed and selected in successive filial generations. In the succeeding filial generations, the heterozygous condition gives way to homogeneous varieties as a result of self-pollination and selection. Typically in the pedigree method of breeding, five or more successive filial generations of selfing and selection is practiced: F1to F2; F2to F3; F3to F4; F4to F5; etc. After a sufficient amount of inbreeding, successive filial generations will serve to increase seed of the developed cultivar. Preferably, the developed cultivar comprises homozygous alleles at about 95% or more of its loci. In addition to being used to create a backcross conversion, backcrossing can also be used in combination with pedigree breeding. As discussed previously, backcrossing can be used to transfer one or more specifically desirable traits from one cultivar, the donor parent, to a developed cultivar called the recurrent parent, which has overall good agronomic characteristics yet lacks that desirable trait or traits. However, the same procedure can be used to move the progeny toward the genotype of the recurrent parent, but at the same time retain many components of the nonrecurrent parent by stopping the backcrossing at an early stage and proceeding with selfing and selection. For example, a soybean cultivar may be crossed with another cultivar to produce a first generation progeny plant. The first generation progeny plant may then be backcrossed to one of its parent varieties to create a BC1or BC2. Progeny are selfed and selected so that the newly developed cultivar has many of the attributes of the recurrent parent and yet several of the desired attributes of the nonrecurrent parent. This approach leverages the value and strengths of the recurrent parent for use in new soybean varieties. Therefore, an embodiment of this invention is a method of making a backcross conversion of soybean cultivar 02220303, comprising the steps of crossing a plant of soybean cultivar 02220303 with a donor plant comprising a desired trait, selecting an F1progeny plant comprising the desired trait, and backcrossing the selected F1progeny plant to a plant of soybean cultivar 02220303. This method may further comprise the step of obtaining a molecular marker profile of soybean cultivar 02220303 and using the molecular marker profile to select for a progeny plant with the desired trait and the molecular marker profile of soybean cultivar 02220303. In one embodiment, the desired trait is a mutant gene or transgene present in the donor parent. Recurrent Selection and Mass Selection Recurrent selection is a method used in a plant breeding program to improve a population of plants. Soybean cultivar 02220303 is suitable for use in a recurrent selection program. The method entails individual plants cross pollinating with each other to form progeny. The progeny are grown and the superior progeny selected by any number of selection methods, which include individual plant, half-sib progeny, full-sib progeny, and selfed progeny. The selected progeny are cross pollinated with each other to form progeny for another population. This population is planted and again superior plants are selected to cross pollinate with each other. Recurrent selection is a cyclical process and therefore can be repeated as many times as desired. The objective of recurrent selection is to improve the traits of a population. The improved population can then be used as a source of breeding material to obtain new varieties for commercial or breeding use, including the production of a synthetic cultivar. A synthetic cultivar is the resultant progeny formed by the intercrossing of several selected varieties. Mass selection is a useful technique when used in conjunction with molecular marker enhanced selection. In mass selection, seeds from individuals are selected based on phenotype or genotype. These selected seeds are then bulked and used to grow the next generation. Bulk selection requires growing a population of plants in a bulk plot, allowing the plants to self-pollinate, harvesting the seed in bulk, and then using a sample of the seed harvested in bulk to plant the next generation. Also, instead of self-pollination, directed pollination could be used as part of the breeding program. Mutation Breeding Mutation breeding is another method of introducing new traits into soybean cultivar 02220303. Mutations that occur spontaneously or are artificially induced can be useful sources of variability for a plant breeder. The goal of artificial mutagenesis is to increase the rate of mutation for a desired characteristic. Mutation rates can be increased by many different means including temperature, long-term seed storage, tissue culture conditions, radiation; such as X-rays, Gamma rays (e.g., cobalt 60 or cesium 137), neutrons, (product of nuclear fission by uranium 235 in an atomic reactor), Beta radiation (emitted from radioisotopes such as phosphorus 32 or carbon 14), or ultraviolet radiation (preferably from 2500 to 2900 nm), or chemical mutagens (such as base analogues (5-bromo-uracil)), related compounds (8-ethoxy caffeine), antibiotics (streptonigrin), alkylating agents (sulfur mustards, nitrogen mustards, epoxides, ethylenamines, sulfates, sulfonates, sulfones, lactones), azide, hydroxylamine, nitrous acid, or acridines. Once a desired trait is observed through mutagenesis the trait may then be incorporated into existing germplasm by traditional breeding techniques. Details of mutation breeding can be found in Fehr, “Principles of Cultivar Development,” Macmillan Publishing Company (1993). In addition, mutations created in other soybean plants may be used to produce a backcross conversion of soybean cultivar 02220303 that comprises such mutation. Breeding with Molecular Markers Molecular markers, which includes markers identified through the use of techniques such as Isozyme Electrophoresis, Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs), Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs), Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs), and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), may be used in plant breeding methods utilizing soybean cultivar 02220303. Isozyme Electrophoresis and RFLPs have been widely used to determine genetic composition. Shoemaker and Olsen, Molecular Linkage Map of Soybean (Glycine maxL. Merr.), pp. 6.131-6.138 (1993). In S. J. O'Brien (ed.),Genetic Maps: Locus Maps of Complex Genomes, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, developed a molecular genetic linkage map that consisted of 25 linkage groups with about 365 RFLP, 11 RAPD, 3 classical markers, and 4 isozyme loci. See also, Shoemaker, R. C., 1994 RFLP Map of Soybean, pp. 299-309; In R. L. Phillips and I. K. Vasil (ed.),DNA-based markers in plants, Kluwer Academic Press Dordrecht, the Netherlands. SSR technology is currently the most efficient and practical marker technology. More marker loci can be routinely used, and more alleles per marker locus can be found, using SSRs in comparison to RFLPs. For example, Diwan and Cregan described a highly polymorphic microsatellite loci in soybean with as many as 26 alleles. (Diwan, N. and Cregan. P. B., Automated sizing of fluorescent-labelled simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to assay genetic variation in Soybean,Theor. Appl. Genet.,95:220-225 (1997). Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms may also be used to identify the unique genetic composition of the invention and progeny varieties retaining that unique genetic composition. Various molecular marker techniques may be used in combination to enhance overall resolution. Soybean DNA molecular marker linkage maps have been rapidly constructed and widely implemented in genetic studies. One such study is described in Cregan et al., “An Integrated Genetic Linkage Map of the Soybean Genome,”Crop Science,39:1464-1490 (1999). Sequences and PCR conditions of SSR Loci in Soybean, as well as the most current genetic map, may be found in Soybase on the World Wide Web. One use of molecular markers is Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) mapping. QTL mapping is the use of markers, which are known to be closely linked to alleles that have measurable effects on a quantitative trait. Selection in the breeding process is based upon the accumulation of markers linked to the positive effecting alleles and/or the elimination of the markers linked to the negative effecting alleles from the plant's genome. Molecular markers can also be used during the breeding process for the selection of qualitative traits. For example, markers closely linked to alleles or markers containing sequences within the actual alleles of interest can be used to select plants that contain the alleles of interest during a backcrossing breeding program. The markers can also be used to select for the genome of the recurrent parent and against the genome of the donor parent. Using this procedure can minimize the amount of genome from the donor parent that remains in the selected plants. It can also be used to reduce the number of crosses back to the recurrent parent needed in a backcrossing program. The use of molecular markers in the selection process is often called genetic marker enhanced selection. Molecular markers may also be used to identify and exclude certain sources of germplasm as parental varieties or ancestors of a plant by providing a means of tracking genetic profiles through crosses. Production of Double Haploids The production of double haploids can also be used for the development of plants with a homozygous phenotype in the breeding program. For example, a soybean plant for which soybean cultivar 02220303 is a parent can be used to produce double haploid plants. Double haploids are produced by the doubling of a set of chromosomes (1 N) from a heterozygous plant to produce a completely homozygous individual. For example, see, Wan et al., “Efficient Production of Doubled Haploid Plants Through Colchicine Treatment of Anther-Derived Maize Callus,”Theoretical and Applied Genetics,77:889-892 (1989) and U.S. Pat. No. 7,135,615. This can be advantageous because the process omits the generations of selfing needed to obtain a homozygous plant from a heterozygous source. Haploid induction systems have been developed for various plants to produce haploid tissues, plants and seeds. The haploid induction system can produce haploid plants from any genotype by crossing a selected line (as female) with an inducer line. Such inducer lines for maize include Stock 6 (Coe,Am. Nat.,93:381-382 (1959); Sharkar and Coe,Genetics,54:453-464 (1966); KEMS (Deimling, Roeber, and Geiger,Vortr. Pflanzenzuchtg,38:203-224 (1997); or KMS and ZMS (Chalyk, Bylich & Chebotar,MNL,68:47 (1994); Chalyk & Chebotar,Plant Breeding,119:363-364 (2000)); and indeterminate gametophyte (ig) mutation (Kermicle,Science,166:1422-1424 (1969). The disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. Methods for obtaining haploid plants are also disclosed in Kobayashi, M. et al.,Journ. of Heredity,71(1):9-14 (1980); Pollacsek, M., Agronomie (Paris) 12(3):247-251 (1992); Cho-Un-Haing et al.,Journ. of Plant Biol.,39(3):185-188 (1996); Verdoodt, L. et al., 96(2):294-300 (February 1998); Genetic Manipulation in Plant Breeding, Proceedings International Symposium Organized by EUCARPIA, Berlin, Germany (Sep. 8-13, 1985); Chalyk et al.,Maize Genet Coop., Newsletter 68:47 (1994). Thus, an embodiment of this invention is a process for making a substantially homozygous soybean cultivar 02220303 progeny plant by producing or obtaining a seed from the cross of soybean cultivar 02220303 and another soybean plant and applying double haploid methods to the F1seed or F1plant or to any successive filial generation. Based on studies in maize and currently being conducted in soybean, such methods would decrease the number of generations required to produce a cultivar with similar genetics or characteristics to soybean cultivar 02220303. See, Bernardo, R. and Kahler, A. L.,Theor. Appl. Genet.,102:986-992 (2001). In particular, a process of making seed retaining the molecular marker profile of soybean cultivar 02220303 is contemplated, such process comprising obtaining or producing F1seed for which soybean cultivar 02220303 is a parent, inducing doubled haploids to create progeny without the occurrence of meiotic segregation, obtaining the molecular marker profile of soybean cultivar 02220303, and selecting progeny that retain the molecular marker profile of soybean cultivar 02220303. Descriptions of other breeding methods that are commonly used for different traits and crops can be found in one of several reference books (e.g., Allard (1960); Simmonds (1979); Sneep et al. (1979); Fehr (1987)). INDUSTRIAL USES The seed of soybean cultivar 02220303, the plant produced from the seed, the hybrid soybean plant produced from the crossing of the cultivar with any other soybean plant, hybrid seed, and various parts of the hybrid soybean plant can be utilized for human food, livestock feed, and as a raw material in industry. The soybean seeds produced by soybean cultivar 02220303 can be crushed, or a component of the soybean seeds can be extracted, in order to comprise a commodity plant product, such as protein concentrate, protein isolate, soybean hulls, meal, flour, or oil for a food or feed product. Soybean cultivar 02220303 can be used to produce soybean oil. To produce soybean oil, the soybeans harvested from soybean cultivar 02220303 are cracked, adjusted for moisture content, rolled into flakes and the oil is solvent-extracted from the flakes with commercial hexane. The oil is then refined, blended for different applications, and sometimes hydrogenated. Soybean oils, both liquid and partially hydrogenated, are used domestically and exported, sold as “vegetable oil” or are used in a wide variety of processed foods. Soybean cultivar 02220303 can be used to produce meal. After oil is extracted from whole soybeans harvested from soybean cultivar 02220303, the remaining material or “meal” is “toasted” (a misnomer because the heat treatment is with moist steam) and ground in a hammer mill. Soybean meal is an essential element of the American production method of growing farm animals, such as poultry and swine, on an industrial scale that began in the 1930s; and more recently the aquaculture of catfish. Ninety-eight percent of the U.S. soybean crop is used for livestock feed. Soybean meal is also used in lower end dog foods. Soybean meal produced from soybean cultivar 02220303 can also be used to produce soybean protein concentrate and soybean protein isolate. In addition to soybean meal, soybean cultivar 02220303 can be used to produce soy flour. Soy flour refers to defatted soybeans where special care was taken during desolventizing (not toasted) to minimize denaturation of the protein and to retain a high Nitrogen Solubility Index (NSI) in making the flour. Soy flour is the starting material for production of soy concentrate and soy protein isolate. Defatted soy flour is obtained from solvent extracted flakes, and contains less than 1% oil. Full-fat soy flour is made from unextracted, dehulled beans, and contains about 18% to 20% oil. Due to its high oil content, a specialized Alpine Fine Impact Mill must be used for grinding rather than the more common hammer mill. Low-fat soy flour is made by adding back some oil to defatted soy flour. The lipid content varies according to specifications, usually between 4.5% and 9%. High-fat soy flour can also be produced by adding back soybean oil to defatted flour at the level of 15%. Lecithinated soy flour is made by adding soybean lecithin to defatted, low-fat or high-fat soy flours to increase their dispersibility and impart emulsifying properties. The lecithin content varies up to 15%. For human consumption, soybean cultivar 02220303 can be used to produce edible protein ingredients which offer a healthier, less expensive replacement for animal protein in meats, as well as in dairy-type products. The soybeans produced by soybean cultivar 02220303 can be processed to produce a texture and appearance similar to many other foods. For example, soybeans are the primary ingredient in many dairy product substitutes (e.g., soy milk, margarine, soy ice cream, soy yogurt, soy cheese, and soy cream cheese) and meat substitutes (e.g., veggie burgers). These substitutes are readily available in most supermarkets. Although soy milk does not naturally contain significant amounts of digestible calcium (the high calcium content of soybeans is bound to the insoluble constituents and remains in the soy pulp), many manufacturers of soy milk sell calcium-enriched products as well. Soy is also used in tempeh: the beans (sometimes mixed with grain) are fermented into a solid cake. Additionally, soybean cultivar 02220303 can be used to produce various types of “fillers” in meat and poultry products. Food service, retail, and institutional (primarily school lunch and correctional) facilities regularly use such “extended” products, that is, products which contain soy fillers. Extension may result in diminished flavor, but fat and cholesterol are reduced by adding soy fillers to certain products. Vitamin and mineral fortification can be used to make soy products nutritionally equivalent to animal protein; the protein quality is already roughly equivalent. Table 2 compares performance characteristics of soybean cultivar 02220303 to selected varieties of commercial value. Shown are the comparison numbers, cultivar names, performance characteristics, t values, and critical t values at the 0.05% and 0.01% levels of significance, respectively. TABLE 2PAIRED COMPARISONSComp #Year# of Loc.# of Obs.GenotypeMean Yldt ValueCritical t @ .05Critical t @ .011202018380222030337.23.03**1.692.43ME013133.12202018380222030337.23.25**1.692.43PG05E0834.4*Significant at 0.05 level of probability**Significant at 0.01 level of probability As shown in Table 2, soybean cultivar 02220303 yields better than two commercial varieties with the increase over ME0131 and PG05E08 being significant at the 0.01 level of probability. The use of the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar referents in the context of describing the invention (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The terms “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and “containing” are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning “including, but not limited to,”) unless otherwise noted. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. For example, if the range 10-15 is disclosed, then 11, 12, 13, and 14 are also disclosed. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention. Deposit Information Applicant has made a deposit of at least 625 seeds of the claimed soybean cultivar 02220303 with the Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Marine Algae and Microbiota (NCMA), 60 Bigelow Drive, East Boothbay, Maine, 04544 USA. The seeds are deposited under NCMA Accession No. 202203122. The date of the deposit is Mar. 25, 2022. The deposit has been accepted under the Budapest Treaty and will be maintained in the NCMA depository for a period of 30 years, or 5 years after the most recent request, or for the enforceable life of the patent, whichever is longer, and will be replaced if necessary during that period. Upon issuance, all restrictions on the availability to the public of the deposit will be irrevocably removed consistent with all of the requirements of the Budapest Treaty and 37 C.F.R. §§ 1.801-1.809. Applicant does not waive any infringement of rights granted under this patent or under thePlantVariety Protection Act (7 USC 2321 et seq.). While a number of exemplary aspects and embodiments have been discussed above, those of skill in the art will recognize certain modifications, permutations, additions and sub combinations thereof. It is therefore intended that the following appended claims and claims hereafter introduced are interpreted to include all such modifications, permutations, additions, and sub-combinations as are within their true spirit and scope.

11856918

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The instant invention provides methods and composition relating to plants, seeds and derivatives of the soybean variety 01084034. Soybean variety 01084034 is adapted to MID GROUP II. Soybean variety 01084034 was developed from an initial cross of AG2136/BN3015C9-D0DNN. The breeding history of the variety can be summarized as follows: GenerationYearDescriptioncross2015The cross was made near Huxley, IA, USAF12015Plants were grown near Kunia, HI, USA and advanced using bulk.F22015Plants were grown near Kunia, HI, USA and advanced using bulk.F32016Plants were grown near Huxley, IA, USA and advanced using single plantselection.F42016Plants were grown near Graneros, LI, CHL and advanced using bulk.F52017Plants were grown near Beaman, IA, USA in Progeny Rows and the variety01084034 was selected based on the agronomic characteristics, generalphenotypic appearance and traits of interest based on molecular markerinformation.YieldTestingGenerationYearAdvancement/Selection CriteriaF62018Yield, Agronomics, Disease, and QualityF72019Yield, Agronomics, Disease, and QualityF82020Yield, Agronomics, Disease, and Quality The soybean variety 01084034 has been judged to be uniform for breeding purposes and testing. The variety 01084034 can be reproduced by planting and growing seeds of the variety under self-pollinating or sib-pollinating conditions, as is known to those of skill in the agricultural arts. Variety 01084034 shows no variants other than what would normally be expected due to environment or that would occur for almost any characteristic during the course of repeated sexual reproduction. The results of an objective evaluation of the variety are presented below, in Table 1. Those of skill in the art will recognize that these are typical values that may vary due to environment and that other values that are substantially equivalent are within the scope of the invention. An ‘*’ denotes classifications/scores generated based on greenhouse assays. TABLE 1Phenotypic Description of Variety 01084034TraitVALUEMorphology:Relative Maturity2.4Flower ColorPURPLEPubescence ColorGRAYHilum ColorIMPERFECT BLACKPod ColorBROWNSeed Coat ColorYELLOWSeed Coat LusterDULLSeed ShapeSPHERICALFLATTENEDCotyledon ColorYELLOWLeaf ShapeOVATELeaf ColorGREENCanopyBUSHYGrowth HabitINDETERMINATEDisease Reactions:Phytophthora Allele*SEGREGATING FORRPS1C AND RPS1KSoybean Cyst Nematode Race 3*RESISTANTBrown Stem Rot*RESISTANTHerbicide Reactions:GlyphosateRESISTANT, MON89788GlufosinateSUSCEPTIBLEDicambaRESISTANT, MON87708 As disclosed herein above, soybean variety 01084034 contains events MON89788 and MON87708. Event MON89788, also known as event GM_A19788, confers glyphosate tolerance and is the subject of U.S. Pat. No. 7,632,985, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Event MON89788 is also covered by one or more of the following patents: U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,051,753; 6,660,911; 6,949,696; 7,141,722; 7,608,761; 8,053,184; 9,017,947, 9,944,945, and 10,738,320. Event MON87708 confers dicamba tolerance and is the subject of U.S. Pat. No. 8,501,407, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Event MON87708 is also covered by one or more of the following patents: U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,850,019; 7,812,224; 7,838,729; 7,884,262; 7,939,721; 8,119,380; 8,207,092; 8,629,323; 8,754,011; and RE45,048. BREEDING SOYBEAN VARIETY 01084034 One aspect of the current invention concerns methods for crossing the soybean variety 01084034 with itself or a second plant and the seeds and plants produced by such methods. These methods can be used for propagation of the soybean variety 01084034, or can be used to produce hybrid soybean seeds and the plants grown therefrom. Hybrid soybean plants can be used by farmers in the commercial production of soy products or may be advanced in certain breeding protocols for the production of novel soybean varieties. A hybrid plant can also be used as a recurrent parent at any given stage in a backcrossing protocol during the production of a single locus conversion of the soybean variety 01084034. Soybean variety 01084034 is well suited to the development of new varieties based on the elite nature of the genetic background of the variety. In selecting a second plant to cross with 01084034 for the purpose of developing novel soybean varieties, it will typically be desired to choose those plants that either themselves exhibit one or more selected characteristics or that exhibit the characteristic(s) when in hybrid combination. Examples of potentially selected characteristics include seed yield, lodging resistance, emergence, seedling vigor, disease tolerance, maturity, plant height, high oil content, high protein content and shattering resistance. Choice of breeding or selection methods depends on the mode of plant reproduction, the heritability of the trait(s) being improved, and the type of variety used commercially (e.g., Fi hybrid variety, pureline variety, etc.). For highly heritable traits, a choice of superior individual plants evaluated at a single location will be effective; whereas, for traits with low heritability, selection should be based on mean values obtained from replicated evaluations of families of related plants. Popular selection methods commonly include pedigree selection, modified pedigree selection, mass selection, recurrent selection and backcrossing. The complexity of inheritance influences the choice of the breeding method. Backcross breeding is used to transfer one or a few genes for a highly heritable trait into a desirable variety. This approach has been used extensively for breeding disease-resistant varieties (Bowers et al.,Crop Sci., 32(1):67-72, 1992; Nickell and Bernard,Crop Sci., 32(3):835, 1992). Various recurrent selection techniques are used to improve quantitatively inherited traits controlled by numerous genes. The use of recurrent selection in self-pollinating crops depends on the ease of pollination, the frequency of successful hybrids from each pollination, and the number of hybrid offspring from each successful cross. Each breeding program should include a periodic, objective evaluation of the efficiency of the breeding procedure. Evaluation criteria vary depending on the goal and objectives, but should include gain from selection per year based on comparisons to an appropriate standard, overall value of the advanced breeding lines, and number of successful varieties produced per unit of input, e.g., per year, per dollar expended, etc. Promising advanced breeding lines are thoroughly tested and compared to appropriate standards in environments that are representative of the commercial target area(s) for generally three or more years. The best lines are candidates for new commercial varieties. Those still deficient in a few traits may be used as parents to produce new populations for further selection. These processes, which lead to the final step of marketing and distribution, may take as much as eight to 12 years from the time the first cross is made. Therefore, development of new varieties is a time-consuming process that requires precise forward planning, efficient resource utilization, and minimal direction changes. Identifying individuals that are genetically superior is a difficult task because the true genotypic value for most traits can be masked by other confounding traits or environmental factors. One method of identifying a superior plant is observing its performance relative to other experimental plants and one or more widely grown standard varieties. Single observations are generally inconclusive, while replicated observations provide a better estimate of genetic worth. The goal of plant breeding is to develop new, unique, and superior soybean varieties and hybrids. The breeder initially selects and crosses two or more parental lines. This is generally followed by repeated selfing and selection, which produces many new genetic combinations. Each year, the plant breeder selects the germplasm to advance to the next generation. This germplasm is grown under unique and different geographical, climatic, and soil conditions, and further selections are then made during and at the end of the growing season. The varieties which are developed are unpredictable. This unpredictability is because the breeder's selection occurs in unique environments, with no control at the DNA level (using conventional breeding procedures), and with millions of different possible genetic combinations being generated. A breeder of ordinary skill in the art cannot predict the final resulting lines he develops, except possibly in a gross and general fashion. The same breeder cannot produce the same variety twice by using the exact same original parents and the same selection techniques. This unpredictability results in the expenditure of large amounts of research monies to develop superior new soybean varieties. Pedigree breeding and recurrent selection breeding methods are used to develop varieties from breeding populations. Breeding programs combine traits from two or more varieties or various broad-based sources into breeding pools from which varieties are developed by selfing and selection of phenotypes. The new varieties are evaluated to determine which have commercial potential. Pedigree breeding is commonly used for the improvement of self-pollinating crops. Two parents which possess favorable, complementary traits are crossed to produce F1progeny. An F2population is then produced by selfing one or several F1plants. Selection of the best individuals may begin in the F2population or later depending upon the breeder's objectives; then, beginning in the F3generation, the best individuals in the best families can be selected. Replicated testing of families can begin in the F3or F4generations to improve the effectiveness of selection for traits of low heritability. At an advanced stage of inbreeding (i.e., the F6and F7generations), the best lines or mixtures of phenotypically similar lines are tested for potential release as new varieties. Mass and recurrent selections can be used to improve populations of either self- or cross-pollinating crops. A genetically variable population of heterozygous individuals is either identified or created by intercrossing several different parents. The best plants are selected based on individual superiority, outstanding progeny, or excellent combining ability. The selected plants are intercrossed to produce a new population from which further cycles of selection are continued. Backcross breeding has been used to transfer genetic loci for simply inherited or highly heritable traits into a homozygous variety that is used as the recurrent parent. The source of the trait to be transferred is called the donor or nonrecurrent parent. The resulting plant is expected to have the attributes of the recurrent parent and the trait transferred from the donor parent. After the initial cross, individuals possessing the phenotype of the donor parent are selected and repeatedly crossed, i.e., backcrossed, to the recurrent parent. The resulting plant is expected to have the attributes of the recurrent parent (i.e., variety) and the desirable trait transferred from the donor parent. The single-seed descent procedure in the strict sense refers to planting a segregating population, harvesting a sample of one seed per plant, and using the one-seed sample to plant the next generation. When the population has been advanced from the F2to the desired level of inbreeding, the plants from which the lines are derived will each trace to different F2individuals. The number of plants in a population declines each generation due to failure of some seeds to germinate or some plants to produce at least one seed. As a result, not all of the F2plants originally sampled in the population will be represented by a progeny when generation advance is completed. In a multiple-seed procedure, soybean breeders commonly harvest one or more pods from each plant in a population and thresh them together to form a bulk. Part of the bulk is used to plant the next generation and part is put in reserve. This procedure is also referred to as modified single-seed descent or the pod-bulk technique. The multiple-seed procedure has been used to save labor at harvest. It is considerably faster to thresh pods with a machine than to remove one seed from each by hand as is required for the single-seed procedure. The multiple-seed procedure also makes it possible to plant the same number of seeds of a population each generation of inbreeding. Enough seeds are harvested to make up for those plants that did not germinate or produce seed. Descriptions of other breeding methods that are commonly used for different traits and crops can be found in one of several reference books (e.g., Allard, “Principles of Plant Breeding,” John Wiley & Sons, NY, University of California, Davis, California, 50-98, 1960; Simmonds, “Principles of Crop Improvement,” Longman, Inc., NY, 369-399, 1979; Sneep et al., “Plant breeding perspectives,” Wageningen (ed), Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, 1979; Fehr, In: “Soybeans: Improvement, Production and Uses,” 2d Ed., Manograph 16:249, 1987; Fehr, “Principles of Cultivar Development,” Theory and Technique (Vol 1) and Crop Species Soybean (Vol 2), Iowa State Univ., Macmillian Pub. Co., NY, 360-376, 1987; Poehlman and Sleper, “Breeding Field Crops”, 4th Ed., Iowa State University Press, Ames, 1995; Sprague and Dudley, eds.,Corn and Improvement, 5th ed.,2006). Proper testing should detect any major faults and establish the level of superiority or improvement over current varieties. In addition to showing superior performance, there must be a demand for a new variety that is compatible with industry standards or which creates a new market. The introduction of a new variety will incur additional costs to the seed producer, the grower, processor, and consumer due in part to special advertising and marketing, altered seed and commercial production practices, and new product utilization. The testing preceding release of a new variety should take into consideration research and development costs as well as the technical superiority of the final variety. For seed-propagated varieties, it must be feasible to produce seed easily and economically. In addition to phenotypic observations, a plant can also be identified by its genotype. The genotype of a plant can be characterized through a molecular marker profile, which can identify plants of the same variety or a related variety, can identify plants and plant parts which are genetically superior as a result of an event comprising a backcross conversion, transgene, or genetic sterility factor, or can be used to determine or validate a pedigree. Such molecular marker profiling can be accomplished using a variety of techniques including, but not limited to, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), sequence-tagged sites (STS), randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR), DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF), sequence characterized amplified regions (SCARs), variable number tandem repeat (VNTR), short tandem repeat (STR), single feature polymorphism (SFP), simple sequence length polymorphism (SSLP), restriction site associated DNA, allozymes, isozyme markers, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), or simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, also known as microsatellites (Gupta et al., 1999; Korzun et al., 2001). Various types of these markers, for example, can be used to identify individual varieties developed from specific parent varieties, as well as cells or other plant parts thereof. For example, see Cregan et al. (1999) “An Integrated Genetic Linkage Map of the Soybean Genome”Crop Science39:1464-1490, and Berry et al. (2003) “Assessing Probability of Ancestry Using Simple Sequence Repeat Profiles: Applications to Maize Inbred Lines and Soybean Varieties”Genetics165(1):331-342, each of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. In some examples, one or more markers may be used to characterize and/or evaluate a soybean variety. Particular markers used for these purposes are not limited to any particular set of markers, but are envisioned to include any type of marker and marker profile that provides a means for distinguishing varieties. One method of comparison may be to use only homozygous loci for soybean variety 01084034. Primers and PCR protocols for assaying these and other markers are disclosed in, for example, Soybase (sponsored by the USDA Agricultural Research Service and Iowa State University) located on the world wide web at 129.186.26/94/SSR.html. In addition to being used for identification of soybean variety 01084034, as well as plant parts and plant cells of soybean variety 01084034, a genetic profile may be used to identify a soybean plant produced through the use of soybean variety 01084034 or to verify a pedigree for progeny plants produced through the use of soybean variety 01084034. A genetic marker profile may also be useful in breeding and developing backcross conversions. In an embodiment, the present invention provides a soybean plant characterized by molecular and physiological data obtained from a representative sample of said variety deposited with the Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Marine Algae and Microbiota (NCMA). Thus, plants, seeds, or parts thereof, having all or essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of soybean variety 01084034 are provided. Further provided is a soybean plant formed by the combination of the disclosed soybean plant or plant cell with another soybean plant or cell and comprising the homozygous alleles of the variety. In some examples, a plant, a plant part, or a seed of soybean variety 01084034 may be characterized by producing a molecular profile. A molecular profile may include, but is not limited to, one or more genotypic and/or phenotypic profile(s). A genotypic profile may include, but is not limited to, a marker profile, such as a genetic map, a linkage map, a trait maker profile, a SNP profile, an SSR profile, a genome-wide marker profile, a haplotype, and the like. A molecular profile may also be a nucleic acid sequence profile, and/or a physical map. A phenotypic profile may include, but is not limited to, a protein expression profile, a metabolic profile, an mRNA expression profile, and the like. One means of performing genetic marker profiles is using SSR polymorphisms that are well known in the art. A marker system based on SSRs can be highly informative in linkage analysis relative to other marker systems, in that multiple alleles may be present. Another advantage of this type of marker is that through use of flanking primers, detection of SSRs can be achieved, for example, by using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), thereby eliminating the need for labor-intensive Southern hybridization. PCR detection may be performed using two oligonucleotide primers flanking the polymorphic segment of repetitive DNA to amplify the SSR region. Following amplification, markers can be scored by electrophoresis of the amplification products. Scoring of marker genotype is based on the size of the amplified fragment, which correlates to the number of base pairs of the fragment. While variation in the primer used or in the laboratory procedures can affect the reported fragment size, relative values should remain constant regardless of specific primer or laboratory used. When comparing varieties, it may be beneficial to have all profiles performed in the same lab. Primers that can be used are publically available and may be found in, for example, Soybase or Cregan et al. (Crop Science39:1464-1490, 1999). A genotypic profile of soybean variety 01084034 can be used to identify a plant comprising variety 01084034 as a parent, since such plants will comprise the same homozygous alleles as variety 01084034. Because the soybean variety is essentially homozygous at all relevant loci, most loci should have only one type of allele present. In contrast, a genetic marker profile of an Fi progeny should be the sum of those parents, e.g., if one parent was homozygous for allele X at a particular locus, and the other parent homozygous for allele Y at that locus, then the Fi progeny will be XY (heterozygous) at that locus. Subsequent generations of progeny produced by selection and breeding are expected to be of genotype XX (homozygous), YY (homozygous), or XY (heterozygous) for that locus position. When the F1plant is selfed or sibbed for successive filial generations, the locus should be either X or Y for that position. In addition, plants and plant parts substantially benefiting from the use of variety 01084034 in their development, such as variety 01084034 comprising a backcross conversion, transgene, or genetic sterility factor, may be identified by having a molecular marker profile with a high percent identity to soybean variety 01084034. Such a percent identity might be 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5% or 99.9% identical to soybean variety 01084034. A genotypic profile of variety 01084034 also can be used to identify essentially derived varieties and other progeny varieties developed from the use of variety 01084034, as well as cells and other plant parts thereof. Plants of the invention include any plant having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, or 99.9% of the markers in the genotypic profile, and that retain 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, or 99.9% of the morphological and physiological characteristics of variety 01084034 when grown under the same conditions. Such plants may be developed using markers well known in the art. Progeny plants and plant parts produced using variety 01084034 may be identified, for example, by having a molecular marker profile of at least 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 99.5% genetic contribution from soybean variety 01084034, as measured by either percent identity or percent similarity. Such progeny may be further characterized as being within a pedigree distance of variety 01084034, such as within 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or less cross pollinations to a soybean plant other than variety 01084034, or a plant that has variety 01084034 as a progenitor. Unique molecular profiles may be identified with other molecular tools, such as SNPs and RFLPs. Any time the soybean variety 01084034 is crossed with another, different, variety, first generation (F1) soybean progeny are produced. The hybrid progeny are produced regardless of characteristics of the two varieties produced. As such, an F1hybrid soybean plant may be produced by crossing 01084034 with any second soybean plant. The second soybean plant may be genetically homogeneous (e.g., inbred) or may itself be a hybrid. Therefore, any F1hybrid soybean plant produced by crossing soybean variety 01084034 with a second soybean plant is a part of the present invention. Soybean plants (Glycine maxL.) can be crossed by either natural or mechanical techniques (see, e.g., Fehr, “Soybean,”In: Hybridization of Crop Plants, Fehr and Hadley (eds),Am. Soc. Agron. andCrop Sci. Soc. Am., Madison, WI, 590-599, 1980). Natural pollination occurs in soybeans either by self-pollination or natural cross-pollination, which typically is aided by pollinating organisms. In either natural or artificial crosses, flowering and flowering time are an important consideration. Soybean is a short-day plant, but there is considerable genetic variation for sensitivity to photoperiod (Hamner, “Glycine max(L.) Merrill,”In: The Induction of Flowering: Some Case Histories, Evans (ed), Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, NY, 62-89, 1969; Criswell and Hume,Crop Sci., 12:657-660, 1972). The critical day length for flowering ranges from about 13 h for genotypes adapted to tropical latitudes to 24 h for photoperiod-insensitive genotypes grown at higher latitudes (Shibles et al., “Soybean,”In: Crop Physiology: Some Case Histories, Evans (ed), Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 51-189, 1975). Soybeans seem to be insensitive to day length for 9 days after emergence. Photoperiods shorter than the critical day length are required for 7 to 26 days to complete flower induction (Borthwick and Parker,Bot. Gaz., 100:374-387, 1938; Shanmugasundaram and Tsou,Crop Sci., 18:598-601, 1978). Sensitivity to day length is an important consideration when genotypes are grown outside of their area of adaptation. When genotypes adapted to tropical latitudes are grown in the field at higher latitudes, they may not mature before frost occurs. Plants can be induced to flower and mature earlier by creating artificially short days or by grafting (Fehr, “Soybean,”In: Hybridization of Crop Plants, Fehr and Hadley (eds),Am. Soc. Agron. andCrop Sci. Soc. Am., Madison, WI, 590-599, 1980). Soybeans frequently are grown in winter nurseries located at sea level in tropical latitudes where day lengths are much shorter than their critical photoperiod. The short day lengths and warm temperatures encourage early flowering and seed maturation, and genotypes can produce a seed crop in 90 days or fewer after planting. Early flowering is useful for generation advance when only a few self-pollinated seeds per plant are needed, but not for artificial hybridization because the flowers self-pollinate before they are large enough to manipulate for hybridization. Artificial lighting can be used to extend the natural day length to about 14.5 h to obtain flowers suitable for hybridization and to increase yields of self-pollinated seed. The effect of a short photoperiod on flowering and seed yield can be partly offset by altitude, probably due to the effects of cool temperature (Major et al.,Crop Sci., 15:174-179, 1975). At tropical latitudes, varieties adapted to the northern U.S. perform more like those adapted to the southern U.S. at high altitudes than they do at sea level. The light level required to delay flowering is dependent on the quality of light emitted from the source and the genotype being grown. Blue light with a wavelength of about 480 nm requires more than 30 times the energy to inhibit flowering as red light with a wavelength of about 640 nm (Parker et al.,Bot. Gaz., 108:1-26, 1946). Temperature can also play a significant role in the flowering and development of soybean plants (Major et al.,Crop Sci., 15:174-179, 1975). It can influence the time of flowering and suitability of flowers for hybridization. Temperatures below 21° C. or above 32° C. can reduce floral initiation or seed set (Hamner, “Glycine max(L.) Merrill,”In: The Induction of Flowering: Some Case Histories, Evans (ed), Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, NY, 62-89, 1969; van Schaik and Probst,Agron. J.,50:192-197, 1958). Artificial hybridization is most successful between 26° C. and 32° C. because cooler temperatures reduce pollen shed and result in flowers that self-pollinate before they are large enough to manipulate. Warmer temperatures frequently are associated with increased flower abortion caused by moisture stress; however, successful crosses are possible at about 35° C. if soil moisture is adequate. Soybeans have been classified as indeterminate, semi-determinate, and determinate based on the abruptness of stem termination after flowering begins (Bernard and Weiss, “Qualitative genetics,”In: Soybeans: Improvement, Production, and Uses, Caldwell (ed),Am. Soc. of Agron., Madison, WI, 117-154, 1973). When grown at their latitude of adaptation, indeterminate genotypes flower when about one-half of the nodes on the main stem have developed. They have short racemes with few flowers, and their terminal node has only a few flowers. Semi-determinate genotypes also flower when about one-half of the nodes on the main stem have developed, but node development and flowering on the main stem stops more abruptly than on indeterminate genotypes. Their racemes are short and have few flowers, except for the terminal one, which may have several times more flowers than those lower on the plant. Determinate varieties begin flowering when all or most of the nodes on the main stem have developed. They usually have elongated racemes that may be several centimeters in length and may have a large number of flowers. Stem termination and flowering habit are reported to be controlled by two major genes (Bernard and Weiss, “Qualitative genetics,”In: Soybeans: Improvement, Production, and Uses, Caldwell (ed),Am. Soc. of Agron., Madison, WI, 117-154, 1973). Soybean flowers typically are self-pollinated on the day the corolla opens. The amount of natural crossing, which is typically associated with insect vectors such as honeybees, is approximately 1% for adjacent plants within a row and 0.5% between plants in adjacent rows (Boerma and Moradshahi,Crop Sci., 15:858-861, 1975). The structure of soybean flowers is similar to that of other legume species and consists of a calyx with five sepals, a corolla with five petals, 10 stamens, and a pistil (Carlson, “Morphology”,In: Soybeans: Improvement, Production, and Uses, Caldwell (ed),Am. Soc. of Agron., Madison, WI, 17-95, 1973). The calyx encloses the corolla until the day before anthesis. The corolla emerges and unfolds to expose a standard, two wing petals, and two keel petals. An open flower is about 7 mm long from the base of the calyx to the tip of the standard and 6 mm wide across the standard. The pistil consists of a single ovary that contains one to five ovules, a style that curves toward the standard, and a club-shaped stigma. The stigma is receptive to pollen about 1 day before anthesis and remains receptive for 2 days after anthesis, if the flower petals are not removed. Filaments of nine stamens are fused, and the one nearest the standard is free. The stamens form a ring below the stigma until about 1 day before anthesis, then their filaments begin to elongate rapidly and elevate the anthers around the stigma. The anthers dehisce on the day of anthesis, pollen grains fall on the stigma, and within 10 h the pollen tubes reach the ovary and fertilization is completed (Johnson and Bernard, “Soybean genetics and breeding,”In: The Soybean, Norman (ed), Academic Press, NY, 1-73, 1963). Self-pollination occurs naturally in soybean with no manipulation of the flowers. For the crossing of two soybean plants, it is often beneficial, although not required, to utilize artificial hybridization. In artificial hybridization, the flower used as a female in a cross is manually cross pollinated prior to maturation of pollen from the flower, thereby preventing self-fertilization, or alternatively, the male parts of the flower are emasculated using a technique known in the art. Techniques for emasculating the male parts of a soybean flower include, for example, physical removal of the male parts, use of a genetic factor conferring male sterility, and application of a chemical gametocide to the male parts. For artificial hybridization employing emasculation, flowers that are expected to open the following day are selected on the female parent. The buds are swollen and the corolla is just visible through the calyx or has begun to emerge. The selected buds on a parent plant are prepared and all of the self-pollinated flowers or immature buds are removed. Special care is required to remove immature buds that are hidden under the stipules at the leaf axil, which could develop into flowers at a later date. To remove a flower, the flower is grasped and the location of the stigma is determined by examining the sepals. A long, curvy sepal covers the keel, and the stigma is on the opposite side of the flower. The calyx is removed by pulling each sepal down and around the flower. The exposed corolla is then removed just above the calyx scar, taking care to remove the keel petals without injuring the stigma. The ring of anthers is visible after the corolla is removed, unless the anthers were removed with the petals. Cross-pollination can then be carried out using, for example, petri dishes or envelopes in which male flowers have been collected. Desiccators containing calcium chloride crystals are used in some environments to dry male flowers to obtain adequate pollen shed. It has been demonstrated that emasculation is unnecessary to prevent self-pollination (Walker et al.,Crop Sci., 19:285-286, 1979). When emasculation is not used, the anthers near the stigma frequently are removed to make it clearly visible for pollination. The female flower usually is hand-pollinated immediately after it is prepared; although a delay of several hours does not seem to reduce seed set. Pollen shed typically begins in the morning and may end when temperatures are above 30° C., or may begin later and continue throughout much of the day with more moderate temperatures. Pollen is available from a flower with a recently opened corolla, but the degree of corolla opening associated with pollen shed may vary during the day. In many environments, it is possible to collect male flowers and use them immediately without storage. In the southern U.S. and other humid climates, pollen shed occurs in the morning when female flowers are more immature and difficult to manipulate than in the afternoon, and the flowers may be damp from heavy dew. In those circumstances, male flowers may be collected into envelopes or petri dishes in the morning and the open container placed in a desiccator for about 4 h at a temperature of about 25° C. The desiccator may be taken to the field in the afternoon and kept in the shade to prevent excessive temperatures from developing within it. Pollen viability can be maintained in flowers for up to 2 days when stored at about 5° C. In a desiccator at 3° C., flowers can be stored successfully for several weeks; however, varieties may differ in the percentage of pollen that germinates after long-term storage (Kuehl, “Pollen viability and stigma receptivity ofGlycine max(L.) Merrill,” Thesis, North Carolina State College, Raleigh, NC, 1961). Either with or without emasculation of the female flower, hand pollination can be carried out by removing the stamens and pistil with a forceps from a flower of the male parent and gently brushing the anthers against the stigma of the female flower. Access to the stamens can be achieved by removing the front sepal and keel petals or piercing the keel with closed forceps and allowing them to open to push the petals away. Brushing the anthers on the stigma causes them to rupture, and the highest percentage of successful crosses is obtained when pollen is clearly visible on the stigma. Pollen shed can be checked by tapping the anthers before brushing the stigma. Several male flowers may have to be used to obtain suitable pollen shed when conditions are unfavorable or the same male with good pollen shed may be used to pollinate several flowers. When male flowers do not have to be collected and dried in a desiccator, it may be desired to plant the parents of a cross adjacent to each other. Plants usually are grown in rows 65 to 100 cm apart to facilitate movement of personnel within the field nursery. Yield of self-pollinated seed from an individual plant may range from a few seeds to more than 1,000 as a function of plant density. A density of 30 plants/m of row can be used when 30 or fewer seeds per plant is adequate, 10 plants/m can be used to obtain about 100 seeds/plant, and 3 plants/m usually results in maximum seed production per plant. Densities of 12 plants/m or less commonly are used for artificial hybridization. Multiple planting dates about 7 to 14 days apart usually are used to match parents of different flowering dates. When differences in flowering dates are extreme between parents, flowering of the later parent can be hastened by creating an artificially short day or flowering of the earlier parent can be delayed by use of artificially long days or delayed planting. For example, crosses with genotypes adapted to the southern U.S. are made in northern U.S. locations by covering the late genotype with a box, large can, or similar container to create an artificially short photoperiod of about 12 h for about 15 days beginning when there are three nodes with trifoliate leaves on the main stem. Plants induced to flower early tend to have flowers that self-pollinate when they are small and can be difficult to prepare for hybridization. Grafting can be used to hasten the flowering of late flowering genotypes. A scion from a late genotype grafted on a stock that has begun to flower will begin to bloom up to 42 days earlier than normal (Kiihl et al.,Crop Sci., 17:181-182, 1977). First flowers on the scion appear from 21 to 50 days after the graft. Observing pod development 7 days after pollination generally is adequate to identify a successful cross. Abortion of pods and seeds can occur several weeks after pollination, but the percentage of abortion usually is low if plant stress is minimized (Shibles et al., “Soybean,”In: Crop Physiology: Some Case Histories, Evans (ed), Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 51-189, 1975). Pods that develop from artificial hybridization can be distinguished from self-pollinated pods by the presence of the calyx scar, caused by removal of the sepals. The sepals begin to fall off as the pods mature; therefore, harvest should be completed at or immediately before the time the pods reach their mature color. Harvesting pods early also avoids any loss by shattering. Once harvested, pods are typically air-dried at not more than 38° C. until the seeds contain 13% moisture or less, then the seeds are removed by hand. Seed can be stored satisfactorily at about 25° C. for up to a year if relative humidity is 50% or less. In humid climates, germination percentage declines rapidly unless the seed is dried to 7% moisture and stored in an air-tight container at room temperature. Long-term storage in any climate is best accomplished by drying seed to 7% moisture and storing it at 10° C. or less in a room maintained at 50% relative humidity or in an air-tight container. FURTHER EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION In certain aspects of the invention, plants of soybean variety 01084034 are modified to include at least a first heritable trait. Such plants may, in one embodiment, be developed by a plant breeding technique called backcrossing, wherein essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of a variety are recovered in addition to a genetic locus transferred into the plant via the backcrossing technique. By essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics, it is meant that the characteristics of a plant are recovered that are otherwise present when compared in the same environment, other than occasional variant traits that might arise during backcrossing or direct introduction of a transgene. It is understood that a locus introduced by backcrossing may or may not be transgenic in origin, and thus the term backcrossing specifically includes backcrossing to introduce loci that were created by genetic transformation. In a typical backcross protocol, the original variety of interest (recurrent parent) is crossed to a second variety (nonrecurrent parent) that carries the single locus of interest to be transferred. The resulting progeny from this cross are then crossed again to the recurrent parent and the process is repeated until a soybean plant is obtained wherein essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of the recurrent parent are recovered in the converted plant, in addition to the transferred locus from the nonrecurrent parent. The selection of a suitable recurrent parent is an important step for a successful backcrossing procedure. The goal of a backcross protocol is to alter or substitute a trait or characteristic in the original variety. To accomplish this, a locus of the recurrent variety is modified or substituted with the desired locus from the nonrecurrent parent, while retaining essentially all of the rest of the genome of the original variety, and therefore the morphological and physiological constitution of the original variety. The choice of the particular nonrecurrent parent will depend on the purpose of the backcross; one of the major purposes is to add some commercially or agronomically important trait to the plant. The exact backcrossing protocol will depend on the characteristic or trait being altered to determine an appropriate testing protocol. Although backcrossing methods are simplified when the characteristic being transferred is a dominant allele, a recessive allele may also be transferred. In this instance, it may be necessary to introduce a test of the progeny to determine if the desired characteristic has been successfully transferred. Soybean varieties can also be developed from more than two parents (Fehr, In: “Soybeans: Improvement, Production and Uses,” 2nd Ed.,Manograph16:249, 1987). The technique, known as modified backcrossing, uses different recurrent parents during the backcrossing. Modified backcrossing may be used to replace the original recurrent parent with a variety having certain more desirable characteristics or multiple parents may be used to obtain different desirable characteristics from each. Many traits have been identified that are not regularly selected for in the development of a new inbred but that can be improved by backcrossing techniques. Traits may or may not be transgenic; examples of these traits include, but are not limited to, male sterility, herbicide resistance, resistance to bacterial, fungal, or viral disease, insect and pest resistance, restoration of male fertility, enhanced nutritional quality, yield stability, and yield enhancement. These comprise genes generally inherited through the nucleus. Direct selection may be applied when the locus acts as a dominant trait. An example of a dominant trait is the herbicide resistance trait. For this selection process, the progeny of the initial cross are sprayed with the herbicide prior to the backcrossing. The spraying eliminates any plants which do not have the desired herbicide resistance characteristic, and only those plants that have the herbicide resistance gene are used in the subsequent backcross. This process is then repeated for all additional backcross generations. Selection of soybean plants for breeding is not necessarily dependent on the phenotype of a plant and instead can be based on genetic investigations. For example, one may utilize a suitable genetic marker that is closely associated with a trait of interest. One of these markers may therefore be used to identify the presence or absence of a trait in the offspring of a particular cross, and hence may be used in selection of progeny for continued breeding. This technique may commonly be referred to as marker assisted selection. Any other type of genetic marker or other assay that is able to identify the relative presence or absence of a trait of interest in a plant may also be useful for breeding purposes. Procedures for marker assisted selection applicable to the breeding of soybeans are well known in the art. Such methods will be of particular utility in the case of recessive traits and variable phenotypes, or when conventional assays may be more expensive, time consuming or otherwise disadvantageous. Genetic markers that could be used in accordance with the invention include, but are not necessarily limited to, Simple Sequence Length Polymorphisms (SSLPs) (Williams et al.,Nucleic Acids Res.,18:6531-6535, 1990), Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs), Arbitrary Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs) (European Patent Application Publication No. EP0534858, specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) (Wang et al.,Science, 280:1077-1082, 1998). Many qualitative characters also have a potential use as phenotype-based genetic markers in soybeans; however, some or many may not differ among varieties commonly used as parents (Bernard and Weiss, “Qualitative genetics,”In: Soybeans: Improvement, Production, and Uses, Caldwell (ed),Am. Soc. of Agron., Madison, WI, 117-154, 1973). The most widely used genetic markers are flower color (purple dominant to white), pubescence color (brown dominant to gray), and pod color (brown dominant to tan). The association of purple hypocotyl color with purple flowers and green hypocotyl color with white flowers is commonly used to identify hybrids in the seedling stage. Differences in maturity, height, hilum color, and pest resistance between parents can also be used to verify hybrid plants. Many useful traits that can be introduced by backcrossing, as well as directly into a plant, are those that are introduced by genetic transformation techniques. Genetic transformation may therefore be used to insert a selected transgene into the soybean variety of the invention or may, alternatively, be used for the preparation of transgenes which can be introduced by backcrossing. Methods for the transformation of many economically important plants, including soybeans, are well known to those of skill in the art. Techniques which may be employed to genetically transform soybeans include, but are not limited to, electroporation, microprojectile bombardment,Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and direct DNA uptake by protoplasts. To effect transformation by electroporation, one may employ either friable tissues, such as a suspension culture of cells or embryogenic callus or alternatively one may transform immature embryos or other organized tissue directly. In this technique, one would partially degrade the cell walls of the chosen cells by exposing them to pectin-degrading enzymes (pectolyases) or mechanically wound tissues in a controlled manner. Protoplasts may also be employed for electroporation transformation of plants (Bates,Mol. Biotechnol., 2(2):135-145, 1994; Lazzeri,Methods Mol. Biol., 49:95-106, 1995). For example, the generation of transgenic soybean plants by electroporation of cotyledon-derived protoplasts was described by Dhir and Widholm in International Patent Application Publication No. WO 92/17598, the disclosure of which is specifically incorporated herein by reference. An efficient method for delivering transforming DNA segments to plant cells is microprojectile bombardment. In this method, particles are coated with nucleic acids and delivered into cells by a propelling force. Exemplary particles include those comprised of tungsten, platinum, or gold. For the bombardment, cells in suspension are concentrated on filters or solid culture medium. Alternatively, immature embryos or other target cells may be arranged on solid culture medium. The cells to be bombarded are positioned at an appropriate distance below the macroprojectile stopping plate. An illustrative embodiment of a method for delivering DNA into plant cells by acceleration is the Biolistics Particle Delivery System, which can be used to propel particles coated with DNA or cells through a screen, such as a stainless steel or Nytex screen, onto a surface covered with target soybean cells. The screen disperses the particles so that they are not delivered to the recipient cells in large aggregates. It is believed that a screen intervening between the projectile apparatus and the cells to be bombarded reduces the size of the projectile aggregate and may contribute to a higher frequency of transformation by reducing the damage inflicted on the recipient cells by projectiles that are too large. Microprojectile bombardment techniques are widely applicable, and may be used to transform virtually any plant species. The application of microprojectile bombardment for the transformation of soybeans is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,322,783, the disclosure of which is specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Agrobacterium-mediated transfer is another widely applicable system for introducing gene loci into plant cells. An advantage of the technique is that DNA can be introduced into whole plant tissues, thereby bypassing the need for regeneration of an intact plant from a protoplast. ModernAgrobacteriumtransformation vectors are capable of replication inE. colias well asAgrobacterium, allowing for convenient manipulations (Klee et al.,Bio. Tech., 3(7):637-642, 1985). Moreover, recent technological advances in vectors forAgrobacterium-mediated gene transfer have improved the arrangement of genes and cloning sites in the vectors to facilitate the construction of vectors capable of expressing various polypeptide coding genes. Vectors can have convenient multiple-cloning sites (MCS) flanked by a promoter and a polyadenylation site for direct expression of inserted polypeptide coding genes. Other vectors can comprise site-specific recombination sequences, enabling insertion of a desired DNA sequence without the use of restriction enzymes (Curtis et al.,Plant Physiology133:462-469, 2003). Additionally,Agrobacteriumcontaining both armed and disarmed Ti genes can be used for transformation. In those plant strains in whichAgrobacterium-mediated transformation is efficient, it is the method of choice because of the facile and defined nature of the gene locus transfer. The use ofAgrobacterium-mediated plant integrating vectors to introduce DNA into plant cells is well known in the art (Fraley et al.,Bio. Tech., 3(7):629-635, 1985; U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,055). Use ofAgrobacteriumin the context of soybean transformation has been described, for example, by Chee and Slightom (Methods Mol. Biol., 44:101-119, 1995) and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,569,834, the disclosures of which are specifically incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Transformation of plant protoplasts also can be achieved using methods based on calcium phosphate precipitation, polyethylene glycol treatment, electroporation, and combinations of these treatments (see, e.g., Potrykus et al.,Mol. Gen. Genet., 199(2):169-177, 1985; Omirulleh et al.,Plant Mol. Biol., 21(3):415-428, 1993; Fromm et al.,Nature, 319(6056):791-793, 1986; Uchimiya et al.,Mol. Gen. Genet., 204(2):204-207, 1986; Marcotte et al.,Nature, 335(6189):454-457, 1988). The demonstrated ability to regenerate soybean plants from protoplasts makes each of these techniques applicable to soybean (Dhir et al.,Plant Cell Rep., 10(2):97-101, 1991). Included among various plant transformation techniques are methods permitting the site- specific modification of a plant genome. These modifications can include, but are not limited to, site-specific mutations, deletions, insertions, and replacements of nucleotides. These modifications can be made anywhere within the genome of a plant, for example, in genomic elements, including, among others, coding sequences, regulatory elements, and non-coding DNA sequences. Any number of such modifications can be made and that number of modifications may be made in any order or combination, for example, simultaneously all together or one after another. Such methods may be used to modify a particular trait conferred by a locus. The techniques for making such modifications by genome editing are well known in the art and include, for example, use of CRISPR-Cas systems, zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), among others. Many hundreds if not thousands of different genes are known and could potentially be introduced into a soybean plant according to the invention. Non-limiting examples of particular genes and corresponding phenotypes one may choose to introduce into a soybean plant are presented below. A. Herbicide Resistance Numerous herbicide resistance genes are known and may be employed with the invention. A non-limiting example is a gene conferring resistance to a herbicide that inhibits the growing point or meristem such as imidazolinone or sulfonylurea herbicides. As imidazolinone and sulfonylurea herbicides are acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides that prevent the formation of branched chain amino acids, exemplary genes in this category code for ALS and AHAS enzymes as described, for example, by Lee et al.,EMBO J., 7:1241, 1988; Gleen et al.,Plant Molec. Biology, 18:1185, 1992; and Miki et al.,Theor. Appl. Genet., 80:449, 1990. As a non-limiting example, a gene may be employed to confer resistance to the exemplary sulfonylurea herbicide nicosulfuron. Resistance genes for glyphosate (resistance conferred by mutant 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) and aroA genes, respectively) and other phosphono compounds such as glufosinate (phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT) and Streptomyces hygroscopicus phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (bar) genes) may also be used. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,940,835 to Shah et al., which discloses the nucleotide sequence of a form of EPSPS that can confer glyphosate resistance. Non-limiting examples of EPSPS transformation events conferring glyphosate resistance are provided by U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,040,497 and 7,632,985. The MON89788event disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,632,985 in particular is beneficial in conferring glyphosate tolerance in combination with an increase in average yield relative to prior events. A DNA molecule encoding a mutant aroA gene can be obtained under ATCC Accession No. 39256, and the nucleotide sequence of the mutant gene is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,769,061 to Comai. A hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene fromE. colithat confers resistance to glyphosate in tobacco callus and plants is described in Penaloza-Vazquez et al.,Plant Cell Reports, 14:482, 1995. European Patent Application Publication No. EP0333033 to Kumada et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 4,975,374 to Goodman et al., disclose nucleotide sequences of glutamine synthetase genes that confer resistance to herbicides such as L-phosphinothricin. The nucleotide sequence of a phosphinothricin acetyltransferase gene is provided in European Patent Application Publication No. EP0242246 to Leemans et al. DeGreef et al. (Biotechnology, 7:61, 1989) describe the production of transgenic plants that express chimeric bar genes coding for phosphinothricin acetyl transferase activity. Exemplary genes conferring resistance to a phenoxy class herbicide haloxyfop and a cyclohexanedione class herbicide sethoxydim are the Acct-S1, Acct-S2 and Acct-S3 genes described by Marshall et al., (Theor. Appl. Genet., 83:435, 1992). As a non-limiting example, a gene may confer resistance to other exemplary phenoxy class herbicides that include, but are not limited to, quizalofop-p-ethyl and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Genes are also known that confer resistance to herbicides that inhibit photosynthesis such as, for example, triazine herbicides (psbA and gs+ genes) and benzonitrile herbicides (nitrilase gene). As a non-limiting example, a gene may confer resistance to the exemplary benzonitrile herbicide bromoxynil. Przibila et al. (Plant Cell,3:169, 1991) describe the transformation ofChlamydomonaswith plasmids encoding mutant psbA genes. Nucleotide sequences for nitrilase genes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,648 to Stalker, and DNA molecules containing these genes are available under ATCC Accession Nos. 53435, 67441, and 67442. Cloning and expression of DNA coding for a glutathione S-transferase is described by Hayes et al. (Biochem. J., 285:173, 1992). 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) is a target of the HPPD-inhibiting herbicides, which deplete plant plastoquinone and vitamin E pools. Rippert et al. (Plant Physiol., 134:92, 2004) describes an HPPD-inhibitor resistant tobacco plant that was transformed with a yeast-derived prephenate dehydrogenase (PDH) gene. Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) is the target of the PPO-inhibitor class of herbicides; a PPO-inhibitor resistant PPO gene was recently identified inAmaranthus tuberculatus(Patzoldt et al.,PNAS, 103(33):12329, 2006). The herbicide methyl viologen inhibits CO2assimilation. Foyer et al. (Plant Physiol., 109:1047, 1995) describe a plant overexpressing glutathione reductase (GR) that is resistant to methyl viologen treatment. Siminszky (Phytochemistry Reviews, 5:445, 2006) describes plant cytochrome P450-mediated detoxification of multiple, chemically unrelated classes of herbicides. Modified bacterial genes have been successfully demonstrated to confer resistance to atrazine, a herbicide that binds to the plastoquinone-binding membrane protein QB in photosystem II to inhibit electron transport. See, for example, studies by Cheung et al. (PNAS, 85:391, 1988), describing tobacco plants expressing the chloroplast psbA gene from an atrazine-resistant biotype ofAmaranthus hybridusfused to the regulatory sequences of a nuclear gene, and Wang et al. (Plant Biotech. J., 3:475, 2005), describing transgenic alfalfa,Arabidopsis, and tobacco plants expressing the atzA gene fromPseudomonassp. that were able to detoxify atrazine. Bayley et al. (Theor. Appl. Genet., 83:645, 1992) describe the creation of 2,4-D-resistant transgenic tobacco and cotton plants using the 2,4-D monooxygenase gene tfdA fromAlcaligenes eutrophusplasmid pJP5. U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20030135879 describes the isolation of a gene for dicamba monooxygenase (DMO) from Psueodmonas maltophilia that is involved in the conversion of dicamba to a non-toxic 3,6-dichlorosalicylic acid and thus may be used for producing plants tolerant to this herbicide. Other examples of herbicide resistance have been described, for instance, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,803,501; 6,448,476; 6,248,876; 6,225,114; 6,107,549; 5,866,775; 5,804,425; 5,633,435; 5,463,175. B. Disease and Pest Resistance Plant defenses are often activated by specific interaction between the product of a disease resistance gene (R) in the plant and the product of a corresponding avirulence (Avr) gene in the pathogen. A plant line can be transformed with a cloned resistance gene to engineer plants that are resistant to specific pathogen strains. See, for example Jones et al. (Science, 266:789-793, 1994) (cloning of the tomato Cf-9 gene for resistance toCladosporium fulvum); Martin et al. (Science, 262:1432-b 1436, 1993) (tomato Pto gene for resistance toPseudomonas syringaepv. tomato); and Mindrinos et al. (Cell, 78(6):1089-1099, 1994) (ArabidopsisRPS2 gene for resistance toPseudomonas syringae). A viral-invasive protein or a complex toxin derived therefrom may also be used for viral disease resistance. For example, the accumulation of viral coat proteins in transformed plant cells imparts resistance to viral infection and/or disease development effected by the virus from which the coat protein gene is derived and related viruses. See Beachy et al. (Ann. Rev. Phytopathol.,28:451, 1990). Coat protein-mediated resistance has been conferred upon transformed plants against alfalfa mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, tobacco streak virus, potato virus X, potato virus Y, tobacco etch virus, tobacco rattle virus, and tobacco mosaic virus. A virus-specific antibody may also be used. See, for example, Tavladoraki et al. (Nature,366:469-472, 1993), who show that transgenic plants expressing recombinant antibody genes are protected from virus attack. Virus resistance has also been described in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,617,496; 6,608,241; 6,015,940; 6,013,864; 5,850,023 and 5,304,730. Additional means of inducing whole-plant resistance to a pathogen include modulation of the systemic acquired resistance (SAR) or pathogenesis related (PR) genes, for example genes homologous to theArabidopsis thalianaNIM1/NPK1/SAI1, and/or by increasing salicylic acid production (Ryals et al.,Plant Cell,8:1809-1819, 1996). Logemann et al. (Biotechnology,10:305-308, 1992), for example, disclose transgenic plants expressing a barley ribosome-inactivating gene that have an increased resistance to fungal disease. Plant defensins may be used to provide resistance to fungal pathogens (Thomma et al.,Planta,216:193-202, 2002). Other examples of fungal disease resistance are provided in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,653,280; 6,573,361; 6,506,962; 6,316,407; 6,215,048; 5,516,671; 5,773,696; 6,121,436; and 6,316,407. Nematode resistance has been described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,228,992, and bacterial disease resistance has been described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,516,671. The use of the herbicide glyphosate for disease control in soybean plants containing event MON89788, which confers glyphosate tolerance, has also been described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,608,761. C. Insect Resistance One example of an insect resistance gene includes aBacillus thuringiensisprotein, a derivative thereof, or a synthetic polypeptide modeled thereon. See, for example, Geiser et al. (Gene,48(1):109-118, 1986), who disclose the cloning and nucleotide sequence of aBacillus thuringiensisδ-endotoxin gene. Moreover, DNA molecules encoding δ-endotoxin genes can be purchased from the American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Virginia, for example, under ATCC Accession Nos. 40098, 67136, 31995 and 31998. Another example is a lectin. See, for example, Van Damme et al., (Plant Molec. Biol.,24:825-830, 1994), who disclose the nucleotide sequences of severalClivia miniatamannose-binding lectin genes. A vitamin-binding protein may also be used, such as, for example, avidin. See PCT Application No. U.S.93/06487, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. This application teaches the use of avidin and avidin homologues as larvicides against insect pests. Yet another insect resistance gene is an enzyme inhibitor, for example, protease, proteinase, or amylase inhibitors. See, for example, Abe et al. (J. Biol. Chem.,262:16793-16797, 1987) describing the nucleotide sequence of a rice cysteine proteinase inhibitor; Linthorst et al. (Plant Molec. Biol.,21:985-992, 1993) describing the nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding tobacco proteinase inhibitor I; and Sumitani et al. (Biosci. Biotech. Biochem.,57:1243-1248, 1993) describing the nucleotide sequence of aStreptomyces nitrosporeusα-amylase inhibitor. An insect-specific hormone or pheromone may also be used. See, for example, the disclosure by Hammock et al. (Nature,344:458-461, 1990) of baculovirus expression of cloned juvenile hormone esterase, an inactivator of juvenile hormone; Gade and Goldsworthy (Eds. Physiological System in Insects, Elsevier Academic Press, Burlington, MA, 2007), describing allostatins and their potential use in pest control; and Palli et al. (Vitam. Horm.,73:59-100, 2005), disclosing use of ecdysteroid and ecdysteroid receptor in agriculture. The diuretic hormone receptor (DHR) was identified in Price et al. (Insect Mol. Biol.,13:469-480, 2004) as another potential candidate target of insecticides. Still other examples include an insect-specific antibody or an immunotoxin derived therefrom and a developmental-arrestive protein. See Taylor et al. (Seventh Int'l Symposium on Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, Edinburgh, Scotland, Abstract W97, 1994), who described enzymatic inactivation in transgenic tobacco via production of single-chain antibody fragments. Numerous other examples of insect resistance have been described. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,809,078; 6,713,063; 6,686,452; 6,657,046; 6,645,497; 6,642,030; 6,639,054; 6,620,988; 6,593,293; 6,555,655; 6,538,109; 6,537,756; 6,521,442; 6,501,009; 6,468,523; 6,326,351; 6,313,378; 6,284,949; 6,281,016; 6,248,536; 6,242,241; 6,221,649; 6,177,615; 6,156,573; 6,153,814; 6,110,464; 6,093,695; 6,063,756; 6,063,597; 6,023,013; 5,959,091; 5,942,664; 5,880,275; 5,763,245 and 5,763,241. D. Male Sterility Genetic male sterility is available in soybeans and, although not required for crossing soybean plants, can increase the efficiency with which hybrids are made, as it eliminates the need to physically emasculate the soybean plant used as a female in a given cross. (Brim and Stuber,Crop Sci.,13:528-530, 1973). Herbicide-inducible male sterility systems have also been described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,762,344. When one desires to employ male-sterility systems, it may be beneficial to also utilize one or more male-fertility restorer genes. For example, when cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is used, hybrid seed production requires three inbred lines: (1) a cytoplasmically male-sterile line having a CMS cytoplasm; (2) a fertile inbred with normal cytoplasm, which is isogenic with the CMS line for nuclear genes (“maintainer line”); and (3) a distinct, fertile inbred with normal cytoplasm, carrying a fertility restoring gene (“restorer” line). The CMS line is propagated by pollination with the maintainer line, and all of the progeny are male sterile, as the CMS cytoplasm is derived from the female parent. These male sterile plants can then be efficiently employed as the female parent in hybrid crosses with the restorer line, without the need for physical emasculation of the male reproductive parts of the female parent. The presence of a male-fertility restorer gene results in the production of fully fertile F1hybrid progeny. If no restorer gene is present in the male parent, male-sterile hybrids are obtained. Such hybrids are useful where the vegetative tissue of the soybean plant is utilized, but in many cases the seeds will be deemed the most valuable portion of the crop, so fertility of the hybrids in these crops must be restored. Therefore, one aspect of the current invention concerns plants of the soybean variety 01084034 comprising a genetic locus capable of restoring male fertility in an otherwise male-sterile plant. Examples of male-sterility genes and corresponding restorers which could be employed with the plants of the invention are well known to those of skill in the art of plant breeding, see, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,530,191 and 5,684,242, the disclosures of which are each specifically incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. E. Modified Fatty Acid, Phytate, and Carbohydrate Metabolism Genes may be used conferring modified fatty acid metabolism. For example, stearyl-ACP desaturase genes may be used, see Knutzon et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,89:2624-2628, 1992). Various fatty acid desaturases have also been described. McDonough et al. describe aSaccharomyces cerevisiaeOLE1 gene encoding Δ9-fatty acid desaturase, an enzyme which forms the monounsaturated palmitoleic (16:1) and oleic (18:1) fatty acids from palmitoyl (16:0) or stearoyl (18:0) CoA (J. Biol. Chem., 267(9):5931-5936, 1992). Fox et al. describe a gene encoding a stearoyl-acyl carrier protein delta-9 desaturase from castor (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,90(6):2486-2490, 1993). Reddy et al. describe Δ6- and Δ12-desaturases from the cyanobacteriaSynechocystisresponsible for the conversion of linoleic acid (18:2) to gamma-linolenic acid (18:3 gamma) (Plant Mol. Biol., 22(2):293-300, 1993). Arondel et al. describe a gene fromArabidopsis thalianathat encodes an omega-3 desaturase has been identified (Science, 258(5086):1353-1355, 1992). Plant Δ9-desaturases as well as soybean andBrassica Δ15-desaturases have also been described, see PCT Application Publication No. WO 91/13972 and European Patent Application Publication No. EP0616644, respectively. U.S. Pat. No. 7,622,632 describes fungal Δ15-desaturases and their use in plants. European Patent Application Publication No. EP1656449 describes Δ6-desaturases from Primula as well as soybean plants having increased stearidonic acid (SDA, 18:4) content. U.S. Pat. No. 8,378,186 describes expression of transgenic desaturase enzymes in corn plants, and improved fatty acid profiles resulting therefrom. Modified oil production is disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,444,876; 6,426,447; and 6,380,462. High oil production is disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,495,739; 5,608,149; 6,483,008; and 6,476,295. Modified fatty acid content is disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,828,475; 6,822,141; 6,770,465; 6,706,950; 6,660,849; 6,596,538; 6,589,767; 6,537,750; 6,489,461 and 6,459,018. Phytate metabolism may also be modified by introduction of a phytase-encoding gene to enhance breakdown of phytate, adding more free phosphate to the transformed plant. For example, see Van Hartingsveldt et al. (Gene, 127:87-94, 1993), for a disclosure of the nucleotide sequence of anAspergillus nigerphytase gene. For example, this could be accomplished in soybean plants by cloning and then reintroducing DNA associated with the single allele that is responsible for soybean mutants characterized by low levels of phytic acid. See Raboy et al. (Plant Physiol.,124(1):355-368, 2000). A number of genes are known that may be used to alter carbohydrate metabolism. For example, plants may be transformed with a gene coding for an enzyme that alters the branching pattern of starch. For example, Shiroza et al. (J. Bacteriol.,170:810-816, 1988) describe a nucleotide sequence of theStreptococcus mutansfructosyltransferase gene; Steinmetz et al. (Mol. Gen. Genet., 20:220-228, 1985) describe a nucleotide sequence of theBacillus subtilislevansucrase gene; Pen et al. (Biotechnology, 10:292-296, 1992) describe production of transgenic plants that expressBacillus licheniformisα-amylase; Elliot et al. (Plant Molec. Biol., 21:515-524, 1993) describe nucleotide sequences of tomato invertase genes; Sergaard et al. (J. Biol. Chem.,268:22480, 1993) describe site-directed mutagenesis of a barley α-amylase gene; and Fisher et al. (Plant Physiol.,102:1045-1046, 1993) describe maize endosperm starch branching enzyme II. The Z10 gene encoding a 10 kD zein storage protein from maize may also be used to alter the quantities of 10 kD zein in the cells relative to other components (Kirihara et al.,Gene,71(2):359- 370, 1988). F. Resistance to Abiotic Stress Abiotic stress includes dehydration or other osmotic stress, salinity, high or low light intensity, high or low temperatures, submergence, exposure to heavy metals, and oxidative stress. Delta-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (PSCS) from mothbean has been used to provide protection against general osmotic stress. Mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase (mt1D) fromE. colihas been used to provide protection against drought and salinity. Choline oxidase (codA fromArthrobactor globiformis) can protect against cold and salt.E. colicholine dehydrogenase (betA) provides protection against salt. Additional protection from cold can be provided by omega-3-fatty acid desaturase (fad7) fromArabidopsis thaliana. Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase and levan sucrase (SacB) from yeast andBacillus subtilis, respectively, can provide protection against drought (summarized from Annex II Genetic Engineering for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants, Consultative Group On International Agricultural Research Technical Advisory Committee). Overexpression of superoxide dismutase can be used to protect against superoxides, see U.S. Pat. No. 5,538,878. G. Additional traits Additional traits can be introduced into the soybean variety of the present invention. A non-limiting example of such a trait is a coding sequence which decreases RNA and/or protein levels. The decreased RNA and/or protein levels may be achieved through RNAi methods, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,506,559. Another trait that may find use with the soybean variety of the invention is a sequence which allows for site-specific recombination. Examples of such sequences include the FRT sequence used with the FLP recombinase (Zhu and Sadowski,J. Biol. Chem.,270:23044-23054, 1995) and the LOX sequence used with CRE recombinase (Sauer,Mol. Cell. Biol.,7:2087-2096, 1987). The recombinase genes can be encoded at any location within the genome of the soybean plant and are active in the hemizygous state. In certain embodiments soybean plants may be made more tolerant to or more easily transformed withAgrobacterium tumefaciens. For example, expression of p53 and iap, two baculovirus cell-death suppressor genes, inhibited tissue necrosis and DNA cleavage. Additional targets may include plant-encoded proteins that interact with theAgrobacteriumVir genes; enzymes involved in plant cell wall formation; and histones, histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases (reviewed in Gelvin,Microbiology&Mol. Biol. Reviews,67:16-37, 2003). In addition to the modification of oil, fatty acid, or phytate content described above, certain embodiments may modify the amounts or levels of other compounds. For example, the amount or composition of antioxidants can be altered. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,787,618 and 7,154,029 and International Patent Application Publication No. WO 00/68393, which disclose the manipulation of antioxidant levels, and International Patent Application Publication No. WO 03/082899, which discloses the manipulation of an antioxidant biosynthetic pathway. Additionally, seed amino acid content may be manipulated. U.S. Pat. No. 5,850,016 and International Patent Application Publication No. WO 99/40209 disclose the alteration of the amino acid compositions of seeds. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,080,913 and 6,127,600 disclose methods of increasing accumulation of essential amino acids in seeds. U.S. Pat. No. 5,559,223 describes synthetic storage proteins of which the levels of essential amino acids can be manipulated. International Patent Application Publication No. WO 99/29882 discloses methods for altering amino acid content of proteins. International Patent Application Publication No. WO 98/20133 describes proteins with enhanced levels of essential amino acids. International Patent Application Publication No. WO 98/56935 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,346,403; 6,441,274; and 6,664,445 disclose plant amino acid biosynthetic enzymes. International Patent Application Publication No. WO 98/45458 describes synthetic seed proteins having a higher percentage of essential amino acids than wild-type. U.S. Pat. No. 5,633,436 discloses plants comprising a higher content of sulfur-containing amino acids; U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,801 discloses plants comprising a high threonine content; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,885,802 and 5,912,414 disclose plants comprising a high methionine content; U.S. Pat. No. 5,990,389 discloses plants comprising a high lysine content; U.S. Pat. No. 6,459,019 discloses plants comprising an increased lysine and threonine content; International Patent Application Publication No. WO 98/42831 discloses plants comprising a high lysine content; International Patent Application Publication No. WO 96/01905 discloses plants comprising a high threonine content; and International Patent Application Publication No. WO 95/15392 discloses plants comprising a high lysine content. ORIGIN AND BREEDING HISTORY OF AN EXEMPLARY SINGLE LOCUS CONVERTED PLANT It is known to those of skill in the art that, by way of the technique of backcrossing, one or more traits may be introduced into a given variety while otherwise retaining essentially all of the traits of that variety. An example of such backcrossing to introduce a trait into a starting variety is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,140,556, the entire disclosure of which is specifically incorporated herein by reference. The procedure described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,140,556 can be summarized as follows: The soybean variety known as Williams '82 [Glycine maxL. Merr.] (Reg. No. 222, PI 518671) was developed using backcrossing techniques to transfer a locus comprising the Rps1gene to the variety Williams (Bernard and Cremeens,Crop Sci.,28:1027-1028, 1988). Williams '82 is a composite of four resistant lines from the BC6F3generation, which were selected from 12 field-tested resistant lines from Williams×Kingwa. The variety Williams was used as the recurrent parent in the backcross and the variety Kingwa was used as the source of the Rps1locus. This gene locus confers resistance to 19 of the 24 races of the fungal agent Phytophthora root rot. The F1or F2seedlings from each backcross round were tested for resistance to the fungus by hypocotyl inoculation using the inoculum of race 5. The final generation was tested using inoculum of races 1 to 9. In a backcross such as this, in which the desired characteristic being transferred to the recurrent parent is controlled by a major gene which can be readily evaluated during the backcrossing, it is common to conduct enough backcrosses to avoid testing individual progeny for specific traits such as yield in extensive replicated tests. In general, four or more backcrosses are used when there is no evaluation of the progeny for specific traits. As in this example, lines with the phenotype of the recurrent parent may be composited without the usual replicated tests for traits, such as yield, protein, or oil percentage, in the individual lines. The variety Williams '82 is comparable to the recurrent parent variety Williams in its traits except resistance to Phytophthora rot. For example, both varieties have a relative maturity of 38, indeterminate stems, white flowers, brown pubescence, tan pods at maturity, and shiny yellow seeds with black to light black hila. TISSUE CULTURES AND IN VITRO REGENERATION OF SOYBEAN PLANTS A further aspect of the invention relates to tissue cultures of the soybean variety designated 01084034. As used herein, the term “tissue culture” indicates a composition comprising isolated cells of the same or a different type or a collection of such cells organized into parts of a plant. Exemplary types of tissue cultures are protoplasts, calli, and plant cells that are intact in plants or parts of plants, such as embryos, pollen, flowers, leaves, roots, root tips, anthers, and the like. In one embodiment, the tissue culture comprises embryos, protoplasts, meristematic cells, pollen, leaves, or anthers. Exemplary procedures for preparing tissue cultures of regenerable soybean cells and regenerating soybean plants therefrom are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,992,375; 5,015,580; 5,024,944; and 5,416,011, each of which are specifically incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. An important ability of a tissue culture is the capability to regenerate fertile plants. This allows, for example, transformation of the tissue culture cells followed by regeneration of transgenic plants. For transformation to be efficient and successful, DNA must be introduced into cells that give rise to plants or germ-line tissue. Soybeans typically are regenerated via two distinct processes: shoot morphogenesis and somatic embryogenesis (Finer, Cheng, Verma, “Soybean transformation: Technologies and progress,”In: Soybean: Genetics, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CAB Intl, Verma and Shoemaker (ed), Wallingford, Oxon, UK, 250-251, 1996). Shoot morphogenesis is the process of shoot meristem organization and development. Shoots grow out from a source tissue and are excised and rooted to obtain an intact plant. During somatic embryogenesis, an embryo (similar to the zygotic embryo), containing both shoot and root axes, is formed from somatic plant tissue. An intact plant rather than a rooted shoot results from the germination of the somatic embryo. Shoot morphogenesis and somatic embryogenesis are different processes and the specific route of regeneration is primarily dependent on the explant source and media used for tissue culture manipulations. While the systems are different, both systems show variety-specific responses in which some lines are more responsive to tissue culture manipulations than others. A line that is highly responsive in shoot morphogenesis may not generate many somatic embryos. Lines that produce large numbers of embryos during an ‘induction’ step may not give rise to rapidly-growing proliferative cultures. Therefore, it may be desired to optimize tissue culture conditions for each soybean line. These optimizations may readily be carried out by one of skill in the art of tissue culture through small-scale culture studies. In addition to line-specific responses, proliferative cultures can be observed with both shoot morphogenesis and somatic embryogenesis. Proliferation is beneficial for both systems as it allows a single, transformed cell to multiply to the point that it will contribute to germ-line tissue. Shoot morphogenesis was first reported by Wright et al. (Plant Cell Reports, 5:150-154, 1986) as a system from which shoots were obtained de novo from cotyledonary nodes of soybean seedlings. The shoot meristems were formed subepidermally and morphogenic tissue could proliferate on a medium containing benzyl adenine (BA). This system can be used for transformation if the subepidermal, multicellular origin of the shoots is recognized and proliferative cultures are utilized. The idea is to target tissue that will give rise to new shoots and proliferate those cells within the meristematic tissue to lessen problems associated with chimerism. Formation of chimeras, as a result of transforming only a single cell in a meristem, is problematic if the transformed cell is not adequately proliferated and does not does not give rise to germ-line tissue. Once the system is well understood and reproduced satisfactorily, it can be used as one target tissue for soybean transformation. Somatic embryogenesis in soybean was first reported by Christianson et al. (Science, 222:632-634, 1983) as a system in which embryogenic tissue was initially obtained from the zygotic embryo axis. These embryogenic cultures were proliferative but the repeatability of the system was low and the origin of the embryos was not reported. Later histological studies of a different proliferative embryogenic soybean culture showed that proliferative embryos were of apical or surface origin with a small number of cells contributing to embryo formation. The origin of primary embryos, the first embryos derived from the initial explant, is dependent on the explant tissue and the auxin levels in the induction medium (Hartweck et al.,In Vitro Cell. Develop. Bio., 24:821-828, 1988). With proliferative embryonic cultures, single cells or small groups of surface cells of the ‘older’ somatic embryos form the ‘newer’ embryos. Embryogenic cultures can also be used successfully for regeneration, including regeneration of transgenic plants, if the origin of the embryos is recognized and the biological limitations of proliferative embryogenic cultures are understood. Biological limitations include the difficulty in developing proliferative embryogenic cultures and reduced fertility problems (culture-induced variation) associated with plants regenerated from long-term proliferative embryogenic cultures. Some of these problems are accentuated in prolonged cultures. The use of more recently cultured cells may decrease or eliminate such problems. DEFINITIONS In the description and table, a number of terms are used. In order to provide a clear and consistent understanding of the specification and claims, the following definitions are provided: A: When used in conjunction with the word “comprising” or other open language in the claims, the words “a” and “an” denote “one or more.” About: Refers to embodiments or values that include the standard deviation of the mean for a given item being measured. Allele: Any of one or more alternative forms of a locus. In a diploid cell or organism, the two alleles of a given locus occupy corresponding loci on a pair of homologous chromosomes. Aphids: Aphid resistance in greenhouse screening is scored based on foliar symptoms and number of aphids using a 1 to 9 scale. “Resistant” (R) corresponds to a rating between “1” and “3.9,” inclusive. “Moderately Resistant” (MR) corresponds to a rating between “4.0” and “5.9,” inclusive. “Moderately Susceptible to Moderately Resistant” (MS-MR) corresponds to a rating between “6.0” and “6.9,” inclusive. “Susceptible” (S) corresponds to a rating between “7.0” and “9.0,” inclusive. Asian Soybean Rust (ASR): ASR may be visually scored based on a 1 to 5 scale. A score of “1” indicates “immune.” A score of “2” indicates that the leaves exhibit red/brown lesions over less than 50% of surface. A score of “3” indicates that the leaves exhibit red/brown lesions over greater than 50% of surface. A score of “4” indicates that the leaves exhibit tan lesions over less than 50% of surface. A score of “5” indicates that the leaves exhibit tan lesions over greater than 50% of surface. Resistance to ASR may be characterized phenotypically as well as genetically. Soybean plants phenotypically characterized as resistant to ASR typically exhibit red/brown lesions covering less than 25% of the leaf. Genetic characterization of ASR resistance may be carried out, for example, by identifying the presence in a soybean plant of one or more genetic markers linked to the ASR resistance. Backcrossing: A process in which a breeder repeatedly crosses hybrid progeny, for example a first generation hybrid (F1), back to one of the parents of the hybrid progeny. Backcrossing can be used to introduce one or more single locus conversions from one genetic background into another. Brown Stem Rot (BSR): The greenhouse score is based on the incidence and severity of pith discoloration and scores are converted to a 1 to 9 scale. “Resistant” (R) corresponds to a rating less than “3.4.” “Moderately Resistant” (MR) corresponds to a rating between “3.5” and “4.4,” inclusive. “Moderately Resistant-Moderately Susceptible” (MR/MS) corresponds to a rating between “4.5” and “5.4,” inclusive. “Moderately Susceptible” (MS) corresponds to a rating between “5.5” and “6.4,” inclusive. “Susceptible” (S) corresponds to a rating greater than “6.5.” Chloride Sensitivity: Plants may be categorized as “includers” or “excluders” with respect to chloride sensitivity. Excluders tend to partition chloride in the root systems and reduce the amount of chloride transported to more sensitive, aboveground tissues. Therefore excluders may display increased tolerance to elevated soil chloride levels when compared against includers. Greenhouse screening of chloride tolerance is scored on a 1 to 9 scale. A rating less than “3” is considered an excluder. A rating between “4” and “9,” inclusive, is considered an includer. Crossing: The mating of two parent plants. Cross-pollination: Fertilization by the union of two gametes from different plants. Emasculate: The removal of plant male sex organs or the inactivation of the organs with a cytoplasmic or nuclear genetic factor or a chemical agent conferring male sterility. Enzymes: Molecules which can act as catalysts in biological reactions. F1Hybrid: The first generation progeny of the cross of two nonisogenic plants. Fatty Acids: Are measured and reported as a percent of the total oil content. In addition to the typical composition of fatty acids in commodity soybeans, some soybean varieties have modified profiles. Low linolenic acid soybean oil as defined herein contains 3% or less linolenic acid. Mid oleic acid soybean oil as defined herein typically contains 50-60% oleic acid. High oleic soybean oil as defined herein typically contains 75% or greater oleic acid. Stearidonic acid levels are typically 0% in commodity soybeans. Frog Eye Leaf Spot (FELS): Greenhouse assay reaction scores are based on foliar symptom severity and are measured using a 1-9 scale. “Resistant” (R) corresponds to a rating less than “3.” “Moderately Resistant” (MR) corresponds to a rating between “3.0” and “4.9,” inclusive. “Moderately Susceptible” (MS) corresponds to a rating between “5.0” and “6.9,” inclusive. “Susceptible” (S) corresponds to a rating greater than 6.9. Genotype: The genetic constitution of a cell or organism. Haploid: A cell or organism having one set of the two sets of chromosomes in a diploid. Iron-Deficiency Chlorosis (IDE=early; IDL=late): Iron-deficiency chlorosis is scored based on visual observations using 1 to 9 scale. A score of “1” indicates that no stunting of the plants or yellowing of the leaves was observed. A score of “9” indicates that the plants are dead or dying as a result of iron-deficiency chlorosis. A score of “5” means that plants display intermediate health and some observable leaf yellowing. Linkage: A phenomenon wherein alleles on the same chromosome tend to segregate together more often than expected by chance if their transmission was independent. Linolenic Acid Content (LLN): Low-linolenic acid soybean oil contains 3% or less linolenic acid. Traditional soybean oil contains approximately 8% linolenic acid. Marker: A readily detectable phenotype, preferably inherited in co-dominant fashion (both alleles at a locus in a diploid heterozygote are readily detectable), with no environmental variance component, i.e., heritability of 1. Maturity Date (MAT): Plants are considered mature when 95% of the pods have reached their mature color. The maturity date is typically described in measured days after August 31 in the northern hemisphere. Moisture (MST): The average percentage moisture in the seeds of a variety. Oil or Oil Percent: Seed oil content is measured and reported on a percentage basis. Or: As used herein is meant to mean “and/or” and be interchangeable therewith unless explicitly indicated to refer to the alternative only. Phenotype: The detectable characteristics of a cell or organism, which are the manifestation of gene expression. Phenotypic Score (PSC): The phenotypic score is a visual rating of the general appearance of the variety. All visual traits are considered in the score, including healthiness, standability, appearance, and freedom from disease. Ratings are scored as 1 being poor to 9 being excellent. PhytophthoraAllele: Susceptibility or resistance toPhytophthoraroot rot races is affected by alleles such as Rps1a (denotes resistance to Races 1, 2, 10, 11, 13-18, 24, 26, 27, 31, 32, and 36); Rps1c (denotes resistance to Races 1-3, 6-11, 13, 15, 17, 21, 23, 24, 26, 28-30, 32, 34 and 36); Rps1k (denotes resistance to Races 1-11, 13-15, 17, 18, 21-24, 26, 36 and 37); Rps2 (denotes resistance to Races 1-5, 9-29, 33, 34 and 36-39); Rps3a (denotes resistance to Races 1-5, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 16, 18, 23, 25, 28, 29, 31-35); Rps6 (denotes resistance to Races 1-4, 10, 12, 14-16, 18-21 and 25); and Rps7 (denotes resistance to Races 2, 12, 16, 18, 19, 33, 35 and 36). PhytophthoraRoot Rot (PRR): Disorder of which the most recognizable symptom is stem rot. Brown discoloration ranges below the soil line and up to several inches above the soil line. The leaves often turn yellow, dull green and/or gray and may become brown and wilted, but remain attached to the plant. PhytophthoraTolerance: Tolerance toPhytophthoraroot rot is rated in the greenhouse assay based on a 1 to 9 scale. A rating less than “3.5” indicates “tolerant.” A rating between “3.5” and “6,” inclusive, indicates “moderately tolerant.” A rating greater than “6” indicates “sensitive.” Note that a score between “1” and “2” may indicate resistance to Phytophthora and therefore not be a true reflection of high tolerance to Phytophthora. Plant Height (PHT): Plant height is taken from the top of soil to the top node of the plant and is measured in inches. Predicted Relative Maturity (PRM): The maturity grouping designated by the soybean industry over a given growing area. This figure is generally divided into tenths of a relative maturity group. Within narrow comparisons, the difference of a tenth of a relative maturity group equates very roughly to a day difference in maturity at harvest. Protein (PRO), or Protein Percent: Seed protein content is measured and reported on a percentage basis. Regeneration: The development of a plant from tissue culture. Relative Maturity: The maturity grouping designated by the soybean industry over a given growing area. This figure is generally divided into tenths of a relative maturity group. Within narrow comparisons, the difference of a tenth of a relative maturity group equates very roughly to a day difference in maturity at harvest. Seed Protein Peroxidase Activity: Seed protein peroxidase activity is defined as a chemical taxonomic technique to separate varieties based on the presence or absence of the peroxidase enzyme in the seed coat. There are two types of soybean varieties, those having high peroxidase activity (dark red color) and those having low peroxidase activity (no color). Seed Weight (SWT): Soybean seeds vary in size; therefore, the number of seeds required to make up one pound also varies. This affects the pounds of seed required to plant a given area and can also impact end uses. “SW100” equals the weight in grams of 100 seeds. Seed Yield (Bushels/Acre): The yield in bushels/acre is the actual yield of the grain at harvest. Seedling Vigor Rating (SDV): General health of the seedling that is measured on a 1 to 9 scale in which “1” is “best” and “9” is “worst.” Seeds per Pound: Soybean seeds vary in size; therefore, the number of seeds required to make up one pound also varies. This affects the pounds of seed required to plant a given area and can also impact end uses. Self-pollination: The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of the same plant. Shattering: The amount of pod dehiscence prior to harvest. Pod dehiscence involves seeds falling from the pods to the soil. This is a visual score from 1 to 9 comparing all genotypes within a given test. A score of “1” indicates that the pods have not opened and no seeds have fallen out. A score of “5” indicates that approximately 50% of the pods have opened, with seeds falling to the ground. A score of “9” indicates that 100% of the pods are opened. Single Locus Converted (Conversion) Plant: Plants that are developed by a plant breeding technique called backcrossing or by genome editing of a locus, in which essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of a soybean variety are recovered in addition to the characteristics of the locus transferred into the variety via the backcrossing technique or by genetic transformation. It is understood that once introduced into any soybean plant genome, a locus that is transgenic in origin (transgene), can be introduced by backcrossing as with any other locus. Southern Root Knot Nematode (SRKN): Greenhouse assay reaction scores are based on severity and measured using a 1 to 9 scale. “Resistant” (R) corresponds to a rating less than “6.1.” “Moderately Resistant” (MR) corresponds to a rating between “6.1” and “6.6,” inclusive. “Moderately Resistant to Moderately Susceptible” (MR-MS) corresponds to a rating between “6.6” and “7.4,” inclusive. “Susceptible” (S) corresponds to a rating great than “7.4.” Southern Stem Canker (STC): Greenhouse assay scoring is based on percentage of dead plants (DP). This percentage is converted to a 1 to 9 scale: “1” corresponds to no DP. “2” corresponds to less than 10% DP. “3” corresponds to between 10% and 30%, inclusive, DP. “4” corresponds to between 31% and 40%, inclusive, DP. “5” corresponds to between 41% and 50%, inclusive, DP. “6” corresponds to between 51% and 60%, inclusive, DP. “7” corresponds to between 61%-70%, inclusive, DP. “8” corresponds to between 71% and 90%, inclusive, DP. “9” corresponds to between 91% and 100%, inclusive, DP. “Resistant” (R) corresponds to a rating less than “3.4.” “Moderately Resistant” (MR) corresponds to a rating between “3.5” and “4.4,” inclusive. “Moderately Resistant-Moderately Susceptible” (MR/MS) corresponds to a rating between “4.5” and “5.4,” inclusive. “Moderately Susceptible” (MS) corresponds to a rating between “5.5” and “6.4,” inclusive. “Susceptible” (S) corresponds to a rating greater than “6.5.” Soybean Cyst Nematode (SCN): Greenhouse screening scores are based on a female index % of Lee 74. “Resistant” (R) corresponds to a rating less than 10%. “Moderately Resistant” (MR) corresponds to a rating between 10% and 21.9%, inclusive. “Moderately Resistant to Moderately Susceptible” (MR-MS) corresponds to a rating between 22% and 39.9%, inclusive. “Susceptible” (S) corresponds to a rating greater than 39.9%. Stearate: A fatty acid in soybean seeds measured and reported as a percent of the total oil content. Substantially Equivalent: A characteristic that, when compared, does not show a statistically significant difference from the mean, e.g., p=0.05. Sudden Death Syndrome: Leaf symptoms first appear as bright yellow chlorotic spots with progressive development of brown necrotic areas and eventual leaflet drop. Greenhouse screening plants are scored based on foliar symptom severity using a 1 to 9 scale. “Resistant” (R) corresponds to a rating less than “3.” “Moderately Resistant” (MR) corresponds to a rating between “3.0” and “4.9,” inclusive. “Moderately Susceptible” (MS) corresponds to a rating between “5.0” and “6.9,” inclusive. “Susceptible” (S) corresponds to a rating between “7.0” and “8.0,” inclusive. “Highly Susceptible” (HS) corresponds to a rating greater than “8.” Tissue Culture: A composition comprising isolated cells of the same or a different type or a collection of such cells organized into parts of a plant. Transgene: A genetic locus comprising a sequence which has been introduced into the genome of a soybean plant by transformation or site-specific recombination. DEPOSIT INFORMATION A deposit of the soybean variety 01084034, which is disclosed herein above and referenced in the claims, has been made with the Provasoli-Guillar Natiuonal Center for Marine Algae and Microbiota (NCMA) at Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, 60 Bigelow Drive, East Boothbay, ME 04544 USA. The date of deposit is Aug. 10, 2021 and the accession number for those deposited seeds of soybean variety 01084034 is NCMA Accession No. 202108071. All restrictions upon the deposit have been removed, and the deposit has been accepted under the Budapest Treaty and 37 C.F.R. § 1.801-1.809. The deposit will be maintained in the depository for a period of 30 years, or 5 years after the last request, or for the effective life of the patent, whichever is longer, and will be replaced if necessary during that period. All of the compositions and methods disclosed and claimed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in light of the present disclosure. While the compositions and methods of this invention have been described in terms of the foregoing illustrative embodiments, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations, changes, modifications, and alterations may be applied to the composition, methods, and in the steps or in the sequence of steps of the methods described herein, without departing from the true concept, spirit, and scope of the invention. More specifically, it will be apparent that certain agents that are both chemically and physiologically related may be substituted for the agents described herein while the same or similar results would be achieved. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope, and concept of the invention as defined by the appended claims. The references cited herein, to the extent that they provide exemplary procedural or other details supplementary to those set forth herein, are specifically incorporated herein by reference.

11856919

DETAILED DESCRIPTION FIG.1illustrates a front elevation view of a fish hook apparatus100, according to an embodiment herein. The fish hook apparatus100disclosed herein comprises a head member101, a shank106, a bend section107, a point element108, and securing elements109and110illustrated inFIGS.1-2andFIG.5Brespectively. The head member101is defined by a top nose element102, opposing side walls104aand104b, and a bottom end105. The head member101allows connection of a fishing line to the fish hook apparatus100. The head member101is, for example, made of lead. The head member101comprises a channel103as illustrated inFIG.2, configured to pass through the head member101from the top nose element102to one of the opposing side walls, for example,104a, of the head member101. In an embodiment, the channel103of the head member101comprises openings or holes, for example, a first opening103aand a second opening103b. The first opening103ais configured at the top nose element102. The first opening103ais configured to receive a fishing line and pass the fishing line through the channel103and out through the second opening103b. The second opening103bis configured at the opposing side wall104a. The second opening103bis configured to receive and exit the fishing line passed through the channel103. The shank106extends from the other opposing side wall104bof the head member101. In an embodiment, the shank106is molded to the head member101. The shank106connects the bend section107to the head member101. The bend section107extends from the shank106. The bend section107is a curved portion of the fish hook apparatus100. The point element108extends from the bend section107in an upward direction as illustrated inFIG.1. The point element108is a sharp element configured to pierce a bait, for example, a soft plastic bait, a live worm, grub, etc. A first securing element109, for example, a screw-type fastener such as a screw-type hitchhiker, is coupled to the bottom end105of the head member101. In an embodiment, the first securing element109is molded to the bottom end105of the head member101. The first securing element109is configured to secure a head of the bait. In an embodiment, the first securing element109is configured as a screw lock bait keeper for attaching the bait to the fish hook apparatus100. The first securing element109screws the head of the bait onto the fish hook apparatus100. A second securing element110, for example, a hook or another screw-type hitchhiker, is coupled or screwed to any one of multiple locations, for example, the body, the tail, etc., of the bait. The second securing element110is configured to secure one end of the fishing line exiting from the second opening103bof the channel103of the head member101to the bait. The fish hook apparatus100disclosed herein allows a user of the fish hook apparatus100, for example, an angler, to controllably tug the fishing line to curl the bait secured by the first securing element109and the second securing element110backwards towards the head member101and to spring the bait forwards due to tension in the bait to produce a controllable action, for example, a curling, worm-like action, in the bait. The fish hook apparatus100disclosed herein allows the angler to produce a controllable action, for example, a curling, worm-like action, in the bait in a strike zone of a water body without reeling the bait out of the strike zone. FIG.2illustrates a front perspective view of the fish hook apparatus100, showing a channel103configured to pass through the head member101of the fish hook apparatus100from the top nose element102to the opposing side wall104aof the head member101, according to an embodiment herein. The channel103is configured within the head member101and extends from the opening103ain the top nose element102to the opening103bin the opposing side wall104a. The channel103, therefore, passes through the top nose element102and out through the opposing side wall104aof the head member101. The channel103allows a fishing line to be fed through the top nose element102and out the opposing side wall104aof the head member101. That is, the channel103allows the fishing line received through the opening103ain the top nose element102of the head member101to pass through and exit from the opening103bat the opposing side wall104aof the head member101. FIG.3illustrates a top perspective view of the fish hook apparatus100, showing the openings103aand103bconfigured in the head member101of the fish hook apparatus100, according to an embodiment herein. The opening103ais configured at the top nose element102and the opening103bis configured at the opposing side wall104aof the head member101as illustrated inFIGS.1-2. An angler inserts one end of the fishing line through the opening103ain the top nose element102. The opening103ain the top nose element102receives the fishing line and passes the fishing line through the channel103illustrated inFIG.2and out through the other opening103b. The opening103bat the opposing side wall104aof the head member101receives and exits the fishing line passed through the channel103. FIG.4illustrates an enlarged, front perspective view of the fish hook apparatus100, showing a fishing line404of a fishing rod401, passing through the openings103aand103bconfigured in the head member101of the fish hook apparatus100, according to an embodiment herein. The fishing rod401comprises a reel402and guides403. The guides403run the length of the fishing rod401and guide the fishing line404from the reel402to a tip401aof the fishing rod401. The reel402contains a spool of the fishing line404. Using a button or another element positioned on the reel402, an angler releases the fishing line404from the reel402and passes the fishing line404through the guides403until the fishing line404extends from the tip401aof the fishing rod401. The angler then inserts one end of the fishing line404into the opening103aat the top nose element102of the head member101and passes the fishing line404through the channel103towards the opening103bon the opposing side wall104aof the head member101. The channel103allows the fishing line404to feed through the top nose element102and out the opposing side wall104aof the head member101. FIG.5Aillustrates a front perspective view of the fish hook apparatus100, showing a bait501attached to a bottom end105of the head member101, according to an embodiment herein.FIG.5Aalso illustrates the fishing line404passing through the openings103aand103bconfigured in the head member101, according to an embodiment herein. In an embodiment, the bait501used for attracting fish comprises a head501a, a body501b, and a tail501c.FIG.5Billustrates a front perspective view of the tail501cof the bait501, showing a securing element110, for example, a hook, coupled to the tail501cof the bait501, according to an embodiment herein. FIG.5Cillustrates a front perspective view of the fish hook apparatus100, showing the bait501attached to the bottom end105of the head member101and the fishing line404coupled to the tail501cof the bait501using the securing element110, according to an embodiment herein. In an embodiment, the securing element109illustrated inFIG.4, extends from the bottom end105of the head member101. The securing element109is, for example, a screw-type fastener such as a screw-type hitchhiker as illustrated inFIG.4. The screw-type hitchhiker is a spring-type device. The head501aof the bait501is screwed and fastened to the head member101via the securing element109. The securing element109secures the head501aof the bait501. The end404aof the fishing line404that exits the opening103bin the opposing side wall104aof the head member101is coupled to the securing element110that is coupled to the tail501cof the bait501. The securing element110, therefore, couples the end404aof the fishing line404to the tail501cof the bait501. In an embodiment, the securing element110is attached to the end404aof the fishing line404and hooked or screwed into the tail501cof the bait501. In an embodiment (not shown), the fishing line404is coupled to any part of the body501bof the bait501using the securing element110. FIGS.6A-6Eillustrates front perspective views of the fish hook apparatus100, showing a production of a controllable action in the bait501attached to the fish hook apparatus100, according to an embodiment herein. An angler controllably tugs the fishing line404to curl the bait501secured by the securing elements109and110backwards towards the head member101as illustrated inFIGS.6A-6C, and to spring the bait501forwards due to tension in the bait501as illustrated inFIGS.6D-6E, to produce a controllable action, for example, a curling, worm-like action, in the bait501. When the tip401aof the fishing rod401illustrated inFIG.4is tugged, the bait501curls back up to the head member101as illustrated inFIG.6C. For purposes of illustration, the detailed description refers to production of a curling, worm-like action using the fish hook apparatus100and the fishing line404; however the scope of the fish hook apparatus100and the method disclosed herein is not limited to production of a curling, worm-like action but may be extended to implement production of any type of controllable action that attracts the attention of fish. In the fish hook apparatus100disclosed herein, the fishing line404passes through the head member101and not through any eye element. The fish hook apparatus100disclosed herein is free of the eye element to which a fishing line is typically tied. In the fish hook apparatus100disclosed herein, the fishing line404is fed through the head member101via the channel103and tied to the securing element110, which is inserted into the tail501cof the bait501. Tying the fishing line404to the tail501cor another part of the bait501via the securing element110allows creation of a realistic action in the bait501. When the angler slightly tugs the tip401aof the fishing rod401, the tail501cof the bait501curls up towards the top nose element102of the head member101, thereby creating a realistic curling action of a live worm in the bait501. The fish hook apparatus100provides the angler with complete control of how and when the bait501curls. FIG.7illustrates a method for producing a controllable action in a bait, according to an embodiment herein. A user, for example, an angler, connects701a fishing line to the fish hook apparatus100and passes702the fishing line through the channel of the head member from the first opening to the second opening as illustrated inFIG.4. The angler then secures703the head of the bait using a securing element as illustrated inFIG.5A. The angler then pierces704the body of the bait using the point element as illustrated inFIG.5AandFIG.5C. The angler then secures705one end of the fishing line exiting from the second opening of the channel of the head member using another securing element as illustrated inFIG.5C. The angler then controllably tugs706the fishing line to curl the bait secured by the securing elements backwards towards the head member and to spring the bait forwards due to tension in the bait to produce a controllable action, for example, a curling, worm-like action in the bait as illustrated inFIGS.6A-6E. The fish hook apparatus and the method disclosed herein creates a fishing lure where the fishing line passes through the head member and attaches to the middle or tail of the bait. The fish hook apparatus disclosed herein allows an angler to be able to create an action in the bait without having to reel in their bait. The angler may slightly tug on the tip of the fishing rod, which makes the body or the tail of the bait move back and forth to produce a substantial action out of the bait, thereby allowing the angler to leave the bait in a particular area and move or provide action to the bait without having to reel in the bait. The angler may, therefore, leave the bait in the strike zone while the bait is moving. The fish hook apparatus disclosed herein is, therefore, useful in the fishing industry. Moreover, the fish hook apparatus provides the bait, for example, a worm or grub, with a realistic curl action rather than merely reeling or pulling the bait through the water. Furthermore, the fish hook apparatus allows the angler to have full and total control of how and when the bait acts or curls. The foregoing examples and illustrative implementations of various embodiments have been provided merely for explanation and are in no way to be construed as limiting of the embodiments disclosed herein. While the embodiments have been described with reference to various illustrative implementations, drawings, and techniques, it is understood that the words, which have been used herein, are words of description and illustration, rather than words of limitation. Furthermore, although the embodiments have been described herein with reference to particular means, materials, techniques, and implementations, the embodiments herein are not intended to be limited to the particulars disclosed herein; rather, the embodiments extend to all functionally equivalent structures, methods and uses, such as are within the scope of the appended claims. It will be understood by those skilled in the art, having the benefit of the teachings of this specification, that the embodiments disclosed herein are capable of modifications and other embodiments may be executed and changes may be made thereto, without departing from the scope and spirit of the embodiments disclosed herein.

11856920

DETAILED DESCRIPTION AND BEST MODE OF IMPLEMENTATION Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one having ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. It is further understood that terms and measurements, as those defined and commonly used in the dictionary, and or conventionally accepted, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant subject matter and the present disclosure, and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein. In describing the invention herein; it will be understood that a number of techniques, applications, and steps are disclosed. Each of these has individual benefit and each can also be used in conjunction with one or more, or in some cases all, of the other disclosed techniques, steps, and applications. The specification and claims should be read with the understanding that such combinations are entirely within the scope of the invention and the claims. The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the term “and/or,” “any and/or all,” “may/or may not,” as well as other terms of the like, represent combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” “and,” “the,” are intended to include the plural forms as well as the singular forms, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood the terms used: “comprises” and/or “comprising” when used herein, specify the stated features, steps, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or systems of measurement, and/or groups thereof. It is further understood that the terms, “connector,” and “handle,” are one in the same, used interchangeably within the context and embodiments of the varied references made within the invention. The connector referenced as thirty inches in length will include dimensions of length from six inches to ninety-six inches in length. Wherein the connector, the vial, the cap, and the plug comprising of: material made of one or more, or combinations thereof the following materials and/or substances to include but not limited to: silicone, Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) plastic, vinyl, Polyethylene terephthalate glycol-modified (PET, PETE, PETP, PET-P) Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPOM), NBR rubber, SBR rubber, silicone, Neoprene, Nitrile, Hypalon, Viton, rubber, plastic, wood, high density polyethylene (HOPE), high density polypropylene (HOPP), and/or polystyrene (PS) as well as other known plastic resins and/or their combinations for purposes of the same. It is further understood that the connector/handle referenced as thirty inches in length will include dimensions of length from six inches to ninety-six inches in length, and may/or may not include print or markings for a measuring device along the connector. It is further understood that the diameter of the connector or handle referenced as three-quarter, and/or one-half inches as well as the other connector diameter sizes included within the embodiments of the present invention, wherein pipe diameter refers to the inside diameter, and reference to Schedule to Schedule 80 refers to pipe thickness with nominal pipe sizing is as referenced and stated in standard pipe schedules according to: American Standard Association, the American National Standards Institute, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, American Petroleum Institute, and National Industrial Supply. Included with the diameters of all material types which could or would make up the pipe connector as referenced within the embodiments of the present invention are these same referenced standards in pipe measurement. Furthermore, solid rod type material connectors would include outside diameters from ⅜ inches to 1½ inches. It is further understood that when referencing the collar and/or sleeve, of the invention, they are one and the same element of the device of the invention; wherein being eight inches in length; it will include: dimensions of one inch in length to the full and complete length of the handle. Wherein the collar is comprised of four edges parallel to one another. The edges may be rounded in form. The hole in the center of the collar would be commensurate with the diameter, less and/or greater than that of the diameter of the connector or handle used according to the specifics and details of the invention. It is further understood that the collar and/or sleeve operably attached to the handle of the present invention may and/or will be formed in appearance to have a smooth and/or irregular outer surface, and wherein the collar includes an effective form to include: channeled, gear-like, indented, grooved, slit and/or cuts, corrugated, spiraled, separation and/or spacing, undulating, and/or angered, collar in form/s to effectively attach fishing tackle. It is further understood that the capped and or plugged ends of the invention's handle, wherein referenced as Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) plastic plugs or caps, does not preclude the connector or plugs and/or caps to be limited to only PVC plastic, vinyl plastic, VynaFlex, wood, aluminum, metal, cork, vinyl (standard and/or Hi Temp), EPDM, PET, SBR, silicone, nitrile, NBR, Hypalon, viton, rubber, and combinations thereof, but is to include the presence and/or addition of one or more substances, natural or artificial, for purposes of the same application in the present invention. It is further understood that the capped and/or plugged ends of the invention does not limit the invention to the named caps and plugs; wherein caps and/or plugs included in the embodiment include, but are not limited to the following types and materials: handle grips, threaded and/or unthreaded caps and/or plugs, PVC end caps, PVC dome caps, cloth cover, and/or plastic cover, cork, wood, metal, silicone, rubber, vinyl, and/or adhesive tape of all types and forms. Furthermore, caps and/or plugs are to include; but not limited to forms and types and/or formed of substances-including types: such as, handle grips, hanger, grab, anti-roll, vented, round, square, rectangular, short, long, flange, tapered, threaded and/or non-threaded, and tear caps and/or plugs, including that which was mentioned within the embodiments, and elements of the invention, and is not intended as a limiting factor of the invention. It is also understood that the cap edges may be standard (as accepted by the pipe; plumbing, and/or construction industry) and/or perpendicular to the connector; to include but not limited to beveled, rounded, and/or squared edges. DETAILED SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a new and novel fishing tackle storage device comprised of a connector with a collar operably attached to the connector at one end; wherein the connector consisting of PVC plastic pipe, wood pipe, or aluminum pipe, carbide pipe; or a solid rod in kind, includes capped, and/or plugged ends formed of but not limited to, PVC plastic, metal, cork, rubber, vinyl, polyvinyl, polyurethane, PET, or wood capped and/or plugged ends. Under certain circumstances the connector ends are left open, free of obstruction for purposes of becoming a conduit for hooked leader tackle of all lengths and sizes. The connector (handle) has a cylindrical collar made of foam, cork, or wood attached to it at one end. The collar is attached to one end by sliding the handle through a hole (aperture) located in the center of the collar and secured; wherein fishing tackle such as lures, jigs, flies, hooks, and hooked leader systems are embedded into the collar for storage and easy access while fishing. The collar surface may be smooth and/or slit, and/or grooved, and/or fluted, and/or channeled, and/or geometric depression form, and/or elongated gear-like in form for the purpose of storing all fish hook styles and devices. Wherein the collar is capable of accepting tubular devices configured in the collar for storing fishing tackle as well. The handle being hollow (tubular) serves as an internal fishing tackle storage area: wherein fishing tackle may be stored either freely, or in tubes and/or vials, as well as other containers configured to be inserted within the aperture of the handle. While fishing, the handle is inserted into a holding device or a rod holder for ease of access while fishing. This allows for fishing tackle storage, display, access, and selection while fishing in any craft, fishing structure, beach, or surf. All components may be in vibrant colors for quick location, identification, and retrieval. The colors include: red, orange, green, yellow, blue, pink, white, purple, bone, black, clear (transparent), and derivative colors thereof. A second embodiment of the present invention provides a method comprised of a fishing tackle storage device in a rod holder, comprised of a connector (handle); a collar attached to one end of the connector; wherein the connector operably attached to the collar, is capped and/or plugged at both ends, or the connector ends are left open free of obstruction for purposes of a leader conduit, and effectively storing fishing tackle to be accessed by a person. A third embodiment of the present invention provides a method comprised of a fishing tackle storage device, wherein the edges of the connector ends are flat (perpendicular to the length of the connector), rounded, and/or beveled to allow the connector to be passed through the center of the collar aperture effectively forming the device. Wherein the connector with the foam collar operably connected to the collar or sleeve includes a single continuous collar, and wherein the collar may or/may not be comprised of an effective number of discs, and/or spaces, and/or rings, and/or layers; and/or spheres, and effectively storing fishing tackle to be accessed by a person. A fourth embodiment of the present invention provides a method comprised of a fishing tackle storage device, wherein the attachment of the collar, which is operably coupled to the connector with the aid of glue, and/or, washers, spacers, couplers, rings, pressure fittings, or pins; and effectively storing fishing tackle to be accessed by a person. A fifth embodiment of the present invention provides a method comprised of a fishing tackle storage device, wherein the connector operably attached to the collar, wherein capped, and/or plugged ends of the connector may operably store fishing tackle in the handle by placing configured sized tubes within the handle; and effectively storing fishing tackle to be accessed by a person. A sixth embodiment of the present invention provides a method, comprised of a fishing tackle storage device, wherein the connector operably attached to the collar, wherein may/or may not be placed in any type or form of receptacle; and effectively storing fishing tackle to be accessed by a person. A seventh embodiment of the present invention provides a method comprised of a fishing tackle storage device, wherein the connector when operably attached to the collar, wherein a portion of the connector is buried in the sand on a beach or thereof, and effectively storing fishing tackle to be accessed by a person. An eighth embodiment of the present invention provides a method comprised of a fishing tackle storage device, wherein the connector with the foam collar operably attached to the connector, wherein, at least one cap and/or plug connected to the connector opposite the collar containing end, wherein a hole or a slot on the same end of the connector is machined, cut, drilled, ground, milled, routed or slit into the connector to allow passage of leader or fishing line through the connector and out of the connector while being capped and/or plugged at least at one end of the connector. It is also understood that the cap/and/or plug may be configured with a hole formed in it to accommodate the same, and effectively storing fishing tackle to be accessed by a person. A ninth embodiment of the present invention provides a method comprised of tackle storage device, wherein the connector with the foam collar operably connected to the connector, wherein, at least one cap and/or plug connected to the connector, wherein the connector is complete without opening/s to serve as a sealed pipe when capped and/or plugged, wherein enabling the apparatus to become buoyant, and effectively storing fishing tackle to be accessed by a person. A tenth embodiment of the present invention provides a method comprised of a fishing tackle storage device, wherein the connector, and/or caps and/or plugs, may and/or may not be 22 threaded (screw thread and or machine thread as accepted by the standards across all industries by definition, and is not limited to these standards) internally and/or externally for purposes of attachment to one another when operably connected, and effectively storing fishing tackle to be accessed by a person. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The present description is to be considered as an exemplification to the specific embodiments depicted and illustrated by the figures and their descriptions to follow. Referencing the FIGS.:1,2A,2B,2C,3A,3B,3C,4,5,6,7,8. The present invention will now be described by referencing the appended figures illustrating the preferred embodiments. FIG.1 FIG.1depicts an exploded view of the elements of the device that may comprise a fishing tackle storage device according to the embodiments of the invention. The connector (11) is passed through the aperture (12) of the collar (13) which is configured to accept the connector (11). The dome cap (15) is then accepted by the aperture (12) at the end of the connector (11) once the connector (11) is operably connected to the collar (13) and extends far enough to accept the dome cap (15) efficiently. The end cap (10) is then positioned over the end of the connector (11), but not to extend completely over the line gap (16) to allow certain leader systems to have an opening for proper storage and positioning on and in the device. The dome cap (15) is configured with a lateral aperture (14) for the purpose of a pressure/tension fitting when coming into contact with the interior surface of the pipe, and remain firmly held in place in an operable connection to the connector (11), and maintain the position in and against the connector unless operably removed by a person. The connector referenced as thirty inches in length will include dimensions of length from six inches to ninety-six inches in length. Wherein the connector (11), the cap (10), and the plug (15) comprising of: material made of one or more, or combinations thereof the following materials and/or substances to include but not limited to: silicone, Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) plastic, PET, Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM), NBR rubber, SBR rubber, silicone, vinyl, Neoprene, Nitrile, Hypalon, Viton, rubber, plastic, wood, high density polyethylene (HDPE), high density polypropylene (HOPP), and/or polystyrene (PS). For future reference, to reduce lengthy explanations of these substances, their acronyms will be used whenever possible. The connector (11) may be in the form of a pipe (including square, cylindrical, octagonal, hexagonal, or any or combination of other geometric formed tube) or rod. It is further understood that the diameter of the connector (11) may be a portion of PVC pipe from 0.25 inches in diameter to 1.5 inches in diameter, however, is referenced as three-quarter inches in diameter (for the purposes of the invention) refers to the inside diameter, the handle assembly material is PVC Schedules to include Schedule 5 to Schedule 80 (pipe thickness), wherein the inside pipe diameter would be ⅜ inches to 1½ inches (one and one-half inches) in diameter, and the thickness of the pipe resulting in outside diameters as prescribed in said Schedules in the identification of said pipe as discussed above. Thicknesses may range from 1/16 of an inch to ¼ of an inch in thickness, and referenced as Schedule 5 to Schedule 80 pipe diameters as referenced and stated in standard pipe schedules according to the American National Standards Institute, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and American Petroleum Institute, and National Industrial Supply. Wherein solid rod diameters would equal the minimum and maximum diameters of the same referenced pipe diameters, but do not preclude the presence or addition of increased or decreased diameters thereof. Configured elements may/or may not be threaded operably to become connected to one another, wherein the connector (11), and/or caps (10) and/or plugs (15), may and/or may not be threaded (screw thread and or machine thread as accepted by the standards across all industries by definition, and is not limited to these standards or thread types) internally and/or externally with threads (as defined by “Unified Thread Standards as indicated by American Society Of Mechanical Engineers and The American National Standards Institute). Wherein the collar (13) and/or connector (11) are threaded to operably connect to one another. Wherein the previously mentioned collar (13) may also be operably attached by means of a raised element and/or notch either on the connector (11) or located on the inside opening on the collar (13), with a corresponding slot on the opposite element of the device to accommodate the other element of the device with a sliding and/or twisting motion to operably lock the collar (13) to the connector (11) for purposes of attachment to one another, and/or glued, when operably connected, and effectively storing fishing tackle to be accessed by a person. When connected, by whatever means, the portion of the connector (11) extending from the collar (13) will become the handle (11) to which the caps and/or plugs are attached and/or left unattached for effectively storing fishing tackle by a person. The end of the connector (11) opposite the collar (13) is and/or may be cut, slit, drilled, grooved, routed and any other method to form a leader gap opening (16) for single and/or multiple fishing leader/s to pass through for storage. The ends of the connector (11) may be left uncut in method/s as aforementioned as well resulting in apertures present at both ends of the connector (11). Methods of attachment for operably connecting the collar (13) to the connector (11) may include, but are not limited to glue, contact cement as well as other known adhesives, caulk and silicone sealers, tape (of all known types), threading of both elements, notching (as explained above), use of undersized collar (13) aperture (12), machine nuts, spacers, washers, couplers, rings and/or combinations thereof. The handle (11) may serve as a storage compartment for smaller fishing tackle such as loose fishing tackle, or compartmentalized segments, wherein the connector/handle (11) is divided into individual separately sealed, capped and/or plugged segments, wherein the handle being of a form to include separate individually sealed compartments in any manner and/or segments, each holding fishing tackle. Fishing tackle may also be placed in tubes/vials (17) and/or (18) of a size that will fit within the connector/handle (11). The tubes (17) and/or (18) may be made of but not limited to the following; glass, metal, plastic, vinyl, aluminum, and rubber, and other substances and/or their combinations as aforementioned in the embodiments of the invention. For purposes of fishing tackle and leader attachment to any part of the device, the attachment of such tackle may include but is not limited to the following forms of attachment; Velcro™, tape (to include all forms and types), rubber sleeve, rings and sleeves of all types, rubber bands, and adhesive sealer. FIG.2A/2B/2C FIGS.2A,2B and2Cdepict the device to include a top view and end view of the device. The purpose ofFIGS.2A,2B and2Cillustrate the configuration of the invention from other views to provide a complete picture in the operable assembly of the device of the present invention. While preferred materials for the elements of the device of the present invention have been described, for simplicity, only the configuration and the components of the device will be explained inFIGS.2A,2B and2Cunless otherwise noted. FIG.2Adepicts the elements comprising the present invention, while the configuration of these elements is necessary to illustrate its purpose and use, it does not limit minor variations to accommodate the final effective operability of the invention. A portion length (eight inches), but may include lengths of one inch to the full length of the connector (11) of the connector (11) is positioned into the aperture of the collar (13) to the complete length of the aperture of the collar, wherein the collar (13) is attached, effectively forming a device with a handle (11). Within the handle a leader gap (16) has been formed (as previously stated in the embodiments ofFIG.1) to provide passage of fishing leader from the opposite aperture of the connector (11), found on the same end as the collar (13), completely through the length of the handle (11), and emerging out of the leader gap (16), wherein the fishing leader is then effectively attached to the device. The aperture located on the newly formed handle (11) end is then fit with a dome cap, end cap, or other form of closure as mentioned in the embodiments of the present invention as described above, or the apertures may be left open free of obstruction for purposes of the same to operably form a fishing tackle storage device to be used by a person. FIG.2Bdepicts end views of the device illustrating the configuration if one were to be viewing from either end of the device.FIG.2Bfurther illustrates the incorporation in the configuration of the elements of the invention to include a tube (17) with a cap (18), this element is not limited to this specific type but may include other forms of capping and geometrically shaped in varied lengths such as: cylinder, torpedo, cigar-shaped, as well as others mentioned in embodiments ofFIG.1to be filled with desired fishing tackle and placed inside of the handle (11) as represented and explained inFIG.1. The dotted lines in the handle (11) of.FIG.2Bdepict a possible placement of a single tube, wherein one or more tubes may be used and/or placed in the handle (11) of the present invention to be used by a person. Also,FIGS.2B and2Cillustrate the inclusion of the preferred method of capping and/or plugging the handle (11) ends using end cap (10) and/or dome cap (15), but does not limit the use of other elements to be used for the same purpose as described in the embodiments as described above; especially, a handle type grip similar to those found on bicycle handlebars, landing nets, brooms, most handle type grips for the purposes of the operational efficiency of the device, and the like. Again, the apertures at the end of the connector (11) of the device may be capped, and/or plugged, and/or left open free of obstruction. FIG.3A/3B/3C FIGS.3A,3B and3Cdepict the embodiments and configurations as described inFIGS.2A,2B and2Cand illustrates the following inFIG.3A; dome caps (15) are shown ready to be positioned into the apertures (12) of the connector (11). As previously stated in the embodiments of the present invention the methods of capping and/or plugging are not limited to solely dome caps (15). Also, within this illustration is the presence of a fastener (24) shown in the form of an O ring attaching the leader line (22) to the connector (11) securely. The types and forms of fasteners as mentioned in the embodiments of the invention may or may not be included in the operational assembly of the invention. The location of the fastener (24) as shown is not the only possible position for it to be effectively used by a person. FIG.3Bdepicts the embodiments and configurations as described inFIGS.2A,2B and2Cwith the inclusion of a tube and/or vial (17), capped (18), positioned in a method, but not limited to such method, to be inserted in the handle (11) of the device, followed by an end cap (10) to be placed over the end of the handle. The collar (13) shown inFIG.3Cas shown inFIG.3Bhas the outer edges rounded to illustrate another collar (13) edge variation acceptable to fishing tackle storage of the present invention.FIGS.3A,3B and3Cmay include brilliant color combinations of the device for purposes of immediate identification and location during the use of the fishing tackle storage device by a person. Colors are to include but not limited to: red, yellow, green, blue, orange, pink, purple, bone, black and white or variations thereof. The blue shaded area ofFIG.3Brepresents the connector (11) having passed through the aperture of the collar (13), and being fastened to one another as previously mentioned in the embodiments of the present invention to be used by a person. FIG.4 FIG.4depicts an operably assembled fishing tackle storage device. The elements are configured wherein the connector (11) is inserted through the aperture (12) and continue through the full length of the collar (13), wherein the collar (13) is attached to the connector (11), wherein the connector (11) is capped at the leader gap (16) end with an end cap (10), and the other end capped and/or plugged with a dome cap (15). The resulting apparatus is a handle (11) containing a plastic foam collar (13) capped (10) and/or plugged (15) at both ends, or left open the aperture being free of obstruction for purposes previously mentioned in the embodiments of the present invention. It is further understood that the elements and/or configurations mentioned in the embodiments of the device of the present invention may be considered in the operational assembly of the device, but is not limited by any, and may include other elements as well. FIG.5 FIG.5depicts an operable assembly of the elements and their configuration of the present invention illustrating the connector (11) attached to the collar (13), and end capped (10) and/or dome capped (15) at the ends. The collar (13) is shown with a depiction of how fishing tackle (fishing jig) (19) might be embedded by the hooked end into the plastic collar (13). Fishing tackle to be embedded into the collar (13) may/or may not be embedded on any or all of the surface area of the collar (13). The leader gap (16) inFIG.4is intentionally missing inFIG.5to illustrate the element is not necessary for the device to be functional. Wherein a leader gap inFIG.4may/or may not be included in the configuration of the device in the present invention. FIG.6 FIG.6depicts an operable assembly of the elements and their configuration of the present invention, illustrating the previously mentioned configurations of the embodiments ofFIG.4andFIG.5with the inclusion of a hook (21) fit or combined with a leader (22), wherein the connector (11) acts as a conduit for the leader to pass through and emerge from the leader gap (16) at the opposite end, wherein the leader (22) is pulled until the hook (21) is stopped by the collared (13) edge of the connector (11). Thus, embedding the hook (21) into the collar (13), wherein the hook (21) will rest on the edge of the connector (11) with its point embedded into the collar (13). Wherein the fishing tackle storage device can be safely accessed by a person. FIG.7 FIG.7depicts an example of an embodiment of a fishing tackle storage device in which a hook (20) is introduced into the collar (13) of the device of the present invention. In this example the hook (20) is embedded into the collar (13) of the device. In preferred embodiments the device may be reconfigured with one or more items of hooked fishing tackle embedded into the collar (13) systematically and/or randomly, and wherein non-hooked fishing tackle may/or may not be stored in the handle (11), wherein fishing tackle is to be stored either freely or in capped (18) tubes (17) as illustrated inFIGS.2A,2B and2CandFIGS.3A,3B and3C, and inserted into the handle (11) as illustrated inFIGS.2A,2B and2Cand capped (10) and/or plugged. Wherein the fishing tackle storage device may be accessed by a person. FIG.8 FIG.8depicts an example of an embodiment of a fishing tackle storage device in which a groove and/or channel (23) is configured into the surface of the collar (13), wherein is illustrated for the purpose of accepting fishing tackle. Wherein to include tubes (containing fishing tackle as mentioned within the embodiments) configured to be accepted by the grooves and/or channels (23), and/or but not limited to multiple hooked fishing tackle such as, treble hooks and treble hooked devices, wherein the groove (23) is configured in the full length of the collar (13), positioned longitudinally, along an axis parallel to the connector (11) of the fishing tackle storage device. The grooves (23) may include, and/or channels, and/or slits, and/or cuts, and/or gear-like depressions, following the same axis, as well as other geometric formed depressions, but are not limited to that which is shown inFIG.8or aforementioned embodiments of the invention. Although only a single groove, or channel (23) is depicted, it is present for illustration and/or does not limit the number of grooves, channels, slits, cuts, and/or other geometric form of depressions and their possible combinations mentioned in the embodiments, wherein several grooves, channels, slits, cuts and/or their combinations, mentioned/or not in the embodiments may be included to be configured in the collar (13) of the invention to be accessed by a person. Although the leader gap (16) (in previous illustrations) is not shown in some of the examples, this does not preclude its absence in the invention. Wherein as stated previously, it may be intentionally left out when circumstances warrant it as indicated in the embodiments ofFIG.5. Although the present invention has been illustrated and described herein with reference to preferred embodiments and specific examples thereof, it will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that other embodiments and examples may perform similar functions and/or achieve like results. All such equivalent embodiments and examples are within the scope and spirit of the present invention, are contemplated thereby, and are intended to be covered, and included by the following claims.

11856921

V. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION Referring now to the drawings,FIGS.1-3, where the present invention is generally referred to with numeral10a, it can be observed that a U-shaped therapeutic pad, in accordance with one embodiment, is provided that includes a jacket/wrap11a, at least one fastener12a, a pocket13aand at least one of a heating pack and/or a cooling pack14a. Jacket/wrap11ais wearable on a body portion05aof an animal05such as a dog as illustrated inFIG.1. Jacket/wrap11acan be typically of a material flexible enough to take the shape of the body portion05aof animal05. In one embodiment, jacket/wrap11acan be made of stretchable material that can be stretched enough to be worn by animal05without use of any fasteners. Material of jacket/wrap11aor an outer layer of jacket/wrap11acan be selected such that the animal05is detoured from liking or chewing the wound on which jacket/wrap is worn or wrapped, thus preventing the need to use the cone of shame. In another one embodiment, jacket/wrap11ais provided with fastener12a. In the depicted embodiment, fastener12ais Velcro. In another embodiment, fastener12acan be a zip or press-buttons. Although the present disclosure is described with fasteners12asuch as Velcro, zip or press-buttons, however, the present disclosure is not limited to the once as described and illustrated and any other fastener(s) that can easily manipulate jacket/wrap11abetween an open configuration and a closed configuration. Typically, jacket/wrap11acan be of a nylon material or any other type of polymeric material or cotton based material that cannot be chewed by animal Jacket/wrap11ais adjustable such that it can be worn or wrapped on different body parts of animal05such as jacket/wrap11acan be worn on abdominal body portion as well as adjusted to be worn on back body portion by adjusting either of jacket/wrap11aor fastener12a. Jacket/wrap11ais provided with pocket13a. In one embodiment, pocket13ais integral with jacket/wrap11a. More specifically, jacket/wrap11ais provided with a cavity (not illustrated in Figures) that can contain heating and/or cooling pack14a. In another embodiment, pocket13ais connected to jacket/wrap11a. Pocket13acan be permanently attached to jacket/wrap11aand has an opening13aito receive heating pack and/or cooling pack14a. Alternatively, pocket14acan be attached to and detached from any portion of the jacket/wrap11asuch that heating and/or cooling pack14acan be inserted through opening13aiand positioned at desired location on desired body part of animal05. At least one of heating pack and/or cooling pack14ais positioned in pocket13a. In one embodiment, heating pack and cooling pack14ais a pack of gel. Temperature of gel can be raised to use the pack as heating pack and temperature of gel can be lowered to use the pack as cooling pack. Alternatively, heating pack and cooling pack14ais a pack of fluid that can be warm fluid, cold fluid or ice cubes. Heating pack and/or cooling pack14acan be replaced with another heating pack and/or cooling pack14aor can be refilled with another fluid/gel. Referring now to the drawings,FIGS.4-6, where the present invention is generally referred to with numeral10b, it can be observed that a cylindrical-shaped therapeutic pad, in accordance with one embodiment, is provided that includes a jacket/wrap11b, at least one fastener12b, a pocket13band at least one of a heating pack and/or a cooling pack14b. As jacket/wrap11bis cylindrical in shape, jacket/wrap11bcan be wearable on at least one of hand, legs, neck, tail and/or back portion(s)05bof animal05such as a cat. As illustrated inFIG.4, jacket/wrap11bis wrapped around a portion of leg as well as back portion of cat. Jacket/wrap11bcan be typically of a material flexible enough to take the shape of the hand, legs, neck tail and/or back portion(s)05bof animal05. In one embodiment, jacket/wrap11bcan be made of stretchable material that can be stretched enough to be worn by animal05or can be provided with fastener12bthat can help jacket/wrap11bto be worn by animal05. Jacket/wrap11bis adjustable such that it can be worn or wrapped on different body parts of animal05such as jacket/wrap11bcan be wrapped or worn on hands, legs, neck, tail or back portions by adjusting either of jacket/wrap11bor fastener12b. Material of jacket/wrap11acan be selected such that the animal05is detoured from liking or chewing the wound on which jacket/wrap is worn or wrapped, thus preventing the need to use the cone of shame. Fastener12b, pocket13band heating pack and/or a cooling pack14bis similar in construction and working to respective fastener12a, pocket13aand heating pack and/or a cooling pack14aand hence not described for the sake of brevity. Thus, therapeutic pad10aand10bprovides treatment on any portion of body of animal05without restricting their mobility. Therapeutic pad10aand10bprotects the wound or surgical stitch mark from being licked or chewed by animal using therapeutic pad10aand10b. Also, therapeutic pad10aand10bfacilitated to heal the wound or surgical stitch mark or provide relief for pain which other is not experienced by use of surgical suits or cone of shame. The foregoing description conveys the best understanding of the objectives and advantages of the present invention. Different embodiments may be made of the inventive concept of this invention. It is to be understood that all matter disclosed herein is to be interpreted merely as illustrative, and not in a limiting sense.

11856922

DESCRIPTIVE KEY 10pet waste device12harness14bag20strap24base portion26connection mechanism28section29slot30through hole32cushion material34attachment mechanism40strap42first end44second end48buckle50interior portion52rimD animalR rumpF flanksT tailA anusB1bellyB2back DETAILED DESCRIPTION The following disclosure is provided to describe various embodiments of a pet waste device. Skilled artisans will appreciate additional embodiments and uses of the present invention that extend beyond the examples of this disclosure. Terms included by any claim that may be presented in any yet-to-be-filed non-provisional patent application are to be interpreted as defined within this disclosure. Singular forms should be read to contemplate and disclose plural alternatives. Similarly, plural forms should be read to contemplate and disclose singular alternatives. Conjunctions should be read as inclusive except where stated otherwise. Expressions such as “at least one (1) of A, B, and C” should be read to permit any of A, B, or C singularly or in combination with the remaining elements. Additionally, such groups may include multiple instances of one or more element in that group, which may be included with other elements of the group. All numbers, measurements, and values are given as approximations unless expressly stated otherwise. Various aspects of the present disclosure will now be described in detail, without limitation. In the following disclosure, a pet waste device configured to capture pet waste as the animal is in the process of elimination will be discussed. The pet waste device is configured to provide a mess free system of disposing of pet excrement. Skilled readers should not view the inclusion of any alternative labels as limiting in any way. Referring now toFIGS.1-7, an illustrative pet waste device10will now be discussed in more detail. Pet waste device10includes an attachment device, for example, a harness12and a capturing device, for example, a bag14, as described herein. Harness12includes a “U”-shaped strap20configured for disposal about a rump R of animal D, for example, a dog, as shown inFIG.1. Strap20extends along both flanks F of animal D. Strap20is configured for disposal below a tail T of animal D such that a base portion24of strap20is positioned over an anus A of animal D. Positioned at base portion24is a connection mechanism26. Connection mechanism26is configured for attachment with bag14. In some embodiments, connection mechanism26includes one (1) or a plurality of sections28that form a periphery about a through hole30, as shown inFIG.3. Through hole30is configured and sized to allow pet waste to pass through and into bag14. In one (1) embodiment, sections28form an octagon, as shown inFIG.3. The octagon shape allows for a wide opening of bag14to capture the pet waste. In some embodiments, the sections28may form various shapes, for example, oval, circular, oblong, triangular, rectangular, polygonal, irregular, uniform, non-uniform, variable, and/or tapered. In some embodiments, sections28include a cushion material32configured to provide a padding for a comfortable fit against rump R of animal D. In some embodiments, cushion material32may include, for example, foam, polyester, polyether, polystyrene, polyurethane, polyethylene or vinyl. The sections28include an attachment mechanism34configured to attach bag14to sections28. In some embodiments, attachment mechanism34may include clips, hooks, knots, hook-and-loop-type fasteners, integral connection, friction fit, pressure fit, mating engagement, dovetail connection, barbs, tongue in groove, threaded, magnetic, clamp, spring-loaded clamp and/or key/keyslot. Harness12is attached to animal D via a strap40. Strap40is integrally connected with strap20or attachable with strap20. Strap40is configured for disposal about a belly B1and back B2of animal D, as shown inFIG.1. In some embodiments, if animal D is male, strap40would be positioned a distance from the genitals of the animal D to not hinder urination. Strap40includes first and second ends42,44attachable by a connecting mechanism, for example, a quick-release buckle48. Buckle48allows for putting on and taking off harness12. Bag14includes an interior portion50and an end rim52. Rim52is attachable with sections28via a corresponding connection mechanism as described herein. For example, rim52may include holes configured for connection with such attachment mechanism34that may be embodied as hooks, each individual attachment mechanism34disposed within an individual slot29on sections28. Rim52includes a closure mechanism, for example, a drawstring. This allows for a user to seal the pet waste in bag14and dispose of bag14. Interior portion50is configured to capture and contain the pet waste therein. Pet waste device10is provided in various sizes for various sized animals D. In some embodiments, harness12is adjustable to fit various sized animals D. In some embodiments, bag14includes various sizes to adjust for larger sized pet waste. In operation, as shown inFIGS.1and7, bag14is attached with sections28, as described herein. Harness12is attached to animal D such that through hole30is aligned with anus A of animal D. Strap40is fastened, as described herein. When a user is walking animal D, when animal D has to go to the bathroom, animal D typically squats, as shown inFIG.7. Bag14is configured to surround and hang below anus A of animal D such that bag14is oriented to capture the excrement of animal D. When animal D has completed going to the bath, the user can detach bag14and discard appropriately. While various aspects of the present invention have been described in the above disclosure, the description of this disclosure is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention. The invention is defined by the scope of the claims of a corresponding nonprovisional utility patent application and not the illustrations and examples provided in the above disclosure. Skilled artisans will appreciate additional aspects of the invention, which may be realized in alternative embodiments, after having the benefit of the above disclosure. Other aspects, advantages, embodiments, and modifications are within the scope of the claims of a corresponding nonprovisional utility patent application.

11856923

VI. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENT(S) It will be readily understood that the components of the present invention, as generally described and illustrated in the figures herein, may be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations. Thus, the following detailed description of the embodiments, as represented in the attached figures, is not intended to limit the scope of the invention as claimed, but is merely representative of selected embodiments of the invention. The features, structures, or characteristics of the invention described throughout this specification may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. For example, the usage of the phrases “example embodiments”, “some embodiments”, or other similar language, throughout this specification refers to the fact that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment may be included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, appearances of the phrases “example embodiments”, “in some embodiments”, “in other embodiments”, or other similar language, throughout this specification do not necessarily all refer to the same group of embodiments, and the described features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. In accordance with the drawings illustrating at least one embodiment, as generally depicted inFIG.1a,FIG.2a, andFIG.3, an animal collar10apparatus or device comprises a band12supporting a platform14, at least one arm16depending from the platform14, and a camera18depending from the arm16. Consistent withFIG.1bandFIG.2b, it is envisioned that another embodiment describes an animal collar10apparatus or device having at least two arms16depending from the platform14(or separately depending from multiple platforms) with a dedicated camera18separately depending from each of the arms16. Consistent withFIGS.1through4, a single arm16embodiment is described and disclosed. The single arm16is adjustable about the circumference of the collar10. The adjustment of the single arm16about the circumference of the collar10allows for the user/owner to adjust and place the camera18at the end of the arm16in a defined position or location. Consistent withFIGS.1band2b, a multiple arm16aand16bembodiment is described and disclosed. The multiple arm (in this specific embodiment a first arm16aand a second arm16b) are each adjustable about the circumference of the collar10. In one such embodiment, consistent withFIG.1b,the first arm16aand the second arm16bare collectively adjustable, with the respective cameras18aand18bmutually fixed at a defined interval relative to the other camera. The first arm16aand second arm16bare adjustable along a single platform14. In another such embodiment, consistent withFIG.2b, the arms16aand16bare independently adjustable along different segments of a single platform14(or alternatively along different platforms14provided within the neck of the collar10). Regardless of which embodiment is selected, the elements of the single camera embodiment and the multiple camera embodiment are essentially similar and share many of the similarly referenced components. Accordingly, the following description provides the essential details of the elements comprising the multiple embodiments described above. In the multiple arm and multiple camera embodiments, the additional arm(s) and camera(s) may be alternatively labeled and distinguished by the use of “a” and “b” in similarly described elements and their respective reference characters. The collar10may include one or more braces17depending from the platform14and providing subjacent support to the arm16(or in support of each arm). The collar10may also include tracking means20for precision location of the collar10and/or animal to which the collar is secured. The collar10may also include a light or plurality of lights22for illumination when desired. In one embodiment defining a system1000, the collar10comprising the band12, the platform14(or multiple platforms), the arm16(or multiple arms), one or more braces17, and the camera18(or multiple cameras) may be integrated within the system1000that utilizes a web and/or mobile device application500for operating and controlling various elements of the collar10and its components. In another embodiment of the system1000, the collar10comprising the band12, the platform14(or multiple platforms), the arm16(or multiple arms), the one or more braces17, the camera18(or multiple cameras), and the tracking means20may be integrated within the system1000that utilizes the application500. In another embodiment of the system1000, the collar10comprising the band12, the platform14(or multiple platforms), the arm16(or multiple arms), the one or more braces, the camera18(or multiple cameras), and the light or lights22may be integrated within the system1000that utilizes the application500. In another embodiment of the system1000, the collar10comprising the band12, the platform14(or multiple platforms), the arm16(or multiple arms), the camera18(or multiple cameras), and the integration of the tracking means20and the light or lights22within the system1000that utilizes the application500. In another embodiment of the system1000, the collar10comprising the band12, the platform14(or multiple platforms), the arm16(or multiple arms), the camera18(or multiple cameras), and the integration of tracking means20and light or lights22in combination with means for operating and controlling various elements of the collar10and its components. It is envisioned that the band12may be adjustable along its length to accommodate various dimensions of neck sizes of an animal. It is envisioned that the band12may include a first end11and a second end13that may be mutually coupled or joined to form the collar-shape generally about the neck of an animal. Mutual coupling may be accomplished by a variety of means, including buckle and D-ring configurations, side-release friction-fit male and female buckle configurations, and other similar configurations. It is further envisioned that the mutual coupling of end11and end13of the band12may be securely effectuated through the utilization of a key and lock mechanism25that is operatively coupled to one or more of the electronic components disclosed in further detail below, whereby locking the mechanism25engages the electronic components and unlocking the mechanism disengages the electronic components. In another embodiment, the mechanism25receives and retains an end11or13of the band12by securing the end11or13in place within the mechanism25, preventing unauthorized adjustment of the band12length/circumference. Such embodiments provide additional security by making the collar10difficult to use by someone other than the owner or authorized user/handler, wherein the mechanism25is not easily defeated without the key, which is necessary to engage and disengage the electronic components of the device and which releases an end11or13of the band12to allow for adjustment and/or removal of the band12as warranted. The mechanism25may comprise a variety of configurations, including a key and lock combination, a biometric interface, an electronic interface, or other similar configurations or combinations of configurations. The platform14(or each platform if multiples are provided) comprises an obverse surface “Obv” and a reverse surface “Rev”, with the obverse surface supporting a coupling15that receives and retains one end of the arm16. The coupling15may comprise a variety of forms or types such as swivel couplings, ball joints, or the like. The coupling15is envisioned to provide articulation to the arm16, including approximately 360 degrees of articulation in approximate parallel orientation to the platform14and including approximately 180 degrees of articulation in approximate perpendicular orientation to the platform14. The platform14and coupling15provide versatile adjustability to the arm16(and to the camera18mounted or coupled to the end of the arm16), thereby allowing the arm16to be positioned at several distinct positions to optimize environmental observation by the user(s) via the camera18on the end of the arm16. It is envisioned that the coupling15is not freely swinging or otherwise uncontrolled, but rather that the coupling15includes means or elements that holds the positioning of the coupling15and the arm16depending therefrom. To effectuate the fixed positioning of the coupling15and the arm16depending therefrom, it is envisioned that the coupling15may include a catch or the like to maintain the desired position of the coupling15and the arm16, with articulation of the coupling15(and arm16) achieved by release of the catch, articulation of the coupling15(and arm16), and engagement of the catch to maintain the desired positional selection. The arm16(or each arm if multiples are provided and denoted by16aand16b) comprises an elongated shaft having a first end joined to the coupling15and a second end housing the camera18(denoted by18aand18bif referencing multiple cameras). The first end and the second end are mutually opposed. It is further envisioned that the arm16may comprise a variety of materials, including metal, plastic, thermoplastic, polymers, and the like, and/or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the arm16comprises a thermoplastic material that has returnably-resilient characteristics so that the arm16may be slightly deformed and result in a non-linear arrangement that provides additional positioning of the arm16and the camera18depending therefrom. Another variant of this type of returnably-resilient material includes metal (flexible) hose cable or similar material. It is further envisioned that the arm16may comprise multiple shafts to achieve a telescoping arrangement to further optimize arm16and camera18position and orientation. One or more braces17may be included, wherein the brace(s)17are upwardly depending from the platform14and providing subjacent support to the arm16and the camera18therein. The brace(s)17may have a variety of forms, including the use of one or more individual braces17athat interconnect the platform14and arm16in a manner that provides stability and flexibility to the combination. The individual braces may comprise a linear or curvilinear form or shape and may further include a relative range of rigidity and flexibility to accommodate some displacement of the arm16relative to the platform14during movement of the animal. It is further envisioned to allow for displacement and return of the arm16relative to the platform14if an object is encountered, such as brush, limbs, thickets, or the like. The individual braces may comprise a variety of materials, including strong, durable yet flexible materials such as flexible metal(s), plastic(s), thermoplastic(s), resin(s), rubber(s), polymer(s), and the like. It is further envisioned that the one or more braces17may be protected by a glove, guard, shield, or covering, and may further include one or more pleats17bproviding additional returnably resilient flexibility to the brace17assembly. The camera18(or each camera if multiples are provided and denoted by18aand18b) may include a variety of available image transmission and/or capture options available. For example, it is envisioned that the camera18may comprise a micro camera, a sub-miniature camera, a miniature camera, or the like. As indicated inFIG.3, and in combination with the arm16, the camera18is envisioned to depend from the end of the arm16opposite the end joined to the coupling15, with the camera18disposed to provide a wide-angle or field of view for one viewing the images remotely via a smart device. The variable position flexibility provided by the arm16and camera18combination reduces the instances of view-obstruction, especially caused by the head positioning and/or motion of the animal to which the collar10is attached. It is envisioned that in embodiments including multiple cameras18, the utilization of the images and/or video captured by each camera may be rendered in different manners. For example, one option might include the capability of have separate image/video feeds that are separately viewable via an application (app) provided on a device. In a different example, another option might include the capability of merging the images/video into an aggregated output. The tracking means20may include one or more technologies presently available. For example, satellite tracking and the more familiar global positioning systems (GPS) that utilize satellites to track objects, is one possible component. In another example, radio frequency identification (RFID) and/or radio tracking may be similarly employed. It is further envisioned that a combination of the aforementioned systems might be utilized, especially to provide redundancy in the event that the other system fails to operate because of transmission and/or other failures. The light or lights22may include low intensity bulbs and/or arrays. The light or lights22are intended to allow the tracker to better visually detect the animal with animal collar10, therefore low intensity bulb(s) and/or arrays are preferred. It is envisioned that the animal collar10and/or the system1000incorporating the animal collar10may be utilized in several different contexts, including hunting/tracking, search and recovery/rescue, police and/or military uses, and/or general animal surveillance. In particular, the collar10and/or system1000are particularly useful for judging and/or scoring competition hunts in which a dog or dogs are used to identify game, including pointing and/or flushing game from protective covering. Competition hunts can be organized a variety of animals, including predatory animals (e.g., fox, raccoon, coyote), non-predatory animals (e.g., squirrel, rabbit, turkey), waterfowl (e.g., ducks), upland birds (e.g., grouse, pheasant, quail, partridge), as well as other animals traditionally subject to hunting laws and regulations. More specifically, in competition hunts, a dog or group of dogs is/are judged and scored by competition judges based on a variety of criteria, including hunting, trailing, cry (full cry), and marking, among other possible criteria. However, to overcome the subjective nature of some of the judging criteria, and improve scoring accuracy and increase the value of the individual dogs utilized in the competition hunt, the collar10and/or system1000may be placed on the slowest dog in the pack or group so that full-field image streaming may be captured in virtual real-time. By placing the collar10and/or system1000on the slowest dog in the pack or group, a judge or judges can more accurately assess the relative positions of each competing dog for any of the criteria used, yielding more accurate individual scores for each dog and improved accuracy in evaluating the relative monetary value of each dog. Consistent withFIG.4, the system1000includes the collar10and embodiments disclosed herewith, and in communication with an Internet application500having a remote input interface capability100and a remote receiver interface capability200. The input interface capability100allows for actuation of one or more options provided within the system1000. The receiver interface capability200allows for a user to access images, including live-stream video and/or still images, as well as data generated and/or collected during the course of usage. The collar10, the application500(and the input100, and the receiver200) are operatively coupled and in communication with one another. In one embodiment, as depicted inFIG.4, the communication coupling is achieved through wireless transmission, including use of the Internet as generally understood. It is to be understood that the embodiments and claims are not limited in its application to the details of construction and arrangement of the components set forth in the description and illustrated in the drawings. Rather, the description and the drawings provide examples of the embodiments envisioned, but the claims are limited to the specific embodiments. The embodiments and claims disclosed herein are further capable of other embodiments and of being practiced and carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein are for the purposes of description and should not be regarded as limiting the claims. Accordingly, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the conception upon which the application and claims are based may be readily utilized as a basis for the design of other structures, methods, and systems for carrying out the several purposes of the embodiments and claims presented in this application. It is important, therefore, that the claims be regarded as including such equivalent constructions. Furthermore, the purpose of the foregoing Abstract is to enable the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and the public generally, and especially including the practitioners in the art who are not familiar with patent and legal terms or phraseology, to determine quickly from a cursory inspection the nature and essence of the technical disclosure of the application. The Abstract is neither intended to define the claims of the application, nor is it intended to be limiting to the scope of the claims in any way. It is intended that the application is defined by the claims appended hereto.

11856924

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS As shown in the drawings a smart garment for monitoring the health and wellbeing of an animal is generally indicated by the reference numeral1. For the purposes of the following description the smart garment1is described as a smart horse blanket1. However, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the smart blanket1can be used with any suitable animal ranging from animals kept in a zoo and the like to humans although the smart blanket1does have particular application in the equine industry due to the high value of thoroughbreds. Moreover, the term “garment” embraces blankets, vests or other garments and garment-type articles that can be worn by an animal including saddles and saddle pads while the horse blanket of the invention can include full blankets, half blankets, horse rugs, stable blankets, night blankets, turn-out rugs, rain sheets, coolers, anti-sweat sheets, fly sheets, therapeutic blankets, under rugs, half-sheets, half blankets, quarter sheets, rump rugs, saddle pads, saddle cloths, girth sleeves and the like. Generally, the smart horse blanket1can have a sensor zone2fitted with horse sensors3for remotely monitoring horse health, wellbeing, performance and recovery. As shall be explained more fully below, examples of suitable sensors include, inter alia, heart rate sensors, respiratory sensors, movement sensors, temperature sensors, pressure sensors, moisture sensors, security sensors, GPS sensors, warning alarms and the like. However, the garment1of the invention is suitable for use with any type of sensor for monitoring the health, wellbeing, performance, recovery and the like of an animal. The sensors3can be located and secured or incorporated as required in the sensor zone2or, as described further below, at other locations on/in the garment1using suitable attachment means as necessary. The location of the sensors3can depend on the nature of the sensor and/or the type of garment, e.g. due to the location of a horse's heart, girth sleeves are particularly suitable for use with heart rate sensors positioned on the girth sleeve. The sensors3are communicable with a monitor4on the horse blanket1for communicating data from the horse blanket1when placed on a horse5to a communications hub6mounted in the vicinity of the horse5—e.g. a stable-mounted communications hub6. The horse blanket1has a back portion7extending between a neck end and a tail end of the horse blanket1, two side portions8depending from the back portion7and a chest portion8acontiguous with the side portions8. In use on the horse5, the back portion7extends along the back9of the horse5towards the hindquarters while the side portions8depend along the sides10of the horse5in conventional fashion. In the present embodiment, the side portions8extend between the tail end11of the horse5and the chest portion8aat the chest area12of the horse5. The horse blanket1has a front edge13, a rear edge14and two side edges15. A contoured neck opening16is formed at the front edge13while a monitor mounting17is provided on the horse blanket1at the chest portion8afor supporting the monitor4. The horse blanket1is further provided with a closure strap or bellyband18at the side portions8to secure the blanket1in position on the horse1. The horse blanket1can be sized as required. For example, as shown inFIGS.1and2, the horse blanket1can extend fully along the back9of the horse1(a full horse blanket1) or can be a half-blanket or vest1conforming to the anatomy or conformation of the horse as shown inFIG.3in which the half-blanket1is made up of a shortened back portion7which extends over the withers26of a horse5and the two side portions8depend from the back portion7over the shoulders27of the horse and form the chest portion8a. FIG.4is a side perspective view of a third embodiment of the smart horse blanket1of the invention on a horse5in which the horse blanket1is a horse half blanket or vest1broadly similar to the half blanket shown inFIG.3. However, in the present embodiment, a temperature sensor3ais mounted on the front edge13of the vest1at the neck opening16and a motion sensor3bis mounted on the vest1at the chest area12of the horse5. The temperature sensors3acan be located as required on the vest1. However, by positioning the motion sensors3bat the chest area12any impact of vest1movement over long periods on the motion sensors3bwas minimised. FIG.5shows a schematic representation of an animal health and wellbeing monitoring system of the invention generally indicated by the reference numeral19which includes the smart horse blanket ofFIGS.1to4. As shown in the drawing, data on the health and wellbeing of the horse5detected by the sensors3in the sensor zone2is gathered at the monitor4on the horse blanket1and is communicated to the stable mounted communications hub6. The stable mounted communications hub6can also include environmental sensors20for detecting and recording ambient environmental conditions in the vicinity of the horse5so that the impact of environmental conditions such as temperature, moisture and even air small particle levels on the parameters detected by the horse sensors3can be monitored and analysed. The stable communications hub6is in turn communicable with a remote analytics module or server such as a cloud based analytics module21where the data harvested from the horse sensors3and environmental sensors20can be analysed algorithmically to assess and extract information on the health, wellbeing, performance, recovery and the like of the horse5. The results and data of the analysis are then used to generate alerts/flags, updates, performance and recovery reports as required via an alert/flag system22. The generated alerts/flags or updates can then be communicated to a user such as an owner/breeder or trainer via a mobile or web based user interface23as required. The user can receive the generated alerts/flags or updates on a handheld mobile device such as smartphone or tablet24or a personal computer25or the like. The horse sensors3employed in the horse blanket1can be any suitable sensors3which can be located on the horse blanket1in a sensor zone2as described above inFIGS.1to3or elsewhere on the horse blanket1as required as shown inFIG.4. However, it has been found that inertia sensors such as low gain accelerometers, magnetometers and gyroscopes are particularly suitable when used in the blanket1as a highly accurate indication of the horse's movement can be determined in contradistinction with movement sensors placed on the neck or head of a horse which result in highly unreliable movement data. Suitable moisture sensors include galvanic skin response electrodes while both IR and thermocouple temperature sensors are preferred. Variable impedance fabric sensors can be employed to monitor respiration while microphones can also be used to detect frequency analysis for other analyses. Bluetooth connectivity can also be used with the sensors3. The blanket1can also incorporate security sensors3to effectively act as a security device and system to alert owners if an animal is being moved without authorisation or being tampered with. Suitable horse sensors3are available from Texas Instruments (Trade Mark), Shimmer (Trade Mark) and IBM (Trade Mark). The environmental sensors20can be selected as required to monitor desired ambient conditions at the stable mounted communications hub6. Examples of such sensors20include, but are not limited to, optical air quality sensors, ambient light sensors, thermometers and cameras. As indicated above, such environmental sensors20allow for the cross-referencing of the horse sensor3data and the ambient data to identify and explain horse behavior or changes in wellbeing e.g. if a horse suddenly becomes upset it may be because someone has switched on a stable light or a horse cough may be as a result of high ambient particulate or dust levels e.g. from fresh straw. The horse sensors3and environmental sensors20facilitate the detection and analysis of multiple parameters such as changes in motion/bio signals warranting investigation e.g. raised respiration/heart rates, changes in eating/drinking behavior, difficulty in lying down/getting up, displays of discomfort such as excessive sweating, rolling or box walking. The communications methods employed in the monitoring system can be any suitable system such as GSM, Wi-Fi, Low Power Wi-Fi, radio waves (e.g. 433 MHz), Bluetooth or combinations of the above. The smart garment of the invention and in particular the horse blanket1can be manufactured from any suitable material although a lightweight, stretchable and breathable vest-type garment formed from Lycra or a similar material is preferred which could be employed indoors and outdoors in warmer climates. The horse blanket1can be sized as required but a tight-fitting garment is usually preferred in order to optimize sensor performance. As indicated above, the smart garment1can be used to monitor the health, wellbeing, performance and recovery of an animal such as a horse5depending on how the garment1is employed. For example the smart horse garment1can be used on a horse when training or competing to extract and analyse data on the horse's performance, recovery rate and the like. Example The vest1ofFIG.4in the form of a tight-fitting lightweight Lycra vest1fastened with a Velcro (Trade Mark) bellyband18, was employed to monitor seventeen pregnant mares close to foaling as follows. The mares were monitored with the vest1of the invention for periods ranging from two to nine days and, in order to corroborate the data from the vest1, the mares were also monitored using high resolution CCTV cameras throughout. The data from the sensors was synchronized with the video footage to corroborate the sensor data (see for exampleFIG.11). A variety of motion sensors3bavailable from Shimmer (Trade Mark), Gulf Coast Data Products (Trade Mark) and Texas Instruments (Trade Mark) and temperature sensors3aavailable from Omeron (Trade Mark) and Elitech (Trade Mark) were employed. Skin impedance sensors available from Shimmer (Trade Mark) were also incorporated into the smart vest1. Multiple sensor arrays in various combinations were employed to assess the wellbeing of the subjects. FIG.6(a)shows a schematic view from above of a horse5in its stall or stable28wearing the horse vest1ofFIG.4fitted with the motion sensor3bin the form of a magnetometer3bwith the horse5exhibiting box walking behavior. Box walking can be indicative of stress or an underlying health/wellbeing problem in a horse5.FIG.6(b)shows a graph of the magnetometer data from the horse vest1ofFIG.6(a)and demonstrates that the continuous box walking motion of the horse was detected by the magnetometer3bto alert a remote user monitoring the horse5that the horse may be in distress. FIG.7(a)shows a schematic view from above of a horse5in its stable28wearing the horse vest1ofFIG.4fitted with a motion sensor3bin the form of an accelerometer with the horse5exhibiting normal rolling behavior.FIG.7(b)shows a graph of the accelerometer data from the horse vest1ofFIG.7(a)and demonstrates that the rolling movement of the horse was a normal event and that the horse5was otherwise stationary. FIG.8(a)shows a schematic view from above of a horse5in its stable wearing the horse vest1ofFIG.4fitted with a motion sensor3bin the form of a gyroscope3bwith the horse experiencing a critical or alarm event in the form of casting—e.g. the horse has lain down or rolled and positioned itself with its legs so close to the stall28wall that the horse can neither get up nor reposition himself to roll the other way.FIG.8(b)shows a graph of the gyroscope data from the horse vest ofFIG.8(a)demonstrating the casting alarm event in the otherwise stationary horse5for which a user alert was generated so that the user could come to the horse's aid. FIG.9(a)shows a schematic view from above of a horse5in its stable wearing the horse vest1ofFIG.4fitted with a barometric pressure sensor3with the horse5, firstly, in a standing position29and, secondly, in a lying position30.FIG.9(b)shows a graph of the barometric pressure sensor3data from the horse vest1demonstrating the lower pressure detected with the horse5in the standing position29and the higher pressure detected with the horse in the lying position30. The barometric pressure data therefore served to monitor the standing/lying position of the horse to determine whether the horse was lying or standing excessively which could be indicative of an alarm event e.g. foaling or distress. FIG.10(a)shows a schematic view from above of a horse5in its stable28wearing the horse vest1ofFIG.4fitted with a temperature sensor3aandFIG.10(b)shows a graph of the temperature sensor data from the horse vest1demonstrating that the horse's temperature remained normal and constant so that no alarm event arose. FIG.11shows a combined graph and sequential CCTV images31of a mare5fitted with the smart vest1ofFIG.4incorporating a motion sensor3bin the form of an accelerometer3bwith the mare5in foal with the CCTV images31corroborating the accelerometer foaling data over a ten minute period. In particular, the sequential positional movements of the mare5immediately before and during foaling is recorded and demonstrated by the graph and the CCTV images31. FIG.12shows a graph of the accelerometer data from the horse vest1and mare5ofFIG.11over a sequential four day period32,33,34,35respectively demonstrating the observable foaling event on the fourth day35in comparison with the previous three days32,33,34. Similarly,FIG.13shows a graph of the accelerometer data from the horse vest1and mare5ofFIG.11over a single day demonstrating the foaling event. FIG.14shows a multiple graph of the data from three movement sensors3bfitted in the horse vest1ofFIG.4, namely a magnetometer3b, an accelerometer3band a gyroscope3bto determine possible alarm events such as casting and foaling as described above. Accordingly, as shown in the drawings, it was possible to easily determine each subject's movement/orientation/position from the motion sensors3bof the smart vest1recording at 10 Hz while the stress levels of the subject's was also determined based on this movement i.e. unusual/uncharacteristic movement based on each subject's normal movement patterns in conjunction with increased skin temperature and increased sweat levels. It was found that a combination of just three sensor metrics i.e. motion, temperature and respiration/skin impedance was sufficient to provide a highly complex and robust subject wellbeing evaluation. However, as indicated above, while these three sensor metrics alone prove very effective, other sensor metrics such as pressure sensors, respiration sensors, sound sensors, security sensors and cameras can be included in the smart garment of the invention as required. Moreover, based on the collated data generated, it was possible to determine and set preset parameter safety thresholds which if breeched generated an alert as described inFIG.5. The above trial was repeated with seven racehorses under similar conditions to those described above and the result achieved demonstrated that the blanket1of the invention was highly effective at safely monitoring the safety and wellbeing of the racehorses.

11856925

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT(S) Landowners with expansive property and who enjoy hunting deer and other game animals on their property sometimes use broadcast feeders to dispense feed to the indigenous animals to attract and retain the animals, to encourage antler growth, and to increase the size of the animals. Broadcast feeders provide supplemental nutrition to the game animals but often are susceptible to consumption by varmints and other undesirable critters, such as squirrels. Feed consumed by such varmints increases the cost of the feed and the inconvenience of having to refill the hopper more frequently. The present invention provides an improved broadcast feeder that efficiently dispenses feed while also effectively preventing access to varmints. Additionally, the design of the inventive feeder provides increased versatility in how the unit is attached to the feed hopper. These and other features and desirable advantages will be apparent from the following description of a preferred embodiment with reference to the accompanying drawings. Turning now to the drawings in general and toFIG.1in particular, there is shown therein a feeder assembly constructed in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention and designated generally by the reference numeral10. The feeder assembly10comprises a hopper12and a broadcast feeder14. The hopper12may comprise a conventional gravity-feed style hopper on a trip-pod stand16. The feeder14may be attached to the bottom20of the hopper12. The feeder14is designed to dispense granules of feed12flowing through the central opening18(FIG.6) in the bottom20of the hopper12. As used herein, “granules” means any dry (non-liquid) type animal feed regardless of the size of the granules, which may be smaller particulates or larger pellets in form. “Feed” as used herein means any consumable substance suitable for animals, including compositions used as a primary diet and various nutritional supplements. “Animal” as used herein means any domesticated or non-domesticated animal, including but not limited to wildlife, such as deer. Referring now toFIGS.2-6, one embodiment of the inventive feeder14will be described. The feeder14includes a housing24that may varying is size and configuration. In the embodiment shown, the housing24has three sections, an adapter section26for attaching the housing24to the hopper12, a dispenser section28for enclosing the dispenser that expels the feed granules, and a motor section30for housing the motor assembly that drives the dispenser. The adapter section26may comprise an attachment plate34attachable to the inside surface20aor the outside surface20bof the bottom20(FIG.6) of the feed hopper12. The attachment plate34may be generally planar with one or more holes “h” for securing the plate to the bottom20of the hopper. A feed opening36may be formed in the plate34. The feed opening36should be sized and positioned to allow feed granules to pass through the central opening18in the bottom20of the hopper. Depending from the plate34is a cylindrical neck38that defines a chute40configured to receive feed from the feed hopper12through the feed opening36. While the funnel shaped chute40is shown in this embodiment, the invention is not so limited. Now it will be appreciated that the planar shape and dimensions of the plate34may be selected so that the plate can be attached alternately to the outside (solid lines) or the inside (broken lines) of the bottom20of the feed hopper12as illustrated inFIG.6. The adapter section26may also include a collar42sized to removably receive the neck38. In the embodiment shown, the collar42has internal threads and the neck38has external threads. However, other means for connecting the collar42to the neck38may be employed alternately. With continuing reference toFIGS.2-6, the feeder14comprises a dispenser rotatably supported in the housing24and positioned to receive feed from the chute40and to throw the feed radially by centrifugal force as the dispenser is rotated. In the embodiment shown, the dispenser takes the form of a small tray46, as seen inFIGS.4and5, though the size and configuration of the dispenser may vary. The tray46may be disposed a short distance from the bottom of the chute40so that after the tray stops spinning and the feed granules collect on top of the tray, flow of the feed from the hopper12will stop until the tray begins to spin again. As seen inFIGS.4and5, a motor48may be provided to rotate the tray46. In one embodiment, the motor is an electric motor and may be powered by a battery50or other power supply. The battery50may be rechargeable and a solar panel or other collector (not shown) may be included. Additionally, as is known in the art, the operation of the motor48may be automated using a simple control unit52so that feed can be dispensed according to a preselected schedule. The motor48, battery50, and control unit52may be supported on a sling54or other suitable frame, which together form a motor assembly56contained in the motor enclosure30. As indicated above, flow of feed granules from hopper12will stop once the tray46stops spinning. However, other animals, such as cattle, squirrels and birds, quickly learn to obtain feed by manually rotating the tray46. The consumption of the feed by these animals increases the cost of feed and the frequency with which the hopper has to be refilled. To prevent small varmints from robbing the feeder, the dispenser section28may include a guard. One preferred guard also serves to direct the feed as it is thrown from the tray46. To that end, the dispenser section28comprises an upper guide plate60and a lower guide plate62. The upper guide plate60is positioned above the dispenser tray46, and the lower guide plate62is positioned immediately below the dispenser. As best seen inFIGS.2and5, each of the upper and lower guide plates60and62is domed forming a downwardly (as viewed inFIGS.1and5) sloping surface60band62b, and each plate extends a distance beyond the tray46. Each of the upper and lower guide plates60and62defines an outer circumferential edge60aand62a, respectively, and these edges are spaced from each other a distance selected to prevent selected varmints from reaching the dispenser. That is, the size and relative positions of the guide plates60and62may vary depending on the type of invading varmint that is a problem in the surrounding area. The lower guide plate62preferably is imperforate to the feed granules, that is, it may be made of solid metal or composite material. However, if the plate62is formed of mesh or porous material, there should be no openings in the in the plate that are large enough to allow the feed granules to pass through or to permit unwanted animals from accessing the tray46. Referring still toFIG.5, in a most preferred practice of this invention, the upper guide plate60has a steeper slope (higher dome) than the bottom guide plate62. The downward slope of the bottom plate62prevents feed pellets from accumulating on the plate. The more steeply domed upper plate60may be shaped so that the circumferential edge60ais at or below the bottom of the tray46. In this way, the upper plate60forms a protective canopy for the feed accumulated on the tray46. This reduces the likelihood that rain water will moisten the feed as well as the chance that gusts of wind will spin the tray resulting in unscheduled release of feed. Although the details of construction may vary, in the embodiment shown the upper guide plate60has an inner rim66forming a feeder opening68. The rim66may have holes70that align with holes72in an annular flange74on the bottom of the collar42, as shown best inFIG.4. The lower plate62may have a flattened hub section76circumscribed by an annular rim78with holes80that align with the holes70in the rim66of the upper plate60for a purpose yet to be described. A small opening82may be formed in the center of the hub76for the motor shaft84(FIG.5). The sling54of the motor assembly56may have horizontally extending tabs88with holes90that align with the holes80in the lower plate62and the holes70in the upper plate60. Spacer sleeves94(FIGS.4&5) positioned between the guide plates60and62receive long bolts (not shown) to secure the plates60and62and the motor sling54together. The bottom30aof the motor enclosure30may be secured to the bottom54aof the motor sling54using a threaded stub, or bolt, or other suitable connection96(FIG.5). Thus, the three long bolts secure the collar42, the upper and lower guide plates60and62with the spacer sleeves94therebetween, to the motor sling54with the attached motor enclosure30. As described previously, the feeder14of the present invention ideally includes a quick disconnect feature so that the feeder can be easily disconnected and reconnected to the feed hopper12. That is, the dispenser and motor sections28and30of the housing24can be separated from the adapter section26by simply unscrewing the collar42from the neck38. However, if some feed remains in the hopper, disconnecting the feeder14can result in some of the feed spilling out onto the ground or surrounding area. To prevent this wasteful and messy loss of feed the present invention advantageously may include a chute control member. Referring still toFIG.4and now also toFIGS.7-10one embodiment of the chute control member will be explained. As shown, the chute control member100may be movably mounted in the neck38of the attachment plate34for movement between an open position (FIGS.9&10) in which the chute40is open to allow feed to pass therethrough and a closed position (FIGS.7&8) in which the chute is closed to prevent passage of feed therethrough. Preferably, the chute control member is planar, such as a disk or plate that may be positioned immediately below the bottom surface of the plate34. In the embodiment shown the chute control member is a plank-shaped member100. The neck38of the attachment plate34may include a slot102(FIG.10) sized to receive the plank100. In this way, the plank100may slide radially in and out of the slot102. Where the inner diameter of the chute40is circular, the inner end104of the plank may be curved (FIG.9) so that in the closed position, the inner end abuts and conforms closely to the inner surface of the chute. The outer end106of the plank100may include a hole or other structure forming a handle108(FIGS.7&9) for moving the plank in and out of the neck38. For the purpose of this description, the words left, right, front, rear, up, down, top, bottom, upper, lower, upward, downward, inside, and outside may be used to describe the various parts and directions of the invention as depicted inFIG.1. Now it will be apparent that the present invention provides a broadcast feeder with many advantageous features. The structure is simplified making the feeder economical to manufacture and easy to use. Feed loss is reduced by a chute control mechanism. Access to the spinner tray by squirrels and other unwanted animals is prevented by the closely fitted domed guide plates. The adapter plate makes the feeder usable with virtually any feed hopper and can be attached to the inside or outside of the hopper. The embodiments shown and described above are exemplary. Many details are often found in the art and, therefore, many such details are neither shown nor described herein. It is not claimed that all of the details, parts, elements, or steps described and shown herein are newly invented. Changes may be made in the details, especially in matters of shape, size, and arrangement of the parts, within the principles of the invention to the full extent indicated by the broad meaning of the terms in the attached claims. The description and drawings of the specific embodiments herein do not point out what an infringement of this patent would be, but rather provide non-limiting examples of how to use and make the invention. Likewise, the abstract is neither intended to define the invention, which is measured by the claims, nor is it intended to be limiting as to the scope of the invention in any way. The limits of the invention and the bounds of the patent protection are measured by and defined in the following claims.

11856926

DETAILED DESCRIPTION In the present invention, depiction of a given element or consideration or use of a particular element number in a particular figure or a reference thereto in corresponding descriptive material can encompass the same, an equivalent, or an analogous element or element number identified in another figure or descriptive material associated therewith. The use of “/” in a figure or associated text is understood to mean “and/or” unless otherwise indicated. As used herein, the terms “comprising”, “including”, “having”, and the like do not exclude the presence of other components/elements/features than those listed in an embodiment. Recitation of certain components/elements/features in mutually different embodiments does not indicate that a combination of these components/elements/features cannot be used in an embodiment. As used herein, the terms “a” and “an” are defined as one or more than one. The term “set” corresponds to or is defined as a non-empty finite organization of elements that mathematically exhibits a cardinality of at least one (e.g. a set as defined herein can correspond to a unit, singlet, or single element set, or a multiple element set), in accordance with known mathematical definitions. The recitation of a particular numerical value or value range herein is understood to include or be a recitation of an approximate numerical value or value range. For purposes of brevity and clarity, descriptions of embodiments of the present invention are directed to an aquatic farming system in accordance with the drawings. While aspects of the present invention will be described in conjunction with the embodiments provided herein, it will be understood that they are not intended to limit the present invention to these embodiments. On the contrary, the present invention is intended to cover alternatives, modifications and equivalents to the embodiments described herein, which are included within the scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims. Furthermore, in the following detailed description, specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be recognized by an individual having ordinary skill in the art, i.e. a skilled person, that the present invention may be practiced without specific details, and/or with multiple details arising from combinations of aspects of particular embodiments. In a number of instances, known systems, methods, procedures, and components have not been described in detail so as to not unnecessarily obscure aspects of the embodiments of the present invention. In various representative or exemplary embodiments of the present invention with reference toFIG.1, there is an aquatic farming module or unit100for farming aquatic organisms including aquatic plants and animals. For example, the aquatic farming module100is configured for farming aquatic animals such as fish, crustaceans, and other aquatic species. The aquatic farming module100comprises an intermodal container102. The intermodal container102is a large standardized shipping container for intermodal freight transport and may also be referred to as a freight container or ISO container. The intermodal container102may be of various standardized sizes, such as 20-foot or 40-foot. For example, a 20-foot intermodal container has an approximate length of 6 meters, an approximate width of 2.4 meters, and an approximate height of 2.6 meters. A 40-foot intermodal container is twice the length of the 20-foot version but with the same width and height. Other standardized sizes may be used depending on the interior space required for the aquatic farming module100, such as 40-foot high-cube or 45-foot high-cube. The intermodal container102comprises a pair of opposing side walls104extending longitudinally along the length of the intermodal container102. The intermodal container102further comprises a pair of opposing end entrances106extending laterally along the width of the intermodal container102. The end entrances106are selectively openable/closeable to facilitate user accessibility into the intermodal container102. Users of the aquatic farming module100may comprise working personnel, e.g. operators and maintenance staff, and visitors from the general public who wants to see how aquatic organisms are farmed from the aquatic farming module100. The intermodal container102is made of corrugated sheet metal with a galvanized iron or mild steel material. The intermodal container102further comprises eight corner castings108positioned at the eight corners of the intermodal container102. The corner castings108provide lifting and securing points for the intermodal container102, such as for transportation. Further, the corner castings108allow the intermodal container102to be connected to other intermodal containers102side-by-side or end-to-end. Yet further, the corner castings108are configured to withstand stacking loads when multiple intermodal containers102are stacked vertically. The corner castings108may be made from a steel material that is casted or forged. In some embodiments, the aquatic farming module100further comprises a protective layer lining interior surfaces of the intermodal container102. As the intermodal container102is made of galvanized iron or mild steel material which is prone to corrosion/rust, the protective layer protects the interior surfaces of the intermodal container102from corrosion/rusting and mitigates the risk of the aquatic organisms being contaminated by corrosive substances/rust. The aquatic farming module100may be used in a seawater environment, such as on ships or barges, and seawater or saltwater tends to facilitate corrosion. The protective layer may comprise a corrosion-resistant or anti-corrosion material such as epoxy or polyurethane. The aquatic farming module100further comprises a housing structure110disposed in the intermodal container102and extending between the side walls104of the intermodal container102. In one embodiment, the housing structure110abuts and adheres to the side walls104. In another embodiment, the housing structure110partially abuts the side walls104without adhering thereto. In yet another embodiment, the housing structure110is adjacent to, but without abutting/adhering, the side walls104, such that small spaces are formed between the housing structure110and the side walls104. The small spaces allow for thermal expansion and contraction of the intermodal container102and housing structure110when the aquatic farming module100is subjected to different environmental conditions. Disposing the housing structure110close to the side walls104maximizes the available space in the housing structure110so that more aquatic organisms can be farmed. Further with reference toFIG.2andFIG.3, the housing structure110comprises a first compartment112for storing water and aquatic organisms. The housing structure110further comprises a second compartment114adjacent to the first compartment112for installing a set of water treatment mechanisms to treat the water in the first compartment112. The housing structure110further comprises multiple structural elements forming the first compartment112and second compartment114. Alternatively, the first compartment112and second compartment114may be formed as an integrated structure or formed integrally with the intermodal container102. The structural elements comprise a floor panel forming the base of the housing structure110, including that of the first compartment112and second compartment114. The floor panel distributes the weight or load of the first compartment112and second compartment114over the floor/base of the intermodal container102. The housing structure110may be fastened or secured to the floor/base of the intermodal container102. Further with reference toFIG.4toFIG.6, the structural elements further comprise a first longitudinal panel116adjacent to one side wall104of the intermodal container102and bounding the first compartment112, and a second longitudinal panel118adjacent to the other side wall104of the intermodal container102and bounding the second compartment114. In one embodiment, the first longitudinal panel116and second longitudinal panel118are attached to the respective side walls104, such as by an adhesive. In another embodiment, the first longitudinal panel116and second longitudinal panel118partially abuts the respective side walls104without adhering thereto. In yet another embodiment, the first longitudinal panel116and second longitudinal panel118are adjacent to, but without abutting, the respective side walls104. Small spaces are thus formed between the side walls104and the first longitudinal panel116and second longitudinal panel118to allow for thermal expansion and contraction in different environmental conditions. Disposing the first longitudinal panel116and second longitudinal panel118adjacent close to the respective side walls104maximizes the available space in the first compartment112and second compartment114so that more aquatic organisms can be farmed. The structural elements further comprise a third longitudinal panel120interposing the first longitudinal panel116and second longitudinal panel118to separate the first compartment112and second compartment114. The structural elements further comprise some lateral panels122bounding the first compartment112. Particularly, the first compartment112is bounded by the first longitudinal panel116, third longitudinal panel120, and lateral panels122. In one embodiment, the lateral panels122also bound the second compartment114such that the second compartment114forms an L-shaped profile adjacent to the first compartment112, as shown inFIG.4. One or more of the lateral panels122may be reinforced, such as with structural bracings, as the lateral panels122are not positioned adjacent to a structural component of the intermodal container102, unlike the first longitudinal panel116and second longitudinal panel118which are positioned adjacent to the side walls104. The braced lateral panels122improve the structural integrity and reduce bulging of the first compartment112and second compartment114, especially when a large amount of water is stored in the first compartment112which can exert stronger loads on the lateral panels122. In some embodiments, the structural elements further comprise one or more first partition panels dividing the first compartment112into a plurality of first sub-compartments for storing a plurality of groups of aquatic organisms. For example, one first sub-compartment is configured for storing fishes and another first sub-compartment is configured for storing crustaceans such as prawns and shrimps. In one embodiment, the first partition panels are permanently installed in the first compartment112, such as by welding or adhesive. In another embodiment, the first partition panels are removably installed in the first compartment112for selectively dividing the first compartment112into the first sub-compartments. Appropriate structural elements, such as grooves or receptacles, may be provided to receive and install the first partition panels. The first partition panels may be installable at different parts of the first compartment112to control the volumes of the first sub-compartments. For example, smaller aquatic organisms such as shrimps can be stored in a smaller first sub-compartment, while larger aquatic organisms such as fishes can be stored in a larger first sub-compartment. In some embodiments, the structural elements further comprise one or more second partition panels dividing the second compartment114into a plurality of second sub-compartments for installing the water treatment mechanisms. Specifically, each second sub-compartment is configured for installing one or more of the water treatment mechanisms. In one embodiment, the second partition panels are permanently installed in the second compartment114, such as by welding or adhesive. In another embodiment, the second partition panels are removably installed in the second compartment114for selectively dividing the second compartment114into the second sub-compartments. Appropriate structural elements, such as grooves or receptacles, may be provided to receive and install the second partition panels. The second partition panels may be installable at different parts of the second compartment114to control the volumes of the second sub-compartments based on the sizes of the water treatment mechanisms to be installed. Each second partition panel optionally comprises an opening for connecting the water treatment mechanisms to one another, such as by fluid communication channels through the openings for water communication across the water treatment mechanisms. The structural elements may further comprise a platform panel114A disposed on the second compartment114to facilitate user accessibility through the intermodal container102. The platform panel114A provides a working platform that allows users, e.g. working personnel, to walk on and go across the intermodal container102, such as to access the first compartment112for introducing/removing aquatic organisms and monitoring the habitat conditions for the aquatic organisms. In one embodiment, the platform panel114A has an approximate length of 4.5 meters and an approximate width of 0.8 meters, and is at an approximate height of 0.7 meters, the dimensions corresponding to that of the second compartment114. At this height, the platform panel114A can provide the users with sufficient height/ceiling space to comfortably walk across the intermodal container102, given that the height of the intermodal container102is approximately 2.6 meters. The platform panel114A may comprise a grated structure made of a corrosion-resistant material, such as a steel grating. Optionally, the platform panel114A is lined a corrugated/textured/non-slip surface. In some embodiments, the structural elements in the housing structure110are permanently attached or fixed to one another, such as by welding or adhesive. In some other embodiments, the structural elements are removably attached or fastened to one another, such as by mechanical fasteners or other known coupling mechanisms. Each structural element is appropriately dimensioned, such as panel thicknesses, depending on the loading conditions for the housing structure110. The housing structure110, or more specifically the structural elements thereof, comprises a material that is safe for aquatic organisms and/or that is corrosion-resistant as the aquatic farming module100may be used in a seawater environment. Some non-limiting examples of the aquatic-safe material include polyethylene, polypropylene, acrylic, glass, polycarbonate, and fiberglass. Preferably, the aquatic-safe material is high-density polyethylene (HDPE). As stated above, the first compartment112is configured for storing water and aquatic organisms. The water may be freshwater or seawater depending on the species of aquatic organisms. The aquatic organisms may be fishes and crustaceans, such as prawns and shrimps, that can be bred or farmed for food production. The first compartment112may also be referred to as an aquaculture/aquafarming compartment or tank. The top portion of the first compartment112may be open or uncovered, allowing for easier monitoring of the habitat conditions for the aquatic organisms and the quality of water, as well as for easier monitoring and harvesting of the aquatic organisms. The top portion of the first compartment112may optionally be covered, such as by a netting, to prevent the aquatic organisms from jumping out of the water and/or control illumination in the water. In one embodiment, the first compartment112has an approximate length of 4.5 meters, an approximate width of 1.5 meters, and of sufficient height to store an approximate water height of 1 meter. As stated above, the second compartment114is configured for installing a set of water treatment mechanisms to treat the water in the first compartment112. In one embodiment, the second compartment114has an approximate length of 4.5 meters, an approximate width of 0.8 meters, and an approximate height of 0.7 meters. A recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) is known to be used for treating water to maintain a healthy environment for aquatic organisms, such as in home-based aquaria. The RAS retains, treats, and reuses the water within the system. For example, the water in the RAS flows from a fish tank through a treatment process and is then returned to the tank. The RAS has components, such as filtration mechanisms, that treat the water by decomposing organic waste matter biologically and removing the waste matter mechanically. Usually, when the waste matter is removed from the water, some of the water is also removed from the RAS, resulting in some water loss. The RAS reduces ammonia toxicity in the water, maintains clean water, and provides a suitable habitat for fishes. In some embodiments, the water treatment mechanisms installed in the second compartment114constitute a RAS that treats the water according to a series of treatment processes to maintain desired water quality and provide a suitable habitat/environment for the aquatic organisms. Although some water is loss through the treatment processes, the water loss is usually minimal at around 2% of the amount in the RAS per day. This is achievable by using high surface area biological growth media and high efficiency nitrifying bacteria strains. The water treatment mechanisms comprise a water monitoring and control device to monitor the water quality and the habitat/environment conditions for the aquatic organisms. The treatment processes include, but are not limited to, biological, mechanical, chemical, disinfection, aeration, and temperature treatment processes. In one embodiment as shown inFIG.2toFIG.4, the water treatment mechanisms further comprise a biological treatment mechanism124located in the portion of the second compartment114adjacent to the side wall104. The water treatment mechanisms further comprise other treatment mechanisms for the mechanical, chemical, disinfection, aeration, and temperature treatment processes. The other treatment mechanisms are collectively referred to as non-biological treatment mechanisms126and are located in the portion of the second compartment adjacent to the end entrance106. The water treatment mechanisms further comprise a water pump128located between the biological treatment mechanism124and the non-biological treatment mechanisms126. The water pump128controls water communication or flow from the biological treatment mechanism124towards the non-biological treatment mechanisms126, thereby recirculating the water in the first compartment112in an anticlockwise direction as shown by arrows inFIG.4toFIG.6. In another embodiment two or more parallel water pumps maybe used for fault tolerance or redundancy in case one of the water pumps fail or becomes faulty during operation. The water treatment mechanisms further comprise channels, pipes, and/or valves to control water communication across the water treatment mechanisms. It will be appreciated that the water treatment mechanisms may be positioned differently to rearrange the treatment processes and/or to recirculate the water differently, such as in a clockwise direction instead. In one embodiment, the water pump128pumps and discharges waste water from the first compartment112to the biological treatment mechanism124for performing the biological treatment process. The biological treatment mechanism124comprises a screen mesh that filters and removes large particles in the waste water such as uneaten food and solid waste matter. The biological treatment mechanism124then treats the waste water by converting toxic ammonia in the water, which is excreted by aquatic organisms such as fishes, into nitrate which is less toxic. Certain communities or strains of bacteria may be used in the biological treatment mechanism124to nitrify the ammonia. Partial denitrification occurs in anoxic regions within the biological treatment mechanism124where nitrate is further processed to nitrogen gas and released to the environment. The biological treatment mechanism124may be configured to perform the aeration treatment process to aerate the water with air to thereby remove dissolved carbon dioxide and to dissolve oxygen to reoxygenate the water. Fresh oxygen is required by the aquatic organisms to metabolize food and grow, and also by the bacteria communities in the biological treatment mechanism126. Optionally, if seawater is stored in and discharged from the first compartment112, a foam fractionator is included in the biological treatment mechanism124to remove foamable organic matter from the water. The water pump128then pumps the biologically-treated water from the biological treatment mechanism124to the non-biological treatment mechanisms126for performing the other treatment processes. In the mechanical treatment process, the non-biological treatment mechanisms126comprise mechanical filters for removing particulate matter from the water. The mechanical filters may remove particulate matter as small as 25 microns. The mechanical filters may comprise sand filters, particle filters, and/or drum filters. Optionally, in the chemical treatment process, the non-biological treatment mechanisms126monitor and control the pH or acidity/alkalinity of the water. For example, nitrification of the ammonia in the biological treatment mechanism124reduces the pH of the water, making the water more acidic. Keeping the pH in a suitable range, such as 5.0 to 9.0 for freshwater, maintains the health of aquatic organisms as well as the biological treatment mechanism124. The acidity/alkalinity of the water may be controlled by adding sodium hydroxide or hydrogen bicarbonate or other suitable buffers. In the disinfection treatment process, the non-biological treatment mechanisms126uses ultraviolet radiation and/or ozone treatment to reduce bacteria and/or viruses in the biologically-treated, mechanically-treated, and optionally chemically-treated water, thereby disinfecting the water. The non-biological treatment mechanisms126may be configured to perform another aeration treatment process. Optionally, in the temperature treatment process, the non-biological treatment mechanisms126comprise a heating mechanism to control the temperature of the water. The heating mechanism may comprise a submerged heater, heat pump, chiller, and/or heat exchanger. The temperature treatment process maintains an optimal temperature for farming the aquatic organisms, such as to maximize fish production. It will be appreciated that the treatment processes may be performed in different sequences or in tandem with one another. The water pump128returns the treated water to the first compartment112as shown inFIG.6. Optionally, the first compartment112is installed with a number of in-tank air diffusers to sufficiently aerate the water stored in the first compartment112for aquatic organisms to live and grow. The aquatic farming module100further comprises a set of access doors130disposed at one or both end entrances106of the intermodal container102. The access doors130are actuatable planarly, i.e. parallel to the plane of the end entrances106, for selectively opening and/or closing the respective end entrances106. Selective opening/closing of the end entrances106of the intermodal container102facilitates user accessibility to the housing structure110for farming the aquatic organisms. In one embodiment, the access doors130are manually operated. In another embodiment, the access doors130are connected to an access control system that automates actuation of the access doors130, such as by motorized mechanisms. The access control system may provide an override function that allows the access doors130to be manually operated. In one example, both access doors130are actuated to close the end entrances106and are optionally locked to prevent user accessibility to the housing structure110, such as to provide a controlled environment/habitat for the aquatic organisms and/or to prevent unauthorized access into the intermodal container102. In another example, one or both access doors130are actuated to open the end entrances106to expose the housing structure110and aquatic organisms to an ambient environment. The one or both open end entrances106allow for free movement into and out of the intermodal container102, such as by users who wants to monitor the habitat conditions for the aquatic organisms as well as the quality of water in the first compartment112. In one embodiment, one or both access doors130comprise a roller shutter coupled to an upper portion of the respective end entrance106. The roller shutter is actuatable vertically downwards at the respective end entrance106parallel to the plane thereof to selectively open/close the respective end entrance106. The roller shutter may also be referred to as a roller door or sectional overhead door. In another embodiment, one or both access doors130comprise a folding door coupled to side edges of the respective end entrance106. The folding door is actuatable laterally at the respective end entrance106parallel to the plane thereof (leftwards and/or rightwards) to selectively open/close the respective end entrance106. The folding door comprises multiple door panels that are slideable so that the door panels can be compacted together. In some embodiments, the aquatic farming module100further comprises one or more external access platforms132integrally formed with or permanently attached to the housing structure110or the intermodal container102. The external access platforms132extend longitudinally outside of the end entrances106of the intermodal container102. In one embodiment, each external access platform132is attached to the housing structure110/intermodal container102by a hinge component such that the external access platform132is rotatable about a lateral hinge axis. In some embodiments, the aquatic farming module100further comprises one or more external access platforms132coupleable to bottom portions of the end entrances106of the intermodal container102. In one embodiment, the aquatic farming module100comprises a pair of external access platforms132stored in the intermodal container102. The external access platforms132can be removably coupled to the respective pairs of bottom corner castings108at the respective end entrances106. Each external access platform132comprises appropriate attachments/coupling mechanisms for removably coupling to the respective pair of bottom corner castings108. The external access platforms132may be made of a lightweight material with sufficient structural integrity, such that they can be easily coupled and can withstand the weight of users walking on the external access platforms132to enter/exit the intermodal container102. In one embodiment, each external access platform132has an approximate length of 1.2 meters and an approximate width of 2.4 meters. The external access platforms132may be made of galvanized iron or mild steel material with corrosion-resistant coating. In some embodiments, the aquatic farming module100further comprises one or more external access ladders coupleable to the top and bottom portions of the entrances106of the intermodal container102, and/or coupleable to the edges of the external access platforms130. The external access ladders and end entrances106/external access platforms132comprise appropriate attachments/coupling mechanisms for removably coupling the external access ladders to the end entrances106/external access platforms132. The external access ladders may be used by working personnel to access the upper portion of the aquatic farming module100. In various representative or exemplary embodiments of the present invention with reference toFIG.7, there is an aquatic farming system200comprising a set of aquatic farming modules or units100arranged in one or more stacked levels. Each stacked level comprises an array of one or more aquatic farming modules100. An array comprises one or more rows and one or more columns of aquatic farming modules100to form a single stacked level. Each row of aquatic farming modules100extends along the widths thereof when the aquatic farming modules100are placed side-by-side. Each column of aquatic farming modules100extends along the lengths thereof when the aquatic farming modules100are placed end-to-end. Notably, a single stacked level with an array of one row and one column is equivalent to a single aquatic farming module100. The aquatic farming system200illustrated inFIG.7comprises eight aquatic farming modules100arranged in two stacked levels, each stacked level comprising an array of one row and four columns of the aquatic farming modules100. The aquatic farming modules100may be arranged by known containerization methods used in intermodal freight transport. Each aquatic farming module100in the aquatic farming system200comprises access doors130for selectively opening/closing the end entrances106of the respective intermodal container102. For each stacked level of aquatic farming modules100, selective opening/closing of the end entrances106of the intermodal containers102in said stacked level facilitates user accessibility to the housing structures110in said stacked level for farming the aquatic organisms. In some embodiments as shown inFIG.7, the end entrances106of the intermodal containers102in both stacked levels are opened. As the intermodal containers102are placed side-by-side, the open end entrances106allow users, such as working personnel, to traverse across the intermodal containers102in one stacked level, thereby allowing the users to access the housing structures110in the same stacked level. Furthermore, if a stacked level has two or more rows of aquatic farming modules100, the open end entrances106allow users to traverse through the intermodal containers102which are positioned end-to-end in different rows. In contrast, conventional intermodal containers have hinged doors, which when opened, hinder user accessibility to the adjacent container. Specifically, the hinged doors in the open state obstruct users who want to access the adjacent container. Moreover, the hinged doors prevent the containers from being positioned end-to-end. Advantageously, the access doors130enable selectively opening/closing of the end entrances106and planar actuation of the access doors130does not hinder or obstruct users from accessing the intermodal containers102in the same stacked level. Optionally, the aquatic farming modules100comprise external access platforms132. The external access platforms132improve user accessibility to the housing structures110in a stacked level, as users can walk on the external access platforms132and enter the intermodal containers102in the same stacked level. In one embodiment, each aquatic farming module100comprises one external access platform132integrally formed with or permanently attached to the housing structure110or the intermodal container102at one end entrance106. Each aquatic farming module100thus has platformed and non-platformed end entrances106. The aquatic farming modules100may be positioned end-to-end in two rows of the array such that the non-platformed end entrances106are facing each other. This minimizes the space between the aquatic farming modules100and allows users to easily walk across. Alternatively, the aquatic farming modules100may be positioned end-to-end in two rows of the array such that non-platformed entrances106face platformed entrances106, allowing for more space between the aquatic farming modules100. In one embodiment, each aquatic farming module100comprises two external access platforms132integrally formed with or permanently attached to the housing structure110or the intermodal container102at both end entrances106. The aquatic farming modules100may be positioned end-to-end in two rows of the array such that the platformed end entrances106are facing each other. Alternatively, the aquatic farming modules100may be positioned in a single row of the array. In one embodiment, each aquatic farming module100comprises one or more external access platforms132attached to the housing structure110/intermodal container102by hinge components such that the external access platforms132are rotatable about lateral hinge axes. The external access platforms132may be released via the lateral hinge axes as desired to allow access into the intermodal container102. In one embodiment, each aquatic farming module100comprises one or more external access platforms132coupleable to bottom portions of the end entrances106of the intermodal container102. The external access platforms132are stored in the intermodal container102and coupled to the end entrances106as desired to allow access into the intermodal container102. In one embodiment as shown inFIG.8, the aquatic farming system200comprises two aquatic farming modules100—a lower aquatic farming module100aand an upper aquatic farming module100bstacked on top. The lower aquatic farming module100aand upper aquatic farming module100bcomprise a lower intermodal container102aand upper intermodal container102b, respectively. The lower aquatic farming module100acomprises a lower external access platform132acoupled to the bottom portion of the lower intermodal container102a. The upper aquatic farming module100bcomprises an upper external access platform132bcoupled to the bottom portion of the upper intermodal container102b. Each of the lower and upper external access platforms132aand132bcomprises a coupling mechanism134, such as removable locking pins, for coupling to the lower and upper intermodal containers102aand102b, respectively. The aquatic farming system200additionally comprises a set of support braces202coupling the upper external access platform132bto the lower intermodal container102a. The support braces202may be positioned towards both side walls104. The support braces202comprise a coupling mechanism204, such as removable locking pins, for coupling to the vertical side beams of the lower intermodal container102a. The support braces202support the upper external access platform132band reduces its cantilever effect. The lower external access platform132ais supported by the ground. The aquatic farming system200additionally comprises a safety rail206coupled to an external edge of the upper external access platform132b. The safety rail206mitigates risk of a user falling from the upper external access platform132b. The safety rail206may have a minimum height to comply with safety regulations. For example, the safety rail206has an approximate height of 1.1 meters. The external access platforms132aand132b, support braces202, and safety rail206are removable, by decoupling the respective coupling mechanisms, and are stored in the intermodal containers102when the aquatic farming modules100are not in use, such as during transportation of the aquatic farming modules100. More optionally, the aquatic farming modules100comprise external access ladders coupleable to the edges of the external access platforms132. The external access ladders facilitate user accessibility between stacked levels. For example, users may use the external access ladders to go between the lower stacked level and upper stacked level. The external access ladders, together with the access doors130and external access platforms132, advantageously facilitate user accessibility into the intermodal containers102and to the housing structures110in all stacked levels for farming the aquatic organisms in all the aquatic farming modules100of the aquatic farming system200. In some embodiments, the aquatic farming system200further comprises a set of external systems connectable to the housing structures110via the end entrances106of the intermodal containers102. The aquatic farming system200may comprise a set of external modules or units for housing the external systems. Each external module may comprise an intermodal container such that the external modules can be arranged together with the aquatic farming modules100in the arrays and stacked levels to form an integrated aquatic farming system200. The external systems may comprise a water recycling system for supplying water to the aquatic farming modules100, such as to replenish water loss from the RAS, and for removing waste water from the aquatic farming modules100. The external systems may comprise a waste recycling system for recycling organic waste matter from the aquatic farming modules100. The organic waste matter may be recycled and repurposed into fertilizers. The external systems may comprise a hydroponics system for growing and farming plants, e.g. vegetables, for food production. Fertilizers repurposed from the organic waste matter may be reused in the hydroponics system. Accordingly, the aquatic farming system200may operate as an integrated aquaponics and hydroponics food production system. As described in various embodiments herein, the aquatic farming system200comprises a set of aquatic farming modules or units100, each of which is self-reliant and can function on its own to grow and farm aquatic organisms to produce food for consumption by people. The aquatic farming system100may comprise a single or standalone aquatic farming module100. The aquatic farming system100may alternatively comprise multiple aquatic farming modules100that can be arranged together in arrays and stacked levels, similar to containerizations in intermodal freight transport. Due to the modular configuration of the aquatic farming system200, each aquatic farming module100can be easily replaced, such as after prolonged usage and/or wear and tear, especially if the intermodal container102is severely corroded/rusted. Moreover, the aquatic farming system200can be disassembled and reassembled, allowing it to be relocated elsewhere as desired. Each aquatic farming module100comprises an intermodal container102which is of a standard size, allowing the aquatic farming module100to be transported using known means of transporting ISO or shipping containers. The aquatic farming system200with multiple aquatic farming modules100provides greater capacity to grow, farm, and harvest large amounts of aquatic organisms, thereby increasing food production for people. As the aquatic farming modules100can be vertically stacked, the aquatic farming system200can be located on a small land area, improving efficient use of available land areas. This is particularly advantageous to countries where available land areas are scarce. The aquatic farming system200is thus suitable for use in urban cities or underutilized urban spaces. Urban cities tend to have lower carbon footprint as there is fewer industrial facilities, such as factories and power plants, which are commonly located further away from the populated cities. Using the aquatic farming system200in urban cities improves the freshness of the farmed aquatic organisms as they can be grown with minimal industrial pollution. There is also more control over the aquatic farming and the quantity/quality of aquatic organisms as compared to traditionally farming like in ponds and sea cages. The aquatic farming system200can also be used on freight transport, such as ships and barges, out at sea where there is even less pollution, further ensuring the freshness and quality of the farmed aquatic organisms. In the foregoing detailed description, embodiments of the present invention in relation to an aquatic farming system are described with reference to the provided figures. The description of the various embodiments herein is not intended to call out or be limited only to specific or particular representations of the present invention, but merely to illustrate non-limiting examples of the present invention. The present invention serves to address at least one of the mentioned problems and issues associated with the prior art. Although only some embodiments of the present invention are disclosed herein, it will be apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art in view of this invention that a variety of changes and/or modifications can be made to the disclosed embodiments without departing from the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the scope of the invention as well as the scope of the following claims is not limited to embodiments described herein.

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DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS In the present specification, the term “chimeric animal” means an individual of a fetus or after birth obtained by growing an embryo obtained by mixing allogeneic or xenogeneic cells (e.g., introducing an allogeneic or xenogeneic pluripotent cell to an embryo such as a pre-implantation embryo) before construction of the immune system. In the present specification, the term “chimeric animal” is used in the meaning including a fetus which is a somatic chimera obtained by introducing an allogeneic or xenogeneic cell to an embryo, and an individual after birth obtained from the fetus. Such a chimeric animal is considered to be in a state immunotolerant to the introduced cell. In the present specification, the term “blastocyst-complemented chimeric animal” means an individual of a fetus or after birth obtained by introducing an allogeneic or xenogeneic cell to a blastocyst and growing the obtained blastocyst. The chimeric animal (e.g., blastocyst-complemented chimeric animal) may be established between a mammal blastocyst and a mammal cell. The blastocyst-complemented chimeric animal may be established between a mammal blastocyst and a mammal pluripotent cell. In the blastocyst-complemented chimeric animal, a defect (e.g., the deletion of an organ or a tissue, particularly, a cell-autonomous defect or cell-autonomous deletion of an organ or a tissue) possessed by the blastocyst is compensated for by an externally introduced allogeneic or xenogeneic cell, thereby alleviating, reducing, or completely eliminating the original defect. One useful example of the blastocyst-complemented chimeric animal includes a recipient animal in which a particular organ or cell cannot be formed and is instead taken over by a donor cell to complement the deleted organ or tissue. Examples of the abnormality that causes failure to form a particular organ or cell include an abnormality that causes cell-autonomous failure to form an organ or a cell. In the present specification, the term “cell-autonomous” means an abnormality possessed by a cell substantially has qualitative or quantitative influence only on the cell. In the present specification, the term “immunotolerance” means a state where immune response specific for a particular antigen has been lost or a state where the immune response has been suppressed. The immune system does not respond to a self-antigen presented by self-MHC. Such a phenomenon is called “self-tolerance”. In the body, cells strongly reactive with a self-antigen are killed in the process of T cell maturation in the thymus so as not to produce immunocytes attacking the self-antigen in response to this self-antigen. Thus, it is considered that foreign cells introduced before establishment of the immune system (e.g., at the blastocyst stage) are recognized as self in an individual and thus the immune system does not respond to the cells (self-tolerance has been established). In the present specification, the term “mammal” includes: primates such as humans and monkeys; livestock animals such as pigs, goats, sheep, and horses; and pet animals such as dogs and cats. However, in the present specification, the recipient animal is nonhuman, unless otherwise specified. In the present specification, the term “pluripotent cell” means a cell having pluripotency. Examples of the pluripotent cell include inner cell masses, and pluripotent stem cells such as embryonic stem cells (ES cells) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells). In the present specification, the term “xenogeneic” means that a recipient and a donor are of different species. The term “xenogeneic” may mean between the same genera, between the same families, between the same orders, or between the same classes. In the present specification, the term “allogeneic” means that a recipient and a donor are different individuals of the same species. In the present specification, the term “donor” means a cell to be introduced to a pre-implantation embryo such as a blastocyst, or an animal from which the cell is derived. In the present specification, the term “recipient” means a pre-implantation embryo such as a blastocyst, or an animal from which the pre-implantation embryo such as a blastocyst is derived. In the present specification, the term “inflammation” refers to pathological change that is caused as a result of the response of cells of the immune system. In the present specification, the inflammation particularly refers to inflammation that is noticeably observed around donor cells after birth in a xenogeneic or allogeneic chimeric animal. Inflammation induced by immune response between a donor and a recipient is not significantly observed before birth and is observed after birth. In the present specification, the term “immune response” refers to response that occurs against non-self through the recognition of the non-self. In the present specification, the immune response particularly refers to immune response that is noticeably observed near donor cells after birth in a xenogeneic or allogeneic chimeric animal. Immune response between a donor and a recipient is not significantly observed before birth and is observed after birth. In the present specification, the term “anti-inflammatory agent” means a drug for use in suppressing inflammation. In the present specification, the term “immunosuppressive agent” means a drug for use in suppressing immune functions. In the present specification, the term “anti-inflammatory agent or immunosuppressive agent” means “anti-inflammatory agent and immunosuppressive agent”, “anti-inflammatory agent” or “immunosuppressive agent”. Examples of the immunosuppressive agent include drugs for use in suppressing innate immunity, and drugs for use in suppressing acquired immunity. Some drugs, such as a steroid agent, possess both an anti-inflammatory effect and an anti-immune effect. The present inventors have found that immune response and inflammation are observed in the epidermis and a donor tissue portion (i.e., a complemented organ or tissue portion in, for example, a blastocyst-complemented chimeric animal) in a born xenogeneic or allogeneic chimeric animal (e.g., blastocyst-complemented chimeric animal). This immune response or inflammation was rarely observed before birth (in the fetal period) of the xenogeneic or allogeneic chimeric animal. Immune response or inflammation in the epidermis was observed in a large number of chimeric animal individuals, whereas immune response or inflammation in the donor tissue portion was observed only in some individuals. Also, the observed immune response or inflammation in the donor tissue portion was associated with the infiltration of leukocytes and the infiltration of macrophages. The immune response and the inflammation were able to be suppressed with a steroid agent. Thus, the present invention provides a composition for use in suppressing immune response or inflammation that occurs in a born xenogeneic or allogeneic chimeric animal (e.g., blastocyst-complemented chimeric animal), the composition comprising an anti-inflammatory agent or an immunosuppressive agent. The composition of the present invention can be administered, for example, before birth, during birth, after birth, and/or after development of inflammation. In the present invention, immune response or inflammation can be prevented by administering the anti-inflammatory agent or the immunosuppressive agent to the xenogeneic or allogeneic chimeric animal (e.g., blastocyst-complemented chimeric animal), for example, immediately after birth (e.g., within several days after birth), because the immune response or the inflammation occurs after birth. In the present invention, immune response or inflammation may be prevented by administering the anti-inflammatory agent or the immunosuppressive agent to the xenogeneic or allogeneic chimeric animal (e.g., blastocyst-complemented chimeric animal) from before birth. In this way, according to the present invention, the immune response or the inflammation that occurs in a born xenogeneic or allogeneic chimeric animal (e.g., blastocyst-complemented chimeric animal) can be prevented. In an embodiment of the present invention, neither the anti-inflammatory agent nor the immunosuppressive agent can be administered before birth. In this context, in the present specification, the term “prevention” means that the procedure is performed before occurrence of immune response or inflammation, thereby reducing the severity of immune response or inflammation, or eliminating the occurrence of immune response or inflammation (decreasing the incidence thereof), as compared with the absence of the procedure. In the present invention, immune response or inflammation was not clearly observed in all individuals. Thus, in the present invention, the suppression of immune response or inflammation is used in the meaning including decrease in the incidence of immune response or inflammation. Specifically, the present invention provides a composition for use in decreasing the incidence of immune response or inflammation that occurs in a born xenogeneic or allogeneic chimeric animal (e.g., blastocyst-complemented chimeric animal), the composition comprising an anti-inflammatory agent or an immunosuppressive agent. In the present invention, immune response or inflammation may be treated by administering the anti-inflammatory agent or the immunosuppressive agent to the xenogeneic or allogeneic chimeric animal (e.g., blastocyst-complemented chimeric animal) after observation of the immune response or the inflammation after birth. In this aspect, for example, the immunosuppressive agent does not have to be administered if no immune response is observed, and the anti-inflammatory agent does not have to be administered if no inflammation is observed. In this context, in the present specification, the term “treatment” means that the procedure is performed after occurrence of immune response or inflammation, thereby reducing the severity of immune response or inflammation, or eliminating the occurrence of immune response or inflammation, as compared with the absence of the procedure. In an aspect, the present invention provides a composition for use in preventing and/or treating immune response or inflammation that occurs after birth in a born xenogeneic or allogeneic chimeric animal (e.g., blastocyst-complemented chimeric animal), the composition comprising an anti-inflammatory agent or an immunosuppressive agent. In an aspect, the present invention provides a method for preventing and/or treating immune response or inflammation that occurs after birth in a born xenogeneic or allogeneic chimeric animal (e.g., blastocyst-complemented chimeric animal), the method comprising administering an anti-inflammatory agent or an immunosuppressive agent to the animal. In an aspect, the present invention provides a method for raising a born xenogeneic or allogeneic chimeric animal (e.g., blastocyst-complemented chimeric animal), the method comprising administering an anti-inflammatory agent or an immunosuppressive agent to the animal. Immune response or inflammation that occurs in the epidermis or an organ or a tissue of the born xenogeneic or allogeneic chimeric animal (e.g., blastocyst-complemented chimeric animal) can be prevented and/or treated by administering the anti-inflammatory agent or the immunosuppressive agent to the animal during raising. In an aspect, the present invention provides feed for a born xenogeneic or allogeneic chimeric animal (e.g., blastocyst-complemented chimeric animal), the feed comprising an anti-inflammatory agent or an immunosuppressive agent. In an aspect, the present invention provides a method for raising or growing a born xenogeneic or allogeneic chimeric animal (e.g., blastocyst-complemented chimeric animal), the method comprising administering an anti-inflammatory agent or an immunosuppressive agent to the chimeric animal (e.g., blastocyst-complemented chimeric animal), thereby preventing and/or treating immune response or inflammation in the chimeric animal (e.g., blastocyst-complemented chimeric animal), or decreasing the incidence of immune response or inflammation. In an aspect, the present invention provides a method for obtaining an adult from a born xenogeneic or allogeneic chimeric animal (e.g., blastocyst-complemented chimeric animal), the method comprising administering an anti-inflammatory agent or an immunosuppressive agent to the chimeric animal (e.g., blastocyst-complemented chimeric animal), thereby preventing and/or treating immune response or inflammation in the chimeric animal (e.g., blastocyst-complemented chimeric animal), or decreasing the incidence of immune response or inflammation. The anti-inflammatory agent or the immunosuppressive agent may comprise an excipient in addition to an active ingredient. The anti-inflammatory agent or the immunosuppressive agent can be administered for immune response or inflammation in the epidermis, for example, by topical application to the location of the immune response or the inflammation in the epidermis. The anti-inflammatory agent or the immunosuppressive agent can be properly administered by oral administration or parenteral administration (e.g., intravenous, intramuscular, intra-inflammatory tissue, or intraperitoneal administration). The anti-inflammatory agent or the immunosuppressive agent may be systemically administered or may be topically administered to an affected part. Those skilled in the art can easily determine the dose of the anti-inflammatory agent or the immunosuppressive agent as an amount necessary for suppressing immune response or inflammation. Examples of the immunosuppressive agent include, but are not particularly limited to: cyclosporin and tacrolimus as calcineurin inhibitors; rapamycin and everolimus as mTOR inhibitors; azathioprine, mizoribine, methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, and leflunomide as antimetabolites; and cyclophosphamide as an alkylating agents, any of which can be used in the present invention. Examples of the anti-inflammatory agent include, but are not particularly limited to, steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (SAIDs) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), any of which can be used in the present invention. Examples of the steroid include cortisol, prednisolone, triamcinolone, beclomethasone, betamethasone, fluticasone, dexamethasone, and hydrocortisone, any of which can be used in the present invention. Other examples of the anti-inflammatory agent include inflammatory cytokine inhibitors such as anti-inflammatory cytokine antibodies, for example, anti-TNF-α antibodies, and antibodies against soluble cytokines, for example, soluble TNF receptors, any of which can be used in the present invention. In an embodiment of the present invention, a steroidal anti-inflammatory agent having a function as the immunosuppressive agent and a function as the anti-inflammatory agent may be preferably used. In an embodiment of the present invention, a combination of the immunosuppressive agent and the anti-inflammatory agent may be administered in order to suppress immune response and inflammatory response that occur after birth in a xenogeneic or allogeneic chimeric animal (e.g., blastocyst-complemented chimeric animal). However, in the present invention, even the mere suppression of either immune response or inflammation can be expected to produce a sufficient effect. In an aspect, the present invention provides a composition for use in improving the probability of production of a functional organ or tissue in a born xenogeneic or allogeneic chimeric animal (e.g., blastocyst-complemented chimeric animal), the composition comprising an anti-inflammatory agent or an immunosuppressive agent. In an aspect, the present invention provides a method for improving the probability of production of a functional organ or tissue in the xenogeneic or allogeneic chimeric animal (e.g., blastocyst-complemented chimeric animal) of the present invention, the method comprising administering an anti-inflammatory agent or an immunosuppressive agent to the born xenogeneic or allogeneic chimeric animal (e.g., blastocyst-complemented chimeric animal). The anti-inflammatory agent or the immunosuppressive agent or the composition comprising the anti-inflammatory agent or the immunosuppressive agent can be administered to the xenogeneic or allogeneic chimeric animal (e.g., blastocyst-complemented chimeric animal) after birth, thereby suppressing immune response or inflammation that has occurred in the body or the epidermis. In an aspect, the present invention provides a method for producing a functional organ or tissue in a born xenogeneic or allogeneic blastocyst-complemented chimeric animal, the method comprising administering an anti-inflammatory agent or an immunosuppressive agent to the born xenogeneic or allogeneic blastocyst-complemented chimeric animal. Many individuals of born xenogeneic or allogeneic blastocyst-complemented chimeric animals suffer from some immune response or inflammation (only some individuals suffer from noticeable immune response or inflammation). Thus, the occurrence of immune response or inflammation is suppressed by administering the anti-inflammatory agent or the immunosuppressive agent to the born xenogeneic or allogeneic blastocyst-complemented chimeric animal. The function of the resulting organ or tissue is enhanced as compared with the case of not administering the anti-inflammatory agent or the immunosuppressive agent. In an embodiment, the present invention provides a method for producing plurality of functional organs or tissues in a plurality of born xenogeneic or allogeneic blastocyst-complemented chimeric animals, the method comprising administering an anti-inflammatory agent or an immunosuppressive agent to each of the plurality of born xenogeneic or allogeneic blastocyst-complemented chimeric animals. In the case of producing functional organs or tissues in a plurality of, 5 or more, 10 or more, 20 or more, 30 or more, 40 or more, or 50 or more born xenogeneic or allogeneic blastocyst-complemented chimeric animals by this method, a larger number of functional organs or tissues can be obtained as compared with the case of not administering the anti-inflammatory agent or the immunosuppressive agent. Since it is considered that acquired immune tolerance has been established in the xenogeneic or allogeneic chimeric animal (e.g., blastocyst-complemented chimeric animal) of the present invention, the composition of the present invention may not comprise an immunosuppressive agent of acquired immunity. Thus, in an embodiment of the present invention, the composition or the anti-inflammatory agent or the immunosuppressive agent of the present invention comprises no immunosuppressive agent of acquired immunity. However, in another embodiment of the present invention, the composition of the present invention may comprise an immunosuppressive agent of acquired immunity. The present invention provides an organ consisting substantially of a donor cell, the organ having the function and form of the organ of a recipient. The present invention provides a method for producing an organ consisting substantially of a donor cell in the body of a xenogeneic blastocyst-complemented chimeric animal, the method comprising: introducing a donor pluripotent cell to a blastocyst of a recipient animal having an abnormality that causes failure to form a particular organ or cell; transplanting the blastocyst to the uterus of a pseudopregnant female host; giving birth to a blastocyst-complemented chimeric animal; and treating the born animal with an anti-inflammatory agent or an immunosuppressive agent. The present invention provides an organ consisting substantially of a donor cell, the organ having the function and form of the organ of a recipient, wherein the form of the organ of the recipient is different from that of the donor. The present invention provides a method for producing an organ consisting substantially of a donor cell in the body of a xenogeneic blastocyst-complemented chimeric animal, the method comprising: introducing a donor pluripotent cell to a blastocyst of a recipient animal having an abnormality that causes failure to form a particular organ or cell; transplanting the blastocyst to the uterus of a pseudopregnant female host; giving birth to a blastocyst-complemented chimeric animal; and treating the born animal with an anti-inflammatory agent or an immunosuppressive agent, wherein the form of the organ of the recipient is different from that of the donor. In the present specification, the phrase “the form of the organ of the recipient is different from that of the donor” means that the organ forms (size and/or shape) differ from each other morphologically taxonomically. The xenogeneic or allogeneic chimeric animal (e.g., blastocyst-complemented chimera) can be obtained, for example, as follows: first, a nonhuman mammal pre-implantation embryo (e.g., blastocyst) is obtained. Next, a pluripotent cell that is xenogeneic or allogeneic with respect to the pre-implantation embryo (e.g., blastocyst) is obtained. For example, an inner cell mass, an ES cell or an iPS cells can be used as the pluripotent cell. Those skilled in the art can appropriately prepare these cells. The xenogeneic or allogeneic pluripotent cell is introduced to the obtained pre-implantation embryo (e.g., blastocyst). For example, the xenogeneic or allogeneic pluripotent cell can be introduced to the cavity of the pre-implantation embryo (e.g., blastocyst). The resultant is transplanted to the uterus of a pseudopregnant female host and grown to obtain a fetus. Further, after delivery, a born xenogeneic or allogeneic chimera (e.g., blastocyst-complemented chimera) is obtained. A chimera (e.g., blastocyst complementation) is established without any problem even between species differing in size by 10 or more times. Thus, for example, a xenogeneic chimera (e.g., blastocyst-complemented chimera) can be accomplished between mammals differing in average body size by 10 or less times. Also, a chimera (e.g., blastocyst-complemented chimera) is established without any problem between different species having 80% or higher (e.g., 90% or higher or 95% higher) identity as to the coding sequences of genes. Thus, chimeric formation can be established or blastocyst complementation can be accomplished between mammals having 80% or higher identity as to the coding sequences of genes. In an embodiment of the present invention, chimeric formation or blastocyst complementation is accomplished between mammals differing in average body size by 10 or less times and having 80% or higher (e.g., 90% or higher or 95% or higher) identity as to the coding sequences of genes. A human and a pig or a human and sheep differ in average body size by 10 or less times and have 80% or higher (e.g., 90% or higher or 95% or higher) identity as to the coding sequences of genes, and a combination thereof has past results of tissue transplantation such as skin transplantation and is preferred in the present invention. The present invention provides a xenogeneic or allogeneic chimeric animal which is immunodeficient. In an embodiment of the present invention, the chimeric animal may have a genetic modification. In an embodiment of the present invention, the chimeric animal may have an abnormality that causes failure to form a particular organ or cell. In an embodiment of the present invention, the chimeric animal may be prepared from a pluripotent cell containing a genetic modification or an abnormality resulting in immunodeficiency, and a non-immunodeficient pre-implantation embryo. In an embodiment of the present invention, the chimeric animal may be prepared from a pre-implantation embryo containing a genetic modification or an abnormality resulting in immunodeficiency, and a non-immunodeficient pluripotent cell. In an embodiment, the chimeric animal may be prepared from a pluripotent cell and a pre-implantation embryo each independently containing a genetic modification or an abnormality resulting in immunodeficiency. In the present specification, the term “immunodeficiency” is used in the meaning including a state where immune response is wholly or partially suppressed. The immunodeficiency also includes a decreased function of the innate immune system, for example, partial or whole suppression of complement pathway activation, avoidance of macrophage or monocyte phagocytosis, and inhibition of cytotoxicity by NK cells. In an embodiment of the present invention, one or more members selected from the group consisting of IL2Rg, RAG1, RAG2, Foxn1, PRKDC, MHC and SIRPa are deleted, or modified or disrupted in the immunodeficiency. In an embodiment of the present invention, genes of one or more members selected from the group consisting of IL2Rg, RAG1, RAG2, Foxn1, and PRKDC are deleted, or modified or disrupted in the immunodeficiency. In an embodiment of the present invention, genes of one or more members selected from the group consisting of IL2Rg and RAG2 are deleted, or modified or disrupted in the immunodeficiency. In an embodiment of the present invention, the immunodeficiency is attributed to a modification of a gene essential for the development and maintenance of the immune system, or a modification of a gene that weakens immune response. The immunodeficiency may be, for example, immunodeficiency ascribable to insufficient functions of one or more genes selected from the group consisting of IL2Rg gene, RAG1 gene, RAG2 gene, Foxn1 gene, PRKDC gene, Hc (C5) gene, MHC gene (gene encoding class I and/or gene encoding class II) and SIRPa gene. The present invention provides an animal having an abnormality that causes failure to form a particular organ or cell, or a pre-implantation embryo thereof which is immunodeficient. The pre-implantation embryo of such an animal may be grown into a chimeric animal (e.g., allogeneic chimeric animal and xenogeneic chimeric animal) having an organ derived from a transplanted pluripotent cell by transplanting a pluripotent cell (e.g., wild-type pluripotent cell) having the ability to form the organ. In this respect, an immunodeficient pluripotent cell may be used as the pluripotent cell to be transplanted, and inflammation in the resulting chimeric animal can be further alleviated. In an embodiment, the animal is a nonhuman mammal. In an embodiment, the nonhuman mammal may contain human cells in the body. The present invention providesa method for preparing a particular organ or cell in the body of a nonhuman mammal having an abnormality that causes failure to form the organ or the cell, the method comprisingtransplanting a mammal pluripotent cell to a pre-implantation embryo of the nonhuman mammal to obtain a chimeric embryo, whereinany or both of the pluripotent cell and the pre-implantation embryo have a genetic modification or an abnormality resulting in immunodeficiency, andthe pluripotent cell and the pre-implantation embryo are in an allogeneic or xenogeneic relationship. When the pluripotent cell has a genetic modification or an abnormality resulting in immunodeficiency, the resulting organ has a genetic modification or an abnormality responsible for immunodeficiency. In an embodiment of the present invention, the method for preparing a particular organ in the body of a nonhuman mammal having an abnormality that causes failure to form the organ or the cell may further comprise transplanting the chimeric embryo to the uterus of a female host (e.g., pseudopregnant female host). In an embodiment of the present invention, the method for preparing a particular organ or cell in the body of a nonhuman mammal having an abnormality that causes failure to form the organ or the cell may further comprise obtaining a newborn from the chimeric embryo. In an embodiment of the present invention, the method for preparing a particular organ or cell in the body of a nonhuman mammal having an abnormality that causes failure to form the organ or the cell may further comprise growing the newborn obtained from the chimeric embryo. In an embodiment of the present invention, the method for preparing a particular organ or cell in the body of a nonhuman mammal having an abnormality that causes failure to form the organ or the cell may further comprise growing the newborn into an adult. In an embodiment of the present invention, the method for preparing a particular organ or cell in the body of a nonhuman mammal having an abnormality that causes failure to form the organ or the cell may further comprise administering one or more agents selected from the group consisting of an immunosuppressive agent and an anti-inflammatory agent to the nonhuman mammal thus obtained. In an embodiment of the present invention, examples of the nonhuman mammal having an abnormality that causes failure to form a particular organ or cell include, but are not particularly limited to, nonhuman mammals having a gene encoding a cell death-inducing factor that is driven by a promoter of an organ- or cell-specifically expressed gene. The gene encoding a cell death-inducing factor can be driven, as described above, by the promoter of an organ- or cell-specifically expressed gene so that cell death is induced in the particular organ or the particular cell. As a result, the nonhuman mammal cannot produce the organ or the cell. On the other hand, a cell (e.g., pluripotent cell) that can contribute to the organ or the cell can be introduced to such a nonhuman mammal so that the organ or the cell supposed to be lost in the nonhuman mammal is complemented by the introduced cell. As a result, the organ or the cell consisting of the introduced cell can be prepared in the body of the nonhuman mammal. Examples of the cell death-inducing factor include cytotoxic genes such as caspase-8, caspase-9, Barnase, and diphtheria toxin, any of which can be used in the present invention. Examples of the promoter of an organ- or cell-specifically expressed gene include Alb promoter and CD45 promoter, any of which can be used in the present invention. In an embodiment of the present invention, the nonhuman mammal having an abnormality that causes failure to form a particular organ or cell is not particularly limited, and, for example, a gene knockout nonhuman mammal or a transgenic nonhuman mammal having the abnormality that causes failure to form a particular organ or cell can be used. Examples of such a transgenic animal or a knockout animal include Pdx1 gene knockout animals, Pdx1-Hes1 gene transgenic animals, Sall1 gene knockout animals, Flk1 gene knockout animals, Hex gene knockout animals, Foxa1/Foxa2 gene double knockout animals, Otx2 gene knockout animals, and Foxn1 gene knockout animals, any of which can be used in the present invention. It is known that the pancreas is deleted in, for example, a Pdx1 gene knockout animal or a Pdx1-Hes1 gene transgenic animal. It is known that the kidney is deleted in a Sall1 gene knockout animal. It is known that these organs are each complemented by an organ consisting of a pluripotent cell-derived cell by introducing a pluripotent cell to an embryo having the genetic modification described above. In an embodiment of the present invention, the nonhuman mammal having an abnormality that causes failure to form a particular organ or cell is not particularly limited, and, for example, a nonhuman mammal cell-autonomously having the abnormality that causes failure to form a particular organ or cell can be used. In the present invention, the “abnormality that causes failure to form a cell” is used in the meaning including an abnormality that causes failure to form a hematopoietic cell, a blood cell or a hematopoietic system. The present invention provides a composition for use in preparing a chimeric animal, the composition comprising a pluripotent cell having a genetic modification or an abnormality resulting in immunodeficiency. The present invention provides a composition for use in preparing a particular organ or cell in the body of a nonhuman mammal having an abnormality that causes failure to form the organ or the cell, the composition comprising a pluripotent cell having a genetic modification or an abnormality resulting in immunodeficiency. In these embodiments, the pluripotent cell is a pluripotent cell having the ability to form a chimera. In an embodiment, the pluripotent cell may be a mammal (e.g., human) pluripotent cell such as an ES cell or an iPS cell. In an embodiment, the method for preparing the chimeric animal is as mentioned above. In an embodiment, the pluripotent cell may have an additional genetic modification or abnormality in addition to the genetic modification or the abnormality resulting in immunodeficiency. In an embodiment, the pluripotent cell may not have an additional genetic modification or abnormality in addition to the genetic modification or the abnormality resulting in immunodeficiency. In an embodiment, the pluripotent cell may be a human ES cell or a human iPS cell. In an embodiment, the pluripotent cell may be a human inner cell mass (human ICM). In an embodiment, the pluripotent cell may be a cell that has undergone apoptosis suppression treatment. In an embodiment, the pluripotent cell may be a cell overexpressing an apoptosis suppressor gene. In an embodiment, the pluripotent cell may have the ability to form a colony in a state dispersed as single cells. EXAMPLES Example 1: Preparation of Xenogeneic Chimeric Animal In this Example, the pancreas consisting of mouse cells was prepared in rats obtained by introducing mouse pluripotent stem cells to blastocysts of apancreatic rats and growing the blastocysts. (1) Preparation of Apancreatic Rat Apancreatic rats were prepared by introducing a mutation into a Pdx1 coding region in the same way as that performed for mice (Takahashi, R., et al., Transgenic Res. 8, 397-400 (1999)). The rats used were Wister rats (purchased from Japan SLC, Inc.). Specifically, as shown inFIG.1A, in vitro transcribed mRNAs of Pdx1 TAL effector nucleases (TALENs) targeting regions 3 bp downstream and 35 bp downstream, respectively, from Pdx1 start codon (3 ng/μl or 10 ng/μl each of the mRNAs) were injected to the nuclei of male rat zygotes so that the Pdx1 gene was disrupted to obtain Pdx1+/muapancreatic rats (4 rats from the 3 ng/μl injection group and 3 rats from the 10 ng/μl injection group). Among the obtained Pdx1 mutants, mutants A to D having four types of Pdx1 genes were found, as shown inFIG.1B. The mutants A and B (hereinafter, referred to as “Pdx1+/muA” and “Pdx1+/muB”, respectively) were frameshift mutants with stop codons corresponding to the 30th and 28th amino acids, respectively. Rats having the mutant A were mated with rats having the mutants B to obtain rats having the mutants A and B in their respective alleles (Pdx1muA/muB). All the obtained rats exhibited an apancreatic phenotype (seeFIG.10) and died without 3 days after birth. (2) Regeneration of Pancreas by Blastocyst Complementation EGFP-labeled wild-type mouse iPS cells (GT3.2) or ESCs (mRHT or SGE2) were injected to a plurality of blastocysts obtained by mating Pdx1+/muAmale rats with Pdx1+/umBfemale rats or mating Pdx1+/muBmale rats with Pdx1+/umAfemale rats. The presence or absence of EGFP-negative peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was detected from PBMCs of the obtained 10-week-old rats. Rats having a Pdx1muA/muBgenotype were confirmed with a frequency of 10% in the iPS cell injection group and with a frequency of 20% in the ES cell injection group. Since the rats die in 3 days after birth by the deletion of the pancreas, it was understood that the rats having a Pdx1muA/muBgenotype were rats having the pancreas complemented by the iPS cells or the ES cells. The pancreas formed in the rats having a Pdx1muA/muBgenotype was observed to express EGFP as a whole. Specifically, the pancreas formed in the rats having a Pdx1muA/muBgenotype was composed substantially of the mouse iPS cells or ES cells. Hereinafter, the pancreas formed in the rats having a Pdx1muA/muBgenotype is referred to as “mouseRpancreas”. The formed mouseRpancreas had the same size as that of the pancreas of a wild-type rat of the same age in weeks. Specifically, rat-sized large pancreas was obtained from cells of a mouse having a small body. In a glucose tolerance test (a 50% D-glucose solution was administered at 2.5 g/kg body weight), response to glucose was slow in the blastocyst-complemented Pdx1muA/muBrats compared with a Pdx1+/muchimeric rat or a wild-type rat (p=0.035 vs. WT after 60 minutes from glucose administration; p=0.025 vs. WT after 120 minutes therefrom), whereas the glucose concentration was decreased to <200 mg/dL in 120 minutes from glucose administration. This demonstrated that the mouseRpancreas functions in the rat body. Example 2: Detection of Immune Rejection and Inflammation In allogeneic pancreas transplantation, 50 to 70% of the pancreatic islet is disrupted due to immune rejection from immediately after the transplantation. Accordingly, the presence or absence of immune rejection was observed in the Pdx1muA/muBrats having the mouseRpancreas prepared in Example 1. Marked disruption of the pancreatic islet was not observed in the Pdx1muA/muBrats having the mouseRpancreas. However, an abnormality occurred as the rats grew. A noticeable abnormality was observed in some rats, which developed polyuria and ketonuria (which are known as signs of diabetes mellitus). Accordingly, the Pdx1muA/muBrats having the mouseRpancreas, which manifested an abnormality, were subjected to a glucose tolerance test at 6 weeks and 10 weeks of age. The results were as shown inFIG.2. As shown inFIG.2, Pdx1muA/muBrat A having the mouseRpancreas (Pdx1muA/muBrat-mouse chimeric individual A) obtained by blastocyst complementation had a normal fasting blood glucose level (95 mg/dL) at 6 weeks of age and exhibited response of the same level as that of a rat manifesting no sign of diabetes mellitus in the glucose tolerance test. However, this rat A manifested a sign of diabetes mellitus at 10 weeks of age and had a fasting blood glucose level of 252 mg/dL where the glucose response was no longer observed. The pancreas of the rat that developed diabetes mellitus was histologically analyzed. As a result of staining sections of the pancreas with hematoxylin-eosin, the infiltration of lymphocytes was observed in the mouseRpancreas (arrows in the lower right diagram ofFIG.2), and the presence was observed mainly in the accumulation part and also in nearby tissues including the pancreatic islet. The pancreatic islet (IL in the lower right diagram ofFIG.2) of the mouseRpancreas was structurally destroyed by the attack of the lymphocytes. Also, the infiltration of T cells and the infiltration of macrophages in the mouseRpancreas were confirmed by immunohistological staining. The T cells were observed after reaction and staining of an anti-CD3 antibody as a primary antibody with a horseradish peroxidase-labeled secondary antibody. The macrophages were observed by similar staining using an anti-CD11b antibody as a primary antibody. The other procedures of the immunohistological staining were performed according to a routine method. The results were as shown inFIG.3. As shown inFIG.3, the infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages in the pancreas (particularly, acinar cells and pancreatic islet) was observed (indicated by arrows). This indicates that the pancreas was attacked by immunity from the host so that inflammation occurred. The xenogeneic chimeric animal individuals prepared by blastocyst complementation did not cause such inflammatory response in the mother body. Also, the inflammatory response described above was not a phenomenon observed in all xenogeneic chimeric animal individuals and occurred in some xenogeneic chimeric animal individuals. This suggested that normal xenogeneic pancreas is also obtainable in such some individuals by at least suppressing inflammation with an anti-inflammatory agent. In the xenogeneic chimeric animal individuals prepared by blastocyst complementation, inflammation also occurred in the epidermis after birth. Hematoxylin-eosin staining produced the abnormal finding of epidermal thickening (“Ep” inFIGS.4dand4h) and stratum corneum thickening and desquamation (“*” inFIGS.4dand4h) in the mouse-rat chimeras prepared by transplanting mouse ES cells to rat embryos. More detailed analysis was further pursued by immunostaining. As a result of confirming the distribution of transplanted cell-derived cells on the basis of GFP, mouse ES cell-derived cells were found to exist in the region where the abnormal finding about the skin was gained (FIGS.4eand4i). The transplanted mouse ES cells were labeled with GFP and therefore stained according to a routine method through reaction with an anti-GFP antibody as a primary antibody and subsequent reaction with a HRP-labeled secondary antibody. As a result of similarly staining blood cells using an anti-CD45 antibody as a primary antibody, the accumulation of the blood cells was observed in the region where the abnormal finding was gained (FIGS.4fand4j). As a result of further staining T cells using an anti-CD3 antibody as a primary antibody, the accumulated blood cells were confirmed to include T cells (FIGS.4gand4k). These results showed that immune response or inflammatory response was also caused in the skin, as in the mouseRpancreas shown inFIGS.2and3. Accordingly, a steroid agent (Dermovate Ointment 0.05%, GlaxoSmithKline K.K.) was applied to the skin from 1 day after birth. As a result, the skin abnormality as indicated by arrows in an untreated group was no longer observed (seeFIG.5). These results demonstrated that inflammation in the pancreas can also be treated or prevented by the administration of an anti-inflammatory agent. Example 3: Preparation of Xenogeneic Chimera Using Immunodeficient Animal In this Example, immunodeficient animals were first prepared by the disruption of IL2Rg in order to obtain blastocysts of the immunodeficient animals. The phenotype of the IL2Rg−/− animals was confirmed, and xenogeneic chimeras were then prepared using blastocysts of the IL2Rg−/− animals. (1) Preparation of IL2Rg−/− Rat The IL2Rg gene encodes interleukin 2 receptor y subunit. In this Example, IL2Rg-disrupted rats were prepared by partially replacing exons of the IL2Rg gene with neomycin as a drug resistance gene using a targeting vector, as shown inFIG.6A. Rat ES cells that received homologous recombination with the targeting vector were transplanted to rat pre-implantation embryos. The obtained chimeric rats were mated with wild-type rats to prepare IL2Rg+/− rats. Then, the IL2Rg+/− rats were mated with each other to obtain IL2Rg−/− rats in which the IL2Rg gene was disrupted. (2) Phenotype of IL2Rg−/− Rat Peripheral blood was collected from the obtained IL2Rg−/− rats, and blood cell fractions were observed by flow cytometry. The results were as shown inFIG.6B. As shown inFIG.6B, CD45R-positive and CD3-negative B cells were noticeably decreased in the IL2Rg−/− rats compared with a wild-type rat. Also, as shown inFIG.6B, CD45R-negative and CD3-positive T cells were noticeably decreased from 33.5% (wild type) to 3.4% in the IL2Rg−/− rats. In addition, when the decreased T cells were further sorted, most of remaining T cells were CD4 single positive cells, whereas most of CD8 single positive cells disappeared. Furthermore, as shown inFIG.6B, when the CD3-negative fractions of peripheral blood were sorted with CD45R and CD161, CD45R-negative and CD161-positive NK cells were noticeably decreased, as compared with a wild-type rat. Thus, immunocytes such as B cells, CD8 single positive cells and NK cells were noticeably decreased in the IL2Rg−/− rats compared with wild type. The amounts of immunoglobulins in the blood of the IL2Rg−/− rats were analyzed according to a routine method. The results were as shown inFIG.6C. The amount of IgG in the blood was equivalent between the IL2Rg−/− rats and a wild-type rat, whereas the amount of IgA in the blood was noticeably decreased in the IL2Rg−/− rats. This suggested that cell-mediated immunity was strongly suppressed in the IL2Rg−/− rats. (3) Preparation and Analysis of Rat-Mouse Chimeric Animal Using IL2Rg−/− Rat Embryo In the same way as in the preceding Example, wild-type mouse ES cells were transplanted to pre-implantation embryos of the IL2Rg−/− rats to prepare xenogeneic chimeric animals (referred to as IL2Rg−/− rat-mouse chimeras). Xenogeneic chimeric animals obtained by transplanting wild-type mouse ES cells to pre-implantation embryos of wild-type rats (referred to as wild-type rat-mouse chimeras) were used as controls. Next, the peripheral blood of the IL2Rg−/− rat-mouse chimeras was recovered, and blood cell fractions were obtained by flow cytometry. The results were as shown inFIG.7A. As shown inFIG.7A, both rat-derived and mouse-derived T cells, B cells and NK cells were observed in the wild-type rat-mouse chimeras. By contrast, mouse-derived T cells, B cells and NK cells were observed in the IL2Rg−/− rat-mouse chimeras, whereas rat-derived T cells, B cells and NK cells were noticeably decreased therein. Thus, immunocytes derived from the blastocysts in which the IL2Rg gene was disrupted were noticeably decreased in the IL2Rg−/− rat-mouse chimeras. Next, the epidermis of the IL2Rg−/− rat-mouse chimeras was observed. The results were as shown inFIG.7B. Panel b ofFIG.7Bshows an image of epidermal inflammation common in the wild-type rat-mouse chimeras (6 weeks old). Panel g ofFIG.7Bshows an image of epidermal inflammation common in the wild-type rat-mouse chimeras (12 weeks old). Panels c and d ofFIG.7Bshow the dorsal and ventral sides, respectively, of the IL2Rg−/− rat-mouse chimera (7 weeks old). Panels h and i ofFIG.7Bshow the dorsal and ventral sides, respectively, of the IL2Rg−/− rat-mouse chimera (12 weeks old). Epidermal inflammation or alopecia observed in the wild type was not observed in the IL2Rg−/− rat-mouse chimera. Although epidermal inflammation was confirmed in another individual of the IL2Rg−/− rat-mouse chimera, no particular epidermal inflammation was confirmed, as in the chimera described above. Panels e and f ofFIG.7Bshow the dorsal and ventral sides, respectively, of another individual (7 weeks old) of the IL2Rg−/− rat-mouse chimera. Panels j and k ofFIG.7Bshow the dorsal and ventral sides, respectively, of the IL2Rg−/− rat-mouse chimera (12 weeks old). Tissue sections were further prepared from the skin of the IL2Rg−/− rat-mouse chimeras according to a routine method and histologically analyzed. The results were as shown inFIG.7C. The thickening of the epithelial layer and the dermic layer was confirmed in the skin of the wild-type rat-mouse chimera shown in panel m ofFIG.7Cand panel p which is a high magnification image thereof, as compared with the skin of a wild-type rat shown in panel 1 ofFIG.7Cand panel o which is a high magnification image thereof. This thickening of the epithelial layer and the dermic layer was considered to be ascribable to inflammation. By contrast, the thickening of skin tissues was not observed in the IL2Rg−/− rat-mouse chimera shown in panel n ofFIG.7Cand panel q which is a high magnification image thereof. Abnormal keratinization (increased keratinization) of the skin was observed in the wild-type rat-mouse chimeras, whereas this abnormal keratinization was not suppressed in the IL2Rg−/− rat-mouse chimeras. (4) Preparation and Analysis of Rat-Mouse Chimeric Animal Using IL2Rg−/− Mouse ES Cell The IL2Rg gene in mouse ES cells was disrupted by the CRISPR/Cas9 method to obtain IL2Rg−/− mouse ES cells. The obtained IL2Rg−/− mouse ES cells were transplanted to pre-implantation embryos of wild-type rats to prepare xenogeneic chimeras. The epidermis of the obtained xenogeneic chimeras was observed on 1 day and 7 days after birth. The results were as shown in panels a to d ofFIG.8A. As shown in panels b to d ofFIG.8A, abnormal keratinization (increased keratinization) or skin thickening was observed in the epidermis of this xenogeneic chimera. (5) Influence of Disruption of Immune System in Both ES Cell and Embryo Accordingly, IL2Rg−/− mouse ES cells were introduced to pre-implantation embryos of IL2Rg−/− rats to prepare xenogeneic chimeras in which T cells, B cells and NK cells were noticeably decreased or eliminated. The epidermis of the obtained xenogeneic chimeras was observed on 1 day and 7 days after birth. The results were as shown in panels e and f ofFIG.8A. As shown in panels e and f ofFIG.8A, the abnormal keratinization or the thickening described above was not observed in the skin of the xenogeneic chimeric animals derived from the ES cells and the embryos, both of which were IL2Rg gene-disrupted. No epidermal inflammatory response was observed around 6 weeks after birth of the xenogeneic chimeric animals derived from the ES cells and the embryos, both of which were IL2Rg gene-disrupted. Next, ES cells of NSG mice (NOD.Cg-PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1Wj1/SzJ) were introduced to pre-implantation embryos of IL2Rg−/− RAG2−/− rats to prepare xenogeneic chimeras in which the immune system was severely disrupted. The NSG mice are known as severely immunodeficient mice, and the IL2Rg−/− RAG2−/− rats also manifest severe immunodeficiency. Chimeric individuals were identified on the basis of GFP forcedly expressed in the NSG mouse ES cells. When this xenogeneic chimeric animal in which the immune system was severely disrupted was observed under a fluorescence microscope, xenogeneic chimeric individuals having mouse cells expressing GFP and rat cells expressing no GFP were obtained as shown in panel j ofFIG.8B. As a result of observing the epidermis on 7 days after birth in such xenogeneic chimeric animals, neither abnormal keratinization nor thickening was observed in the skin. No epidermal inflammatory response was observed around 6 weeks after birth of this xenogeneic chimeric animal. InFIG.8B, animals marked with “*” in their heads were xenogeneic chimeric individuals, whereas animals without the mark “*” were non-chimeric litters. The results described above showing that the NSG mice more strongly suffered from decreased functions of the acquired immune system and the innate immune system, and the abnormality was more strongly suppressed by the transplantation of NSG mouse-derived ES cells, suggest that the acquired immune system and the innate immune system are involved in the inflammation or the immune response. The acquired immune system was strongly suppressed in the NSG animals or the IL2Rg−/− RAG2−/− animals compared with IL2Rg−/− animals, whereas the inflammation or the immune response was more strongly suppressed in an experiment combining NSG and IL2Rg−/− RAG2−/− than in the IL2Rg−/− animals, also suggesting that the acquired immune system is involved in the inflammation or the immune response. Thus, it was confirmed that inflammation or abnormal immunity in xenogeneic chimeric individuals is reduced by suppressing the immunity or the inflammation. SEQUENCE LISTING SEQ ID NO: 1: Target sequence (left) of TALEN in exon 1 of the rat Pdx1 geneSEQ ID NO: 2: Target sequence (right) of TALEN in exon 1 of the rat Pdx1 geneSEQ ID NO: 3: Wild-type sequence of the target portion in the rat Pdx1 geneSEQ ID NO: 4: Modified sequence of the target portion in the rat Pdx1 gene (mutant A)SEQ ID NO: 5: Modified sequence of the target portion in the rat Pdx1 gene (mutant B)SEQ ID NO: 6: Modified sequence of the target portion in the rat Pdx1 gene (mutant C)SEQ ID NO: 7: Modified sequence of the target portion in the rat Pdx1 gene (mutant D)

11856928

The images in the drawings are simplified for illustrative purposes and are not depicted to scale. Within the descriptions of the figures, similar elements are provided similar names and reference numerals as those of the previous figure(s). The specific numerals assigned to the elements are provided solely to aid in the description and are not meant to imply any limitations (structural or functional) on the invention. The appended drawings illustrate exemplary configurations of the invention and, as such, should not be considered as limiting the scope of the invention that may admit to other equally effective configurations. It is contemplated that features of one configuration may be beneficially incorporated in other configurations without further recitation. DETAILED DESCRIPTION The embodiments of the disclosure will be best understood by reference to the drawings, wherein like parts are designated by like numerals throughout. It will be readily understood that the components, as generally described and illustrated in the Figures herein, could be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations or be entirely separate. Thus, the following more detailed description of the embodiments of the system and method of the disclosure, as represented in the Figures is not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure, as claimed, but is merely representative of possible embodiments of the disclosure. In accordance with embodiments of the invention, a portable pet drinking container100is provided, as illustrated inFIGS.1-6. An object of the portable pet drinking container100is to enable a pet owner to carry the portable pet drinking container100to provide drinking water to a pet while minimizing the risk of spillage, either in transport or while a pet is drinking from the portable pet drinking container100. The portable pet drinking container100is operable to moderate and automatically refill the amount of water available to a pet to minimize spillage. Referring toFIG.1, the portable pet drinking container100includes a container body102. An interior cavity104is defined by the container body102and is operable to contain a fluid106, as illustrated inFIG.3. A drinking bowl receiving port108is defined by the container body102, as illustrated inFIG.3. The drinking bowl receiving port108is operable to receive and secure a drinking bowl110. A horizontal retaining wall112is defined by the container body102. A vertical retaining wall114is defined by the container body102. The horizontal retaining wall112extends radially inward from the vertical retaining wall114. The portable pet drinking container100includes a drinking bowl110. The drinking bowl110has a circumferential periphery116. A dynamic compression shoulder118is defined by the drinking bowl110. An O-ring120is positioned around the circumferential periphery116of said drinking bowl110. The O-ring120may be a silicone gasket, for example. When the drinking bowl110is rotatably inserted into the drinking bowl receiving port108, the O-ring120is compressed by the horizontal retaining wall112, the vertical retaining wall114, the dynamic compression shoulder118, and the circumferential periphery116of the drinking bowl110to create a seal between the drinking bowl110and the container body102, thereby preventing a fluid contained within the container body102from leaking around the circumferential periphery116of the drinking bowl110. When the drinking bowl110is rotatably inserted into the drinking bowl receiving port108, the dynamic compression shoulder118is flush with the container body102. In one embodiment, as illustrated inFIGS.3-4, the drinking bowl receiving port108defines threads122operable to receive threads124defined by the drinking bowl110. The drinking bowl110defines threads124operable to receive threads122defined by the drinking bowl receiving port108. In one embodiment, the cross section of the container body102is trapezoidal, as illustrated in the Figures. A trapezoidal design of container body102is useful for a low center of gravity when a pet is actively drinking from the portable pet drinking container100, as a low center of gravity keeps the container100upright, even when road or water conditions are bumpy. The trapezoidal design presents a downward force vector should another object or entity strike the container from the side, ensuring that the container100slides away from the force while remaining upright rather than tipping over and spilling any fluid contained in the drinking bowl102. Even if the container100is momentarily jolted from the surface on which it resides, it lands flat due to the low center of gravity. Prior art designs have a mid-point or higher center of gravity which provides a tipping moment for container inversion. As illustrated in the Figures, container body102as a trapezoidal design with a center of gravity at or near the bottom of the container as most of the water is stored in the bottom1in of the container reservoir. The container body102has a length154, a with156, and a height158. In one embodiment, as illustrated inFIGS.3and6, the length154is 242.5 millimeters, the width156is 63.94 millimeters, and the height158is 258.7 millimeters. In one embodiment, the portable pet drinking container100includes a locking tab126(FIG.6) disposed on an interior surface128of the container body102and a locking tab receiving port130(FIGS.3-4) defined by the drinking bowl110. The locking tab126engages the locking tab receiving port130to prevent rotation of the drinking bowl110after the drinking bowl110is rotatably inserted into the container body102. The portable pet drinking container100solves a problem with prior art containers utilizing bowls inserted into their respective containers. In prior art devices, when a drinking bowl comes loose, either from unscrewing a drinking bowl lid or due to shock and vibration over time, the loose bowl breaks the vacuum seal and the drinking bowl floods to the level of gravity, resulting in a high-water level in the bowl which renders assertions of minimized spills through low water levels inaccurate. The portable pet drinking container100has at least one locking tab126to prevent the drinking bowl110from backing out of the container body102due to low level shock and vibration over time or while unscrewing a drinking bowl lid152from lid threads153. This design preserves the vacuum seal between the drinking bowl110and container body102to prevent the drinking bowl flooding to a level of gravity. In one embodiment, the drinking bowl lid152is 4.5 inches. In one embodiment, a fill hole132is defined by the drinking bowl110, as illustrated inFIGS.3-5. A vent hole134is defined by the drinking bowl110. The vent hole134is located a first distance136from a bottom138of the drinking bowl110. A fluid140contained in the container body102enters the drinking bowl110through the fill hole132. The vent hole134is operable to prevent the fluid140entering the drinking bowl110from reaching a level greater than the first distance136from the bottom138of the drinking bowl110. As illustrated inFIGS.3-4, the water line is at the middle point of the vent hole134and holding. With a proper seal of O-Ring120, the water level only fills to the center of the vent hole134. Once the water level drops below the vent hole134, either from a pet drinking or spilling, the unit refills to that level. This moderates the amount of water or fluid that can enter the drinking bowl110from the container body102to minimize spillage from either rough terrain or an animal knocking the portable pet drinking container100. In one embodiment, as illustrated inFIG.5, the drinking bowl110has a height142, an inner diameter144, an outer diameter146, and a dynamic compression shoulder diameter148. The dynamic compression shoulder118is located a second distance150from the bottom138of the drinking bowl110. For example, the height142of the drinking bowl110is 76.3 millimeters, the inner diameter144of the drinking bowl110is 101.4 millimeters, the outer diameter146of the drinking bowl110is 106.68 millimeters, the dynamic compression shoulder diameter148is 115.8 millimeters, and the second distance is 58.94 millimeters. Vent hole134may have a diameter of 7 millimeters, for example. In one embodiment, the drinking bowl110is rigidly adhered to the body102. As illustrated inFIG.3, the dynamic compression shoulder118is fixed to the body102by a weld151. The weld151may formed by hot bar welding, air welding, an adhesive, or any suitable material operable to fuse the dynamic compression shoulder118is fixed to the body102. Fixing the drinking bowl110is permanently fixed to the body102prevents displacement created by shock, vibration, rough handling, or occasional overfilling the container100. The weld151is operable to withstand hydraulic pressures from a fluid contained within the body102. The weld151extends 360 degrees around the perimeter of dynamic compression shoulder118and penetrates penetrate down into any gaps between layer118and body102, preferably to a distance of twenty percent of the thickness of the dynamic compression shoulder118. As illustrated in the Figures, the weld area of weld151is between 111 mm to 120 mm from the center of the drinking bowl110and applied 360 degrees around the cup. The weld151may be built up from between 0.008 inches to 0.020 inches above the surface of the container body102and the dynamic compression shoulder118, for example. In one embodiment, the portable pet drinking container100is made of a food grade polyethene material which includes a round injection molded drinking bowl110that screws into the container body102via an O-ring gasket120. As illustrated in the Figures, the portable pet drinking container100includes a fill hole160and a fill hole cap162. The fill hole cap may be a 1.5 inch diameter lid with silicone gasket to seal the drinking container, for example. Strap holders164may be molded into the portable pet drinking container100to connect to straps to enable the portable pet drinking container100to be carried as a backpack or as a rucksack for hiking, for example. A handle166may be molded into the portable pet drinking container100. In one embodiment, the drinking bowl118and the container body102are injected molded together as a single article. For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of the invention, reference has been made to the preferred embodiments illustrated in the drawings, and specific language has been used to describe these embodiments. However, this specific language intends no limitation of the scope of the invention, and the invention should be construed to encompass all embodiments that would normally occur to one of ordinary skill in the art. The particular implementations shown and described herein are illustrative examples of the invention and are not intended to otherwise limit the scope of the invention in any way. For the sake of brevity, conventional aspects of the system (and components of the individual operating components of the system) may not be described in detail. Furthermore, the connecting lines, or connectors shown in the various figures presented are intended to represent exemplary functional relationships and/or physical or logical couplings between the various elements. It should be noted that many alternative or additional functional relationships, physical connections or logical connections may be present in a practical device. Moreover, no item or component is essential to the practice of the invention unless the element is specifically described as “essential” or “critical”. Numerous modifications and adaptations will be readily apparent to those skilled in this art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.

11856929

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Various flasher fishing lure embodiments are disclosed herein. The embodiments include a flip-out fin pivotably attached to a bottom surface of a rear portion of the flasher. In a closed configuration, the fin may be secured within a fin recess such that the bottom surface of the flasher is substantially flat and continuous. In an open configuration, the fin may be pivoted away from the fin recess, to an upright position that is substantially perpendicular to the bottom surface. The disclosed embodiments thus allow users to select a configuration that provides optimal motion of the flasher for any number of fishing conditions. Referring toFIGS.1-3, various views of an exemplary flasher fishing lure100according to an embodiment are illustrated. As shown, the flasher100comprises a body103having a top surface101and a bottom102surface. The body103comprises a generally rectangular, substantially flat center portion105extending between rounded front and rear portions110,120. The body103may be tapered such that the rear portion120is slightly wider than the front portion110. In one embodiment, the rounded front and rear end portions110,120may be bent in opposite directions away from the center portion105. For example, the front portion110may be bent upward from the center portion105at an angle of about 30 degrees, and the rear portion120may be bent downward from the center portion at a substantially similar angle. The front and rear portions110,120may further be angulated from an orientation of perpendicular to a longitudinal centerline of the body103. For example, the front portion110may be angulated about 10 degrees right of the longitudinal centerline, while the rear portion120may be angulated about 10 degrees left thereof. In such cases, the front and rear portions110,120may have substantially equal degrees of angulation. As shown, the bent front and rear portions110,120of the lure100include apertures111,121positioned on a centerline of the body103. Typically, a fishing line may be attached to the front aperture111, while the rear aperture121may be utilized to trail a variety of lures or hooks. Generally, the body103may comprise a length of from about 6 inches to about 12 inches. For example, the body103may comprise a length of about 8 inches or about 11 inches. It will be appreciated that the center portion105extends about 60 percent of the length of the body103, while the front and rear portions110,120each extend about 20 percent of the length of the body. Typically, the front and rear portions110,120will comprise equal lengths. The body103further comprises a width of from about 2 inches to about 3 inches. For example, the body103may comprise a width of about 2 inches, about 2.5 inches or about 3 inches. As noted above, the body may be tapered such that the rear portion120is slightly wider than the front portion110. This configuration has been shown to provide optimal tail kicking and rotating action to attract fish. The body103is relatively thin and may comprise plastic materials (e.g., molded plastic), metal (e.g., stamped metal plate), or other suitable materials having sufficient strength to withstand trolling conditions. In certain embodiments, the top and/or bottom surface(s)101,102may comprise a light-responsive material, such as a reflective, holographic, and/or luminescent material in the form of adhesive tape. Such material(s) can be applied to the center portion105of the body103and, optionally, to the front and rear portions110,120thereof to produce a flashing effect in the water, which attracts fish to the lure. In one embodiment where the body103is fabricated from a transparent or semitransparent material, the light-responsive material may be sandwiched between a top and bottom layer of the body. As shown inFIGS.1-3, the flasher100comprises a fin130pivotably mounted to a mounting assembly140formed along the bottom surface102of the body103, at the rear portion120thereof. The fin130is shown in an open configuration inFIG.1and in a closed configuration inFIG.2. The flasher100is illustrated with the fin130removed from the mounting assembly140inFIG.3. Generally, the fin130of the disclosed embodiments is configured to be manually pivoted between open and closed positions. In an open position, the fin130extends downward, perpendicularly from the bottom surface102of the lure. And in a closed position, the fin130extends in a direction parallel to the bottom surface102. It will be appreciated that the open position may provide for increased rotational motion of the flasher lure within the water during trolling, while the closed position may provide for increased side-to-side motion. The open position may be desired to attract fish during less active feeding times and/or when the lure is trolled at a speed below that which is required to cause a finless lure to rotate effectively (e.g., less than about 2 mph). Alternatively, the closed position may be desired when trolling the lure during active feeding times and/or at speeds above about 2 mph. As shown, the fin130comprises a rounded rectangular shape, with substantially flat front and rear surfaces131,132extending between top and bottom sides133,134. The fin130is generally shaped to extend diagonally, substantially across a width of the rear portion120of the body103. The fin may extend diagonally across the bottom surface of the rear portion at about a 35 degree angle from a longitudinal axis of the body. In one embodiment, the fin130may comprise a length that is equal to from about 70% to about 90% of the width of the lure body103(e.g., about 80%). For example, in an embodiment where the body103comprises a width of about 2.5 inches, the fin130may comprise a length of about 2 inches. The fin130may further comprise a height (i.e., a distance between the top and bottom sides133,134) of from about 0.5 inches to about 1 inch. In one particular embodiment, the fin may comprise a height of about 0.625 inches. As shown, the top side133of the fin130is configured to be pivotably mounted to the body103, while the bottom side134of the fin is free to rotate forward and backward with respect to the body. To that end, the top side133of the fin may form or otherwise comprise pivot pins196,197that extend away from the top side, in opposite directions parallel to the top side. The fin130may be pivotably mounted to a mounting assembly140that extends diagonally, substantially across the width of the bottom surface102of the rear portion120of the body103. Like the fin, the mounting assembly may extend diagonally across the bottom surface of the rear portion at about a 35 degree angle from a longitudinal axis of the body As shown, the mounting assembly140may comprise a groove141having a shape and size that corresponds to the shape and size of the top side133of the fin130. The groove141may be partially surrounded by a pair of side walls142,143and a rear wall144extending therebetween, wherein the walls extend perpendicularly away from the bottom surface102. The walls142-144of the mounting assembly140are configured to pivotably secure the top side133of the fin within the groove141. Accordingly, in one embodiment, each side wall142,143may comprise an aperture configured to receive the respective pivot pin extending from the top side133of the fin130therewithin. In one embodiment, the mounting assembly140comprises a securing element148to prevent the top side133of the fin130from rotating within groove141when the fin is placed in the open position. As shown, the securing element148may comprise a projection that extends backwards from a position in front of the groove141to thereby contact the fin front surface131when the fin130is pivoted to the open position. The securing element148may exert a backward force on the front surface131to prevent the fin130from rotating forward during use. However, a user may exert a forward force on the fin rear surface132that overcomes the backward force exerted by the securing element148to rotate the fin130into the closed position. In one embodiment, the mounting assembly140may be integrally formed with the body103of the flasher100. In other embodiments, one or more walls142-144of the mounting assembly140may comprise a separate structure attached to the bottom surface102of the body103(e.g., via one or more fasteners, an adhesive or the like). As shown, the flasher100may further comprise a fin recess125adapted to receive the front side131of the fin130therewithin when the fin is in the closed position. The fin recess125may generally be sized and shaped such that, when the fin130is seated within the recess, the rear surface132of the fin is substantially parallel to, and substantially continuous with, the bottom surface102of the lure body103. In one embodiment, the fin recess125may include a catch element128that releasably secures the fin130within the fin recess. As shown, the catch element128may extend backwards from a front of the fin recess125, such that the catch element contacts the bottom side132of the fin130when the fin is seated within the fin recess125. This significantly improves the retaining forces and prevents the fin130from pivoting out of the fin recess125during use of the lure. Nevertheless, a user may overcome the retaining force and release the bottom edge132of the fin from the catch element128by, for example, inserting a finger into a cutout150extending into the fin recess125and pulling downward on the fin (i.e., away from the body103). The above configuration provides a fin130that is pivotably attached to a bottom surface102of the flasher. In a closed configuration, the fin130may be secured within the fin recess125such that rear surface132forms a substantially flat and continuous surface with the bottom surface102of the flasher body103. In an open configuration, the bottom side134of the fin130is pivoted away from the fin recess125, such that the fin is secured in an upright position, substantially perpendicular to the bottom surface102. Accordingly, the disclosed embodiments allow users to select a configuration that provides optimal side-to-side, tail kicking and/or spinning motion of the lure through the water when trolled at various speeds and/or in any number of fishing conditions. Various embodiments are described in this specification, with reference to the detailed discussed above, the accompanying drawings, and the claims. Numerous specific details are described to provide a thorough understanding of various embodiments. However, in certain instances, well-known or conventional details are not described in order to provide a concise discussion. The figures are not necessarily to scale, and some features may be exaggerated or minimized to show details of particular components. Therefore, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a basis for the claims and as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the embodiments. The embodiments described and claimed herein and drawings are illustrative and are not to be construed as limiting the embodiments. The subject matter of this specification is not to be limited in scope by the specific examples, as these examples are intended as illustrations of several aspects of the embodiments. Any equivalent examples are intended to be within the scope of the specification. Indeed, various modifications of the disclosed embodiments in addition to those shown and described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art, and such modifications are also intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. While this specification contains many specific implementation details, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of any invention or of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments of particular inventions. Certain features that are described in this specification in the context of separate embodiments can also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable subcombination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a subcombination or variation of a subcombination. Similarly, while operations are depicted in the drawings in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Moreover, the separation of various system modules and components in the embodiments described above should not be understood as requiring such separation in all embodiments, and it should be understood that the described program components and systems can generally be integrated together in a single software product or packaged into multiple software products. All references, including patents, patent applications and publications cited herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety and for all purposes to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

11856930

DETAILED DESCRIPTION A spinning reel1in which an embodiment of the present invention is employed includes a reel body3, a handle5, a spool7, and a rotor9, as shown inFIG.1. As shown inFIG.2, the spinning reel1further includes a handle shaft11, a drive gear13, a spool shaft15, an oscillating mechanism17, a pinion gear19, a rotor nut21, a bearing23, and a collar member25. The spinning reel1further includes a seal member27and a retaining member29. As shown inFIG.1, the handle5is rotatably supported with respect to the reel body3. In this embodiment, an example is shown where the handle5is positioned on the left side of the reel body3. The handle5can also be positioned on the right side of the reel body3. The handle5is attached to the handle shaft11. As shown inFIG.2, the handle shaft11is rotatably supported with respect to the reel body3. The drive gear13is mounted on the handle shaft11so that the drive gear13can rotate integrally with the handle shaft11. The drive gear13meshes with the pinion gear19. As shown inFIG.1, a fishing line is wound around the spool7. The spool7is configured to move forward and backward with respect to the reel body3together with the spool shaft15. The spool7is attached to the tip of the spool shaft15. As shown inFIG.2, the spool shaft15is supported to be movable with respect to the reel body3in a front-back direction. The spool shaft15is inserted into the inner circumference of the pinion gear19which has a tubular shape. The spool shaft15moves back and forth with respect to the reel body3by the operation of the oscillating mechanism17. The spool shaft15has a spool axis X1. The front-back direction and an axial direction are the directions in which the spool axis X1extends. A radial direction is the direction away from the spool axis X1. A circumferential direction and a rotational direction are the directions around the spool axis X1. The oscillating mechanism17moves the spool shaft15in the front-back direction in accordance with the rotation of the handle shaft11. The oscillating mechanism17is disposed in the internal space of the reel body3. The oscillating mechanism17has a worm shaft17a, a slider17b, and an intermediate gear17c. The worm shaft17ais positioned parallel to the spool shaft15. The worm shaft17ais rotatably supported with respect to the reel body3. The slider17bis fixed to the rear end of the spool shaft15. The slider17bis engaged with the groove of the worm shaft17aand moves in the front-back direction with the rotation of the worm shaft17a. The intermediate gear17cis fixed to the front end of the worm shaft17aand engaged with the pinion gear19. In the oscillating mechanism17, when the handle shaft11is rotated by the rotating operation of the handle5, the drive gear13, the pinion gear19, the intermediate gear17c, and the worm shaft17arotate. This causes the slider17band the spool shaft15to move in the front-back direction. The rotor9is used to wind a fishing line around the spool7. The rotor9is disposed at the front area of the reel body3. The rotor9is rotatable with respect to the reel body3. The rotor9is disposed radially outside of the pinion gear19. The rotor9is integrally rotatable with respect to the pinion gear19. The pinion gear19has a tubular shape. The pinion gear19is rotatably supported with respect to the reel body3. The pinion gear19is disposed radially outside of the spool shaft15. The pinion gear19rotates about the spool shaft15. For example, the pinion gear19rotates around the spool axis X1. The rotor9rotates in accordance with the rotation of the pinion gear19. The rotor nut21is used to regulate the forward movement of the rotor9relative to the pinion gear19. The rotor nut21rotates about the spool shaft15. For example, the rotor nut21rotates around the spool axis X1. As shown inFIG.3, the rotor nut21has a tubular portion21aand a mounting portion21b. The tubular portion21ahas a tubular shape. The tubular portion21ais formed integrally with the mounting portion21b. The tubular portion21ahas a larger diameter than the mounting portion21b. The tubular portion21aextends forward from the mounting portion21band is positioned forward of the front end of the pinion gear19. The bearing23and the collar member25are disposed between the tubular portion21aand the spool shaft15in the radial direction. The mounting portion21bis fixed to the front end of the pinion gear19. For example, the mounting portion21bis screwed to the front end of the pinion gear19. This causes the rotor nut21to rotate integrally with the pinion gear19. The mounting portion21bcontacts a radially inner portion9aof the rotor9, e.g., the portion9awhere the rotor9is mounted on the pinion gear19. With this, the rotor nut21regulates the forward movement of the rotor9relative to the pinion gear19. The backward movement of the rotor9relative to the pinion gear19is regulated by a bearing31and a tubular member32. The bearing31is disposed between the pinion gear19and the reel body3. The outer ring of the bearing31is attached to the reel body3. The inner ring of bearing31is disposed on the outer circumference of the pinion gear19. The tubular member32is disposed between the bearing31and the rotor9in the axial direction. In more detail, the tubular member32is disposed between the bearing31and the radially inner portion9aof the rotor9in the axial direction. The bearing23rotatably supports the rotor nut21with respect to the spool shaft15. For example, the bearing23rotatably supports the rotor nut21with respect to the spool shaft15via the collar member25. The bearing23is disposed between the spool shaft15and the rotor nut21in the radial direction. In more detail, the bearing23is disposed forward of the pinion gear19. The outer ring of the bearing23is integrally rotatable with respect to the inner surface of the rotor nut21, for example, the inner surface of the tubular portion21a. The inner ring of the bearing23is disposed on the outer circumference of the collar member25. Rolling elements are placed between the outer and inner rings of the bearing23. The seal member27has an annular shape. The seal member27is attached to the rotor nut21. For example, the seal member27is attached to the opening end of the tubular portion21aof the rotor nut21. The seal member27thereby covers the front end of the bearing23. The inner end of the seal member27contacts the spool shaft15. The retaining member29holds the seal member27. The retaining member29is attached to the rotor nut21. The retaining member29positions the seal member27relative to the rotor nut21. For example, the seal member27is held in the axial direction by the retaining member29and the opening end of the tubular portion21aof the rotor nut21. The collar member25has a tubular shape. The collar member25is disposed between the spool shaft15and the bearing23in the radial direction. For example, the collar member25is disposed between the outer circumference of the spool shaft15and the inner ring of the bearing23in the radial direction. The spool shaft15is inserted into the inner circumference of the collar member25. A minute gap is formed between the inner circumference of the collar member25and the outer circumference of the spool shaft15. In this state, the spool shaft15moves in the front-back direction along the inner surface of the collar member25. The collar member25is formed by a resin material. The resin material contains carbon. The resin material can further contain polyacetal. For example, the carbon is carbon fiber. The carbon fiber is 10-25 weight percent of the resin material. The carbon can contain granular carbon rather than fibrous carbon. The carbon can also include both fibrous and granular carbon. The resin material has a linear expansion coefficient of 10×10−6(1/° C.) or more and 50×10−6(1/° C.) or less. For example, in a case where the temperature is between 23 (° C.) and 55 (° C.), the average value of the coefficient of linear expansion is set between 10×10−6(1/° C.) and 50×10−6(1/° C.). The resin material has a coefficient of kinetic friction which is more than 0.15 and less than 0.40. The coefficient of kinetic friction is used to define the surface roughness of the inner surface of the collar member25. The spinning reel1described above has the following features. In the spinning reel1, the surface roughness of the inner surface of the collar member25can be easily adjusted because the collar member25is formed by a resin material. This improves the sliding feeling when the spool shaft15slides with the inner circumference of the collar member25. If the gap between the collar member25and the spool shaft15in the radial direction is designed to be small to reduce the rattling of the spool shaft15against the collar member25after adjusting the surface roughness of the inner surface of the collar member25, the gap may change due to temperature changes, and the sliding feeling may be deteriorated. In the spinning reel1, however, the resin material has a linear expansion coefficient of 10×10−6(1/° C.) or more and 50×10−6(1/° C.) or less, and thus, the deterioration in the sliding feeling can be suppressed. As discussed above, in the spinning reel1, the collar member25is formed of a resin material, and the linear expansion coefficient of the resin material is set to 10×10−6(1/° C.) or more and 50×10−6(1/° C.) or less to stabilize the sliding feeling when the spool shaft moves in the front-back direction. Further, in the spinning reel1, since the resin material contains carbon, the weight of the collar member25can be made small. Furthermore, since the carbon is carbon fiber, the strength of the collar member25can be improved. When the carbon is granular carbon rather than fibrous carbon, the orientation of shrinkage during injection molding can be suppressed and the collar member can be molded with high precision. In addition, since the carbon fiber is 10-25 weight percent of the resin material, the strength of the collar member can be suitably increased. The present invention can be used for spinning reels. REFERENCE SIGNS LIST 1Spinning reel3Reel body9Rotor15Spool shaft19Pinion gear21Rotor nut23Bearing25Collar member

11856931

Before explaining the disclosed embodiment of the present invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of the particular arrangement shown, since the invention is capable of other embodiments. Exemplary embodiments are illustrated in referenced figures of the drawings. It is intended that the embodiments and figures disclosed herein are to be considered illustrative rather than limiting. Also, the terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation. DETAILED DESCRIPTION While this invention is susceptible of embodiments in many different forms, there are shown in the drawings and will be described in detail herein specific embodiments with the understanding that the present disclosure is an exemplification of the principles of the invention. It is not intended to limit the invention to the specific illustrated embodiments. The features of the invention disclosed herein in the description, drawings, and claims may be significant, both individually and in any desired combinations, for the operation of the invention in its various embodiments. Features from one embodiment may be used in other embodiments of the invention. With reference now to the drawings,FIGS.1-20depict a preferred embodiment and alternate embodiment of a variable speed motor-driven fishing reel, generally referenced as10, in accordance with the present invention. Turning first toFIGS.1-14, a motor driven fishing reel10includes an otherwise conventional salt water bait-casting reel12having a main body13having opposing first and second (e.g. right-hand and left-hand) sides, referenced as13A and13B. A line spool14is rotatably mounted to main body13via a spool axle14A, and configured for manual actuation by a hand crank16disposed on the first side13A of main body13. Main body13is adapted with a motorized drive assembly, generally referenced as20attached to the second side of main body13, namely the side opposite of the crank16. While the preferred embodiment discloses crank16disposed on the first (right-hand) side and motorized drive assembly20disposed on the second (left-hand) side, as is customary for right handed users, it should be apparent the crank16and motorized drive assembly may be oppositely mounted for left-handed users. A significant aspect of the present invention involves adapting the bait casting reel12with a motorized drive assembly, generally referenced as20, housing an electric motor and associated controls as more fully discussed herein. As best seen inFIGS.5and6, motorized drive assembly20includes an end plate22sized and adapted for mating attachment to the left-hand side13A of main body13, opposite of the right-hand side13B and manual hand crank16. As should be apparent, however, crank16and motorized drive assembly20may be alternately mounted on either side of main body13. A cover24is removably connected to end plate22and an environmental seal is provided by an O-ring gasket26disposed circumferentially on end plate22. Motorized drive assembly20includes an electric motor, generally referenced as30, mounted to endplate22. In a preferred embodiment, motor30comprises a brushless DC motor, that operates on 12.0 volt direct current (12.0 VDC) and consumes approximately 1,400 Watts of electrical power. DC power from a suitable on-vessel power source is provided to motorized drive assembly via power cable21. A significant aspect of the present invention involves the use of a brushless out-runner motor thereby avoiding the use of brushes that have led to corrosion related premature failure in prior art devices. Motor30has an output shaft connected to a system of intermeshing gears including a first gear32, a second gear34. Gear34is attached to a clutch36that transfers power to line spool14. Clutch36is an integral part of the drag system on the off-the-shelf manually actuated reel. In accordance with the present invention, the clutch is modified by adding gear34to clutch36thereby converting the clutch assembly into a system capable of transferring power to the reel. A clutch actuation lever38is coupled to a cam mechanism (not shown) to allow the user to adjust the contact pressure between clutch36and spool14thereby providing adjustable drag settings. As illustrated inFIGS.7and8, an anti-reverse mechanism includes a toothed wheel40attached to clutch36, and pivotally connected pawls42that ride along the edge of toothed wheel40to prevent reverse rotation of spool14when engaged. The preferred embodiment of the present invention has demonstrated significant performance advances over the prior art. More particularly, the motor driven fishing reel in accordance with the present invention is capable of reeling in fishing line at a rate of approximately 500 feet-per-minute. Motorized drive assembly20further includes electronics and controls that allow for speed control and wireless remote actuation. More particularly, motorized drive assembly includes a manually actuated speed control knob25projects from cover24. Speed control knob25is connected to a potentiometer to allow for adjustment of the input voltage to motor30between minimum and maximum settings to allow the user to selectively adjust motor speed, and hence reel winding speed. As seen inFIGS.5and6, motorized drive assembly further includes a circuit board41containing a radio frequency (RF) receiver44and a pair of RF activated solenoids42, a microprocessor46, and a motor speed controller48. FIG.14is an electrical control block diagram for the electrical control system for the motor driven fishing reel in accordance with the present invention. The electrical control system includes a speed control potentiometer41functions to allow for speed variation via direct user input by manual actuation of speed control knob25(not shown inFIG.14). Speed control potentiometer41functions to provide a speed control signal to microprocessor46, which is in electrical communication with a motor speed controller48. Microprocessor46receives the speed control signal and generates an output signal to motor speed controller48which uses that signal to controls the input voltage to motor30. Using this control architecture, rotation of the control knob (25) on speed control potentiometer41functions to vary motor/reel winding speed between a minimum value (i.e. full stop) and a maximum value (i.e. full speed). A further significant aspect of the present invention involves providing a motor driven fishing reel10, adapted for wireless remote controlled operation. More particularly, as illustrated inFIG.14, the control architecture includes a radio frequency activated solenoid42responsive to a control signal output from an RF receiver44, which is adapted to receive wireless transmissions from an RF transmitter45. RF transmitter45is preferably a small, portable, battery-powered FOB-type device having manually actuated buttons45A and45B corresponding to low and high speed operation. Accordingly, the user may activate the motorized drive assembly from a remote location using RF transmitter45to send a signal to RF receiver44, which in turn activates solenoid42. In a preferred embodiment, RF activation of solenoid42functions to cause motor30to operate at full speed, however, any suitable speed is considered within the scope of the present invention. Finally, the present invention includes means for disengaging reel crank16from spool14to prevent crank16from rotating in unison with the rapidly rotating spool14when in a powered winding mode so as to prevent crank16from inducing excessive vibration while winding in line. In accordance with this aspect of the present invention, the manual winding mechanism is modified. More particularly, the reel typically includes a system of gears that function to allows for manual low and high speed winding settings as illustrated inFIGS.11-13. Manual rotation of crank16functions to rotate a crank axle50having low and high speed gears, referenced as52and54mounted thereto. A user actuated manual speed selection switch is disposed on the reel and/or crank and functions to allow the user to manually select low and high speeds by selective engagement one of low and high speed gears52and54with mating gears56and58mounted to the axle14A of spool14. In accordance with the present invention, the teeth of gear56are ground off as shown inFIG.11. This allows the manual crank16to free wheel when speed selection switch is configured to the high speed setting. The winding mechanism could alternately be configured with the threads removed from gear58within the spirit of the invention. FIGS.15-17depict a motor driven fishing reel10adapted with an optional level winding accessory, generally referenced as100. Level winding accessory100, is preferably mounted to the right hand side of reel10and includes a main body102having a mounting flange104which receives a fastener106to affix accessory100to reel10as best seen inFIG.15. Level winding accessory further includes a traversing carriage110that traverses back and forth between the opposing left and right hand portions of the spool by riding along a guide rail112and a cross-cut reversing lead screw114. Carriage110further includes a pair of projecting line guides, referenced as116and118that function to guide the winding of the line generally evenly onto the rotating reel spool as carriage110traverses back and forth. Level winding accessory100further includes a digital display120and associated electro-mechanical elements that function to track and display the length of line that has been spooled out. Digital display120thus allows the user to precisely determine the length of line cast and/or length of line remaining while winding in. FIGS.18-20depict an embodiment of a motor driven fishing reel10adapted to be battery powered. In this embodiment, a battery pack200may be used to provide power to the motorized drive assembly20. Specifically, the battery pack200may be used in conjunction with the power cable21as a backup power source. Alternatively, the power cable21may be omitted altogether, and the battery pack200may be the sole power source for the motorized drive. In some embodiments, the battery pack200may be attachable and detachable to and from the motor driven fishing reel10. For example, the battery pack200may be detached from the motor driven fishing reel10in order to charge batteries contained therein, and may be reattached to the motor driven fishing reel10when the batteries have been recharged. The detachability of the battery pack200also allows for a user to swap in a fully charged battery pack200when another battery pack is depleted, thereby permitting the continuous enjoyment of utilizing the motor driven fishing reel10. The battery pack may include a housing210. The housing210may include one or more mechanisms (such as protrusions, levers, knobs) on the housing's outer surface212that may be mated with the main body13of the motor driven fishing reel10to thereby attach the battery pack200to the motor driven fishing reel10. Referring toFIGS.18-20, a first protrusion220may be provided on the outer surface212. The first protrusion220may be positioned on a side of the battery pack200proximal to the motor driven fishing reel10. A second protrusion225may also be provided on the outer surface212. In an example embodiment, the second protrusion225may be provided on a bottom side of the battery pack200, such that the first protrusion220and the second protrusion225protrude in different directions (such as perpendicular). The main body13of the motor driven fishing reel10may further include a first receiving channel62configured to receive the first protrusion220and a second receiving channel64configured to receive the second protrusion225. In operation, the second protrusion225may be inserted into the second receiving channel64, follow by the first protrusion220being inserted into the first receiving channel62by pivoting the battery pack200toward the main body13, thereby clipping the first protrusion220into the first receiving channel62. The first protrusion220may have rounded edges for the ease of inserting the first protrusion220into the first receiving channel62. The first protrusion220may also include one or more holes or bores222for a corresponding locking mechanism to lock the battery pack200in place once the battery pack200is installed onto the main body13. The housing210may include an internal chamber (now shown) where one or more batteries may be provided therein. The housing210may further include circuitries within the internal chamber to interface with the one or more batteries. Moreover, the battery pack200may include a power wire230with a power output adaptor232coupled thereto to provide power from the one or more batteries to the motor driven fishing reel10. In some embodiments, in place of the power cable21, a power input adaptor66may be provided on a surface of the main body13. The power input adaptor66may be used to accept the power cable21to thereby enables the motor driven fishing reel10to accept power from a boat, or the power input adaptor66may also be used to accept the power output adaptor232from the battery pack200, thereby enables the motor driven fishing reel10to be completely cordless. Further, the power input adaptor66may be easily serviceable and replaceable. In an example, the power input adaptor66may be a receptacle that is coupled to the main body13via one or more screws. In the event that the power input adaptor is damaged or worn down, the power input adaptor66may be replaced without having to replace the entire motor driven fishing reel10. Alternative electrical connections between the battery pack200and the motor driven fishing reel10are also envisioned. In some embodiments, the battery pack200may include a charging circuitry so that the one or more batteries may be recharged without having to remove said one or more batteries from the housing210. Likewise, the housing210of the battery pack200may further include a first electric contact, and the main body13of the motor driven fishing reel10may include a second electric contact, so that the first and second electric contacts may act as an interface to provide power from the battery to the motor driven fishing reel10when the battery pack200is attached to the motor driven fishing reel10. The instant invention has been shown and described herein in what is considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiment. It is recognized, however, that departures may be made therefrom within the scope of the invention and that obvious modifications will occur to a person skilled in the art.

11856932

Like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the various views of the drawings. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY IMPLEMENTATIONS The following detailed description is merely exemplary in nature and is not intended to limit the described embodiments or the application and uses of the described embodiments. As used herein, the word “exemplary” or “illustrative” means “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any implementation described herein as “exemplary” or “illustrative” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other implementations. All of the implementations described below are exemplary implementations provided to enable persons skilled in the art to make or use the embodiments of the disclosure and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure, which is defined by the claims. For purposes of description herein, the terms “upper”, “lower”, “left”, “rear”, “right”, “front”, “vertical”, “horizontal”, and derivatives thereof shall relate to the invention as oriented inFIG.1. Furthermore, there is no intention to be bound by any expressed or implied theory presented in the preceding technical field, background, brief summary or the following detailed description. It is also to be understood that the specific devices and processes illustrated in the attached drawings, and described in the following specification, are simply exemplary embodiments of the inventive concepts defined in the appended claims. Hence, specific dimensions and other physical characteristics relating to the embodiments disclosed herein are not to be considered as limiting, unless the claims expressly state otherwise. Referring toFIGS.1-13, various exemplary implementations of a portable, adjustable fish-supporting photographic rack assembly are shown in accordance with the present invention. Generally, the various implementations of the assembly overcome at least the aforementioned long-standing drawbacks, disadvantages and limitations of conventional known structures used for temporarily displaying a catch of fish. Referring initially toFIGS.1-6, in accordance with a first exemplary implementation of the present invention, an adjustable fish-supporting photographic rack assembly is shown generally as reference numeral100. Rack assembly100includes a main panel body102having a front surface104, a rear surface106, an upper edge108, a lower edge110, a left edge112and a right edge114. As will be apparent to those skilled in the art, although main panel body102is shown having a rectangular geometry, alternate geometries may be employed without departing from the intended scope of the invention. Thus, for example, although main panel body102is shown having four individual edges108,110,112and114, the shape of the periphery could be altered, and the corners may be rounded such that there is, for instance, a single contiguous peripheral edge. Optionally, apertures116may be provided extending into upper edge108for selectively supporting a mountable display apparatus180. As shown, display apparatus180may include a display banner189supported between, and spanning, a left support post182and a right support post184. The support posts182,184may be inserted directly into corresponding apertures116. Optionally, left and right collars,186and188, respectively, may be disposed about the lower ends of corresponding left and right posts,182and184, to provide improved structural support. Although the composition of the collars is not intended to be limited, it would be preferable to incorporate resilient collars to enable frictional support of the inserted post ends. A carrying handle118may be provided on the upper edge108(as shown inFIG.1) or, alternatively, on one of the side edges112,114or on the rear surface106. Referring briefly to the alternative implementation ofFIG.8, carrying handles218are shown, for example, on an upper edge208and a rear surface206of main panel body202. Furthermore, referring briefly to the alternative implementation shown inFIG.12, a carrying handle418may be provided as an integral feature of the main panel body402. Likewise, in the exemplary implementation shown inFIG.13, a carrying handle518is shown integrally formed with main panel body502. A pair of supports140for securely maintaining main panel body102in an upright orientation may be provided. Each support140preferably has a geometry, or configuration, minimizing the risk of an individual inadvertently injuring his foot or toes when walking near the photograph rack assembly100. Each support140may be defined by a base, or lower surface142having a circular lower periphery141transitioning to a convex upper surface143. The convex upper surface143of each support140preferably includes an integral cavity144defined by interior lower horizontal surface145, opposing interior vertical surfaces147extending upwardly from lower horizontal surface145, and rear vertical surface146extending upwardly from lower horizontal surface145and spanning interior opposing vertical surfaces147. In this manner, the lower corners of main panel body102may be snugly received within corresponding cavities144of the pair of supports140. Optionally, each support140may include a cavity (or aperture)148for receiving a fishing rod190(FIG.1) to add to the aesthetically pleasing nature of a photograph. Alternatively, reference numeral140may represent an aperture configured for receiving a mechanical fastener therethrough in order to securely fasten each support140to an underlying support surface, such as a dock. As will be apparent to those skilled in the art, it is contemplated to incorporate a hollow support140having an opening (not shown) extending through upper surface143into a corresponding support body interior space (not shown) to enable the ingress (and egress) of a material, such as water, sand, pebbles and the like, to provide additional weight to each support140for increased stability of the supported main panel body102. In that case, it would be preferably to include a plug, cap or similar structure for selectively opening and closing the opening, as desired. Referring again primarily to the exemplary implementation shown inFIGS.1-6, and as most clearly shown inFIG.2, an upper dovetail groove120is provided integrated into front surface104running laterally between left edge112and right edge114. The upper dovetail groove120is defined by a rear surface122a tapered upper surface124and a tapered lower surface126. The upper dovetail groove120is sized, shaped and otherwise configured for slidably receiving therein laterally-extending hook-supporting member150, having a geometry defined by rear planar surface152, tapered upper surface portion153, tapered lower surface portion154, right end155, left end156, front surface portion157, planar upper surface portion158, planar lower surface portion159, and laterally-extending T-shaped channel160extending through planar lower surface portion159. Accordingly, when hook-supporting member150is slidably inserted into upper dovetail groove120, hook-supporting member tapered upper surface portion153frictionally engages upper dovetail groove tapered upper surface124, hook-supporting member tapered lower surface portion154frictionally engages upper dovetail groove tapered lower surface126, and hook-supporting member rear planar surface152frictionally engages upper dovetail groove planar rear surface122. Referring briefly toFIG.4, it can be seen that once hook-supporting member150is completely inserted into upper lateral dovetail groove120a portion of the hook-supporting member150—as defined by front surface portion157, planar upper surface portion158and planar lower surface portion159—extends, or juts, outwardly beyond front surface104of main panel body102. In this manner, laterally-extending T-shaped channel160likewise extends out beyond main panel body front surface104to provide adequate clearance for receiving unitary fish-supporting hook members170. As best seen inFIGS.5and5A, each fish-supporting hook member170is sized, shaped and otherwise configured, for being slidably received into and through T-shaped channel160. Each fish-supporting hook member170includes a shank172, a fish-engaging cantilever portion174, and an uppermost end176. Uppermost end176of hook member170is sized and shaped to conform to upper hook-receiving portion164of T-shaped channel160. Likewise, fish-supporting hook member shank172is sized and shaped to facilitate passage of the shank into and through lower hook-receiving portion162of T-shaped channel160. Referring now particularly toFIG.5A, during sliding passage of fish-supporting hook member170through T-shaped channel160hook member upper end176is bounded by the uppermost interior surface (not referenced inFIG.5A) of upper hook-receiving portion164, as well as shoulders163and main vertical sidewalls165of the upper hood-receiving portion. Likewise, shank172is partially bounded by main vertical sidewalls161of lower hook-receiving portion162. A series of spaced-apart aligned pairs of slots166, each defined by a pair of opposing vertical slot sidewalls167and lower supporting slot surface168spanning the sidewalls167, are created in the corresponding opposed shoulders163to provide a series of positions along T-shaped channel160for selectively releasably locating each fish-supporting hook member170. In this manner, the aforementioned configuration is beneficial in that it enables a user to define the quantity of hook members170to insert within T-shaped channel160, as well as the desired spacing between each pair of adjacent hook members170. Referring particularly toFIG.6A, a hook tip protective sheath, coating or covering175, may be provided for safety. As will be apparent to those skilled in the art, this arrangement and configuration provides a user with great flexibility depending upon the quantity and relative size of fish to be supported for the taking of a photograph, digital image or the like. Referring now primarily toFIG.2, a lower dovetail groove130defined by rear planar surface132, upper tapered surface134and lower tapered surface136may likewise be provided for receiving a second lateral hook-supporting member150in precisely the same manner as described hereinabove with reference to upper dovetail groove120. As will be apparent to those skilled in the art, although a pair of dovetail grooves120,130is shown in the accompanyingFIGS.1-6the invention is not intended to be so limiting. Thus, more or less such grooves may be employed as desired. This arrangement provides great flexibility to a user, since it enables the user to alter the number of fish-supporting hooks170as well as the spacing between hooks depending upon the size and quantity of the catch of fish being photographed. Referring now primarily toFIGS.7-8, in a further representative implementation, an adjustable fish-supporting photographic rack assembly200may be provided for use with a modified version of the lateral hook-supporting member150shown inFIGS.1-6and previously described hereinabove. Rack assembly200incorporates most of the features previously described with reference to the rack assembly100previously described. Rack assembly200includes a pair of supports240for securely maintaining main panel body202in an upright orientation. Each support240is preferably of identical structure to the supports140described hereinabove with reference to assembly100, and each preferably includes at least one aperture248for the same intended purposes described hereinabove with regard to aperture148of support140. Main panel body202is generally defined by front surface204, rear surface206, upper edge208, lower edge210, left edge212, right edge214, one or more handles218, and upper edge apertures216(which may be used to support a mountable display apparatus such as display apparatus180shown inFIG.1and described in detail hereinabove with reference to assembly100). An upper dovetail groove220is provided integrated into front surface204running laterally between left edge212and right edge214. The upper dovetail groove220is defined by a rear surface222a tapered upper surface224and a tapered lower surface226. A similar lower laterally-extending dovetail groove230may be provided having a rear surface232, an upper tapered surface234, and a lower tapered surface236. The upper and lower dovetail grooves,220and230, respectively, are sized, shaped and otherwise configured for slidably receiving hook-supporting blocks250, each having a geometry defined by rear planar surface252, front planar surface257, tapered upper surface portion253, tapered lower surface portion254, right side surface251, and left side surface255. A unitary hook-supporting hook member270may be provided extending outwardly, and depending downwardly, from front surface257of block member250. Each fish-supporting hook member270preferably includes a shank272, a fish-engaging cantilevered portion274, and an upper length276fixedly secured to block250. Preferably, upper length276is provided integrally molded to block250. However, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art, alternate means for securing hook member270to block member250are possible and intended to be within the scope of the invention. For example, upper length276of hook member270could be provided having external threads configured for being threaded into a corresponding threaded cavity extending into front surface257of block member250. Furthermore, upper length276could be affixed within a cavity extending into front surface257using an adhesive. Still further, upper length276could be provided with a mechanical feature configured for being snap-fitted into a cavity in front surface257having a corresponding mechanical feature for enabling selective snap-fit attachment of hook270to block250. Accordingly, when hook-supporting block250is slidably inserted, for example, into upper dovetail groove220, hook-supporting block tapered upper surface portion253frictionally engages upper dovetail groove tapered upper surface224, hook-supporting block tapered lower surface portion254frictionally engages upper dovetail groove tapered lower surface226, and hook-supporting block rear planar surface252frictionally engages upper dovetail groove planar rear surface222. Once hook-supporting block250is completely inserted into upper lateral dovetail groove220, planar front surface257of block250is preferably substantially flush with front surface204of main panel body202. Upper length276of hook270functions to provide clearance for shank272to depend downwardly in front of front surface204. Referring now particularly toFIGS.9-11, in a further representative implementation, an adjustable fish-supporting photographic rack assembly300may be provided for use with a corresponding hook-supporting bracket member320and fish-supporting hook370. Photographic rack assembly300incorporates most of the features previously described with reference to the rack assemblies100and200, previously described. Rack assembly300includes a pair of supports340for securely maintaining main panel body302in an upright orientation. Each support340is preferably of identical structure to the supports,140and240, described hereinabove with reference to respective assemblies100and200, and each preferably includes at least one aperture348for the same intended purposes described hereinabove with regard to apertures148and248of supports140and240. Main panel body302is generally defined by front surface304, rear surface306, upper edge308, lower edge310, left edge312, right edge314, one or more handles318, and upper edge apertures316(which may be used to support a mountable display apparatus such as display apparatus180shown inFIG.1and described in detail hereinabove with reference to assembly100). Hook-supporting bracket member320is preferably of a unitary construction and includes a rear flange portion322having a rear flange surface324and a front flange surface326, and a plurality of countersunk apertures328for receiving mechanical fasteners (not shown) therethrough to aid in securing bracket member320to front surface304of main panel body302. A central transition portion330extends outwardly from front surface326, bridging rear flange portion322with a main cylindrical hook-receiving side wall portion332of bracket member320. Contiguous sidewall portion332has a lower edge334and an upper edge336. Significantly, a plurality of upper edge features are preferably provided for enabling hook370to be securely seated through the bracket member320in multiple angular orientations, as further described below. In the exemplary implementation, the upper edge features are comprised of rectangular slot cutouts338in upper edge336in conjunction with rear rectangular depression339provided in central transition portion330. As best shown inFIG.9A, a unitary fish-supporting hook370is provided having a shank372, a fish-engaging cantilever portion374at a lower end thereof, and an upper structure376proximate a hook upper end377particularly configured for selective engagement with cutouts338and depression339. In particular, upper portion376includes a plurality of angularly-spaced structural elements378sized, shaped and otherwise configured for being seated within the corresponding cutouts338and depression339. Referring now particularly toFIG.10the aforementioned mating configuration of angularly-spaced structural elements378with corresponding angularly-spaced cutouts338and depression339enable a user to selectively rotate the hook from an operable, fish-supporting, orientation (depicted by reference numeral370) to either a left-facing orientation370A or a right-facing orientation370B, when the hook is intended to be in a non-operable, or closed, orientation. Significantly, this enables a user to selectively rotate the hooks370depending upon which hook locations and bracket locations are desired to be used to support a catch of fish prior to taking a photographic image of the supported fish. Referring now particularly toFIGS.12and12A, in a further representative implementation, an adjustable fish-supporting photographic rack assembly400may be provided for use with a corresponding selectively-pivotable hook subassembly420. Photographic rack assembly400incorporates most of the features previously described with reference to the rack assemblies100,200and300, previously described herein. Rack assembly400includes a pair of supports440for securely maintaining main panel body402in an upright orientation. Each support440is preferably of identical structure to the supports,140,240and340, described hereinabove with reference to respective assemblies100,200and300. Main panel body402is generally defined by front surface404, rear surface406, upper edge408, lower edge410, left edge412, right edge414, and one or more handles418. In this exemplary representation, an alternative handle configuration is shown, wherein the handle418is provided as an integral opening extending completely through main panel body402. As will be apparent to those skilled in the art, such an integral handle could be employed with any of the exemplary implementations in lieu of the carrying handle structure118,218and318, previously shown. Significantly, this particular implementation is intended to be of a relatively smaller-sized assembly—vis-à-vis the assemblies100,200and300, described heretofore—that is particular well-suited for use by young children. In this exemplary implementation, a plurality of cavities416is provided extending into the front surface404. Although the cavities416are shown arranged in a matrix configuration, the invention should not be considered as limited to any particular cavity arrangement. A plurality of selectively pivotable hook subassemblies420are provided seated within the respective cavities. Each pivotable hook subassembly420generally includes a support housing insert430, a unitary pivotable fish-supporting hook member440, and a hook support pin438. Support housing insert430includes a rear housing portion436having a housing cavity434. Preferably, the housing cavity opening is surrounded peripherally by an outwardly extending flange432having a pair of axially-aligned apertures extending transversely therethrough. Unitary pivotable fish-supporting hook member440preferably includes a thickened proximal end442, a distal fish-engaging end446, and a central portion444adjoining proximal and distal ends,442and446. Preferably, central portion444transitions to distal fish-engaging end446via an upwardly curved transition portion445. A transverse-oriented, or lateral, channel447is provided extending completely through thickened proximal end442. During assembly of the pivotable hook subassembly420, thickened end442of fish-supporting hook member440is inserted into front receiving cavity434of support housing insert430until hook channel447is in axial alignment with the apertures437of the support housing insert. Subsequently, hook support pin438is inserted completely through a first one of the flange apertures437, through a first end of hook channel447, and through (or into) a second one of the flange apertures437. In this manner, fish-supporting hook member440is pivotably secured for selective rotation about hook support pin438. A torsion spring (not shown, but well understood in the art) is integrated within subassembly420in order to rotationally bias hook member440completely into cavity434of support housing insert430. As will be apparent to those skilled in the art, the precise structure of pivotable hook subassembly420is not intended to be limiting. For example, in lieu of pin438and housing insert apertures437it is contemplated to provide a pair of integral nubs on the interior surface of support housing insert430, extending into cavity434, at the same locations as apertures437. In this manner, hook member440could be snap-fittingly engaged to support housing insert430. Referring now toFIG.13, in a further representative implementation, an adjustable fish-supporting photographic rack assembly500may be provided for use with a corresponding plurality of unitary fish-supporting hook members520. Photographic rack assembly500incorporates most of the features previously described with reference to the rack assemblies100,200,300and400, previously described herein. Rack assembly500may include a pair of supports440for securely maintaining main panel body502in an upright orientation. Each support540is preferably of identical structure to the supports,140,240,340and440described hereinabove with reference to respective assemblies100,200,300and400. Main panel body502is generally defined by front surface504, rear surface506, upper edge508, lower edge510, left edge512, right edge514, and one or more handles518. A plurality of internally-threaded hook-receiving apertures516are provided extending into front surface504of main panel body502. Each fish-supporting hook member includes an externally-threaded length522, a fish-engaging cantilever portion526, and a shank524therebetween. In use, one or more fish-supporting hook members520may be threadingly inserted into one or more of the internally threaded apertures516. As will be apparent to those skilled in the art, the arrangement of internally-threaded apertures516may be provided in any desired configuration. Thus, the spacing between apertures and the relative location of the apertures is not intended to be limiting. Furthermore, different-sized hooks520may be used depending upon the size and weight of the catch of fish intended to be supported prior to the taking of a photograph, digital image or the like. Referring now toFIGS.14-20, in accordance with a further representative implementation of the present invention, an adjustable fish-supporting photographic rack assembly is shown generally as reference numeral600. Rack assembly600includes a stanchion rack framework subassembly602having a horizontal segment606, a pair of upper curved segments610, and a pair of vertical segments604,608. The upper curved segments610adjoin opposite ends of horizontal segment606with downwardly-depending vertical segments604,608, respectively. As previously stated hereinabove, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art, although the framework602of the rack600is shown having a particular framework-based stanchion geometry, alternate framework geometries may be employed without departing from the scope of the invention. For instance, the framework602geometry could be altered to form an arched top by substituting a curved upper segment for linear horizontal segment606. Furthermore, although it is contemplated that the rack600be made out of metal, alternative materials such as, for example, thermoplastics, or durable composite polymers may be employed. As is best shown inFIG.15, tabs607with apertures may be included on the inward facing portions of the segments forming the framework602for removably attaching a central panel630thereto. As shown, the central panel630may include a plurality of apertures634in the form of a series of horizontal rows636a,636b, and636c. The central panel630may also include a design element670on its surface632. For example purposes only, and in no way to be considered limiting, a design element670may be etched on to the surface632of the central panel into the shape of a fish (as depicted inFIG.14). It should be readily understood that alternative shapes and/or designs may be employed and displayed through different mediums (e.g. stickers, paintings, etc.) on the panel630if desired. Referring primarily toFIGS.14,15and17, first and a second support bases,610aand610b, respectively, are provided configured to receive distal end portions of the pair of vertical segments604,608into the corresponding openings617of the support bases610a,610bfor securely maintaining the framework602of the rack600in an upright position. Each support base610a,610bhas a geometry, or configuration, to minimize the risk of the rack assembly600tipping over and injuring someone. Each support base610a,610bmay be defined by a planar base612having, for example, an elliptical shape and at least a pair of apertures614at opposite ends thereof to selectively affix the rack assembly600to a ground support surface800(as shown inFIG.20). As can be best understood to one of ordinary skill, alternative base configurations may be employed without departing from the scope of the invention. Projecting upwardly from the base portion612of each respective support base610a,601bis an interconnecting plate616in the form of a wedge widest at the bottom and narrowing in an upward direction. Integrated at the middle of the interconnecting plate616projecting upwardly and perpendicularly from a mid-portion of the base plate612is a vertical connector tube619having an opening617at its upper end for selectively receiving a distal end portion of one of the vertical segments604,608of framework602. As best shown inFIGS.14and15, when mating the framework602to the base supports610a,610bof the rack assembly600, the distal end portions of the vertical segments604,608of the framework602are inserted into the respective openings617of the base supports610a,610, with an interposed bushing635used to prevent metal-to-metal contact, for example, in the case where a metal material is used to construct the rack assembly600. A dual spring clip637is inserted into each one of the upper openings of the vertical segments604,608, for engagement with the apertures618on the respective vertical support tubes619to enable selective adjustment of the overall height of the rack assembly600to a desired height. Turning now toFIG.18, a hook member generally assigned reference numeral640is provided. The hook member640is sized, shaped, and otherwise configured, to be inserted simultaneously into two adjacent apertures of the series of apertures634defining horizontal aperture rows363a,363b, and363c(shown inFIGS.14,15and17-20). Each hook member640includes a main linear portion644transitioning to a semi-curved distal end646, and terminating at a proximal end643that is externally threaded645. The distal end646of the hook640may include a protective sheath, coating or covering for safety. Extending perpendicularly from hook's proximal end is a hook length portion647terminating at an elbowed end642that extends adjacent to the hook's main portion and terminates just short of the corresponding hook proximal end643. Referring briefly toFIG.16, during installation of the hook member640to the rack assembly600, the proximal end portion643of the hook's main portion644and the adjacent parallel projecting elbow end portion642, together, are selectively inserted into a pair of adjacent apertures provided on the front face632of the central panel630. When both proximal ends642,645of the hook640are inserted into corresponding adjacent apertures, a portion of the hook's threaded portion645is exposed on the opposite side of the front face632of the central panel630(i.e. the threaded portion extends completely through the panel body632. In this manner, the hook640can then be securely fastened by inserting a washer651and threading a nut650on to the exposed external threaded portion645of the hook640. It will be readily understood that each respective hook attached and fastened to the racks central panel630can be detached and relocated to a different location on the panel. Once securely fastened to the central panel630, each hook640is configured to carry the relatively large load of a hanging fish without yielding. Referring now toFIGS.19and20, when fully assembled, rack600may be used to hold a variety of fish species of varying weights and sizes (e.g. small700c, medium700b, and large700a). As will be apparent to those skilled in the art, the arrangement of the bored apertures634may be provided in any desired configuration. Thus, the spacing between apertures and the relative location of the apertures is not intended to be limiting. Furthermore, different-sized hooks640may be used depending upon the size and weight requirements of the catch of fish intended to be supported prior to the taking of a photograph, digital image or the like. Referring now particularly toFIGS.21-26a, in accordance with a further exemplary implementation of an adjustable fish-supporting photographic rack assembly900in accordance with the present invention. As best shown inFIG.21, the rack assembly900generally includes: (a) a pair of spaced-apart left and right support stanchion,902L and902R, respectively; (b) a plurality of hook rod-retaining cross member subassemblies930a,930b,930c, each including a selectively-rotatable hook rod960rotatably seated within a hook rod retaining cross member body940; a front protective display panel980; a rear protective display panel990; and an optional upper cover strip995(seeFIG.22). Preferably, each stanchion902L,902R is in the form of a rigid metal framework constructed, for example, of powder-coated aluminum members, or the like. Each stanchion902L,902R may include a pair of stanchion support feet subassemblies904provided in the form of stanchion feet906directly welded (or otherwise fastened) to planar stabilizing plates905. The stabilizing plates may include apertures907for receiving mechanical fasteners (not shown), such as concrete screws or the like, for securely attaching the stanchions902L,902R into a ground support surface, such as a concrete slab, wood dock, etc. Each stanchion902L,902R may include a vertical stanchion body portion, or length, shown generally as910, and an intermediate metal framework portion908adjoining the stanchion feet906and the vertical stanchion body portions/lengths910. Preferably, each vertical stanchion body length910is further defined by an exteriorly-facing, or outer-facing, side912, an interiorly-facing, or inner-facing, side914, a front edge916, a rear edge918, and an upper distal end920. Each vertical stanchion body length910may further include a lowermost series of stanchion apertures922a, an uppermost series of stanchion apertures922c, and at least one intermediate series of stanchion apertures922b. Each series of stanchion apertures preferably includes a pair of apertures926extending therethrough and aligned with a corresponding pair of apertures946extending into the opposite left and right ends,944and945, respectively, of hook rod retaining cross member940, such that mechanical fasteners may be employed for fixedly attaching each end of cross member940to the corresponding vertical stanchion body length of the respective left and right stanchions902L,902R. Furthermore, each series of stanchion apertures922a,922b,922cpreferably includes a center aperture924sized, shaped, and otherwise configured for receiving one of the opposite distal end portions964of main body962of selectively-rotatable hook rod960therethrough. As best shown inFIGS.26and26A, hook rod distal end portions964may have a reduced cross-sectional diameter, or area, vis-à-vis rod main body962. Referring now particularly toFIGS.26and26A, a selectively-rotatable hook rod960may include a main body962having a generally cylindrical geometry. Although hook rod main body962is preferably of a generally cylindrical geometry, a flat surface portion963(or, alternatively, a series of spaced flats) may be provided for facilitating a secure weld attachment968(FIG.26A) of each of a series of spaced-apart hooks966to the hook rod main body. Alternatively, it is contemplated to use a completely cylindrical rod main body having a series of depressions provided therein for facilitating attachment of the hooks966, such as by welding, to a cylindrical rod surface. Significantly, it is preferred that the hooks966are fixed to the hook rod main body962at a relative orientation (for example, to main rod flat portion963) such that they remain at an upward angle of approximately fifteen degrees (15°) to a horizontal plane when the hook rod960is rotated into an extended, deployed position for holding fish. The slight upward taper acts to prevent fish attached to the hooks from undesirably sliding off without the aid of an individual. Preferably, the individual hook bodies966are also constructed from a rigid metal such as, for example, powder-coated aluminum rod segments. Referring now primarily toFIG.25, the structure of hook rod retaining cross member940is shown in more detail. The cross member940is generally bounded by a front side942, an opposite rear side943, a left end944, and an opposite right end945. The cross member940is further defined by a C-shaped channel extending laterally across its entire length and through front side942to define a cross member front side channel opening extending between a lower channel lip950, or edge, and an upper channel lip952, or edge. Access to the channel948is further provided through lateral access openings956at the opposite ends,944,955of the cross member. Significantly, a series of spaced-apart hook retention recesses954extend into front side942for receiving the corresponding spaced-apart hook bodies966of hook rod960when the hook rod is selectively rotated into a retracted, non-deployed position. As described briefly hereinabove, a pair of fastener-receiving apertures946may be provided extending into the opposite ends944,945of the cross member body for facilitating secure attachment of each cross member940extending laterally between the left and right support stanchions when the adjustable fish-supporting photographic rack assembly900is in a fully assembled state. Preferably, the hook rod retaining cross members940a,940b,940care constructed from a lightweight marine grade rigid polymer having excellent dimensional stability, machinability and high mechanical strength, such as an acetal homopolymer. Various commercially available acetal homopolymer are sold under various tradenames, including DELRIN, HOSAFORM, DURACON, and CELCON. A front display panel980is provided sized, shaped, and otherwise configured for direct attachment to the front side916of the spaced-apart stanchions. Front display panel980may be fixedly attached to the front side916of the stanchions using mechanical fasteners extending through corner apertures987in the front display panel and through corresponding apertures (not shown) in the front side of the stanchions. Significantly, rows of spaced-apart hook passage slots984extend completely through the display panel, which are sized, shaped, and positioned such that they are in alignment with the hook retention recesses954in the hook rod retaining cross member940. Significantly, in this manner the display panel slots984enable passage of the corresponding spaced-apart hooks966, during rotation of the selectively-rotatable hook rod960, between an extended deployed state (as shown inFIGS.22and23) and a fully retracted stowed state. The front display panel980functions to protect the hook rod retaining cross members940a,940b,940cfrom environmental elements. Furthermore, the present invention employs the use of so-called “metal photo prints,” which provide aesthetically-pleasing color photographic images printed on aluminum sheets. Details of the construction and manufacture of such metal photo prints is available, for example, at www.Aluminyze.com. Accordingly, the front display panel980further provides an aesthetically pleasing backdrop while taking photographs of anglers with their catch of fish displayed on the rack assembly900. Furthermore, the front display panel980provides an aesthetically pleasing image when the photographic rack assembly900is not being used in such a manner. A rear display panel990having a similar construction to the front display panel980is likewise designed for attachment to the rear side918of the spaced-apart stanchions902L,902R, via corner apertures999that align with corresponding apertures (not shown) in the rear sides918of the stanchions902L,902R. On its exposed, exterior-facing side992, the rear display panel may incorporate advertising and marketing information, for example, pertaining to a particular charter boat company, marina, etc. as shown inFIG.24. Significantly, the photographic rack assembly900has a construction that is conducive to relatively inexpensive manufacture, efficient packaging for sale, and ease of assembly. During assembly, each selectively-rotatable hook rod960may be slidably inserted through the corresponding C-shaped channel948of a respective hook rod retaining cross member, with the spaced-apart hooks966extending outwardly through the opening in the front side942of the cross member940as the hook rod960is slidably inserted therethrough, such that the individual spaced-apart hooks966are in direct alignment with the corresponding spaced-apart hook retention recesses954of the cross member when the hook rod is in a fully-inserted position. In this fully-inserted position distal end portions964of hook rod main body962extend outwardly a distance beyond the corresponding ends944,945of the cross member. Subsequently, the distal end portions964are received through corresponding distal end receiving apertures of a corresponding series of stanchion apertures922a,922b,922csuch that internally-threaded apertures946(or, alternatively, threaded sleeves press-fitted into the cross member apertures) at the ends of each cross member940align with corresponding cross member stanchion attachment apertures926. Subsequently, mechanical fasteners936are extended through the aligned apertures to securely fasten the hook rod retaining cross members traversing the spaced-apart stanchions902L,902R. Subsequently, hook rod rotation knobs934, or the like, may be disposed upon the distal end portions964of the main body962of each selectively rotatable hook rod960. Subsequently, with the hook rod retaining cross members securely fastened to the spaced-apart stanchions902L,902R the front and rear display panels,980and990, respectively, are assembled to the front and rear edges916,918of the stanchions, and upper cover strip995snap-fitted or otherwise attached to the top of the assembly between upper edges of the front and rear display panels. Referring now toFIGS.27-30, an adjustable fish-supporting photographic rack assembly1000is shown in accordance with a further implementation of the present invention. InFIGS.27and29, the adjustable fish-supporting photographic rack assembly1000is shown fully-assembled with individual rotatable hook rod assemblies1040,1050, and1060in a non-deployed, or stowed, state. InFIG.30, the adjustable fish-supporting photographic rack assembly1000is shown fully-assembled with individual rotatable hook rod assemblies1040,1050, and1060in a forwardly-rotated, deployed state and ready for use. Broadly, photographic rack assembly1000includes a tubular framework1002, a pair of left and right support bases,1020A and1020B, respectively, for supporting opposite ends of the tubular framework, a plurality of horizontally-oriented rotatable hook rod assemblies,1040,1050and1060, spanning an interior of the tubular framework, pairs of left and right rotatable hook rod assembly support members,1070A and1070B, respectively, and a central panel1030, functioning as an aesthetic backdrop, having a periphery attached to the tubular framework and disposed behind the rotatable hook rod assemblies. Referring primarily toFIG.28, the structure of the photographic rack assembly1000will now be described in more detail. Tubular framework1002may include (upper) horizontal framework member1004, left and right vertical framework members,1006A and1006B, respectively, and left and right curved framework members,1008A and1008B, respectively, interconnecting the left and right vertical framework members to corresponding left and right ends of the horizontal framework member. Multiple connection tabs1010may be provided spaced along the tubular framework1002for enabling selective attachment of a central panel1030. As previously described with respect to previous embodiments of the invention, central panel1030may incorporate an aesthetic image functioning as a photographic backdrop during use of the adjustable fish-supporting photographic rack assembly1000. As described in more detail below, aligned pairs of upper/lower apertures1012are provided through the vertical framework members1006A,1006B to enable attachment of left and right rotatable hook rod assembly support members,1078A and1078B, respectively, to the vertical framework members, as well for enabling rotational attachment of corresponding upper, intermediate and lower, rotatable hook rod assemblies,1040,1050and1060, respectively, spanning the vertical framework members1006A,1006B. Furthermore, additional apertures1013may be provided proximate to the lower end portions of the vertical framework members1006A,1006B for enabling attachment of the vertical framework member lower ends to left and right support bases,1020A and1020B, respectively. The support bases1020A,1020B each include a planar base portion1022, a vertical connector tube1024extending upwardly from an upper surface of the planar base portion, and a pair of interconnecting plates1028spanning opposite lateral sides of the vertical connector tube and the upper surface of the support base planar base portion. In addition to providing added stability to the framework1002, the interconnecting plates1028may be designed as an aesthetic feature (e.g. designed in the form of a fish tail, etc.). Apertures1023may be provided through the planar base portions1022for enabling secure attachment of the support bases1020A,1020B to an underlying ground support surface (G;FIG.30), such as a concrete slab or the like. Framework1002may be assembled to the support bases1020A,1020B by inserting lower ends1014of the vertical framework members1006A,1006B through an upper opening1026in vertical connector tube1024until the lower apertures1013of the vertical framework members are aligned with the corresponding apertures1025in the vertical connector tubes1024, and then inserting conventional mechanical fastener components (not shown) through the aligned apertures. Pairs of left and right support members,1070A and1070B, respectively, are provided to support the rotatable hook rod assemblies1040,1050,1060when they are forwardly rotated (as indicated by reference characters R1, R2, and R3inFIG.30) during use. Accordingly, the left and right support members1070A,1070B are alternatively referred to herein as “left rotatable hook rod assembly support member1070A” and “right rotatable hook rod assembly support member1070B.” The left and right rotatable hook rod assemblies1070A,1070B have identical structures, but they are mirror images of one another. Referring now particularly toFIG.28A, an enlarged view of right rotatable hook rod assembly support member1070B is shown to illustrate further structural details. Right hook rod assembly support member1070B preferably has a unitary, or one-piece, structure including a vertically-oriented tubular, or cylindrical, collar portion1072extending between collar portion upper and lower ends, and including a pair of vertically-spaced upper and lower fastener openings1078extending through its sidewall. A vertical, or vertically-oriented, planar wall portion1074is provided spanning the opposite upper and lower ends of the vertically-oriented cylindrical collar portion1072, and projecting radially outward therefrom. A generally horizontal planar wall portion1076is provided projecting laterally (in this case, to the left) from a lower end of the vertical wall portion1074to define an upper support surface1077for supporting a corresponding horizontally-oriented hook rod1042,1052,1062in a forwardly-rotated, fish-supporting, position. In that sense, upper support surface1077further functions as a stop limit to the forward rotations, R1, R2and R3, of corresponding upper hook rod1042, intermediate hook rod1052and lower hook rod1062, respectively. As best shown inFIG.30, it is preferable that upper surface1077of horizontal wall portion1076is angled upwardly in a forward direction such that the forward rotations R1, R2and R3, of the horizontally-oriented hook rods1042,1052,1062, are limited to respective forward rotational angles, β1, β2and β3, of less than ninety degrees (90°). In this manner, sets of spaced-apart hooks1049,1059and1069, projecting outwardly from the respective hook rods are maintained at a desired upward angle in order to prevent fish supported thereon from inadvertently sliding off of the respective hooks during use of the photographic rack assembly1000to create a photographic backdrop. Preferably, the maximum angles of forward rotation (β1, β2and β3) of the respective hook rods1042,1052and1062, about central axes X1, X2and X3, is restricted to about seventy-five degrees (75°). During assembly, the right and left support members,1078A and1070B, are sleeved over the left and right vertical framework members,1006A and1006B, until the tubular collar apertures1078are aligned with the vertical framework member apertures1012, and then mechanical fasteners (not shown) are used to fixedly attach the support members to the vertical framework members. Upper, intermediate and lower, horizontally-oriented rotatable hook rod assemblies,1040,1050and1060, respectively, are assembled to framework1002in a manner enabling each hook rod assembly to be rotated between a stowed position (e.g. as shown inFIGS.27and29) and a forwardly-rotated in-use position (e.g. as shown inFIG.30). For convenience, the general structure of the hook rod assemblies will be now be described primarily with respect to upper rotatable hook rod assembly1040. Horizontally-oriented upper hook rod assembly1040includes an upper hook rod1042defined by a horizontal length1044transitioning, via interconnecting left and right curved portions,1046A and1046B, to respective left and right linear end portions,1045A and1045B. The left and right linear end portions1045A,1045B each include an aperture1047for enabling rotational attachment of the left and right linear end portions to the respective left and right vertical framework members,1006A and1006B, via mechanical fasteners (not shown) extending through linear end portion apertures1047and lower ones of the aperture pairs1012in the vertical framework members1006A,1006B, thereby enabling rotation of upper rotatable hook rod assembly1040, including spaced-apart hooks1049projecting from horizontal length1044, about upper rotational axis X1. Similarly, horizontally-oriented intermediate hook rod assembly1050includes an intermediate hook rod1052defined by a horizontal length1054transitioning, via interconnecting left and right curved portions,1056A and1056B, to respective left and right linear end portions,1055A and1055B. The left and right linear end portions1055A,1055B each include an aperture1047for enabling rotational attachment of the left and right linear end portions to the respective left and right vertical framework members,1006A and1006B, via mechanical fasteners (not shown) extending through linear end portion apertures1047and lower ones of the (intermediate) aperture pairs1012in the vertical framework members1006A,1006B, thereby enabling rotation of intermediate rotatable hook rod assembly1050, including spaced-apart hooks1059projecting from horizontal length1054, about intermediate rotational axis X2. Likewise, horizontally-oriented lower hook rod assembly1060includes a lower hook rod1062defined by a horizontal length1064transitioning, via interconnecting left and right curved portions,1066A and1066B, to respective left and right linear end portions,1065A and1065B. The left and right linear end portions1065A,1065B each include an aperture1047for enabling rotational attachment of the left and right linear end portions to the respective left and right vertical framework members,1006A and1006B, via mechanical fasteners (not shown) extending through linear end portion apertures1047and lower ones of the (lower) aperture pairs1012in the vertical framework members1006A,1006B, thereby enabling rotation of lower rotatable hook rod assembly1060, including spaced-apart hooks1069projecting from horizontal length1064, about lower rotational axis X3. As best shown inFIGS.27and29, when the rotatable hook rod assemblies1040,1050,1060are in a stowed position the corresponding spaced-apart fish-supporting hooks1049,1059,1069project upwards, precluding injury to passersby from inadvertent contact with the fish-supporting hooks. As best shown inFIG.30, when the rotatable hook rod assemblies1040,1050,1060are rotated about respective axes X1, X2and X3(as indicated by reference characters R1, R2and R3) to in-use positions1040′,1050′,1060′, the respective fish-hanging hooks1049,1059,1069project outwardly at an angle of approximately 15° from horizontal. In other words, it is preferred that the rotatable hook rod assemblies are rotated at angles β1, β2, β3less than 90° from their vertical, stowed position. Referring now toFIGS.31-34, an adjustable fish-supporting photographic rack assembly1100is shown in accordance with a further implementation of the present invention. Significantly, adjustable fish-supporting photographic rack assembly1100incorporates a snap-fit framework structure that enables efficient packaging of individual assembly components for convenient shipping to consumers, and facilitates simple and efficient assembly/installation by a single individual with minimal tool use. Likewise, the snap-fit framework structure can be easily disassembled and relocated by a single individual. Furthermore, the assembled rack1100is in the form of a standalone unit, which enables relatively simple adjustment of the position/orientation of the assembled rack upon a support surface. Referring now particularly toFIG.31, adjustable fish-supporting photographic rack assembly1100is shown in an exploded state. Generally, adjustable fish-supporting photographic rack assembly1100includes an inverted U-shaped upper tubular framework member1110, a main tubular framework body1120, a pair of support stanchions1140, and a rear banner1160,1170spanning upper and lower interior framework openings,1110aand1120a(FIG.32), respectively, defined by the assembled framework. Main tubular framework body1120includes an upper horizontal metal hook rod1122having opposite ends permanently welded to upper end portions of spaced-apart right and left tubular vertical framework members,1126and1128, respectively. Likewise, main tubular framework body1120includes a lower horizontal metal hook rod1124having opposite ends permanently welded to lower end portions of the spaced-apart right and left tubular vertical framework members1126,1128. The upper and lower horizontal metal hook rods1122,1124each include a plurality, or series, of spaced-apart rigid aluminum fish-supporting hooks1134permanently welded thereto such that the hooks protrude outwardly in a forward direction. The fish-supporting hooks1134are formed having semi-blunted tips to prevent inadvertent injury to an individual during packaging, assembly, disassembly or use of the invention. Furthermore, each hook preferably extends outwardly from its respective horizontal metal hook rod a distance of between 1 inch (2.54 cm) and 2 inches (5.08 cm). Significantly, the permanently welded construction of the main tubular framework body1120(including the permanently welded fish-supporting hooks1134) results in a high-strength unitary, or one-piece, framework structure having sufficient mechanical strength to safely and securely support the weight of a catch of fish (not shown). At their upper ends, the right and left hollow vertical framework members1126,1128taper inwardly to define respective reduced diameter upper end portions1126a,1128a. For purposes described in more detail below, upper apertures1130are provided extending though the sidewalls of the reduced diameter upper end portions1126a,1128b, and lower apertures1132are provided extending through the sidewalls of the lower ends of right and left hollow vertical framework members1126,1128. Inverted U-shaped tubular framework member1110is further defined by a horizontal length1112transitioning, via right and left intermediate curved lengths,1114aand1114b, respectively, to corresponding opposite right and left vertical lengths,1116aand1116b. For purposes described in more detail below, apertures1118are provided extending through the sidewall of lower ends of the right and left vertical lengths1116a,1116b, and pairs of apertures (not shown) are provided extending through the lower sidewall of horizontal length1112at opposite ends thereof. Each of the pair of spaced-apart support stanchions1140is defined by a flat, or planar, stanchion support base plate1150, a tubular vertical support member1142extending upwardly from an upper surface of the stanchion support base plate, and a pair of opposite front and rear arcuate support members,1146and1148, each welded at a lower end to the stanchion support base plate and each welded at an upper end to the tubular vertical support member. For purposes described in more detail below, upper apertures1144are provided extending though the sidewalls of reduced diameter upper end portions1142aof tubular vertical support member1142. Each stanchion support base plate1150is provided having apertures1152at opposite forward and rearward ends thereof. The apertures1152are provided for enabling the respective stanchion support base plates1150to be securely attached, via conventional threaded mechanical fasteners (not shown), to a flat underlying support surface. Significantly, adjustable fish-supporting photographic rack assembly1100is uniquely constructed and configured to enable quick assembly by a single individual. Main tubular framework body1120may be releasably attached to spaced-apart support stanchions1140. A stainless steel push snap clip1106(alternatively referred to as a “spring leg snap button”) is inserted into the open end of the reduced-diameter end portion1142aof the hollow vertical support member1142of each support stanchion1140, such that a push button1106aof the stainless steel push snap clip1106protrudes through at least one upper aperture1144of tubular vertical support member1142. Although a single spring leg snap button1106is shown in the drawings, preferably, a double spring leg snap button will be employed for improved stability. A double spring leg snap button would have a pair of push buttons1106aextending through a respective pair of upper apertures1144. With the stainless steel push snap clips1106in place, the open lower ends of the right and left hollow vertical framework members,1126and1128, are sleeved over the reduced-diameter end portions1142aof the hollow vertical support members1142until the push buttons1106aof the push snap clips1106protrude through the lower apertures1132extending through the sidewalls of the lower ends of the right and left hollow vertical framework members1126,1128to thereby securely releasably attach the main tubular framework body1120to the underlying support stanchions1140. In a similar manner, inverted U-shaped tubular member1110may be securely releasably attached to the upper end of main tubular framework body1120. Preferably, a pair of stainless steel push snap clips1106are initially inserted into the open ends of the reduced-diameter end portions1126a,1128aof the hollow vertical framework members1126,1128until the push buttons1106aprotrude through the upper apertures1130extending though the sidewalls of the reduced diameter upper end portions1126a,1128b. With the stainless steel push snap clips1106in place, the open lower ends of right and left vertical lengths,1116aand1116b, of inverted U-shaped tubular member1110are sleeved over the reduced-diameter end portions,1126aand1128a, of right and left hollow vertical framework members,1126and1128, respectively, until the push buttons1106aof the push snap clips1106protrude through the lower apertures1118extending through the sidewalls of the lower ends of the right and left vertical lengths,1116aand1116bto thereby securely releasably attach the inverted U-shaped tubular member1110to the underlying main tubular framework body1120. With the entire framework1110,1120securely assembled to the support stanchions1140the stanchions can optionally be securely fastened to an underlying support surface. Referring now toFIGS.31-34, a display banner is provided for assembly to the framework structure. The display banner includes an upper display banner portion1160sized and shaped to span framework opening1110a, and a lower display banner portion1170sized and shaped to span framework opening1120a. Although the upper and lower display banner portions,1160and1170, are shown as individual banner panels in the drawings it is understood that the upper and lower display banner portions may be portions of a single contiguous panel of banner material. A pair of spaced-apart slots1162may be provided along an upper end of upper display banner portion1160for receiving attachment webbing (not shown) therethrough. Moreover, a pair of webbing guides1102may be secured to the underside of opposite ends of horizontal length1112of inverted U-shaped tubular framework member1110via conventional mechanical fasteners1104. In this manner, lengths of webbing, e.g. nylon straps (not show) may be inserted through webbing receiving slots1162of upper banner portion1160and through corresponding webbing guides1102to secure the upper banner portion to inverted U-shaped tubular member1110. The upper and lower banner portions1160,1170may be further secured to the rear side of inverted U-shaped tubular framework member1110and to the rear sides of the hollow vertical framework members1126,1128, via conventional fasteners (not shown). Since many modifications, variations, and changes in detail can be made to the described preferred embodiments of the invention, it is intended that all matters in the foregoing description and shown in the accompanying drawings be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. Thus, the scope of the invention should be determined by the appended claims and their legal equivalence. By way of example, it is contemplated to incorporate a wheel or roller subassembly, or the like, either along a lower edge of the main panel body and/or panel corner supports in order to provide means for rolling the assembly along a ground surface rather than carrying the assembly.

11856933

Certain terminology will be used in the following description for convenience and reference only, and will not be limiting. For example, the words “upwardly”, “downwardly”, “rightwardly” and “leftwardly” will refer to directions in the drawings to which reference is made. The words “inwardly” and “outwardly” will refer to directions toward and away from, respectively, the geometric center of the arrangement and designated parts thereof. Said terminology will include the words specifically mentioned, derivatives thereof, and words of similar import. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Referring toFIGS.1-8, a multi-function fishing tool10of the present invention is designed as a subcompact line management solution taking the place of larger or separate tools such as knives, scissors, nippers, etc. commonly used when re-rigging fishing gear. The fishing tool10as illustrated in the drawings performs multiple functions while providing an aesthetically pleasing design. Generally, the fishing tool10includes a main body12that is preferably shaped in the general aesthetic appearance of a fish. The main body12is configured with various features that not only contribute to the aesthetic appearance but also are configured to perform multiple different functions or tasks that are typically performed when the user is fishing. Preferably, the main body is formed of an advanced polymer body that blends strength, durability, and flexibility into one lightweight material. The main body12is designed to be “non-mechanical” (no hinges, springs, etc.) to increase longevity, and does not become cold to touch and is engineered to withstand repeated exposure to harsh environmental conditions. The fishing tool10includes at least one blade14wherein a single blade preferably is provided which performs multiple functions. In particular, the blade14includes a first portion that forms a cutter blade15and a second portion that forms a nipper blade16. While the blade14is configured as a unitary single piece, it will be understood that these cutting and nipping functions may be formed by separate blades. As one function, the cutter blade15is configured to slice like a knife, wherein the cutting edge15A may be arcuate and face generally forwardly into a hollow body cavity17. The heavy duty cutting blade15quickly cuts many fishing line materials and constructions such as monofilament, fluorocarbon, copolymer, and braided fishing lines (120 IB+). The blade14preferably is a metal blade made of or comprising stainless steel and is embedded in the main body12, preferably by insertion through a bottom slot18(seeFIGS.4,7and8) formed in the main body12. The blade14is fastened or pinned in place by a dowel pin or other fastener19that is inserted into a central bore20formed in the main body12. While the blade14is formed separate from the main body12, it will be understood by the skilled artisan that the cutting and nipping functions could be incorporated integrally into the main body12. As a further function, the nipper blade16is configured to snip like a nipper. In more detail, the nose12A of the main body12includes lower jaw22from which the nipper blade16projects vertically, and a depressible head section23, which is flexibly joined to a tail section24of the main body12by a flexible backbone25. The head section23defines an upper jaw26, which normally is spaced vertically from the lower jaw22and the nipper blade16, to define a horizontally elongate throat27that opens rearwardly into the hollow body cavity17and forwardly to define a mouth28of the head section23. All of the mouth28, throat27and body cavity17open sidewardly through both of the opposite sides of the main body12so that fishing line or the like can extend sidewardly or transversely through the thickness of the main body12. Basically, the upper jaw26includes a flat cutting face29that faces dowardly toward the cutting edge16A of the nipper blade16, such that the cutting face29and nipper blade16are normally spaced apart as shown inFIGS.1and2. However, the head section23can be manually pressed downwardly such as when a user grips the head section23and presses with one part of a hand downwardly on the head section23and presses upwardly on the lower jaw22with another part of the hand. As such, manual squeezing of the head section23in this manner displaces the upper jaw26downwardly into contact with the nipper blade16. Any object such as fishing line48(seeFIG.10) will then be nipped or severed similar to the use of scissors. As such, the upper jaw26and lower jaw22function together to define a nipper30in the head section23. The backbone25flexes to allow such movement of the upper jaw26and effectively defines a living hinge between the head section23and tail section24. As seen inFIGS.7and8, the backbone is relatively wide and spans the width of the main body12so as to resist twisting of the head section23relative to the tail section during nipping. This helps maintain the upper jaw26in alignment with the lower jaw22so that the nipper blade16is substantially perpendicular with the cutting face29. Further, the curvature of the backbone25allows line to slid past the fishing tool10when rod-mounted to resist snagging of fishing line on the fishing tool10. While one cutting edge16A is provided, the upper jaw26instead could be provided with its own respective cutting blade. The depressible nipper30makes precision cuts, allows easy removal of tag ends48A (FIG.16) hanging from a knot48B after tying, and makes quick work of knots remaining on hook eyelets55B. A conveniently placed thumb dimple31is provided on the upper surface of the head section23to improve ergonomics (50 IB+) and allows the upper jaw to flex relative to the lower jaw22to snip objects against the nipper blade16. Therefore, the precisely shaped head section23allows a user to split knots apart that may be remaining on fishing hook eyelets55B. The backbone25flexes to allow such movement of the In another function, the fishing tool10is configured to stow a tied hook in a manner similar to a hook keeper. In this regard, the tail section24may be formed with a storage opening34, which has an hourglass shape that defines an enlarged and inline hook keeper the tail section24of the fishing tool12. As will be described further herein, the storage opening34is designed to remedy the awkward and slow gear storage experience found with traditional (or non-existent) hook keepers. To strengthen the tail section24, a projecting rib35is provided, which has the aesthetic appearance of a fin, and has the structural function of stiffening the tail section24in the region of the opening34. As such, the upper wall of the storage opening34might flex or straighten out when pulled on by the fishing line pulling on a stored hook, but the rib35helps resist such flexing and strengthen the upper wall of opening34. Further, the rib35is vertically adjacent and next to the upper wall of the storage opening34such that the rib35helps stabilize the backbone25and resist twisting of the backbone25and upper jaw26during nipping, which is desirable as described above. In this manner, the rib35helps maintain alignment of the nipping blade16and cutting face29. As a further advantage, the head section23further includes an upwardly projecting lip or flange36that has a terminal end36A that contacts the head section23proximate the thumb dimple31. This essentially closes the open front end of the mouth28and prevents access to the throat27when the head section23is in the normal, undepressed condition ofFIG.1. When the head section23is flexed downwardly (such as by the user squeezing the head section23), the mouth28is opened and fishing line can be slid into the mouth28, and then the throat27for nipping, and then slid into the body cavity17if so desired for cutting by the cutter blade15. Preferably, the lip36is spaced forwardly of the head section23and then curves backwardly into contact with the head section23. This curvature defines an easy glide or seamless entry point that only allows fishing line inside the upper and lower jaws26and22when intended by the user since the mouth28and throat27are normally closed and works like a weedless lure to prevent snags and unintentional cuts to the fishing line due to inadvertent entry into the areas of the cutting blade15and nipper blade16. Further, the overall shape of the main body12curves generally from the nose section12A to the backbone25, which serves to make the fishing tool10essentially snagless, as well as low profile and convenient to use. As noted, the fishing tool10is rod-mountable and may be mounted and removed from any fishing rod. The main body12is formed with a versa-mount system defined by connector formations that may be formed as a plurality and preferably four connector blocks38on the bottom edges of the main body12. The connector blocks38anchor ends51of a connector strap such as resilient O-rings52and allow the O-rings52to wrap about the fishing rod to mount the fishing tool10in position. As such, the fishing tool10can attach anywhere, go anywhere. For example, the axial position along the length of a rod50, such as near the handle and in front or back of the reel, and the radial position around the circumference of the rod50can be varied as desired by the user. Further, the fishing tool10is configured as a knot assist that helps with the tying of knots. The head section23is provided with an opening or eye40that opens through the thickness of the main body12. A user can use the fishing tool's eye40to stabilize hooks and keep both hands free when tying knots. In addition, the eye40provides a safer and more effective way to hold your lure when firmly pulling down knots. The fishing tool10is designed to seamlessly integrate as a line management tool with an angler's most integral pieces of gear all using included O-rings for attachment. As will described, the fishing tool10can securely mount to your rod blank (in front of reel or behind reel on split grips) such as by using the O-rings52, and also on zippers of clothing and tackle bags, zingers, lanyards, keychains, etc. such as by using connectors looped through the openings34or40. As generally described above, the fishing tool10allows the user to accomplish multiple different tasks. In more detail, the main body12is preferably formed as a integral or single piece that is assembled together with the metal blade14. Referring toFIGS.9A and9B, the main body12is preferably formed with the blade slot18that allows insertion of the blade14into the main body12from below and securement therein. It will be understood that the blade and cutting functions might be integrated into the main body12. The blade14includes the cutter blade15and nipper blade16, which are joined together by an intermediate blade body41. The slot18is accessible through the bottom surface of the main body12and has a first slot section18A that extends into the main body to surround the back portion of the body cavity17with the cutting blade15projecting outwardly from the first slot section18A and exposed within the body cavity17. The slot18also has a second slot section18B that extends forwardly into the lower jaw22, wherein the nipper blade16is exposed. As seen inFIGS.9C and9D, the blade14essentially is aligned with the centerline of the main body12and includes the pin bore20for receiving the pin19. The slot sections18A and18B help to limit deformation of the thin blade14laterally or sideways within the main body12. The blade14may also include a fastener bore41through which the pin19is inserted during assembly. The blade14is installed by inserting or nosing the nipper blade16into the second slot section18B and swinging or pivoting the cutter blade15upwardly into the first slot section18A, at which time the blade14can be pinned or secured in a fixed position by inserting the pin19into the fastener bore20such that the pin19extends laterally through the blade pin bore41. Other fastening means may also be used or the blade14may be molded into the main body12, or a blade may be mounted to an exterior of the main body12without departing from the present invention. In more detail, the main body12is formed so that the second slot section18B includes a front shoulder43having a front wall44and bottom shoulder surface45. The shoulder surface45is configured to lie close to and intermittently support a bottom blade edge16B during use. The main body12also includes a transverse bridge46in the slot18between the first and second slot sections18A and18B. When the blade14is installed, the nipper blade16is inserted into the second slot section18B and the pivoted upwardly with the nipper blade16pivoting on the front shoulder43until the cutter blade15moves into and seats within the first slot section18A. Once seated in position, the pin19is installed and the blade14is secured in the slot18. Once installed, the pin19defines a first contact point that in effect is a pivot point for the blade14when cutting and nipping. When cutting, the upper blade edge14A contacts the bottom surface of the bridge46, which defines a second contact point that in effect is a fulcrum point for the larger cutting blade15. When the blade14is in the normal installed position, the bottom blade edge16B is spaced a small distance from the shoulder surface45as seen in the detail view ofFIG.10. For nipping, the blade section16C in effect defines a flex point, wherein the nipper blade16can always self-align because of the gap between blade edge16B and shoulder surface45. This gives the nipper blade16a shear action regardless of where along the edgewise axial length of the nipper blade16that line material is being cut when depressing the head section23. As noted above, the head section23has a front-facing surface23A that contacts the terminal end36A of the front lip36that thereby controls access to the mouth28, throat27and body cavity17. The terminal end36A normally contacts the head surface23A as seen inFIG.10and closes access to the mouth28. When the head section23is depressed to open the mouth28, the fishing line48can enter the mouth28generally as shown by position P1. The fishing line48then moves to position P2in the throat27and may be nipped in position P3by the nipper blade16, or be moved to the body cavity17for cutting by the cutter blade15in position P4. As seen inFIG.11, the nipper blade16preferably has a blade nose49formed with a flat radius or curvature that prevents cuts to the fishing line48or line abrasion due to movement of the line48through the throat27which potentially may cause dragging of the fishing line48over the blade nose49. As noted, the fishing tool10is removably mountable to a fishing rod50as shown inFIG.12. The main body12is formed with connector blocks38that project sidewardly and anchor ends51of O-rings52and allow the O-rings to wrap about the fishing rod to mount the fishing tool10in position. This four point attachment system works in conjunction with a concave base surface54as seen inFIGS.9C and9Dto eliminate lateral torsion on rod50and maintain the fishing10in axial alignment with the rod axis. Also the connector blocks38define low profile attachment points to eliminate snags. As seen inFIGS.13and14, one end51of each O-ring52is hooked on one connector block38and then the O-ring52is stretched around the rod50and the other O-ring end51is hooked onto the connector block38on the opposite side of the main body12. The connector blocks38are provided with smooth, arcuate channels53to snugly receive the O-ring ends52without cutting or marring the surface thereof. This provides tight fitting attachment of the fishing tool10on the rod50at virtually any axial position and virtually any radial position about the rod circumference. Preferably, the fishing tool10is sold with a kit of six total O-rings51of different sizes, which may be included in pairs of small, medium, and large to accommodate nearly all rod diameters, wherein the O-rings52and are nearly indestructible and hold up to the harshest weather extremes. This attachment method is non marring. As noted, the tail end24includes the opening or aperture34for receiving a hook55already tied onto the fishing line48. The end wall of the opening34serves as a storage formation that essentially defines a hook keeper. This aperture34is hourglass shaped and has a relatively large length corresponding to the length of a hooked portion55A so that the hooked portion55A can be inserted sidewardly into the aperture34and then pulled axially under line tension to the stored position ofFIGS.15and16. This hook movement is generally identified by reference arrow56(FIG.16). As such, the aperture34and end wall function as a line keeper for tied hooks55. If there is substantial line tension, the upper wall of the opening34might tend to flex, but the upper wall is strengthened and rigidified by the adjacent fin-shaped rib35. However, it may be necessary to tie the fishing line48to an untied hook55-1. The aperture34, however, is relatively large and the untied hook55-1would tend to easily fall out in the absence of line tension, such that the aperture34does not provide much benefit or assistance in the tying of fishing line48. However, the eye40is provided, which is relatively small and requires that the untied hook55-1be manipulated into the eye40. This then helps hold the hook55-1on the fishing tool10and then the fishing line48can be more easily tied onto the hook55-1as seen inFIGS.15and16after tying is completed. The eye40serves as a hook anchor that holds the hook during knot tying. Typically, the fishing line48is slack during this task and the hook55-1can then be readily removed from the eye40once tied. Once tying is complete, the line slack is reeled in and the hook keeper34can then be used, whereby the hook is now tied and designated as tied hook55. The inventive fishing tool10is particularly suitable for use in association with the performance of fishing and other similar activities, and more particularly, serves as a rod-mountable fishing tool10that is usable mounted or off of a fishing rod50. The fishing tool10exhibits an integrated aesthetic appearance wherein aesthetic shapes and features also can serve multiple functions associated with tasks typically performed while fishing, such as cutting of lines, nipping of knots and other severable materials, tying of knots, storage of hooks and lines and other tasks. Although a particular preferred embodiment of the invention has been disclosed in detail for illustrative purposes, it will be recognized that variations or modifications of the disclosed apparatus, including the rearrangement of parts, lie within the scope of the present invention.

11856934

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Manifested in the preferred embodiment, the present invention provides an ice hole cover that can be opened selectively and effortlessly by a fisherman at the right moment, and without fear of the cover interfering with activities adjacent to the cover or interfering with the successful landing of fish. In the preferred embodiment of the invention illustrated inFIGS.1-7, a pivotal ice hole cover101comprises a ring110configured to circumscribe an ice hole, a pair of plate-like lid halves113,114pivotally coupled to ring110through a pair of spring hinges111,112, and a lid retainer120configured to selectively retain the pair of lid halves113,114in the closed configuration illustrated inFIG.1. Preferred embodiment ice hole cover101is suitable for covering a hole in an ice layer over a body of water, while permitting an ice fishing line to pass through the cover. Ring110comprises a plate-like geometry resembling a washer used with bolts. The inside hole within ring110is defined by ring lip147, and has a diameter comparable or greater than that of an ice hole that preferred embodiment ice hole cover101will be used to cover. The specific dimensions of ring110are not critical to the present invention. Likewise, both of the outside and inside perimeters of ring110may take any shape and so are not limited to that of a circle. Nevertheless, for those applications where the diameter and geometry of the hole are known, the inside opening will preferably have a similar or slightly larger dimension, allowing ring110to rest above and adjacent to the ice fishing hole while simultaneously avoiding any interference with fishing lines or other objects passing through the interior of the hole. The pair of plate-like lid halves113,114perform the hole-covering function. These lid halves113,114are dimensioned to primarily block the ice fishing hole in a first primarily closed position, as illustrated inFIG.1. The outer diameter defined by the pair of lid halves113,114will preferably rest upon ring lip147, thereby providing good support in the event a person or other object presses down onto lid halves113,114toward the ice hole. A lid fishing line hole118is defined in the center of preferred embodiment ice hole cover101when cover101is in the closed configuration that is relatively smaller than the ice hole opening. The lid fishing line hole118extends entirely through the lid, and is configured to permit an ice fishing line to pass through. In preferred embodiment ice hole cover101, lid fishing line hole118is formed by small semicircular “mouse-hole” cutouts formed in the otherwise half-circle outer perimeter of each of lid halves113,114. While this approach is preferred, the location and geometry of the hole are not critical to the present invention so long as the lid halves113,114may be pivoted freely without interfering with either the fishing line or the landing of the fish. For exemplary and non-limiting purpose, in some embodiments one of the pair of lid halves113,114will have a half-circle perimeter with no cutout for hole18, while the other of the pair of lid halves113,114will be provided with the entire lid fishing line hole118in a dimension large enough to adequately allow fishing line to pass through. While in preferred embodiment ice hole cover101the lid halves113,114are described and illustrated as actually dividing the ice hole opening into two equal portions, in alternative embodiments these lid halves113,114are not actually equal sizes and instead cover unequal portions of the ice fishing hole. For the purposes of the present disclosure, these lid halves113,114will be understood to be either equal in size as in the preferred embodiment, or of different size in alternative embodiments even though still referred to as “halves”. In preferred embodiment ice hole cover101, lid halves113,114are not only provided with ice fishing line hole118, but are also provided with any number of perforations117. Perforations117are most preferably configured to meet a plurality of competing objectives. One objective for perforations117is to provide ventilation, allowing for air and thermal exchange between the surface of the water within the ice hole and the shelter. This helps to slow down re-freezing of the hole, and in many cases will keep the hole open without further equipment or work. When lid halves113,114are fabricated from a transparent material, the holes and air exchange also provide decreased fogging and condensation, and improved visibility through the lid halves. A second objective of perforations117is that they are small enough to block keys and other vital items from accidentally dropping into the ice hole when perforate plate-like lid halves113,114are closed, such as illustrated inFIGS.3and4. Yet another objective is that perforate plate-like lid halves113,114as defined in combination with perforations117can sustain reasonably anticipated forces. Such forces, to be determined by a designer, will preferably include supporting the weight of a small child or toddler who might accidentally step on lid halves113,114. As long as lid halves113,114are configured accordingly, then when lid halves113,114are closed as illustrated inFIGS.1,2and3, a child or toddler that missteps will be saved from being submerged into the icy cold water. Preferably, ring lip147will provide additional support for the outer perimeter of lid halves113,114, acting as a rotational limit or stop, in the event a significant load is placed on the lid halves. Yet another objective of perforations117is that when lid retainer120is activated, there is minimal air drag between the air and the opening lid halves to allow lid halves113,114to open as quickly as possible. While perforations117are preferred, for exemplary and non-limiting purpose in some alternative embodiments various louvers and grates will be used to define the perforate plate-like lid halves113,114. In some alternative embodiments, lid halves113,114are substantially imperforate other than the ice fishing line hole118. In such embodiments, preferred embodiment ice hole cover101will act as an insulation layer, helping to keep the ice hole open when preferred embodiment ice hole cover101is used on the open ice even in very cold temperatures. As may be apparent then, in different embodiments lid halves113,114may have any number of perforations, with more preferable for sheltered applications and relatively warmer days or climates, and fewer preferred for use on the open ice in extreme weather. In some alternative embodiments, lid halves113,114are configured to partially overlap. In such alternative embodiments, a shiplap joint is formed by overlapping rabbets cut into opposite faces of lid halves113,114that are in abutting relationship. In such alternative embodiments, this allows more tolerance on the size and positioning of the lid retainer pin122, since it is then only required to engage with the top one of the two lid halves, and the shiplap joint will hold the other lid halve down in place. In some of these alternative embodiments, the overlapping rabbets will extend entirely across the abutting surfaces, while in other alternative embodiments the overlapping rabbets will only exist through some part or portion of the abutting surfaces, with the remainder of the abutting surfaces having only vertical faces abutting with each other, rather than the combination of vertical and horizontal faces provided by a rabbet. Other types and geometries of mechanical joints and interfaces, besides the vertical and adjacent faces as illustrated in the preferred embodiment or the alternative embodiment rabbets, double rabbets, and shiplap joints described herein, will be understood to be equivalents that are incorporated herein, as will be recognized by those skilled in the mechanical arts upon a reading of the present disclosure. Lid halves113,114are pivotally coupled to ring110through a pair of spring hinges111,112. Each one of spring hinges111,112are illustrated as having a combination spring hinge pin116that comprises a central pin that is wrapped with a spring115. The spring applies a bias force against the two lid halves113,114in a direction that tends to force lid halves113,114into the second open position illustrated inFIG.5. Each one of spring hinges111,112are affixed securely to both of ring110and the associated one of lid halves113,114using any suitable fastener and/or technique. While a spring is preferred, in alternative embodiments other equivalents are used to generate the rotary force about spring hinge pin116, either continuously as generated by the illustrated torsion spring, or intermittently such as by a pedal or foot-operated device. Such apparatuses, for exemplary and non-limiting purposes, include: mechanical devices such as pressure or pedal actuated mechanical linkages, and pneumatic and hydraulic linkages; and electro-mechanical devices such as solenoids, rotary motors, and linear motors, though those familiar with the mechanical and electro-mechanical arts will recognize upon a reading of the present disclosure that there are many other apparatuses too numerous to mention that are equivalent to those mentioned herein. A lid retainer120is configured to selectively retain the pair of lid halves113,114in the closed configuration illustrated inFIGS.1and7. In preferred embodiment ice hole cover101, lid retainer120has a linearly reciprocating lid retainer pin122that, in the closed configuration illustrated inFIG.1, protrudes out from lid retainer120in a direction above at least the outer edges of each individual one of lid halves113,114. Lid retainer pin122is also preferably spring loaded or biased to a retracted position as illustrated inFIGS.4,5and6, where lid retainer pin122will instead protrude from lid retainer120in a direction away from lid halves113,114, and away from the center of ring110. In this retracted position, lid retainer pin122is no longer above and retaining lid halves113,14closed. As a result, retraction of lid retainer pin122will allow the springs115in spring hinges111,112to drive lid halves113,114into the second open position illustrated inFIG.5. Lid retainer actuator button124is preferably provided to selectively hold lid retainer pin122in the protruding position illustrated inFIG.1, thereby keeping lid halves113,114closed. However, lid retainer actuator button124is also preferably configured when pressed to release lid retainer pin122, allowing an internal lid retainer spring within lid retainer120to retract lid retainer pin122to the position illustrated inFIGS.4,5, and6. The lid retainer spring geometry is not critical to the present invention. While not illustrated, this geometry may for exemplary purposes in some embodiments comprise a helically wound spring wrapped around lid retainer pin122, and anchored on a first end against lid retainer pin122and on a second distal end against an anchor within lid retainer120. Consequently, the push of lid retainer actuator button124will release lid retainer pin122from lid halves113,114, thereby allowing springs115in the hinges to pivot lid halves113,114from the closed configuration illustrated inFIG.1through an intermediate position illustrated inFIG.4, and finally to the open position illustrated inFIG.5. While the construction of lid retainer120as illustrated and described herein is most preferred, those familiar with the mechanical and electro-mechanical arts will recognize other known equivalents, including for exemplary and non-limiting purposes a variety of well-known catches and clasps, again either purely mechanical, electro-mechanical, pneumatic or hydraulic, or of other suitable construction and configuration. As should be visually apparent, when lid halves113,114are in the open position illustrated inFIG.5, preferred embodiment ice hole cover101is designed to keep the ice hole open and accessible, thereby not interfering with the successful landing of fish. The extent of angular rotation of lid halves113,114relative to ring110will be determined by those persons reasonably skilled in the art upon a reading of the present disclosure and at the time of design, depending upon several competing objectives. In preferred embodiment ice hole cover101, lid halves113,114pivot through an angle of rotation of just more than 90 degrees. This keeps the entire area vertically directly above the ice hole open, and yet also ensures that the lid halves do not interfere with any adjacent ice holes. As may be appreciated, in many ice fishing shelters there are a plurality of ice fishing holes that are each in close proximity to each other. Nevertheless, in some alternative embodiments lid halves113,114will pivot through an angle of rotation of approximately 180 degrees. In such embodiments, lid halves113,114are not only removed from the area above the ice fishing hole, but are also essentially entirely out of the way of the ice hole, having pivoted from a closed position in a plane substantially parallel to the ice through an intermediate vertical position perpendicular to the ice and finally to an open position all the way back to a plane substantially parallel to the ice. Most preferably, the internal spring within lid retainer120that tends to retract lid retainer pin122to the position illustrated inFIGS.4,5, and6is a relatively strong spring. Likewise, lid retainer pin122will preferably have an exterior longitudinal surface that is smooth, in some embodiments substantially polished, and which optionally may further be coated with a hydrophobic coating or lubricant such as a hydrocarbon grease or oil with or without various additives, and/or such compounds as silicone or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Between the location of enlarged flat head123distal from the ice hole and separated therefrom by the balance of lid retainer120, the relatively strong spring force, smooth lid retainer pin122surface, and any optional hydrophobic coating, any condensation or moisture that might accumulate and form ice at the junction between lid retainer pin122adjacent to enlarged flat head123will be readily overcome. Similarly, with a constant or decreasing sectional diameter of lid retainer pin122more distal to flat head123and adjacent to lid halves113,114, any ice that might form on lid retainer pin122distal to flat head123will likewise be easily scraped away during the spring-forced release of lid retainer pin122. As a result, lid retainer120in combination with spring hinges111,112provides a simple and reliable cover release that is highly resistant to the adverse effects of icing and contamination. In preferred embodiment ice hole cover101, lid retainer actuator button124is oriented to be actuated by motion along a vertical axis, in a direction normal to a plane defined by the ice. In some alternative embodiments using different retainer apparatus, the actuating motion will be a vertical displacement. In either case, this vertical motion or displacement allows a fisherman to grasp the fishing rod with their hands, and at any time step down onto lid retainer actuator button124to pivot lid halves113,114from the closed configuration illustrated inFIG.1to the open position illustrated inFIG.5. As a result, preferred embodiment ice hole cover101can be opened selectively and effortlessly by a fisherman at just the right moment, while otherwise isolating the hole from the space above the hole. To reset preferred embodiment ice hole cover101from the second open position illustrated inFIG.5to the closed position illustrated inFIG.1, a person may, for exemplary and non-limiting purpose, manually pivot lid halves113,114to the closed configuration illustrated inFIG.1. While holding the lid halves113,114in the closed configuration, such as by stepping on the lid halves to force them against ring lip147, a person may next push against enlarged flat head123to move lid retainer pin122from the position illustrated inFIG.5to the closed configuration illustrated inFIG.1. A catch within lid retainer pin122and coupled with lid retainer actuator button124then holds lid retainer pin122in the position illustrated inFIG.1. The geometry of lid retainer pin122is that of a cylindrical pin in preferred embodiment ice hole cover101. Nevertheless, in some alternative embodiments other geometries will be used. For exemplary and non-limiting purpose, the geometry in some alternative embodiments will take on that of a parallelepiped, including in some alternative embodiments a triangular parallelepiped and in other embodiments a rectangular parallelepiped. As may be appreciated, in other alternative embodiments yet other suitable geometries will also be used for lid retainer pin122. In further alternative embodiments, and as already noted herein above, other types of closures besides lid retainer120are used that in the lid first primarily closed position are operative to secure the lid in this closed position. Such closures, for exemplary and non-limiting purpose, will include other types of spring-loaded catches, electromagnetic solenoids, linear and rotary motors, pneumatic and hydraulic device, and other suitable apparatuses known in the mechanical and electrical arts. Nevertheless, when a fisherman becomes aware of a fish on the line, they will most preferably be able to pivot lid halves113,114from the closed configuration illustrated inFIG.1to the second open position illustrated inFIG.4nearly instantaneously, and also preferably without having to use their hands. As may be appreciated, the fisherman will likely have a fishing rod in hand, and so will not want to fumble with manually opening lid halves113,114. In accord with the teachings of the present invention, the fisherman will simply step onto lid retainer actuator button124, and lid halves113,114will pop open. In some cases, particularly where preferred embodiment ice hole cover101is used with an enclosure, the fisherman may be sleeping with a line in the water. Typically, a fisherman may employ a rattle reel or other strike indicator to awaken the fisherman and signal that a fish has taken the bait. When this happens, the interior of the ice fishing enclosure may be dark. In order to facilitate proper action by the fisherman, in some embodiments lid retainer actuator button124will be illuminated by optional illumination source125, best visible inFIG.3, which may, for exemplary and non-limiting purpose, comprise a very low-power and efficient LED, such as a red LED known to interfere only minimally with night vision and sleep cycles. Any suitable power source may be provided for optional illumination source125, including but not limited to the well known and ready available button cells commonly used with hearing aids. FIG.5shows lid halves113,114in a second open position. Most preferably, lid halves113,114are pivoted to a position completely uncovering the ice fishing hole. As described herein above, lid retainer pin122is preferably spring loaded or biased to the retracted position as illustrated inFIGS.4,5, and6, where lid retainer pin122protrudes from lid retainer120in a direction away from lid halves113,114, and away from the center of ring110. In this retracted position, lid retainer pin122is no longer above and retaining lid halves113,114closed. As a result, retraction of lid retainer pin122allows spring115to drive lid halves113,114into the second open position illustrated inFIG.5. As also evident from the Figure, in this position there is nothing overhanging the ice hole opening, thereby allowing a fisherman full use of the hole without interference from preferred embodiment ice hole cover101. While preferred embodiment ice hole cover101has a pair of lid halves113,114that divide the ice hole opening into two equal portions, and have hinges that are located on opposed sides of ring110essentially offset from each other by 180 degrees, in alternative embodiments these lid halves113,114may be coupled by hinges that are offset from each other by angles other than 180 degrees without altering the remainder of the operation as described herein. Similarly, in some alternative embodiments, more than two lid portions will be provided. In such alternative embodiments with more than two lid portions, either a mechanical or electrical coupler will be provided to trigger the release of the requisite more than one lid retainer, or mechanical stops will be provided from the two lid portions to other lid portions, such that the stops overlay the lid portions that number greater than two, thereby preventing their release until the first or primary two lid portions release. From the side view illustration ofFIG.3, it is apparent that preferred embodiment ice hole cover101is very thin, and so rises above the ice or a shelter ice hole opening minimally. Also visible inFIG.3is an optional ice hole sleeve119that is not illustrated in the other drawing Figures. Ice hole sleeve119is most preferably thin, and configured to slip inside of an ice hole opening, preferably with a minimum amount of play or difference in diameter therebetween. By keeping ice hole sleeve119thin, and dimensioned to fit snugly within the ice hole, there will be very minimal interference with the removal of a fish from within the ice fishing hole. Noteworthy here is that a number of ice fishing houses and trailers have openings in the floor, in some cases with tubes attached that couple down to the ice surface, in other cases with a small gap between the opening and the ice, and in yet other cases that directly engage with the ice surface. In at least some of these instances, optional ice hole sleeve119will be configured to be an insert that is placed into the opening118and sits on the edge132. While optional ice hole sleeve119is illustrated as a continuous band, in other alternative embodiments two or more incomplete arcuate segments are provided. In some of the alternative embodiments including arcuate segments, the arcuate segments are supported on an adjustable connection to ring110, allowing the diameter of the arcuate segments to be adjusted to match a particular hole. In some embodiments, flat plates are used instead of arcuate segments. In yet other embodiments, spring fingers are used to accommodate a range of ice hole diameters. As will be apparent to those reasonably skilled in the mechanical arts, in other alternative embodiments yet other alternative apparatuses to securely locate ring110relative to or into the ice hole and known from the mechanical arts will be substituted for ice hole sleeve119. When preferred embodiment ice hole cover101is used in a portable ice house, in some cases it is desirable to have no fixed ice hole sleeve119and instead to affix the ring110to the floor of the ice house using any suitable fastener. In preferred embodiment ice hole cover101, and as best visible inFIG.2, a plurality of specially formed fastener pads148are provided that provide sufficient surface area to attach hook and loop fasteners. In alternative embodiments, other suitable fasteners are used, for exemplary and non-limiting purposes including glues and adhesives, double-sided tape, screws, bolts, and nails. An optional fishing rod holder140, also illustrated inFIGS.6and7, is inserted into optional hole141. A vertical riser146, rear rod support142and curved front rod support144together support a prior art fishing rod150, as shown inFIG.6. Ideally, vertical riser146is taller than the lid halves113,114so that it is out of the way of both lid halves113,114when the lid is released. The provision of fishing rod holder140enables a fisherman to use the preferred embodiment ice hole cover101with many different types of commercially available ice fishing equipment, including most of the myriad of fishing rods, reels, lines, sinkers, baits and the like, and allows the fisherman to fully reel in the line when required. When preferred embodiment ice hole cover101is used out on the open ice a screw, nail, or other suitable ice fastener can be inserted through optional hole141to keep the ice hole cover in position over any hole in the ice. The screw, nail, or other suitable ice fastener in some embodiments is provided as an integral extension to fishing rod holder140, extending downward from vertical riser146, while in other embodiments the fastener is a separate component that may be used with or alternatively to fishing rod holder140. When preferred embodiment ice hole cover101is not being used for fishing purposes, such as during transport and storage, an optional hat shaped hole cover130illustrated inFIGS.6and7can be placed inside of the lid fishing line hole118, with brim134resting on ring lip147while basin132sits below the closed lid halves113,114. The optional hole cover130can help prevent road spray from entering the portable ice house while it is being transported, and can help keep warm air in the ice house when it is not being used to catch fish. An optional light, not illustrated, may be provided within or affixed to ring110arranged to illuminate down into the water, making it easier for a fisherman to observe the bait and fish when looking into the ice hole. In such case, the light may also provide general illumination to the fish house when lid halves113,114are opened. Many fishermen also prefer to use a fish finder or camera to locate fish. To allow a fish finder wand or camera cable to pass in a non-interfering manner into the ice hole, an optional cable passage160is provided. Preferred embodiment ice hole covers101may be manufactured from a variety of materials, including metals, resins and plastics, ceramics or cementitious materials, or even combinations, laminates, or composites of the above. The specific material used may vary, though special benefits are attainable if several important factors are taken into consideration. First, preferred embodiment ice hole cover101will be exposed to water and wide temperature extremes. Many different plastic and resinous materials, composites, and laminates, ceramics, stainless steel, aluminum, and well-coated and/or plated metals such as zinc-plated and optionally resin dipped or powder coated metals all are known to have this corrosion resistance and wide temperature range tolerance. In addition, it is preferable that all materials are sufficiently tough and durable to not fracture, even when great forces are applied thereto. This not only allows less material to be used in the fabrication of preferred embodiment ice hole cover101, but also helps to ensure the safety of a person or child who might accidentally step onto the cover. A low mass material is preferred for lid halves113,114which allows a lower force spring115to be used while improving the speed of rotation of the affixed lid halves. For exemplary and non-limiting purpose, materials that generally provide this combination of features and characteristics desired in lid halves113,114include polycarbonate resins, various styrene and acrylic resins, some types of higher molecular weight polyethylene, and various copolymers of the foregoing. Various fillers and additives may be incorporated as well into the plastic, as is known in the art of plastic fabrication. The many ribs visible from the underside as illustrated inFIG.2provide added strength with a less significant weight increase, as is known in the art of plastic molding and forming. While the foregoing details what is felt to be the preferred and additional alternative embodiments of the invention, no material limitations to the scope of the claimed invention are intended. The variants that would be possible from a reading of the present disclosure are too many in number for individual listings herein, though they are understood to be included in the present invention. Further, features and design alternatives that would be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art are considered to be incorporated also. The scope of the invention is set forth and particularly described in the claims herein below.

11856935

Elements and steps in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been rendered according to any particular sequence. For example, steps that may be performed concurrently or in different order are illustrated in the figures to help to improve understanding of embodiments of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION The detailed description of exemplary embodiments herein makes reference to the accompanying drawings, which show exemplary embodiments by way of illustration. While these exemplary embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the disclosures, it should be understood that other embodiments may be realized and that logical changes and adaptations in design and construction may be made in accordance with this disclosure and the teachings herein. Thus, the detailed description herein is presented for purposes of illustration only and not of limitation. The scope of the disclosure is defined by the appended claims and their legal equivalents rather than by merely the examples described. For example, the steps recited in any of the method or process descriptions may be executed in any order and are not necessarily limited to the order presented. Furthermore, any reference to singular includes plural embodiments, and any reference to more than one component or step may include a singular embodiment or step. Also, any reference to attached, fixed, coupled, connected or the like may include permanent, removable, temporary, partial, full and/or any other possible attachment option. Additionally, any reference to without contact (or similar phrases) may also include reduced contact or minimal contact. Surface shading lines may be used throughout the figures to denote different parts but not necessarily to denote the same or different materials. In various embodiments, and with reference toFIG.1, a system1for dispersing fish attractant is disclosed. A user5may attempt to catch a fish3using a fishing rod10. Fishing rod10may comprise any suitable type of fishing rod (e.g., casting rod, spinning rod, fly rod, etc.), and may comprise any suitable or desired length, power, and action. Fishing rod10may comprise a fishing line14coupled to fishing rod10at a first end. For example, and in accordance with various embodiments, fishing line14may be directly coupled to fishing rod10(e.g., a fly fishing rod). For example, and in accordance with various embodiments, fishing line14may be coupled to fishing rod10via a fishing reel12. Fishing reel12may comprise a spincast reel, a baitcasting reel, a spinning reel, a fly reel, or any other suitable or desired type of fishing reel. Fishing reel12may be coupled to an operating end of fishing rod10and may store and distribute fishing line14. For example, in response to user5activating a casting mechanism on fishing reel12, fishing reel12may distribute fishing line14. A second end of the fishing line14may be coupled to one or more hooks16. Hook16may comprise a bait hook, a circle hook, a worm hook, a treble hook, and/or any other suitable or desired hooking mechanism. User5may place one or more bait18through hook16, such as, for example, a live bait (e.g., a worm, a baitfish, insects, etc.), food (e.g., corn, liver, fish, etc.), an artificial bait, and/or the like. In various embodiments, hook16and bait18may also comprise an integrated object, such as a lure or artificial bait. In various embodiments, user5may couple a fish attractant dispersal apparatus100to hook16before casting using fishing rod10. Fish attractant dispersal apparatus100may be coupled to hook16after the coupling of bait18to hook16. Fish attractant dispersal apparatus100may also be coupled to hook16before the coupling of bait18to hook16. Fish attractant dispersal apparatus100may comprise a dispersal pouch110encompassing a fish attractant160. As discussed further herein, dispersal pouch110may be configured to dissolve in water to release fish attractant160into the water. For example, user5may operate fishing rod10by casting fishing line14, hook16, bait18, and fish attractant dispersal apparatus100into the body of water to attempt to catch the fish3. In various embodiments, and as discussed further herein, dispersal pouch110may at least partially dissolve to release fish attractant160proximate hook16and bait18in the water. In that regard, the fish3may be attracted to fish attractant160, which may operate to attract fish3proximate bait18and hook16. In various embodiments, and with reference toFIG.2, a fish attractant dispersal apparatus200is depicted in greater detail. Fish attractant dispersal apparatus200may comprise a dispersal pouch210encompassing a fish attractant160. Fish attractant dispersal apparatus200may be configured to disperse fish attractant160from dispersal pouch210to attract fish when fishing. For example, fish attractant dispersal apparatus200may be attached to a hook of a fishing rod, and may be cast together with fishing bait into a body of water. In response to being in contact with (e.g., submerged in) the water, dispersal pouch210may disperse fish attractant160. As a further example, fish attractant dispersal apparatus200may be thrown by a user into a body of water. In response to being in contact with the water, dispersal pouch210may disperse fish attractant160. In various embodiments, dispersal pouch210may comprise an outer surface212opposite an inner surface214. Inner surface214may define an attractant cavity225configured to encompass and store fish attractant160. Attractant cavity225may be sized and shaped to encompass and store fish attractant160. For example, and as discussed further herein, attractant cavity225may be configured to encompass fish attractant160such that no air (or other gas) is stored in attractant cavity225with fish attractant160. For example, attractant cavity225may be sealed to at least partially reduce air (or other gas) from being stored within attractant cavity225. Outer surface212may define a surface edge220. Surface edge220may comprise an outer edge of dispersal pouch210that at least partially surrounds and defines attractant cavity225. For example, and in accordance with various embodiments, surface edge220may entirely surround attractant cavity225(e.g., as depicted inFIG.2). As a further example, and in accordance with various embodiments, surface edge220may only partially surround attractant cavity225, and outer surface212may define the remainder of attractant cavity225(e.g., surface edge220surrounds at most three of the four sides of attractant cavity225). Surface edge220may comprise any suitable or desired shape and/or dimensions (e.g., thickness, length, width, etc.). Dispersal pouch210may comprise any shape and/or dimensions. For example, dispersal pouch210may comprise a quadrilateral shape (e.g., a square, a rectangle, etc.), a triangular shape, and/or any other shape. In various embodiments, the shape and/or dimensions of dispersal pouch210(and/or elements of dispersal pouch210) may be dependent on a manufacturing process used to create fish attractant dispersal apparatus200and/or dispersal pouch210, as discussed further herein. In various embodiments, and with reference toFIG.3, a fish attractant dispersal apparatus300may comprise a dispersal pouch310having a circular and/or aerodynamic shape. Fish attractant dispersal apparatus300may be similar to fish attractant dispersal apparatus200, with brief reference toFIG.2. Dispersal pouch310may be similar to dispersal pouch210, with brief reference toFIG.2, and may comprise an outer surface312opposite an inner surface314. Inner surface314may define an attractant cavity325configured to encompass and store fish attractant160. Dispersal pouch310may comprise a circular, oval, and/or any other aerodynamic shape. In that regard, dispersal pouch310may be sized and shaped to comprise aerodynamic characteristics to aid the user in operating fish attractant dispersal apparatus300(e.g., casting using fish attractant dispersal apparatus300, throwing fish attractant dispersal apparatus300, etc.). In various embodiments, attractant cavity325may also comprise any suitable shape. For example, attractant cavity325may be circular or oval shaped, or may comprise a quadrilateral shape, a triangular shape, and/or any other suitable shape. In various embodiments, the shape and/or dimensions of attractant cavity325may be dependent on a manufacturing process used to create fish attractant dispersal apparatus200and/or dispersal pouch210, as discussed further herein. In various embodiments, and with reference again toFIG.2, dispersal pouch210may comprise a material configured to dissolve in liquid. In that regard, in response to dispersal pouch210being cast or thrown into a body of water, dispersal pouch210may at least partially dissolve and disperse fish attractant160stored in attractant cavity225. For example, dispersal pouch210may comprise a water-soluble plastic compound configured to at least partially dissolve in water, or other liquids. As a further example, dispersal pouch210may comprise a water-soluble paper, and/or any other suitable or desired water-soluble material. In various embodiments, dispersal pouch210may comprise a polyvinyl alcohol material (e.g., PVOH, PVA, or PVAL; (C2H4O)x; Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry Number 9002-89-5). The polyvinyl alcohol may comprise a water-soluble synthetic polymer and may be formed as a plastic film, a webbing or net, a paper material, and/or the like. In various embodiments, dispersal pouch210may be made of a biodegradable material, such as a biodegradable paper or plastic. In various embodiments, a rate of dissolution of dispersal pouch210may be effected by various operating factors. For example, operating factors may comprise water temperature (e.g., higher water temperatures increases the rate of dissolution, lower water temperatures decreases the rate of dissolution, etc.), material thickness (e.g., greater material thickness decreases the rate of dissolution, smaller material thickness increases the rate of dissolution), material type (e.g., different water-soluble materials may comprise different rates of dissolution), material surface type (e.g., a solid material may dissolve a slower rate than a webbing material), and/or the like. In accordance with various embodiments, dispersal pouch210may be configured to comprise material properties (e.g., material type, material thickness, material surface type, etc.) such that the rate of dissolution of dispersal pouch210may enable fish attractant dispersal apparatus200to at least partially sink in the body of water before dispersing fish attractant160. For example, and in accordance with various embodiments, dispersal pouch210may comprise material properties such that dispersal pouch210does not disperse fish attractant160for a time period of at least 30 seconds. As a further example, and in accordance with various embodiments, dispersal pouch210may comprise material properties such that dispersal pouch210does not disperse fish attractant160for a time period of at least 60 seconds. As a further example, and in accordance with various embodiments, dispersal pouch210may comprise material properties such that dispersal pouch210does not disperse fish attractant160for a time period of about 15 seconds to about 30 seconds, about 30 seconds to about 45 seconds, or about 15 seconds to about 45 seconds (wherein about as used in this context refers only to +/−5 seconds). In various embodiments, dispersal pouch210may comprise any other suitable or desired material properties to control the time period of dissolution. In various embodiments, dispersal pouch210may comprise any suitable or desired material thickness. For example, dispersal pouch210may comprise a material thickness of about 10 micrometers (0.0003937 inches) to about 100 micrometers (0.003937 inches). As a further example, dispersal pouch210may comprise a material thickness of about 10 micrometers (0.0003937 inches) to about 25 micrometers (0.00098425 inches), about 25 micrometers (0.00098425 inches) to about 50 micrometers (0.0019685 inches), about 50 micrometers (0.0019685 inches) to about 75 micrometers (0.00295275 inches), about 75 micrometers (0.00295275 inches) to about 100 micrometers (0.003937 inches), and/or the like (wherein about as used in any of the above contexts refers only to +/−5 micrometers (0.00019685 inches)). In various embodiments, the material thickness may be configurable to at least partially control the rate of dissolution of dispersal pouch210. In various embodiments, a user may attach fish attractant dispersal apparatus200to a fishing hook (e.g., hook16, with brief reference toFIG.1) using any suitable method. For example, the fishing hook may be inserted through a portion of fish attractant dispersal apparatus200to couple fish attractant dispersal apparatus200to the fishing hook. The fishing hook may be inserted through any suitable or desired portion of dispersal pouch210. For example, the fishing hook may be inserted through surface edge220to couple fish attractant dispersal apparatus200to the fishing hook. As a further example, the fishing hook may be inserted through attractant cavity225to couple fish attractant dispersal apparatus200to the fishing hook. Fish attractant dispersal apparatus200may also comprise one or more components or surfaces to aid in coupling a fishing hook to fish attractant dispersal apparatus200. For example, in accordance with various embodiments and with reference toFIG.4, a fish attractant dispersal apparatus400may comprise a dispersal pouch410comprising a hook tab430. Fish attractant dispersal apparatus400may be similar to fish attractant dispersal apparatus200, with brief reference toFIG.2. Dispersal pouch410may be similar to dispersal pouch210, with brief reference toFIG.2, and may comprise an outer surface412opposite an inner surface414. Inner surface414may define an attractant cavity425configured to encompass and store fish attractant160. Attractant cavity425may be similar to attractant cavity225, with brief reference toFIG.2. Outer surface412may define a surface edge420. Surface edge420may comprise an outer edge of dispersal pouch410that at least partially surrounds and defines attractant cavity425. Surface edge420may comprise hook tab430. For example, outer surface412may also define hook tab430extending from surface edge420. Hook tab430may be configured to provide a surface to allow a fishing hook to attach to. For example, a user may insert the fishing hook through hook tab430to couple the fishing hook to fish attractant dispersal apparatus400. In various embodiments, hook tab430may comprise a first thickness greater than the thickness of surface edge420. Hook tab430may be reinforced with extra material to aid in retaining coupling of the fishing hook to fish attractant dispersal apparatus400. Hook tab430may also comprise a first material different than the material of surface edge420. For example, hook tab430may comprise a plastic material, a metal material, or the like that is not water-soluble. Hook tab430may comprise a hook hole435. Hook hole435may define a portion of hook tab430designed and configured to receive a fishing hook. In various embodiments, hook hole435may define an aperture through outer surface412on hook tab430. The aperture may be sized and shaped to receive and retain a fishing hook. In various embodiments, hook hole435may comprise a portion of hook tab430comprising a second thickness less than a first thickness of hook tab430. The second thickness may be configured to allow the user to easily insert the fishing hook through hook tab430. In various embodiments, and with reference again toFIG.2, fish attractant160may comprise any suitable or desired substance configured to attract fish. For example, fish attractant160may comprise a substance configured to attract fish through olfactory, sight, taste, etc. Fish attractant160may comprise any suitable fish attractant, and may comprise any suitable form (e.g., liquid, solid, powder, etc.). For example, fish attractant160may comprise a solid fish attractant, an amino acid, an oil-based fish attractant, and/or any other suitable or desired fish attractant. Solid fish attractants may include fish meal, animal proteins, corn, wheat, bread, liver, krill, blood meal, shrimp meal, liver meal, and/or the like. In various embodiments, the solid fish attractants may also include fructose, crayfish meal, mussel (clam) meal or extract, garlic, yeast powder, spirulina, chili powder, salt, kelp meal, tiger nut flour, squid meal, bird foods, bloodworm meal, hemp seed, milk powder, peanut flour, almond flour, vanilla meal, and/or the like. Amino acids may include glycine, alanine, proline, arginine, taurine, valine, betaine, and/or any other suitable or desired amino acid. In various embodiments, the amino acids may include inosine, L-alanine, L-glutamic acid, L-arginine, glycine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, tryptophan, methionine, glutamate, arginine, taurine, urea, and/or any other suitable or desired free amino acids. Oil-based fish attractant may comprise fish oil, cod liver oil, pilchard oil, hemp oil, sunflower oil, olive oil, and/or the like. In various embodiments, the oil-based attractant (or liquid-based attractant) may include liquid betaine, liquid sweetener, molasses, krill oil, shrimp oil, black pepper oil, thyme oil, liquid bloodworm extract, n-butyric acid, and/or the like. As discussed further herein, oil-based fish attractant may be mixed with other fish attractant, may be in a liquid form, and may be encapsulated in a capsule or similar dissolvable means. In various embodiments, fish attractant160may be a mix of one or more of the above-described exemplary fish attractants. For example, fish attractant160may comprise a mix of a solid fish attractant (e.g., fish meal) and an oil-based fish attractant (e.g., fish oil). As a further example, fish attractant160may comprise a mix of one or more of any other fish attractants. In various embodiments, fish attractant160may comprise any suitable or desired composition or form. For example, fish attractant160may comprise a powder composition (e.g., as depicted inFIG.2), a liquid composition, and/or the like. With reference toFIG.5, and in accordance with various embodiments, a fish attractant dispersal apparatus500may comprise a fish attractant560having a pellet form. Fish attractant dispersal apparatus500may be similar to fish attractant dispersal apparatus200, with brief reference toFIG.2. Fish attractant560may be similar to fish attractant160, with brief reference toFIG.2. In various embodiments, fish attractant560comprising a pellet form may aid in fish attractant560sinking in water and/or floating in water. The pellet form may also slow the rate of dissolution of fish attractant560in the water. In various embodiments, and with reference again toFIG.2, fish attractant dispersal apparatus200may comprise any suitable or desired amount of fish attractant160. For example, fish attractant dispersal apparatus200may comprise about 0.10 ounces (2.835 grams) to about 0.50 ounces (14.175 grams), about 0.50 ounces (14.175 grams) to about 1 ounce (28.35 grams), about 1 ounce (28.35 grams) to about 2 ounces (56.7 grams), about 2 ounces (56.7 grams) to about 5 ounces (141.7 grams), at least about 5 ounces (141.7 grams), and/or the like of fish attractant160(wherein about as used in any of the above contexts comprises only +/−0.05 ounces (1.42 grams)). In various embodiments, an amount of fish attractant160in fish attractant dispersal apparatus200may be based on one or more fishing variables, such as, for example, a fish type, a fishing rod action, and/or the like. For example, when fishing for small fish (e.g., trout) and/or using a light-action fishing rod, it may be desirable for fish attractant dispersal apparatus200to comprise about 0.50 ounces (14.175 grams) of fish attractant160. For example, when fishing for medium fish (e.g., catfish) and/or using a medium-action fishing rod, it may be desirable for fish attractant dispersal apparatus200to comprise about 1 ounce (28.35 grams) to about 2 ounces (56.7 grams) of fish attractant160. For example, when fishing for larger fish and/or using a heavy-action fishing rod, it may be desirable for fish attractant dispersal apparatus200to comprise at least 5 ounces (141.7 grams) of fish attractant160(wherein about as used in any of the above contexts comprises only +/−0.05 ounces (1.42 grams)). In that regard, an amount of fish attractant160in fish attractant dispersal apparatus200may be configurable for different types of fishing and using different types of fishing rods. In various embodiments, and with reference toFIGS.6A and6B, a fish attractant dispersal apparatus600may comprise a dispersal pouch610comprising a plurality of attractant cavities (e.g., a multi-chambered fish attractant dispersal apparatus). Fish attractant dispersal apparatus600may be similar to fish attractant dispersal apparatus200, with brief reference toFIG.2. Dispersal pouch610may be similar to dispersal pouch210, with brief reference toFIG.2, and may comprise an outer surface612opposite an inner surface614. Inner surface614may define a plurality of attractant cavities625. Each attractant cavity625may be similar to attractant cavity225, with brief reference toFIG.2, and may be sized and shaped to encompass and store fish attract660. Fish attractant660may be similar to fish attractant160, with brief reference toFIG.2. Outer surface612may define a surface edge620. Surface edge620may be similar to surface edge220, with brief reference toFIG.2, and may comprise an outer surface of dispersal pouch610that at least partially surrounds and defines each attractant cavity625. For example, fish attractant dispersal apparatus600may comprise a first attractant cavity625-1, a second attractant cavity625-2, a third attractant cavity625-3, a fourth attractant cavity625-4, and/or any other number of attractant cavities. First attractant cavity625-1may encompass and store a first fish attractant660-1. Second attractant cavity625-2may encompass and store a second fish attractant660-2. Third attractant cavity625-3may encompass and store a third fish attractant660-3. Fourth attractant cavity625-4may encompass and store a fourth fish attractant660-4. In various embodiments, one or more attractant cavities625may comprise outer surfaces comprising different material thicknesses. For example, first attractant cavity625-1may comprise a first thickness, second attractant cavity625-2may comprise a second thickness, third attractant cavity625-3may comprise a third thickness, and fourth attractant cavity625-4may comprise a fourth thickness. First thickness, second thickness, third thickness, and/or fourth thickness may comprise similar or different material thicknesses. For example, different material thickness may enable each attractant cavity625to disperse the respective fish attractant660at different rates. In various embodiments, and with specific reference toFIG.6A, each fish attractant660may comprise the same type of fish attractant. For example, first fish attractant660-1, second fish attractant660-2, third fish attractant660-3, and fourth fish attractant660-4may each comprise the same type of fish attractant. In various embodiments, and with specific reference toFIG.6B, one or more attractant cavities625may encompass a different type of fish attractant660. For example, first fish attractant660-1may comprise a fish attractant comprising a powder form, second fish attractant660-2may comprise a fish attractant comprising a pellet form, third fish attractant660-3may comprise a fish attractant comprising a liquid form, fourth fish attractant660-4may comprise a solid fish attractant (e.g., corn), and/or the like. In various embodiments, and with reference toFIG.7, fish attractant dispersal apparatus200may comprise one or more weights770. Weight770may be configured to provide additional weight to fish attractant dispersal apparatus200. For example, weight770may be configured to aid fish attractant dispersal apparatus200in sinking in water, in response to fish attractant dispersal apparatus200being in contact with the water (e.g., during casting, in response to a user throwing fish attractant dispersal apparatus200, etc.). Weight770may comprise any suitable or desired weight, and may comprise any suitable or desired form. In various embodiments, weight770may be coupled to dispersal pouch210. For example, weight770may comprise an attachment means and may be coupled to surface edge220of dispersal pouch210(e.g., as depicted inFIG.2). In various embodiments, weight770may be coupled within dispersal pouch210. For example, weight770may be inserted within attractant cavity225proximate fish attractant160. In various embodiments, and with reference toFIG.8, fish attractant dispersal apparatus200may comprise a preset fishing line814and hook816. Hook may be coupled to a second end of fishing line814. A first end of fishing line814may be configured to be coupled to a fishing line on a fishing rod. Fishing line814may be coupled to dispersal pouch210. For example, fishing line814may be inserted through dispersal pouch210between outer surface212. In that regard, a user may operate fish attractant dispersal apparatus200by attaching first end of fishing line814to the fishing line on the fishing rod, and may attach bait to hook816. The user may operate the fishing rod to cast the bait together with fish attractant dispersal apparatus200. In various embodiments, and with reference toFIG.9, a fish attractant dispersal apparatus900may be configured for reuse. Fish attractant dispersal apparatus900may be similar to fish attractant dispersal apparatus200, with brief reference toFIG.2. Fish attractant dispersal apparatus900may comprise a resealable dispersal pouch910. Resealable dispersal pouch910may be similar to dispersal pouch210, with brief reference toFIG.2, and may comprise an outer surface912opposite an inner surface914. Inner surface914may define an attractant cavity925configured to encompass and store fish attractant160. Attractant cavity925may be similar to attractant cavity225, with brief reference toFIG.2. Outer surface912may define a surface edge920. Surface edge920may be similar to surface edge220, with brief reference toFIG.2, and may comprise an outer edge of resealable dispersal pouch910that at least partially surrounds and defines attractant cavity925. Outer surface912of resealable dispersal pouch910proximate attractant cavity925may comprise a refill void980. Refill void980may be in fluid communication with attractant cavity925. Refill void980may be configured to enable a user to refill attractant cavity925with fish attractant160. Fish attractant dispersal apparatus900may comprise a resealable surface990coupled to outer surface912and configured to at least partially obstruct refill void980. For example, resealable surface990may comprise an adhesive configured to couple resealable surface990to outer surface912. In that respect, resealable surface990may be placed over refill void980and coupled to the proximate outer surface912to seal attractant cavity925. In various embodiments, resealable dispersal pouch910may comprise a non-water-soluble material. Resealable surface990may comprise a water-soluble material, as discussed further herein. In that respect, in response to fish attractant dispersal apparatus900being in contact with water during a first operation, resealable surface990may dissolve to release fish attractant160from attractant cavity925. A user may insert additional fish attractant160into attractant cavity925, via refill void980. A second resealable surface990may be coupled over refill void980and fish attractant dispersal apparatus900may be in contact with water during a second operation to release the additional fish attractant160. With reference again toFIG.2, fish attractant dispersal apparatus200may be formed using any suitable method. For example, in accordance with various embodiments and with reference toFIG.10, a method1001of manufacturing a fish attractant dispersal apparatus is disclosed. Method1001may comprise forming an apparatus mold (step1003). The apparatus mold may be sized and shaped similar to fish attractant dispersal apparatus. The apparatus mold may be formed using any suitable manufacturing technique and may comprise any suitable material. Although the foregoing makes reference to a single apparatus mold and forming a single fish attractant dispersal apparatus, it should be understood that a plurality of apparatus molds may be formed together such that a plurality of fish attractant dispersal apparatuses may be formed. Method1001may comprise placing a first material layer in the apparatus mold (step1005). The first material layer may comprise a water-soluble material (e.g., as discussed with reference toFIG.2). Method1001may comprise inserting a fish attractant on to the first material layer (step1007). The fish attractant may be placed on top of the first material layer in the apparatus mold. Method1001may comprise placing a second material layer on top of the first material layer and the fish attractant (step1009). The second material layer may comprise a water-soluble material similar to the first material layer. In various embodiments, the second material layer may be placed such that no gas is trapped between the first material layer, the fish attractant, and/or the material second layer. Method1001may comprise sealing the first material layer to the second material layer (step1011). For example, a heat treatment may be applied to first material layer and second material layer to seal the first material layer to the second material layer. Sealing the layers may create an attractant cavity encompassing the fish attractant. In various embodiments, a vacuum sealing technique may also be applied to seal the first material layer to the second material layer, and/or to ensure that no gas is trapped within the formed attractant cavity. In various embodiments, the first material layer may also be sealed to the second material layer using heat sealing, an adhesive, and/or through any other suitable technique. In various embodiments, the first material layer may also be sealed to the second material layer using a mechanical force to reduce the amount of gas trapped in the formed attractant cavity. In various embodiments, and with reference toFIG.11, a method1101for manufacturing a fish attractant dispersal apparatus is disclosed. Method1101may comprise forming an attractant cavity using a first material (step1103). The first material may comprise a water-soluble material (e.g., as discussed with reference toFIG.2). In various embodiments, the first material may comprise a bag having an opening (e.g., the attractant cavity). In various embodiments, the first material may be folded and sealed along the edges to form the attractant cavity. Method1101may comprise inserting fish attractant into the attractant cavity (step1105). Method1101may comprise sealing the first material (step1107). The first material may be sealed such that the formed attractant cavity encompasses the fish attractant, and a surface edge defines and/or encompasses the formed attractant cavity to retain the fish attractant. In various embodiments, the first material may be vacuum sealed such that the attractant cavity comprises no gas. The first material may also be heat sealed, sealed with an adhesive, or the like. In various embodiments, the first material may be sealed by a mechanical force to reduce the gas present in the attractant cavity. Benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have been described herein with regard to specific embodiments. Furthermore, the connecting lines shown in the various figures contained herein are intended to represent exemplary functional relationships and/or physical couplings between the various elements. It should be noted that many alternative or additional functional relationships or physical connections may be present in a practical system. However, the benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any elements that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as critical, required, or essential features or elements of the disclosures. The scope of the disclosures is accordingly to be limited by nothing other than the appended claims and their legal equivalents, in which reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless explicitly so stated, but rather “one or more.” Moreover, where a phrase similar to “at least one of A, B, or C” is used in the claims, it is intended that the phrase be interpreted to mean that A alone may be present in an embodiment, B alone may be present in an embodiment, C alone may be present in an embodiment, or that any combination of the elements A, B and C may be present in a single embodiment; for example, A and B, A and C, B and C, or A and B and C. Systems, methods and apparatus are provided herein. In the detailed description herein, references to “various embodiments,” “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “an example embodiment,” etc., indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment may not necessarily include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described. After reading the description, it will be apparent to one skilled in the relevant art(s) how to implement the disclosure in alternative embodiments. Furthermore, no element, component, or method step in the present disclosure is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether the element, component, or method step is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element is intended to invoke 35 U.S.C. 112(f) unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for.” As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.

11856936

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The following description is provided, alongside all chapters of the present invention, so as to enable any person skilled in the art to make use of said invention and sets forth the best modes contemplated by the inventor of carrying out this invention. Various modifications, however, will remain apparent to those skilled in the art, since the generic principles of the present invention have been defined specifically to provide a means and method for destroying microorganisms in soil using electric voltage. A device for disinfection by applying AC current and voltage, DC current and voltage or both AC and DC current and voltage to the soil is disclosed. The current and voltage, AC, DC or both is applied via electrodes inserted into the soil. In some embodiments of the invention the device is a motorized vehicle. In preferred embodiments, rod, spiked or pin-like electrodes are mounted on, and protruding from, a roller of the vehicle so that the area of soil to be disinfected progresses sequentially in direction of the roller as it is moved across the soil. In some embodiments of the invention the aforementioned spiked, rod like or pin like electrodes are so arranged on the roller that they provide grip on the soil surface as the roller moves forward. In preferred embodiments of the present invention the roller is provided with track shoes, and in other embodiments a plurality of rollers are arranged sequentially in operational contact with the chassis of the aforementioned vehicle. In yet other embodiments the track shoes are linked in an endless track arranged to travel over the aforementioned rollers, in a ‘tank-like” configuration. Soil disinfection can be in an open area or in an enclosed space. The open area can be, but is not limited to, a field, arable land, agricultural land, cropland, pasture, rangeland, grassland, shrubland, a nursery, an orchard, a garden, a lawn, forestry, silviculture, a sport field, cultivable land, a plantation, a berm, a verge, land requiring remediation, and any combination thereof. The remediation can be to remove plant-damaging pathogens, animal-damaging pathogens, chemicals and any combination thereof. The enclosed space can be inside a barn, a greenhouse, a stable, a dovecot, and any combination thereof. Soil requiring remediation can also be treated in an indoor setting. For non-limiting example, soil from a vertical farming operation or from a greenhouse can be transferred to a treatment center where the soil is disinfected. Such treatment can be carried out indoors to prevent accidental spreading of the pathogen. Greenhouse disinfection can be via electrodes mounted on track shoes attached to at least one roller or via electrodes mounted on a stationary support, where the stationary support can be movable, but not while the electrodes are embodied in soil. Preferably, the stationary support can be raised and lowered so that the electrodes can be inserted into or removed from the earth in the greenhouse. In some embodiments, the stationary support is of a shape and size such that the electrodes can be reversibly lowered into earth beds within a greenhouse. In some embodiments, the electrodes being not in contact with the earth, the stationary support can be moved from one portion of a greenhouse to another or from one earth bed to another. The distance between the electrodes can be optimized in accordance with the type of soil to be disinfected. The electrodes have a generally similar cross-section from their proximal end, adjacent to the base of the track shoe, to their distal end, furthest away from the base of the track shoe. The electrodes do not need a horizontal extension in any part of the electrode body or at their distal end. For non-limiting example, the pin-like electrodes can be cone-shaped, spike shaped, truncated cone shaped, cylindrical, sharp at the end, or knife-shaped. FIG.1schematically illustrates an embodiment (3000) of the present system. In an embodiment of this type, a tractor (2800) comprising a power take off (PTO) (2850) is electrically connected via the PTO to a generator (2600). The generator (2600) is in electrical communication with a plurality of power supplies (2500); in the schematic illustration ofFIG.1, for clarity, only five of the power supplies (2500) are shown. The power supplies (2500) are voltage and current stabilized and also function as transformers, with their output voltage larger than their input voltage. The power supplies (2500) are in electrical communication with the disinfection unit. The system can be pullable by a tractor, as illustrated inFIG.1, or it can be self-contained. If self-contained, it can be operable autonomously or by remote control. The disinfection unit, as discussed below, can comprise a motor to propel the disinfection unit, the disinfection unit can lack a motor and be movable by the tractor or by another external motive power, or the disinfection unit can be stationary, for example, a disinfection unit for a fixed site such as, but not limited to, an interior of a building such as a barn or greenhouse. The system comprises at least one sensor (1900) to measure at least one of the humidity of the soil, the conductivity of the soil and the temperature of the soil; at least one power generator configured to generate power at a predetermined current and voltage, a processor to control the current and voltage generated by at least one power generator, the values of the current and voltage depending on the measured parameters; and a set of electrodes to deliver the power at the current, voltage and power values determined by the processor. For example, dry soil, which typically has a high resistance, will require a higher current for disinfection than a soil, such as a wet soil, with a lower resistance. As shown inFIG.2, the disinfection unit typically comprises an endless track (1200). In this embodiment, the track comprises a plurality of track shoes (1100). Typically, the track shoes (1100) are flexibly linked to each other, at least in a longitudinal direction (black arrow) and preferably also in a transverse direction (white arrow) so that the angle between adjacent track shoes (1100) can change as the endless track (1200) rotates. As shown inFIG.3, each track shoe (1100) comprises at least one electrode (1110) and preferably a plurality of electrodes (1110). Preferably, each electrode (1110) is attached at its distal end to the track shoe (1100). Typically, to each track shoe (1100) is attached a plurality of electrodes (1110) arranged in rows (1112A,1112B,1112C), the rows preferably staggered to ensure complete coverage of the soil by the power. Electrodes (1110) are typically about 30 cm long, and the electrode length can be in a range from 15 cm to 50 cm. The diameter of the electrodes (1110) at their distal end is typically about 5 cm, with the diameter depending on, among other things, the strength of the electrode material. The electrodes (1110) need to be strong enough not to bend or break when inserted into or removed from hardened soils. Electrodes (1110) are typically of hardened steel or any electrically conductive material which is resistant to, among other properties, abrasion and fracture. The edge-to-edge distance (1112) (open space) between the electrodes (1110) is preferably between 1 cm and 15 cm, more preferably between 2 cm and 10 cm and still more preferably about 4 cm to 5 cm. The track shoes (1100) are typically approximately square, being about 20 cm by about 20 cm, but can vary in width from about 10 cm to about 50 cm and vary in length from about 10 cm to about 1 m. Preferably, the electrodes (1110) are reversibly attached to the track shoes (1200), so that a damaged or otherwise unsatisfactory electrode (1110) can be replaced. The endless track (1200) is typically mounted on at least one roller that enables the endless track (1200) to move around the periphery of a single roller or around a track defined by the outer edges of a set of rollers. FIG.4shows an exemplary schematic illustration of an embodiment (2100) wherein the endless track (1200) is a caterpillar-type tread mounted on a plurality of rollers (1130,1180). In such a caterpillar-type embodiment, large rollers (1130) support the weight of the device and small rollers (1180) control vertical displacement the endless track between the large rollers (1130) and provide motive power to drive the endless track (1200). For simplicity, the electrodes (1110) are schematically indicated, but the individual track shoes and the joints between the track shoes are not shown. FIG.5shows an exemplary schematic illustration of an embodiment (2200) where the endless track (1200) is mounted on a single roller (1130). For simplicity, the electrodes (1110) are schematically indicated, but the individual track shoes and the joints between the track shoes are not shown. In preferred embodiments, the system further comprises a means to enable the system to traverse ground with the electrodes not touching the ground. Typically, such an embodiment comprises a secondary set of wheels without electrodes and a means to either raise the rollers and endless track or to lower the secondary wheels so that the electrodes do not contact the ground. The at least one roller can be unpowered, with its rotation induced by forward motion of the system, or the at least one roller can be powered, with the forward movement of the system at least partly induced by the power applied to the endless track (1200). In use, the portions of the endless track (1200) in contact with the soil are stationary; as the endless track (1200) moves forward, the electrodes (1110) in the rear-most of the track shoes (1100) in contact with the soil are pulled out of the soil and the electrodes (1110) of a row of track shoes (1100) that is immediately in front of the front-most set of track shoes (1200) currently in the soil is pushed into the soil. The endless track (1200) is typically about 6 m long and about 1.2 m wide. The length can be in a range from 3 m to 15 m, and the width can be in a range from 50 cm to 3 m. Preferably, the endless track (1200) is at least as wide as the at least one roller. The endless track and, preferably, the at least one roller should have a very high mechanical resistance, to avoid breakage or damage during use, and a resistance to harsh surface conditions such as roughness of soil, humidity, and extreme temperatures. (Outdoor soil temperature can vary between about −20 C and about 50 C; more typically, the system can be operating at a temperature between about 0 C and about 40 C). Typically, the disinfection unit has at least two endless tracks, at least one with positive polarity seeFIG.2, front row electrodes2110) and at least one with negative polarity (seeFIG.2, rear row electrodes3110). In some embodiments, at least one longitudinal join between two rows of track shoes is insulating so that at least one longitudinal section comprising the entire length of the endless track has positive polarity while at least one other longitudinal section of the endless track, also comprising the entire length of the endless track, has negative polarity. The generator electrically connected to the tractor's PTO is configured to generate about 20,000 W to 60,000 W, preferably 30,000 W to 50,000 W, more preferably about 50,000 W, at about 220 VAC. The power from the generator is preferably voltage stabilized and current stabilized, with the stabilization controlled by a motor rotary controller. In these embodiments, the system further comprises at least one power supply and transformer, configured to output power at about 3000 V, with the output of the generator being in a range from about 800V to about 10,000V. In preferred embodiments, the power generated by the generators is distributed to five power supplies, the power supplies being voltage and current stabilized. The power supplies are controlled according to the soil conditions, such as, but not limited to, the soil humidity and conductivity, with the current and voltage output by the power supplies being alterable to ensure consistent disinfection of the soil for a wide range of soil conditions. The processor is configured to input at least one signal from at least one sensor and, in some embodiments, to input other data such as, but not limited to, the speed of the tractor and at least one command from a control unit in the tractor, and to determine from the at least one sensor signal and, if present, at least one other datum, to output to the generator, the transformer, and any combination thereof, the current, voltage and power to be applied to the at least two electrodes. The processor is further configured to execute at least one set of instructions, the instruction set comprising at least one instruction for controlling a treatment of a portion of soil. The instruction(s) is selected from a group consisting of: a startup instruction for bringing the system from an inactive state (no power to the electrodes, room temperature electrodes, no power to a unit propelling the system forward, etc.) to an active state (at least one of power at predetermined voltage, current and power level, electrode at a predetermined temperature, soil at a predetermined temperature and predetermined power or speed to a unit propelling the system forward), maintain a predetermined active state for a predetermined time, maintain a predetermined active state for a predetermined distance, change the active state to another active state, and bring the system from an active state to an inactive state. An instruction set can be accepted from the controller in the cab or can be stored in a database. It should be noted that an instruction can be “execute a given instruction set, as stored in the database”. In preferred embodiments, all control data are displayed by the controller, enabling the user to remain in full control of the system. In preferred variants of embodiments with more than one power unit, the controller is further configured to determine which power unit(s) are used to supply power to the electrodes and the amount of power supplied by each unit, all of the power unit parameters being changeable depending on the total power required at any given time and the operating characteristics of each power unit, such as, but not limited to, the maximum power (power level, current and voltage) supplyable by the power unit(s), the fraction of maximum power (power level, current and voltage) being utilized, the temperature of the power unit(s) and any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the system comprises a controller configured to be mounted within the tractor cab, the controller configured to display electrode voltage, load current, soil temperature, soil humidity, soil conductivity, track shoe temperature, electrode temperature, generator overload status, transformer overload status and any combination thereof. The controller is further configured to accept use input of electrode voltage, load current, power and any combination thereof to be applied to the electrodes; to activate and deactivate the system, to clear a generator overload status, to clear a transformer overload status, and any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the controller is further configured to automatically perform: setting an electrode voltage, setting a load current, setting power and any combination thereof to be applied to the electrodes; activating and deactivating the system, clearing a generator overload status, clearing a transformer overload status, and any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the system is configured as a self-contained unit. In such embodiments, the system does not require a tractor or other motive power, all motive power being applied by means of the endless track. In some variants of such embodiments, the system is controllable by a user, with commands and other input to the system and alerts, warning, conditions and other system output being received from and delivered to a user as described above. In some variants of such embodiments, the system is autonomous, a set of instructions being provided which sets the parameters of the disinfection treatment and the area to be disinfected, with the system thereafter acting autonomously without further user input. In some variants of autonomous systems, alerts can be provided in case of breakdown, a serious fault, an emergency, and any combination thereof. Power Unit The power unit comprises at least one generator and at least one power supply. The generator(s) are configured to supply at least 20,000 W, preferably 50,000 W, and, in some embodiments, 60,000 W of total power at 220 VAC. In some embodiments, the power unit comprises a plurality of power supplies, each power supply configured to deliver 5000 W at 220 VAC. The power supply(s) can be a part of the tractor, a stand-alone power supply and any combination thereof. Any generator can have input from a tractor power supply, a stand-alone power supply and any combination thereof. Preferably, a stand-alone power supply will be towable by the tractor, although some embodiments can have at least one generator in electrical communication with at least one of an independently movable power supply, a power supply towed by an independently movable unit (such as, but not limited to, another tractor), and a stationary power supply. Preferably, the generator(s) are pulled by the same tractor as pulls the disinfection unit. However, in less-preferred embodiments, at least one generator can be independently movable, towed by an independently movable unit (such as, but not limited to, another tractor), and stationary. The processor can be further configured to determine the speed of the system, either by inputting the speed of the tractor and setting the forward speed of the system to equal that of the tractor, or vice versa. The processor can be further configured to determine the presence of a mechanical breakdown in at least part of the system. In such embodiments, the processor can perform at least one of: alert the user as to the existence of a breakdown, alert the user as to the nature of the breakdown, alert the user as to the location in the system of the breakdown, and put at least part of the system in an inactive state, In some embodiments, based on sensor input, length of time in use, etc., the processor can be further configured to provide an alert of the probability of a breakdown. In preferred embodiments, the endless track and at least one roller can be raised or lowered, for non-limiting example, by means of an integral hydraulic, mechanical or pneumatic system, thus enabling the system to be moved without the electrodes contacting the ground. In preferred embodiments, the system comprises at least one circuit breakers for the system. Alternatively or additionally, individual power supplies can have a circuit breaker, as can the transformer and the endless track. An illustrative embodiment of a flow chart (3000) for a soil disinfection unit is shown inFIG.6. When the system is activated, the generator is started (3005) and the PTO is activated (3010) so that the generator (power source) can deliver (3015) 50,000 W of power at 220 VAC to the electrodes. The power supply(s) convert (3020) the 220 VAC to approximately 3000 VAC at 50,000 W. The processor inputs (3030) the soil properties as measured by the sensor(s) (3035) and calculates the voltage needed for disinfection. This voltage is then sent to the conversion unit (3020), which then applies it (3025) to the electrodes of the endless track in the antiseptic unit of the system. In some embodiments, the electrodes can be heated to a temperature of at least 200 C. Typically, the electrodes are heated by induction heating, but any conventional heating means known in the art can be used, for non-limiting example, resistance heating, electric arc heating, and dielectric heating. Any combination of heating means can be used. FIG.7shows another embodiment (3000) of the system of the present invention with an endless track. In this embodiment, the endless track comprises an endless belt (3100) of a flexible or semi-flexible material, movable by means of propulsion rollers (3130). Mounted in the belt (3100) and extending outward are electrodes (1110); the electrodes (1110) pass through the endless belt (3100) so that the tops of the electrodes (1110) can make electrical contact with the power rollers (3190). As in the embodiment shown inFIGS.2and3above, there are a plurality of rows of electrodes (1110), preferably an even number of rows. Electrodes (1110) in adjacent rows can be staggered, as shown inFIGS.2and3, above, or can be aligned. The power rollers (3190) are in electrical connection with power supplies (2500, not shown, seeFIG.1, above) and a generator (2600, not shown, seeFIG.1, above), as disclosed above, by means of two sets of tensioner pulleys (3195), one set having positive polarity and feeding the positive contact plates (3120, seeFIG.8) and positive electrodes (3110), the other having negative polarity and feeding the negative contact plates (2120, seeFIG.9) and negative electrodes (2110, behind positive electrodes3110, seeFIG.2). The endless belt (3100) can comprise rubber, a flexible or semi-flexible polymer, metal for reinforcement and any combination thereof. The endless belt (3100) is insulating so that virtually no current passes through it. FIG.8schematically illustrates an embodiment of a means of transferring the electrical current and voltage from the power supplies (2500, not shown, seeFIG.1, above) and a generator (2600, not shown, seeFIG.1, above) to the ground. For clarity, the parts are shown separate; in practice, they are in contact during use. The power rollers (3190) are in contact with stationary contact plates (3120) to improve contact between the power rollers (3190) and the electrodes. Passing through the endless belt (3100) and mounted to it are electrodes (3110). The endless belt (3100) moves (white arrow) when driven by the propulsion rollers (3130) and therefore moves the electrodes (2110(not shown),3110) under the contact plates (2120(not shown),3120). An electrode (2110(not shown),3110) under a contact plate (2120(not shown),3120) will conduct current and voltage into the ground, thereby sterilizing it. At least a portion of the surface of the power rollers (3190) comprises metal or other conductive material, so that the power rollers (3190) conduct electricity from the power supplies (2500, not shown, seeFIG.1, above) and a generator (2600, not shown, seeFIG.1, above) to the contact plates (3120), which comprise conductive material. In preferred embodiments, the power rollers (3190) and the contact plates (3120) predominantly comprise a conductive metal, typically iron or steel, although any conductive metal can be used. The electrodes (1110) comprise conductive material, as disclosed above. FIG.9schematically illustrates a portion of two rows of contact plates (2120,3120). As shown inFIG.9, alternate rows of contact plates have opposite polarity, so current will flow from one row of contact plates (3120) through the electrodes (1110) to at least one adjacent row of contact plates (2120). In preferred embodiments, there is one row of contact plates (2120,3120) and one row of power rollers (3190) per row of electrodes. In other embodiments, more than one row of electrodes (2110,2120) can be powered by a row of contact plates (2120,3120). As schematically illustrated inFIG.10, the disinfection unit is configured so that the angle θ between the endless belt (3100) and the ground (9000) is less than 30°. This helps prevent damage to the electrodes by hard or stony ground. In preferred embodiments, the rows of electrodes are 8 cm apart; the distance between rows of electrodes can be in a range from 3 cm to 30 cm. In preferred embodiments, an electrode and a next trailing electrode are 8 cm apart; the distance between an electrode and a next railing electrode can be in a range from 3 cm to 30 cm. In preferred embodiments, the width of the endless belt is 160 cm. The width of the endless belt can be in a range from 50 cm to 800 cm. A contact plate can be between 3 cm and 60 cm wide, and between 3 cm and 90 cm long. A power roller can be between 3 cm and 60 cm wide. Electrification of the soil by an electrode (1110) will start when the electrode (1110) passes under the front edge of the frontmost of the contact plates (3120) and electrification by that electrode (1110) ends when it passes out from under the rearmost of the contact plates (3120). The time each of the electrodes (1110) is in the ground depends on the speed of the tractor and the length of the row of contact plates (3120) under which the electrode (1110) passes. Typically, the time each electrode (1110) is in the ground and is electrifying the ground is between 5 s and 60 s. The electrode (1110) typically enters the ground before it contacts a contact plate (3120). Typically, electrification starts when an electrode (1110) has been in contact with the ground for about 15 s. Typically, voltages and currents will be in the ranges disclosed above. FIG.11shows an overall view of an implement comprising an alternative embodiment of the present invention. A tractor (2800) trails a cultivator (4100) configured for stirring and pulverizing soil, followed by implement (4000) of the present invention. The aforesaid implement comprises a plurality of frame electrodes (4010A, B) which are connected to the power supply unit (2500not shown, seeFIG.1, above) such that the nonboring frame electrodes have opposite polarity. AC and DC power supply units are in the scope of the present invention. At least one of the frame electrodes (4010B) is reciprocally movable along the trailing direction (4020). The mechanical drive and the electrical wires are not shown. In some embodiments, at least one of the frame electrodes (4010A) is fixed to the implement (4000) and is not reciprocally movable. In some embodiments, all the frame electrodes (4010B) are reciprocally movable. FIG.12presents an enlarged view of a frame electrode (4010A, B), which is formed by a top bar (4011), a bottom bar (4015) and a plurality of plate-like plow members (4013). According to an exemplary embodiment, all elements (4011), (4013) and (4015) are secured to each other by welding. The plate-like plow members (4013) are tilted relative to the trailing direction (4020) at angle α ranging between 5 and 90°. Distance D between the plate-like plow members (4013) within said frame-shaped electrode ranges between 4 and 10 cm. The reciprocally movable frame electrode(s) (4010B) is configured so that the path of the current from the plow members (4013) on the reciprocally movable frame electrode(s) (4010B) to plow members (4013) on an adjacent frame electrode (4010A, B) will vary as the reciprocally movable frame electrode(s) (4010B) moves relative to the adjacent frame electrode (4010A, B). For non-limiting example, when a reciprocally movable frame electrode (4010B) is at the front of its travel, current will travel from a first plow member (4013) on the reciprocally movable frame electrode (4010B) to a first plow member (4013) on the adjacent frame electrode (4010A, B), second to second, and so on. When the reciprocally movable frame electrode (4010B) is at the back of its travel, current will travel from a first plow member (4013) on the reciprocally movable frame electrode (4010B) to a second plow member (4013) on the adjacent frame electrode (4010A, B), second to third, and so on. In this manner, the paths of the current through the soil will vary in direction as the implement (4000) moves through the soil, improving the evenness of the coverage of the sterilizing current in the soil. Typically, the currents and voltages employed will be in the ranges disclosed above. Example 1 The efficacy of treatment for killing nematode species has been examined, since nematodes are a key detrimental factor for many commonly-grown crops, such as, but not limited to, citrus trees, bananas, barley, beans, lettuce, potatoes, melons, strawberries and tomatoes. Initial experiments, as shown in Table 1, have indicated current and voltage levels needed to reliably kill nematodes. Soil moisture and soil temperature were measured before and after the treatments to maximize the efficiency of the disinfection process. Soil preparation was the same for the five experiments. It can be seen that, to kill nematodes, at least 1000 V is needed at a current above about 4.6 A. The optimum exposure time is 4 separate exposures, each of about 10 s. TABLE 1Effectiveness of different currents, voltages and exposuretimes on killing nematodes in soilResultsTreatmentDisinfectionCurrentExposureVoltageEffectivenessEffect(A)Time (s)(V)No.5%No effect0.1815220123%Some0.23152202disinfection.Not uniform76%Good2.854 × 1010003disinfection.Not uniform84%Good4.62 × 2010004disinfection.96%Excellent7.644 × 1010005disinfection. Example 2 The effect of different exposure times on growth of plants was studied. FIG.13A-Cshows the results of the growth tests. The plants were planted in soil that contained a predetermined concentration of nematodes, one known to be sufficient to inhibit growth of the plants. FIG.13Ashows the growth of the control plants, which had no exposure to current or voltage.FIG.13Bshows the growth of plants which had a short exposure to a predetermined current and voltage at a predetermined power, the voltage, current and power chosen to be effective at killing nematodes.FIG.13Cshows the growth of plants which had a long exposure to the same predetermined current and voltage as the plants ofFIG.13B. The control plants ofFIG.13A, which received no exposure to the electric power. The control plants were found to be delayed, with sparse leaves and a smooth and undeveloped root system. They are the smallest, have the fewest leaves and have the least root development. The plants ofFIG.13B, which had a short exposure, show considerably more root development than the plants ofFIG.13A. The plants ofFIG.13Bare larger and have more leaves. The plants ofFIG.13C, which had a long exposure, show nearly twice as much root development as the plants ofFIG.13B. the plants ofFIG.13Care significantly larger than those ofFIG.13B, have significantly more leaves and appear more mature than the plants ofFIG.13B, with those plants appearing more mature than the plants ofFIG.13A. Example 3 The effect of different exposure times on disinfection of different types of soil was studied. It is well known that soils can have different moisture content at different times and that different types of soil hold moisture in different ways. Since water is a conductor, the resistance of the soil will depend on the soil type and the soil moisture content. Since P=IV=I2R where P is the applied power, I is the current, V is the voltage and R the resistance, for a constant total power applied to soil, the current and voltage applied will depend on the soil resistance R and, therefore, on the soil type and soil moisture. For the tests shown in Table 2, a total power of 2500 W was applied to the soil. Two exposure times were used, a short exposure of 6 s and a long exposure of 12 s. The soil types were medium soil and sandy soil. The resistance of the medium soil was greater than that of the sandy soil, as the currents were lower for the medium soil than the sandy soil for both a short exposure and a long exposure. The currents were larger for long exposure than for the short exposure for both soil types, showing that the soil was more moist for the long exposure than for the short exposure. The untreated controls showed no disinfection. The treated soils all showed excellent disinfection for both soil types and both exposure times, being above 90% for all treated soils. As expected, disinfection was better for the longer exposure. TABLE 2Effectiveness of different currents and exposure timeson disinfection of different types of soilTreatmentResultsExposureDisinfectionTimeCurrentPowerEffectiveness#Soil type(s)(A)(W)(%)Effect1Medium soil67.32250094Excellentdisinfection.2Medium soil67.23250092Excellentdisinfection.3Sandy soil68.12250094Excellentdisinfection.4Sandy soil68.45250093Excellentdisinfection.5Medium soil127.82250095Excellentdisinfection.6Medium soil128.28250096Excellentdisinfection.7Sandy soil128.69250096Excellentdisinfection.8Sandy soil129.83250095Excellentdisinfection.9Control-———0NoNo treatmentdisinfection.10Control-———0NoNo treatmentdisinfection. The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. The corresponding structures, materials, acts, and equivalents of all means or step plus function elements in the claims below are intended to include any structure, material, or act for performing the function in combination with other claimed elements as specifically claimed. The description of the present invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the invention in the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and the practical application, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention for various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.

11856937

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS FIG.1shows an example of an apparatus10for weed control. The apparatus10comprises an input unit20, a processing unit30, and an output unit40. The input unit20is configured to provide the processing unit30with at least one image of an environment. This is via wired or wireless communication. The processing unit30is configured to analyse the at least one image to determine at least one location within the environment for activation of at least one mulch application unit. The at least one mulch application unit is configured to apply at least one mulch to the at least one location for weed control. The output unit40is configured to output information useable to activate the at least one mulch application unit. In an example, the apparatus is operating in real-time, where images are acquired and immediately processed and the at least one mulch application unit is activated to control weeds. Thus, for example a vehicle can acquire imagery of its environment and process that imagery to determine where a mulch should be applied in its environment. In an example, the apparatus is operating in quasi real time, where images are acquired of an environment and immediately processed to determine where a mulch should be applied. That information can later be used by an appropriate system (or systems) that travel(s) within the environment and applies the mulch to particular parts of that environment. Thus for example, a first vehicle, such as a car, train, lorry or unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) or drone equipped with one or more cameras can travel within an environment and acquire imagery. This imagery can be immediately processed to determine a “feature map” and/or a “weed map”, detailing where within the environment specific locations should or should not have mulch applied, where features can be the locations of features where mulch should not be applied for example over a concrete or other area as discussed above, and where the weed map indicates the locations of weeds where the mulch should be applied. Later, a vehicle equipped with mulch application unit(s) can travel within the environment and apply the mulch to different specific areas of the environment. In an example, the apparatus is operating in an offline mode. Thus, imagery that has previously been acquired is provided later to the apparatus. The apparatus then determines where mulch should be applied within an area, and in effect generates a weed map and/or feature map. The weed map and/or feature map is then used later by one or more vehicles that then travel within the area and apply mulch to specific parts of the environment. In an example, the output unit outputs a signal that is directly useable to activate the mulch application unit(s). In an example, the at least one mulch is applied in liquid form, and the at least one mulch application unit comprises at least one spray gun or nozzle. In an example, the at least one mulch is applied in solid form. For example, in powder form, as a non woven fibre material or in the form of starch newspaper, with mulch applicators being used that are appropriate for application of such solid mulches. According to an example, the at least one image was acquired by at least one camera. The input unit is configured to provide the processing unit with at least one location associated with the at least one camera when the at least one image was acquired. In an example, the location is an absolute geographical location. In an example, the location is a location that is determined with reference to the position or positions of the mulch application units. In other words, an image can be determined to be associated with a specific location on the ground, without knowing its precise geographical position, but by knowing the position of the mulch application units with respect to that location at the time the image was acquired, the required mulch can then be applied at a later time at that location by moving the appropriate mulch application unit to that location. In an example, a GPS unit is used to determine, and/or is used in determining, the location of the at least one camera when specific images were acquired. In an example, an inertial navigation unit is used alone, or in combination with a GPS unit, to determine the location of the at least one camera when specific images were acquired. Thus for example, the inertial navigation unit, comprising for example one or more laser gyroscopes, is calibrated or zeroed at a known location and as it moves with the at least one camera the movement away from that known location in x, y, and z coordinates can be determined, from which the location of the at least one camera when images were acquired can be determined. In an example, image processing of acquired imagery is used alone, or in combination with a GPS unit, or in combination with a GPS unit and inertial navigation unit, to determine the location of the at least one camera when specific images were acquired. Thus visual markers can be used alone, or in combination with GPS derived information. According to an example, at least one of the at least one mulch contains at least one herbicide. According to an example, a first mulch of the at least one mulch that contains at least one herbicide contains a different herbicidal content to a second mulch of the at least one mulch that contains at least one herbicide. In an example, a third mulch of the at least one mulch that contains at least one herbicide contains a different herbicidal content to both the first and second mulches of the at least one mulch that contains at least one herbicide. In an example, a fourth mulch of the at least one mulch that contains at least one herbicide contains a different herbicidal content to all of the first, second and third mulches of the at least one mulch that contains at least one herbicide. According to an example, the at least one mulch that contains at least one herbicide comprises a polymer. In an example the polymer is a biodegradable polymer. In an example the biodegradable polymer is configured to be degraded by at least one type of bacteria. In an example, the biodegradable polymer is a slow release formulation configured to be degraded by at least one type of bacteria. In an example, the biodegradable polymer comprises a polyester. In this way, bacteria that exist for example in the soil and that grow when plants grow (when it is warm and wet) can degrade the biodegradable polymer, by attacking for example ester groups, to release a herbicide that is encapsulated within the biodegradable polymer. In an example, the biodegradable polymer is Impranil DLN. In an example, the biodegradable polymer is polyactid acid. In an example, the biodegradable polymer is polycaprolacton. In an example, the biodegradable polymer is in the form of sprayable granules, with the herbicide active ingredient encapsulated within granules. In an example, the biodegradable polymer prior to application is in the form of a dispersion comprising the herbicide within an aqueous solution. In this way the aqueous solution can be delivered through spray technologies, and when sprayed on a weed the water evaporates to leave the herbicide encapsulated within the biodegradable polymer. In an example, the biodegradable polymer is in the form of large granules that are delivered via a solid delivery system and not sprayed as such. According to an example, analysis of the at least one image to determine the at least one location for activation of the at least one mulch application unit comprises a determination of at least one location of vegetation. In an example, analysis of the at least one image to determine the at least one location for activation of the at least one mulch application unit comprises a determination of at least one type of weed. In other words, the appropriate mulch can be selected to account for the type or types of weeds to be controlled. Thus for example, one type of weed may require a mulch that only provides a physical barrier and does not need any additional herbicidal content in order to kill that weed, but a different type of weed may require both the physical barrier effect and a specific type of herbicidal content, whilst a different type of weed requires both a physical barrier effect and a different herbicidal content to kill the weed. In other words, image processing can be used to determine a type of weed and its location. The location can be the location within the imagery. The location can be an actual geographical location. The location can be within the imagery and be able to be referenced to a position of the vegetation control technology. In this manner, by determining a location of a particular type of weed, the most optimum mulch can be applied to that specific location, with this also applying to different weeds at different locations that required different mulches to be applied. In an example, analysis of the at least one image comprises utilisation of a machine learning algorithm. In an example, the machine learning algorithm comprises a decision tree algorithm. In an example, the machine learning algorithm comprises an artificial neural network. In an example, the machine learning algorithm has been taught on the basis of a plurality of images. In an example, the machine learning algorithm has been taught on the basis of a plurality of images containing imagery of at least one type of weed. In an example, the machine learning algorithm has been taught on the basis of a plurality of images containing imagery of a plurality of weeds. According to an example, the processing unit is configured to determine a mode of operation of at least one chemical spray unit for spraying a weed control chemical at the at least location on the basis of the analysed at least one image. A time of spraying the weed control chemical is prior to a time of application of the at least one mulch. The output unit is configured to output information useable to activate the at least one chemical spray unit. According to an example, determination of the mode of operation comprises determining a weed control chemical to be sprayed from a plurality of weed control chemicals. FIG.2shows an example of a system100for weed control. The system100comprises at least one camera110, an apparatus10for weed control as described with respect toFIG.1and any of the associated examples, and at least one mulch application unit120. The at least one camera110is configured to acquire the at least one image of the environment. The at least one mulch application unit120is mounted on a vehicle130. The apparatus10is configured to activate the at least one mulch application unit120to apply the at least one mulch to the at least one location for weed control. According to an example, the system comprises at least one chemical spray unit140for spraying a weed control chemical at the at least location on the basis of the analysed at least one image. A time of spraying the weed control chemical is prior to a time of application of the at least one mulch. According to an example the apparatus is mounted on the vehicle, and in an example the at least one camera is mounted on the vehicle. In an example, the vehicle is a train. In an example, the vehicle is a lorry or truck or Unimog. In an example, the input unit is configured to provide the processing unit with at least one location associated with the at least one camera when the at least one image was acquired. In an example, the location is a geographical location. In an example, the apparatus is configured to activate the vegetation control technology in the at least one mode of operation on the basis of the at least one geographical location associated with the at least one camera when the at least one image was acquired and a spatial relationship between the at least one camera and the vegetation control technology. In this manner, by knowing where the image has been acquired by a camera mounted on a vehicle and also knowing where a vegetation control technology is mounted on the vehicle with respect to the camera, it is simple to take into account the forward speed of the vehicle in order to activate that vegetation control technology at the same location where the image was acquired, and indeed within that imaged area. In an example, the apparatus is configured to activate a first mode of a vegetation control technology before activation of a second mode of the vegetation control technology, or activate the first mode of the vegetation control technology after activation of the second mode of the vegetation control technology. FIG.3shows a method200for weed control in its basic steps. The method200comprises:in a providing step210, also referred to as step a), providing a processing unit with at least one image of an environment;in an analyzing step220, also referred to as step b), analysing by the processing unit the at least one image to determine at least one location within the environment for activation of at least one mulch application unit, wherein the at least one mulch application unit is configured to apply at least one mulch to the at least one location for weed control; andin an outputting step230, also referred to as step d), outputting information by an output unit that is useable to activate the at least one mulch application unit. According to an example, the at least one image was acquired by at least one camera, and step a) can comprise providing the processing unit with at least one location associated with the at least one camera when the at least one image was acquired. In an example, at least one of the at least one mulch contains at least one herbicide. In an example, a first mulch of the at least one mulch that contains at least one herbicide contains a different herbicidal content to a second mulch of the at least one mulch that contains a least one herbicide. In an example, the at least one mulch that contains at least one herbicide comprises a polymer. In an example the polymer is a biodegradable polymer. In an example the biodegradable polymer is configured to be degraded by at least one type of bacteria. In an example, step b) comprises a determination of at least one location of vegetation. In an example, step b) comprises a determination of at least one type of weed. According to an example, the method comprises step c) analysing240by the processing unit the at least one image to determine a mode of operation of at least one chemical spray unit for spraying a weed control chemical at the at least location on the basis of the analysed at least one image. A time of spraying the weed control chemical is prior to a time of application of the at least one mulch. Step d) then comprises outputting information useable to activate the at least one chemical spray unit. In an example, step c) comprises determining a weed control chemical to be sprayed from a plurality of weed control chemicals. Detailed examples of the apparatus, system and method for weed control are now described in more detail in conjunction withFIGS.4-9, which relate to weed control in the environment of a railway track. A number of mulch application units120and chemical spray units140are mounted on part(s) of a train130. FIG.4shows an example of a system100for weed control, where a number of mulch application units120and chemical spray units140are mounted on a train130. In the system100several drones have cameras110. The drones fly along a railway track. The cameras acquire imagery of the environment of the railway track, with this being the ground between the track and the ground to the sides of the track. The environment being imaged is that that is required to have weeds controlled. There need not be several drones, and one drone with one camera110can acquire the necessary imagery. Indeed, the imagery could have been acquired by a camera110or cameras110that were hand held by personnel visiting the railway track environment, by a plane, satellite or by a train that has run along the railway track for example. The imagery acquired by the cameras110is at a resolution that enables vegetation to be identified as vegetation and indeed can be at resolution that enables one type of weed to be differentiated from another type of weed. The acquired imagery can be colour imagery but need not be. The imagery acquired by the drones is transmitted to an apparatus10. The imagery can be transmitted to the apparatus10as soon as it has been acquired by the cameras110, or can be transmitted at a later time than when it was acquired, for example when the drones have landed. The drones can have Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and this enables the location of acquired imagery to be determined. For example the orientation of cameras110and the position of the drone when imagery was acquired can be used to determine the geographical footprint of the image at the ground plane. The drones can also have inertial navigation systems, based for example on laser gyroscopes. In addition to being used to determine the orientation of the drone and hence of the camera, facilitating a determination of where on the ground the imagery has been acquired, the inertial navigation systems can function alone without a GPS system to determine the position of the drone, by determining movement away from a known or a number of known locations. An input unit20of the apparatus10passes the acquired imagery to a processing unit30. Image analysis software operates on the processing unit30. The image analysis software can use feature extraction, such as edge detection, and object detection analysis that for example can identify structures such as railway tracks, sleepers, trees, level crossings, station platforms. Thus, on the basis of known locations of objects, such as the locations of buildings and railway sleepers and points and level crossings within the environment, and on the basis of known structure information such as the distance between sleepers and the distance between the railway tracks, the processing unit can patch the acquired imagery to in effect create a synthetic representation of the environment that can in effect be overlaid over a geographical map of the environment. Thus, the geographical location of each image can be determined, and there need not be associated GPS and/or inertial navigation based information associated with acquired imagery. However, if there is GPS and/or inertial navigation information available then such image analysis, that can place specific images at specific geographical locations only on the basis of the imagery, is not required. Although, if GPS and/or inertial navigation based information is available then such image analysis can be used to augment the geographical location associated with an image. Thus for example, if on the basis of GPS and/or inertial navigation based information the centre of an acquired image is deemed to be located 22 cm from the side edge and 67 cm from the end of a particular railway sleeper of a section of railway, whilst from the actual acquired imagery, through the use of the above described image analysis, the centre of the image is determined to be located 25 cm from the edge and 64 cm from the end of the sleeper, then the GPS/inertial navigation based derived location can be augmented by shifting the location 3 cm in one direction and 3 cm in another direction as required. The processing unit30runs further image processing software. This software analyses an image to determine the areas within the image where vegetation is to be found, and also analyses the imagery to determine where vegetation is not to be found (for example at the locations of railway sleepers and areas of concrete). This latter information can be used to determine where mulch is not required to be sprayed. Also, a determination can be made from image analysis as to what type of ground or soil type is to be found at a location, such as that conductive for plant growth. For example, a determination can be made that the ballast is clean, dry and does not have organic matter between separate pieces of ballast. Thus, if no vegetation is determined to be there, this area can be determined as not requiring a mulch applied because this area is not conducive for vegetation growth. However, if from image analysis the ballast is determined to not be clean, and/or dry and/or have organic matter between pieces of ballast, even though no vegetation is to be found at the moment the processing unit can still determine that a mulch should be applied at this location to control weeds, because this area has been determined to be an area conducive for the growth of vegetation. Vegetation can be detected based on the shape of features within acquired images, where for example edge detection software is used to delineate the outer perimeter of objects and the outer perimeter of features within the outer perimeter of the object itself; organic material between ballast can be detected in a similar manner. A database of vegetation imagery can be used in helping determine if a feature in imagery relates to vegetation or not, using for example a trained machine learning algorithm such as an artificial neural network or decision tree analysis. The camera can acquire multi-spectral imagery, with imagery having information relating to the colour within images, and this can be used alone, or in combination with feature detection to determine where in an image vegetation (and/or organic matter) is to be found. As discussed above, because the geographical location of an image can be determined, from knowledge of the size of an image on the ground, the location or locations of vegetation, and/or other areas where a mulch should be applied, can be found in an image and can then be mapped to the exact position of that vegetation (area) on the ground. The processing unit30then runs further image processing software that can be part of the image processing that determines vegetation location on the basis of feature extraction, if that is used. This software comprises a machine learning analyser. Images of specific weeds are acquired, with information also relating to the size of weeds being used. Information relating to a geographical location in the world, where such a weed is to be found and information relating to a time of year when that weed is to be found, including when in flower etc. can be tagged with the imagery. The names of the weeds can also be tagged with the imagery of the weeds. The machine learning analyser, which can be based on an artificial neural network or a decision tree analyser, is then trained on this ground truth acquired imagery. In this way, when a new image of vegetation is presented to the analyser, where such an image can have an associated time stamp such as time of year and a geographical location such as Germany or South Africa tagged to it, the analyser determines the specific type of weed that is in the image through a comparison of imagery of a weed found in the new image with imagery of different weeds it has been trained on, where the size of weeds, and where and when they grow can also be taken into account. The specific location of that weed type on the ground within the environment, and its size, can therefore be determined. The processing unit30has access to a database containing different weed types, and the optimum mulch, whether containing a herbicide or not, to be used in controlling that weed type and also whether a weed control chemical and what type of chemical should be sprayed on the weed before application of the mulch. This database has been compiled from experimentally determined data. The database also contains details relating to different ground areas, that may be in the location of weeds or that may be separate from weeds, and also whether a specific type of mulch should be applied on the ground to inhibit weeds from growing in that area. Returning to the situation where a weed or area of vegetation has been determined to exist from image analysis, the size of the weed or clump of weeds on the ground can also be taken into account in determining what mulch is to be applied and whether it should contain a herbicide and whether a weed control chemical should also be applied or sprayed before application of the mulch at the location of the weed. For example, a specific type of mulch may be optimum for a particular type of weed. The processing unit30can then determine that for a single weed or a small clump of this weed at a particular location in the environment a number of mulch application units120should be activated at that specific location to control the weeds with that mulch—which for example could just be a physical barrier and contain no herbicide, which is applied by mulch application units120a. However, if there is another type of weed then the processing unit can determine that a mulch containing one or more herbicides should be applied at that location, where the mulch is degradable via bacteria in order to release the herbicide at an appropriate time. Two different types of mulch having different herbicidal content can be deposited via mulch application units120band120c. Additionally, a specific type of weed may have been identified at a location that is particularly difficult to control and/or lead to seedlings growing in the surround area and the processing unit can then determine that a specific weed control chemical should be sprayed at the location of the weed followed by application of a mulch that could also contain a herbicide, with this mulch potentially being applied over a larger area than the weed to control seedlings if they begin to grow. Two different types of weed control chemical can be sprayed via chemical spray units140aand140b. However, the mulch could just be applied over the same area over which the weed control chemical was sprayed and may not have contained within it a herbicide. Rather, a mulch without a herbicide can act as a physical barrier that in itself helps to control weeds and also being over the weed control chemical helps to ensure that the weed control chemical that was sprayed does not breakdown too quickly and/or get washed away by rain or otherwise be detrimentally affected, thereby the mulch also increases the efficacy of the weed control chemical. Thus in this example one of chemical spray units140aor140bactivate when the appropriate truck of the train passes over the weed, and when the rearmost truck having mulch applications units120apasses over the weed, these activate to apply a mulch over the weed that has already been sprayed with a weed control chemical. However, a mulch can be applied at a location without a weed control chemical having already been sprayed at that location. The processing unit ensures that all weeds that need to be controlled, have assigned to them at least one activation of a mulch application unit and activation of a chemical spray unit if required; whether just a mulch without a herbicide, a mulch with a herbicide, a spraying of a weed control chemical followed by a mulch without a herbicide, or a spraying of a weed control chemical followed by a mulch with a herbicide is required. Regarding the mulches and weed control chemical to be sprayed, the processing unit can determine which particular herbicide should be contained in the mulch and which particular type of weed control chemical should be sprayed. Thus, the cameras110of the drones acquire imagery of an environment that is passed to a processing unit30that determines what modes of a weed control technology should be applied at which specific geographical locations in the environment. Thus, in effect a feature map and/or weed map can be generated that indicates where within the environment mulch should be applied, with or without a herbicide contained within it, and whether this should be preceded by a weed control chemical being sprayed on the weed. With continued reference toFIG.4, the weed control train130progresses along the railway track. As discussed above, the weed control train has a number of trucks. In a specific example a first truck has a chemical spray based weed control technology with a number of chemical spray units140bthat spray a first weed control chemical. A second truck has a chemical spray based weed control technology with a number of chemical spray units140athat spray a second weed control chemical. Then, one truck has a number of mulch application units120cthat apply a mulch having a first herbicide content, another truck has a number of mulch application units120bthat apply a mulch having a second herbicide content, and a final truck has a number of mulch application units120athat apply a mulch having no herbicide content and that forms a physical barrier without an associated herbicidal weed control effect. A different train or the same train that has different trucks coupled to it, can house different numbers of mulch application units applying different types of mulches, with and without herbicidal content and need not have trucks with chemical spray units, where only mulches are applied in the environment, over weeds for example. However, when there are chemical spray units, there can be a number of different types of units coupled to appropriate chemical reservoirs housed within the trucks that can spray a number of different weed control chemicals. However, the trucks with the chemical spray units, if present, are always “upstream” of the trucks with the mulch application units with respect to a forward direction of the train such that a weed can be sprayed with a weed control chemical and then subsequently have a mulch applied over that area. The weed control train has a processing unit (not shown) which uses the above discussed feature map, weed map or weed control map. The weed control train has means to determine its geographical location, which can be based on one or more of GPS, inertial navigation, image analysis in order to locate the position of the weed control train and the specific locations of the mulch application units120a,120b,120cand the specific locations of the chemical spray units140aand140b. This means that when the weed control train passes through the environment the different units (mulch application units and if necessary chemical spray units) can be activated at the specific locations of weeds, where the different units to be activated at the location to apply specific mulches covering if necessary an area sprayed with a specific weed control chemical has been determined to be optimal for that task. As discussed above, the weed control train can have a camera and acquire imagery. Acquired imagery can be processed by the processing unit on the weed control train to determine the location of the train itself, through determining the location of sleepers and features in the surroundings. Also, when the weed control train has a GPS and/or an inertial system, the GPS and/or inertial navigation systems can be used to determine the location of the train in order that the correct mulch application units (and if necessary chemical spray units) can be activated at the location of specific weeds. However, if the train also has a camera acquiring imagery of the surroundings, feature extraction such as the position of sleepers etc. can be used to augment the position determined by GPS and/or inertial navigation to make corrections in position in order that the mulch application units (and chemical spray units if necessary) can activate at the exact locations required, for example not over areas where weeds do not grow and for example at the specific locations of different types of weeds, to take into account for example a position derived from the GPS system. Thus, the image processing required to determine the positions of sleepers can run quickly, with location updates being applied rapidly, because the complexity of image processing in locating features such as railway sleepers is not relatively large. A database of mulches with different herbicidal content and of weed control chemicals and information relating to what mulch to use to control specific types of weeds and also a combination of mulch preceded by a specific weed control chemical for control of other specific weeds is used by the processing unit to determine what units (mulch applications units and if necessary chemical spray units) are to be activated at specific locations in the environment. The train also has rain sensors, and if it is raining and a weed would normally only have a weed control chemical sprayed over it, the processing unit can determine that a mulch from mulch application units120awith no herbicidal content should be applied over the weed after spraying of the weed control chemical to mitigate washing off of the weed control chemical due to rainfall by providing a physical barrier over the sprayed weed. FIG.5shows another example of a system100for weed control. The system for weed control ofFIG.5is similar to that shown inFIG.4. However, inFIG.5the weed control train130has cameras110and an apparatus10as previously discussed. The cameras110on the weed control train130now acquire that imagery that was previously acquired by the drones. The processing unit30of the apparatus on the weed control train130processes the acquired imagery to determine the location and type of weed. The exact geographical location of the weed is not then required to be determined. Rather, on the basis of a relative spacing between the cameras110and the mulch application units120a,120b,120cand chemical spray units140aand140bhoused in trucks of the train, an acquired image can be located at a specific point on the ground and weeds located and identified within that image and accordingly located on the ground. The required mulch application units (and if necessary also chemical spray units) can then be activated at the location of the weed being determined, and/or at the locations that are required to have weeds controlled relating to areas determined to be conducive for the growth of weeds. Then, from knowledge of the forward motion of the weed control train (its speed) and the time when an image was acquired, it can be determined when the required unit(s) should be activated such that activation is at the position of the weed (or other area), to apply mulch at that location with application of the mulch being preceded by a chemical spray if necessary, and/or to apply mulch over required other areas of the environment that may not require a weed control chemical to have already been sprayed at that location. In this way, the weed control train does not need to have a GPS and/or inertial navigation system or image based absolute geographical location determination means. Rather, to account for the processing required to determine the type of weed and its exact location within an image, and/or the locations where mulch is to be applied where they may not be a weed growing but where a mulch has still been determined as needing to be applied, and its exact location on the ground, within a train coordinate system, can be determined. The cameras110must be spaced from first truck housing mulch application units or chemical spray units if present, which for the example shown inFIG.5is the truck housing chemical spray units140bwhere the important position of that truck is the position of the chemical spray units140bthemselves, by a distance that is at least equal to the processing time multiplied by the maximum velocity of the weed control train during weed control. Thus for example, if processing takes 0.2 s, 0.4 s, or 0.8 s for a train travelling at 25 m/s, with reference toFIG.5the cameras110must be spaced forward of chemical spray units140bby 5 m, 10 m or 20 m for this train velocity. A reduction in train velocity and/or a reduction in processing speed enable the separation to be reduced. In addition, the cameras110that are acquiring the imagery can have very short exposure times in order that image smear due to movement of the train during the exposure time is minimized. This can be by various means, including the use of cameras with short exposure times or short pulsed illumination via for example lasers or LEDs in combination with filters for example. However, the apparatus can use a GPS system and/or inertial navigation system and/or image analysis to determine an exact geographical location of weeds, and/or of areas where a mulch is to be applied that could for example be between sleepers and between railway tracks but not over sleepers or over the tracks and/or at areas determined to be conducive for weed growth. This means that a log of what weeds have been controlled, and how they have been controlled, and where those weeds were located can be provided, and a log of where mulch was applied including that that was not over a growing weed can be provided. Thus, in effect audit information is provided enabling the efficacy of application of weed control technologies to be reviewed. Also, by generating an exact geographical location of the weeds and/or other relevant areas of the environment, the mulch application units and chemical spray units can have associated location determining means, such as a GPS system and/or inertial navigation system and/or image based system that can be used to provide the exact position of those units. Thus, a front carriage of a train can have the image acquisition and analysis units that enable a weed control map to be constructed. The last few trucks of a train could then have mulch application units (and if necessary chemical spray units). These latter trucks could be spaced from the front carriage by many tens if not hundreds of metres by load carrying trucks. The absolute separation of the front carriage to the rear carriages could then vary as the train goes up and down hill, but because the trucks with the mulch application and chemical spray units know their exact locations and the exact locations of their respective units, when they have moved forwards to the position of a weed or areas of weeds of a particular type or other areas that are to have for example a mulch applied, the appropriate unit or units can be activated at that precise geographical location. This is because the exact geographical locations of the mulch application units and chemical spray units are known, enabling activation of those units when they pass over the exact geographical location of a weed or other area for weed control to be applied. FIG.5shows two views of the weed control train130, the top being a side view and the bottom showing a plan view. This shows the cameras110acquiring imagery that extends between the tracks and to the sides of the tracks. The individual trucks of the weed control train have the associated different mulch application units120a,120band120cand the chemical spray units140aand140b, as discussed with respect toFIG.4, that can be activated at positions beneath the train and to the side of the train. FIG.6shows a truck of a weed control train130as shown inFIGS.4-5, that has a number of chemical spray units140. The truck inFIG.6can be either the truck inFIGS.4-5that has the chemical spray units140aor the chemical spray units140b. In another example, the truck shown inFIG.6can spray a different weed control chemical to that discussed with respect toFIGS.4-5.FIG.6shows a rear view of the truck of the train, with the view being that down the railway track. A number of separate spray nozzles of chemical spray units140extend laterally beneath the train and to the sides of the train. The spray nozzles can also extend in a forward direction. A spray nozzle can itself have specific control, outside of being on or off, and can be directionally controlled to spray to the left and to the right or downwards, and/or be controlled such that the angular extent of the spray is varied in order that for example a narrow jet of spray can be directed to a single small weed. When one of these spray nozzles passes over a weed that has been identified as one that should be controlled by that particular chemical spray the processing unit30activates the specific nozzle that sprays chemical at the specific location of the weed that is required to be controlled by that chemical spray. The weed control chemical is sprayed prior to a following mulch application at or over that location, discussed in more detail with respect toFIG.7. InFIG.6there are two specific locations of such a weed, one to be found between the track and one to the left of the tracks, and accordingly two spray nozzles have been activated. It is to be noted that weeds can pass under this truck that have already had one of the other chemicals applied by chemical spray units140housed in a different truck or weeds that have been determined to not need a weed control chemical sprayed over them before a mulch is applied over them. FIG.7shows a truck of a weed control train130as shown inFIGS.4-5, that has a number of mulch application units120. The truck inFIG.7can be any of the trucks shown inFIGS.4-5that has mulch application units120a,120bor120c.FIG.7shows a rear view of this truck of the train, with the view being that down the railway track. The processing unit30for example determines that specific weeds are required to have a mulch applied over them, with that mulch having a first herbicide content. Thus in this example, reference is made to the truck shown inFIGS.4-5that has mulch application units140b. A number of separate mulch spray nozzles are shown, which are configured to spray a liquid biodegradable polymer that has contained within it the herbicide content. The polymer in this specific example is a polyester, which is a dispersion in an aqueous solution along with the herbicide. Following application, the water evaporates to leave the herbicide encapsulated within the polymer. The polymer is designed such that bacteria that are present in the environment and grow when weeds grow will degrade the polymer and lead to the release of the herbicide. Bacteria attack the ester group in the polymer leading to degradation of the polymer and release of the herbicide. Thus in addition to providing a physical barrier that controls the weed, a further weed control mechanism is provided that targets weeds via the controlled application of a weed control herbicide. If weeds are not growing, for example in cold and dry conditions, then the bacteria also do not grow and degrade the polymer. However, as soon as weeds start to grow the bacteria also grows leading to degradation of the polymer and the release of the herbicide. A number of separate spray nozzles of mulch application units140bextend laterally beneath the train and to the sides of the train. The spray nozzles can also extend in a forward direction. A spray nozzle can itself have specific control, outside of being on or off, and can be directionally controlled to spray to the left and to the right or downwards, and/or to be controlled such that the angular extent of the spray is varied in order that for example a narrow jet of spray can be directed to a single weed. However, generally the extent of the application of a mulch is greater than the extent of the application of a weed control chemical that has been previously sprayed over a weed via chemical spray nozzles140. However, the extent of mulch and weed control chemical spray can be the same. InFIG.7there are two specific locations of a weed that has been determined to need a mulch applied over it. These locations are the same as the locations shown inFIG.6that have already had a weed control chemical sprayed over them. Thus, the weeds first have a weed control chemical sprayed over them, and then have a mulch having herbicidal content sprayed over them. However, in different examples a weed control chemical is first sprayed over a weed followed by application of a mulch that does not contain a herbicide. Such a mulch provides physical barrier effect to control weeds and can be a liquid polymer, which could also be biodegradable for reduced long term environmental impact but need not be. Such a mulch need not be in liquid form, and can be in granular or powder form, and the biodegradable mulch having herbicidal content can also be in granular or powder form rather than in liquid form. Rather than use a liquid polymer mulch with a herbicide content, the mulch can be in the form of granules that can contain encapsulated herbicide if necessary, with these granules also being sprayable, thereby facilitating application. The granules can be biodegradable as discussed above in order to release encapsulated herbicide. Also, the mulch can be in a non-sprayable form, and again can have herbicidal content, being for example larger granules, non-woven fibre material, starch newspaper, that is physically applied at required locations. FIG.8shows a representation of a railway environment, showing the railway tracks and the ground to the side of the tracks. A number of weed areas are shown, with a large clump of one type of weed having a clump of a different type of weed within it. Shown inFIG.8are representations of the locations where different mulch application units and if necessary different chemical spray units have been activated to apply mulches and weed control chemicals respectively. At one location, the processing unit on the basis of image processing has determined that a weed is required to only have a mulch serving as a physical barrier applied over it, and only mulch application units120aat the required location are activated. At another location, a second type of weed control chemical is required to be sprayed over a small clump of weeds in a larger clump of a different type of weed and again have the mulch without the herbicide applied over it. The larger clump itself can be controlled via application of only a mulch without herbicidal content. Two different clumps of weeds are determined on the basis of image processing to require mulches having herbicidal content without pre spraying with a weed control chemical. However, a further weed that is particularly difficult to control has a weed control chemical sprayed over it from chemical spray units140afollowed by application of a mulch with herbicidal content via mulch application units120c. This determination of where and which mulch applications units should be activated to apply a mulch and if necessary which chemical spray nozzles should activate at locations of weed prior to application of a mulch can be considered to be the weed control map and/or feature discussed with respect toFIG.4, or the real-time determination of what mode of weed control technology should be applied as discussed with respect toFIG.5. FIG.9shows more details of mulch applications units120ain the left most truck of the train as shown inFIGS.4-5, with the description below also relevant to the other mulch application units120band120cand to the chemical spray units140aand140b. The layout and control of the mulch applications units (and for the chemical spray units) enables different amounts of mulch (and weed control chemical) to be applied (sprayed) at specific locations without having to slow the train down or apply mulch (weed control chemical) at different rates, leading to simplified system sub-units. Continuing with the specific example shown inFIG.9, there is shown separate sub-units that are mounted to the truck of the train, with the centre unit beneath the train truck and the other sub-units to the side of the truck that can control weeds outsides of the tracks. In this specific example there are 19 rows of nozzles and 12 columns of nozzles configured to apply a mulch in liquid form as a polymer, which does not have a herbicidal content (although the same system can be used to apply a liquid polymer mulch having a herbicide content, a granule mulch with or without herbicidal content, and a weed control chemical). There can be various numbers of columns of nozzles and various row numbers, and there may only be one row. Defining a coordinate system as row×column, then as the train moves forward nozzles 1×4, 1×5, 1×6 and 1×7 activate as these nozzles pass over the location of the weed to deposit a mulch layer. With further movement, in an example only these nozzles are active until these nozzles have passed over the weed. In this way a minimum amount of mulch can be applied. However, the nozzles can activate as the weed is located at different positions beneath the sub-unit. Thus, when the weed is first located under the front edge of the sub-unit nozzles 1×4-7, 2×4-7 and 3×4-7 are activated. As the train moves forward, 2×4-7, 3×4-7 and 4×4-7 are activated, then 3×4-7, 4×4-7 and 5×4-7 are activated. In this way, the weed progresses under the sub unit and at all positions the appropriate nozzles are activated until 17×4-7, 18×4-7 and 19×4-7 are activated, then 18×4-7 and 19×4-7 and finally 19×4-7 are activated. In this way a wave of activated nozzles activates at a fixed position on the ground, with the wave moving at the speed of the train. Thus different durations of application of mulch, and hence different thicknesses of mulch, can be applied at different locations, where the processing unit determines what thickness of mulch is to be deposited for a particular weed at a particular location. This also applies to the application of mulches having herbicidal content, and to the amount of weed control chemical to be sprayed over weeds prior to application of a mulch, if it has been determined by the processing unit that such a pre-treatment by weed control chemical is required. The above detailed examples have been discussed with respect to a railway, where different mulch application units and chemical spray units are housed in different trucks of the train. These could be housed in a single truck, and there could be just one set of units, with these being mulch applications units applying mulch at specific locations on the basis of image processing, either with or without associated herbicidal content. Additionally, rather than a weed control train, a truck or lorry or Unimog can have mulch applications units and if necessary chemical spray units mounted on/within it an, on the basis of previously acquired and processed imagery or on the basis of imagery it acquires and processes itself, drives around an industrial area or even an area such as an airport and controls weeds through the targeted application of mulch, with a weed control chemical pre-treatment being applied if necessary as discussed above. In another exemplary embodiment, a computer program or computer program element is provided that is characterized by being configured to execute the method steps of the method according to one of the preceding embodiments, on an appropriate system. The computer program element might therefore be stored on a computer unit, which might also be part of an embodiment. This computing unit may be configured to perform or induce performing of the steps of the method described above. Moreover, it may be configured to operate the components of the above described apparatus and/or system. The computing unit can be configured to operate automatically and/or to execute the orders of a user. A computer program may be loaded into a working memory of a data processor. The data processor may thus be equipped to carry out the method according to one of the preceding embodiments. This exemplary embodiment of the invention covers both, a computer program that right from the beginning uses the invention and computer program that by means of an update turns an existing program into a program that uses invention. Further on, the computer program element might be able to provide all necessary steps to fulfill the procedure of an exemplary embodiment of the method as described above. According to a further exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a computer readable medium, such as a CD-ROM, USB stick or the like, is presented wherein the computer readable medium has a computer program element stored on it which computer program element is described by the preceding section. A computer program may be stored and/or distributed on a suitable medium, such as an optical storage medium or a solid state medium supplied together with or as part of other hardware, but may also be distributed in other forms, such as via the internet or other wired or wireless telecommunication systems. However, the computer program may also be presented over a network like the World Wide Web and can be downloaded into the working memory of a data processor from such a network. According to a further exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a medium for making a computer program element available for downloading is provided, which computer program element is arranged to perform a method according to one of the previously described embodiments of the invention. It has to be noted that embodiments of the invention are described with reference to different subject matters. In particular, some embodiments are described with reference to method type claims whereas other embodiments are described with reference to the device type claims. However, a person skilled in the art will gather from the above and the following description that, unless otherwise notified, in addition to any combination of features belonging to one type of subject matter also any combination between features relating to different subject matters is considered to be disclosed with this application. However, all features can be combined providing synergetic effects that are more than the simple summation of the features. While the invention has been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing description, such illustration and description are to be considered illustrative or exemplary and not restrictive. The invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments. Other variations to the disclosed embodiments can be understood and effected by those skilled in the art in practicing a claimed invention, from a study of the drawings, the disclosure, and the dependent claims. In the claims, the word “comprising” does not exclude other elements or steps, and the indefinite article “a” or “an” does not exclude a plurality. A single processor or other unit may fulfill the functions of several items re-cited in the claims. The mere fact that certain measures are re-cited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage. Any reference signs in the claims should not be construed as limiting the scope.

11856938

In the drawings, like reference numbers represent corresponding parts throughout. DETAILED DESCRIPTION FIG.1illustrates an example system100that includes a robotic rover105scanning the premises of a property110for unwanted animals. Briefly, and as described in more detail below, the robotic rover105is located within the premises of the property110and identifies moving objects within the property110. The robotic rover105determines whether a moving object is an unwanted animal. In more detail and as illustrated inFIG.1, the property110includes a house115that is located within a property line of the property110. A fence, wall, driveway, or other manmade barrier may be located at or near the property line. The property line may also include vegetation. For example, the property line may be a hedge, unkempt bushes, trees, grass, or any other natural vegetation. In some implementations, any barrier on the property line may be inadequate to deter unwanted animals from entering the property110. For example, deer may jump over many fences, and grass will do little to prevent animals from entering the property110. The property110may include trees120a-120e. The trees may provide alternative paths for climbing animals to enter the property110. For example, a squirrel may jump from a tree outside the property110to tree120d, climb down the tree120d, and roam around the property110. To identify and chase off unwanted animals, the property owner may place a robotic rover105within the property110. The robotic rover105may be configured to scan the premises of the property110and identify unwanted animals. The robotic rover105is configured to traverse terrain that may be typical of a residential yard. For example, the rover105may include a suspension, wheels, and motor that are adequate for traversing grass, mulch, gravel, concrete, wood, or any other similar terrain. The rover105identifies an unwanted animal and then traverses to the location of the unwanted animal by powering the wheels with the motor. The property owner may place the rover105and the dock125in an outdoor area of the property110. The dock125may be a home base for the rover105. The dock125may be plugged into an outlet of the house115and provide power to the rover105while the rover is docked. The dock125may also have a communication module that is configured to communicate with a monitoring system of the house115and with the rover105. The communication module may communicate with the rover105to guide the rover105back to the dock125. The dock125may be connected to a water source and supply water to the rover105to fill the rover's water tank. The dock125may include mechanical or magnetic connections to ensure the rover105is correctly positioned to charge and receive water from the dock125. While the rover105is docked, the rover105may scan the property110for an unwanted animal. The rover125may include an image sensor130that is configured to capture images of the property110. The rover105may perform analytics on the captured images to identify the objects included in the images. Depending on the position of the dock, the rover105may have a full view of the property110or may be blocked by objects such as the house115. For example, the image sensor130may have a field of view135. The rover105may rotate the image sensor130and scan the property. The field of view135may be able to capture all areas of the property110except the area with tree120ebecause that portion of the property110is blocked by the house120e. During scanning of the property110, the trees120a-120dmay be within the field of view of the image sensor130. The rover105may include processing capabilities that allow the rover105to analyze the images captured by the image sensor130. In some implementations, the rover105may analyze the movement of the trees120a-120dand determine that the trees do not move enough during a particular period of time to be an animal. In some implementations, the rover105may analyze the size of different objects captured by the image sensor130. Objects that are below a threshold size or that are not shaped like a typical animal may be ignored by the rover105. For example, the rover105may capture an image of the tree120aand determine that it is not an animal based on the size and shape of the tree120a. During scanning of the property110, the person135may be within the field of view of the image sensor130. The rover105may determine that the object that corresponds to the person135is not an animal based on the size of the object. In addition to analyzing the shape of the object that corresponds to the person135, the rover may use an infrared sensor. The rover105may analyze the infrared image to determine that the size and shape of the object that corresponds to the person135is not an animal. During scanning of the property110, the animal140may be within the field of view of the image sensor130. The rover105may determine, based on the size and movement of an image object that corresponds the animal140, that the animal140is potentially an unwanted animal. The rover105detects the tag145on the animal145and compares the tag145to a known tag database. The rover105identifies a match between the tag145and the known tag database and determines that the animal145is not an unwanted animal. The property owner110may place the tag145on a pet so that the rover105does not identify the animal145as an unwanted animal. The tag145may be configured to transmit a signal that identifies the tag145and that the rover105is configured to receive. For example, the tag145may be a low powered radio that transmits a beacon signal every minute. During scanning of the property110, the animal150may be within the field of view of the image sensor130. The rover105may determine, based on the size and movement of an image object that corresponds the animal150, that the animal150is potentially an unwanted animal. Because the rover105does not detect a known tag on the animal150, the rover105may determine that the animal150as an unwanted animal and initiate the process to encourage the animal150to leave the property110. FIG.2illustrates an example system200that includes a robotic rover205scaring off an unwanted animal250from the premises of a property210. Briefly, and as described in more detail below, the robotic rover105traverses the property210to the location of the unwanted animal250and uses various techniques to encourage the unwanted animal250to leave the property210. In more detail and as illustrated inFIG.2, the rover205has left the dock225and traveled to the location of the unwanted animal250. In some implementations, to travel to the location of the unwanted animal250, the rover205may track the movement of the unwanted animal250using the image sensor230. In some implementations, the rover205may store a map of the property205in memory of the rover205. Based on the location of the unwanted animal250in the image and the position of the image sensor230while the rover205was docked, the rover may determine an approximate location of the unwanted animal250. The rover may traverse the property205according to the map to reach the approximate location of the unwanted animal250. The rover205arrives at the approximate location of the unwanted animal250. The rover205may scan the area using the image sensor230or with an infrared sensor to locate the unwanted animal250in case the unwanted animal250has moved. The rover205initiates techniques to encourage the unwanted animal250to move from the property210without injuring the unwanted animal250. For example, the rover205may make noise255to scare the unwanted animal250. The noise255may be audible to humans or may be ultrasonic noise. The rover205may also spray the unwanted animal250with water260. The water260may be stored in a water tank that is located in the rover205. The rover205may include a nozzle265that is configured to spray water260in a particular direction. The nozzle265may be configured to rotate left and right and move up and down. In this instance, the rover205may remain stationary and spray water260at the unwanted animal250while the unwanted animal250runs around. The rover205may also physically bump the unwanted animal250to encourage the unwanted animal250to leave the property. For example, the rover205may retract the nozzle265and nudge the unwanted animal250with the body of the rover205. In instances where the rover205is moving closer to the unwanted animal250, the rover205may reduce the power of the nozzle265and the noise255so as to not injure or damage the hearing of the unwanted animal250. The rover205may also limit the number of nudges, sprays, sounds, or any other technique to prevent any possible injury to the unwanted animal250. In some implementations, the rover205may approach the unwanted animal250in a direction such that the rover205encourages the unwanted animal250to exit the property210by traversing the shortest route. For example, the rover205may approach the unwanted animal250at location270to encourage the animal to exit at location275. If the rover205approached the unwanted animal250at location280, then the unwanted animal250may exit the property210at location285. In this instance, there may be a greater chance of the unwanted animal250running towards the middle of the property where the rover205may have to traverse a greater distance to encourage the unwanted animal250to leave the property210. In some implementations, the rover205may approach the unwanted animal250such that the unwanted animal250is located between a corner of the property210and the rover205, where the unwanted animal250, the corner, and the rover205form approximately a straight line. In this instance, the unwanted animal250may be more likely to leave the property210instead of escape the rover205towards a more central portion of the property210. In some implementations, the rover205may approach the unwanted animal250to encourage the unwanted animal250to exit the property205in a direction that is away from any people or pets. For example, the rover205may place itself between the unwanted animal250and person235and animal240. In this instance, the rover205activates the techniques to encourage the unwanted animal250to exit the property210in a direction away from the person235and animal240. FIG.3illustrates an example robotic rover300. Briefly, and as described in more detail below, the robotic rover300may be similar to the rovers105and205described in relation toFIGS.1and2, respectively. The rover300is configured to detect unwanted animals and encourage them to leave the property monitored by the rover300. The rover300may include one or more of the following features in any combination. The rover300includes a body305. The body305may be made of any rigid material such as plastic or metal. The body305may include water proof areas that hold sensitive electronics as the rover300will be used almost exclusively outdoors. The body305may be configured to blend in with its surroundings, especially when docked. The body305may change shape or deploy an arm or other object so that it appears foreign to an unwanted animal. The body305may include a motor310that is powered by a battery315. The motor310may be configured to rotate the wheels320a-320b. The wheels320a-320bmay be configured differently depending on the terrain of the monitored property. For example, the wheels320a-320bmay be four inches in diameter for terrain that is primarily grass. The wheels320a-320bmay be six inches in diameter for terrain that is primarily rocky. The rover300may be configured to charge the battery315when coupled to a docking station. The docking station may be plugged into a power outlet or another power source. The rover300includes a communication module325. The communication module325is configured to communicate with a monitoring system that monitors the property patrolled by the rover300. The communication module325may also be configured to communicate with a cellular or Wi-Fi network. The communication module325may be configured to detect beacon signals from tags placed on pets. The communication module325may be configured to transmit a signal to scan for tags placed on pets. The communication module325may be configured to detect signals from beacons placed around the property for the purpose of assisting the rover in orientating itself within the property by measuring signal timing and delay. The communication module325may be configured to communicate with a docking station to assist the rover300in locating the docking station. The communication module325may receive information from cameras located around the monitored property. For example, a camera in the yard may provide video data to the communication module325. The rover300may analyze the video data to determine whether there is an unwanted animal in the field of view of the yard camera. In some implementations, the yard camera may provide the video data to a monitoring system of the property that will analyze the video data for an unwanted animal. If the monitoring system determines that an unwanted animal is likely within the field of view of the camera, then the monitoring system may deploy the rover300. The rover300includes a location module330. The location module330may include a GPS receiver or other location detecting devices. The rover300includes one or more sensors335. The sensors335may include sonar sensors, LIDAR sensors, and/or other visual sensors that the rover300may use to detect object around the rover300. The sensors335may include a temperature sensor, humidity sensor, and/or a barometric sensor. The rover300includes a processor340that is configured to process the data from the location module330, communication module325, and sensors335. The processor340may provide instructions to the motor310based in part on the data from the location module330, communication module325, sensors335, image sensor345, and/or microphone350. Additionally, or alternatively, the processor340may provide instructions to the devices that are configured to encourage unwanted animals to leave the property based on the data from the location module330, communication module325, sensors335, image sensor345, and/or microphone350. The rover300includes a known object database355. The known object database355may include information such as a map of the property including boundary points of the property, trees, obstacles (e.g., fountains, ponds, etc.), terrain changes, cameras, docking stations, etc. as well as GPS coordinates for each object in the property. The known object database355may also include data identifying tags on pets. The tags may be configured to transmit data identifying the particular tag, and the communication module receives the transmissions. The processor may compare the received tag information to those tags in the known object database355to assist in identifying unwanted animals. The rover300includes a water nozzle360that draws water from the water tank365. The rover may aim the water nozzle360at and spray water on an unwanted animal to encourage the animal to leave the property. The water nozzle360may be configured to spray water at different strengths depending on the size of the unwanted animal and the proximity of the unwanted animal to the rover300. The water nozzle360may be configured to retract when not in use and rotate from left to right and up and down. The water tank365may include a sensor to detect the water level and a water heater to prevent the water from freezing. When the water tank365is below a certain threshold, the rover300may return to the docking station to refill the water tank365. In some implementations, the rover300may continue to encourage an unwanted animal to leave the property while the water tank is low to ensure the unwanted animal has left the property instead of returning to the docking station. The rover300includes an image sensor345. The image sensor345is configured to capture images of the surrounding area. The image sensor345may capture still images or video and provide the data to the processor340for analysis in identifying unwanted animals using video analytics. The image sensor345may be configured to scan the property while the rover300remains stationary and may include zoom lenses. In some implementations, the image sensor300may not function in a low light or nighttime environment. In these instances, the rover300may include infrared sensors. The rover300may use the infrared sensors in low light settings and/or to identify heat patterns of warm blooded animals. The rover300includes a bumper370. The rover300may navigate close to an unwanted animal and nudge the unwanted animal with the bumper370in an attempt to encourage the unwanted animal to leave the property. The bumper370may be constructed of rubber or a similar material to prevent injury to the unwanted animal upon contact. The rover300may be configured to contact the unwanted animal a particular number of times, for example, three times, before attempting an alternate technique. The rover300may include an accelerometer or other motion sensing device to assist in determining when the rover300contacts the unwanted animal. In some implementations, the rover300may use a retractable device to contact the unwanted animal. For example, the rover300may extend the retractable device as the rover300approaches the unwanted animal. The rover300may retrace the retractable device after detecting that the retractable device contacted the unwanted animal. The rover300includes a speaker375and a microphone380. The rover300may use the speaker375to play noise in an attempt to scare off unwanted animals. The rover300may position the speaker375to direct noise in a particular direction, such as towards the unwanted animal. In some implementations, the rover300may adjust the volume of noise outputted by the speaker375depending on the distance between the rover300and the unwanted animal. The speaker375may be configured to produce ultrasonic noise or noise audible to humans. The rover300may select either ultrasonic or audible noise depending on the rover300detecting any nearby humans. The rover300may use the microphone380to detect sounds. The rover300may analyze the detected sounds for animal noises. If a sound corresponds to a potential unwanted animal, then the rover300may move to the area of the sound. In some implementations, the rover300may detect an animal noise and store the noise as a sound of an unwanted animal if the rover determines that the noise originates from an unwanted animal. In some implementations, the rover300may receive data that includes noise patterns of unwanted animals and compare any received audio to the stored noise patterns. The rover300includes a light source385. The rover300may use the light source385to flash light at an unwanted animal. For example, the rover300may navigate to an unwanted animal and flash the light source385three times in an attempt to scare the unwanted animal. In some implementations, the rover300may use the light source385with the image sensor345to improve performance of the image sensor345in lowlight settings. The rover300may also use the light source385to improve navigation. In some implementations, the rover300includes an ambient light sensor to determine an amount of light to emit from the light source385in low light settings or to scare the unwanted animal. FIG.4illustrates an example process400for identifying and removing an unwanted animal from a property. In general, the process400surveys a property and navigates a rover to a location of an unwanted animal. The process400activates devices that are designed to scare off the unwanted animal. The process400will be described as being performed by a robotic rover system, for example, robotic rovers105,205, or300as shown inFIG.1-3, respectively. The system scans a property (410). In some implementations, the system scans the property using an image sensor. In some implementations, the system receives image data from remote cameras positioned throughout the property. In some implementations, the system scans the property using an infrared sensor, a directional microphone, or other sensing devices. The system identifies a moving object within the property (420). In some implementations, the system determines a path of the moving object. The path may indicate that the object moved from outside the property to inside the property. The path may indicate that the object moved from inside the house to outside the house. The system may determine a speed of the moving object and the size of the moving object. The system determines that the moving object is an unwanted animal (430). The system may determine that the moving object is an unwanted animal based on one or more factors. In some implementations, the system determines that the moving object is an unwanted animal based on the path of the moving object. Moving objects with paths that originate in the house are likely to be people or pets. Moving objects with paths that cross into the property from a neighboring property are likely to be unwanted animals. In some implementations, the system determines that the moving object is an unwanted animal based on the size or speed of the moving object. For example, the system may not determine that objects similar in size to a human are unwanted animals. The system may determine that an object moving at three miles per hour may be an unwanted animal. In some implementations, the system may determine a moving object is an unwanted animal based on sounds emanating from the direction of the moving object. In some implementations, the system may be unable to determine whether the moving object is likely an unwanted animal. In this instance, the system may traverse the property and approach the moving object to improve the data collected by the sensors such as the image sensor, microphone, and other sensors and increase the likelihood that the system is able to determine whether the object is an unwanted animal. In some implementations, the object may not be moving. In this instance, the system may rely on infrared sensors to detect warm blooded animals that may not be distinguishable when analyzing data from an image sensor. In some implementations, the system may be able to distinguish a stationary object from the surroundings and determine that the stationary object is an unwanted animal based on image sensor data as well as other sensor data such as audio data. The system may also use data from the infrared sensors as another factor when determining whether a moving object is an unwanted animal. The system navigates to a location of the unwanted animal (440). The system may access map data of the premises to determine the most efficient path to the location of the unwanted animal. For example, the system may avoid water and other obstacles. The system may use location sensors, such as GPS, for navigation to the location of the unwanted animal. For obstacles that the system is unware of, the system may detect those objects using sensors such as infrared, sonar, LiDAR, image, or other sensors. The system may navigate around those object and add them to the map data. The system activates devices that are configured to encourage the unwanted animal to leave the property (450). In some implementations, the system approaching the unwanted animal will be enough to encourage the unwanted animal to leave he property. In this instance, the system will return to the dock without activating any devices at are configured to encourage the unwanted animal to leave the property. In instances where the unwanted animal does not leave the property as the system approaches, the system may bump into the unwanted animal, emit audible or ultrasonic noise, flash a light, and/or spray the unwanted animal with water. The system may continue to activate these devices until the system determines that the unwanted animal has left the property. The system returns to the docking station to recharge the system's battery and refill the water tank. The system returns to monitoring the property from the docking station. FIG.5is a block diagram of components of a system500for identifying and removing an unwanted animal from a property. The system500includes a network505, a monitoring system control unit510, one or more user devices540,550, a monitoring application server560, and a central alarm station server570. In some examples, the network505facilitates communications between the monitoring system control unit510, the one or more user devices540,550, the monitoring application server560, and the central alarm station server570. The network505is configured to enable exchange of electronic communications between devices connected to the network505. For example, the network505may be configured to enable exchange of electronic communications between the monitoring system control unit510, the one or more user devices540,550, the monitoring application server560, and the central alarm station server570. The network505may include, for example, one or more of the Internet, Wide Area Networks (WANs), Local Area Networks (LANs), analog or digital wired and wireless telephone networks (e.g., a public switched telephone network (PSTN), Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), a cellular network, and Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)), radio, television, cable, satellite, or any other delivery or tunneling mechanism for carrying data. Network505may include multiple networks or subnetworks, each of which may include, for example, a wired or wireless data pathway. The network505may include a circuit-switched network, a packet-switched data network, or any other network able to carry electronic communications (e.g., data or voice communications). For example, the network505may include networks based on the Internet protocol (IP), asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), the PSTN, packet-switched networks based on IP, X.25, or Frame Relay, or other comparable technologies and may support voice using, for example, VoIP, or other comparable protocols used for voice communications. The network505may include one or more networks that include wireless data channels and wireless voice channels. The network505may be a wireless network, a broadband network, or a combination of networks including a wireless network and a broadband network. The monitoring system control unit510includes a controller512and a network module514. The controller512is configured to control a monitoring system (e.g., a home alarm or security system) that includes the monitoring system control unit510. In some examples, the controller512may include a processor or other control circuitry configured to execute instructions of a program that controls operation of an alarm system. In these examples, the controller512may be configured to receive input from sensors, detectors, or other devices included in the alarm system and control operations of devices included in the alarm system or other household devices (e.g., a thermostat, an appliance, lights, etc.). For example, the controller512may be configured to control operation of the network module514included in the monitoring system control unit510. The network module514is a communication device configured to exchange communications over the network505. The network module514may be a wireless communication module configured to exchange wireless communications over the network505. For example, the network module514may be a wireless communication device configured to exchange communications over a wireless data channel and a wireless voice channel. In this example, the network module514may transmit alarm data over a wireless data channel and establish a two-way voice communication session over a wireless voice channel. The wireless communication device may include one or more of a LTE module, a GSM module, a radio modem, cellular transmission module, or any type of module configured to exchange communications in one of the following formats: LTE, GSM or GPRS, CDMA, EDGE or EGPRS, EV-DO or EVDO, UMTS, or IP. The network module514also may be a wired communication module configured to exchange communications over the network505using a wired connection. For instance, the network module514may be a modem, a network interface card, or another type of network interface device. The network module514may be an Ethernet network card configured to enable the monitoring system control unit510to communicate over a local area network and/or the Internet. The network module514also may be a voiceband modem configured to enable the alarm panel to communicate over the telephone lines of Plain Old Telephone Systems (POTS). The monitoring system that includes the monitoring system control unit510includes one or more sensors or detectors. For example, the monitoring system may include multiple sensors520. The sensors520may include a contact sensor, a motion sensor, a glass break sensor, or any other type of sensor included in an alarm system or security system. The sensors520also may include an environmental sensor, such as a temperature sensor, a water sensor, a rain sensor, a wind sensor, a light sensor, a smoke detector, a carbon monoxide detector, an air quality sensor, etc. The sensors520further may include a health monitoring sensor, such as a prescription bottle sensor that monitors taking of prescriptions, a blood pressure sensor, a blood sugar sensor, a bed mat configured to sense presence of liquid (e.g., bodily fluids) on the bed mat, etc. In some examples, the sensors520may include a radio-frequency identification (RFID) sensor that identifies a particular article that includes a pre-assigned RFID tag. The monitoring system control unit510communicates with the module522and the camera530to perform surveillance or monitoring. The module522is connected to one or more devices that enable home automation control. For instance, the module522may be connected to one or more lighting systems and may be configured to control operation of the one or more lighting systems. Also, the module522may be connected to one or more electronic locks at the property and may be configured to control operation of the one or more electronic locks (e.g., control Z-Wave locks using wireless communications in the Z-Wave protocol. Further, the module522may be connected to one or more appliances at the property and may be configured to control operation of the one or more appliances. The module522may include multiple modules that are each specific to the type of device being controlled in an automated manner. The module522may control the one or more devices based on commands received from the monitoring system control unit510. For instance, the module522may cause a lighting system to illuminate an area to provide a better image of the area when captured by a camera530. The camera530may be a video/photographic camera or other type of optical sensing device configured to capture images. For instance, the camera530may be configured to capture images of an area within a building monitored by the monitoring system control unit510. The camera530may be configured to capture single, static images of the area and also video images of the area in which multiple images of the area are captured at a relatively high frequency (e.g., thirty images per second). The camera530may be controlled based on commands received from the monitoring system control unit510. The camera530may be triggered by several different types of techniques. For instance, a Passive Infra Red (PIR) motion sensor may be built into the camera530and used to trigger the camera530to capture one or more images when motion is detected. The camera530also may include a microwave motion sensor built into the camera and used to trigger the camera530to capture one or more images when motion is detected. The camera530may have a “normally open” or “normally closed” digital input that can trigger capture of one or more images when external sensors (e.g., the sensors520, PIR, door/window, etc.) detect motion or other events. In some implementations, the camera530receives a command to capture an image when external devices detect motion or another potential alarm event. The camera530may receive the command from the controller512or directly from one of the sensors520. In some examples, the camera530triggers integrated or external illuminators (e.g., Infra Red, Z-wave controlled “white” lights, lights controlled by the module522, etc.) to improve image quality when the scene is dark. An integrated or separate light sensor may be used to determine if illumination is desired and may result in increased image quality. The camera530may be programmed with any combination of time/day schedules, system “arming state”, or other variables to determine whether images should be captured or not when triggers occur. The camera530may enter a low-power mode when not capturing images. In this case, the camera530may wake periodically to check for inbound messages from the controller512. The camera530may be powered by internal, replaceable batteries if located remotely from the monitoring system control unit510. The camera530may employ a small solar cell to recharge the battery when light is available. Alternatively, the camera530may be powered by the controller's512power supply if the camera530is co-located with the controller512. In some implementations, the camera530communicates directly with the monitoring application server560over the Internet. In these implementations, image data captured by the camera530does not pass through the monitoring system control unit510and the camera530receives commands related to operation from the monitoring application server560. The system500also includes thermostat534to perform dynamic environmental control at the property. The thermostat534is configured to monitor temperature and/or energy consumption of an HVAC system associated with the thermostat534, and is further configured to provide control of environmental (e.g., temperature) settings. In some implementations, the thermostat534can additionally or alternatively receive data relating to activity at a property and/or environmental data at a property, e.g., at various locations indoors and outdoors at the property. The thermostat534can directly measure energy consumption of the HVAC system associated with the thermostat, or can estimate energy consumption of the HVAC system associated with the thermostat534, for example, based on detected usage of one or more components of the HVAC system associated with the thermostat534. The thermostat534can communicate temperature and/or energy monitoring information to or from the monitoring system control unit510and can control the environmental (e.g., temperature) settings based on commands received from the monitoring system control unit510. In some implementations, the thermostat534is a dynamically programmable thermostat and can be integrated with the monitoring system control unit510. For example, the dynamically programmable thermostat534can include the monitoring system control unit510, e.g., as an internal component to the dynamically programmable thermostat534. In addition, the monitoring system control unit510can be a gateway device that communicates with the dynamically programmable thermostat534. A module537is connected to one or more components of an HVAC system associated with a property, and is configured to control operation of the one or more components of the HVAC system. In some implementations, the module537is also configured to monitor energy consumption of the HVAC system components, for example, by directly measuring the energy consumption of the HVAC system components or by estimating the energy usage of the one or more HVAC system components based on detecting usage of components of the HVAC system. The module537can communicate energy monitoring information and the state of the HVAC system components to the thermostat534and can control the one or more components of the HVAC system based on commands received from the thermostat534. The system500further includes one or more robotic rovers580and582. The robotic rovers580and582may be any type of robots that are capable of moving and taking actions that assist in security monitoring. For example, the robotic rovers580and582may include drones that are capable of moving throughout a property based on automated control technology and/or user input control provided by a user. In this example, the rovers may be able to fly, roll, walk, or otherwise move about the property. The rovers may include helicopter type devices (e.g., quad copters), rolling helicopter type devices (e.g., roller copter devices that can fly and also roll along the ground, walls, or ceiling) and land vehicle type devices (e.g., automated cars that drive around a property). In some cases, the robotic rovers580and582may be robotic rovers that are intended for other purposes and merely associated with the monitoring system500for use in appropriate circumstances. For instance, a robotic vacuum cleaner device may be associated with the monitoring system500as one of the robotic rovers580and582and may be controlled to take action responsive to monitoring system events. In some examples, the robotic rovers580and582automatically navigate within a property. In these examples, the robotic rovers580and582include sensors and control processors that guide movement of the robotic rovers580and582within the property. For instance, the robotic rovers580and582may navigate within the property using one or more cameras, one or more proximity sensors, one or more gyroscopes, one or more accelerometers, one or more magnetometers, a global positioning system (GPS) unit, an altimeter, one or more sonar or laser sensors, and/or any other types of sensors that aid in navigation about a space. The robotic rovers580and582may include control processors that process output from the various sensors and control the robotic rovers580and582to move along a path that reaches the desired destination and avoids obstacles. In this regard, the control processors detect fences, walls, trees or other obstacles in the property and guide movement of the robotic rovers580and582in a manner that avoids the obstacles. In addition, the robotic rovers580and582may store data that describes attributes of the property. For instance, the robotic rovers580and582may store a map and/or a three-dimensional model of the property that can be used to enable the robotic rovers580and582to navigate the property. During initial configuration, the robotic rovers580and582may receive the data describing attributes of the property, determine a frame of reference to the data (e.g., a home, tree, fence, fountain, or reference location in the property), and navigate the property based on the frame of reference and the data describing attributes of the property. Further, initial configuration of the robotic rovers580and582also may include learning of one or more navigation patterns in which a user provides input to control the robotic rovers580and582to perform a specific navigation action (e.g., move to a back corner of the yard and spin around while capturing video and then return to a home charging base). In this regard, the robotic rovers580and582may learn and store the navigation patterns such that the robotic rovers580and582may automatically repeat the specific navigation actions upon a later request. The robotic rovers580and582also may include a communication module that enables the robotic rovers580and582to communicate with the monitoring system control unit510, each other, and/or other devices. The communication module may be a wireless communication module that allows the robotic rovers580and582to communicate wirelessly. For instance, the communication module may be a Wi-Fi module that enables the robotic rovers580and582to communicate over a local wireless network at the property. The communication module further may be a 900 MHz wireless communication module that enables the robotic rovers580and582to communicate directly with the monitoring system control unit510. Other types of short-range wireless communication protocols, such as Bluetooth, Bluetooth LE, Zwave, Zigbee, etc., may be used to allow the robotic rovers580and582to communicate with other devices in the property. The robotic rovers580and582further may include processor and storage capabilities. The robotic rovers580and582may include any suitable processing devices that enable the robotic rovers580and582to operate applications and perform the actions described throughout this disclosure. In addition, the robotic rovers580and582may include solid state electronic storage that enables the robotic rovers580and582to store a manual control map of the property and one or more machine learning models. Alternatively, or in addition, the robotic rovers580solid state electronic storage may include applications, configuration data, collected sensor data, collected video data, collected image data, and/or any other type of information available to the robotic rovers580and582. The robotic rovers580and582are associated with one or more docking stations590and592. The docking stations590and592may be located at a predefined home base, one or more reference locations in the property, or both. The robotic rovers580and582may be configured to navigate to the docking stations590and592after completion of tasks needed to be performed for the monitoring system500and/or tasks determined by the rover. For instance, after completion of a task such as performing routine surveillance of a property, a robotic rover such as robotic rovers580or582may be configured to automatically navigate to an area of property that include one of the docking stations590and592and dock with the docking station590or592. Docking with a docking station590or592may include establishing a removable coupling between a robotic rover580or582and a docking station590or592. The removable coupling may include a physical connection using one or more mechanisms to removably couple to the robotic rover580or582to the docking station590or592such as a latching mechanism, a magnet, or the like. The docking stations590or592may be configured to charge the robotic rover580or582and fill its water tank while the robotic rover580or582is removably coupled to the docking station590or592. In this regard, the robotic rovers580and582may automatically maintain a fully charged battery and full water tank in a state in which the robotic rovers580and582are ready for use by the monitoring system500or encourage an unwanted animal to leave the property as determined by the robotic rovers580and582. The docking stations590and592may facilitate contact based battery charging and/or wireless based battery charging. For contact based battery charging, the robotic rovers580and582may have readily accessible points of contact that the robotic rovers580and582are capable of positioning and mating with a corresponding contact on the docking station590or592. For instance, a ground type robotic rover may have an electronic contact on a portion of its chassis that rests on and mates with an electronic pad of a docking station590or592when the ground type robotic rover lands on the docking station. The electronic contact on the robotic rover may include a cover that opens to expose the electronic contact when the robotic rover580or582is charging and closes to cover and insulate the electronic contact when the robotic rover580or582is in operation. For docking stations that charge wirelessly, the robotic rovers580and582may charge through a wireless exchange of power. In these cases, the robotic rovers580and582need only locate themselves closely enough to the docking station that charges wirelessly for the wireless exchange of power to occur. In this regard, the positioning needed to park at a predefined home base or reference location in the property may be less precise than with a docking station that charges based on contact. Based on the robotic rovers580and582parking at a docking station that charges wirelessly, the docking station outputs a wireless signal that the robotic rovers580and582receive and convert to a power signal that charges a battery maintained on the robotic rovers580and582. In some implementations, each of the robotic rovers580and582has a corresponding and assigned docking station590and592such that the number of robotic rovers580and582equals the number of docking stations590and592. In these implementations, the robotic rovers580and582always navigate to the specific docking station assigned to that robotic device. For instance, the robotic rover580may always use docking station590and the robotic rover582may always use docking station592. In some examples, the robotic rovers580and582may share docking stations. For instance, the robotic rovers580and582may use one or more community docking stations that are capable of docking multiple robotic rovers580and582. The community docking station may be configured to charge multiple robotic rovers580and582in parallel. For example, one robotic rover580may be removably coupled to the docking station590or592and another robotic rover582may navigate around the same docking station and charge wirelessly. The community docking station may be configured to charge multiple robotic rovers580and582in serial such that the multiple robotic rovers580and582take turns charging and, when fully charged, return to a predefined home base or reference location in the property that is not associated with a charger. The number of community docking stations may be less than the number of robotic rovers580and582. Also, the docking stations590and592may not be assigned to specific robotic rovers580and582and may be capable of charging any of the robotic rovers580and582. In this regard, the robotic rovers580and582may use any suitable, unoccupied docking station when not in use. For instance, when one of the robotic rovers580and582has completed an operation or is in need of battery charging, the monitoring system control unit510references a stored table of the occupancy status of each docking station and instructs the robotic rover to navigate to the nearest docking station that is unoccupied. The docking stations590and592may further include processor and storage capabilities. The docking stations590and592may include any suitable processing devices that enable the docking stations590and592to operate applications and perform the actions described throughout this disclosure. In addition, the docking stations590and592may include solid state electronic storage that enables the docking stations590and592to store information related to one or more VLC devices. In some implementations, each respective docking station590and592may include one or more visible light communication (VLC) devices. The VLC devices may include a light that outputs light beams in the visible spectrum. The light may include a fluorescent lamp, an LED lamp, or the like. The light beam can be detected using a robotic rover-mounted light detection unit. The robotic rover-mounted light detection unit can obtain location information from the detected light beams and adjust the rover's path towards a docking station based on the obtained location information. The robotic-rover-mounted light detection unit may include a light sensitive imaging sensor, one or more photodiodes capable of translating light pulses, or a combination thereof. In some implementations, an array of photodiodes may be used. Alternatively, or in addition, some implementations may include robotic rovers580or582that include one or more robotic-device-mounted VLC devices. In such instances, the docking stations590and592may be configured with a docking-station-mounted light detection unit. The docking-station-mounted light detection unit may include a light sensitive imaging sensor, one or more photodiodes capable of translating light pulses, or a combination thereof. In some implementations, an array of photodiodes may be used. The docking station590or592can determine when a robotic rover580or582is on a path that approaches the docking station to dock. The docking station590or592may detect one or more light beams from the robotic-device-mounted VLC devices, translate the one or more light beams to electrical signals such as digital signals, and determine the relative location of the robotic rover580or582that is on a path approaching the docking station to dock. The docking station590or592may generate a navigation path adjustment message and transmit the navigation path adjustment message to a robotic rover that is on a path approaching the docking station to dock. The robotic rover580or582can update the robotic device's navigation path towards the docking station590or592based on the received navigation path adjustment message. The sensors520, the module522, the camera530, the thermostat534, and the robotic rovers580and582communicate with the controller512over communication links524,526,528,532,584, and586. The communication links524,526,528,532,584, and586may be a wired or wireless data pathway configured to transmit signals from the sensors520, the module522, the camera530, the thermostat534, and the robotic rovers580and582to the controller512. The sensors520, the module522, the camera530, the thermostat534, and the robotic rovers580and582may continuously transmit sensed values to the controller512, periodically transmit sensed values to the controller512, or transmit sensed values to the controller512in response to a change in a sensed value. The communication links524,526,528,532,584, and586may include a local network. The sensors520, the module522, the camera530, the thermostat534, and the robotic rovers580and582and the controller512may exchange data and commands over the local network. The local network may include 802.11 “WiFi” wireless Ethernet (e.g., using low-power WiFi chipsets), Z-Wave, Zigbee, Bluetooth, “Homeplug” or other “Powerline” networks that operate over AC wiring, and a Category (CATS) or Category 5 (CAT6) wired Ethernet network. The local network may be a mesh network constructed based on the devices connected to the mesh network. The monitoring application server560is an electronic device configured to provide monitoring services by exchanging electronic communications with the monitoring system control unit510, the one or more user devices540,550, and the central alarm station server570over the network505. For example, the monitoring application server560may be configured to monitor events (e.g., alarm events) generated by the monitoring system control unit510. In this example, the monitoring application server560may exchange electronic communications with the network module514included in the monitoring system control unit510to receive information regarding events (e.g., alarm events) detected by the monitoring system control unit510. The monitoring application server560also may receive information regarding events (e.g., alarm events) from the one or more user devices540,550. In some examples, the monitoring application server560may route alarm data received from the network module514or the one or more user devices540,550to the central alarm station server570. For example, the monitoring application server560may transmit the alarm data to the central alarm station server570over the network505. The central alarm station server570is an electronic device configured to provide alarm monitoring service by exchanging communications with the monitoring system control unit510, the one or more robotic rovers580and582, the one or more mobile devices540,550, and the monitoring application server560over the network505. For example, the central alarm station server570may be configured to monitor alarm events generated by the monitoring system control unit510. In this example, the central alarm station server570may exchange communications with the network module514included in the monitoring system control unit510to receive information regarding alarm events detected by the monitoring system control unit510. The central alarm station server570also may receive information regarding alarm events from the one or more mobile devices540,550, one or more robotic rovers580and582, and/or the monitoring application server560. The central alarm station server570is connected to multiple terminals572and574. The terminals572and574may be used by operators to process alarm events. For example, the central alarm station server570may route alarm data to the terminals572and574to enable an operator to process the alarm data. The terminals572and574may include general-purpose computers (e.g., desktop personal computers, workstations, or laptop computers) that are configured to receive alarm data from a server in the central alarm station server570and render a display of information based on the alarm data. For instance, the controller512may control the network module514to transmit, to the central alarm station server570, alarm data indicating that a sensor520detected a door opening when the monitoring system was armed. The central alarm station server570may receive the alarm data and route the alarm data to the terminal572for processing by an operator associated with the terminal572. The terminal572may render a display to the operator that includes information associated with the alarm event (e.g., the name of the user of the alarm system, the address of the building the alarm system is monitoring, the type of alarm event, etc.) and the operator may handle the alarm event based on the displayed information. In some implementations, the terminals572and574may be mobile devices or devices designed for a specific function. AlthoughFIG.5illustrates two terminals for brevity, actual implementations may include more (and, perhaps, many more) terminals. The one or more user devices540,550are devices that host and display user interfaces. For instance, the user device540is a mobile device that hosts one or more native applications (e.g., the native surveillance application542). The user device540may be a cellular phone or a non-cellular locally networked device with a display. The user device540may include a cell phone, a smart phone, a tablet PC, a personal digital assistant (“PDA”), or any other portable device configured to communicate over a network and display information. For example, implementations may also include Blackberry-type devices (e.g., as provided by Research in Motion), electronic organizers, iPhone-type devices (e.g., as provided by Apple), iPod devices (e.g., as provided by Apple) or other portable music players, other communication devices, and handheld or portable electronic devices for gaming, communications, and/or data organization. The user device540may perform functions unrelated to the monitoring system, such as placing personal telephone calls, playing music, playing video, displaying pictures, browsing the Internet, maintaining an electronic calendar, etc. The user device540includes a native surveillance application542. The native surveillance application542refers to a software/firmware program running on the corresponding mobile device that enables the user interface and features described throughout. The user device540may load or install the native surveillance application542based on data received over a network or data received from local media. The native surveillance application542runs on mobile devices platforms, such as iPhone, iPod touch, Blackberry, Google Android, Windows Mobile, etc. The native surveillance application542enables the user device540to receive and process image and sensor data from the monitoring system. The user device550may be a general-purpose computer (e.g., a desktop personal computer, a workstation, or a laptop computer) that is configured to communicate with the monitoring application server560and/or the monitoring system control unit510over the network505. The user device550may be configured to display a surveillance monitoring user interface552that is generated by the user device550or generated by the monitoring application server560. For example, the user device550may be configured to display a user interface (e.g., a web page) provided by the monitoring application server560that enables a user to perceive images captured by the camera530and/or reports related to the monitoring system. AlthoughFIG.5illustrates two user devices for brevity, actual implementations may include more (and, perhaps, many more) or fewer user devices. In some implementations, the one or more user devices540,550communicate with and receive monitoring system data from the monitoring system control unit510using the communication link538. For instance, the one or more user devices540,550may communicate with the monitoring system control unit510using various local wireless protocols such as wifi, Bluetooth, zwave, zigbee, HomePlug (ethernet over powerline), or wired protocols such as Ethernet and USB, to connect the one or more user devices540,550to local security and automation equipment. The one or more user devices540,550may connect locally to the monitoring system and its sensors and other devices. The local connection may improve the speed of status and control communications because communicating through the network505with a remote server (e.g., the monitoring application server560) may be significantly slower. Although the one or more user devices540,550are shown as communicating with the monitoring system control unit510, the one or more user devices540,550may communicate directly with the sensors and other devices controlled by the monitoring system control unit510. In some implementations, the one or more user devices540,550replace the monitoring system control unit510and perform the functions of the monitoring system control unit510for local monitoring and long range/offsite communication. In other implementations, the one or more user devices540,550receive monitoring system data captured by the monitoring system control unit510through the network505. The one or more user devices540,550may receive the data from the monitoring system control unit510through the network505or the monitoring application server560may relay data received from the monitoring system control unit510to the one or more user devices540,550through the network505. In this regard, the monitoring application server560may facilitate communication between the one or more user devices540,550and the monitoring system. In some implementations, the one or more user devices540,550may be configured to switch whether the one or more user devices540,550communicate with the monitoring system control unit510directly (e.g., through link538) or through the monitoring application server560(e.g., through network505) based on a location of the one or more user devices540,550. For instance, when the one or more user devices540,550are located close to the monitoring system control unit510and in range to communicate directly with the monitoring system control unit510, the one or more user devices540,550use direct communication. When the one or more user devices540,550are located far from the monitoring system control unit510and not in range to communicate directly with the monitoring system control unit210, the one or more user devices540,550use communication through the monitoring application server560. Although the one or more user devices540,550are shown as being connected to the network505, in some implementations, the one or more user devices540,550are not connected to the network505. In these implementations, the one or more user devices540,550communicate directly with one or more of the monitoring system components and no network (e.g., Internet) connection or reliance on remote servers is needed. In some implementations, the one or more user devices540,550are used in conjunction with only local sensors and/or local devices in a house. In these implementations, the system500only includes the one or more user devices540,550, the sensors520, the module522, the camera530, and the robotic rovers580and582. The one or more user devices540,550receive data directly from the sensors520, the module522, the camera530, and the robotic rovers580and582and sends data directly to the sensors520, the module522, the camera530, and the robotic rovers580and582. In other implementations, the system500further includes network505and the sensors520, the module522, the camera530, the thermostat534, and the robotic rovers580and582are configured to communicate sensor and image data to the one or more user devices540,550over network505(e.g., the Internet, cellular network, etc.). In yet another implementation, the sensors520, the module522, the camera530, the thermostat534, and the robotic rovers580and582(or a component, such as a bridge/router) are intelligent enough to change the communication pathway from a direct local pathway when the one or more user devices540,550are in close physical proximity to the sensors520, the module522, the camera530, the thermostat534, and the robotic rovers580and582to a pathway over network505when the one or more user devices540,550are farther from the sensors520, the module522, the camera530, the thermostat534, and the robotic rovers580and582. In some examples, the system leverages GPS information from the one or more user devices540,550to determine whether the one or more user devices540,550are close enough to the sensors520, the module522, the camera530, the thermostat534, and the robotic rovers580and582to use the direct local pathway or whether the one or more user devices540,550are far enough from the sensors520, the module522, the camera530, the thermostat534, and the robotic rovers580and582that the pathway over network505is required. In other examples, the system leverages status communications (e.g., pinging) between the one or more user devices540,550and the sensors520, the module522, the camera530, the thermostat534, and the robotic rovers580and582to determine whether communication using the direct local pathway is possible. If communication using the direct local pathway is possible, the one or more user devices540,550communicate with the sensors520, the module522, the camera530, the thermostat534, and the robotic rovers580and582using the direct local pathway. If communication using the direct local pathway is not possible, the one or more user devices540,550communicate with the sensors520, the module522, the camera530, the thermostat534, and the robotic rovers580and582using the pathway over network505. In some implementations, the system500provides end users with access to images captured by the camera530to aid in decision making. For example, the system500may provide an image, video, or the like of a room in the property that has a light left on. The light left on may be detected based on the readings of one or more light sensors, one or more motion sensors, other similar sensors, or a combination thereof, that are located throughout a property. The system500may transmit the images captured by the camera530over a wireless WAN network to the user devices540,550. Because transmission over a wireless WAN network may be relatively expensive, the system200uses several techniques to reduce costs while providing access to significant levels of useful visual information. In response to receipt of data that indicates one or more lights were left on in a property, a user of the user device540,550may input an instruction for one or more robotic rover to turn off the light. One or more robotic rovers580and582may (i) receive the instruction directly from the user device540,550or indirectly after the instruction is received by, and forwarded from, a monitoring system control unit510, (ii) access a stored map that provides the location of the manual control associated with the light, (iii) navigate to the manual control associated with the light, (iv) deploy a mechanical arm, and (v) use the mechanical arm to manipulate the manual control associated with the light to turn off the light. In some implementations, a state of the monitoring system and other events sensed by the monitoring system may be used to enable/disable video/image recording devices (e.g., the camera530). In these implementations, the camera530may be set to capture images on a periodic basis when the alarm system is armed in an “Away” state, but set not to capture images when the alarm system is armed in a “Stay” state or disarmed. In addition, the camera530may be triggered to begin capturing images when the alarm system detects an event, such as an alarm event, a door opening event for a door that leads to an area within a field of view of the camera530, or motion in the area within the field of view of the camera530. In other implementations, the camera530may capture images continuously, but the captured images may be stored or transmitted over a network when needed. Further, in some implementations, the system500intelligently leverages the robotic rovers580and582to aid in security monitoring, property automation, and property management. For example, the robotic rovers580and582may aid in investigating alarm events detected at the property by the monitoring system control unit510. In this example, the monitoring system control unit510may detect an event (e.g., a light left on, a burner left on, a faucet left on, a garage door left open, or the like) and, based on the detected event, control the robotic rovers580and582to attempt to capture still images, video, or the like that can be provided to a user device540,550. Each of the robotic rovers580and582may execute a predefined navigation pattern within the property or the robotic rovers580and582based on a stored map of the property. The map may have been previously generated by using one or more robotic rovers580and582to execute a coordinated scan of the property in which the robotic rovers580and582exchange location information and navigate to areas that have not been explored by one of the other devices. In some examples, the robotic rovers580and582may be assigned to different areas of the property where the robotic rovers580and582can move in an unobstructed manner. In these examples, the robotic rovers580and582may be assigned to different levels in a property (e.g., an upstairs robotic rover and a downstairs robotic device) and even different rooms or sections that are potentially blocked by doors. The monitoring system control unit510coordinate tracking movement based on the assigned areas. For instance, the monitoring system control unit510determines areas in a property where an event has been detected and only controls the robotic rovers assigned to the determined areas to operate. In addition, the robotic rovers580and582may be assigned as interior and exterior devices. The interior devices may navigate throughout an interior of the property. The exterior devices may navigate about an exterior periphery of the property. The exterior devices may be weather conditioned to remain outdoors (e.g., in an outdoor enclosure) at all times such that the exterior devices can explore an exterior of the property at any suitable time. In addition, the exterior devices may remain inside the property and the monitoring system control unit510may open a door to enable an exterior robotic rover to leave and return to the property. For instance, an exterior device may have a base or reference location in a garage of the property and the monitoring system control unit510may automatically open a garage door to allow the exterior device to leave the garage and explore the exterior of the property. In some implementations, the monitoring system control unit510may monitor operational status of the robotic rovers580and582and coordinate further operation based on the operational status. In these implementations, the monitoring system control unit510may detect that a particular robotic rover is no longer operational and control one or more other robotic devices to perform operations originally assigned to the non-operational robotic device. In some implementations, the monitoring system control unit510may determine battery power available for each of the robotic rovers580and582and coordinate operation of the robotic rovers580and582based on available battery power. In these implementations, the robotic rovers580and582may report battery power remaining to the monitoring system control unit510and the monitoring system control unit510may determine a subset of the robotic rovers580and582to deploy based on the battery power information. For instance, the monitoring system control unit510may select to initially deploy the robotic rover with the most available battery power to allow the other robotic rovers to charge while the selected device assists with monitoring. Once the battery power for the selected device falls below a threshold, the monitoring system control unit510may return the selected device to a docking station and select the robotic rover with the presently highest available battery power to resume the monitoring options being performed. The monitoring system control unit510may cycle through all of the robotic rovers580and582in an intelligent manner that best leverages the battery power available. If the battery power of a device becomes too low to effectively operate as a navigating device, the monitoring system control unit510may control the robotic rover to remain stationary and act as a stationary camera or other sensor to still assist with monitoring, although the added benefit of navigation no longer exists. In some implementations, the system500allows central station operators, first responders, and/or users of the property to interact with and control the robotic rovers580and582. In these implementations, a central station operator, first responder, or user of the property may provide input to control the robotic rovers580and582in a manner that best assists with monitoring and investigation of detected events. For instance, the central station operator, first responder, or user of the property may remotely control navigation of the robotic rovers580and582. The central station operator, first responder, or user of the property also may provide general commands related to actions the robotic rovers580and582are designed to take. Alternatively, or in addition, a central station operator, first responder, or user of the property may take control of the robotic rovers580and582. For example, a user may use a user device540,550to direct navigation of the robotic rovers580and582, remotely control the robotic device's580and582mechanical arm, or the like. Such control may be beneficial in instances where the robotic rovers580and582encounter a problem in manipulating a manual control. In some examples, the robotic rovers580and582may periodically perform test sequences to ensure the robotic rovers580and582will operate correctly if needed. In these examples, the robotic rovers580and582may periodically navigate predefined navigation patterns used to investigate the property and/or may navigate around the property in a scanning sequence. The robotic rovers580and582may determine whether the test sequences perform correctly or whether an error occurs that prevents full investigation of the property. To the extent an error occurs, the robotic rovers580and582report the error and enable a user of the property or a technician to correct the error prior to a time when the robotic rovers580and582would be needed for safety monitoring. For example, the monitoring system control unit510may periodically instruct robotic rovers580and582to navigate to a particular manual control and manipulate the manual control. The monitoring system control unit510also may arrange the test sequences to occur during periods of time that are convenient for users of the property. For example, the monitoring system control unit510may assess sensor data at the property and determine a time period in which the property is unoccupied and unlikely to be occupied until the test sequences complete. In this example, the monitoring system control unit510waits until the preferred time period to initiate test sequences for one or more of the robotic rovers580and582. In some implementations, the robotic rovers580and582may operate as mobile sensors that move throughout the property. In these implementations, the robotic rovers580and582may have temperature sensors that can be used as inputs to a thermostat at the property. In this regard, the robotic rovers580and582may navigate throughout the property and take temperature measurements at various locations in the property. With the temperatures at various locations, the system500may identify hot and/or cold spots in the property and adjust thermostat operation accordingly. For instance, the robotic rovers580and582may be deployed to take temperature measurements in areas of the property where people are located and the thermostat may be adjusted to improve the temperature in the location where people are actually located in the property. In some examples, the robotic rovers580and582may have humidity and air flow sensors in addition to temperature sensors. In these examples, the robotic rovers580and582may periodically navigate throughout the property and take temperature, humidity, and air flow measurements at various locations throughout the property. The system500may use the temperature, humidity, and air flow measurements to detect inefficient areas of the property. The inefficiencies may be used to detect areas where insulation in the property in deficient (e.g., new siding, windows, and/or doors may be useful in certain areas) and/or where leaks exist in the property. The property efficiency information may be provided to a user of the property to enable the user to improve efficiency in the property.

11856939

DETAILED DESCRIPTION In general, the present disclosure describes a cover for an air data probe that includes a reservoir for holding insect repellent, which transfers onto the probe head of the air data probe. The repellent prevents bugs from nesting in the air data probe when the aircraft is grounded, such as overnight or between flights, and interfering with air data measurements. FIG.1is a perspective view of cover18on air data probe10. Air data probe10includes probe head12, strut14, and housing16. Probe head12is connected to a first end of strut14. Probe head12is the sensing head of air data probe10. Probe head12has one or more ports positioned in probe head12. Internal components of air data probe10are located within probe head12. A second end of strut14is connected to housing16. As such, strut14connects probe head12to housing16. Strut14is blade-shaped. Internal components of air data probe10are located within strut14. Housing16may also contain internal components, such as sensors or other electronics, of air data probe10. In alternate embodiments, air data probe10may not include housing16. Cover18is positioned on an end of probe head12of air data probe10. Air data probe10is installed on an aircraft. Air data probe10may be mounted to a fuselage of the aircraft via fasteners, such as screws or bolts. Strut14holds probe head12away from the fuselage of the aircraft to expose probe head14to the oncoming airflow outside of the boundary layer. Probe head12takes in air from surrounding airflow via the one or more ports positioned in probe head12. Air pressures from probe head12are communicated pneumatically through internal components and passages of probe head12and strut14to reach internal components within housing16. Pressure sensors and/or other components within housing16, or elsewhere in the aircraft, measure the air pressures provided by probe head12. Air data probe10uses the pressure measurements to generate air data parameters related to the aircraft flight condition, such as the speed, altitude, or angle of attack of the aircraft. Cover18protects probe head12from mechanical damage, such as scratches or dents, which may interfere with the function of air data probe10. FIG.2Ais a partial cross-sectional view of cover18on air data probe10.FIG.2Bis a partial cross-sectional view of cover18on air data probe10showing an alternate attachment mechanism.FIGS.2A and2Bwill be discussed together. Air data probe10includes probe head12. Probe head12includes exterior surface20, interior surface22, cavity24, and opening26. Cover18includes sleeve28, sponge30, adhesive32(or, alternatively, fastener34), and repellent36. Sleeve28includes open end38, closed end40, exterior surface42, interior surface44, and cavity46. Probe head12of air data probe10is hollow and substantially cylindrical. Probe head12has exterior surface20at an exterior of probe head12and interior surface22at an interior of probe head12. Interior surface22defines cavity24of probe head12. Cavity24is the space within hollow probe head12. Cavity24extends through probe head12from opening26. Opening26is a port in an end of probe head12. In this embodiment, sleeve28is tubular and is made of plastic. In alternate embodiments, sleeve28may be made of metal or any other suitable material. InFIG.2A, sponge30is attached to sleeve28via adhesive32. As such, adhesive32is between sponge30and sleeve28. Alternatively, sponge30may be attached to sleeve28via fastener34, such as a screw, as shown inFIG.2B. As such, fastener34extends through sponge30and into sleeve28. In alternate embodiments, sponge30may be attached to sleeve28via any suitable attachment mechanism. Sponge30is a reservoir. In alternate embodiments, sponge30may be any suitable reservoir. Repellent36is stored, or held, within sponge30. For example, sponge30may be soaked in repellent36. Repellent36is a chemical insect repellent, but may be any suitable insect repellent. Repellent36has a life expectation that allows for a residual amount of repellent36to remain on surfaces, or have a residual effect, for up to 12 hours. Repellent36may be a fluid or a gel. Sponge30holds repellent36for an extended period of time. For example, sponge30may hold repellent36for up to one year. Pores on sponge30vary based on the type of repellent36being used and the desired release rate of repellent36from sponge30. For example, sponge30may have pores sized to hold repellent36when repellent36is a fluid or pores sized to hold repellent36when repellent36is a gel. Sleeve28has open end38at a first end and closed end40at an opposite second end. Exterior surface42of sleeve28is at an exterior of sleeve28, and interior surface44of sleeve28is at an interior of sleeve28. Exterior surface42extends from open end38to closed end40. Interior surface44extends from open end38to closed end40. Interior surface44defines cavity46of sleeve28of cover18. Sponge30is located adjacent interior surface44at closed end40. More specifically, sponge30is attached within cavity46to interior surface44of sleeve28at closed end40. In embodiments including adhesive32, adhesive32is attached to sponge30and interior surface44such that adhesive32is located between sponge30and interior surface44at closed end40. In embodiments including fastener34, fastener34extends through sponge30and interior surface44of cover18and into closed end40. Cover18is placed on probe head12at the end of probe head12having opening26. When cover18is on probe head12, probe head12extends into cavity46of sleeve28of cover18such that cavity46encloses a portion of probe head12. When cover18is placed on probe head12, a portion of interior surface44of sleeve28of cover18adjacent open end38contacts exterior surface20of probe head12. Cover18is sized such that the portion of interior surface44of sleeve28is in sealing engagement with exterior surface20of probe head12. Further, when cover18is placed on probe head12, sponge30contacts probe head12, including opening26of probe head12. Repellent contained within sponge30also contacts probe head12. Sponge30of cover18holds repellent36in cover18. When the aircraft is grounded, cover18is placed on probe head12. When cover18is placed on probe head12, sponge30contacts and presses against the end of probe head12having opening26. As a result, sponge30releases a portion of repellent36onto probe head12. Repellent36disperses over a portion of probe head12adjacent opening26of probe head12. For example, repellent36may migrate over exterior surface20of probe head12adjacent opening26and over interior surface22adjacent opening26. Cover18is subsequently removed from probe head12, exposing opening26of probe head12. After cover18is removed from probe head12, repellent36remains on probe head12for a period of time. For example, repellent36may remain on probe head12for twelve or more hours. When repellent36is a gel, repellent36may stay on probe head12for a longer period of time. Repellent36deters insects from entering probe head12at opening26. After cover18is removed from probe head12, a portion of repellent36may stay in sponge30such that cover18may be placed on probe head12again, or on another probe head12, to disperse repellent36. As such, cover18may contain enough repellent36for multiple uses of cover18. In alternate embodiments, after cover18is removed, sponge30may no longer contain repellent36. In such an embodiment, an entirety of repellent36is released from sponge30when cover18is placed on probe head12. Sponge30may be removable when cover18is removed from probe head12such that sponge30can be replaced with a new sponge30or refilled with repellent36. The amount of repellent36dispersed may depend on the potency of repellent36, as enough repellent36is released to deter insects from probe head12for a desired period of time. When aircraft are being prepared for use, covers are removed from air data probes10. If covers are not taken off of air data probes10before starting the aircraft, the air data probes10will not function properly, and covers may melt. As such, air data probes10are not covered by a cover for a period of time before the aircraft takes flight. Additionally, covers may be left off of air data probes10between flights or while the aircraft is parked overnight. Without covers, openings26of probe heads12of air data probes10are exposed. When an aircraft is grounded, insects can enter air data probes10via exposed openings26. For example, when probe head12is still warm post-flight, a bug may be particularly attracted to cavity24. The bug can enter cavity24of probe head12via opening26and travel down cavity24further into air data probe10. If insects enter probe head12, they can build nests inside air data probe10in a short amount of time, bringing contaminants such as mud, dirt, or other debris into air data probe10. Such contaminants can block air data probe10. For example, the contaminants, or pieces of the nest, may move into sensors or other components of air data probe10, damaging internal components of air data probe10and preventing air data probe10from generating accurate measurements. Inhibition of performance of air data probe10can cause loss of operation of the aircraft or aircraft failures. As such, problems with air data probes10may necessitate grounding the aircraft to replace the air data probes10. When an aircraft is ready for use, cover18is removed from probe head12. Because repellent36remains on probe head12after cover18is removed, repellent36deters insects, or other live creatures, from probe head12. As a result, repellent36keeps insects away from and out of probe head12before flight, between flights, while the aircraft is parked overnight, or during any other period of time when the aircraft is grounded and cover18is not on probe head12. Thus, insects are prevented from building nests inside air data probe10, which would inhibit the performance of air data probe10, when opening26is exposed. Cover18protects air data probe10even after cover18is removed, allowing for safer operation of the aircraft. FIG.3is a partial cross-sectional view of cover18A on air data probe10A showing liner30A as a reservoir. Air data probe10A includes probe head12A, which has exterior surface20A, interior surface22A, and opening26A. Cover18A includes sleeve28A, liner30A, adhesive32A, and repellent36A. Sleeve28A includes open end38A, closed end40A, interior surface44A, and cavity46A. Probe head12A has the same structure and function as described in reference to probe head12inFIGS.2A and2B. Cover18A has the same structure and function as described in reference to cover18inFIGS.2A and2Bexcept that instead of sponge30, cover18A has liner30A that acts as a reservoir. In this embodiment, liner30A is attached via adhesive32A to interior surface44A of sleeve28A. As such, adhesive32A is attached to liner30A and interior surface44A such that adhesive32A is located between liner30A and interior surface44A of sleeve28A. In alternate embodiments, liner30A may be attached to sleeve28A via a fastener or any other suitable attachment mechanism. Liner30A is located adjacent interior surface44A at closed end40A of sleeve28A and is within cavity46A. In this embodiment, liner30A covers, or extends over, about an entirety of interior surface44A of sleeve28A of cover18A. As such, liner30A extends from closed end40A to open end38A. In alternate embodiments, liner30A may only cover, or extend across, a portion of interior surface44A of sleeve28A adjacent closed end40A. Liner30A is a reservoir for storing repellent36A. Liner30A may be made of a fabric that holds repellent36A. Fabric of liner30A may be porous, the pores varying based on the type of repellent36A being used and the desired release rate of repellent36A from liner30A. For example, liner30A may be impregnated with repellent36A and be porous to repellent36A. Liner30A may also be soaked with repellent36A. Liner30A holds repellent36A for an extended period of time. When cover18A is placed on probe head12A, a portion of interior surface44A adjacent open end38A and a portion of exterior surface20A sandwich a portion of liner30A between cover18A and interior surface44A. Cover18A is sized such that the portion of interior surface44A is in sealing engagement with the portion of exterior surface30A of probe head12A. When cover18A is placed on probe head12A, a portion of liner30A adjacent closed end40A is not sandwiched by cover18A and probe head12A. When cover18A is placed on probe head12A, repellent36A within liner30A vaporizes. Repellent36A is then released from the porous fabric of liner30A as a vapor that fills cavity46A. Repellent36A in cavity46A condenses on probe head12A, contacting probe head12A. Liner30A of cover18A holds repellent36A in cover18A. When cover18A is placed on probe head12A, liner30A releases repellent36A as a vapor to fill cavity46A, which encloses a portion of probe head12A having opening26A. As such, repellent36A disperses and condenses on probe head12A adjacent opening26A. For example, repellent36A may condense over exterior surface20A of probe head12A adjacent opening26A and over interior surface22A adjacent opening26A. After cover18A is removed from probe head12A, repellent36A remains on probe head12A for a period of time. Repellent36A deters insects from entering probe head12A at opening26A. When cover18A is removed from probe head12A, repellent36A remains on a larger portion of exterior surface20A of probe head12A because liner30A releases repellent36A from a larger portion of interior surface44A. As such, repellent36A deters insects, and other live creatures, from probe head12over a larger surface area of probe head12A. FIG.4is a partial cross-sectional view of cover18B on air data probe10B showing bottle30B as a reservoir. Air data probe10B includes probe head12B. Probe head12B includes exterior surface20B, interior surface22B, and opening26B. Cover18B includes sleeve28B, bottle30B, adhesive32B, and repellent36B. Sleeve28B includes closed end40B, exterior surface42B, interior surface44B, and cavity46B. Bottle30B includes body48, neck50, and mouth52. Probe head12B has the same structure and function as described in reference to probe head12inFIGS.2A and2B. Cover18B has the same structure and function as described in reference to cover18inFIGS.2A and2Bexcept that instead of sponge30, cover18B has bottle30B that acts as a reservoir. In this embodiment, bottle30B is attached to sleeve28B via adhesive32B. As such, adhesive32B is between bottle30B and sleeve28B. Alternatively, bottle30B may be attached to sleeve28B via an interference fit between bottle30B and sleeve28B. In alternate embodiments, bottle30B may be attached to sleeve28B via any suitable attachment mechanism. Bottle30B is squeezable, transparent, and can vary in size. Repellent36B is stored within bottle30B. Bottle30B is located adjacent exterior surface42B at closed end40B of sleeve28B and interior surface44B of closed end40B of sleeve28B. More specifically, a portion of bottle30B is exterior to sleeve28B, a portion of bottle30B extends through closed end40B of sleeve28B from exterior surface42B to interior surface44B, and a portion of bottle30B is located within cavity46B. Bottle30B has hollow body48, which holds repellent36B. Body48is located exterior to sleeve28B. Body48is connected to a first end of neck50. Neck50is also hollow and is in fluid communication with body48. As such, neck50also holds repellent36B. Neck50extends through closed end40B of sleeve28B from exterior surface42B to interior surface44B. Neck50extends into cavity46B. A second end of neck50defines mouth52, which is positioned in cavity46B. Mouth52is an opening of bottle30. Mouth52is spaced from opening26B of probe head12B when cover18B is placed on probe head12B. Bottle30B can hold repellent36B for an extended period of time. Repellent36B is dispersed from bottle30B at mouth52to contact probe head12. In embodiments including adhesive32B, adhesive32B is attached to neck50and closed end40B of sleeve28such that adhesive32B is located between neck50and closed end40B of sleeve28. In embodiments not including adhesive32B, the interference fit or threaded connection between closed end40B of sleeve28B and neck50sealingly connects bottle30B to sleeve28B. Bottle30B of cover18B holds repellent36B in cover18B. When cover18B is placed on probe head12B, bottle30B may be squeezed, or compressed, to release repellent36B. Likewise, before cover18B is removed from probe head12B, bottle30B is squeezed, or compressed to release repellent36B. Bottle30B may be squeezed manually. When bottle30B is squeezed, or compressed, a portion of repellent36B is released from mouth52onto probe head12B. Repellent36B disperses over a portion of probe head12B adjacent opening26B of probe head12B. For example, repellent36B may disperse onto exterior surface20B of probe head12B adjacent opening26B and over interior surface22B adjacent opening26B. After cover18B is removed from probe head12B, repellent36B remains on probe head12B for a period of time. Repellent36B deters insects, or other live creatures, from entering probe head12B at opening26B. After cover18B is removed from probe head12B, a portion of repellent36B may remain in bottle30B such that cover18B may be placed on probe head12B again, or on another probe head12B, to disperse repellent36B. Thus, cover18B may contain repellent36B for multiple uses of cover18B. In alternate embodiments, after cover18B is removed, bottle30B may no longer contain repellent36B. Bottle30B may be removable such that bottle30B can be replaced with a new bottle30B or refilled with repellent36B. Because an entirety of bottle30B does not have to fit within cavity46B, bottle30B may be a larger sized reservoir. Therefore, bottle30B can hold a greater amount of repellent36B. With more repellent36B, cover18B can be used for a longer period of time and/or more repellent36B can be dispersed onto probe head12B. Additionally, because bottle30B is transparent and body48is exterior to sleeve28, a user can quickly and easily see the amount of repellent remaining within bottle30B without having to remover cover18. Because repellent36B in bottle30B can be manually dispersed, the dispersal of repellent36B is more controllable. For example, the amount of repellent36B dispersed can be controlled. Further, the compression force can be adjusted to adjust the distance repellent36B is dispersed onto probe head12. FIG.5is a partial cross-sectional view of cover18C partially placed on air data probe10C showing electrically-actuated reservoir30C. Air data probe10C includes probe head12C. Probe head12C includes exterior surface20C, interior surface22C, and opening26C. Cover18C includes sleeve28C, electrically-actuated reservoir30C, adhesive32C, and repellent36C. Sleeve28C includes open end38C, closed end40C, exterior surface42C, interior surface44C, and cavity46C. Electrically-actuated reservoir30C includes container54(having nozzle55and diaphragm56), plunger58, driver60, battery62, switch64, and wire connection66. Probe head12C has the same structure and function as described in reference to probe head12inFIGS.2A and2B. Cover18C has the same structure and function as described in reference to cover18inFIGS.2A and2Bexcept that instead of sponge30, cover18C has electrically-actuated reservoir30C acting as a reservoir. In this embodiment, electrically-actuated reservoir30C is attached to sleeve28C via adhesive32C. As such, adhesive32C is between electrically-actuated reservoir30C and sleeve28C. In alternate embodiments, electrically-actuated reservoir30C may be attached to sleeve28C via any suitable attachment mechanism. Repellent36C is stored within electrically-actuated reservoir30C. Electrically-actuated reservoir30C is located adjacent exterior surface42C at closed end40C of sleeve28C and interior surface44C at closed end40C of sleeve28C. Additionally, a portion of electrically-actuated reservoir30C is located adjacent exterior surface42C near open end38C and a portion of electrically-actuated reservoir30C is located adjacent interior surface44C near open end38C. More specifically, a portion of electrically-actuated reservoir30C is exterior to sleeve28C, a portion of electrically-actuated reservoir30C extends through sleeve28C from exterior surface42C to interior surface44C, and a portion of electrically-actuated reservoir30C is located within cavity46C. Electrically-actuated reservoir30C has container54, which holds repellent36C. Container54is located interior to sleeve28C in cavity46C. Container54is spaced from opening26C of probe head12C when cover18C is fully placed on probe head12C. Container54has nozzle55, which is an opening in a side of container54facing opening26C of probe head12C. Repellent36C is dispersed from container54at nozzle55to contact probe head12C. Container54has diaphragm56defining a side of container54opposite the side of container54having nozzle55. As such, diaphragm56is makes up a side of container54facing closed end40C of sleeve28C. Diaphragm56is adjacent plunger58, which extends through closed end40C from interior surface44C to exterior surface42C. A first side of plunger58is interior to sleeve28C and located within cavity46C adjacent diaphragm56. A second side of plunger58is exterior to sleeve28C and is connected to driver60. Driver60is an electromechanical driver having a first end connected to exterior surface42C of sleeve28C at closed end40C. A second end of driver60is connected to battery62. Driver60may be a solenoid, a motor, or any other electrically driven device that can apply force to container54. Battery62is also connected to switch64via wire connection66. Switch64is a contact switch that extends into cavity46C from interior surface44C of sleeve28C when cover18C is not fully placed or positioned on probe head12C, as shown inFIG.5. Wire connection66has a first wire with a first end attached to battery62and a second end attached to switch64, and a second wire with a first end attached to driver60and a second end attached to switch64. Driver60, battery62, power switch64, and wire connection66make up an electrical circuit. Electrically-actuated reservoir30C of cover18C holds repellent36C in cover18C. When cover18C is fully placed on probe head12C, switch64is depressed, or pushed, to close, or complete, the circuit including wire connection66, battery62, and driver60. As such, switch64controls the flow of current to driver60. When switch64is not depressed and the circuit is not complete, the flow of current from battery62to driver60is prevented. When switch64closes the circuit, electric power is delivered from battery62to driver60. Battery62energizes driver60. When driver60is powered, plunger58is actuated and moves toward diaphragm56to push against, or apply pressure to, diaphragm56. Diaphragm56is pushed toward nozzle55, decreasing the space within container54and releasing repellent36C through nozzle55onto probe head12C. Repellent36C disperses over a portion of probe head12C adjacent opening26C of probe head12C. For example, repellent36C may disperse onto exterior surface20C adjacent opening26C and over interior surface22C adjacent opening26C. After cover18C is removed from probe head12C, repellent36C remains on probe head12C for a period of time. Repellent36C deters insects, or other live creatures, from entering probe head12C at opening26C. Electrically-actuated reservoir30C automatically disperses repellent36C such that a user need not remember to disperse repellent36C. Further, battery62will not power driver60to actuate plunger58until switch64closes. Release of repellent36C is delayed until cover18C is fully positioned on probe head12C, resulting in more precise release of repellent36C. FIG.6is a partial cross-sectional view of cover18D on air data probe10D showing spring-actuated reservoir30D. Air data probe10D includes probe head12D. Probe head12D includes exterior surface20D, interior surface22D, and opening26D. Cover18D includes sleeve28D, spring-actuated reservoir30D, adhesive32D, and repellent36D. Sleeve28D includes closed end40D, exterior surface42D, interior surface44D, and cavity46D. Spring-actuated reservoir30D includes sponge70, drive plate72, and spring74. Probe head12D has the same structure and function as described in reference to probe head12inFIGS.2A and2B. Cover18D has the same structure and function as described in reference to cover18inFIGS.2A and2Bexcept that instead of sponge30, cover18D has spring-actuated reservoir30D acting as a reservoir. In this embodiment, spring-actuated reservoir30D is attached to sleeve28D via adhesive32D. As such, adhesive32D is between spring-actuated reservoir30D and sleeve28D. In alternate embodiments, spring-actuated reservoir30D may be attached to sleeve28D via any suitable attachment mechanism. Repellent36D is stored within spring-actuated reservoir30D. Spring-actuated reservoir30D is located adjacent interior surface44D of closed end40D of sleeve28D within cavity46D. Spring-actuated reservoir30D has sponge70, which holds repellent36D. In alternate embodiments, sponge70may be any suitable reservoir for holding repellent36D. Sponge70is attached to interior surface44D of sleeve28D at closed end40D via drive plate72and spring74. Sponge70is attached to drive plate72. Drive plate72is a flat plate with a greater cross-sectional area than spring74. Drive plate72has a first side attached to sponge70and a second side attached to spring74. Spring74has a first side attached to drive plate72and a second side attached to interior surface44D of sleeve28D at closed end40D. Spring-actuated reservoir30D of cover18D holds repellent36D in cover18D. Before cover18D is placed on probe head12D, spring74is in a relaxed state. When cover18D is placed on probe head12D, as shown inFIG.6, sponge70contacts probe head12D near opening26D to release repellent36D onto probe head12B. Further, when cover18D is placed on probe head12D, spring74compresses and applies force to drive plate72. Drive plate72applies the force from spring74to sponge70, further compressing sponge70against probe head12D. Drive plate72has a greater cross-sectional area than spring74such that drive plate72spreads the force from spring74over a greater area of sponge70. Repellent36D disperses over a portion of probe head12D adjacent opening26D of probe head12D. For example, repellent36D may disperse onto exterior surface20D adjacent opening26D and over interior surface22D adjacent opening26D. After cover18D is removed from probe head12D, repellent36D remains on probe head12D for a period of time. Repellent36D deters insects, or other live creatures, from entering probe head12D at opening26D. Spring74maintains a greater force on sponge70, pushing sponge70against probe head12D and compressing sponge70to a greater extent. As a result, sponge70may release a greater amount of repellent36D such that more repellent36D can be dispersed onto probe head12D. While sponge30, liner30A, bottle30B, electrically-actuated reservoir30C, and spring-actuated reservoir30D have been described as reservoirs for holding and dispersing repellent36,36A,36B,36C, and36D, cover18,18A,18B,18C, and18D may include any suitable reservoir located, at least partially, within cavity46of sleeve28,28A, and28B. For example, cover18may include a spring-operated reservoir with a spring that loads, or arms, when the cover is placed on the probe head and actuates when the cover is removed from the probe head. In such an embodiment, the spring may actuate the spring-operated reservoir by moving backward, applying the force necessary to spray repellent. Additionally, the electrically-actuated reservoir may include a pump to disperse repellent from a repellent-filled container at a constant rate or after designated time periods. The reservoirs may also be fully inside the cavity of the sleeve of the cover or partially exterior to the sleeve of the cover. While covers18,18A,18B,18C, and18D have been described in reference to air data probes10(shown inFIG.1as a pitot probe),10A,10B,10DC, and10D, covers18,18A,18B,18C, and18D may be configured to cover various devices that provide measurement of barometric static pressure, altitude, air speed, angle of attack, angle of sideslip, temperature, total air temperature, relative humidity, and/or any other suitable parameter of interest. DISCUSSION OF POSSIBLE EMBODIMENTS The following are non-exclusive descriptions of possible embodiments of the present invention. A cover for a probe head of an air data probe, the cover comprising: a sleeve defining a cavity for enclosing a portion of the probe head of the air data probe, the sleeve including: a closed end; an open end opposite the closed end; and an interior surface extending from the open end to the closed end; and a reservoir for holding insect repellent, the reservoir located at least partially within the cavity of the sleeve. The cover of the preceding paragraph can optionally include, additionally and/or alternatively, any one or more of the following features, configurations and/or additional components: The reservoir is positioned to disperse insect repellent on the probe head adjacent an opening of the probe head. The insect repellent is configured to deter insects from entering the probe head when the cover is removed from the probe head. The reservoir is a sponge attached to the interior surface at the closed end of the sleeve. A fastener extending through the sponge and the interior surface of the sleeve and into the closed end of the sleeve. The sponge has pores sized to hold the insect repellent when the insect repellent is a fluid. The sponge has pores sized to hold the insect repellent when the insect repellent is a gel. Adhesive located between the reservoir and the closed end of the sleeve. The reservoir is a liner attached to and extending over the interior surface of the sleeve. The liner extends over about an entirety of the interior surface of the sleeve. The reservoir is a bottle including: a body located exterior to the sleeve; and a neck extending through the closed end of the sleeve, the neck defining a mouth positioned within the cavity of the sleeve. The reservoir is electrically-actuated. The reservoir is spring-actuated. A method for repelling insects from an opening of an air data probe, the method comprising: placing a cover on a probe head of the air data probe, the cover including a reservoir for holding insect repellent; dispersing the insect repellent from the reservoir onto the probe head; and removing the cover from the probe head. The method of the preceding paragraph can optionally include, additionally and/or alternatively, any one or more of the following features, configurations and/or additional components: The reservoir is a sponge located within a sleeve of the cover. The reservoir is a porous liner located within a sleeve of the cover. The reservoir is a bottle connected to the cover. The reservoir is electrically-actuated. The reservoir is spring-actuated. The insect repellent is configured to deter insects from entering the probe head when the cover is removed from the probe head. While the invention has been described with reference to an exemplary embodiment(s), it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiment(s) disclosed, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.

11856940

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Reference is made herein to the attached drawings. For the purposes of presenting a brief and clear description of the present invention, the preferred embodiment will be discussed as used for preventing insects from passing a moat channel and crawling into an interior area of a housing or tabletop. The figures are intended for representative purposes only and should not be considered to be limiting in any respect. Reference will now be made in detail to the exemplary embodiment (s) of the invention. References to “one embodiment,” “at least one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “one example,” “an example,” “for example,” and so on indicate that the embodiment(s) or example(s) may include a feature, structure, characteristic, property, element, or limitation but that not every embodiment or example necessarily includes that feature, structure, characteristic, property, element, or limitation. Further, repeated use of the phrase “in an embodiment”, “first embodiment”, “second embodiment”, or “third embodiment” does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment. Referring now toFIGS.1-3, there is shown an exploded view, a top planar view, and a bottom planar view of a first embodiment of the moated system for repelling insects, respectively. The moated system1000is a two-part having a first body1100forming rim1110disposed around a central area1120. The rim1110referred to herein is defined as an outer edge and formed around another object, such as a dish, a container, a table, etc. In some embodiments, the rim1110is raised above the central area1120, wherein other embodiments, the central area and rim form a level surface. In other embodiments, it is contemplated that the rim is positioned lower than the central area. The rim1110is configured to be any shape that corresponds with and encircles the outer edge of the object formed therewith. The central area1120is referred to herein is defined as any surface that is adapted to support an object thereon, such as food, drinks, servingware, and the like. A second body1200of the two-part moated system1000comprises a moat channel1210disposed beneath the rim1110in an in-use configuration and forms a barrier around the central area1120. The moat channel1210is adapted to be filled with a liquid to prevent ants from passing the moat channel1210and entering the central area1120. In this way, the ants will be prevented from crawling onto the central area of a dish or tabletop to access any food thereon. In the illustrated embodiment, the liquid is water. However, in alternate embodiments, the liquid is any suitable solution adapted to repel ants and other insects. In all of the illustrated embodiments, a lip1140extends perpendicularly along a perimeter of an upper side1130of the rim1110. The lip1140extends towards the moat channel1210and terminates past an upper end1220thereof. In this way, the moat channel1210is protected by preventing lateral access from an exterior to the moat channel. The lip1140also conceals the moat channel1210and liquid therein from being visible between the rim1110and the upper end1220thereof. This prevents users from having to see any unwanted or dead insects within the moat channel1210. In the illustrated first embodiment, the first body1100of the moated system1000comprises a first housing1300having an interior compartment1310with an open upper end1320defined by a sidewall1330that extends therearound. In the first embodiment, the interior compartment1310comprises the central area1120that receives food therein. The rim1110extends about the perimeter of the upper end1320of the interior compartment1310. In the illustrated embodiment, the first housing1300comprises a square cross-sectional shape. However, in alternate embodiments, the first housing1300comprises any suitable shape, such as a circular cross section (as shown inFIG.7). The interior compartment1310shown in the first embodiment is shallow so as to serve as a serving platter that receives other dishware, such as pies dishes, casserole dishes, and the like, thereon. In other embodiments, the interior compartment is configured to have any suitable dimension or depth to correspond to the type of food product intended to be contained thereby. For example, the interior compartment comprises a larger depth to serve as a tureen intended to contain soups and stews. In some embodiments, the upper surface of the interior compartment1310is textured to prevent servingware placed thereon from sliding when the moated system1000is in transport. In the illustrated embodiment, the texture comprises a series of concentric ridges1315. In the illustrated embodiment, the first body1100includes a pair of handles1170extending from opposite sides of the lip. Each handle1170forms a gap1180for receiving a hand therethrough. However, in alternate embodiments, the handles1170extend from any suitable location of the first body. In other embodiments, the moating system does not include handles. In the illustrated first embodiment, the second body1200of the moated system1000comprises a second housing1400having a recess1410disposed within an interior perimeter1230of the moat channel1210, wherein the moat channel1210extends entirely around the recess1410. The recess1410is configured to receive the interior compartment1310of the first housing1300. In the illustrated embodiment, the recess1410comprises a sidewall1420having a substantially similar height, length, and width of the sidewall1330of the interior compartment1310of the first housing1300. This enables the interior compartment1310to sit flush within the recess1410to allow the rim1110to be positioned directly over the moat channel1210when the housings1300,1400are secured to one another in the in-use configuration. In other embodiments, the second body or second housing is void of a recess and comprises an open central area, wherein the moat channel is directly attached to the first body or first housing. In the illustrated embodiments, the moated system1000comprises at least one filling port1150disposed through the upper side of the rim1110. The filling port1150is in fluid communication with the moat channel1210and configured to provide access to the user for filling the moat channel with liquid through the filling port1150. In the first embodiment, the first housing1300comprises a pair of filling ports1150disposed on opposite sides of the rim1110. However, in alternate embodiments, the rim1110comprises any suitable number of filling ports1150. In some embodiments, a plurality of filling ports1150are positioned about the rim1110equal distances from one another. The benefit of having multiple filling ports1150equally positioned about the rim1110is to view the moat channel1210through each filling port1150to determine if liquid in the moat channel1210is evenly distributed thereabout. In the illustrated embodiment, a canopy1500is removably securable to the rim or first housing1300and configured to cover the central area1120. In the illustrated embodiment, the canopy1500comprises a netting material1510disposed between a wire frame1520. The distal ends1530of the wire frame1520are insertable into apertures1540disposed at each corner of the upper side of the rim1110. In this way, the canopy provides additional protection from flying insects entering the interior compartment1310and accessing any food positioned within the central area1120. In the illustrated embodiment, the canopy1500further comprises a hook1550positioned at the apex thereof for easily handling the canopy1500and a skirted base1560to overlap with the rim1110when secured thereto. Referring now toFIGS.4-6, there is shown a side view of the first embodiment of the moated system for repelling insects, a cross sectional view of the first embodiment of the moated system for repelling insects taken along line5-5ofFIG.2, and a close-up view of the funnel and moat channel of the first embodiment of the moated system for repelling insects, respectively. In the illustrated embodiment, the second housing1400is removably secured to the first housing1300. In this way, the first body1100can be separated from the second body1200to allow the moat channel1210to be more easily accessed and cleaned apart from the lip1140and rim1110of the first body. In the illustrated embodiment, the first housing1300is secured to the second housing1400by interlocking fasteners1340,1440disposed between the recess1410and the interior compartment1310. However, in alternate embodiments with separable first and second bodies or housings, any suitable fastener is used, such as a friction fit. However, in alternate embodiments, the first housing is permanently affixed to the second housing. In the illustrated embodiment, the filling port1150includes a funnel1160that protrudes therefrom and into the moat channel1210to indicate when the liquid level has reached a desired level within the moat channel1210without overflowing the edges of the moat channel1210. The funnel1160tapers towards the moat channel1210such that a distal end1165of the funnel1160having the smallest diameter thereof, is positioned within the upper end1220of the moat channel1210. In the illustrated embodiment, the moat channel1210comprises a U-shape that forms a continuous channel extending entirely about the central area1120, wherein the moat channel1210and the rim1110are co-extensive with one another. In the illustrated embodiment, the lip1140is substantially parallel to an exterior sidewall1215of the moat channel1215, wherein the lip1140is disposed on a different substantially vertical plane than the exterior sidewall1215of the moat channel1210. In this way, the lip forms a gapped overhang1145that further conceals the moat channel1210from view. Referring now toFIGS.8and9, there is shown a perspective view of a third embodiment of the moated system for repelling insects and a cross sectional view of the third embodiment of the moated system for repelling insects taken along line9-9ofFIG.8, respectively. In the illustrated embodiment, the rim1110of the first body1100of the moated system1000is disposed about a perimeter of a tabletop1600to prevent ants and other insects from accessing an upper surface1610thereof, wherein the upper surface1610comprises the central area1120. In the illustrated embodiment, the upper side1130of the rim1110forms a continuous, level surface with the upper surface1610of the tabletop1600. In the third embodiment, the tabletop1600comprises at least one leg support1620extending therefrom and configured to support the tabletop1600in an upright and horizontal position. In the illustrated embodiment, the leg support1620is adjustable in height via telescoping members1630. However, in alternate embodiments, the leg support1620is adjustable by any suitable manner, including but not limited to, foldable sections. In some embodiments, the leg supports1620are pivotally mounted to the underside of the tabletop1600to allow for easy storage and transportation when camping, hunting, and the like. In the illustrated third embodiment, the first and second bodies1100,1200are integral with the tabletop1600, wherein the rim1110including the lip1140have an appearance of being part of the upper surface of the tabletop1600. In some embodiments, the second body1200including the moat channel1210, extends directly from a lower end1640of the tabletop1600, beneath the filling ports1150disposed within the rim1110. In other embodiments, the moat channel1210extends directly from an underside of the rim1110, as opposed to extending directly from a lateral side or lower end of the tabletop1600. In the illustrated embodiment, the first body1100is not separable from the second body1200. In some embodiments, a handle is disposed on at least one side of the tabletop to allow for more convenient carrying. In other embodiments, the handle is disposed on opposite sides of the tabletop, along an exterior face of the lip. Referring now toFIG.10, there is shown a perspective view of a fourth embodiment of the moated system for repelling insects. In alternate embodiments, the moated system1000is customizable and removably securable to a perimeter of a secondary device, such as a table. For example, the first body1100comprising the rim1110and lip1140, wherein the filling ports1150with funnels1160are disposed through the upper side of the rim, is secured to the second body1200comprising the moat channel1210. An interior side1700is formed between the rim1110and moat channel1210, opposite but substantially parallel to the lip1140. This interior side1700can be secured or adhered to a lateral side of the secondary device. In operation, the moat channel1210is filled with a liquid, such as water, by pouring the water into the channel via a filling port1150. The water flows into the continuous moat channel until the water is level begins to rise within the funnel. If the moat channel is filled completely with the water and cannot receive additional water without spilling over an edge thereof, the water will back fill the funnel and come back through the filling ports. This will signify to the user that the moat channel is filled and can no longer receive additional liquid. The filled moat channel serves to prevent ants from crawling passed the channel and onto the central area, whether the central area is an interior compartment of a level surface. It is therefore submitted that the instant invention has been shown and described in what is considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments. It is recognized, however, that departures may be made within the scope of the invention and that obvious modifications will occur to a person skilled in the art. With respect to the above description then, it is to be realized that the optimum dimensional relationships for the parts of the invention, to include variations in size, materials, shape, form, function and manner of operation, assembly and use, are deemed readily apparent and obvious to one skilled in the art, and all equivalent relationships to those illustrated in the drawings and described in the specification are intended to be encompassed by the present invention. Therefore, the foregoing is considered as illustrative only of the principles of the invention. Further, since numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operation shown and described, and accordingly, all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to, falling within the scope of the invention.

11856941

DETAILED DESCRIPTION The present technology is directed to ladder stands, activity rail assemblies, and associated systems and methods. Various embodiments of the technology will now be described. The following description provides specific details for a thorough understanding and enabling description of these embodiments. One skilled in the art will understand, however, that the invention may be practiced without many of these details. Additionally, some well-known structures or functions, such as those common to ladder stands, chairs, or ladders, may not be shown or described in detail so as to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the relevant description of the various embodiments. Accordingly, embodiments of the present technology may include additional elements or exclude some of the elements described below with reference toFIGS.1-9, which illustrate examples of the technology. The terminology used in this description is intended to be interpreted in its broadest reasonable manner, even though it is being used in conjunction with a detailed description of certain specific embodiments of the invention. Certain terms may even be emphasized below; however, any terminology intended to be interpreted in any restricted manner will be overtly and specifically defined as such in this detailed description section. Where the context permits, singular or plural terms may also include the plural or singular term, respectively. Moreover, unless the word “or” is expressly limited to mean only a single item exclusive from the other items in a list of two or more items, then the use of “or” in such a list is to be interpreted as including (a) any single item in the list, (b) all the items in the list, or (c) any combination of items in the list. Further, unless otherwise specified, terms such as “attached” or “connected” are intended to include integral connections, as well as connections between physically separate components. FIG.1illustrates a ladder stand100configured in accordance with embodiments of the present technology, in a deployed position and attached to a support structure105, which may include a tree, a pole, or another sturdy structure. The ladder stand100includes a ladder portion110(having a plurality of rungs or steps), a seating portion115(which may include a chair116supported on a platform117) supported by the ladder portion110, and a plurality of support straps (such as four support straps)120a,120b,120c,120dfor securing the ladder stand100on the support structure105. In some embodiments, the ladder stand100includes a stabilizer bar125, which may be a single bar, a multiple piece bar, or a telescoping bar. The stabilizer bar125may be oriented generally horizontally and may be pivotally connected, releasably connected, or otherwise suitably connected to the ladder portion110at a first end130, and engaged with the support structure105at a second end135. In some embodiments, the second end135includes one or more spikes140for pressing into the support structure105(for example, to dig or stab into a tree for a secure connection with the tree). In other embodiments, spikes140may be omitted and the second end135may frictionally engage the support structure105. The ladder portion110may be collapsible, telescoping, one integral ladder, or another suitable configuration for forming a ladder structure. In some embodiments, the seating portion115may include an activity rail assembly145. The activity rail assembly145may be used as a shooter's rail, as a safety rail, or as a rest-surface for other activities. The activity rail assembly145is movable among several stowed and deployed positions for a user to selectively position the activity rail assembly145for use in various activities. For example, the activity rail assembly145may be rotatable relative to the seating portion115along a rotational pathway150. The activity rail assembly145may additionally or alternatively be extendable and retractable. The activity rail assembly145may be rotatably attached to part of the seating portion115. In some embodiments, the activity rail assembly145may be rotatably attached to the chair116. Rotation, extension, and retraction of the activity rail assembly145are described in additional detail below with regard toFIGS.7-9. FIG.1illustrates a deployed position of the activity rail assembly145. In such a position, the activity rail assembly145generally wraps around a user sitting in the chair116, and portions of the activity rail assembly145may hover generally above or directly on a user's lap or knees. For example, the activity rail assembly145may include a horizontal activity rail portion147that may be positioned in front of a user when the user is in the chair116and the activity rail assembly145is in a deployed position. Other representative positions of the activity rail assembly145include a first stowed position in which the activity rail assembly145is oriented upright (seeFIG.7), a second stowed position in which the activity rail assembly145is oriented downwardly (seeFIG.8), and in some embodiments, the activity rail assembly145may be oriented in several other deployed positions between the first stowed position and the second stowed position. The chair116may include a retaining element155positioned to support the activity rail assembly145in one or more of the deployed positions. As explained in additional detail below, when the activity rail assembly145is in a stowed position, the activity rail assembly145may be out of the way of a user during ingress into the seating portion115, egress from the seating portion115, or during activities in which an activity rail assembly would be an obstruction to the user. FIG.2illustrates a detailed view of a portion of the ladder stand100, showing an upper connection200between the support structure105and the ladder stand100. In some embodiments, a first upper support strap120ais connected to the ladder stand100and wraps partially around the support structure105, and a second upper support strap120bis connected to the ladder stand100and wraps partially around the support structure105. The first upper support strap120aand the second upper support strap120bmay be connected to each other with a connecting device210. The ladder stand100may be positioned on a first side212(such as the front) of the support structure105, and the connecting device210may be positioned on a second side214(such as the back) of the support structure105, opposite the first side212, or the connecting device210may be positioned elsewhere as long as it connects the first and second upper support straps120a,120bsuch that they together wrap around the support structure105. The connecting device210joins the first and second upper support straps120a,120bsuch that they together wrap around the support structure105to secure the ladder stand100to the support structure105. The ladder stand100may include one or more blade elements (such as two blade elements, or more blade elements)215a,215b. In some embodiments, the blade elements are carried by the seating portion115(for example, attached to the chair116or the platform117, or otherwise supported by the platform117). The blade elements215a,215bmay include teeth217(such as serrations or spikes) for digging or stabbing into the support structure105. For example, as described in additional detail below, the upper support straps120a,120bmay be tightened against the support structure105to cause a primary blade element215a(such as a lowermost blade element attached to the platform117) to press against or into the support structure105. Embodiments of the present technology advantageously allow the upper support straps120a,120bto create a force that is generally perpendicular to the support structure105(such as a horizontal force), as opposed to a force that is oriented at a generally oblique angle relative to the support structure105. In other words, in some embodiments, the primary blade element215aand the upper support straps120a,120bare positioned to be generally parallel when one or more tensioning devices300(described below) apply tension to the upper support straps120a,120bso that the primary blade element215ais positioned and configured to apply a generally horizontal force against or into the support structure105. Such a perpendicular or horizontal force aids the primary blade element215ain gripping the support structure105and avoids an undesirable upward or downward force on the remainder of the ladder stand100. This provides improved stability and reliability in the connection between the ladder stand100(specifically, the primary blade element215a) and the support structure105. Such improved stability and reliability facilitates a safe pre-climb installation process and provides a stable ladder stand100that a user can safely climb to complete installation (such as fastening additional straps), as explained in additional detail below. FIG.3illustrates a detailed view of a portion of the ladder stand100, showing a tensioning device300attached to the ladder portion110(or otherwise supported by the ladder portion110) and operable to tighten the second upper support strap120b, in accordance with embodiments of the present technology.FIG.3shows only one side of the ladder portion110, the second upper support strap (120b), and one tensioning device300, butFIG.1illustrates another tensioning device300attached to the other side of the ladder portion110and operable to tighten the first upper support strap120a. In some embodiments, the tensioning devices300may include a ratchet device for applying tension to the upper support straps120a,120b. Although two tensioning devices300are shown in the figures, in some embodiments, more or fewer tensioning devices may be used. For example, one single tensioning device300may be implemented to tighten both upper support straps120a,120b. The one or more tensioning devices300are operable to tighten the upper support straps120a,120bto draw the blade elements (such as the primary blade element215a) against or into the support structure105. With reference toFIG.1, the upper support straps120a,120b, which are connected together by the connecting device210, extend along the platform117, down the ladder portion110, to the tensioning devices300for a user to tighten the support straps120a,120bfrom a user's position on the ground. In some embodiments, the upper support straps120a,120bmay be supported by one or more strap supports118(such as hooks or loops) attached to the platform117. In some embodiments, the upper support straps120a,120bmay be supported by one or more additional strap supports118attached to the ladder portion110. In some embodiments, the straps120a,120bmay be partially concealed by passing them through or within one or more ladder rails119or one or more platform rails121. With reference toFIGS.1and2, in some embodiments, the ladder stand100may include one or more additional straps and tensioning devices to tighten the ladder stand100against the support structure105, such as one or more additional straps and tensioning devices adjacent to a secondary blade element215b. Such additional straps may be installed or tightened after the upper support straps120a,120bare tightened against the support structure105. A user may climb the ladder stand100after the upper support straps120a,120bare tightened, and then a user may install or tighten additional straps. Although the blade elements215a,215bare described as including teeth217, in some embodiments, the blade elements215a,215bmay be replaced with, or may include, another suitable structure configured to grip the ladder stand100against the support structure105when the upper support straps120a,120bare tightened against the support structure105. For example, a gripping structure may include a surface that does not include teeth or spikes but instead is a smooth blade or broad surface that relies on friction against the support structure105. With reference toFIG.1, and as described in additional detail below with regard toFIG.6, lower support straps120c,120dmay be connected to the second end135of the stabilizer bar125, wrapped around the support structure105, and connected together with a tensioning device300. The tensioning device300is operable to tighten the lower support straps120c,120dto pull the one or more spikes140into the support structure105or to otherwise pull the second end135against the support structure105. FIG.4illustrates the ladder stand100in a pre-climb and pre-installation configuration, in order to illustrate an installation procedure in accordance with embodiments of the present technology.FIG.5is a detailed view of a portion of the ladder stand100shown inFIG.4.FIG.6is a detailed view of another portion of the ladder stand100shown inFIG.4. With reference toFIGS.4-6, embodiments of the present technology include methods of installing a ladder stand against a support structure. In some embodiments, a user raises the ladder portion110and the seating portion115to lean against the support structure105. The user may pass a first end400of the first upper support strap120aand a first end405of the second upper support strap120baround the support structure105. The user may then connect the first end400of the first upper support strap120ato the first end405of the second upper support strap120busing the connecting device210. In some embodiments, the connecting device210may be a carabiner, a hook, a knot tying the first ends400,405together (directly or with an intermediate tying element), or another suitable device to join the first ends400,405. It is preferable that the connecting device210is a releasable device, but in other embodiments, it may be permanent (for example, if installation of the ladder stand100is intended to be permanent). When the first end400of the first upper support strap120ais connected to the first end405of the second upper support strap120b, the support structure105is positioned between the first upper support strap120a, the second upper support strap120b, and the primary blade element215a. To tighten the connected upper support straps120a,120bagainst the support structure105, a user may pull a second end410of the first upper support strap120aand a second end415of the second upper support strap120b. By pulling the second ends410,415of the upper support straps120a,120b, the upper support straps120a,120bare put under tension, the connecting device210moves upward along the support structure105, and eventually becomes generally level with the primary blade element215a(for example, the connecting device210and the first ends400,405move from a position shown inFIGS.4and6, to a position shown inFIGS.1and2). Continued tension on the upper support straps120a,120bdraws the primary blade element215aagainst or into the support structure105to provide a secure connection between the ladder stand100and the support structure105. In some embodiments, to assist a user in pulling down on the second ends410,415of the upper support straps120a,120bto apply tension, the second ends410,415may be connected to each other using a connecting device420, which may be a connecting device such as a carabiner, a hook, a knot tying the second ends410,415together (directly or with an intermediate tying element), or another suitable device to join the second ends410,415. It is preferable that the connecting device420is a releasable device, but in some embodiments, it may be permanent. In some embodiments, a cord425may be connected to the second ends410,415of the upper support straps120a,120bsuch that it hangs near the ground (at a lower height, below the platform117). Such a cord425may be positioned and configured to allow a user to reach the cord425to aid in pulling the upper support straps120a,120bwhile tensioning the upper support straps120a,120b(for example, by pulling the cord425downward). In some embodiments, when the upper support straps120a,120bare in a tensioned configuration, or the connecting device210attached to the first ends400,405of the upper support straps120a,120bhas generally reached the height of the primary blade element215a, a user may disconnect the connecting device420to remove the cord425and separate the second ends410,415of the upper support straps120a,120b. Each of the second ends410,415of the upper support straps120a,120bmay be passed through or into a corresponding tensioning device300on the ladder portion110, and the upper support straps120a,120bmay be further tensioned using the tensioning devices300. In some embodiments, the second ends410,415of the upper support straps120a,120bmay be passed into the same tensioning device300to tension the upper support straps120a,120b. Returning toFIG.1, which illustrates the upper support straps120a,120bin a tensioned configuration, the upper support straps120a,120bmay be tensioned individually and to different levels of tension (for example, when each upper support strap120a,120bis tightened by its own corresponding tensioning device300, as illustrated inFIG.1). Preferably, the upper support straps120a,120bdo not cross each other on the second side214(the back side) of the support structure105, opposite the remainder of the ladder stand100. An advantage of embodiments of the present technology is that the separate upper support straps120a,120b(which may only be connected to each other on the second side214(the back side) of the support structure105opposite the remainder of the ladder stand100via the connecting device210at the first ends400,405) can be tensioned individually to adapt to support structures105(such as trees) that have uneven shapes. A user may tighten each support strap120a,120bindependently from the other to ensure a desired level of contact between the primary blade element215aand the support structure105. More specifically, trees are not uniform, and embodiments of the present technology avoid problems with existing tree stands that often have uneven contact with support structures. Another advantage of ladder stands configured in accordance with embodiments of the present technology is the ability to pass over or around obstructions extending from support structures105, such as tree branches. For example,FIG.1shows an obstruction430extending from the support structure105. Because the upper support straps120a,120bare separable from each other and connectable using the connecting device210, a user may toss (or otherwise pass) one or both first ends400,405of the upper support straps120a,120bover the obstruction430to position both first ends400,405on the same side of the obstruction. In some embodiments, a user may hoist one or both first ends400,405over the obstruction using the stabilizer bar125as a tool. When the first ends400,405are on the same side of the obstruction430, the first ends400,405may be connected to each other using the connecting device210, after which a user may tension the upper support straps120a,120bto pull the connecting device210and the first ends400,405into position (such as the position illustrated inFIG.1), bypassing the obstruction430. With reference toFIG.6, a tensioning device300may connect first ends600,605of the lower support straps120c,120dsuch that the lower support straps120c,120dwrap around the support structure105. The tensioning device300, which may be similar to other tensioning devices described herein, may tighten the lower support straps120c,120dto draw the stabilizer bar125toward the support structure105. With reference toFIGS.1and4, the stabilizer bar125passes from the ladder portion110to the support structure105to further stabilize the ladder stand100. Some embodiments of the present technology include a kit of parts for assembling or installing a ladder stand. Kits of parts in accordance with embodiments of the present technology include some or all of a variety of the elements of a ladder stand described herein. For example, a kit of parts may include a ladder portion, a seating portion, a plurality of straps, one or more connecting devices, one or more tensioning devices, one or more cords, a stabilizer bar, or other components. Ladder stands configured in accordance with embodiments of the present technology improve safety by facilitating a stable attachment to support structures before a user climbs the ladder stand to complete assembly (completing assembly may include adding further support straps to draw a secondary blade element215bagainst or into the support structure). Ladder stands configured in accordance with embodiments of the present technology further facilitate stability in the installation process by applying a generally horizontal force against or into the support structure, rather than a generally downward force. FIG.7illustrates the seating portion115with the activity rail assembly145positioned in a stowed-up (rotated-up) position. In some embodiments, the stowed-up position includes the activity rail assembly145aligned with or behind a back portion700of the chair116. Generally, in the stowed-up position, the activity rail assembly145is rotated along the rotational pathway150to a position out of the way of (such as behind) a user. In the stowed-up position, a user may access the chair116without obstruction by the activity rail assembly145, or a user may perform activities on the chair116or the platform117with minimal obstruction (or no obstruction) from the activity rail assembly145.FIG.7also illustrates the retaining element155in a position ready to support the activity rail assembly145when the activity rail assembly145is rotated down along pathway150to the deployed position (seeFIGS.1and9). In some embodiments, the chair116may include multiple elements, such as one or more legs710supporting a seating surface720, the back portion700, and other features suitable for accommodating a user. In some embodiments, the legs710may be attached to the platform117. The platform117may optionally include a slot730positioned to receive a portion of the activity rail assembly145when the activity rail assembly145is in a stowed-down (rotated-down) position, as explained in additional detail below with regard toFIG.8. A similar slot740is shown inFIG.7with part of an optional rotatable footrest750positioned in the slot740. The footrest750may be rotatably attached to the platform117to rotate along a rotation path760between a stowed position (FIG.7) and a deployed position in which a user may rest feet or toes on the footrest750. FIG.8illustrates the seating portion115with the activity rail assembly145positioned in a stowed-down (rotated-down) position. In some embodiments, a portion of the activity rail assembly145(such as part of the horizontal activity rail portion147) may be positioned in the slot730such that the portion of the activity rail assembly145is generally flush or below flush relative to the platform117. In such a configuration, the activity rail assembly145is generally out of the way of the user and does not present a tripping hazard or other hazard. In some embodiments, the platform117may not include a slot730and portions of the activity rail assembly145(such as the horizontal activity rail portion147) may not be flush or below flush with the platform117. Rather, they may simply rest on or above the platform117or anywhere below the seating surface720when the activity rail assembly145is in the stowed-down (rotated down) position. FIG.9illustrates a rear side perspective view of part of the seating portion115, with the activity rail assembly145in the deployed position also shown inFIG.1. In some embodiments, the activity rail assembly145is extendable and retractable along a direction900between a first position in which the horizontal activity rail portion147is closer to the chair116(specifically, closer to a pivot point910about which the activity rail assembly145rotates), than when the activity rail assembly145is in a second position. The activity rail assembly145includes a mechanism for extending and retracting the activity rail assembly145, such as a telescoping mechanism920. With reference toFIGS.7-9, the telescoping mechanism920and the overall activity rail assembly145include a plurality of telescoping tubes. For example, the telescoping mechanism920may include a first tube925rotatably attached to the chair on a first side of the chair (at pivot point910), a second tube930rotatably attached to the chair on a second side of the chair opposite the first side (at a pivot point935), a third tube940telescopically positioned at least partially inside the first tube925and configured to slide within the first tube925, and a fourth tube945telescopically positioned at least partially inside the second tube930and configured to slide within the second tube930. The telescoping nature of the activity rail assembly145allows a user to adjust the position of the horizontal activity rail portion147(such as the distance from the user or the chair116to the horizontal activity rail portion147). The telescoping nature of the activity rail assembly145also aids with positioning the horizontal activity rail portion147in the slot730(seeFIG.8). For example, a user may telescopically adjust the activity rail assembly145before or while lowering the activity rail assembly145into the stowed-down (rotated down) position (seeFIG.8). In some embodiments, the telescoping mechanism920may include one or more mechanisms950for locking one or more of the telescoping tubes relative to each other. The mechanisms950for locking the telescoping mechanism920may include a mechanism950for locking the third tube940relative to the first tube925or a mechanism950for locking the fourth tube945relative to the second tube930. Mechanism950may include a clamp (a representative clamp is illustrated inFIGS.7-9), one or more pins, one or more detent mechanisms, or other suitable devices for resisting or preventing telescopic motion between the tubes925,930,940,945. The mechanism950may hold the activity rail assembly145in the first position in which the horizontal activity rail portion147is closer to the chair116(specifically, closer to the pivot points910,935about which the activity rail assembly145rotates), in the second position in which the horizontal activity rail147is farther from the chair116(farther from the pivot points910,935), or in one or more intermediate third positions between the first and second extended positions. The horizontal activity rail portion147extends between the third tube940and the fourth tube945. In some embodiments, the horizontal activity rail portion147may be connected to the third tube940and the fourth tube945with one or more intermediate connecting elements or connecting tube portions955. As explained above, the chair116may include a retaining element155positioned to support the activity rail assembly145in one or more of the deployed positions.FIG.7illustrates the retaining element155in a position where it is ready to support the activity rail assembly145when the activity rail assembly145is rotated down to a deployed position.FIGS.1and9illustrate the retaining element155in a position where it is supporting the activity rail assembly145in a deployed position.FIG.8illustrates that the retaining element155may be positioned out of the way of the rotational path150of the activity rail145such that it does not support the activity rail assembly145. Accordingly, the retaining element155may be movable between (a) retaining element positions in which it may support the activity rail assembly145in a deployed position and (b) retaining element positions in which it is out of the way of the rotational path150of the activity rail assembly145and in which it does not support the activity rail assembly145. With reference toFIG.9(andFIGS.2,7, and8), one or both lateral sides of the chair116may include a track element960. The track element960may include a track, a slot, or another device with which the retaining element155is movably or slidably engaged to allow the retaining element155to move or slide between several positions (for example, the retaining element155may move along pathway965). The several positions provided by the track element960allow a user to adjust the height or angle of the activity rail assembly145in various alternative deployed positions. In some embodiments, the retaining element155includes a knob that tightens against the track element960(for example, using a threaded element extending from the knob that engages a threaded element in the track or adjacent to the track). For example, the retaining element155may include a threaded bolt that passes through the track element960and engages a threaded nut to tighten the retaining element155against the track element960. One or more of the track elements960may be curved or bent such that it extends in a generally vertical direction along a side of the chair116and also in a generally horizontal direction away from the rotational pathway150of the activity rail assembly145. The shape of the track element960allows the retaining element155to be positioned on a generally horizontal (or otherwise angled) portion970of the track element960where the retaining element155is clear of the rotational pathway150of the activity rail assembly145, or where the retaining element155is otherwise in a position to not obstruct the rotational pathway150. When the retaining element155is clear of the rotational pathway150of the activity rail assembly145(as shown inFIG.8), the activity rail assembly145is free to rotate along the rotational pathway150between the stowed-up (FIG.7) and stowed-down (FIG.8) positions. Although the retaining element155is illustrated as a knob sliding in a track element960, in some embodiments, the retaining element155may include a pin, a bolt, a screw, or another suitable retaining element, and it may be positioned in one or more holes or detents in the track element960as opposed to sliding in or along a track or slot. In some embodiments, the retaining element155may additionally or alternatively be a spring-loaded device in which the spring provides force to hold the retaining element155in its selected position. Some embodiments of the present technology include kits of parts for assembling or installing an activity rail assembly145on a chair or a tree stand. Kits of parts in accordance with embodiments of the present technology include some or all of a variety of the elements of an activity rail assembly145or a tree stand described herein. For example, a kit of parts may include one or more tubes, connecting tube portions, a horizontal activity rail portion147, a telescoping mechanism920, a mechanism950for locking the telescoping mechanism920, a retaining element155(such as a knob), a track element960, fasteners for attaching the activity rail assembly145to the chair116or tree stand, or other components. In some embodiments, a user may install activity rail assemblies145to existing chairs or tree stands using suitable tools and fasteners that facilitate the rotation of an activity rail assembly145configured in accordance with embodiments of the present technology. A kit of parts may include parts for assembling or installing a tree or ladder stand with an activity rail assembly145configured in accordance with embodiments of the present technology. Activity rail assemblies configured in accordance with embodiments of the present technology provide adjustability, stowability, and deployability in order to be adapted for various activities, or for storage during periods of non-use. For example, activity rail assemblies configured in accordance with embodiments of the present technology may be deployed and used as a shooter's rail or other rest-surface to improve stability during activities, or as a safety rail, and they may be stowed out of the way for other activities, such as archery, bowhunting, ingress, or egress. Movement of activity rail assemblies configured in accordance with embodiments of the present technology also allows a user to climb a ladder stand and reach a seated position without having to unhook a safety tether, because the user activity rail assemblies may be moved out of the way of such a safety tether during ingress or egress. From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that specific embodiments of the presently disclosed technology have been described herein for purposes of illustration, but that various modifications may be made without deviating from the scope of the technology. For example, ladder stands and components thereof configured in accordance with embodiments of the present technology may include more or fewer support straps, they may omit a chair (instead having a generally bare platform supported on the ladder portion), they may have another seating, standing, or housing structure on the platform instead of (or in addition to) a chair portion, they may be foldable, collapsible, or able to be disassembled, they may be made of various materials (metals, plastics, composites, or other materials), they may include additional support structure, or they may include steps or stairs instead of ladder rungs. Although a chair with arms and a back is illustrated in the figures, the term “chair” is understood to include a bench without arms or a back, or another suitable seating surface. Although preferred embodiments of the present technology include upper support straps120a,120bthat are separable from each other and connectable using the connecting device210(in order to avoid obstructions, for example), in some embodiments, the upper support straps120a,120bmay be combined in a single integral support strap. For example, a single integral support strap may extend between free ends that correspond to the first ends400,405, which may be connected together using a connecting device210, and then the strap may be tightened in a manner similar to the separable upper support straps120a,120b(e.g., by passing the single support strap through one or more tightening devices300). In some embodiments, a single integral support strap may extend between free ends that correspond to the second ends410,415(such that the strap may be continuous as it wraps around the tree), although such a single integral support strap may not provide the advantages of separate upper support straps120a,120b(such as the ability to pass over or around an obstruction). Although the activity rail assembly145is disclosed having a telescoping mechanism920, the activity rail assembly145may include other mechanisms or arrangements for facilitating extension and retraction. In some embodiments a locking mechanism may reside on only one side of the chair116. In some embodiments, a telescoping mechanism920for the activity rail assembly145may include additional telescoping tubes or locking mechanisms. For example, a side of the activity rail assembly145may include three or more telescoping tubes. In some embodiments, the horizontal activity rail portion147or another part of the activity rail assembly145may include a table or a working surface. Although the activity rail assembly145is illustrated in connection with ladder stands (tree stands with ladders), in some embodiments, activity rail assemblies configured in accordance with the present technology may be implemented in other types of stands, such as stands that do not include ladders, ropes, or other means to access the stand from the ground, or in stands that hang directly from the support structure (hang-on stands), or in freestanding stands that do not require an existing support structure. Further, although activity rail assemblies have been described herein in the context of a seating portion or chair on a stand, in some embodiments, activity rail assemblies may be implemented in other seating structures, regardless of whether they are part of a stand. For example, a seating structure configured in accordance with embodiments of the present technology may include an activity rail assembly attached to a chair, which may optionally be supported by a platform or other elements of stands. Although the term “tree stand” includes the word “tree,” for the purposes of the present disclosure, the term “tree stand” includes stands that are supported by trees, poles, walls, or other support structures, regardless of whether the support structure is a tree. Certain aspects of the technology described in the context of particular embodiments may be combined or eliminated in other embodiments. Further, while advantages associated with certain embodiments of the presently disclosed technology have been described in the context of those embodiments, other embodiments may also exhibit such advantages, and not all embodiments need necessarily exhibit such advantages to fall within the scope of the technology. Accordingly, the disclosure and associated technology can encompass other embodiments not expressly shown or described herein.

11856942

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments of the present disclosure, one or more drawings of which are set forth herein. Each drawing is provided by way of explanation of the present disclosure and is not a limitation. In fact, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the teachings of the present disclosure without departing from the scope of the disclosure. For instance, features illustrated or described as part of one embodiment can be used with another embodiment to yield a still further embodiment. Thus, it is intended that the present disclosure covers such modifications and variations as come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents. Other objects, features, and aspects of the present disclosure are disclosed in, or are obvious from, the following detailed description. It is to be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the present discussion is a description of exemplary embodiments only and is not intended as limiting the broader aspects of the present disclosure. The words “connected” and “attached” should be interpreted to mean any manner of joining two objects including, but not limited to, the use of any fasteners such as screws, nuts and bolts, bolts, pin and clevis, and the like allowing for a stationary, translatable, or pivotable relationship; welding of any kind such as traditional MIG welding, TIG welding, friction welding, brazing, soldering, ultrasonic welding, torch welding, inductive welding, and the like; using any resin, glue, epoxy, and the like; being integrally formed as a single part together; any mechanical fit such as a friction fit, interference fit, slidable fit, rotatable fit, pivotable fit, and the like; any combination thereof; and the like. Unless specifically stated otherwise, any part of the apparatus of the present disclosure may be made of any appropriate or suitable material including, but not limited to, metal, alloy, polymer, polymer mixture, wood, composite, or any combination thereof. Referring to the Figures, one embodiment of a fluid spray apparatus, or spray gun,100is shown. As can best be seen inFIG.5, the spray gun100includes an inlet102, a first outlet104, and a second outlet106. The spray gun100optionally includes a hose attachment barb108on the inlet102. The inlet102could alternatively include a quick-release connector, a threaded male or female coupler, and the like. The spray gun100may also include a first nozzle110disposed on the first outlet104and a second nozzle112disposed on the second outlet106. Both first nozzle110and second nozzle112may be permanently connected or removably connected to the spray gun100. The first and second nozzles110,112may include commonly available standard spray tips that are threadedly received in the first and second outlets104,106respectively. In other embodiments, the nozzles110,112are retained in the outlets104,106with quick-release, snap-on, latching, or other releasable attachment configurations. First nozzle110and second nozzle112may be of varying spray patterns such that the spray gun100may operate with any of a plurality of spray patterns. One embodiment of the spray gun100includes the first outlet104including a diffuse spray nozzle and the second outlet106including a solid stream nozzle. Another embodiment of the spray gun100includes at least one of the first outlet104and second outlet106including an adjustable spray nozzle. In an embodiment, a first actuator114is configured to communicate the inlet102with at least one of the outlets104,106such that communication is prevented when the first actuator is unactuated. A second actuator116is also configured to communicate the inlet102with at least one of the outlets104,106such that communication is prevented when the second actuator is unactuated. Each actuator114,116may actuate valves115that are normally biased toward the closed position by springs117. Each valve115may be accessible for replacement or repair by removing a spring retainer plug119with common tools, including, but not limited to, a hex key. The actuators114,116may be hingedly connected to the handle118such that the actuators include triggers. In some embodiments, the handle118may be a pistol grip handle. The actuators114,116may be aligned with each other and opposingly disposed on the handle118. The actuators114,116may be configured such that the first actuator114may be actuated with the index finger and middle finger of a user and the second actuator116may be actuated with the ring finger and little finger of the user. Each actuator114,116may include a hinge end120and a free end122. The free ends122of the actuators114,116may be nearer each other than the hinge ends120. The handle118of the spray apparatus may, in some embodiments, include guide channels123configured to receive a portion of a respective trigger/actuator114,116. The guide channels123, in conjunction with the curved free ends122of the triggers114,116, may prevent pinching a user's fingers when one or more of the triggers are actuated. In at least one embodiment, the trigger free ends122remain in contact with each other during actuation. The channels123also may function to prevent over-actuation of the actuators114,116. The channels123may further function to hold the actuators in close readiness to the valve assembly. In some embodiments, the handle118is angled from the spray direction of the nozzles110,112such that the handle and the spray direction of the nozzles forms an angle of between 90 and 180 degrees. More specifically, the handle118and the spray direction of the nozzles110,112form an angle of between 90 and 120 degrees. Even more specifically, the handle118and the spray direction of the nozzles110,112form an angle of 105 degrees. These angles may be desirable to allow for ergonomic and comfortable use for a user's wrist when holding the spray apparatus100. Furthermore, the spray apparatus100may include a flat or contoured protrusion124extending from the handle. The protrusion124may be configured such that a user's hand between the thumb and index finger may rest against the protrusion to aid in supporting the weight of the spray apparatus100. Another ergonomic feature optionally included in the spray apparatus100is the location of the inlet102at the bottom of the handle118. This location allows for any hose attached to the hose attachment barb108to extend below the wrist of a user so the hose does not get in the way of the user's arm and so the weight of the hose and the spray gun100may be close to the user's hand. Some embodiments of the fluid spray apparatus100may include a passage network126including multiple paths connecting the inlet102with the first outlet104and second outlet106. The paths may be, but are not limited to, one or more paths defined in the handle118of the spray apparatus100, one or more tubes127exterior to the handle of the spray apparatus, and the like. In one embodiment of the fluid spray apparatus100, a diverter structure including a plurality of plugs128may be removably disposed in one of a plurality of positions blocking a portion of the passage network126. Threaded covers129may be removed with common tools including, but not limited to, a hex key to access the plugs128or to clean the passage network126. The plurality of positions may form a first diverter structure arrangement and a second diverter structure arrangement. In some embodiments, the first diverter structure arrangement and the second diverter structure arrangement may be mutually exclusive. As shown inFIGS.9and12, the plurality of plugs128may be placed in a first diverter structure arrangement wherein the first actuator114may communicate the inlet102with the first outlet104and the second actuator116may communicate the inlet with the second outlet106. In embodiments including the hose attachment barb108and the first and second nozzles110,112, the first actuator114may communicate the opening of the hose attachment barb with the opening of the first nozzle and the second actuator116may communicate the opening of the hose attachment barb with the opening of the second nozzle. As shown inFIGS.10and13, the plurality of plugs128may be placed in a second diverter structure arrangement wherein the first actuator114may communicate the inlet102with the second outlet106and the second actuator116may communicate the inlet with the first outlet104. In some embodiments, the first actuator114may communicate the opening of the hose attachment barb108with the opening of the second nozzle112and the second actuator116may communicate the opening of the hose attachment barb with the opening of the first nozzle110. In some embodiments of the fluid spray apparatus100, the diverter structure may include a selector valve130. As can best be seen inFIG.17, the selector valve130may include a plurality of pathways132to direct fluid flow. The selector valve130may also include one or more sealing portions, or O-rings,134to aid in directing fluid flow. In some embodiments, the selector valve130may also include a user control portion136. The user control portion136may include, but is not limited to, a hex head, a lever, a button, and the like. In some embodiments of the fluid spray apparatus100, the selector valve130may be configured to be rotated to a first position, or first diverter structure arrangement, and to a second position, or second diverter structure arrangement, by a user. As shown inFIGS.18and21, the selector valve130may be placed in a first position, or first diverter structure arrangement, wherein the first actuator114may communicate the inlet102with the first outlet104and the second actuator116may communicate the inlet with the second outlet106. In some embodiments, the selector valve130may be placed in the first position and the first actuator114may communicate the opening of the hose attachment barb108with the opening of the first nozzle110and the second actuator116may communicate the opening of the hose attachment barb with the opening of the second nozzle112. As shown inFIGS.19and22, the selector valve130may be placed in a second position, or second diverter structure arrangement, wherein the first actuator114may communicate the inlet102with the second outlet106and the second actuator116may communicate the inlet with the first outlet104. In some embodiments, the selector valve130may be placed in the second position and the first actuator114may communicate the opening of the hose attachment barb108with the opening of the second nozzle112and the second actuator116may communicate the opening of the hose attachment barb with the opening of the first nozzle110. The current disclosure also relates to a method of operating the fluid spray apparatus100including the fluid inlet102and first and second fluid outlets104,106. The method may include placing a diverter structure, including, but not limited to, the plurality of plugs128or the selector valve130, in a first arrangement. With the diverter structure in the first arrangement, the user may actuate the first actuator, or first trigger,114to flow fluid from the inlet102to the first outlet104. With the diverter structure in the first arrangement, the user may also actuate the second actuator, or second trigger,116to flow fluid from the inlet102to the second outlet106. The user may place the diverter structure in a second arrangement. With the diverter structure in the second arrangement, the user may actuate the first actuator114to flow fluid from the inlet102to the second outlet106. With the diverter structure in the second arrangement, the user may also actuate the second actuator116to flow fluid from the inlet102to the first outlet104. In one embodiment, the method of operating the fluid spray apparatus100may include removably placing the plurality of plugs128in the first arrangement to block a portion of the passage network126and placing the plurality of plugs in the second arrangement to block a different portion of the passage network. In another embodiment, the method of operating the fluid spray apparatus100may include placing the selector valve130in a first position such that the diverter structure is in the first arrangement and a second position such that the diverter structure is in the second arrangement. Referring toFIGS.24and25, an embodiment of a fluid spray apparatus200is illustrated. The fluid spray apparatus200shares many common elements and/or features with the fluid spray apparatus100. Accordingly, similar elements of the fluid spray apparatus200will be numbered similarly to those of the fluid spray apparatus100. The fluid spray apparatus200includes a first inlet102A, a second inlet102B, a first outlet104, a second outlet106, a first actuator114, and a second actuator116. The first actuator114may be configured to communicate the first inlet102A with one of the first or second outlets104,106. The second actuator116may be configured to communicate the second inlet102B with a different one of the first or second outlets104,106. In certain optional embodiments, the fluid spray apparatus200includes at least one inlet, which may include the first inlet102A and the second inlet102B. A hose attachment barb108may be associated with each of the first and second inlets102A,102B. The passageway network126of the fluid spray apparatus200may include the tube127. In accordance therewith, the second actuator116may be coupled to the different one of the first or second outlets104,106using the tube127, which may be positioned forward of the first and second actuators114,116. For example, the first and second actuators114,116may be positioned between the handle118and the tube127. The tube127may extend between a proximal end210of the handle118and a distal end212of the handle118. The first and second actuators114,116may at least partially surround an exterior front side214of the handle118. The tube127may extend from the front side214such that the front side214faces the tube127. The first actuator114may be coupled to the handle118closer to the first and second outlets104,106that to the first and second inlets102A,102B. The second actuator116may be coupled to the handle118closer to the first and second inlets102A,102B than to the first and second outlets104,106. As illustrated inFIG.25, the valve115associated with the second actuator116may be repositioned vertically, as compared with the fluid spray apparatus100. The spring117may be sandwiched between the valve115and the hose attachment barb108. The second inlet102B may be coupled to the tube127using at least one passageway202. The at least one passageway202may include a plug204configured to threadedly engage a portion of the at least one passageway202. The plug204may be optional in other embodiments, wherein the passageway202is cast during manufacturing. The valve115may be actuated by the second actuator116using a pivotal member206coupled to the handle118. Referring toFIGS.26-28, another embodiment of a fluid spray apparatus300is illustrated. The fluid spray apparatus200represents an integral version having first and second inlets102A,102B integrally formed in the handle118. The fluid spray apparatus300represents a retrofit version of the fluid spray apparatus100having first and second inlets102A,102B, however, the second inlet102B is incorporated into the handle118via an attachment, as discussed below. The fluid spray apparatus300shares many common elements and/or features with the fluid spray apparatus100and the fluid spray apparatus200. Accordingly, similar elements of the fluid spray apparatus300will be numbered similarly to those of the fluid spray apparatus100and the fluid spray apparatus200. The fluid spray apparatus300may include a retrofit portion302that may be attached to the handle118. A section of the handle118of the fluid spray apparatus100, which is associated with placement of the retrofit portion302, may be machined to remove said section so that the retrofit portion302may be attached to the handle118. As illustrated inFIG.29, a rear portion304of the retrofit portion302may include a channel306configured to engage with a rail of the fluid spray apparatus300. The rail may be defined during the machining process. The rear portion304may further include an o-ring receptacle308configured to receive an o-ring310for sealing a portion of the passageway network126associated with the first actuator114. The fluid spray apparatus300may include a passageway202and a pivotal member206similar to the fluid spray apparatus200. Each of the passageway202, the pivotal member206, the valve115and the spring117may be housed within the retrofit portion302. The second actuator116may be couplable to the retrofit portion302just as it was to the original handle118. Additionally, the retrofit portion302may define the distal end212of the handle118. The tube127may be coupled between the passageway202of the retrofit portion302and the proximal end210of the handle118. Accordingly, the fluid spray apparatuses200,300advantageously provides a user with a single hand operated fluid spray apparatus that has the ability to spray two different liquids with the same or different patterns. While the present disclosure has been described with particularity in relation to spraying herbicide, the present disclosure may also apply to any fluid spray apparatus used for any purpose including, but not limited to, distributing paint, detergents, pesticides, disinfectants, and the like. This written description uses examples to disclose the invention and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the invention, including making and using any devices or systems. The patentable scope of the invention is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal language of the claims. Although embodiments of the disclosure have been described using specific terms, such description is for illustrative purposes only. The words used are words of description rather than limitation. It is to be understood that changes and variations may be made by those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit or the scope of the present disclosure, which is set forth in the following claims. In addition, it should be understood that aspects of the various embodiments may be interchanged in whole or in part. While specific uses for the subject matter of the disclosure have been exemplified, other uses are contemplated. Therefore, the spirit and scope of the appended claims should not be limited to the description of the versions contained herein.

11856943

FIG.1shows a schematic view of a control system for an agricultural utility vehicle1according to a first embodiment. The control system comprises a distributor linkage4for applying material such as fertiliser, plant protection agents or seed, which extends transversely to the direction of travel. The distributor linkage4has a centre part2and two lateral extension arms3connected to the centre part2by joints. The lateral extension arms, which are connected by joints3comprise several linkage sections which can be folded to each other in transport position and folded out in working position. The centre part2is arranged so that it can be moved along a vertical axis in order to adjust the height of the distributor linkage4. Each of the two lateral extension arms3is associated with at least one hydraulic device, which is not shown, whereby the respective extension arm3can be pivoted about a horizontal axis. Three sensors5are assigned to distributor linkage4. One sensor5is arranged on the centre part, and the other two sensors5are assigned to the respective outer end of the right-hand and left-hand extension arm3. The sensors5are attached to the lower edge of the respective extension arm3and the middle part2. The sensors5can measure the current distance of the respective extension arm and the centre part to the ground. The sensors5are designed for instance as ultrasonic sensors or radar sensors for this purpose. The measured distance to the ground is defined for the left hand extension arm3by the height hl, and equivalent for the right hand extension arm3by the height hr. The measured distance to the bottom of the centre part2is equally defined by the height hm. Furthermore, the control system has a data processing unit, which is not shown, which is configured such that the signals of the sensors5are processed as actual values and on the basis of which a control signal for the hydraulic devices, which is not shown, can be generated for adaptation to a target distance. For this purpose, the data processing unit may have a control and/or evaluation program and generally be formed as a computer-aided system. The measurement signals of the sensors5can be transmitted to the data processing unit via cable connections or wirelessly. The control of the distributor linkage configuration, i.e. the height of the centre part2, the angle of attack of the extension arms3as well as the inclination of the entire distributor linkage is carried out by means of three control processes, which are shown inFIGS.1to3. These processes preferably run simultaneously, but can also be carried out one after the other. The data processing unit is configured in such a way that from the measured distances to the bottom of the two extension arms3, i.e. the measured values hland hr, the actual values are processed in a first control process. A mean value is formed from the measured values hland hr. This mean value is compared with the current actual value of the centre part2. The current actual value of the centre part2is formed by the measured distance hm. If the mean value of the two extension arms3deviates from the current actual value of the centre part2, in other words if there is a control difference, the data processing unit can generate a control signal for the hydraulic devices for pivoting the extension arms3. The target distance for pivoting the extension arms3is therefore formed by the current actual value of the centre part2. The hydraulic device, which is not shown, associated with each extension arm3, may advantageously comprise a hydraulic cylinder, in particular a double-acting hydraulic cylinder, a hydraulic line connected to the hydraulic cylinder for supplying hydraulic fluid, and at least one hydraulic valve unit for adjusting a cylinder position. The hydraulic valve unit can be adjusted via a control signal from the data processing unit. If there is a positive control difference between the current actual value of the centre part2and the mean value of the two measured distances to the bottom of the extension arm3, the data processing unit can generate a control signal for the hydraulic devices of the extension arm3, whereby the two hydraulic cylinders of the extension arm3are bent. In case of a negative control deviation, both hydraulic cylinders of the two extension arms3can be angled. Therefore, based on the control signal of the data processing unit, a pivoting of the two extension arms3is effected. As an example, when the agricultural utility vehicle1is driven over uneven ground, the measured distance to the ground of the right-hand and left-hand extension arms3and2can be 100 cm everywhere. The target distance of the distributor linkage4to the ground can therefore also be 100 cm. If the agricultural utility vehicle1runs over an unevenness in the ground, both the centre part2and the two extension arms3may lower. For example, the measured distance to the ground of the centre part2may lower from a height hm=100 cm to a height hm=80 cm. In the same way, the height of the two extension arms3can for instance be reduced from hl=hr=100 cm to hl=hr=80 cm. Due to the deflection of the distributor linkage4from its initial position, the data processing unit can generate a control signal for a hydraulic device for the height adjustability of the distributor linkage4, whereby the entire distributor linkage4is raised again to the target distance specification hm=100 cm. The centre part can be moved along a vertical axis for height adjustment. The target distance for pivoting the extension arms3is formed by the current actual value of the centre part2. This means that initially the target distance for the pivoting of the extension arms3is formed by the value hm=80 cm of the deflection of the centre part2which occurred. Contrary to the state of the art, the extension arms are not bent and/or angled, since the target distance of the extension arms3is formed by the actual distance of the centre part according to the invention, and thus the target distance of the extension arms is reduced from 100 cm to 80 cm corresponding to the actual distance of the centre part. Due to the target value specification of the centre part2of 100 cm, the target distance for pivoting the extension arms3is therefore dynamically adapted to the current actual value of the centre part2. This means that the pivoting of the extension arms3is adapted to the height control of the centre part2. In other words, the pivoting of the extension arms3is dependent on the change in the current actual value of the centre part2. This has the advantage that the pivoting of the extension arms3requires a lower force or time than if the pivoting of the extension arms should reach a set target value of 100 cm. Therefore, lower forces are preferably applied to the entire distributor linkage4when driving over uneven ground. Furthermore, an additional bending/angling of the extension arms3can be efficiently avoided, which can result from inertial forces of the entire distributor linkage4. Therefore, the extension arms3are not bent first and then angled after the centre part has reached its target value again, as is the case with a fixed absolute target value for extension arms3. This means that optimized control of the pivoting of the two extension arms3can be achieved. In other words, the lifting gear of the centre part for height adjustment always influences the value of hm, hl, and hridentically. If they all deviate by the same value, it is therefore advantageous to move the lifting gear and leave the hydraulic cylinders to rest in order to bend/angle the extension arms3. Otherwise the extension arms3and the centre part2may move in opposite directions. FIG.2shows a schematic view of a control system for the height control of the centre part of an agricultural utility vehicle1according to the first embodiment for the execution of the second control procedure. The control system has a distributor linkage4for applying material, such as fertiliser, plant protection agents or seed, which extends transversely to the direction of travel. The distributor linkage4also comprises a centre part2and two lateral extension arms3connected to the centre part2by joints. The centre part2is arranged so that it can be moved along a vertical axis to adjust the height of the distributor linkage4. Each of the two lateral extension arms3is associated with at least one hydraulic device, which is not shown, whereby the respective extension arm3can be pivoted about a horizontal axis. Three sensors5are assigned to the distributor linkage, whereby the distance of the centre part2and the respective extension arm3to the ground can be determined. For this purpose the sensors5are each arranged at the lower edge of the centre part2and at the lower edge of the right-sided and left-sided extension arm3. The sensors5can be designed for distance measurement as ultrasonic sensors or as radar sensors. If the agricultural utility vehicle1should drive over an unevenness in the ground, and the distributor linkage4should therefore be raised or lowered, the currently determined actual value of the centre part2, which is determined by the actual distance to the ground hm, changes. The actual values currently determined by the sensors5for the actual distance of the extension arms3and the centre part2from the ground are transmitted to a data processing unit, which is not shown, which is configured in such a way that the measured signals of the sensors5are processed as actual values and on the basis of which a control signal for the respective hydraulic device of the extension arms3is generated for adaptation to a target distance. The data processing unit can carry out a target value/actual value comparison if the current actual value of the centre part deviates by 2 hmfrom a target distance specified by a user. In other words, the difference between the target distance of the distributor linkage4and the currently measured actual value of the centre part2hmis calculated and the distributor linkage4is raised or lowered due to this control difference. This corresponds to a height adjustment of the entire distributor linkage4, in particular of the extension arms3, based on the specified target distance. FIG.3shows a third control procedure for adjusting the inclination of the distributor linkage. Here a difference formation of the distance values determined by the sensors5is carried out. The distance of both extension arms to the ground should be as identical as possible and correspond to the actual distance hmof the centre part. In the ideal case, the result of the difference formation is therefore 0. The result of the difference formation therefore serves to control the rotation about an axis lying in the direction of travel. For this purpose an actually known actuator, which is not shown, is provided, and which rotates the extension arm as a whole around the axis clockwise or counterclockwise, depending on the sign of the result of the difference formation, until the measuring signals hland hrof the sensors5on the extension arms are identical. In summary, the adjustment of the position of the distributor linkage is carried out in three steps:1. The extension arm is bent an angled in such a way that the distance between the extension arm sides and the ground corresponds on average to the distance between the centre part and the ground.2. The height of the distributor linkage is adjusted by measuring the distance between the centre part and the ground and adjusting it to a target distance.3. The inclination of the distributor linkage is adjusted by rotating the entire distributor linkage about an axis in the direction of travel until the distances hland hrare identical. In this way the three parameters angle of attack of the extension arms, height and inclination of the distributor extension arm can be set independently. The advantage of this control over conventional height control of each individual section of the distributor linkage is that the various control processes, in particular the control of the angle of attack and the height, cannot work against each other. FIG.4shows a schematic view of a control system according to the invention according to another embodiment. The control system for an agricultural utility vehicle1comprises a distributor linkage4for applying material such as fertiliser, plant protection agents or seed, which extends transversely to the direction of travel and has a centre part2and two lateral extension arms3connected to the centre part. The centre part2is arranged to be movable along a vertical axis for height adjustment of the distributor linkage4and each extension arm3is assigned at least one hydraulic device, which is not shown. This allows the respective extension arm3to be pivoted about a horizontal axis. Six sensors5are assigned to the distributor linkage. The sensors5can, for example, be designed as ultrasonic sensors or radar sensors. It is also conceivable that the sensors5are designed as optical sensors. The sensors5detect a current distance between the distributor linkage4and the ground. Two sensors5are assigned to the centre part2on the right and left side, and two sensors5are assigned to each of the right and left side extension arms3. Accordingly, the distance between the centre part2and the right-hand and left-hand extension arm to the ground to be worked can be determined using a plurality of sensors. As an example, the current distance to the bottom of the centre part2, i.e. the current actual value of the centre part2, can be measured via the two sensors5which are assigned to the centre part2. These two sensors5each detect a distance to the ground hm1and hm2on the right and left side of the centre part2. The control system further comprises a data processing unit, which is not shown, which is configured such that the signals of the sensors5are processed as actual values and on the basis of which a control signal can be generated for the hydraulic devices of the extension arms3for adaptation to a target distance. The data processing unit can therefore determine a mean value for the current actual value of the centre part from the two measured distances to the ground hm1and hm2. In the same way a mean value of the measured distances to the ground of the two sensors, hl1and hl2, as well as hr1and hr2, assigned to the respective extension arm3, can be determined for the right-hand and left-hand extension arm3. Alternatively, the smallest measured distance of the respective sensors5can be used for the measurement of hl1and hl2, as well as hr1and hr2from the data processing unit for the two extension arms3. For the respective pivoting of the extension arms3, the actual value of the respective extension arms3currently determined can thus be compared with the actual value of the centre part2, and a control signal can be generated by the data processing unit based on this. The averaging of the plurality of sensors5on the respective extension arm3and the centre part2has the advantage that a precise value for the current actual value of the extension arm3and the centre part2can be detected. Likewise, in the event of incorrect measurements of a single sensor5, an exact value for the current actual value can still be detected. This means that the pivoting of the extension arm3can be efficiently controlled even if a single sensor5fails. REFERENCE NUMERAL LIST 1agricultural utility vehicle2centre part3extension arms4distributor linkage5sensor

11856944

DETAILED DESCRIPTION The following description and the drawings illustrate embodiments sufficiently to enable those skilled in the art to practice them. Other embodiments may incorporate structural, logical, electrical, process, and other changes. Examples merely typify possible variations. Individual components and functions are optional unless explicitly required, and the sequence of operations may vary. Portions and features of some embodiments may be included in or substituted for those of others. The scope of embodiments encompasses the full ambit of the claims and all available equivalents of those claims. Improved approaches to ex-vivo organ care are provided. More particularly, various embodiments are directed to improved methods and solutions relating to maintaining a lung at or near normal physiologic conditions in an ex-vivo environment. As used herein, “physiological temperature” is referred to as temperatures between about 25 degrees C. and about 37 degrees C. A preferred embodiment comprises a lung OCS perfusion solution that may be administered in conjunction with an organ care system to maintain a lung in an equilibrium state by circulating a perfusion solution through the lung's vascular system, while causing the lung to rebreath a gas having an oxygen content sufficient to met the lung's metabolic needs. The embodiments allow a lung to be maintained ex-vivo for extended periods of time, such as, for example, 3-24 or more hours. Such extended ex-vivo maintenance times expand the pool of potential recipients for donor lungs, making geographic distance between donors and recipients less important. Extended ex-vivo maintenance times also provide the time needed for better genetic and HLA matching between donor organs and organ recipients, increasing the likelihood of a favorable outcome. The ability to maintain the organ in a near physiologic functioning condition also allows a clinician to evaluate the organ's function ex-vivo, and identify organs that are damaged. This is especially valuable in the case of the lung, since lungs are often compromised as a direct or indirect result of the cause of the death of the donor. Thus even a newly harvested lung may be damaged. The ability to make a prompt assessment of a harvested organ allows a surgeon to determine the quality of a lung and, if there is damage, to make a determination of the nature of the problem. The surgeon can then make a decision as to whether to discard the lung, or to apply therapy to the lung. Therapies can include recruitment processes, removing or stapling off damaged areas of lung, suctioning secretions, cauterizing bleeding blood vessels, and giving radiation treatment. The ability to assess and, if necessary provide therapy to lungs at several stages from harvesting to implantation greatly improves the overall likelihood of lung transplant success and increases the number of organs available for transplant. In some instances, the improved assessment capability and extended maintenance time facilitates medical operators to perform physical repairs on donor organs with minor defects. Increased ex-vivo organ maintenance times can also provide for an organ to be removed from a patient, treated in isolation ex-vivo, and then put back into the body of a patient. Such treatment may include, without limitation, pharmaceutical treatments, gas therapies, surgical treatments, chemo-, bio-, gene and/or radiation therapies. Overview of OCS Perfusion Solution According to certain embodiments, a lung OCS perfusion solution with certain solutes provides for the lungs to function at physiologic or near physiologic conditions and temperature by supplying energy rich nutrients, oxygen delivery, optimal oncotic pressure, pH and organ metabolism. The perfusion solution may also include therapeutic components to help maintain the lungs and protect them against ischemia, reperfusion injury and other ill effects during perfusion. Therapeutics may also help mitigate edema, provide general endothelial tissue support for the lungs, and otherwise provide preventative or prophylactic treatment to the lungs. The amounts of solutes provided describes preferred amounts relative to other components in the solution and may be scaled to provide compositions of sufficient quantity. In one embodiment, the solution may include a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. To improve gas exchange and diminish leukocytosis, an adenosine-3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) selective phosphodiesterase type III (PDE III) inhibitor such as milrinone, amrinone, anagrelide, bucladesine, cilostamide, cilostazol, enoximone, KMUP-1, quazinone, RPL-554, siguazodan, trequinsin, vesnarinone, zardaverine may be added. In a preferred embodiment milrinone is added. Milrinone has the effects of vasorelaxation secondary to improved calcium uptake into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, inotropy (myocyte contraction) due to cAMP-mediated trans-sarcolemmal calcium flux, and lusitropy (myocyte relaxation) possibly due to improved actin-myosin complex dissociation. In a preferred embodiment milrinone is present in each 1 L of solution in an amount of about 3400 mcg to about 4600. In a particularly preferred embodiment, milrinone is present in each 1 L of solution in an amount of about 4000 mcg. In certain embodiments the solution may include a nitrate which is useful in the nitrogen cycle. Nitroglycerin is a nitrate that may be added to the perfusion solution to promote stabilization of pulmonary hemodynamics and improve arterial oxygenation after transplantation. When a lung is removed from the body, nitric oxide levels fall quickly because it is quenched by superoxide generated during reperfusion, resulting in damage to the lung tissue. Nitroglycerin can act to promote nitric oxide levels in a lung ex-vivo by way of intracellular S-nitrosothiol intermediates to directly stimulate guanylate cyclase or to release nitric oxide locally in effector cells. To this end, Nitroglycerin improves vascular homeostasis and improves organ function by providing better arterial oxygenation after transplant. In a preferred embodiment nitroglycerin is present in each 1 L of solution in an amount of about 10 mg to about 50 mg. In one other embodiment, magnesium sulfate anhydrate may be added to the solution. Pulmonary artery blood pressure is lower than blood pressure in the rest of the body and in the case of pulmonary hypertension, magnesium sulfate promotes vasodilatation in constricted muscles of the pulmonary arteries by modulating calcium uptake, binding and distribution in smooth muscle cells, thereby decreasing the frequency of depolarization of smooth muscle and thus promoting vasodilatation. Magnesium sulfate anhydrate is present in each 1 L of solution in an amount of about 0.083 g to about 0.1127 g. In a particularly preferred embodiment magnesium sulfate anhydrate is present in each 1 L of solution in an amount of about 0.098 g. In a preferred embodiment, the addition of colloids offers numerous benefits including improving erythrocyte deformability, preventing erythrocyte aggregation, inducing disbanding of already aggregated cells and preserving endothelial-epithelial membrane. Colloids also have anti-thrombotic effects by being able to coat endothelial surfaces and platelets. In this embodiment dextran 40 is present in each 1 L of solution in an amount of about 42.5 g to about 57.5 g. In a particularly preferred embodiment, dextran 40 is present in each 1 L of solution in an amount of about 50 g. The solution may also contain electrolytes, such as sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, magnesium and other inorganic and organic charged species, or combinations thereof. A suitable component may be those where valence and stability permit, in an ionic form, in a protonated or unprotonated form, in salt or free base form, or as ionic or covalent substituents in combination with other components that hydrolyze and make the component available in aqueous solutions. In this embodiment, sodium chloride is present in each 1 L of solution in an amount of about 6.8 g to about 9.2 g. In a particularly preferred embodiment, sodium chloride is present in each 1 L of solution in an amount of about 8 g. In a preferred embodiment the solution may have a low-potassium concentration. A low-level of potassium results in improved lung function. A low potassium level may also protect the lung during high flow reperfusion and lead to a lower PA pressure and PVR, lower percent decrease in dynamic airway compliance, and lower wet to dry ratio. In this embodiment potassium chloride is present in each 1 L of solution in an amount of about 0.34 g to about 0.46 g. In a particularly preferred embodiment potassium chloride is present in each 1 L of solution in an amount of about 0.4 g. The solutions may include one or more energy-rich components to assist the organ in conducting its normal physiologic function. These components may include energy rich materials that are metabolizable, and/or components of such materials that an organ can use to synthesize energy sources during perfusion. Exemplary sources of energy-rich molecules include, for example, one or more carbohydrates. Examples of carbohydrates include glucose monohydrate, monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, or combinations thereof, or precursors or metabolites thereof. While not meant to be limiting, examples of monosaccharides suitable for the solutions include octoses; heptoses; hexoses, such as fructose, allose, altrose, glucose, mannose, gulose, idose, galactose, and talose; pentoses such as ribose, arabinose, xylose, and lyxose; tetroses such as erythrose and threose; and trioses such as glyceraldehyde. In a preferred embodiment glucose monohydrate is present in each 1 L of solution an amount of about 1.7 g to about 2.3 g. In a particularly preferred embodiment glucose monohydrate is present in each 1 L of solution an amount of about 2 g. The solution may include other components to help maintain the organ and protect it against ischemia, reperfusion injury and other ill effects during perfusion. In certain exemplary embodiments these components may include a hormone to promote and regulate carbohydrate and fat metabolism. Insulin acts to improve cell function by promoting optimum glucose and glycogen intake into the cells. In this preferred embodiment each 1 L of the solution may contain about 17 IU insulin to about 23 IU insulin. In a particularly preferred embodiment each 1 L of the solution may contain 20 IU insulin. In addition, the solution may include a multi-vitamin that provides anti-oxidants and co-enzymes and helps maintain the body's normal resistance and repair processes. The multi-vitamin may include certain fat soluble vitamins such as Vitamins A, D, E, and K, and water soluble vitamins such as Vitamin C, Niacinamide, Vitamins B2, B1, B6, and Dexpanthenol, as well as stabilizers and preservatives. In a preferred embodiment, each 1 L of the solution contains one unit vial of M.V.I. Adult® multi-vitamin. M.V.I. Adult® includes fat soluble vitamins such as Vitamins A, D, E, and K, and water soluble vitamins such as Vitamin C, Niacinamide, Vitamins B2, B1, B6, and Dexpanthenol, as well as stabilizers and preservatives in an aqueous solution. The solution may also include an anti-inflammatory agent such as a glucocorticoid steroid. Glucocorticoid steroids act as anti-inflamatory agents by activating to the cell's glucocorticoid receptors which in turn up-regulate the expression of anti-inflammatory proteins in the nucleus and reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory proteins. Glucocorticoid steroids include methylprednisolone, hydrocortisone, cortisone acetate, prednisone, dexamethasone, betamethasone, triamcinolone, beclometasone, fludrocortisone acetate and aldosterone. In this preferred embodiment, each 1 L of the solution may contain about 0.85 g mg to about 1.15 g methylprednisolone (SoluMedrol® or equivalent). In a particularly preferred embodiment, each 1 L of the solution may contain 1 g methylprednisolone (SoluMedrol® or equivalent) In addition the solution may contain buffers to maintain the solution at an optimal pH. These may include disodium phosphate anhydrate, a physiologic balancing buffer or monopotassium phosphate to maintain the average pH of the solution during lung tissue perfusion. In this embodiment disodium phosphate anhydrate is present in each 1 L of solution in an amount of about 0.039 g to about 0.052 g, and/or monopotassium phosphate in an amount of about 0.053 g to about 0.072 g. In a particularly preferred embodiment, disodium phosphate anhydrate is present in an amount of 0.046 g, and/or monopotassium phosphate in an amount of 0.063 g. In some embodiments, the solution contains sodium bicarbonate, potassium phosphate, or TRIS buffer. In a preferred embodiment the sodium bicarbonate is present in each 1 L of solution in an amount of about 12.75 mEq to about 17.25 mEq. In a particularly preferred embodiment each 1 L of the solution may initially contain about 15 mEq sodium bicarbonate (5 mEq to each 500 mL bottle and 2-3 bottles are used), and additional amounts may be added throughout preservation based on clinical judgment. For example, 20-40 mEq can be added to the system as part of priming. Other suitable buffers include 2-morpholinoethanesulfonic acid monohydrate (IVIES), cacodylic acid, H2CO3/NaHCO3(pKa1), citric acid (pKa3), bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-imino-tris-(hydroxymethyl)-methane (Bis-Tris), N-carbamoylmethylimidino acetic acid (ADA), 3-bis[tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino]propane (Bis-Tris Propane) (pKa1), piperazine-1,4-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid) (PIPES), N-(2-Acetamido)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (ACES), imidazole, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (BES), 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulphonic acid (MOPS), NaH.sub.2PO.sub.4/Na.sub.2HPO.sub.4 (pK.sub.a2), N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (TES), N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-piperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N′-(2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid) (HEPPSO), triethanolamine, N-[tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]glycine (Tricine), tris hydroxymethylaminoethane (Tris), glycineamide, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl) glycine (Bicine), glycylglycine (pKa2), N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid (TAPS), or a combination thereof. The solution may contain an antimicrobial or antifungal agent to prevent infection. These may include bacteria and fungal antimicrobial agents that provide protection against both gram negative and gram positive bacteria. Suitable antimicrobial or antifungal agents include cefazolin, ciprofloxacin, and voriconazole or equivalent. In a preferred embodiment, cefazolin is present in each 1 L of solution in an amount of about 0.85 g to about 1.15 g, ciprofloxacin is present in each 1 L of solution in an amount of about 0.17 g to about 2.3 g, and voriconazole is present in each 1 L of solution in an amount of about 0.17 g to about 2.3 g. In a particularly preferred embodiment, cefazolin is present in each 1 L of solution in an amount of about 1 g, ciprofloxacin is present in each 1 L of solution in an amount of about 0.2 g, and voriconazole is present in each 1 L of solution in an amount of about 0.2 g. Alternatively the solution may contain any effective antimicrobial or antifungal agent. The solutions are preferably provided at a physiological temperature and maintained thereabout throughout perfusion and recirculation. In a preferred embodiment the OCS lung perfusion solution comprises a nutrient, a colloid, a vasodilator, a hormone and a steroid. In another preferred embodiment the solution comprises a nutrient including Glucose monohydrate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, a multi-vitamin including fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins; a colloid including dextran 40; a hormone including insulin; a steroid including methylprednisolone; buffering agents including disodium phosphate anhydrate, monopotassium phosphate and sodium bicarbonate; vasodilators including milrinone, nitroglycerin and magnesium sulfate anhydrate; antimicrobial or antifungal agents including cefazolin, ciprofloxacin, and voriconazole. In another preferred embodiment the solution comprises an effective amount of dextran 40; sodium chloride; potassium chloride; magnesium sulfate anhydrate; disodium phosphate anhydrate; monopotassium phosphate; glucose monohydrate; milrinone; nitroglycerin; insulin; a multi-vitamin (M.V.I. Adult® or equivalent); sodium bicarbonate; methylprednisolone (SoluMedrol® or equivalent); cefazolin; ciprofloxacin; voriconazole. In a preferred embodiment of the OCS lung perfusion solution, each 1 L of solution includes, milrinone in an amount of about 4000 mcg; nitroglycerin in an amount of about 10-50 mg; dextran 40 in an amount of about 50 g; sodium chloride in an amount of about 8 g; potassium chloride in an amount of about 0.4 g; magnesium sulfate anhydrate in an amount of about 0.098 g; disodium phosphate anhydrate in an amount of about 0.046 g; monopotassium phosphate in an amount of about 0.063 g; glucose monohydrate in an amount of about 2 g; insulin in an amount of about 20 IU; a multi-vitamin (M.V.I. Adult® or equivalent) in the amount of about 1 unit vial; sodium bicarbonate is initially present in an amount of about 15 mEq; methylprednisolone in an amount of about 1 g. In a particularly preferred embodiment of the OCS lung perfusion solution, each 1 L of solution includes, milrinone in an amount of about 4000 mcg; nitroglycerin in an amount of about 10-50 mg; dextran 40 in an amount of about 50 g; sodium chloride in an amount of about 8 g; potassium chloride in an amount of about 0.4 g; magnesium sulfate anhydrate in an amount of about 0.098 g; disodium phosphate anhydrate in an amount of about 0.046 g; monopotassium phosphate in an amount of about 0.063 g; glucose monohydrate in an amount of about 2 g; insulin in an amount of about 20 IU; a multi-vitamin (M.V.I. Adult® or equivalent) in the amount of about 1 unit vial; sodium bicarbonate is initially present in an amount of about 15 mEq; methylprednisolone in an amount of about 1 g; cefazolin in an amount of about 1 g; ciprofloxacin in an amount of about 0.2 g; voriconazole in an amount of about 0.2 g. In certain embodiments, the perfusion solution is maintained and provided to the lungs at a near physiologic temperature. According to one embodiment, the perfusion solution employs a blood product-based perfusion solution to more accurately mimic normal physiologic conditions. The perfusion solution may be supplemented with cellular media. The cellular media may include a blood product, such as whole blood, or packed red blood cells; allogenic packed red blood cells that are leukocyte depleted/reduced; donor's whole blood that is leukocyte and platelet depleted/reduced; and/or human plasma to achieve circulating hematocrit of 15-30%. Overview of Method of Producing a Solution for Perfusing a Lung at Near Physiologic Temperature In another aspect, a method of producing a solution for perfusing a lung at near physiologic temperature is provided. In a preferred method, the pre-weighed raw materials and WFI are added to a stainless steel mixing tank and mixed with heating until fully dissolved. The pH of the resulting solution is monitored and adjusted during the mixing process with1M hydrochloric acid (HCl). The solution is allowed to cool and then filtered through a 0.2 μm filter and finally dispensed into a primary container. The filled container is terminally sterilized with heat using a sterilization cycle that has been validated to achieve a Sterility Assurance Level of 10−6. The raw materials in a preferred embodiment include a nutrient, a colloid, a vasodilator, a hormone and a steroid for perfusing a lung at near physiologic conditions. In another preferred embodiment the raw materials include a nutrient including glucose monohydrate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, a multi-vitamin including M.V.I. Adult® or equivalent; a colloid including dextran 40; a hormone including insulin; a steroid including methylprednisolone; buffering agents including disodium phosphate anhydrate, monopotassium phosphate and sodium bicarbonate; vasodilators including milrinone, nitroglycerin and magnesium sulfate anhydrate; an antimicrobial or antifungal agent. In another preferred embodiment the raw materials include dextran 40; sodium chloride; potassium chloride; magnesium sulfate anhydrate; disodium phosphate anhydrate; monopotassium phosphate; glucose monohydrate; milrinone; nitroglycerin; insulin; a multi-vitamin (M.V.I. Adult® or equivalent); sodium bicarbonate; methylprednisolone (SoluMedrol® or equivalent); antimicrobial or antifungal agents including cefazolin, ciprofloxacin, and voriconazole for perfusing a lung at near physiologic conditions. In a preferred embodiment, for each 1 L of solution, the raw materials include milrinone in an amount of about 4000 mcg; nitroglycerin in an amount of about 10-50 mg; dextran 40 in an amount of about 50 g; sodium chloride in an amount of about 8 g; potassium chloride in an amount of about 0.4 g; magnesium sulfate anhydrate in an amount of about 0.098 g; disodium phosphate anhydrate in an amount of about 0.046 g; monopotassium phosphate in an amount of about 0.063 g; glucose monohydrate in an amount of about 2 g; insulin in an amount of about 20 IU; a multi-vitamin (M.V.I. Adult® or equivalent) in the amount of about 1 unit vial; sodium bicarbonate is initially present in an amount of about 15 mEq; methylprednisolone in an amount of about 1 g; an antimicrobial or antifungal agent. In another particularly preferred embodiment, for each 1 L of solution, the raw materials include milrinone in an amount of about 4000 mcg; nitroglycerin in an amount of about 10-50 mg; dextran 40 in an amount of about 50 g; sodium chloride in an amount of about 8 g; potassium chloride in an amount of about 0.4 g; magnesium sulfate anhydrate in an amount of about 0.098 g; disodium phosphate anhydrate in an amount of about 0.046 g; monopotassium phosphate in an amount of about 0.063 g; glucose monohydrate in an amount of about 2 g; insulin in an amount of about 20 IU; a multi-vitamin (M.V.I. Adult® or equivalent) in the amount of about 1 unit vial; sodium bicarbonate is initially present in an amount of about 15 mEq; methylprednisolone in an amount of about 1 g; cefazolin in an amount of about 1 g; ciprofloxacin in an amount of about 0.2 g; voriconazole in an amount of about 0.2 g. Overview of Method of Flushing an Organ with a Solution Between Excise from the Donor and Instrumentation on OCS In another aspect, there is provided a method of flushing an organ with a solution between excise from the body and instrumentation on OCS. In this embodiment, to prepare a donor lung for surgical removal from the donor's chest and to remove all old donor blood from the lung, the donor lung is flushed ante-grade using the pulmonary artery with the solution until the temperature of the donor lung is in the range of about 0 degrees C. to about 30 degrees C. Additionally, the solution may be used for retrograde flush of the lung using the pulmonary veins to remove any blood clots remaining in the donor lung prior to surgical removal of the lung from the donor's chest, and to ensure adequate homogenous distribution of flush solution to all lung segments. The lungs are ventilated using a ventilator during both ante-grade and retro-grade flushing to allow for homogenous distribution of the solution and to increase the oxygen concentration in the donor lung alveoli to minimize the impact of ischemia/reperfusion injury on the donor lung. Once the ante-grade and retrograde flushing of the donor lung is completed, the lung will be removed surgically while inflated to minimize collapsing of the alveoli. Once the donor lung is fully removed from the donor body, it is ready to the next phase of OCS perfusion. In one embodiment, the solution comprises an energy-rich perfusion nutrient, a colloid, a hormone, a buffer, magnesium sulfate anhydrate, and a nitrate. In another embodiment, the solution comprises dextran 40; sodium chloride; potassium chloride; magnesium sulfate anhydrate; disodium phosphate anhydrate; monopotassium phosphate; glucose monohydrate; nitroglycerin. In a particularly preferred embodiment each 1 L of solution for ante-grade flush comprises dextran 40 in an amount of about 50 g; sodium chloride in an amount of about 8 g; potassium chloride in an amount of about 0.4 g; magnesium sulfate anhydrate in an amount of about 0.098 g; disodium phosphate anhydrate in an amount of about 0.046 g; monopotassium phosphate in an amount of about 0.063 g; glucose monohydrate in an amount of about 2 g; nitroglycerin in an amount of about 50 mg. In another particularly preferred embodiment each 1 L of solution for retrograde flush comprises dextran 40 in an amount of about 50 g; sodium chloride in an amount of about 8 g; potassium chloride in an amount of about 0.4 g; magnesium sulfate anhydrate in an amount of about 0.098 g; disodium phosphate anhydrate in an amount of about 0.046 g; monopotassium phosphate in an amount of about 0.063 g; glucose monohydrate in an amount of about 2 g; nitroglycerin in an amount of about 10 mg. Overview of Method of Machine Perfusion Using Lung OCS Perfusion Solution In another aspect, a method for machine perfusion of a donor lung is provided. The method includes perfusing the donor lung with a OCS lung perfusion solution comprising: dextran 40; sodium chloride; potassium chloride; magnesium sulfate anhydrate; disodium phosphate anhydrate; monopotassium phosphate; glucose monohydrate; milrinone; nitroglycerin; insulin; at least two vitamins; sodium bicarbonate; methylprednisolone (SoluMedrol® or equivalent); a microbial or antifungal agent. In a further aspect, the method includes perfusing the donor lung with a particularly preferred OCS lung perfusion solution comprising for each 1 L of solution: milrinone in an amount of about 4000 mcg; nitroglycerin in an amount of about 10-50 mg; dextran 40 in an amount of about 50 g; sodium chloride in an amount of about 8 g; potassium chloride in an amount of about 0.4 g; magnesium sulfate anhydrate in an amount of about 0.098 g; disodium phosphate anhydrate in an amount of about 0.046 g; monopotassium phosphate in an amount of about 0.063 g; glucose monohydrate in an amount of about 2 g; insulin in an amount of about 20 IU; a multi-vitamin (M.V.I. Adult® or equivalent) in the amount of about 1 unit vial; sodium bicarbonate is initially present in an amount of about 15 mEq; methylprednisolone in an amount of about 1 g; cefazolin in an amount of about 1 g; ciprofloxacin in an amount of about 0.2 g; voriconazole in an amount of about 0.2 g. Overview of the Lung Perfusion Circuit FIG.1illustrates an exemplary lung perfusion circuit which can be used to circulate the perfusion solution noted above. The circuit is housed entirely within a lung perfusion module, and all its components may be disposable. The organ care system (OCS) disclosure, U.S. application Ser. No. 12/099,715, includes an exemplary embodiment of a lung perfusion circuit and is incorporated in its entirety by reference. Lung OCS perfusion solution250is placed in a reservoir and then circulates within the perfusion circuit, passing through various components of lung perfusion module before passing through the vascular system of lungs404. Pump226causes perfusion solution250to flow around the lung perfusion circuit. It receives perfusion solution250from reservoir224, and pumps the solution through compliance chamber228to heater230. Compliance chamber228is a flexible portion of tubing that serves to refine the flow characteristics nature of pump226. Heater230replaces heat lost by perfusion solution250to the environment during circulation of the fluid. In the described embodiment, the heater maintains perfusion solution250at or near the physiologic temperature of 30-37 degrees C., and preferably at about 34 degrees C. After passing through heater230, perfusion solution250flows into gas exchanger402. Gas exchanger402allows gases to be exchanged between gas and perfusion solution250via a gas-permeable, hollow fiber membrane. However, the gas exchanger has an effective gas exchange surface area of about 1 square meter, which is only a fraction of the 50-100 square meter effective exchange area of the lungs. Thus gas exchanger402has only a limited gas exchange capability compared to the lungs. Blood gas solenoid valve204regulates the supply of gas into gas exchanger402. The composition of gas supplied to gas exchanger is determined by which mode the OCS is in. For example, when OCS100is in a sequential assessment mode, deoxygenation gas500from deoxygenation gas tank501is supplied to the gas exchanger. Sampling/injection port236facilitates the removal of a sample or the injection of a chemical just before perfusion solution250reaches the lungs. Perfusion solution then enters lungs404through cannulated pulmonary artery232. Flow probe114measures the rate of flow of perfusion fluid250through the system. In the described embodiment, flow probe114is placed on the perfusate line as it leads towards the pulmonary artery. Pressure sensor115measures pulmonary arterial pressure at the point of entry of perfusion fluid250into the lungs. Oxygen probe116measures oxygen in perfusion fluid250just before it enters the lungs. In the described embodiment, perfusion solution250is the lung OCS solution described previously. FIG.2is an overall view of OCS console100showing the single use, disposable lung perfusion module in a semi-installed position. As broadly indicated inFIG.2, single use disposable lung perfusion module is sized and shaped to fit into OCS console100, and to couple with it. Overall, the unit has a similar form to the organ care system described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/788,865. Removable lung perfusion module400, is insertable into OCS console100by means of a pivoting mechanism that allows module400to slide into the organ console module from the front, as shown inFIG.2, and then pivot towards the rear of the unit. Clasp mechanism2202secures lung perfusion module400in place. In alternative embodiments, other structures and interfaces of lung perfusion module400are used to couple the module with OCS100. When secured in place, electrical and optical connections (not shown) provide power and communication between OCS console100and lung perfusion module400. Details of the electrical and optical connections are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/246,013, filed on Oct. 7, 2005, the specification of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. A key component of lung perfusion module400is organ chamber2204, which is described in detail below. Battery compartments2206and maintenance gas cylinder220(not shown) are located in the base of the OCS console100. OCS console100is protected by removable panels, such as front panels2208. Just below lung perfusion module are perfusion solution sampling ports234and236. Mounted on top of OCS console100is OCS monitor300. FIG.3is a front view of lung perfusion module400. Organ chamber2204includes a removable lid2820and housing2802. Sampling ports, including LA sampling port234and PA sampling port236are visible below organ chamber2802. Gas exchanger402, bellows418, and bellows plate2502are also visible in the figure. The circulation path of the perfusion solution, which was first described in connection withFIG.2, in terms of the components of lung perfusion module400is now addressed. Mounted below organ chamber2204are perfusion solution reservoir224, which stores perfusion solution250. The perfusion solution exits through one-way inflow valve2306, line2702, and pump dome2704to pump226(not shown). The perfusion solution is pumped through perfusion solution line2404through compliance chamber228, and then to perfusion solution heater230. After passing through heater230, the perfusion solution passes through connecting line2706to gas exchanger402. The pulmonary artery (PA) cannula connects the perfusion circuit with the vascular system of lungs404. An exemplary embodiment of a pulmonary artery (PA) cannula is shown inFIG.4. Referring toFIG.4, single PA cannula802has single insertion tube804for insertion into a single PA, and is used to cannulate the PA at a point before it branches to the two lungs. To connect the cannula to the pulmonary artery, insertion tube804is inserted into the PA, and the PA is secured onto the tube with sutures. The tracheal cannula700is inserted into the trachea to provide a means of connection between the lung perfusion module400gas circuit and the lungs.FIG.5illustrate an exemplary tracheal cannulae. Cannula700includes tracheal insertion portion704having an insertion portion tip diameter702, to which the trachea is secured with a cable tie, or by other means. At the end of insertion portion704that is inserted into the trachea is rib703; the rib helps secure insertion portion704at the inserted location within the trachea, and is secured with a cable tie placed around the trachea. At the opposite end of insertion portion704, second rib705, having a diameter about 0.2 inches greater than the base part diameter of insertion portion704, acts as a stop for the silicone over-layer and as a stop for the trachea. The tracheal cannula may be clamped at flexible portion706prior to instrumentation to seal off air flow in and out of the lungs404. Also illustrated is an optional locking nut708. The perfusion solution exits gas exchanger402through connecting line2708to the interface with the pulmonary artery. After flowing through the lung and exiting via the pulmonary vein and the left atrium, the perfusion solution drains through from the base of organ chamber2204, as described below. These drains feed the perfusion solution to reservoir224, where the cycle begins again. Having described OCS console100and lung perfusion module400, we now describe organ chamber2204.FIG.6shows an exploded view of the components of organ chamber2204. The top of organ chamber2204is covered with a sealable lid that includes front piece2816, top piece2820, inner lid with sterile drape (not shown), and sealing piece2818that seals front piece2816to top piece2820. Base2802of chamber2204is shaped and positioned within lung perfusion module400to facilitate the drainage of the perfusion solution. Organ chamber2204has two drains, measurement drain2804, and main drain2806, which receives overflow from the measurement drain. Measurement drain2804drains perfusion solution at a rate of about 0.5 l/min, considerably less than perfusion solution250flow rate through lungs404of between 1.5 l/min and 4 l/min. Measurement drain leads to oxygen probe118, which measures SaO2values, and then leads on to reservoir224. Main drain2806leads directly to reservoir224without oxygen measurement. Oxygen probe118, which is a pulse oxymeter in the described embodiment, cannot obtain an accurate measurement of perfusion solution oxygen levels unless perfusion solution250is substantially free of air bubbles. In order to achieve a bubble-free column of perfusion solution, base2802is shaped to collect perfusion solution250draining from lungs404into a pool that collects above drain2804. The perfusion solution pool allows air bubbles to dissipate before the perfusion solution enters drain2804. The formation of a pool above drain2804is promoted by wall2808, which partially blocks the flow of perfusion solution from measurement drain2804to main drain2806until the perfusion solution pool is large enough to ensure the dissipation of bubbles from the flow. Main drain2806is lower than measurement drain2804, so once perfusion solution overflows the depression surrounding drain2804, it flows around wall2808, to drain from main drain2806. In an alternate embodiment of the dual drain system, other systems are used to collect perfusion solution into a pool that feeds the measurement drain. In some embodiments, the flow from the lungs is directed to a vessel, such as a small cup, which feeds the measurement drain. The cup fills with perfusion solution, and excess blood overflows the cup and is directed to the main drain and thus to the reservoir pool. In this embodiment, the cup performs a function similar to that of wall2808in the embodiment described above by forming a small pool of perfusion solution from which bubbles can dissipate before the perfusion solution flows into the measurement drain on its way to the oxygen sensor. Lungs404are supported by support surface2810. The surface is designed to support lungs404without applying undue pressure, while angling lungs404slightly downwards towards the lower lobes to promote easy drainage of the perfusion solution. Support surface includes drainage channels2812to collect and channel perfusion solution issuing from lungs404, and to guide the perfusion solution towards drain2814, which feeds perfusion solution directly to the blood pool for measurement drain2804. To provide additional support for the lungs, lungs404are wrapped with a polyurethane wrap (not shown) when placed on support surface2810. The polyurethane wrap anchors lungs404, helps keep the lungs in a physiologic configuration, and prevents the bronchi from being kinked and limiting the total volume of inflation. The wrap provides a smooth surface for the exterior of the lung to interface with organ chamber2204, reducing the risk of the chamber applying excessive pressure on any part of lungs404, which might cause undesirable hemorrhaging. FIG.7is a schematic diagram of the described embodiment of a portable organ care system including the gas-related components of the lung perfusion module. The organ care system1000includes a permanent, multiple use, non-disposable section, OCS lung console101, and a single use disposable section, lung perfusion module400. Regulator222/502converts the gas tank pressure to 25 mm Hg for use in the system. Internal maintenance gas tank221contains a mixture that is designed to provide enough oxygen to maintain the lung tissue during maintenance mode. Pressure transducer223measures the pressure of internal maintenance gas in tank221, so that the amount of gas remaining can be determined. Controller202manages the release of maintenance and assessment gases by controlling the valves, gas selector switch216, and ventilator214, thus implementing the preservation of the lungs in maintenance mode, or the assessment of the lungs in one of the assessment modes. Blood gas solenoid valve204controls the amount of gas flowing into blood gas exchanger402. Airway pressure sensor206samples pressure in the airway of lungs404, as sensed through isolation membrane408. Relief valve actuator207is pneumatically controlled, and controls relief valve412. The pneumatic control is carried out by inflating or deflating orifice restrictors that block or unblock the air pathway being controlled. This method of control allows complete isolation between the control systems in lung console module200and the ventilation gas loop in lung perfusion module400. Pneumatic control208controls relief valve207and bellows valve actuator210. Trickle valve212controls delivery of gas to the airway of lungs404. Ventilator214is a mechanical device with an actuator arm that causes bellows418to contract and expand, which causes inhalation and exhalation of gas into and out of lungs404. OCS monitor300provides user control of OCS1000via buttons, and displays data from the system's sensors that indicate the state of the lungs and of the various subsystems within OCS1000. Monitor300is universal, i.e., it can be used for any organ. It includes monitor processor302that runs the software controlling monitor300and displays data on LCD304. OCS monitor300includes four control buttons for the user: menu button306brings up the configuration menu; alarm button308silences the speaker; pump button310controls the circulatory pump; and action button312provides access to certain organ-specific actions, such as ventilator control, or to system actions, such as saving a session file to an external memory card. Other controls can also be included, such as a knob for controlling a value or selecting an item. Use Models An exemplary model for using the solution described above in the organ care system is described below. The process of preparing the OCS perfusion module400for instrumentation begins by producing the solution by the method of producing a solution for perfusing a lung at near physiologic temperature as described previously. About 800 ml to about 2000 ml of the OCS lung perfusion solution is then added into the Organ Care System (OCS) sterile perfusion module400. The solution is then supplemented with about 500 ml to about 1000 ml of cellular media. The cellular media may include one or combination of the following to achieve total circulating hematocrit concentration between 15-30%: typed allogenic packed red blood cells (pRBCs) that is leukocytes depleted/reduce; donor's whole blood that is leukocyte and platelet depleted/reduced; and/or human plasma to achieve circulating hematocrit of 15-30%. The OCS device operates to circulate and mix the solution and cellular media while warming and oxygenating the solution using a built in fluid warmer and gas exchanger402. Once the solution is fully mixed, warmed and oxygenated, the pH of the solution will be adjusted using sodium bicarbonate or other available buffer solution as needed. Once the solution's hematocrit, temperature and pH levels reach an acceptable state, the donor lung will be instrumented on OCS. Once the solution is fully mixed, pH is adjusted to 7.35-7.45 and hematocrit is adjusted to 15-30%, the donor lung will be instrumented on OCS. To begin instrumentation, first set the flow rate of the OCS Pump226to about 0.05 L/min. to ensure that perfusion solution does not exit the PA line233prior to connecting the trachea cannula700. Place the lung in the OCS' organ chamber224and connect the trachea cannula700to the OCS trachea connector710and unclamp trachea cannula at section706. Then connect a PA pressure monitoring line with pressure sensor115, to the PA cannula802, including pressure transducer connector806. To connect the cannula to the pulmonary artery, insertion tube804is inserted into the PA, and the PA is secured onto the tube with sutures. Insertion tube804of cannula802connects to connector portion805, which serves to position insertion tube804at an angle and location suitable for strain-free connection to the pulmonary artery of lungs404. Connection portion805connects to main tube portion808, which is attached to the perfusion fluid circuit. Trim the OCS' PA cannula802and prepare to connect to the OCS PA line connector231. Next, increase the OCS' pump226flow to about 0.3 to about 0.4 L/min. so that a low-flow column of solution exits the PA line233. Then remove any air from the lung by connecting the lung PA cannula802to the OCS PA line connector231and gradually filling the PA cannula802with perfusion solution. Once an air-free column of solution is reached inside the PA cannula802, seal the connection between the PA cannula802and the OCS PA line connector231. Next, gradually raise the OCS fluid warmer230temperature to 37 degrees C., and bring the perfusion solution temperature from about 32 degrees C. to about 37 degrees C. Then begin increasing the pump flow gradually, ensuring that pulmonary arterial pressure (“PAP”) remains below 20 mmHg, until pulmonary flow rate reaches a target flow rate of at least 1.5 L/min. When the lung reaches a temperature of about 30 degrees C. to about 32 degrees C., begin OCS ventilation by turning the OCS ventilator214to “preservation” mode. The ventilator settings for instrumentation and preservation are specified in Table 1. TABLE 1Ventilator Settings (Instrumentation and Preservation)ParameterRequirementTidal Volume (TV)= or <6 ml/kgRespiratory Rate (RR)10 breaths/minPositive End Expiratory7-8 cm H2OPressure (PEEP)Note: decrease to 5 cmH2O after confirmingadequate inflation of lungs (within 2 hours)I:E Ratio1:2-1:3Peak Airway Pressure<25 cmH2O(PAWP) Next, gradually increase the perfusion and ventilation rate for up to about 30 minutes until reaching full ventilation and perfusion and allow ventilation parameters to stabilize. Once ventilation parameters of the donor lung on OCS have stabilized, wrap the lung to avoid over inflation injury to the donor lung ex-vivo. The lung may also be wrapped during “pause preservation” before beginning ventilation. During preservation of lung on OCS, ventilation settings are maintained as described in Table 1, the mean PAP is maintained under about 20 mmHg, and the pump flow is maintained at not less than about 1.5 L/min. Blood glucose, electrolytes and pH levels are monitored and adjusted within normal physiologic ranges by additional injections. Lung oxygenation function may be assessed using the OCS lung system in addition to lung compliance. In some instances it is desirable to provide therapy to the lung as described previously. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy may be performed for the donor lung ex-vivo on the OCS device. Once preservation and assessment of the donor lung on the OCS system is complete, the lung is cooled and removed from the OCS system to be transplanted into the recipient. Donor lung cooling may be achieved by first shutting off the OCS pulsatile pump226and flush the donor lung with about 3 liters of perfusion solution at a temperature of about 0 degrees C. to about 15 degrees C. while continuing ventilation on the OCS system. Once the flush is complete the trachea700and pulmonary artery802cannulae may be disconnected from the OCS and the lung will be immersed in cold preservation solution until it is surgically attached to the recipient (transplanted). Alternatively, the entire system circulating OCS solution may be cooled down to 0 degrees C. to about 15 degrees C. using a heat-exchanger and cooling device while the lung is being ventilated on OCS. Once the target temperature of about 0 degrees C. to about 15 is achieved, the trachea700and pulmonary artery802cannulae will be disconnected from the OCS and the lung will be immersed in cold preservation solution until it is surgically attached to the recipient (transplanted). The described system may utilize any embodiment of the lung OCS perfusion solution. In a preferred embodiment, the solution is mixed with red blood cells and placed into a system reservoir for use in the system. It is to be understood that while the invention has been described in conjunction with the various illustrative embodiments, the forgoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. For example, a variety of systems and/or methods may be implemented based on the disclosure and still fall within the scope of the invention. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims. All references cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety and made part of this application.

11856945

DETAILED DESCRIPTION The present disclosure describes using metal-organic frameworks as a protective encapsulant for biospecimen preparation and preservation. Handling, transport and storage of biospecimens such as blood and urine without refrigeration are extremely challenging. This formidable challenge leads to an inevitable reliance on a “cold chain” for shipping, handling and storage of biospecimens throughout the world. The cold chain requirement precludes biospecimen procurement from underserved populations and resource-limited settings where refrigeration and electricity are not reliable or even available. A universal biospecimen preservation approach is described herein based on nanoporous metal-organic framework (MOF) material encapsulation for preserving protein biomarkers in biofluids under normal (non-refrigerated) storage conditions. Using urinary NGAL and serum/plasma CA-125 as the model protein biomarkers, nanoporous MOF material (e.g., zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8)) encapsulation preserves protein biomarkers in urine, serum, plasma and blood at room temperature and 40° C., with comparable preservation efficacy to the refrigeration method (freezing liquid samples at −20° C.). The protein biomarkers in the relevant biofluids are first encapsulated within the nanoporous crystals (i.e., ZIF-8) and then dried on paper substrates via a dry spot sample collection method, greatly improving biospecimen collection and handling capability in resource-limited settings. Overall, this energy-efficient and environmentally-friendly approach will not only alleviate the huge financial and environmental burdens associated with “cold chain” facilities but will also extend biomedical research benefits to underserved populations by acquiring reliable clinical samples from regions/populations currently inaccessible. In some embodiments, a facile approach is described using a MOF encapsulant (e.g., ZIF-8) for preserving protein therapeutics, which are prone to lose their structure and bioactivity under various environmental stressors. In some embodiments, the prototypic protein therapeutic, insulin, is encapsulated and preserved against different harsh conditions that may be encountered during storage, formulation and transport, including elevated temperatures, mechanical agitation and organic solvent. Both immunoassay and spectroscopy analysis demonstrate the preserved chemical stability and structural integrity of insulin offered by the ZIF-8 encapsulation. Biological activity of ZIF-8 preserved insulin after storage under accelerated degradation conditions (i.e. 40° C.) was evaluated in vivo using a diabetic mouse model, and showed comparable bioactivity to refrigeration-stored insulin (−20° C.). ZIF-8 preserved insulin had low cytotoxicity in vitro and did not cause side effects in vivo. Furthermore, in some embodiments, ZIF-8 residue is completely removed by a purification step before insulin administration. This biopreservation approach is potentially applicable to diverse protein therapeutics, thus extending the benefits of advanced biologics to resource-limited settings and underserved populations/regions. In some embodiments, insulin is selected as a model therapeutic protein because of its extensive clinical usage and well-established structure and bioactivity assays. The required storage for insulin is 2-8° C. since it exhibits a 10-fold or more increase in degradation rate for each 10° C. increment in temperature above 25° C. This requirement impedes the use of temperature-sensitive insulin in pre-hospital and resource-limited settings such as disaster-struck regions and rural clinics in developing countries with low and moderate incomes, where refrigeration and electricity are not reliable or even not available. Insulin is also prone to denaturation and irreversible aggregation when subjected to organic solvents and mechanical agitation, which could be encountered during formulation of nano/microparticle delivery systems and transport. As with most proteins, previous stabilization methods mainly focused on mutagenesis and chemical modification of insulin. Mutagenesis can produce ultra-stable insulin analog but this requires a priori knowledge of possible degradation pathways and may not be applicable to other proteins since in some cases modification of even a single amino acid may disrupt the tertiary structure of a protein. Conjugation of insulin with glycopolymers containing trehalose side chains can enhance both insulin stability and pharmacokinetics, while the activity of the insulin is compromised due to the steric hindrance of insulin-polymer conjugates binding to the receptor. As described herein, ZIF-8 (representative MOF) encapsulation preserves insulin (representative protein therapeutic) structure and activity against various environmental stressors during formulation, transport and storage. In some embodiments, ZIF-8 encapsulation preserves insulin against elevated temperatures, organic solvent and mechanical agitation. ZIF-8 preserved insulin is also evaluated in vivo, and shown to retain bioactivity. The ZIF-8 encapsulation approach does not require any modification to the insulin structure and in some embodiments the ZIF-8 residue is completely removed by a purification step before insulin administration. The ensuing rapid release of encapsulated insulin within a minute enables on-demand reconstitution and usage, thus extending the benefits of advanced protein therapeutics to resource-limited settings. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are an emerging class of nanoporous materials that are comprised of metal ions or clusters linked by organic ligands, considered to be highly attractive for a number of applications including gas and energy storage, drug delivery, catalysis, separation, chemical sensors, and environmental and life sciences. Their attractive properties include nanoporous structure with a large surface area, tunable porosity, rich organic functionality, stable shelf-life of precursor materials and excellent thermal stability. Within the emerging applications, of particular interest is the biopreservation ability of the MOFs, which is believed to rival conventional porous solids and biomaterials. When incorporated into these nanoporous materials to form MOF biocomposites, biomolecules (e.g., protein molecules) will be confined within the rigid framework structures, thus maintaining their structures and activities against denaturation and degradation conditions. Various approaches have been developed in accordance with the present disclosure to incorporate proteins into MOFs. Among these approaches, a spontaneous biomineralization approach and a de novo approach offer several unique advantages in the context of protein stabilization: (i) the biocomposites are formed by simply incubating proteins with MOF precursors in mild aqueous solution, which is important to maintain protein activity; (ii) the proteins are embedded in a MOF crystal with pore size smaller than the protein size, not only preventing leaching but also taking advantage of the small pore size of MOFs for specific small molecular adsorption and separation; (iii) these approaches are universal for different types of proteins since proteins serve as nucleation sites and promote MOF crystallization. The de novo approach has been employed to encapsulate enzymes for biocatalysis applications. As described herein, in some embodiments, MOFs (e.g., ZIF-8) are used as a highly effective protective materials for encapsulation and to preserve the biorecognition capabilities of antibodies or viral protein on biosensor surfaces (e.g., plasmonic nanotransducers) and to preserve the structural integrity of protein biomarkers in various biospecimens (urine, serum and plasma) that are exposed to elevated temperatures for extended duration. In some embodiments, the preserved antibody-based biosensor is restored at a later time (before use for detection) by dissociating the ZIF-8 layer in an aqueous solution at pH 6. Considering the versatile molecular encapsulation capability of ZIF-8 in aqueous solution, high thermal stability, and ability to be disintegrated upon demand by lowering the pH, ZIF-8 serves as a protective encapsulant for preserving the structure of various biofluid components (e.g., protein biomarkers, viral proteins, antibodies) under unregulated temperatures. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the MOF is a Materials of Institut Lavoisier (MIL) type MOF. Novel techniques for preparing and preserving various components of a biological sample are disclosed herein. In some embodiments, protein biomarkers in biofluids (e.g., urine, serum, plasma and blood) are preserved in a dry state by combining MOF-based preservation with dry spot sample collection. The technology introduced herein involves mixing of biofluid samples with MOF precursors (e.g., ZIF-8 precursors) and drop-casting of a specific volume of the mixture onto a substrate (e.g., a paper or cellulose substrate) to allow drying of the mixture. In some embodiments, the drying process is accomplished by air drying, using a heat gun or other heating element to dry the mixture on the substrate, or any other suitable drying process in accordance with the present disclosure. In some embodiments, using a heating element to dry the mixture on the substrate is preferred to decrease drying time, particularly when the MOF encapsulant is configured to protect the target analyte/protein from heat. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the substrate and/or target analyte are stored at a temperature of from about −20° C. to about 100° C., from about 10° C. to about 80° C., from about 20° C. to about 60° C., about 40° C., or about room temperature. In some embodiments, the substrate and/or target analyte is stored for at least 1 week, at least 2 weeks, at least 3 weeks, at least 4 weeks, at least 6 months, at least 1 year, or at least 5 years. For example, for proteins stored at room temperature, in some embodiments no degradation occurs after 4 weeks. In some embodiments, the target analyte remains stable over many months and years. This easily deployable process results in encapsulation of protein biomarkers within ZIF-8 crystals that could be easily dissociated upon demand at a later time. The technique overcomes the drawbacks of conventional dry spot technology (i.e. limited stability of the dried specimen, the need for refrigeration and inaccuracy in determining the concentration of the biomarker) while retaining transportation and storage convenience (FIG.1AandFIG.1B). By combining MOF encapsulation and dry spot sample collection, protein biomarkers (and/or other target analytes) are preserved on a paper substrate under non-refrigerated conditions. Before bioanalysis, the MOF-encapsulated proteins are recovered without losing structure and function. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), a urinary biomarker for acute kidney injury, and CA-125, a serum/plasma biomarker for ovarian cancer served as the model proteins. Using the commonly employed bioanalytical tools such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), circular dichroism spectroscopy and fluorescent protein microarray, ZIF-8 encapsulation confers excellent structural stability to protein biomarkers in biospecimen in dry state, even when stored at nominal room temperature or high ambient temperatures encountered in different parts of the world. Such a biospecimen technology will not only alleviate huge financial and environmental burdens associated with “cold chain” but also extend biomedical research benefits to underserved populations by acquiring clinical samples from regions/populations currently inaccessible. A novel biospecimen preservation approach involving the use of MOFs encapsulants (e.g., a nanoporous material such as ZIF-8) for preserving proteins (e.g., protein biomarkers) in biofluids under non-refrigerated storage conditions is disclosed herein. Using urinary NGAL and serum/plasma CA-125 as the model (or target) protein biomarkers, MOF-based encapsulants preserve protein biomarkers in urine, serum, plasma and blood at room temperature and 40° C., with comparable or better preservation efficacy than the refrigeration method (freezing liquid samples at −20° C.). In some embodiments, the protein is recovered by dissociating the protective MOF encapsulant layer in pH 6 buffer without affecting the protein structural integrity and downstream analysis. By combining the MOF-based preservation approach with dry spot sample collection method, the protein biomarker in biofluid is preserved in a dry state, greatly improving the biofluid-related biospecimen collection and handling capability in resource-limited settings. Overall, this energy-efficient and environmentally-friendly approach not only represents a novel technique to eliminate the “cold chain” and temperature-controlled handling of biofluid-related biospecimens, but also allows interruptible, storable, and restorable on-demand analysis at a later time in a centralized or distributed location/manner to improve the reliability of the bioanalytical results. This facile and low-cost approach opens up new avenues in both research settings and clinical settings, such as large-scale cancer screenings, epidemiologic studies from tropical and disaster-struck areas, remote chronic disease monitoring and clinical trials for new drugs. A system (e.g., a “Biopreservation Kit”) containing MOFs (or MOF precursors) and other materials (such as paper strips and transfer pipettes) enables patients to self-prepare dried blood/urine samples and send to hospitals or clinical labs via regular mailing. Ultimately, in some embodiments this approach alleviates hospital and logistical burdens, facilitate disease monitoring and patient feedback, and offer new services for currently underserved populations. Further, ZIF-8 encapsulation preserves the structure and bioactivity of insulin under various environmental stressors including elevated temperature, organic solvent and mechanical agitation. Apart from standard bioanalytical tool (ELISA), CD measurements provide direct evidence for the preserved secondary structure of insulin upon ZIF-8 encapsulation. As disclosed herein, in some embodiments, the preserved protein therapeutic (e.g., insulin) bioactivity is evaluated in vivo using a diabetic mouse model. ZIF-8 encapsulated insulin at an elevated temperature (40° C.) shows comparable bioactivity to insulin stored at −20° C. The ZIF-8 residues exhibit low cytotoxicity and do not cause any side effects to animals, and in some embodiments are completely removed by a purification step before insulin administration. Overall, in some embodiments this facile approach is generalized to various protein therapeutics, thus extending the benefits of advanced protein therapeutics to resource-limited settings and under-served populations/regions. In some embodiments, this technique is easily extended to other protein therapeutics and MOFs, as demonstrated by the preserved the bioactivity of insulin with ZIF-8 encapsulation described herein. Preserving Agents As described herein, a preserving agent comprises an encapsulant configured to encapsulate, preserve, and/or protect various target analytes in a biological sample. The preserving agent is selected from a metal-organic framework (MOF) encapsulant or a precursor or precursors forming an MOF encapsulant. Exemplary MOF encapsulants in accordance with the present disclosure include ZIF (zeolitic imidazolate framework) type and MIL (Materials of Institut Lavoisier) type MOFs. For example, ZIFs are a class of metal-organic frameworks that are topologically isomorphic with zeolites. In some embodiments, ZIFs are composed of tetrahedrally-coordinated transition metal ions (e.g. Fe, Co, Cu, Zn) connected by imidazolate linkers. Because the metal-imidazole-metal angle is similar to the 145° Si—O—Si angle in zeolites, in some embodiments the ZIFs have zeolite-like topologies.FIG.2shows various examples of ZIFs. In some embodiments, MOF precursors comprise ZIF or MIL precursors. For example, in some embodiments, the precursor forming the MOF encapsulant comprises 2-methylimidazole and zinc acetate, which are precursors to ZIF-8. Target Analytes Biological samples in accordance with the present disclosure, such as biofluids, include, but are not limited to, urine, blood, serum, plasma, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, and any other biological fluid. Target analytes include biomarkers, protein biomarkers, protein therapeutics, antibodies, viruses, viral proteins, oligonucleotides, DNA, RNA, macromolecules having a primary structure and a secondary structure, proteins having an amino acid sequence from an organism, polypeptides having an amino acid sequence from an organism, and any other substance of interest to be analyzed that are present in a biological sample. Protein biomarkers include neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), kidney injury modecule-1 (KIM-1), albumin, beta-2 microglobulin, cystatin C, cancer antigen 125 (CA-125), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), human IgG and IgM, ZIKV nonstructural protein 1, cytokines, and any other protein biomarker present in the biological sample. Protein therapeutics include, but are not limited to, insulin, monoclonal antibodies, erythropoietin, cytokines, vaccines, and any other protein therapeutic present the biological sample. Systems for Preparing and Preserving Biological Samples Systems for preparing and preserving various biological samples (or components of biological samples) facilitate performance of the methods described herein. In some embodiments, a system comprises at least one preserving agent or composition as described herein configured to encapsulate at least one target analyte of a biological sample, a substrate or matrix configured to receive the encapsulated target analyte and, in some embodiments, instructions for administration. Such kits can. When supplied as a kit, components (preserving agents and substrates) are packaged and stored in separate containers until use. Components include, but are not limited to a preserving agent (e.g., MOFs and MOF precursors), a substrate/matrix (e.g., cellulose and non-cellulose sample coupons/strips), storage containers, transfer pipettes, shipping containers, and postage. In some embodiments, the substrate comprises any water insoluble material, such as, for example, any fibrous material. System/kit components enable patients to self-prepare biological samples (e.g., dried blood/urine samples) and send to hospitals or clinical labs (e.g., via regular mailing). In some embodiments, such packaging of the components separately is presented in a pack or dispenser device which contains one or more unit dosage forms containing the composition. In some embodiments, the pack comprises metal or plastic foil such as a blister pack. Such packaging of the components separately, in certain instances, permits long-term storage without losing activity of the components. In some embodiments, systems/kits include reagents in separate containers such as, for example, sterile water or saline to be added to a lyophilized active component packaged separately. For example, in some embodiments sealed glass ampules contain a lyophilized component and in a separate ampule, sterile water or sterile saline each of which has been packaged under a neutral non-reacting gas, such as nitrogen. Ampules consist of any suitable material, such as glass, organic polymers, such as polycarbonate, polystyrene, ceramic, metal or any other material typically employed to hold reagents. Other examples of suitable containers include bottles that are fabricated from similar substances as ampules, and envelopes that consist of foil-lined interiors, such as aluminum or an alloy. Other containers include test tubes, vials, flasks, bottles, syringes, and the like. In some embodiments, containers have a sterile access port, such as a bottle having a stopper that are pierced by a hypodermic injection needle. In some embodiments, containers have two compartments that are separated by a readily removable membrane that upon removal permits the components to mix. Removable membranes include glass, plastic, rubber, and the like. In some embodiments, systems/kits are supplied with instructional materials. In some embodiments, instructions are printed on paper or other substrate, and/or are supplied as an electronic-readable medium, such as a floppy disc, mini-CD-ROM, CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, Zip disc, videotape, audio tape, and the like. In some embodiments, detailed instructions are not physically associated with the kit; instead, a user is directed to a specified web site or app (e.g., a web site or app hosted/provided by the manufacturer or distributor of the kit). Compositions and methods described herein utilizing molecular biology protocols can be performed according to a variety of standard techniques known to the art. Definitions and methods described herein are provided to better define the present disclosure and to guide those of ordinary skill in the art in the practice of the present disclosure without limiting the scope of the disclosure. Unless otherwise noted, terms are to be understood according to conventional usage by those of ordinary skill in the relevant art. In some embodiments, numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, properties such as molecular weight, reaction conditions, and so forth, used to describe and claim certain embodiments of the present disclosure are to be understood as being modified in some instances by the term “about.” In some embodiments, the term “about” is used to indicate that a value includes the standard deviation of the mean for the device or method being employed to determine the value. In some embodiments, the numerical parameters set forth in the written description and attached claims are approximations that vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by a particular embodiment. In some embodiments, the numerical parameters should be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of some embodiments of the present disclosure are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as practicable. The numerical values presented in some embodiments of the present disclosure contain certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements. The recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range. Unless otherwise indicated herein, each individual value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. In some embodiments, the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar references used in the context of describing a particular embodiment (especially in the context of certain of the following claims) can be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless specifically noted otherwise. In some embodiments, the term “or” as used herein, including the claims, is used to mean “and/or” unless explicitly indicated to refer to alternatives only or the alternatives are mutually exclusive. The terms “comprise,” “have” and “include” are open-ended linking verbs. Any forms or tenses of one or more of these verbs, such as “comprises,” “comprising,” “has,” “having,” “includes” and “including,” are also open-ended. For example, any method that “comprises,” “has” or “includes” one or more steps is not limited to possessing only those one or more steps and can also cover other unlisted steps. Similarly, any composition or device that “comprises,” “has” or “includes” one or more features is not limited to possessing only those one or more features and can cover other unlisted features. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided with respect to certain embodiments herein is intended merely to better illuminate the present disclosure and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the present disclosure otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element essential to the practice of the present disclosure. Groupings of alternative elements or embodiments of the present disclosure disclosed herein are not to be construed as limitations. Each group member can be referred to and claimed individually or in any combination with other members of the group or other elements found herein. One or more members of a group can be included in, or deleted from, a group for reasons of convenience or patentability. When any such inclusion or deletion occurs, the specification is herein deemed to contain the group as modified thus fulfilling the written description of all Markush groups used in the appended claims. Having described the present disclosure in detail, it will be apparent that modifications, variations, and equivalent embodiments are possible without departing the scope of the present disclosure defined in the appended claims. Furthermore, it should be appreciated that all examples in the present disclosure are provided as non-limiting examples. EXAMPLES The following non-limiting examples are provided to further illustrate the present disclosure. It should be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the techniques disclosed in the examples that follow represent approaches the inventors have found function well in the practice of the present disclosure, and thus are considered to constitute examples of modes for its practice. However, those of skill in the art should, in light of the present disclosure, appreciate that many changes can be made in the specific embodiments that are disclosed and still obtain a like or similar result without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. Example 1: Preparation and Characterization of ZIF-8 Encapsulated NGAL NGAL-spiked artificial urine was employed as a model biospecimen. To prepare a typical ZIF-8 preserved sample, NGAL-spiked artificial urine (50 μg/ml, 25 μl) was first mixed with 2-methylimidazole solution (640 mM, 12.5 μl) and then zinc acetate solution (160 mM, 12.5 μl), and incubated at room temperature for 1 hour. Subsequently, the mixture (50 μl) was air-dried on a 0.5×2 cm Whatman 903 paper strip (which usually takes 2 hours at room temperature) (FIG.3A). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images show the distinct morphologies of paper substrates after drying NGAL-spiked artificial urine with and without ZIF-8 precursors (FIGS.3B and3C). The granular morphology of the paper substrate with artificial urine mixed with ZIF-8 precursors suggests the formation of ZIF-8 crystals (FIG.3B). Conversely, the morphology of the sample without adding ZIF-8 precursors (FIG.3C) is similar to bare paper (FIG.4) since the proteins are too small to be visible at this magnification. Owing to their rich functionality (such as carboxyl, carbonyl, hydroxyl, and imidazole groups), proteins serve as nucleation sites for the formation of ZIF-8 crystals. ZIF-8 crystals form and encapsulate NGAL in the presence of ZIF-8 precursors in the NGAL-spiked artificial urine. The NGAL-embedded ZIF-8 crystals formed after 1 hour incubation of the mixture solution and could be collected by centrifugation. The SEM and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show that the crystals formed in the NGAL-spiked artificial urine exhibit uniform size of ∞0.5 μm (FIG.3D; Inset: TEM image of a typical NGAL-embedded ZIF-8 crystal; Scale bar: 200 nm), with a rhombic dodecahedral shape, similar to that of pure ZIF-8 crystals (FIG.5). The powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the crystals also exhibits the typical peaks of pure ZIF-8 crystals (FIG.3E). To confirm the encapsulation of NGAL into ZIF-8 crystals, both pure ZIF-8 and NGAL-embedded ZIF-8 crystals were subjected to calcination (325° C. for 2 h). Only NGAL-embedded ZIF-8 showed pores in the calcinated crystals, indicating the encapsulation of protein in the ZIF-8 crystals (FIG.6; Scale bars: 100 nm). To further ascertain the formation of NGAL-embedded ZIF-8 crystals, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy were employed. The FTIR spectrum obtained from the crystals not only shows typical ZIF-8 absorption peaks at 1584 cm-1 (C═N stretching of imidazole) and 1400-1500 cm-1 (the imidazole ring stretching), but also exhibits absorption peaks at 1640-1670 and 1520-1560 cm-1, corresponding to amide I and amide II bands of protein, respectively (FIG.3F). In contrast, pure ZIF-8 crystals and NGAL only show their respective characteristic peaks. Similar results are observed by Raman spectroscopy, which also indicates the encapsulation of NGAL by ZIF-8 crystals (FIG.3G). The Raman spectrum obtained from pure NGAL exhibits a broad band at 1630-1690 cm-1, corresponding to amide I band of protein. The NGAL-encapsulating ZIF-8 crystals exhibit the amide I band of NGAL (not present in pure ZIF-8 crystals) and 2-methylimidazole characteristic bands at 1146, 1182, 1384, 1460 and 1505 cm-1 corresponding to C—N stretching, C—N stretching plus N—H wagging, CH3 bending, C—H wagging and C—N stretching plus N—H wagging, respectively. Example 2: Recovery of NGAL from ZIF-8 Encapsulation To quantify the encapsulation efficiency, the supernatant after crystals centrifugation was collected and remaining NGAL concentration was determined using sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The encapsulation efficiency was found to be dependent on the concentration of ZIF-8 precursors. Specifically, when the concentrations of zinc acetate and 2-methylimidazole in the mixture increased to 40 mM and 160 mM, respectively, ˜95% NGAL was encapsulated within ZIF-8 crystals (FIG.7). The encapsulation efficiency was calculated by subtracting the remaining NGAL amount in the supernatant after encapsulation and centrifugation (concentration measured by ELISA) from the total NGAL amount. Results are the mean and standard deviation from three independent experiments. As a control experiment, mixing of NGAL-spiked artificial urine with pure ZIF-8 crystals resulted in extremely low (˜10%, owing to the physical adsorption) encapsulation efficiency. This physical mixing of pre-formed ZIF-8 crystals with the protein biomarkers is in stark contrast with the protein-embedding approach (i.e. formation of ZIF-8 crystals in the presence of protein biomarkers), which exhibited high encapsulation efficiency (95%). Example 3: Preservation of NGAL Spiked in Artificial Urine Preliminary experiments for investigating optimal buffer to dissolve NGAL embedded ZIF-8 crystals. To completely dissolve the crystals, the final pH of the system needs to be at or below 6.0 to ensure the complete release of NGAL from ZIF-8 encapsulation. For example, in the #4 composition (0.1 M phosphate buffer at pH 6.0), the crystals cannot be completely dissolved and this leads to incomplete recovery 60%,FIG.8). Although the initial pH of the buffer is 6.0, the basic nature of ZIF-8 precursor residue in the system increases the pH of the buffer to 6.2, leading to incomplete release and recovery. In the case of the #9 composition, NGAL-embedded ZIF-8 crystals completely dissolve within 5 minutes, and over 95% of encapsulated NGAL is recovered (FIG.8). FIG.9shows elution efficacy of NGAL alone or ZIF-8-encapsulated NGAL from paper substrates. Left bar: Recovery percentage of ZIF-8 encapsulated NGAL dried on paper using the optimized elution buffer (#9 composition, 0.2 M PBS at pH=5.6 with 2 mM EDTA and 0.1% Tween 20). Middle bar: Recovery percentage of ZIF-8 encapsulated NGAL dried on paper using the #4 composition elution buffer (0.1 M PBS at pH=6 and 0.1% Tween 20). Right bar: Recovery percentage of NGAL alone dried on paper using the conventional elution buffer recipe (PBS at pH=7.4 with 0.1% Tween 20). The samples were recovered immediately after drying. 1 ml elution buffer was used to elute each paper strip. The spiked NGAL amount was set as the reference (100% recovery). The efficacy was evaluated of ZIF-8 encapsulation in preserving NGAL upon exposure to harsh conditions (such as elevated temperatures) that would normally lead to protein denaturation and loss of biospecimen integrity. NGAL-spiked artificial urine dried on paper substrates, both with and without ZIF-8 encapsulation, was stored at 25, 40, or 60° C. for 1 week. Before analysis, the optimized elution buffer (0.2 M phosphate buffer at pH 5.6+Tween 20+EDTA, see Table 1 andFIGS.8and9for details) was used to elute NGAL from the paper substrates. TABLE 1Elution buffers.Transparency inFinalComposition5 minutespHDeionized water (pH 7.2)cloudy8.6Deionized water (pH 5.9)cloudy7.8Phosphate buffered saline (PBS,cloudy7.6pH 7.4)0.1M phosphate buffer (pH 6)cloudy6.20.1M phosphate buffer (pH 5.6)cloudy5.90.15M phosphate buffer (pH 5.6)cloudy5.70.2M phosphate buffer (pH 5.6)cloudy5.70.5M phosphate buffer (pH 6)clear60.2M phosphate buffer + 2 mMclear5.7EDTA (pH 5.6) The slightly acidic environment (at or below pH 6) was employed to dissociate ZIF-8 crystals and release encapsulated NGAL via breaking coordination between the zinc ions and imidazolate. ZIF-8 encapsulated NGAL dried on the paper was almost fully eluted (>95%) whereas NGAL alone dried on the paper was only partially eluted (˜75%) (FIG.9). It is important to note that ZIF-8 encapsulation prevented irreversible adsorption of proteins on the cellulose fibers by creating a crystal interface between the protein and paper substrate. The slightly acidic elution buffer and the ZIF-8 residue did not alter the protein characteristics and downstream bioanalysis (FIG.10). NGAL concentration was tested by ELISA when NGAL was spiked in four different media. The same concentration of NGAL in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at pH 7.4 was set as the reference (100%). Results are the mean and standard deviation from three independent samples. The results show that the ELISA performance and NGAL characteristics are not affected by the sample matrix (artificial urine), the pH of the buffer (range from 5.6 to 7.4), the additives in the elution buffer (including Tween 20 and EDTA), and the presence of ZIF-8 residues, ascertaining that there are no false positive or negative results stemming from the recovery process. After storage and elution, the concentration of NGAL in the eluate was quantified using the NGAL sandwich ELISA. The preservation efficacy (preservation %) was calculated by comparing the NGAL amount in the eluate to the spiked NGAL amount in the artificial urine. As shown inFIG.11A, there was more than 85% preservation of NGAL with ZIF-8 encapsulation after 1 week storage at 25 and 40° C., as well as more than 80% at 60° C. NGAL added on a paper card was stored at 25, 40 or 60° C. for one week. The ZIF-8 encapsulation shows comparable preservation, after storage at either room temperature or elevated temperatures, to the refrigeration method (freezing liquid samples at −20° C.). Notably, at 25 and 40° C., NGAL with ZIF-8 encapsulation showed comparable preservation to freeze-thawed liquid samples (the refrigeration approach as the control) stored at −20° C. On the other hand, NGAL without ZIF-8 encapsulation stored at these temperatures for 1 week exhibited less than 30% preservation although 70% of the proteins were eluted as measured by bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay, indicating the denaturation of NGAL under these storage conditions (FIG.12). The eluates were obtained by eluting paper cards dried with NGAL-spiked artificial urine with or without MOF encapsulation after storage at 40° C. for 1 week. Results are the mean and standard deviation from three independent samples. To further confirm that ZIF-8 encapsulation preserves the encapsulated protein structure, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy was employed to characterize the secondary structure of human serum albumin (HSA) with and without ZIF-8 encapsulation after 1 week incubation at 40° C. (FIG.13AandFIG.13B, results are the mean and standard deviation from three independent samples).FIG.13Ashows pristine human serum albumin (HSA) prior to incubation, HSA with ZIF-8 encapsulation after 1 week incubation at 40° C. and HSA without ZIF-8 encapsulation after 1 week incubation at 40° C. As expected, elevated temperature caused a significant change (a decrease in the α-helical content) of the secondary structure of unencapsulated HSA, as shown in the CD spectrum. In contrast, the secondary structure of ZIF-8 encapsulated HSA was found to be very similar to that of the pristine HSA, indicating that ZIF-8 encapsulation is able to preserve the structure of encapsulated protein. The preservation efficacy critically depended on the concentrations of 2-methylimidazole and zinc acetate (FIG.14).FIG.14shows preservation efficacy of NGAL on paper card at 25, 40 or 60° C. for one week using different concentrations of 2-methylimidazole (2-MI) and zinc acetate (Zn). The maximal preservation percentage was obtained using 160 mM of 2-methylimidazole and 40 mM of zinc acetate. Results are the mean and standard deviation from three independent samples. A low preservation was noted upon using 40 mM 2-methylimidazole with 10 mM zinc acetate, which is attributed to incomplete encapsulation of NGAL under this condition (˜70% encapsulation of NGAL using 40 mM 2-methylimidazole with 10 mM zinc acetate,FIG.7). Subsequently, using the optimal ZIF-8 precursor concentration (160 mM 2-methylimidazole and 40 mM zinc acetate), the storage time was extended under different temperatures up to 4 weeks (FIG.11B).FIG.11Bshows preservation efficacy of NGAL on paper cards at 25, 40 or 60° C. for different durations. Results are the mean and standard deviation from three independent samples. Different dried paper strips were sampled at selected time points (2, 3 or 4 weeks) to monitor possible changes in NGAL preservation. With ZIF-8 encapsulation, over 70% of NGAL on paper was preserved up to 4 weeks (the maximum time tested) at all three temperatures (25, 40 and 60° C.), as opposed to 20% preservation on samples without ZIF-8 encapsulation. Notably, the ZIF-8 encapsulation had comparable preservation (˜90%, at 25 and 40° C.) to the freezing method over 2 weeks (˜20° C.). Remarkably, 70% of NGAL on paper could be preserved within 4 weeks at 60° C., which represented an extremely harsh storage condition (a surrogate for long-term storage stability at room temperature). Example 4: Preservation of Patient Urine Samples Following the successful optimization of ZIF-8 encapsulation using spiked artificial urine samples, the applicability of this technique to patient urine samples was evaluated. Three acute kidney injury patients with different urinary NGAL levels (Patient #1: 32.8 ng/ml, Patient #2: 17.4 ng/ml and Patient #3: 97.5 ng/ml, quantified by ELISA and confirmed by Western blotting,FIG.15) were selected. Detection with antibodies against NGAL and albumin reveals two clearly identified bands corresponding to NGAL (˜25 kDa, green color bands) and albumin (˜66 kDa, red color bands). To demonstrate applicability of the technique in preserving protein biomarker with different concentrations, three patients with different urinary NGAL levels (marked by white arrows) were selected for ZIF-8 encapsulation. Compared to artificial urine, human urine is more complex due to the presence of different types of proteins such as albumin and globulins, and even whole cells (e.g., red blood cells and shed kidney cells).53 As routinely done, the cells were removed by low speed centrifugation before ZIF-8 encapsulation. Mixing patient urine with ZIF-8 precursors resulted in a solution at near neutral pH. Thus, protein biomarkers in the mixture are not subjected to extremely low or high pH (Table 2). To assess the preservation efficacy of NGAL, the urine samples with and without ZIF-8 encapsulation dried on paper substrates were stored at 25 or 40° C. for 1 week. NGAL concentration in the eluate was quantified using ELISA. For all three patients, the samples with ZIF-8 encapsulation resulted in more than 85% NGAL preservation after 1 week storage at both 25 and 40° C., whereas the control samples without ZIF-8 encapsulation showed less than 40% NGAL preservation (FIG.11C).FIG.11Cshows preservation efficacy of NGAL in urine from three acute kidney injury patients with and without ZIF-8 encapsulation on paper cards stored at 25 or 40° C. for one week. Results are the mean and standard deviation from three independent samples. To further demonstrate the capability of this technique to simultaneously preserve multiple biomarkers in patient samples, the recovered urine samples (with and without ZIF-8 encapsulation, after storage at 40° C. for 1 week) from Patient #3 were assayed by a multiplexed analysis tool, a protein microarray (FIGS.11D and11E).FIG.11Dshows fluorescence intensity maps (generated from protein microarray) of #3 patient's urinary biomarkers with and without ZIF-8 encapsulation on paper cards stored at 25 or 40° C. for one week. Frozen liquid sample (−20° C.) was used as a reference. POSs represent 3 distinct Positive Control signal intensities (POS1>POS2>POS3). Results are the mean and standard deviation from two parallel dots for each biomarker. The frozen-liquid samples stored at −20° C. were employed as the reference. The results showed that four detectable acute kidney injury biomarkers (albumin, NGAL, cystatin C and Beta-2 microglobulin) were almost fully (>95%) preserved with ZIF-8 encapsulation, whereas samples without ZIF-8 encapsulation exhibited ˜40-60% fluorescence signal intensity loss corresponding to these biomarkers. Overall, these results clearly demonstrate the efficacy of ZIF-8 encapsulation in preserving the dried urinary protein biomarkers on paper substrates at high temperatures. The final urine pH was measured after mixing 500 μl of urine with 250 μl of zinc acetate and 250 μl of 2-methylimidazole TABLE 2Patient urine pH after mixing with ZIF-8 precursors.Original urineZincFinal urinepHacetate2-methylimidazolepHPatient #16.110 mM40 mM7.56.120 mM80 mM7.66.140 mM160 mM7.6Patient #25.610 mM40 mM7.45.620 mM80 mM7.55.640 mM160 mM7.5Patient #36.310 mM40 mM7.76.320 mM80 mM7.86.340 mM160 mM7.8 Example 5: Preservation of Blood and Blood Components Further attention was given to blood (and components serum and plasma), the most common biospecimens in biological and clinical studies. Compared to urine, serum or plasma represents a more complex biological matrix due to the presence of large amount of various proteins such as albumin, globulins and fibrinogen. Before proceeding to assess the preservation of specific protein biomarker, it was confirmed that different types of proteins are extracted from the paper substrates containing dried serum with or without ZIF-8 encapsulation using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), indicating the potential of this technique in preserving multiple protein biomarkers simultaneously in serum or plasma (FIG.16).FIG.16shows SDS-PAGE of the eluate of three healthy volunteers' serum (after 20×dilution) with and without ZIF-8 encapsulation dried on paper substrates (the samples were dried and eluted instantly). Lane a, c and e are corresponding to eluate of volunteer #1, #2 and #3 serum without ZIF-8 encapsulation, respectively. Lane b, d and f are corresponding to eluate of volunteer #1, #2 and #3 serum with ZIF-8 encapsulation, respectively. CA-125, a serum biomarker for ovarian cancer, was used as the model protein and spiked into serum from healthy people. Considering extremely high concentration of serum proteins, the serum was first diluted (5-, 10- or 20-fold) before spiking CA-125 and adding ZIF-8 precursors to ensure ZIF-8 formation and more complete encapsulation. The CA-125 spiked serum samples, both with and without ZIF-8 encapsulation, were dried on paper and stored at 40° C. for 1 week. The results indicated that CA-125 spiked in 20-fold diluted serum afforded the highest preservation (˜90%,FIG.17; storage condition: 40° C. for one week). The poor preservation of CA-125 from 5- and 10-fold diluted serum was due to the incomplete ZIF-8 formation and encapsulation (FIG.18). The encapsulation efficiency was calculated by subtracting the remaining CA-125 amount in the supernatant after encapsulation and centrifugation (concentration measured by ELISA) from the total CA-125 amount. Results are the mean and standard deviation from three independent experiments. This was further confirmed by XRD and SEM imaging (FIGS.17B and17C), revealing decreased ZIF-8 crystal formation with increased total protein concentration in serum. Subsequently, CA-125 was spiked into three different matrices that represent typical blood-derived biospecimens (serum, heparin-anticoagulated plasma and EDTA-anticoagulated plasma from healthy people with 20-fold dilution), dried on paper substrates with and without ZIF-8 encapsulation, and subsequently stored at 25, 40, or 60° C. for different durations of time. CA-125 concentration in the eluate was quantified using sandwich ELISA. In all three matrices, CA-125 with ZIF-8 encapsulation exhibited ˜85% preservation after 4 weeks storage at 25 and 40° C., as well as ˜75% at 60° C. (FIG.17D-F).FIGS.17D-Fshow preservation efficacy of CA-125 spiked in serum, heparin-plasma or EDTA-plasma on paper card at 25, 40 or 60° C. for different durations. Results are the mean and standard deviation from three independent samples. Within four weeks, the ZIF-8 encapsulation shows comparable preservation, after storage at 25 and 40° C., to the refrigeration method (freezing liquid samples at −20° C.). On the other hand, CA-125 without ZIF-8 encapsulation stored at these three temperatures for 4 weeks displayed ˜50%, 40% and 30% preservation, respectively. Remarkably, the preservation efficacy of ZIF-8 encapsulated CA-125 over 4 weeks of storage at 25 and 40° C. was comparable to the refrigeration method (freezing liquid samples at −20° C.) for the same storage duration. The applicability of this technique was assessed to preserve blood samples drawn in resource-limited settings. Unlike serum and plasma, in some embodiments the presence of a large quantity of whole cells (red and white blood cells and platelets) in blood affects ZIF-8 encapsulation of target protein biomarkers. Considering that in some embodiments ZIF-8 also forms a thick layer on cell surfaces56 and lead to incomplete encapsulation or preservation of target protein biomarkers, it is important to remove blood cells through centrifugation before ZIF-8 encapsulation of protein biomarkers. Unfortunately, centrifuge is typically inaccessible in resource-limited settings considering that conventional systems are bulky, expensive and electrically-powered. A hand-powered centrifuge was implemented that was able to separate plasma from whole blood within 10 minutes for subsequent ZIF-8 encapsulation (FIG.19A). In order to mimic fresh whole blood samples from ovarian cancer patients, four different concentrations of CA-125 within pathological-relevant range from 25 ng/ml-25 μg/ml were spiked into fresh blood from healthy volunteers.58-59 Then the plasma samples (heparin-anticoagulated) were separated from blood and diluted 20-fold for ZIF-8 encapsulation. To assess the preservation efficacy of this approach under unregulated conditions, two sets of experiments were devised. First, the ZIF-8 preserved plasma samples with the four different CA-125 concentrations were subjected to temperature fluctuations for 8 days (two days 25° C. followed by two days 40° C. as one cycle and run for two cycles,FIG.19B). Second, the ZIF-8 preserved plasma samples with the four different CA-125 concentrations were shipped to California, USA and sent back to Missouri, USA via a regular shipping package (10 days in unknown shipping and handling conditions,FIG.19C; results are the mean and standard deviation from three independent samples). Unencapsulated samples dried on papers were used as negative controls in both cases. As shown inFIGS.19B and19C, in some embodiments samples with ZIF-8 encapsulation achieve up to 90% of preservation, as opposed to ˜50-60% of preservation from control samples. It is also important to note that the preservation efficacy did not significantly change with the variation of CA-125 concentrations. Overall, the experiments here clearly demonstrate the feasibility and robustness of this approach in preserving protein biomarkers in blood samples. By combining with the hand-powered centrifuge, it is possible to directly collect and preserve fresh blood samples in resource-limited settings. Example 6: Encapsulation of Insulin As a member of zeolitic imidazolate framework family of MOFs, ZIF-8 offers high thermal and hydrothermal stabilities, and has been demonstrated to be a nontoxic and biocompatible material for drug delivery. Here, the encapsulation of insulin into ZIF-8 crystals is achieved under mild aqueous conditions by mixing insulin solution with aqueous solutions of 2-methylimidazole and zinc acetate (FIG.20). The suspension of insulin-embedded ZIF-8 was subjected to elevated temperatures, agitation and organic solvent. In some embodiments, the preserved insulin is released from ZIF-8 crystals within 1 minute, enabling on-demand usage, thus extending the benefits of advanced protein therapeutics in resource-limited settings. After 12 h incubation, insulin-embedded ZIF-8 crystals were formed and could be easily collected by centrifugation. Scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope images showed that insulin-embedded ZIF-8 crystals exhibited a uniform size of ˜1 μm (FIG.21; Inset: Transmission electron microscope image of insulin-embedded ZIF-8). The typical rhombic dodecahedral shape of the crystals (inset ofFIG.21A) was similar to that of the pure ZIF-8 crystals (FIG.22). The powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of insulin-embedded ZIF-8 crystals also exhibited all the typical peaks of pure ZIF-8 (FIG.21B). To further ascertain the formation of ZIF-8 crystals and the encapsulation of insulin, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy were employed. The FTIR spectrum obtained from pure insulin exhibited absorption peaks at 1640-1670 and 1510-1560 cm−1, corresponding to amide I and amide II bands of insulin, respectively (FIG.21C, black spectrum). Following ZIF-8 encapsulation, the FTIR spectrum (orange spectrum) revealed absorption bands associated with ZIF-8 crystals at 1584 cm−1corresponding to the C═N stretching of imidazole and at 1400-1500 cm−1corresponding to the imidazole ring stretching in addition to the amide I and amide II bands of insulin.FIG.21Dshows thermogravimetric analysis of insulin-embedded ZIF-8 and pure ZIF-8. Similar results were observed by Raman spectroscopy, which also indicated the presence of insulin in ZIF-8 crystals (FIG.23). The Raman spectrum obtained from pure insulin exhibits a broad band at 1630-1690 cm−1, corresponding to amide I band of protein. After encapsulation by ZIF-8, the amide I band of encapsulated insulin is still present (and not present in pure ZIF-8), while characteristic peaks of 2-methylimidazole are observed at 1146, 1182, 1384, 1460 and 1505 cm−1corresponding to C—N stretching, C—N stretching plus N—H wagging, CH3bending, C—H wagging and C—N stretching plus N—H wagging, respectively. Example 7: Encapsulation Efficiency Quantification To quantify the encapsulation efficiency, residual insulin concentration in the supernatant after crystal formation and removal by centrifugation was determined by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). It was found that the encapsulation efficiency was dependent on the concentration of ZIF-8 precursors. Specifically, when the concentrations of zinc acetate and 2-methylimidazole were set to 20 mM and 80 mM, respectively, almost 100% of insulin (0.6 mg/mL) was encapsulated within ZIF-8 crystals (FIG.24). The encapsulation efficiency was calculated by subtracting the residual insulin amount in the supernatant after crystal formation and removal by centrifugation from the total insulin amount. Insulin concentration was measured by ELISA. Results are the mean and standard deviation from three independent experiments. In a control experiment, encapsulation efficiency was extremely low (˜5%, owing to physical adsorption) for simply mixing the insulin solution with pre-synthesized pure ZIF-8 crystals (not shown). This physical mixing of pre-synthesized ZIF-8 crystals with insulin was in stark contrast with the protein-encapsulating approach (i.e., formation of ZIF-8 crystals in the presence of insulin), which exhibited high encapsulation efficiency (˜100%). With nearly complete encapsulation, the loading amount of insulin in the biocomposite was determined using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The mass loss profile of insulin-loaded ZIF-8 was significantly different compared to that of the pure ZIF-8. The first weight loss at ˜100° C. in both pure and insulin-loaded ZIF-8 crystals (˜10% weight loss) corresponds to the removal of guest molecules (mainly H2O) from the cavities and some unreacted reagents. As opposed to pure ZIF-8, insulin-loaded ZIF-8 crystals exhibited a ˜10% weight loss between 200° C. to 400° C., which is attributed to the decomposition of insulin (FIG.21D). Taken together, these results indicate that insulin is encapsulated with ZIF-8 crystals with a high encapsulation efficiency. Example 8: Efficacy of ZIF-8 Encapsulation for Preserving Insulin Elevated temperature is the primary detrimental condition during insulin transport and storage, an issue likely to be exacerbated by the increasing epidemic of diabetes in the developing countries, where refrigeration or “cold chain” facilities are not guaranteed. At high temperatures, insulin undergoes both physical (such as unfolding, non-native aggregation and fibrillation) and chemical degradations (such as deamidation, disulfide destruction and reshuffling). To assess the efficacy of ZIF-8 encapsulation in preserving insulin in solution state under non-refrigerated storage conditions, ZIF-8 encapsulated insulin and unencapsulated insulin were stored at 25, 40 or 60° C. for 1 week. After 1 week, the ZIF-8 encapsulated insulin was released by adding ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) to dissociate the ZIF-8 crystals by breaking the coordination bonds between zinc and 2-methylimidazole (FIG.25). The released insulin and unencapsulated insulin were then quantified by ELISA. The preservation efficacy (insulin recovery %) was calculated by comparing the recovered amount of insulin to the insulin amount prior to incubation. Testing of three different concentrations of ZIF-8 precursors revealed that 20 mM zinc acetate with 80 mM 2-methylimidazole provided the highest preservation efficacy at all three different temperatures (FIG.26A). Specifically, ZIF-8 encapsulated insulin showed more than 95% recovery after 1 week storage at 25 or 40° C., as well as more than 70% at 60° C. Conversely, unencapsulated insulin stored at these temperatures for 1 week exhibited less than 60%, 50% and 30% recovery at 25, 40 and 60° C., respectively. Compared to the optimal precursor concentrations, the low insulin recovery upon using 10 mM zinc acetate with 40 mM 2-methylimidazole is attributed to the incomplete encapsulation of insulin (FIG.24). In contrast, higher concentrations (30 mM zinc acetate with 120 mM 2-methylimidazole) of the precursors compared to the optimal concentrations, led to incomplete release of insulin (˜90%,FIG.27) resulting in slightly lower recovery. After mixing insulin solution (0.6 mg/ml, 5 ml) with ZIF-8 precursors (0.5 ml zinc acetate and 0.5 ml 2-methylimidazole, final concentrations after mixing as shown in x-axis) for 12 h to form the crystals, EDTA (1 ml, 120 mM) was added to release the insulin encapsulated within ZIF-8 crystals. In three cases, the solutions became transparent after adding EDTA. The insulin amount in the solution was measured by ELISA and compared with total insulin amount before encapsulation. Results are the mean and standard deviation from three independent experiments. Subsequently, using the optimal ZIF-8 precursor concentrations (20 mM zinc acetate with 80 mM 2-methylimidazole), the storage time was extended at different temperatures up to 4 weeks. Different vials of native or ZIF-8 preserved insulin were sampled at selected time intervals (2, 3 or 4 weeks) to monitor possible changes in the insulin recovery (FIG.26B). With the ZIF-8 encapsulation, 90% insulin was recovered after storage at 25 or 40° C. up to 4 weeks (the maximum time tested). Significantly, after 4 weeks at 25 or 40° C., insulin with ZIF-8 encapsulation showed comparable recovery to the unencapsulated insulin stored at −20° C. (the current “gold standard” as the control, storage temperature required by the manufacturer) (FIG.28). The ZIF-8 encapsulated insulin showed comparable recovery, after storage at either room temperature or elevated temperature, to the “gold standard” method (freezing free insulin solution at −20° C.). Zinc acetate alone was also tested for preservation efficacy, considering that zinc ions could also increase the thermal stability of insulin by forming insulin hexamer. However, the preservation efficacy of zinc acetate alone was 30%-40% lower than that of ZIF-8 encapsulation. These results clearly demonstrate the feasibility and superiority of using ZIF-8 encapsulation for preserving insulin in solution at high temperatures. Example 9: Encapsulation Preservation Against Protein Denaturation by Mechanical Agitation or Organic Solvent Apart from elevated temperatures, therapeutic proteins are often subjected to mechanical agitation during transport and formulation. In the case of insulin, it is known that mechanical agitation can cause partial unfolding and irreversible aggregation that contains high levels of non-native, intermolecular β-sheet structures. Moreover, therapeutic proteins can also be exposed to an aqueous-organic interface during diverse formulation processes such as emulsion or coacervation, which can also be detrimental to the protein structure. The efficacy of ZIF-8 encapsulation was investigated in preserving insulin against mechanical agitation or organic solvent that would normally lead to protein denaturation. To mimic the scenario during transport or formulation, insulin in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) with and without ZIF-8 encapsulation was vortexed at 200 rpm for 48 h. As shown inFIG.26C, ZIF-8 encapsulated insulin was recovered over 90%, in contrast to less than 50% recovery from unencapsulated insulin in PBS. In another case, insulin in PBS with and without ZIF-8 encapsulation was first mixed with ethyl acetate, a typical organic solvent used in emulsion processing, and then mechanically agitated for 6 h. The unencapsulated insulin in PBS exhibited less than 60% recovery, whereas ZIF-8 encapsulated insulin was recovered over 80%. The excellent recovery after organic solvent exposure and mechanical agitation is attributed to the tight confinement of the biomacromolecules within ZIF-8 framework, which significantly lowers the free volume available for chain mobility. To further confirm that ZIF-8 encapsulation preserves the insulin structure, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy was employed to characterize the secondary structure of insulin with and without ZIF-8 encapsulation after 1 week incubation at 40° C. (FIG.26D).FIG.26Dshows circular dichroism spectra of pristine insulin prior to incubation, released insulin from ZIF-8 encapsulation after 1 week incubation at 40° C. and insulin without ZIF-8 encapsulation after 1 week incubation at 40° C. Inset: Secondary structure content of the three types of insulin obtained from the CD spectra. Results are the mean and standard deviation from three independent samples. As expected, elevated temperature caused a significant change (an increase in the β-sheet content along with the decrease in the α-helical content) of the secondary structure of unencapsulated insulin in PBS, as shown in the CD spectrum. In contrast, the secondary structure of ZIF-8 encapsulated insulin was found to be very similar to that of the pristine insulin, indicating that ZIF-8 encapsulation is able to maintain the structure of insulin. In addition to CD spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) also demonstrated the preserved insulin structure by the ZIF-8 encapsulation (FIG.29; Inset: zoom-in peak at ˜25 min). Similar results were observed upon subjecting the encapsulated and unencapsulated insulin to mechanical agitation and organic solvent exposure (FIGS.30and31).FIG.30discloses the following: Left: CD spectra of pristine insulin prior to agitation, released insulin from ZIF-8 encapsulation after 48 h agitation at 200 rpm and insulin without ZIF-8 encapsulation after 48 h agitation at 200 rpm; Right: secondary structure content of the three types of insulin obtained from the CD spectra. The results are the mean and standard deviation from three independent samples.FIG.31discloses the following: Left: CD spectra of pristine insulin prior to exposure to ethyl acetate, released insulin from ZIF-8 encapsulation after exposure to ethyl acetate for 6 h and insulin without ZIF-8 encapsulation after exposure to ethyl acetate for 6 h; and, right: secondary structure content of the three types of insulin obtained from the CD spectra. Results are the mean and standard deviation from three independent samples. Notably, mechanical agitation converted the unencapsulated insulin from an overall rich helical to dominant β-sheet structure, which indicates severe aggregation of the protein. Overall, CD spectroscopy and HPLC provide direct evidence for the preservation of the insulin structure with ZIF-8 encapsulation. Example 10: In Vivo Study Using Streptozotocin (STZ)-Induced Type 1 Diabetic Mice After establishing the chemical stability and structural integrity of ZIF-8 encapsulated insulin, the biological activity of ZIF-8 encapsulated insulin was assessed by measuring the effectiveness of ZIF-8 encapsulated insulin for treating hyperglycemia in streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic mice. The mice were randomly divided to four groups and intravenously injected with PBS solution, insulin stored at −20° C., ZIF-8 encapsulated insulin or unencapsulated insulin stored at 40° C. for 1 week, respectively. The ZIF-8 encapsulated insulin was released by adding EDTA before injection. The blood glucose concentrations of mice in each group were then monitored for 12 h. As shown inFIG.32AandFIG.32B, for mice treated with insulin stored at −20° C. and with ZIF-8 encapsulated insulin stored at 40° C., the blood glucose levels comparably and rapidly decreased to normoglycemic (70-200 mg/dL) within 1 h, were maintained in the normoglycemic range for 4 h, and then increased to hyperglycemic range (˜550 mg/dL) within 12 h. Histological evaluation of the major organs of the mice at 5 days after intravenous injection of PBS or stabilized insulin. No symptoms of inflammation and/or lesion were observed in the hematoxylin and eosin stained images. Blood glucose concentrations in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice after administration of PBS solution, insulin stored at −20° C. for 1 week, ZIF-8 encapsulated insulin and unencapsulated insulin stored at 40° C. for 1 week. The ZIF-8 encapsulated insulin was released by adding EDTA before injection. Results are the mean±standard deviation (n=3). This unequivocally indicated the comparable bioactivity of ZIF-8 encapsulated insulin to the refrigerated equivalence. In contrast, insulin without ZIF-8 encapsulation and storage at 40° C. only moderately decreased glucose concentrations. The partial loss of insulin bioactivity here could be attributed to the loss of structure integrity of insulin at elevated temperatures as confirmed by the aforementioned ELISA, CD and HPLC experiments. Overall, the in vivo experiments clearly demonstrate the excellently preserved bioactivity of insulin through ZIF-8 encapsulation. STZ-induced male C57BL/6 (6-10 weeks) type 1 diabetic mice were purchased from Jackson Laboratory (USA). The blood glucose levels of mice were tested 1 day before administration by collecting blood (˜3 μL) from the tail vein and measuring using the Clarity GL2Plus glucose monitor (VWR, USA). The mice were randomly divided into four groups (3 mice each group) and intravenously injected via lateral tail vein with PBS solution, insulin stored at −20° C., ZIF-8 preserved insulin (dissociated by EDTA) and insulin alone stored at 40° C. for 1 week, respectively. The insulin dose for each mouse was 1 mg/kg (125 μg/mL, ˜200 μL). The blood glucose level was measured from tail vein blood samples (˜3 μL) of mice at different time points (at 10, 20, 40, and 60 min, and once per hour afterward for the first 12 h in the day of administration). Mice were anesthetized with 2% isoflurane. The mice treated with ZIF-8 preserved insulin and PBS were sacrificed after 5 days administration, and major organs were collected and sliced for haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Example 11: In Vitro Study Using Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast (Cell Line: 3T3) The biocompatibility of insulin-embedded ZIF-8 (after fully dissociated by EDTA) was assessed by determining its cytotoxicity using MTT assay (FIG.33Incubation time: 24 hours. Results are the mean and standard deviation from three independent samples). The mouse embryonic fibroblast 3T3 cells were used as the model cell line. After 24 h incubation with relatively high concentration (1000 μg/mL) of dissociated crystals, the cell viability was found to be higher than 80%, indicating the low cytotoxicity of the dissociated products. To further evaluate the biocompatibility of insulin-embedded ZIF-8, the mice treated with ZIF-8 encapsulated insulin and PBS were sacrificed 5 days after insulin administration for histological analysis. The haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained images of various organs from the two groups showed similar structure (FIG.32B). There were no apparent histopathological abnormalities or lesions observed in the heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney. In addition, there was no weight loss in either group after 5 days administration (Table 3). TABLE 3Mice weight before and 5 days after injection. Results arethe mean ± standard deviation (n = 3).GroupBefore (g)After (g)PBS22.5 ± 0.423.0 ± 1.0ZIF-8 preserved insulin22.7 ± 1.322.7 ± 1.1Insulin alone at 40° C.22.0 ± 0.222.5 ± 0.7Insulin at −20° C.23.0 ± 1.423.2 ± 1.3 Overall, the insulin-embedded ZIF-8 after dissociation shows excellent biocompatibility. feasibility of removing dissolved ZIF-8 residues before insulin administration was also tested. The ZIF-8 encapsulated insulin was first released by adding EDTA and then filtered to remove any ZIF-8 byproduct using centrifuge tube with 3 kDa filter. After three times washing, HPLC-mass spectrometry analysis showed that more than 99% of 2-methylimidazole is removed (FIG.34AandFIG.34B). Sample I and II were made by 20 mM and 80 mM 2-methylimidazole precursor, respectively. This purification step mitigates the toxicity concern from ZIF-8 residue, especially for repeated drug administration as is the case with insulin. 3T3 cell line was harvested with trypsin and resuspended in Dulbecco's modified eagle medium at a concentration of 5×104 cells per ml. 100 μL per well of the cell suspension was transferred into 96-well plates to preculture for 24 hours. The medium was replaced by a fresh medium that contained different concentrations of dissociated insulin-embedded ZIF-8 crystals. After 24 hours incubation, the medium was removed and cells were washed by DPBS. 100 μL of 1.2 mM MTT medium solution was then added to each well. After 4 hours, the MTT medium was removed and 200 μL DMSO was added to each well. After incubation for 10 min, the absorbance at 570 nm was determined with a plate reader. Example 12: Methods Chemicals. 2-methylimidazole, zinc acetate dihydrate, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), Tween 20, sodium phosphate monobasic, sodium phosphate dibasic, ethyl acetate, (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) (MTT), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Artificial urine (Surine™ Negative Urine Control) was purchased from Cerilliant Company (a Sigma-Aldrich Company). This artificial urine is suitable for LC/MS or GC/MS applications in clinical chemistry, urine drug testing or forensic analysis. No protein and preservatives are added. Human recombinant neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), human recombinant CA-125, NGAL ELISA kit (DY1757, detection range: 78 pg/ml to 5000 pg/ml), and CA-125 ELISA kit (DY5609, detection range: 31.2 pg/ml to 2000 pg/ml) were purchased from R&D systems. Human recombinant insulin and insulin sandwich ELISA kit (detection range, 15.60-1,000 pmol/L) were purchased from R&D systems. Custom protein microarray kits were purchased from RayBiotech (Custom G-Series Antibody Array, AAX-CUST-G). Pierce bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay kit and trypsin were obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific. For patient samples, approval was obtained from the Washington University Institutional Review Board, and written informed consent was obtained from all patients. Dulbecco's modified eagle medium and Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS) were purchased from Gibco. All experiments were performed using nanopure water with a resistivity of 18.2 MΩ·cm. Sample preparation. NGAL-spiked artificial urine (50 μg/ml of NGAL, 25 μl) or patient urine (25 μl) was first mixed with 2-methylimidazole aqueous solution (12.5 μl) and then zinc acetate dihydrate aqueous solution (12.5 μl). The final concentrations of 2-methylimidazole after mixing were 320 mM, 160 mM, 80 mM and 40 mM. The final concentrations of zinc acetate dihydrate after mixing were 80 mM, 40 mM, 20 mM and 10 mM. Note that the molar ratio of 2-methylimidazole to zinc acetate dihydrate were kept at 4:1. Depending on the embodiment, the molar ratio of 2-methylimidazole to zinc acetate dihydrate is in a range of from about 4:1 to about 40:1. For example, in some embodiments, the molar ratio of 2-methylimidazole to zinc acetate dihydrate is about 4:1, about 8:1, about 16:1, about 20:1, or about 40:1. After 1 hour incubation at room temperature (20-23° C.), 50 μl mixture was transferred onto a 2×0.5 cm Whatman 903 paper strip (Sigma) to allow air-drying (usually about 2 hours at room temperature). For accurately determining the NGAL recovery after storage, it is important to avoid liquid leakage from the paper strip during the drop-cast process. Typically, a 2×0.5 cm paper strip is able to absorb 50 μl biofluid without leakage. After drying, the paper strips were sealed in petri dishes and stored at 25° C., 40° C. or 60° C. for different time intervals. The sample preparation for serum and plasma were similar to urine except that the serum and plasma were first diluted 5, 10 or 20 times with PBS and then spiked with CA-125 (50 μg/ml of CA-125). For the fresh blood samples, the CA-125 was first spiked into the blood and then the plasma was separated from the blood using hand-powered centrifuge for the subsequent sample preparation. Synthesis of insulin-embedded ZIF-8. To form insulin-embedded ZIF-8, 2-methylimidazole solution (0.5 mL, in nanopure water) and zinc acetate dihydrate solution (0.5 mL, in nanopore water) were added into 5 mL of insulin solution (0.6 mg/mL in PBS). The final concentrations of 2-methylimidazole after mixing were 40 mM, 80 mM, and 120 mM. The final concentrations of zinc acetate dihydrate after mixing were 10 mM, 20 mM and 30 mM. The molar ratio of 2-methylimidazole and zinc acetate was controlled to be 4:1. Depending on the embodiment, the molar ratio of 2-methylimidazole to zinc acetate dihydrate is in a range of from about 4:1 to about 40:1. For example, in some embodiments, the molar ratio of 2-methylimidazole to zinc acetate dihydrate is about 4:1, about 8:1, about 16:1, about 20:1, or about 40:1. The resultant mixture was incubated at room temperature for 12 h to form insulin-embedded ZIF-8 crystals. For subsequent characterization, the insulin-embedded ZIF-8 crystals were collected by centrifugation (at 13.4 k rpm for 20 min), washed twice by nanopure water and vacuum dried at room temperature. Pure ZIF-8 was synthesized via the similar approach without adding insulin. Protein recovery. Before analysis, the paper strips were eluted in 1 ml elution buffer (0.2 M phosphate buffer with 2 mM EDTA and 0.1% Tween 20 at pH=5.6) by shaking the paper strip in a cuvette with the elution buffer at the speed of 60 r.p.m. for 1 hour. Different elution buffer recipes were tested for maximal recovery (FIGS. A-S5and A-S6). The elution solution was then assayed by ELISA for the target analyte. NGAL and CA-125 standards provided with the ELISA kits were used to generate a standard curve for each assay. Characterization. To characterize protein-embedded crystals, crystals were centrifuged and washed with DI water twice (8 k r.p.m. for 20 minutes). To calculate the encapsulation efficiency, the supernatant after first centrifugation was collected and assayed by ELISA. SEM images were obtained using a FEI Nova 2300 field-emission scanning electron microscope at an acceleration voltage of 10 kV. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) measurements were conducted using a Nicolette Nexus 470 spectrometer. The Raman spectra were obtained using a Renishaw inVia confocal Raman spectrometer mounted on a Leica microscope with a 50× objective and a 514 nm wavelength diode laser as an illumination source. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements of the samples were recorded on a Bruker D8-Advance X-ray powder diffractometer using Cu Kα radiation (λ=1.5406 Å). Characterization of insulin-embedded ZIF-8. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were obtained using a FEI Nova 2300 field-emission SEM at an acceleration voltage of 10 kV. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs were collected by a JEM-2100F (JEOL) field emission instrument. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed using TA Instruments Q5000 IR Thermogravimetric Analyzer in air (at rate of 5° C. min-1). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) measurements were performed using a Nicolette Nexus 470 spectrometer. The Raman spectra were obtained using a Renishaw inVia confocal Raman spectrometer mounted on a Leica microscope with a 50× objective and a 514 nm wavelength diode laser as an illumination source. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements of the samples were recorded on a Bruker D8-Advance X-ray powder diffractometer using Cu Kα radiation (λ=1.5406 Å) with scattering angles (28) of 5-35°. Evaluation of preservation efficacy under environmental stressors using ELISA. To evaluate the preservation efficacy under non-refrigerated temperatures, the vials with suspension of insulin embedded ZIF-8, pure insulin or insulin with adding zinc acetate solutions were sealed and stored at 25, 40 and 60° C. for different time intervals (including 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks). Insulin sandwich ELSIA was used to quantify the insulin recovery after storage. Before ELISA measurement, the ZIF-8 encapsulated insulin was released by adding EDTA (with same molar amount as zinc acetate). The preservation efficacy was calculated by comparing the recovered insulin amount to day 0 insulin amount prior to heating. To examine the preservation efficacy under agitation, insulin in PBS (0.5 mg/mL, 1 mL) with and without ZIF-8 encapsulation was vortexed at 200 rpm for 48 h. To assess the preservation efficacy under organic solvent, insulin in PBS (0.5 mg/mL, 1 mL) with and without ZIF-8 encapsulation was first mixed with ethyl acetate (1 mL), and then shaken for 6 h. The ethyl acetate was removed by vacuum drying before ELISA measurement. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. The CD measurements were performed using a spectropolarimeter JASCO J-810. The spectrum was collected at the rate of 20 nm per minute at a response time of 16 seconds. Before CD measurement, the ZIF-8 encapsulated insulin was first released by adding EDTA and then filtered to remove any ZIF-8 byproduct using centrifuge tube with 3 kDa filter. The insulin recovered from various treatments was quantified by BCA assay and diluted to 100 μg/mL in PBS. The secondary structures of insulin (α-helical content, β-sheet content) were analyzed using CDPro software from CD spectra. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Insulin was analyzed using a method based on the United States Pharmacopeia Insulin Monograph (http://www.pharmacopeia.cn/v29240/usp29nf24s0_m40520.html) and Waters Application Note Final Transferred UPLC Method (http://www.waters.com/webassets/cms/library/docs/720001396en.pdf) with minor modification. Before HPLC measurement, the ZIF-8 encapsulated insulin was first released by adding EDTA and then filtered to remove any ZIF-8 byproduct using centrifuge tube with 3 kDa filter. HPLC-UV was conducted on an Agilent (Santa Clara, CA) HPLC 1100 series system composed of a binary pump with a micro vacuum degasser, thermostatted column oven, high performance micro well plate autosampler, and variable wavelength detector. ChemStation B.04.03 software was utilized for instrument control, data acquisition, peak integration and data analysis. Chromatographic separation was achieved utilizing a Kinetex Core-Shell analytical column (100×2.1 mm, 2.6 μm, Phenomenex, Torrance, CA). A 0.25 μM inline filter was additionally added prior to the sample entering the column. The injection volume was 5 μL. HPLC-mass spectrometry analysis of 2-methylimidazole residues before and after purification. HPLC-mass spectrometry analysis was performed on an ultra-fast liquid chromatography system (Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, Columbia, MD) with a CMB-20A system controller, two LC-20AD XR pumps, DGU-20A3 degasser, SIL-20AC XR autosampler, FCV-11AL solvent selection module, and CTO-20A column oven, and an external Valco divert valve installed between the LC and mass spectrometer. The LC system was coupled to an API 4000 linear ion trap triple quadrupole (QTRAP) tandem mass spectrometer operated with Analyst 1.5.2. Multiquant 3.0.1 (AB Sciex) was utilized for peak integration, generation of calibration curves, and data analysis. Chromatographic separation was achieved with a Sunfire C18 (150×2.1 mm, 3.5 μM, Waters, Milford, MA) analytical column equipped with a C18 VanGuard cartridge (2.1 mm×5 mm, 3.5 μM, Waters, Milford, MA). A 0.25 μM inline filter was additionally added prior to the sample entering the column. The flow rate was 0.4 mL/min with a mobile phase consisting of 20 mM ammonium formate aqueous (A) and 20 mM ammonium formate in methanol (B). The column was equilibrated with 0% B, maintained after injection for 1.0 min, then a linear gradient to 80% B applied over 1.25 minutes and held for 2.75 min, then reverted back to 0% B over 0.1 min and re-equilibrated for 2.9 min. Total run time was 8 min. The injection volume was 10 μl. The column oven was at 40° C. Under these conditions, approximate retention time for 2-methylimidazole was 1.77 minutes and for 4-methylimidazole (internal reference) was 3.18 minutes. The mass spectrometer electrospray ion source was operated in positive ion multiple reaction monitoring mode. The [M+H]+ transitions were optimized for 2-methylimidazole 83.0→42.2 and 4-methylimidazole 83.0→56.2. Mass spectrometer settings for the declustering potential (66, 56 V), collision energy (29, 25 V), entrance potential (10 V), and collision cell exit potential (4, 8 V) were optimized. Optimized global parameters were: source temperature 550° C., ionspray voltage 5000 V, nitrogen (psig) curtain gas 30, gas 1 50, gas 2 50, collision gas medium. Similar as CD experiments, the ZIF-8 encapsulated insulin was first released by adding EDTA and then filtered to remove any ZIF-8 byproduct using centrifuge tube with 3 kDa filter (three times washing with water and using 3000 rpm for 5 minutes at each time). HPLC-mass spectrometry was used to quantify the 2-methylimidazole before and after washing. SDS-PAGE and Western blotting protocols. For SDS-PAGE, 300 μl of eluate was mixed with 0.9 ml acetone-methanol (1:1), placed on ice for 1 hour and centrifuged at 10,000 r.p.m. for 10 minutes to precipitate and concentrate the eluted urine or serum proteins. The protein pellet was briefly air dried and re-suspended in SDS sample buffer containing 5% mercaptoethanol. A 5 μl sample was applied to each well of a NuPAGE 4-12% acrylamide Bis-Tris gel (Invitrogen, San Diego, CA). The proteins were separated at a constant 200 volts for 35 minutes using MES running buffer. The gel was stained with 0.1% coomassie brilliant blue solution for 3 hours and then de-stained overnight. For western blotting of patient urine samples, 100 μl thawed urine was mixed with 1 ml acetone-methanol (1:1) and placed on ice for 1 hour for precipitation, gathered by centrifugation and re-suspended in SDS sample buffer containing 5% mercaptoethanol. After SDS-PAGE, the urine proteins and pre-stained molecular weight markers were transferred to nitrocellulose membranes for 6 minutes using iBLOT (Invitrogen). The nitrocellulose membrane was briefly washed with water and the non-specific sites blocked with LI-COR block solution (LI-COR Biosciences, Lincoln, NE). Urinary albumin and NGAL were visualized by incubation with 1/2000 dilution of rabbit anti-human serum albumin (Abcam, Cambridge, UK) and 1/500 dilution of goat anti-human NGAL (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) in LI-COR block buffer containing 0.05% Tween-20 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) overnight. The membrane was then washed three times with phosphate-buffered saline containing 0.05% Tween-20 followed by incubation with 1/10,000 dilutions each of Donkey anti-rabbit IgG 680 and Donkey anti-goat IgG 800 (LI-COR Biosciences). After 1 hour, the membrane was washed four times with phosphate-buffered saline containing 0.05% Tween-20 and visualized using an Odyssey-Fc (LI-COR Biosciences). Protein microarray protocols. Commercial protein microarray chip was purchased from RayBiotech (Custom G-Series Antibody Array, AAX-CUST-G). Antibodies were printed on a glass slide with 4 subarrays available per slide. The slide was blocked by 1× blocking buffer (0103004-B) for 30 minutes. The eluted urine samples were added into each sub-well of the microarray chip for 2 hours incubation at room temperature. The chip was then washed thoroughly with 1× wash buffers (0103004). 70 μl of 1× biotin-conjugated anti-cytokines were added to each subarray and the chip was incubated in room temperature with gentle shaking. After 2 hours, the chip was washed and 70 μl of streptavidin-CW800 (100 ng/ml in 1× blocking buffer) was added and incubated in dark for 20 mins. The chip was washed thoroughly with wash buffer then nanopure water and blow dried under nitrogen gas. The glass chip was scanned by Licor Odyssey CLx scanner using 800 nm channel (intensity=2, resolution=21 μm, scanning height=1 mm). Median background signal was adopted for analysis spot intensity. CD spectroscopy. The CD measurements were performed using a spectropolarimeter JASCO J-810. The spectrum was collected at the rate of 20 nm per minute at a response time of 16 seconds. Before CD measurement, the ZIF-8 encapsulated HSA was first eluted and then filtered to remove any ZIF-8 byproduct using centrifuge tube with 30 kDa filter. The HSA recovered from various treatments was quantified by BCA assay for calculating molar ellipticity. The secondary structures of HSA (α-helical content, β-sheet content) were analyzed using CDPro software from CD spectra. Paperfuge. The paperfuge was composed of a paper disc, a string and glass capillaries (microhematocrit capillary tubes, D=1.55 mm, Fisher Scientific). Common wood was used for the handles. The string was immobilized through paper disc using epoxy. After drawing blood, one end of capillary was sealed by capillary tube sealing tray (Thomas Scientific). It is to be understood that the configurations and/or approaches described herein are exemplary in nature, and that these specific aspects or examples are not to be considered in a limiting sense, because numerous variations are possible. The specific routines or methods described herein may represent one or more of any number of processing strategies. As such, various acts illustrated may be performed in the sequence illustrated, in other sequences, in parallel, or in some cases omitted. Likewise, the order of the above-described processes may be changed. The subject matter of the present disclosure includes all novel and nonobvious combinations and sub-combinations of the various processes, systems and configurations, and other features, functions, acts, and/or properties disclosed herein, as well as any and all equivalents thereof.

11856946

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail. In the present specification, “to” is used to refer to a meaning including numerical values denoted before and after “to” as a lower limit value and an upper limit value. <<Chamber for Transplantation>> A chamber for transplantation is a container for transplanting a biological constituent into a recipient. The chamber for transplantation can enclose the biological constituent therein. The chamber for transplantation according to the embodiment of the present invention includes a membrane for immunoisolation at a boundary between an inside and an outside of the chamber for transplantation. By disposing the membrane for immunoisolation in such a manner, it is possible to protect the biological constituent enclosed in the chamber for transplantation from immune cells and the like present outside, and to introduce nutrients such as water, oxygen, and glucose into the inside of the chamber for transplantation from the outside. The membrane for immunoisolation may be disposed on the entire surface of the boundary between the inside and the outside (boundary separating the inside from the outside) of the chamber for transplantation or may be disposed on a part of the surface, but it is preferably disposed on the entire surface in terms of practicalities. In a case where the membrane for immunoisolation is not disposed on the entire surface of the boundary between the inside and the outside of the chamber for transplantation, it is sufficient for a residual surface to be formed of an impermeable membrane not allowing permeation of nutrients such as oxygen, water, and glucose, in addition to cells and the like. In the chamber for transplantation according to the embodiment of the present invention, the membranes for immunoisolation face each other to form an interior space. In other words, the chamber for transplantation according to the embodiment of the present invention has an interior space between the membranes for immunoisolation which face each other. It is preferable that all regions of the interior space be present between the membranes for immunoisolation which face each other. As the membranes for immunoisolation, for example, two membranes for immunoisolation may face each other, or portions of one membrane for immunoisolation may face each other by folding the one membrane for immunoisolation with a line-symmetric structure into two. In a case where two membranes for immunoisolation are used as the membranes for immunoisolation which face each other, both may be the same membrane or different membranes, but they are preferably the same membrane. The chamber for transplantation according to the embodiment of the present invention has a joint portion at which the membranes for immunoisolation which face each other are joined to each other. The membranes for immunoisolation which face each other are joined at a part thereof. A portion of the membrane for immunoisolation that is being joined is not particularly limited, but is preferably an end portion of the membrane for immunoisolation. In particular, it is preferable that end portions be joined to each other. In the present specification, in a case where the term “end portion” is used regarding the membrane, it means a peripheral portion or a part thereof having a constant width which is substantially in contact with the side surface (edge) of the membrane thickness. It is preferable that all of outer peripheries except an injection port and the like to be described later be joined to each other between the membranes for immunoisolation. The chamber for transplantation according to the embodiment of the present invention may further have a joint portion in the interior space formed by joining the end portions as described above. Such a joint portion can be provided to assist in, for example, maintaining a shape of the interior space and homogeneously distributing an enclosed biological constituent. At the joint portion, the membranes for immunoisolation may be adhered or fusion welded to each other. For example, the membranes for immunoisolation at the joint portion can be adhered to each other using a curable adhesive. Examples of adhesives include known adhesives such as epoxy-based adhesives, silicone-based adhesives, acrylic-based adhesives, and urethane-based adhesives. In addition, a thermoplastic resin may be sandwiched between the membranes for immunoisolation, that is between porous membranes, the portion may be heated, and thereby the membranes for immunoisolation may be joined to each other. In this case, as the thermoplastic resin, a resin having a melting point lower than that of the polymer forming the porous membrane is preferably used. Specific examples of thermoplastic resins include polyethylene, polypropylene, polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, and polycarbonate. Among them, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, and polytetrafluoroethylene are preferable, and polyethylene, polyurethane, and polyvinyl chloride are more preferable. Furthermore, the porous membranes in the membrane for immunoisolation may be fusion welded to each other in a state of coming in direct contact with each other by not sandwiching another material therebetween. By such fusion welding, it is possible to obtain a chamber for transplantation not having a problem derived from a resin sandwiched between the porous membranes or the like. In a case where porous membranes which contain a polymer selected from the group consisting of polysulfone and polyethersulfone is used, the porous membranes can be fusion welded and integrated by heating at a temperature of a glass transition temperature or higher of the polymer and lower than a melting point of the polymer. Specifically, the heating for the fusion welding may be performed at a temperature of 190° C. or higher and lower than 340° C. and is preferably performed at a temperature of 230° C. or higher and lower than 340° C. The interior space is a space for maintaining the biological constituent. In the chamber for transplantation according to the embodiment of the present invention, the interior space includes a point at a distance of 10 mm or longer from any position of the joint portion. In other words, in the interior space, there is a point at a distance of 10 mm or longer from any position of the joint portion. As described above, as a point becomes farther from the joint portion in the interior space, it becomes more difficult to maintain the shape of the interior space. However, in the chamber for transplantation according to the embodiment of the present invention, by using a membrane for immunoisolation having flexibility to be described later, it is possible to maintain a distance between the membranes for immunoisolation which face each other, thereby maintaining the shape of the interior space. In the chamber for transplantation according to the embodiment of the present invention, the interior space may include a point at a distance of 15 mm or longer, a point at a distance of 20 mm or longer, a point at a distance of 30 mm or longer, or a point at a distance of 40 mm or longer from any position of the joint portion. In addition, even in a case where the maximum cross-sectional area of the interior space of the chamber for transplantation according to the embodiment of the present invention is 4 cm2or more or 10 cm2or more, by using a membrane for immunoisolation having flexibility to be described later, it is possible to maintain a distance between the membranes for immunoisolation which face each other, thereby maintaining the shape of the interior space. The maximum cross-sectional area can be obtained from an image of computed tomography. The maximum cross-sectional area of the interior space of the chamber for transplantation is preferably 200 cm2or less, and is more preferably 100 cm2or less. A chamber for transplantation having a larger maximum cross-sectional area can be provided by incorporating a partition into the interior space. The reason for this is that, in the chamber for transplantation in which the membranes for immunoisolation face each other to form a planar interior space, the partition can function as a support for maintaining a distance between the membranes for immunoisolation. In such a chamber for transplantation having the partition, a point at a distance of 10 mm or longer from any position of the joint portion of the partition may be present as a point at a distance of 10 mm or longer from any position. The partition may be formed of, for example, a biocompatible resin and the like. In addition, the partition may be provided as the joint portion. Regarding a position or the like of the partition in the interior space, the description of JP1996-502667A (JP-H08-502667A) can be referred to. A shape of the chamber for transplantation may be a shape such as a pouched-like shape, a bag shape, a tube shape, or a microcapsule shape. A shape of the chamber for transplantation is preferably a shape capable of preventing movement of the chamber for transplantation within a recipient in a case where the chamber for transplantation is used as a device for transplantation to be described later. Specific examples of shapes of the chamber for transplantation include a cylindrical shape, a disk-like shape, a rectangular shape, an egg shape, a star shape, a circular shape, and the like. The chamber for transplantation preferably has a shape of sheet. In summary, and as illustrated inFIG.3, a chamber for transplantation4comprises a membrane for immunoisolation3at a boundary between an inside and an outside of the chamber for transplantation4, in which the membranes for immunoisolation3face each other to form an interior space5. The membranes for immunoisolation3, which face each other, have joint portions2that are joined to each other. The interior space5includes a point6at a distance7of 10 mm or longer from any position of the joint portion2. <Membrane for Immunoisolation> [Flexibility] In the chamber for transplantation according to the embodiment of the present invention, any of the membranes for immunoisolation which face each other as described above has a predetermined flexibility. The flexibility can be confirmed by the following method with reference to the method described in paragraph 0018 of JP2017-052113A and as illustrated inFIG.4. For confirmation of the flexibility, a 10 mm×30 mm rectangular test piece of the membrane for immunoisolation3is prepared. A portion of 10 mm from a side surface of one short side of this rectangular test piece is vertically sandwiched between flat plates8, and the flat plates8are placed horizontally. In this case, the flexibility is determined by displacement of an unsandwiched portion of the membrane for immunoisolation in a gravity direction. The membrane for immunoisolation3used in the chamber for transplantation according to the embodiment of the present invention has flexibility that allows a distance between a horizontal plane including a center plane in a thickness direction of the sandwiched portion of the membrane for immunoisolation3, and a part, which is farthest from the horizontal plane, of a residual 20 mm-portion projecting from the flat plate8, to be 1 mm to 13 mm. It is preferable that the distance be 5 mm to 10 mm. Evaluation of the flexibility is performed at a temperature of 25° C. and a relative humidity of 60%. In addition, the evaluation is performed on a chamber for transplantation in a dry state. The flexibility of the membrane for immunoisolation can be adjusted by a material, thickness, pore diameter of the porous membrane (bubble point diameter), porosity of the porous membrane, and the like. [Other Properties] A membrane for immunoisolation refers to a membrane used for immunoisolation. Immunoisolation is one of a method for preventing an immune rejection by a recipient in a case of transplantation. Here, the immune rejection is a rejection by a recipient with respect to a biological constituent to be transplanted. A biological constituent is isolated from an immune rejection by a recipient due to immunoisolation. Examples of immune rejections include reactions based on cellular immune responses and reactions based on humoral immune responses. The membrane for immunoisolation is a selectively permeable membrane that allows nutrients such as oxygen, water, and glucose to permeate therethrough, and inhibits permeation of immune cells and the like involved in an immune rejection. Examples of immune cells include macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, natural killer cells, various T cells, B cells, and other lymphocytes. Depending on the application, the membrane for immunoisolation preferably inhibits permeation of high-molecular-weight proteins such as immunoglobulins (IgM, IgG, and the like) and complements, and preferably allows a relatively low-molecular-weight physiologically active substances such as insulin to permeate therethrough. The selective permeability of the membrane for immunoisolation may be adjusted according to the application. The membrane for immunoisolation may be a selectively permeable membrane which blocks a substance having a molecular weight such as 500 kDa or more, 100 kDa or more, 80 kDa or more, or 50 kDa or more. For example, it is preferable that the membrane for immunoisolation be capable of inhibiting permeation of the smallest IgG (molecular weight of about 160 kDa) among antibodies. In addition, the membrane for immunoisolation may be a selectively permeable membrane which blocks a substance having a diameter such as 500 nm or more, 100 nm or more, 50 nm or more, or 10 nm or more, as a sphere size. The membrane for immunoisolation preferably includes a porous membrane. The membrane for immunoisolation may be formed of only the porous membrane or may contain other layers such as a hydrogel membrane. The membrane for immunoisolation preferably has the porous membrane at least one surface thereof, and it is also preferable that the membrane for immunoisolation be formed of the porous membrane. A thickness of the membrane for immunoisolation is not particularly limited, but may be 25 μm to 500 μm, is preferably 30 μm to 300 μm, and is more preferably 35 μm to 250 μm. [Porous Membrane] (Structure of Porous Membrane) The membrane for immunoisolation preferably includes a porous membrane. The porous membrane is a membrane having a plurality of pores. Pores can be confirmed by, for example, captured images of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) or captured images of a transmission electron microscope (TEM) of a cross section of the membrane. A thickness of the porous membrane is not particularly limited, but may be 25 μm to 250 μm, is preferably 30 μm to 220 μm, and is more preferably 35 μm to 200 μm. A porosity of the porous membrane varies depending on polymers used and a thickness of the porous membrane, but it is preferably 35% to 90%. For example, in a case of using polysulfone as a polymer, a porosity is preferably 75% to 85%. Within such a range, semi-permeability necessary for immunoisolation can be imparted. In addition, by adjusting the porosity together with the thickness, the flexibility of the porous membrane can be adjusted. A porosity can be obtained based on the following formula. Porosity (%)=[1−{m/ρ/(S×d)}]×100m: Mass of porous membrane (g)ρ: Polymer density (g/cm3)S: Area of porous membrane (cm2)d: Thickness of porous membrane (cm) After sufficiently freeze-pulverizing the porous membrane, the polymer density thereof can be obtained by B method of JIS K7112 (1999). A bubble point diameter of the porous membrane is preferably 0.02 μm to 25 μm, is more preferably 0.2 μm to 10 μm, and is even more preferably 0.5 μm to 5 μm. The bubble point is measured using a measurement method of immersing the porous membrane in a liquid, and utilizing bubbles first generated from a pore with the maximum pore diameter in a neck portion when an air pressure is increased from a lower side and reaches a certain value. The pressure at this time is referred to as a bubble point pressure, and a bubble point diameter can be obtained using a known formula based on the bubble point pressure. In a porous membrane not having pore diameter distribution in the thickness direction, a bubble point diameter usually corresponds to the maximum pore diameter of the porous membrane. In a porous membrane having pore diameter distribution in the thickness direction, a bubble point diameter corresponds to the maximum pore diameter of a compact portion to be described later. The minimum pore diameter of the porous membrane is preferably 0.02 μm to 1.5 μm, and is more preferably 0.02 μm to 1.3 μm. The reason is that the minimum pore diameter of such a porous membrane can inhibit permeation of at least normal cells. Here, the minimum pore diameter of the porous membrane can be measured by ASTM F316-80. (Porous Membrane Having Pore Diameter Distribution in Thickness Direction) It is preferable that the porous membrane have pore diameter distribution in the thickness direction. In addition, the porous membrane preferably has a layered compact portion where a pore diameter is smallest within the membrane. Furthermore, it is preferable that a pore diameter continuously increase in the thickness direction from the compact portion toward at least one of surfaces of the porous membrane. The pore diameter is determined by an average pore diameter of a parting line which will be described later. The surface of the membrane means a main surface (a front surface or a back surface showing an area of the membrane), and does not mean a surface in the thickness direction of an end of the membrane. The surface of the porous membrane may be an interface with another layer. It is preferable that the porous membrane have the same structure in an intra-membrane direction (a direction parallel to the membrane surface) with respect to pore diameters or pore diameter distribution (a difference in pore diameters in the thickness direction). By using the porous membrane having pore diameter distribution in the thickness direction, the life of the chamber for transplantation can be improved. The reason is that, by using a plurality of membranes having substantially different pore diameters, effects are obtained as though multistage filtration would be carried out, and therefore a deterioration in the membrane can be prevented. A pore diameter may be measured from a photograph of a cross section of the membrane obtained by an electron microscope. The porous membrane can be cut with a microtome or the like, and it is possible to obtain a photograph of a cross section of the porous membrane as a section of a thin membrane which a cross section can be observed. In the present specification, the comparison of pore diameters in the thickness direction of the membrane is performed by comparing pore diameters in 19 parting lines in a case where an SEM image of the cross section of the membrane is divided into 20 in the thickness direction of the membrane. 50 or more consecutive pores that intersect or are in contact with the parting line are selected, each of the pore diameters is measured, and an average value is calculated as an average pore diameter. Here, as the pore diameter, not a length of a portion where the selected pore intersects the parting line, but a diameter is used, the diameter being calculated using an area, which is obtained by calculating an area of pores calculated from an SEM image of the cross section of the membrane by image processing, as an area of a true circle. In this case, for a parting line in which pores are large and therefore only up to 50 pores can be selected, an average pore diameter is assumed to an average pore diameter obtained by measuring 50 pores by broadening the field of view of an SEM image for obtaining the cross section of the membrane. Pore diameters in the thickness direction of the membrane are compared by comparing the obtained average pore diameter for each parting line. The layered compact portion having the smallest pore diameter refers to a layered portion of the porous membrane including the parting line where an average pore diameter becomes smallest among parting lines in a photograph of the cross section of the membrane. The compact portion may include two or more parting lines. For example, in a case where two or more parting lines, which have an average pore diameter 1.1 times or less the minimum average pore diameter, are consecutive, the compact portion is assumed to include two or more consecutive parting lines. In the present specification, a thickness of the compact portion is a product of the number of parting lines included in the compact portion and one-twentieth of the thickness of the membrane. In the porous membrane having pore diameter distribution in the thickness direction, an average pore diameter of the compact portion can be determined as the minimum average pore diameter of the porous membrane. It is preferable that the minimum pore diameter be measured by ASTM F316-80 after determining the compact portion. It is preferable that the porous membrane having pore diameter distribution in the thickness direction have the compact portion within the membrane. The phrase “within the membrane” means that the compact portion is not in contact with the surface of the membrane. The phrase “having the compact portion within the membrane” means that the compact portion is not the closest section to any surface of the membrane. By using the porous membrane having a structure having the compact portion within the membrane, permeability of a substance intended to permeate therethrough is unlikely to be diminished as compared to a case of using a porous membrane having the same compact portion in contact with the surface thereof. Although not bound by any theory, it is perceived that protein adsorption is less likely to occur due to the presence of the compact portion within the membrane. It is preferable that the compact portion be biased to one of the front surface side than a central portion in thickness of the porous membrane. Specifically, the compact portion is preferably located between any one surface of the porous membrane and a portion at a distance of less than half the thickness of the porous membrane from the surface, and it is even more preferably located between any one surface of the porous membrane and a portion at a distance of two-fifths the of the porous membrane from the surface. This distance may be determined from the photograph of the cross section of the membrane described above. In the present specification, the surface of the porous membrane closer to the compact portion is referred to as a “surface X.” In a case where the porous membrane has the compact portion and the surface X, it is preferable in the chamber for transplantation that the surface X of the porous membrane be on the inside thereof. That is, it is preferable that the membrane for immunoisolation be disposed so that the compact portion of the porous membrane in the membrane for immunoisolation is closer to the inside of the chamber for transplantation. By setting the surface X in the inside of the chamber for transplantation, it is possible to make permeability of physiologically active substances higher. In the porous membrane having pore diameter distribution in the thickness direction, it is preferable that the pore diameter continuously increase in the thickness direction from the compact portion toward at least one of the surfaces. In the porous membrane, the pore diameter may continuously increase in the thickness direction toward the surface X from the compact portion, the pore diameter may continuously increase in the thickness direction toward the surface opposite to the surface X from the compact portion, and the pore diameter may continuously increase in the thickness direction toward any surface of the porous membrane from the compact portion. Among them, it is preferable that the pore diameter continuously increase in the thickness direction toward at least the surface opposite to the surface X from the compact portion, and it is preferable that the pore diameter continuously increase in the thickness direction toward any surface of the porous membrane from the compact portion. The sentence “the pore diameter continuously increases in the thickness direction” means that a difference in average pore diameters between sections adjacent to each other in the thickness direction increases by 50% or less, preferably increases by 40% or less, and more preferably increases by 30% or less of a difference between the maximum average pore diameter and the minimum average pore diameter. The phrase “continuously increasing” essentially means that a pore diameter increases uniformly without decreasing, but a decreasing portion may occur accidentally. For example, in a case of combining two sections from the surface, in a case where an average value of a combination increases uniformly (uniformly decreases toward the compact portion from the surface), it can be determined that “the pore diameter continuously increases in the thickness direction toward the surface of the membrane from the compact portion.” The porous membrane having pore diameter distribution in the thickness direction can be realized by, for example, a manufacturing method to be described later. It is particularly preferable that the porous membrane having pore diameter distribution in the thickness direction be manufactured using a polymer selected from the group consisting of polysulfone and polyethersulfone. In the porous membrane having pore diameter distribution in the thickness direction, an average pore diameter of a parting line having the maximum average pore diameter among the parting lines can be determined as the maximum average pore diameter of the porous membrane. A maximum average pore diameter of the porous membrane having pore diameter distribution in the thickness direction is preferably 0.15 μm to 100 μm, is more preferably 1.0 μm to 50 μm, and is even more preferably 2.0 μm to 21 μm. It is preferable that the parting line where an average pore diameter becomes maximum be a parting line closest to any surface of the porous membrane. In the porous membrane having pore diameter distribution in the thickness direction, a ratio of an average pore diameter (minimum average pore diameter) to the maximum average pore diameter of the compact portion (also referred to as an “anisotropy ratio” in the present specification, which is a ratio of the minimum average pore diameter to the maximum average pore diameter of the porous membrane, and is a value obtained by dividing the maximum average pore diameter by the minimum average pore diameter) is preferably 3 or more, is more preferably 4 or more, and is even more preferably 5 or more. The reason is that an average pore diameter except for that of the compact portion increases to increase substance permeability of the porous membrane. In addition, the anisotropy ratio is preferably 25 or less and is more preferably 20 or less. The reason is that effects, as though multistage filtration would be carried out, can be efficiently obtained within a range where an anisotropy ratio is 25 or less. (Elemental Distribution of Porous Membrane) Formulas (I) and (II) are preferably satisfied for at least one surface of the porous membrane. B/A≤0.7  (I) A≥0.015  (II) In the formula, A represents a ratio of an N element (nitrogen atom) to a C element (carbon atom) on a surface of the membrane, and B represents a ratio of the N element to the C element at a depth of 30 nm from the same surface. Formula (II) shows that a certain amount or more of N element is present on at least one surface of the porous membrane, and Formula (I) shows that an N element in the porous membrane is localized at a depth of less than 30 nm of the surface. With the surface satisfying Formulas (I) and (II), a bioaffinity of the porous membrane, particularly, a bioaffinity of the surface side satisfying Formulas (I) and (II) becomes high. In the porous membrane, either one of surfaces may satisfy Formulas (I) and (II), or both surfaces may satisfy Formulas (I) and (II), but it is preferable that both surfaces satisfy Formulas (I) and (II). In a case where either one of surfaces satisfies Formulas (I) and (II), the surface thereof may be in an inside or an outside of a chamber for transplantation to be described later, but the surface is preferably in the inside thereof. In addition, in a case where only one of any surface satisfies Formulas (I) and (II) and the porous membrane has the above-mentioned surface X, a surface satisfying Formulas (I) and (II) is preferably the surface X. In the present specification, a ratio (A value) of N element to C element on the membrane surface and a ratio (B value) of N element to C element at a depth of 30 nm from the surface are obtained by calculating using XPS measurement results. The XPS measurement is X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, which is a method for irradiating a membrane surface with X-rays, measuring kinetic energy of photoelectrons emitted from the membrane surface, and analyzing a composition of elements constituting the membrane surface. Under conditions using a monochromated Al-Kα ray described in Examples, the A value is calculated from results at the start of sputtering, and the B value is calculated from time results, which are calculated that the ray is at 30 nm from the surface of the membrane measured from a sputtering rate. B/A may be 0.02 or more, and is preferably 0.03 or more, and is more preferably 0.05 or more. A is preferably 0.050 or more and is more preferably 0.080 or more. In addition, A may be 0.20 or less, and is preferably 0.15 or less, and is more preferably 0.10 or less. B may be 0.001 to 0.10, and is preferably 0.002 to 0.08, and is more preferably 0.003 to 0.07. In a method for manufacturing the porous membrane which will be described later, the elemental distribution of the porous membrane, especially the distribution of an N element, can be controlled by a moisture concentration contained in the temperature-controlled humid air, a time to apply the temperature-controlled humid air, a temperature of a coagulation liquid, an immersion time, a temperature of a diethylene glycol bath for washing, an immersion time in the diethylene glycol bath for washing, a speed of a porous membrane manufacture line, and the like. The distribution of the N element can also be controlled by an amount of moisture contained in a stock solution for forming a membrane. (Composition of Porous Membrane) The porous membrane may contain a polymer. It is preferable that the porous membrane be essentially composed of a polymer. The polymer forming the porous membrane is preferably biocompatible. Here, the term “biocompatible” means that the polymer has non-toxic and non-allergenic properties, but does not have properties such that the polymer is encapsulated in a living body. The number average molecular weight (Mn) of the polymer is preferably 1,000 to 10,000,000, and is more preferably 5,000 to 1,000,000. Examples of polymers include thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers. Specific examples of polymers include polysulfone, cellulose acylate such as cellulose acetate, nitrocellulose, sulfonated polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyacrylonitrile, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, styrene-butadiene copolymer, saponified ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyvinyl alcohol, polycarbonate, an organosiloxane-polycarbonate copolymer, a polyester carbonate, an organopolysiloxane, a polyphenylene oxide, a polyamide, a polyimide, polyamideimide, polybenzimidazole, ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and the like. From the viewpoints of solubility, optical physical properties, electrical physical properties, strength, elasticity, and the like, polymers may be homopolymers, copolymers, polymer blends, or polymer alloys. Among them, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, cellulose acylate, and polyvinylidene fluoride are preferable, and polysulfone is more preferable. In a case where polysulfone or polyethersulfone is used as the polymer, the porous membrane preferably further contains a hydrophilic polymer. Examples of hydrophilic polymers include polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, and the like. Among them, polyvinylpyrrolidone is preferable. By combining polysulfone or polyethersulfone which are hydrophobic with the hydrophilic polymer, biocompatibility can be improved. The porous membrane may contain other components other than the above-mentioned components as an additive. Examples of additives include metal salts of inorganic acids such as sodium chloride, lithium chloride, sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, sodium sulfate, and zinc chloride; metal salts of organic acids such as sodium acetate and sodium formate; other polymers such as polyethylene glycol; high polymer electrolytes such as sodium polystyrene sulfonate and polyvinyl benzyl trimethyl ammonium chloride; ionic surfactants such as sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate and sodium alkyl sodium taurate; and the like. The additive may act as a swelling agent for a porous structure. As an additive, it is preferable to use a metal salt. The porous membrane containing polysulfone or polyethersulfone preferably contains lithium chloride. The porous membrane is preferably a membrane formed from a single composition as a single layer, and preferably not has a laminated structure of a plurality of layers. By forming the porous membrane from one composition as a single layer, it is possible to manufacture the chamber for transplantation at low costs by a simple procedure. (Method for Manufacturing Porous Membrane) A method for manufacturing the porous membrane is not particularly limited as long as the method can form the porous membrane having the above-mentioned structure, and any general methods for forming a polymer membrane can be used. Examples of methods for forming a polymer membrane include a stretching method, a flow-casting method, and the like, and a flow-casting method is preferable. In the flow-casting method, the stock solution for forming a membrane which contains a polymer is flow-cast on a support. By selecting a solvent and an additive contained together with the polymer in the stock solution for forming a membrane, a desired porosity can be imparted to the manufactured membrane, or a pore diameter thereof can be adjusted. In addition, by adjusting an amount of stock solution for forming a membrane which is for flow casting or a drying method thereof, a thickness, pore diameter, porosity, and the like can be changed, and thereby flexibility is adjusted. As the support, a plastic film or a glass plate may be used. Examples of materials of the plastic film include polyester such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycarbonate, acrylic resin, epoxy resin, polyurethane, polyamide, polyolefin, a cellulose derivative, silicone, and the like. As the support, a glass plate or PET is preferable, and PET is more preferable. The stock solution for forming a membrane may contain a solvent. A solvent having high solubility of the polymer to be used (hereinafter referred to as “favorable solvent”) may be used depending on a polymer to be used. In a case of using a coagulation liquid to be described later in the manufacturing of the porous membrane, a favorable solvent is a solvent quickly substituted with the coagulation liquid in a case where the membrane is immersed in the coagulation liquid. Examples of solvents include N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, or a mixed solvent thereof in a case where the polymer is polysulfone and the like; dioxane, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, dimethylsulfoxide, or a mixed solvent thereof in a case where the polymer is polyacrylonitrile and the like; dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, or a mixed solvent thereof in a case where the polymer is polyamide and the like; acetone, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, or a mixed solvent thereof in a case where the polymer is cellulose acetate and the like. Among them, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone is preferably used. In addition to a favorable solvent, the stock solution for forming a membrane preferably use a solvent (hereinafter referred to as “non-solvent”) in which the solubility of the polymer is low but is compatible with the solvent of the polymer. Examples of non-solvents include water, cellosolves, methanol, ethanol, propanol, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, polyethylene glycol, glycerin, and the like. Among these, it is preferable to use water. A concentration of the polymer as the stock solution for forming a membrane may be 5 mass % to 35 mass %, is preferably 10 mass % to 30 mass %. By setting the concentration thereof to 35 mass % or less, sufficient permeability (for example, water permeability) can be imparted to the obtained porous membrane. By setting the concentration thereof to 5 mass % or more, the formation of a porous membrane which selectively allows substances to permeate can be secured. An amount of additive to be added is not particularly limited as long as the homogeneity of the stock solution for forming a membrane is not lost by the addition, but is 0.5% by volume to 10% by volume respect to a general solvent. In a case where the stock solution for forming a membrane contains a non-solvent and a favorable solvent, a ratio of the non-solvent to the favorable solvent is not particularly limited as long as a mixed solution can be maintained in a homogeneous state, but is preferably 1.0 mass % to 50 mass %, is more preferably 2.0 mass % to 30 mass %, and is even more preferably 3.0 mass % to 10 mass %. It is possible to produce a porous membrane having the above-mentioned pore diameter distribution by adjusting the type and amount of a solvent used in a stock solution for forming a membrane, and a drying method thereof after flow casting. Manufacture of the porous membrane having pore diameter distribution can be carried out by a method including, for example, the following (1) to (4) in this order. (1) A stock solution for forming a membrane, which contains a polymer, if necessary an additive and, if necessary a solvent, is flow-cast on a support while being in a dissolved state. (2) The surface of the flow-cast liquid membrane is exposed to temperature-controlled humid air. (3) The membrane obtained after being exposed to temperature-controlled humid air is immersed in a coagulation liquid. (4) A support is peeled off if necessary. A temperature of temperature-controlled humid air may be 4° C. to 60° C., and is preferably 10° C. to 40° C. A relative humidity of the temperature-controlled humid air may be 20 to 95% RH, and is preferably 30 to 90% RH. The temperature-controlled humid air may be applied at a wind speed of 0.1 m/s to 10 m/s for 0.1 seconds to 30 seconds, preferably 1 second to 10 seconds. In addition, an average pore diameter and position of the compact portion can also be controlled by a moisture concentration contained in the temperature-controlled humid air and a time of applying the temperature-controlled humid air. An average pore diameter of the compact portion can also be controlled by an amount of moisture contained in a stock solution for forming a membrane. By applying the temperature-controlled humid air to the surface of the liquid membrane as described above, it is possible to cause coacervation from the surface of the liquid membrane toward the inside of the liquid membrane by controlling evaporation of a solvent. By immersing the membrane in a coagulation liquid containing a solvent having low solubility of the polymer but compatible with the solvent of the polymer in this state, the above-mentioned coacervation phase is fixed as fine pores, and pores other than the fine pores can also be formed. A temperature of the coagulation liquid may be −10° C. to 80° C. in a process of immersing the membrane in the coagulation liquid. By changing a temperature during this period, it is possible to control a size of a pore diameter up to a support surface side by adjusting a time from the formation of the coacervation phase on the support surface side to the solidification from the compact portion. In a case where a temperature of the coagulation liquid is raised, the formation of the coacervation phase becomes faster and a time for solidification becomes longer, and therefore the pore diameter toward the support surface side tends to become large. On the other hand, in a case where a temperature of the coagulation liquid is lowered, the formation of the coacervation phase becomes slower and a time for solidification becomes shorter, and therefore the pore diameter toward the support surface side is unlikely to become large. The porous membrane having pore diameter distribution is preferably manufactured using a stock solution for forming a membrane which contains a polymer selected from a group consisting of polysulfone and polyethersulfone, and is more preferably manufactured using a stock solution for forming a membrane which contains a polymer selected from the group consisting of polysulfone and polyethersulfone, and polyvinylpyrrolidone. In the stock solution for forming a membrane which is for manufacturing the porous membrane, a content of polyvinylpyrrolidone is preferably 50 mass % to 120 mass %, and is more preferably 80 mass % to 110 mass %, with respect to a total mass of polysulfone and polyethersulfone. Furthermore, in a case where the stock solution for forming a membrane contains lithium chloride as an additive, lithium chloride is preferably contained by an amount of 5 mass % to 20 mass %, and more preferably by 10 mass % to 15 mass %, with respect to the total mass of polysulfone and polyethersulfone. As the coagulation liquid, it is preferable to use a solvent having a low solubility of the polymer used. Examples of such solvents include water, alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, and butanol; glycols such as ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol; aliphatic hydrocarbons such as ether, n-hexane, and n-heptane; glycerol such as glycerin; and the like. Examples of preferred coagulation liquids include water, alcohols, or a mixture of two or more of these. Among these, it is preferable to use water. After immersion in the coagulation liquid, it is also preferable to perform washing with a solvent different from the coagulation liquid that has been used. Washing can be carried out by immersing in a solvent. Diethylene glycol is preferable as a washing solvent. Distribution of an N element in the porous membrane can be adjusted by adjusting either or both of a temperature and an immersion time of diethylene glycol in which a film is immersed by using diethylene glycol as a washing solvent. In particular, in a case where polyvinylpyrrolidone is used as the stock solution for forming a membrane of the porous membrane, a residual amount of polyvinylpyrrolidone on the membrane can be controlled. After washing with diethylene glycol, furthermore, the membrane may be washed with water. Regarding a method for manufacturing the porous membrane having pore diameter distribution, reference can be made to JP1992-349927A (JP-H04-349927A), JP1992-068966B (JP-H04-068966B), JP1992-351645A (JP-H04-351645A), JP2010-235808A, and the like. (Other Layers) The membrane for immunoisolation may include other layers along with the porous membrane. Examples of other layers include a hydrogel membrane. As a hydrogel membrane, a biocompatible hydrogel membrane is preferable. Examples thereof include an alginic acid gel membrane, an agarose gel membrane, a polyisopropyl acrylamide membrane, a membrane containing cellulose, a membrane containing a cellulose derivative (for example, methyl cellulose), a polyvinyl alcohol membrane, or the like. The hydrogel membrane is preferably an alginic acid gel membrane. Specific examples of alginic acid gel membranes include a polyion complex membrane of alginic acid-poly-L-lysine-alginic acid. <Injection Port> The chamber for transplantation preferably includes an injection port or the like for injecting the biological constituent or the like into the chamber for transplantation. As the injection port, a tube communicating with the inside of the chamber for transplantation may be provided. The tube may contain a thermoplastic resin, for example. The thermoplastic resin preferably has a melting point which is lower than that of the polymer material of the porous membrane. Specific examples of thermoplastic resins used in the tube include polyethylene, polypropylene, polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, and the like. Among them, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, and polytetrafluoroethylene are preferable, and polyethylene, polyurethane, and polyvinyl chloride are particularly preferable. For example, the tube is sandwiched between the membranes for immunoisolation in a manner of coming into contact with a part of the porous membrane, and thereby joining with the part thereof. Joining can be performed by fusion welding, adhesion using an adhesive, and the like. Among them, it is preferable to perform fusion welding. It is sufficient for the fusion welding to be heat fusion welding. In a case of performing fusion welding, the tube preferably contains a thermoplastic resin having a melting point which is lower than that of the polymer material of the porous membrane. The reason is that, in a case of performing fusion welding between the porous membrane and a tube containing a thermoplastic resin having a melting point which is lower than that of the polymer material of the porous membrane, the tube material is considered first melted at the time of heating so that the melted tube material can get into the pores of the porous membrane. In a case of performing adhesion, the adhesive can be appropriately selected according to the polymer constituting the membrane or the material of the tube, and it is possible to use epoxy-based adhesives, silicone-based adhesives, acrylic-based adhesives, urethane-based adhesives, and the like as the adhesive. For example, in a case where a tube containing a resin material having a melting point lower than that of the polymer material of the porous membrane is used, joining can be performed by adhesion. <<Application of Chamber for Transplantation>> The chamber for transplantation encloses the biological constituent and is used for transplantation of the biological constituent into the recipient. By using the chamber for transplantation, it is possible to prevent an immune rejection of the recipient with respect to the transplanted biological constituent. That is, the membrane for immunoisolation can be used for protecting biological constituents from an immune system of a recipient. In the present specification, a recipient means a living body to which transplantation is performed. A recipient is preferably a mammal and is more preferably a human. <Biological Constituent> The biological constituent means a structure body derived from a living body. Examples of living bodies include viruses, bacteria, yeasts, fungal cells, insects, plants, mammals, and the like. It is preferable that a living body be generally a mammal. Examples of mammals include bovines, swine, sheep, cats, dogs, humans, and the like. The biological constituent is preferably a structure body derived from any of mammals. Examples of biological constituents include organs, tissues, cells, and the like. Among these, cells are preferable as biological constituents. As cells, a single cell may be used or a plurality of cells may be used. It is preferable that a plurality of cells be used. A plurality of cells may be separated from each other or may be an aggregate. The biological constituent may be obtained directly from a living body. In addition, particularly in a case where the biological constituent is a cell, the biological constituent may be directly obtained from a living body, or may be obtained by differentiation-induction of cells such as embryonic stem cells (ES cell), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cell), and mesenchymal stem cells. The cell may be a progenitor cell. As a biological constituent, as one aspect, it is preferable to release a physiologically active substance. Examples of physiologically active substances include various hormones, various cytokines, various enzymes, and various other biologic factors in a living body. More specific examples include insulin, dopamine, factor VIII, and the like. Here, insulin is a polypeptide (molecular weight of about 6000) in which an A chain of 21 amino acid residues and a B chain of 30 amino acid residues are linked via a disulfide bond. In insulin in a living body of a mammal is secreted from β cells in pancreatic islets of Langerhans. In a case of using insulin-secreting cells as the biological constituent in the present invention, insulin secreted may be human-type insulin or other mammalian-type (for example, porcine-type) insulin. Insulin may be insulin produced by a genetic recombination method. As a method for obtaining genetically modified insulin, for example, the description of Kadowaki Takashita: Diabetes Navigator (refer to 270-271, Takeo Tao, Yoshikazu Oka “Insulin Preparations of Present and Future,” Medical Review, 2002) can be referred to. Various types of insulin analogues (refer to, for example, H. C. Lee, J. W. Yoon, et al., Nature, 408, 483-488, 2000) may be used. The biological constituent is preferably an insulin-secreting cell. Insulin-secreting cells are cells that can secrete insulin in response to changes in blood glucose level. The insulin-secreting cells are not particularly limited. Examples thereof include pancreatic β cells present in pancreatic islets of Langerhans. Pancreatic β cells may be human pancreatic β cells, or may be pancreatic β cells such as pigs and mice. For a method for extracting pancreatic β cells from a pig, reference can be made to the description in JP2007-195573A. In addition, the insulin-secreting cells may be cells derived from human stem cells (refer to, for example, Junichi Miyazaki, Regenerative Medicine, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 57-61, 2002), or cells derived from small intestinal epithelial stem cells (refer to, for example, Fumikomi Mineko et al., Regenerative Medicine, Volume 1, No. 2, pp. 63 to 68, 2002), or insulin-secretory cells into which a gene encoding insulin has been incorporated (refer to, for example, H. C. Lee, J. W. Yoon, et al., Nature, 408, pp. 483-488, 2000). Furthermore, the insulin-secreting cells may be pancreatic islets of Langerhans (refer to, for example, Horiyama, Kazumori Inoue, Regenerative Medicine, Volume 1, No. 2, pp. 69 to 77, 2002). <Device for Transplantation> The device for transplantation is a complex including at least a chamber for transplantation and a biological constituent. In the device for transplantation, the chamber for transplantation encloses the biological constituent therein. In the device for transplantation, the chamber for transplantation may enclose only the biological constituent therein, or may enclose the biological constituent, and constituents or components other than the biological constituent therein. For example, the biological constituent may be enclosed in the chamber for transplantation together with a hydrogel, and preferably in a state of being enclosed in the hydrogel. In addition, the device for transplantation may contain pH buffers, inorganic salts, organic solvents, proteins such as albumin, or peptides. The device for transplantation may contain only one biological constituent or may contain two or more biological constituents. For example, the device for transplantation may contain only a biological constituent which releases physiologically active substances for the purpose of transplantation, or which serves other functions of transplantation; or may further contain a biological constituent assisting functions of these biological constituents. The device for transplantation may be, for example, a device to be transplanted intraperitoneally or subcutaneously. In addition, the device for transplantation may be a blood-vessel-connecting device. For example, in a case where insulin-secreting cells are used as the biological constituent, insulin secretion corresponding to a change in blood glucose level becomes possible by performing transplantation such that blood and the membrane for immunoisolation come into direct contact with each other. Regarding the device for transplantation and chamber for transplantation, the description of Protein Nucleic Acid Enzyme, Vol. 45, pp. 2307 to 2312, (Okawara Hisako, 2000), JP2009-522269A, JP1994-507412A (JP-H06-507412A), and the like can be referred to. EXAMPLES Characteristics of the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the following examples and comparative examples. The materials, amounts used, proportions, treatment details, treatment procedures, and the like disclosed in the following Examples can be modified as appropriate as long as the gist of the present invention is maintained. Therefore, the scope of the present invention should not be limitedly interpreted by the specific examples described below. <Production of Porous Membrane> Polysulfone Porous Membrane 15 parts by mass of polysulfone (P3500 manufactured by Solvay), 15 parts by mass of polyvinylpyrrolidone (K-30), 1 part by mass of lithium chloride, and 2 parts by mass of water were dissolved in 67 parts by mass of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. Thereby, a stock solution for forming a membrane was obtained. This stock solution for forming a membrane was flow-cast on a surface of a PET film. The flow-cast membrane surface was exposed to air adjusted to 30° C. and relative humidity 80% RH, at 2 m/sec for 5 seconds. Immediately thereafter, the film was immersed in a coagulation liquid tank filled with water at 65° C. PET was peeled off, and therefore a porous membrane was obtained. Thereafter, the obtained porous membrane was put into a diethylene glycol bath at 80° C. for 120 seconds, and then was thoroughly washed with pure water. Thereby, a porous membrane having a dry thickness of 50 μm of Example 1 was obtained. In addition, membranes were produced in the same manner by controlling respective bubble point diameters and thicknesses of the porous membrane to values shown in Table 1 through adjustment of the thickness of the flow-cast stock solution for forming a membrane, an amount of water in the stock solution for forming a membrane, the temperature and relative humidity of temperature-controlled humid air after flow-cast, and the temperature of the coagulation liquid tank. Thereby, porous membranes of Examples 2 to 4, 9, and 10 were obtained. Cellulose Acetate Porous Membrane 5 parts by mass of cellulose acetate (CA1; degree of substitution 2.9) was dissolved in 55 parts by mass of dimethyl chloride, and 34 parts by mass of methanol were added to the solution little by little. Next, 0.2 parts by mass of glycerin and 6 parts by mass of pure water were added to the solution little by little to obtain a solution with almost no undissolved material, and the solution was filtered with a filter paper. Thereby, a dope was prepared. The prepared dope was sent by a gear pump, was filtered, and then was flow-cast from a die on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film which was transported on an endless band. The flow-cast membrane was dried with a drying air at 20° C. to 40° C. for 20 minutes. The film with PET was peeled off from the endless band, was dried with hot air at 80° C. to 120° C. for 15 minutes, and was wound with a winder. A number of fine holes were formed in the cellulose acetate on PET. A fine porous membrane of the cellulose acetate was peeled off from PET using a peeling bar. Thereby, a porous membrane of Example 5 was obtained. A porous membrane of Example 6 was obtained by producing a membrane in the same procedure as Example 5 except that cellulose acetate (degree of substitution 2.9) was replaced with another cellulose acetate (CA2; degree of substitution 2.5). Cellulose Mixed Ester (CA Mixture) Porous Membrane 4 parts by mass of cellulose acetate (degree of substitution 2.5), 3 parts by mass of nitrocellulose, 23 parts by mass of dimethyl chloride, 22 parts by mass of acetone, 38 parts by mass of methanol, and 3.5 parts by mass of pure water were mixed and dissolved, and then the solution was filtered with a filter paper. Thereby, a dope was prepared. The dope was flow-cast on a glass plate and was dried at 25° C. for 30 minutes. Subsequently, the membrane was dried at 65° C. for 10 minutes and peeled off from the glass plate. Thereby, a porous membrane of Example 7 was obtained. PVDF Porous Membrane 15 parts by mass of polyvinylidene fluoride resin, 65 parts by mass of dimethylacetamide, and 20 parts by mass of polyethylene glycol were mixed, and then 1 part by mass of polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate was added to the solution. Thereby, a mixed solution was obtained. The mixed solution was flow-cast on a glass plate. The plate was immediately immersed in water at 65° C. for 3 minutes, washed with water at 20° C., and then dried. Subsequently, the plate was immersed in an aqueous solution of 30 mass % sodium hydroxide at 40° C. for 20 minutes, washed with water at 20° C., and then dried. Thereby, a porous membrane of Example 8 was obtained. PTFE Porous Membrane A mixture in which 20 parts by mass of liquid lubricant (liquid paraffin) was added to 100 parts by mass of PTFE powder was premolded and molded into a round bar by a paste extrusion. The PTFE molded product was rolled to have a thickness of 0.2 mm, the liquid lubricant was removed using an extraction solvent (decane), and then the extraction solvent was removed using a dryer heated to 150° C. Thereby, a PTFE sheet was obtained. The obtained sheet was stretched approximately 5 times in the width direction (first stretching) and then stretched simultaneously in the biaxial direction (second stretching) using a biaxial stretching machine under the conditions of a stretching temperature of 300° C. and a stretching rate of 50%/sec. In the second stretching, the obtained sheet was stretched 7 times in each of two directions at a rate of 50%/sec. After stretching, the sheet was baked by heating at 380° C. for 10 minutes in a state where the membrane dimensions were fixed. Thereby, membranes of Comparative Examples 1 and 3 were obtained. PET Porous Membrane A biaxially stretched PET film having a desired heat shrinkage percentage was obtained by changing a heat fixation temperature by a method described in Example 1 of JP2011-208125A. The film was irradiated with an argon ion beam such that an incidence angle was perpendicular to the main surface of the film. The irradiation density of argon ion was set to 2.0×107per 1 cm2. The irradiated film was immersed in an etching treatment liquid for 1 minute (an aqueous solution of 40 mass % of an ethanol concentration and 14 mass % of a potassium hydroxide concentration) which was kept at 60° C. Thereafter, the film was taken out from the etching treatment liquid, was immersed in pure water at 60° C. for 10 minutes to be washed, and then stored in a drying oven at 30° C. for 60 minutes to be dried. Thereby, a membrane of Comparative Example 2 was obtained. <Evaluation of Porous Membrane> Bubble Point Diameter Evaluation In a pore diameter distribution measurement test using a permporometer (CFE-1200AEX manufactured by SEIKA CORPORATION), a bubble point diameter of a membrane sample completely wetted by GALWICK (manufactured by PorousMaterials, Inc.) was evaluated after increasing an air pressure at 5 cm3/min. Membrane Thickness A cross section of the membrane was observed by computer tomography (CT), and an average thickness value at five locations was evaluated. Porosity A porosity was evaluated by a value calculated by the following formula. Porosity (%)=[1−{m/ρ/(S×d)}]×100m: Mass of porous membrane (g)ρ: Polymer density (g/cm3)S: Area of porous membrane (cm2)d: Thickness of porous membrane (cm) As the polymer density, 1.24 was used for the polysulfone porous membrane, 1.27 was used for the cellulose acetate porous membrane (CA1, CA2), 1.33 was used for the cellulose mixed ester (CA mixture) porous membrane, 2.17 was used for the PTFE porous membrane, and 1.37 was used for the PET porous membrane. Flexibility The produced porous membrane was cut into a 10×30 mm rectangle. Under the conditions of 25° C. and a relative humidity of 60%, a portion of 10 mm from a surface side (edge) of one short side was vertically sandwiched between flat plates while not bending the membrane, and the flat plates were placed horizontally. A distance between a horizontal plane including a center plane in a thickness direction of the sandwiched portion of the porous membrane, and a part, which was farthest from the horizontal plane, of a residual 20 mm-length portion of the porous membrane which was in a free state and projected from the flat plate, was defined as flexibility. <Production and Evaluation of Chamber for Transplantation> Production of Chamber for Transplantation Two sheets were cut out from the produced membrane, and these two sheets were laminated. In Examples 1 to 8, two sheets were laminated so that surfaces on a side opposite to the support were facing each other at the time of manufacture. An end portion of these porous membranes was sandwiched by a polyethylene spacer having a width of 1 mm and a thickness of 1.3 mm. The end portion was sandwiched by the spacer so the joint portion continued in a square shape as shown inFIG.1. The peripheral portions (outer periphery) in which the spacers were provided were joined by an impulse heat sealer while not joining a part thereof. Thereby, a bag-shaped chamber for transplantation was produced (FIG.1). The chamber for transplantation was produced such that the outermost dimensions of a non-joint portion of the porous membrane was as shown in Table 1. Regarding Comparative Example 3, a partition having a length of 15 mm was provided vertically from the center of one side among the four sides toward the inside of the chamber for transplantation. As shown inFIG.2, polyethylene spacers having a width of 1 mm and a thickness of 1.3 mm were continuously provided at the peripheral portions (outer periphery) and the partition, and then portions in which the spacers were provided were joined by an impulse heat sealer while not joining a part of the edge part. Thereby, a chamber for transplantation having a joint portion as a partition in an interior space was produced. As Comparative Example 4, a chamber for transplantation described in pages 17 and 18 of JP1996-507950A (JP-H08-507950A) was produced and evaluated. Table 1 shows a distance between the shape of the chamber for transplantation to a point farthest from any position of the joint portion in the membrane surface. Shortest Distance Between Membranes The cross section of the produced chamber for transplantation was observed by CT. The shortest distance between two joined membranes was measured and evaluated in three grade.1: 0.7 mm or longer2: longer than 0 mm and shorter than 0.7 mm3: 0 mm (in contact) Maximum Cross-Sectional Area A cross section image was extracted from the CT observation, and a value at which an area surrounded by the joint portion became maximum was obtained. Space Volume A volume of the interior space was calculated from the CT observation and was evaluated in three grade.1: 360 mm3or more2: 200 mm3or more and less than 360 mm33: less than 200 mm3 Embedding Evaluation Islet cells were prepared using an islet culture kit (rat) manufactured by Cosmo Bio. Two porous membranes were allowed to face each other, polyethylene spacers having a thickness of 1.5 mm were sandwiched between the membranes, and the peripheral portions were joined by an impulse heat sealer while not joining a part thereof. Thereby, a bag-shaped chamber for transplantation was produced. The produced chamber for transplantation was sterilized with ethylene oxide gas, the islet cells were inserted in the bag from unjoined portions, and then the chamber was sealed by joining the unjoined portions. In Comparative Example 4, only one-fourth the number of islet cells encapsulated in Examples 1 to 8 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 could be encapsulated. The chamber for transplantation in which the islet cells were encapsulated was transplanted into a rat and removed after 2 weeks, and then changes in an amount of insulin released in response to glucose were evaluated. (Change in response amount)=(Response amount after 2 weeks)/(Response amount before encapsulation)×100%1: 75% or more2: 60% or more and less than 75%3: 45% or more and less than 60%4: less than 45% The results are shown in Table 1. TABLE 1Evaluation of chamber for transplantationMembrane physical propertiesDistanceBubbleMaximumto a pointpointFlex-cross-farthestShortestEm-diam-Thick-ibil-sectionalfrom jointdistanceSpacebeddingeternessPoros-ityDimensionsJointareaportion inbetweenvol-evalu-Polymerμmμmitymmmm × mmportioncm2surface MmmembranesumeationExample 1PSf1.55076%8.022 × 22Only41010.811375185%peripheralportionExample 2PSf13582%8.222 × 22Only41010.791372188%peripheralportionExample 3PSf0.62575%8.122 × 22Only41010.801373183%peripheralportionExample 4PSf1.220081%5.522 × 22Only41010.861382175%peripheralportionExample 5CA118087%1.122 × 22Only41010.971396357%peripheralportionExample 6CA218080%1.222 × 22Only41010.971396354%peripheralportionExample 7CA0.0615073%4.022 × 22Only41010.901387270%mixtureperipheralportionExample 8PVDF0.611540%1.622 × 22Only41010.961395349%peripheralportionExample 9PSf13582%8.242 × 52Only202010.7211804184%peripheralportionExample 10PSf13582%8.262 × 86Only503020.6814440182%peripheralportionComparativePTFE0.552230%18.022 × 22Only41030.002200430%Example 1peripheralPortionComparativePET12417%13.122 × 22Only41020.442288437%Example 2peripheralportionComparativePTFE0.552230%18.023 × 23Peripheral44.520.252249434%Example 3portion +PartitionComparativePTFE0.552430%18.028 × 6Only1.32.520.00375428%Example 4peripheralportionPsf: Polysulfone;CA: Cellulose acetate;PVDF: Polyvinylidene fluoride;PTFE: Polytetrafluoroethylene;PET: Polyethylene terephthalate EXPLANATION OF REFERENCES 1: joint portion2: non-joint portion

11856947

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Various aspects are described below with reference to the drawings in which like elements generally are identified by like numerals. The relationship and functioning of the various elements of the aspects may better be understood by reference to the following detailed description. However, aspects are not limited to those illustrated in the drawings or explicitly described below. It also should be understood that the drawings are not necessarily to scale (although certain drawings may be drawn to scale and relied upon as such), and in certain instances details may have been omitted that are not necessary for an understanding of aspects disclosed herein, such as conventional material, construction, and assembly. For purposes of promoting an understanding of the presently disclosed embodiments, reference will now be made to the embodiments illustrated in the drawings, and specific language will be used to describe the same. It should nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby intended, such alterations and further modifications in the illustrated device, and such further applications of the principles of the invention as illustrated therein being contemplated as would normally occur to one skilled in the art to which the invention relates. The term “configured to” is used to describe structural limitations in a particular manner that requires specific construction to accomplish a stated function and/or to interface or interact with another component(s), and is not used to describe mere intended or theoretical uses. Relative terminology and broader terms such as “generally,” “about,” “substantially,” and the like will be understood by those of skill in the art as providing clear and definite scope of disclosure and/or claiming. For example, the term “generally square” will be understood as not requiring exactly square, but rather including that and functional equivalents. Referring toFIGS.1-8, embodiments of a system10for automated permeation of a biological material are shown. The system10may include a lower portion12and an upper portion14configured to be releasably coupled to the lower portion12. The lower portion12may include a top surface16, a bottom surface18, and a groove20extending from the top surface16towards the bottom surface18. The groove20may be configured to receivingly support a biological material22(e.g., as shown inFIGS.1-2). The biological material22may be various kinds of biological materials, such as an embryo or an oocyte. The groove20may be configured to accommodate the various kinds of biological materials, such that the biological material22may be placed therein to be permeated with desired liquids, as discussed in greater detail below. The configuration of the groove20may be varied, as desired and/or needed, without departing from the scope of the present invention. For example, in some embodiments, as shown inFIG.5, the groove20may include a first section24and a second section26, where the first section24may extend from the top surface16of the lower portion12to an intermediate surface28of the lower portion12and the second section26may extend from the intermediate surface28of the lower portion12towards the bottom surface18of the lower portion12. This embodiment increases the depth of the groove20and creates another channel over the biological material22, which may be advantageous for slowing down the permeation rate of a solution into the biological material22, as discussed in greater detail below. In some embodiments, when the system10is used to prepare the biological material22for vitrification (e.g., cryopreservation of the biological material22by permeating the biological material22with cryoprotectant solutions), a vitrification stick, as shown inFIG.6, may be used as the lower portion12of the system10, which may allow the user to permeate the biological material22directly on the vitrification stick, such that when the permeation process is completed, the vitrification stick supporting the biological material22may be directly placed into a vitrification solution, such as liquid nitrogen, for vitrification of the biological material22without additional transfer of the biological material22. Referring toFIGS.1-4, the upper portion14may include an upper surface30and a lower surface32, where the lower surface32may include a first opening34and a second opening36. The upper portion14may also include a first protrusion38extending outwardly from the upper surface30of the upper portion14and in fluid communication with the first opening34and a second protrusion40extending outwardly from the upper surface30of the upper portion14and in fluid communication with the second opening36. As shown inFIGS.1-2, the lower portion12and the upper portion14are configured such that when they are coupled together (e.g., placing the upper portion14upon the lower portion12), the first protrusion38and the top surface16of the lower portion12may collectively form a first reservoir42and the second protrusion40and the top surface16of the lower portion12may collectively form a second reservoir44. In some embodiments, as shown inFIG.1, the first reservoir42, the second reservoir44, and the groove20may be in fluid communication with each other, and the first and second reservoirs42and44may be configured such that liquids may be directed into and out of the system10(collectively formed by the lower and upper portions12and14) via the first and second reservoirs42and44. In some embodiments, the groove20may be disposed between the first and second reservoirs42and44, and liquids may be directed into or out of the groove20through the first reservoir42or the second reservoir44, as discussed in greater detail below. In some embodiments, as shown inFIG.4, the lower surface32of the upper portion14may include a slot46disposed between and in fluid communication with the first and second openings34and36. The slot46may extend from the lower surface32of the upper portion14towards the upper surface30of the upper portion14. In some embodiments, the slot46may be configured such that when the upper portion14is coupled to (e.g., placed upon) the lower portion12, the slot46and the top surface16of the lower portion12may collectively form a channel48, as shown inFIG.1, where the channel48is in fluid communication with the groove20and the first and second reservoirs42and44. In some embodiments, as shown inFIG.1, the groove20may be disposed in registry with the channel48. In some embodiments, the lower and upper portions12and14may be configured such that when the upper portion14is coupled to (e.g., placed upon) the lower portion12, the top surface16of the lower portion12sealingly engages the lower surface32of the upper portion14, thereby sealing the channel48, such that liquids introduced into the system10, through one of the first and second reservoirs42and44, may flow along the channel48and past the groove20, as discussed in greater detail below. In some embodiments, the lower and upper portions12and14may remain coupled (closed) by using mechanical clips, magnets, or any other closing mechanism that would create a seal (pressure seal) in the fluid, generically represented inFIG.2by diagrammatic connection means47a/47b/47c/47d, which can include any connection-enhancers referenced herein, alone or in combination with each other (including, without limit, one or more of magnets, clips, flexible seals, adhesive material/structure, and hinges) (e.g., only one clip may be needed when the lower and upper portions12and14are hinged together). In some embodiments, the lower and upper portions12and14may be magnetized and create a seal based on this. In some embodiments, the upper portion14may have a non-toxic rubber or silicone liner configured to facilitate sealing the channel48. In some embodiments, as shown inFIGS.3and4, the upper portion14may include at least one leg50(e.g., a plurality of legs; when the upper portion14and the lower portion12are hinged together, only one leg50may be needed) extending outwardly from the lower surface32of the upper portion14, the lower portion12may include at least one aperture52(e.g., a plurality of apertures) configured for receiving the at least one leg50(e.g., a plurality of apertures are configured for receiving a plurality of legs, respectively) when the upper portion14is coupled to the lower portion12. This embodiment is advantageous for facilitating aligning the lower and upper portions12and14(e.g., when the lower and upper portions12and14are not hinged together) before closing, thereby creating a desired sealing of the channel48. When the system10is used for permeating a biological material22, the biological material22may be placed in the groove before the upper portion14is coupled to (e.g., placed upon) the lower portion12. After the system10is closed (e.g., the upper portion14is disposed upon the lower portion12and sealingly engages the lower portion12), liquids may be introduced into the system10through one of the first and second reservoirs42and44(e.g., liquids are introduced into the first reservoir42). The other reservoir (e.g., the reservoir that was not used for introducing liquids into the system10; the second reservoir44) may be configured to be coupled to a suction device such that suction applied to the other reservoir (e.g., the second reservoir44) may cause the liquids to flow along/in the channel48and into the groove20, and may further cause the liquids to flow past the groove20, along/in the channel48, and towards/into the other reservoir (e.g., the second reservoir44). In some embodiments, additionally or alternatively, the reservoir that was used for introducing liquids into the system10(e.g., the first reservoir42) may be configured to be coupled to a positive pressure device such that positive pressure applied to the reservoir that was used for introducing liquids into the system10(e.g., the first reservoir42) may cause the liquids to flow along/in the channel48and into the groove20, and may further cause the liquids to flow past the groove20, along/in the channel48, and towards/into the other reservoir (e.g., the second reservoir44). As one example, in some embodiments, as shown inFIGS.1-3, the first reservoir42may be configured to allow liquids to be introduced into the system through the first reservoir42. The first reservoir42may be configured to be coupled to a positive pressure device and/or the second reservoir44may be configured to be coupled to a suction device such that positive pressure applied to the first reservoir42and/or suction applied to the second reservoir44may cause liquids introduced into the system10through the first reservoir42to flow along the channel48, and into the groove20, and may further cause the liquids to flow past the groove20, along the channel48, and into the second reservoir44, such that the biological material22disposed in the groove20may be permeated with the liquids passing through the biological material22, as discussed in greater detail below. In this embodiment, the second reservoir44may also be used as a petri dish in the event that the biological material22flows out of the groove20and into the second reservoir44. In some embodiments, as shown inFIG.3, the system10may also include a lid54configured to be removably coupled to the second reservoir44, such that a user may remove the lid54and get access to the second reservoir44to retrieve the biological material22that flows into the second reservoir44, when needed. It will be appreciated that the system10would be configured (e.g., by controlling a predetermined suction (and/or positive pressure) force and rate) to prevent the biological material22from washing away, but the removable lid54is a precautionary design feature. In some embodiments, another system may be provided to facilitate sealingly closing the system10(e.g., sealingly coupling the upper portion14and the lower portion12). As one example, in some embodiments, as shown inFIGS.7-8, a kit56for automated permeation of a biological material is shown. The kit56may include the system10and a device58, where the device58may be configured for receivingly support the system10. The device58may include a cavity60and at least one arm for closing the system10(e.g., only one arm may be needed when the lower and upper portions12and14are hinged together). The at least one arm is movable (e.g., rotatable) between an open position and a closed position. When the system10is placed in the cavity60and the at least one arm is in the closed position, the at least one arm may engage an upper surface30of the upper portion14of the system10, such that the system10is secured within the cavity60with the upper portion14of the system10sealingly engaging the lower portion12of the system10. In some embodiments, as shown inFIGS.7-8, the device58includes two arms62and64configured to be movable between an open position and a closed position. When the two arms62and64are in the open position (e.g., as shown inFIG.7), the upper portion14of the system10may be free to be placed onto and removed from the lower portion12of the system10. When the two arms62and64are in the closed position (e.g., as shown inFIG.8), the system10may be secured within the cavity60with the upper portion14of the system10sealingly engaging the lower portion12of the system10. In some embodiments, as shown inFIGS.7-8, the two arms62and64may be rotatable between the open position (e.g., as shown inFIG.7) and the closed position (e.g., as shown inFIG.8), and when the two arms62and64are in the closed position (e.g., as shown inFIG.8), the two arms62and64may engage an upper surface30of the upper portion14of the system10placed in the cavity60of the device58. In some embodiments, the device58may be part of an equipment that provides suction to the second reservoir44of the system10and/or provides positive pressure to the first reservoir42of the system10. In some embodiments, the system10may be manufactured out of clear plastic that do not react to the liquids to be used with the system10for permeation of the biological material22(e.g., cryoprotectant agents in the vitrification solution, discussed below). Potential materials may include acrylics, polycarbonate, cyclic olefin copolymers, or styrene-butadiene-methacrylic co-polymers. Using clear plastic materials is advantageous for allowing a user to monitor the biological material22during the permeation process. In some embodiments, the system10may be manufactured of an opaque or translucent material optionally with a clear window (generically represented inFIG.1by diagrammatic windows49aand49b) above and/or below the biological material22disposed in the system10for visualization. In some embodiments, the system10may include a total length72(e.g., as shown inFIG.1) between about 3 cm and about 10 cm, with the first and second reservoirs42and44each having a diameter (e.g., as shown inFIGS.3and4, where the first and second reservoirs42and44each have a generally circular cross-section) similar to standard laboratory well-plates, between about 1 cm and about 2 cm in diameter and between about 1 cm and about 2 cm in height. The loading reservoir (the reservoir used for introducing liquids into the system10, e.g., the first reservoir42) may be configured for a volume between about 0.5 ml and about 5 ml. The waste reservoir (the reservoir not used for introducing liquids into the system10, e.g., the second reservoir44) may have the capacity to hold up to three times the volume of the loading reservoir (e.g., the first reservoir42). The width74(e.g., as shown inFIGS.7and8) of the system10may be between about 2 cm to about 5 cm. The channel48may have a generally square cross-section between about 0.5 mm and about 5 mm wide. The groove20for the biological material22may range from about 0.5×0.5×0.5 mm to about 3×3×3 mm. The term “about” is specifically defined herein to include the specific value referenced as well as a dimension that is within 5% of the dimension both above and below the dimension. A method of permeating a biological material22using the system10will be described below. A user may place a biological material22in the groove20of the lower portion12of the system10. Then the user may couple the upper portion14of the system10to the lower portion12of the system10(e.g., by placing the upper portion14upon the lower portion12). Then the user may place a first liquid into the first reservoir42and apply a first suction to the second reservoir44(and/or apply a first positive pressure to the first reservoir42) such that the first liquid flows along the channel48into the groove20and permeate the biological material22, and may further flow past the groove20towards the second reservoir44. It will be appreciated by varying the suction (and/or positive pressure) force, rate and/or duration, the permeation process (e.g., rate, degree, and duration of the permeation) will be varied as desired and/or needed. That is, the user may apply the first suction (and/or the first positive pressure) at a predetermined force, rate, and duration such that the biological material22is permeated with the first liquid in a predetermined manner. It will be appreciated that one or more liquids (e.g., a second liquid) may be sequentially introduced into the system10and one or more suctions (e.g., a second suction) may be correspondingly applied to the second reservoir44(and/or one or more positive pressures (e.g., a second positive pressure) may be correspondingly applied to the first reservoir42), such that the one or more liquids may sequentially flow along the channel48into the groove20, and the biological material22may be permeated with the one or more liquids, as desired and/or needed. It will be appreciated that the permeation process may be automated by presetting the type and order of the one or more liquids to be introduced into the system10, the suctions to be applied to the second reservoir44, and/or positive pressures to be applied to the first reservoir42(e.g., presetting the force, rate, and duration of each suction (and/or positive pressure), and the time interval between the suctions (and/or positive pressures) if more than one suction (and/or positive pressure) is applied). In some embodiments, the system10may be used with cryoprotectant solutions for cryopreservation of a biological material such that the biological material is ready for vitrification. While a system10for permeation of an embryo for cryopreservation of the embryo is specifically described below, the system10may be successfully implemented for use with other types of liquids and/or other types of biological materials (e.g., oocytes or another cell type) for other medical and/or experimental uses. For the sake of brevity, a system disclosed below is described and depicted as a system for cryopreservation of an embryo, one of ordinary skill in the art, with a thorough review of the subject specification and figures, would readily comprehend how the system may be implemented for automated permeation of other types of biological materials with the same or other types of liquids for the same or other medical and/or experimental uses, and would comprehend which other types of biological materials, liquids, and uses might be suitable without undue experimentation. When the system10is used for cryopreservation of an embryo22, the system10may be provided with cryoprotectant solutions with different concentrations. In some embodiments, increasing concentration of cryoprotectant solutions may be sequentially introduced into the system10via the first reservoir42, and corresponding suctions may be applied to the second reservoir44(and/or corresponding positive pressures may be applied to the first reservoir42), such that the embryo22disposed in the groove20may be permeated with increasing cryoprotectant concentrations in a desired manner, and such that when the permeation process is completed, the embryo22is ready for vitrification. For the sake of brevity, the method of using the system10for cryopreservation of the embryo22using three liquids will be described below. A person of ordinary skill in the art will understand how to use the system10for cryopreservation of the embryo22with a greater/smaller number of liquids. For example, after the system10is closed with the embryo22disposed in the groove20, a first liquid with a first cryoprotectant concentration may be introduced into the system10via the first reservoir42. Then a first suction may be applied to the second reservoir44(and/or a first positive pressure may be applied to the first reservoir42), which causes the first liquid to flow along the channel48into the groove20and permeate the embryo22. After allowing the embryo22to be permeated with the first liquid for a first predetermined time, a second liquid with a second cryoprotectant concentration, greater than the first cryoprotectant concentration, may be introduced into the system10via the first reservoir42. Then a second suction may be applied to the second reservoir44(and/or a second positive pressure may be applied to the first reservoir42), which causes the second liquid to flow along the channel48into the groove20. The force, rate, and duration of the second suction (and/or the second positive pressure) may be preset and may determine how gradually the second liquid mixes with the first liquid in the groove20and forms a first mixed liquid with a first mixed cryoprotectant concentration, and how gradually the embryo22is permeated with the first mixed liquid. After allowing the embryo22to be permeated with the first mixed liquid for a second predetermined time, a third liquid with a third cryoprotectant concentration, greater than the second cryoprotectant concentration, may be introduced into the system10via the first reservoir42. Then a third suction may be applied to the second reservoir44(and/or a third positive pressure may be applied to the first reservoir42), which causes the third liquid to flow along the channel48into the groove20. The force, rate, and duration of the third suction (and/or the third positive pressure) may be preset and may determine how gradually the third liquid mixes with the first mixed liquid in the groove20and forms a second mixed liquid with a second mixed cryoprotectant concentration, and how gradually the embryo22is permeated with the second mixed liquid. After allowing the embryo22to be permeated with the second mixed liquid for a third predetermined time, the permeation process may be completed and the system10may automatically stop working. The first, second, and third predetermined times may be selected and preset such that when the permeation process is completed, the embryo22is ready for vitrification. After the permeation process is completed, a user may open the system10and extract the embryo22from the groove20of the lower portion12of the system10and place the embryo22in a device for vitrification. It will be appreciated that applying suction to the second reservoir44(and/or applying positive pressure to the first reservoir42) to cause the liquids to flow past the embryo22is advantageous for allowing the cryoprotectant concentrations in the groove20to increase gradually and allowing the embryo22to be permeated with the increasing cryoprotectant concentrations gradually, thereby providing an improved control of the permeation rate. The increasing pattern of the cryoprotectant concentrations in the groove20may be varied, as desired and/or needed, by varying the configuration of the system10(e.g., the volume of the first reservoir42, the length, width, and height of the channel48, the length, width, and depth of the groove20, and the distance between the first reservoir42and the groove20) and/or the suction (and/or positive pressure) force, rate, and duration, such that desired and/or needed mixing rates of the first, second, and third liquids may be achieved. The increasing pattern of the cryoprotectant concentrations in the groove20may determine how gradually the embryo22experiences and uptakes the changes in cryoprotectant concentration. In some embodiments, the system10may be configured and the first, second, and third suctions (and/or the first, second, and third positive pressures) may be designed, such that the achieved greatest cryoprotectant concentrations of the first liquid, the first mixed liquid, and the second mixed liquid may be 0%, 17%, and 55% by volume, respectively. As shown inFIG.9, unlike conventional devices that expose the embryo22to increasing concentrations in steps (e.g., as shown as the curve66, where the embryo22experiences two fast increases in cryoprotectant concentration), the system10may allow the embryo22to be exposed gradually to the final cryoprotectant concentration (e.g., as shown as the curve68, when the user places a fully-concentrated vitrification solution on the loading reservoir (e.g., the first reservoir42), or as shown as the curve70, when the user adds increasing concentrations to slow down the permeation process even further). While various embodiments of the present disclosure have been described, the present disclosure is not to be restricted except in light of the attached claims and their equivalents. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize that numerous variations and modifications may be made to the embodiments described above without departing from the scope of the present invention, as defined by the appended claims. Moreover, the advantages described herein are not necessarily the only advantages of the present disclosure and it is not necessarily expected that every embodiment of the present disclosure will achieve all of the advantages described.

11856948

4. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 1. Results 1.1 Preparation and Characterization of Engineered Colloidal Particles Made of Biopolymer Despite the exciting potential benefits that colloidal materials can bring in a wide range of industries [1, 6, 9, 12, 15], the number of the available commercial applications and products is limited. The problem is the need to generate stable colloidal formulations on a large scale at low manufacturing costs. Here disclosed is a new bench scale semi-continuous system that can produce large volumes of concentrated colloidal particle solutions in a controlled manner.FIG.2depicts the unit operations of the process which is highly efficient, green (being mostly water-based), inexpensive and scalable. The first step in the fabrication of engineered colloidal particles involves dissolving the biopolymer, organosolv lignin, in a common solvent to form a solution (also referred to as stock solution). The choice of solvent in this step is an important aspect of process sustainability. From a range of available solvents for lignin, ethanol was chosen as the solvent. Ethanol is generally recognized as non-toxic, biodegradable, and biorenewable solvent. It is classified as an environmentally preferable green solvent because it is commonly produced by fermenting renewable sources, including sugars, starches, and lignocelluloses. In comparison with other solvents, ethanol is a relatively low-cost and readily available. The second step in the formation of engineered colloidal particles involves mixing of lignin solvent stock and anti-solvent medium—water—in a T-unit piece. The T-unit piece is a junction in which two flow streams—the lignin stock stream and the anti-solvent stream) enter a mixing chamber perpendicularly through thin tubing to form engineered colloidal particle cores. A third stream, the engineered colloidal particle cores exit the T-unit piece. Water acts as non-solvent reducing the solubility of the lignin molecules and aggregating them to form particles. In the mixing step, the lignin solution and the anti-solvent liquid streams are pumped at different rates into the T-unit piece with digitally controlled liquid pumps. The synthesis of the particles is anticipated to occur at the point of mixing, where the anti-solvent meets lignin-solvent solution in the T-unit piece. This semi-continuous flow system is able to formulate larger volumes of lignin particle suspensions and achieves decoupling of particle concentration and particle size. The role of the key process variables including initial concentration of molecular organosolv lignin in the stock solution, the volumetric lignin stock flow rate, the volumetric anti-solvent flow rate, and anti-solvent volume was investigated. One process variable was systematically varied at a time, while the rest were kept constant. Particle size, polydispersity, and zeta-potential were measured by dynamic light scattering techniques. The results from these studies are presented inFIGS.3,4,5, and6. The data inFIG.3show that lignin particle size increases with increasing stock concentration. Two lignin stock concentrations, 1 wt % and 3 wt %, were studied in more detail and the results are presented inFIGS.4,5and6. 1.2 Mechanism of Formation of Engineered Colloidal Particles Made of Organosolv Lignin Biopolymer In addition to characterizing the relationship between the process control variables and resulting particle size and other characteristics, the mechanism of particle formation was elucidated. This mechanism can be deduced from the data inFIG.7. The lignin particle size was characterized in a sample taken from the reaction mixture every 60 seconds. The most important and somewhat unexpected feature of the data inFIG.7Ais that the particle size does not change as the reaction progresses. This means that particles forming upon mixing of lignin stock with anti-solvent in the T-unit piece do not experience particle growth or Ostwald ripening. This determines the uniformity of the particle sizes and low particle polydispersity in the system. Further, due to this particular mechanism of particle formation, a decoupling of particle size from particle concentration is possible. Addition of lignin stock to particle suspension results into the formation of more particles of the same size. 1.3 Stability of Engineered Colloidal Particles Made of Organosolv Lignin Biopolymer Over Time The long-term stability of the particle solutions was evaluated after samples were kept at room temperature and particle parameters were measured after 1 week and after 6 months. These data including sample stability and product shelf life are shown inFIG.8. All formulations were proven to be very stable in storage for at least 6 months, which is very promising for product development. The morphology of the lignin particles was visualized with transmission electron microscopy shortly after preparation and 6 months later—FIG.9. The particles are approximately spherical in shape and are mostly uniform in size which confirms the results from the dynamic light scattering measurements. 1.4 Functionalization of Engineered Colloidal Particles with Metal Ions Having achieved scalable fabrication of colloidal lignin particles with controlled sizes, the next step is to load the particles with active ingredients. Copper (Cu2+) ions were used as model actives that were attached to the lignin particles. Ionic copper has wide spectrum of anti-fungal and anti-bacterial activity and remains the most important fungicide in organic agriculture [13]. Simple mixing procedures to infuse lignin particles with copper ions was utilized. Because colloidal lignin particles have high surface area, the contact of the active ingredient with the pathogen will be enhanced. The large area of surface contact is expected to increase functional potency of copper ions. This results in better efficiency per unit active ingredient therefore reducing the amount of the active ingredient. The measured size and zeta-potential of colloidal lignin particles functionalized with copper ions are presented inFIG.10. 1.5a Preparation and Characterization of Composite Colloid Particle Formulation Comprising Engineered Lignin Particles, Metal Ions and Bioadhesive Cationic Polyelectrolyte To further optimize the delivery of the active ingredients, the metal ion modified lignin particles can be dispersed in a bio-adhesive polyelectrolyte solution. The cationic polyelectrolyte low molecular chitosan was utilized for this purpose. Chitosan is a natural linear polysaccharide produced by deacetylation of chitin from crab and shrimp shells. The presence of chitosan in the colloidal formulation has a dual function. First, these biopolymer molecules sterically stabilize the colloidal formulation and prevent it from aggregation. Second, the positively charged chitosan molecules have the capacity to promote their attachment and adhesion to surfaces such as plant foliage resulting in better surface coverage, which in turn is expected to contribute to more efficient and longer lasting field application. The measured size and zeta-potential of the colloidal lignin particle formulations are presented inFIGS.11and12. Note that in the presence of chitosan lignin-copper colloidal particles undergo a charge reversal, i.e., transition from negatively charged particles to positively charged colloidal particles—FIG.11C. 1.5b Preparation and Characterization of Composite Colloid Particle Formulation Comprising Engineered Lignin Particles, and Bioadhesive Cationic Polyelectrolyte Preparation of composite colloidal particle formulations comprising engineered lignin particles in chitosan solution was accomplished as described in section 1.5a but without the presence of metal ions. Solutions of colloidal lignin particles were simply added to solution of low molecular weight chitosan in water.FIG.12Cdocuments a charge reversal from negative to positive upon addition of addition of engineered colloidal particles to the chitosan solution. The disease preventing- and treating-properties of these formulations are described in the sections below. 1.6 In Vitro Antimicrobial Testing X. perforansis the dominant species causing bacterial spot disease [13]. TwoX. perforansstrains: 242 (18-013) which is a copper resistant strain and the copper sensitive strain 282 (18-003) were studied. For short-term storage and experiments, the bacteria were grown on nutrient agar (NA) at 28° C. Bacterial colonies were transferred to NA plates containing copper sulphate pentahydrate (CuSO4.5H2O) at 0.08 μmol/l and incubated for 24 h at 28° C. The anti-bacterial testing was conducted as described in Ref. [13]. 1.6.1 Quantitative Antimicrobial Test on Copper-sensitiveXanthomonas perforans In vitro, all lignin-based formulations demonstrated anti-bacterial efficacy against the copper sensitive strain—FIG.13. All composite colloidal particle formulations at concentration 0.01 wt % completely inhibited bacterial growth after 1 h of incubation. As expected, Kocide 3000 adversely affected the growth of the copper sensitive strain 282 (18-003). Bacterial populations treated with Kocide 3000 were significantly reduced (P=0.05) after 1 h of incubation. Exposure beyond 1 h helped eliminate recurrent bacterial growth. 1.6.2 Quantitative Antimicrobial Tests on Copper-TolerantXanthomonas perforans In vitro, all lignin-based formulations demonstrated anti-bacterial efficacy against the copper resistant strain—FIG.14. All composite colloidal particle formulations at concentration 0.01 wt % completely inhibited bacterial growth after 1 h of incubation. In contrast, copper-based Kocide 3000 bactericide at 0.1 wt % did not reduce bacterial population significantly (P=0.05) when compared to untreated control. Unlike Kocide 3000, all lignin-based formulations, lignin (0.01 wt %)-chitosan (0.01 wt %), lignin (0.01 wt %)-copper (0.01 wt %), and lignin (0.01 wt %)-copper (0.01 wt %)-chitosan (0.01 wt %) had the same effect on the copper sensitive and the copper resistant strains. 1.7. Field Testing of Composite Colloidal Particle Formulations To evaluate the efficacy of the composite colloidal particle formulations against bacterial spot disease in the open field in tomato crops, one field trial was conducted with bacterial inoculation and one field trial was conducted without inoculation. Except for the inoculation step, in both trials agronomic and data analysis protocols were very similar. To evaluate the efficacy of the composite colloidal particle formulations against bacterial spot disease in the open field in pepper crops one field trial was conducted. This trial followed the protocols of the inoculated tomato trial. Formulations tested in the field included lignin particles (0.01 wt %) with chitosan at (0.01 wt %) (Treatment D), lignin particles (0.01 wt %) with copper ions (0.01 wt %) and with chitosan (0.01 wt %) (Treatment E), and lignin particles (0.01 wt %) with copper ions (0.01 wt %) (Treatment F). Controls included water (Treatment A), Kocide 3000 at 0.064 wt % copper ions (Treatment B), and growers standard (Kocide 3000 at 0.064 wt %+Actigard at 0.5 oz+Manzate Pro-Stick at 0.18 wt %) (Treatment C). Treatments were applied weekly for 8 weeks using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer equipped with a hand-held boom and one, two, or three hollow cone nozzles (TXVS-26) at 45 psi. Spray rate (gal/acre) increased as plants grew: 45 gal/acre for three weeks, 55 gal/acre for three weeks, then 65 gal/acre for the final two weeks. In the first field trial plants 1, 8 and 15 in each row were spray-inoculated with copper-resistant strain ofX. perforansbacterial suspension (5.10×8 CFU/ml). The severity of bacterial spot was evaluated weekly using a modified Horsfall-Barratt scale [13]. The area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was calculated using the method described in [13]. All statistical analysis were completed using IBM SPSS Statistics. AUDPC were examined using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by pairwise comparison using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) method with a P value of 0.05. The results from the field research are presented inFIG.15,FIG.16andFIG.17, respectively. The growers standard, Kocide 3000 and lignin particles with bio-adhesive chitosan (0.01 wt %) provided the best control of bacterial spot in the first trial. In the second trial lignin particles coated with chitosan (Treatment D), lignin particles with copper ions and with chitosan (Treatment E) provide best control of bacterial spot as measured by the area under the disease progress curve. 1.8. Elemental Analysis Elemental analysis was conducted in tomato fruit that was harvested in the second field trial. Fruit were collected 7 days after last application of test composite colloidal particle formulation (lignin-chitosan formulation) and analyzed for elemental composition using Induction Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (Thermo-Jarrell Ash, Franklin, MA) (14). As seen in Table 1 there were no significant differences for any of the elements when comparing elemental compositions for the active and control untreated sample. TABLE 1Elemental accumulation in tomato fruit collected from fields treated with lignin-chitosan composite colloidal particle formulation, compared to untreated control.ElementElemental Accumulation in Fruit, mg/kg fresh weightSignificanceIDL-CS treatedUntreated ControlP = 0.5Al0.37 ± 0.030.3 ± 0.02NSB0.62 ± 0.030.63 ± 0.04NSCa67.19 ± 4.9857.73 ± 3.6NSCu0.32 ± 0.030.27 ± 0.02NSFe2.17 ± 0.351.75 ± 0.1NSK1831.59 ± 59.771927.24 ± 75.05NSMg83.07 ± 1.8180.23 ± 3.85NSMn1.3 ± 0.21.3 ± 0.22NSNa14.66 ± 1.0117.42 ± 2.69NSP101.42 ± 5.06126.66 ± 19.63NSS72.9 ± 3.9677.65 ± 4.25NSSi0.65 ± 0.040.66 ± 0.09NSZn0.88 ± 0.080.87 ± 0.07NS

11856949

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Other than in the operating examples, or where otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, reaction conditions and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about.” Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the following specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical values, however, inherently contain certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements. Also, it should be understood that any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all sub-ranges subsumed therein. For example, a range of 1″ to 10″ is intended to include all sub-ranges between and including the recited minimum value of 1 and the recited maximum value of 10, that is, having a minimum value equal to or greater than 1 and a maximum value of equal to or less than 10. As used herein, unless otherwise expressly specified, all numbers such as those expressing values, ranges, amounts or percentages may be read as if prefaced by the word “about”, even if the term does not expressly appear. Any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all sub-ranges subsumed therein. Plural encompasses singular and vice versa; e.g., the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless expressly and unequivocally limited to one referent. Also, as used herein, the term “polymer” is meant to refer to prepolymers, oligomers and both homopolymers and copolymers; the prefix “poly” refers to two or more. With respect to the present invention, the term “stable” as used herein is intended to refer to physically stable compositions; i.e., liquid compositions that exist in a substantially continuous, single phase. In the context of the present invention the term “organic solvents” refers to, for example, nonpolar solvents, polar protic solvents, aprotic polar solvents and mixtures thereof. The liquid herbicidal composition of the present invention comprises a water-soluble herbicidal ingredient (a). Non-limiting, suitable examples include glufosinate and salts thereof such as glufosinate-ammonium, glyphosate and salts thereof, paraquat, diquat, and the like. Mixtures may also be used. Typically the water-soluble herbicidal ingredient may comprise a compound of the formula (I) and/or salts thereof: wherein Z1is a radical of the formula —OM, —NHCH(CH3)CONHCH(CH3)CO2M, or —NHCH(CH3)CONHCH[CH2CH(CH3)2]CO2M, where M is H or a salt-forming cation. The water-soluble herbicidal ingredient may alternatively or additionally comprise a compound of the formula (II) and/or salts thereof: wherein Z2is a radical of the formula CN or CO2R1, in which R1is a salt-forming cation or is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxyalkyl or C6-C10aryl, which is unsubstituted or substituted, and is often unsubstituted or substituted by one or more radicals such as alkyl, alkoxy, halogen, CF3, NO2and CN; and wherein R2and R3are each independently H, alkyl or C6-C10aryl, which is unsubstituted or substituted and is often unsubstituted or substituted by one or more radicals such as alkyl, alkoxy, halogen, CF3, NO2and CN, or biphenylyl or a salt-forming cation. Typically, the carbon-containing radicals defined as R2or R3have up to 10 carbon atoms, usually up to 6 carbon atoms. Note that the compounds of formula (I) contain an asymmetric carbon atom. The L enantiomer has been observed to be the biologically active isomer. The formula (I) therefore is intended to encompass all stereoisomers and mixtures thereof, particularly the racemate, and the biologically active enantiomer in each case. Examples of active ingredients of the formula (I) include glufosinate and/or its ammonium salt such as in a racemic mixture; i.e., 2-amino-4[hydroxy(methyl)phosphinoyl]butanoic acid and its ammonium salt, the L enantiomer of glufosinate and its ammonium salt or other salts such as potassium, sodium, diethylamine, triethylamine, bilanafos/bialaphos; e.g., L-2-amino-4-[hydroxy(methyl)phosphinoyl]butanoyl-L-alaninyl-L-alanine and its sodium salt. The water-soluble herbicidal ingredient may be present in the composition of the present invention in an amount of 20 to 35 percent by weight, often 20 to 30 percent by weight, and more often 22 to 28 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. Note that because the water-soluble herbicidal ingredient is typically provided in a 50 percent by weight aqueous solution, an equal amount of water is usually provided with the water-soluble herbicidal ingredient. The numbers in the ranges above reflect the amount of herbicide only, not the total solution amount. Additional water may be added as necessary. The composition of the present invention further comprises an alkyl ether sulfate (b). Alkyl ether sulfates are generally defined as salts of sulfated adducts of ethylene oxide with fatty alcohols containing from 8 to 16 carbon atoms. The alkyl ether sulfates used in the composition of the present invention are commercially available and may contain a linear aliphatic group having from 8 to 16 carbon atoms, usually from 12 to 16 carbon atoms. The degree of ethoxylation may be from 1 to 10 moles of ethylene oxide, usually 2 to 4 moles of ethylene oxide. Examples include sodium lauryl ether sulfate, ammonium lauryl ether sulfate, and other salts of lauryl ether sulfate. The alkyl ether sulfate most often used in composition of the present invention is sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES); typically supplied as an approximate 70% active solution, derived either from vegetable or petroleum sources. The alkyl ether sulfate may be present in the composition of the present invention in an amount of 3 to 35 percent by weight, often 10 to 30 percent by weight, more often 20 to 30 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. The composition of the present invention further comprises an organic solvent (c). Suitable solvents may include cyclic alcohols such as tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol; aliphatic alcohols, such as alkanols having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, usually 1 to 6 carbon atoms, such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol and butanol, for example, or polyhydric alcohols such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, and glycerol; ethers such as diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran (THF), and dioxane; alkylene glycol monoalkyl and dialkyl ethers, such as propylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monomethyl and monoethyl ether, diglyme, and tetraglyme, for example; amides such as dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylacetamide, dimethylcaprylamide, dimethylcapramide (HALLCOMID®), and N-alkylpyrrolidones; ketones such as acetone, cyclohexanone, acetophenone, butrylolactone; esters based on glyceryl and carboxylic acids, such as glyceryl mono-, di- and triacetate, phthalic esters, ethyl lactate, 2-ethylhexyl lactate; lactams; carbonic diesters; nitriles such as acetonitrile, propionitrile, butyronitrile, and benzonitrile; sulfoxides and sulfones such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and sulfolane; carbonates such as propylene or butylene carbonate. Combinations of different solvents, additionally containing alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, n- and isopropanol, and n-, iso-, tert- and 2-butanol, are also suitable. Solvents that are most often used in the composition of the present invention include individual solvents or solvent mixtures that are substantially miscible with water, in order to maintain the phase stability of the composition. The organic solvent may be present in the composition of the present invention in an amount of 1 to 20 percent by weight, often 3 to 10 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. The alkyl polyglucosides (d) which may be used in the present invention are those corresponding to formula (III): R4O(R5O)b(Z3)a(III) wherein R4is a monovalent organic radical having from 6 to 30 carbon atoms; R5is a divalent alkylene radical having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms; Z3is a glucose residue having 5 or 6 carbon atoms; b is a number ranging from 0 to 12; and a is a number ranging from 1 to 6. Non-limiting examples of commercially available alkyl polyglucosides include, for example, APG®, AGNIQUE®, or AGRIMUL® surfactants from Cognis Corporation, Cincinnati, Ohio; Atlox surfactants from Uniqema, New Castle, Del. 19720; or AG surfactants from AKZO NOBEL Surface Chemistry, LLC, such as: 1. AGNIQUE PG 8105 Surfactant—an alkyl polyglucoside in which the alkyl group contains 8 to 10 carbon atoms and having an average degree of polymerization of 1.5. 2. AGNIQUE PG 8166 Surfactant—an alkyl polyglucoside in which the alkyl group contains 8 to 16 carbon atoms and having an average degree of polymerization of 1.6. 3. AGNIQUE PG 266 Surfactant—an alkyl polyglucoside in which the alkyl group contains 12 to 16 carbon atoms and having an average degree of polymerization of 1.6. 4. AGNIQUE PG 9116 Surfactant—an alkyl polyglucoside in which the alkyl group contains 9 to 11 carbon atoms and having an average degree of polymerization of 1.6. 5. AGNIQUE PG 264-U Surfactant—an alkyl polyglucoside in which the alkyl group contains 12 to 16 carbon atoms and having an average degree of polymerization of 1.4. 6. AGNIQUE PG 8107 Surfactant—a C8-16alkyl polyglucoside in which the alkyl group contains 8 to 10 carbon atoms and having an average degree of polymerization of 1.7. 7. AGNIQUE PG 266 Surfactant—a C12-16alkyl polyglucoside in which the alkyl group contains 12 to 16 carbon atoms and having an average degree of polymerization of 1.6. 8. AL 2575/AL 535 Surfactant—a C8-11alkyl polyglucoside in which the alkyl group contains 8 to 11 carbon atoms and having a HLB 12-13. 9. Akzo Nobel AG 6202, AG 6206, or AG 6210 surfactants which are 2 ethylhexyl branched C8; linear hexyl C6; and linear C8-C10 alkyl polyglucosides respectively. The alkyl polyglucoside may typically comprise a C6-C16alkyl polyglucoside. The alkyl polyglucosides most often used in the composition of the present invention are those of formula III wherein R4is a monovalent organic radical having from 8 to 10 carbon atoms; b is zero; and a is a number having a value from 1 to 3, typically 1.5 to 1.7, often 1.6. The alkyl polyglucoside may be present in the composition of the present invention in an amount of 1 to 15 percent by weight, often 6 to 12 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. While the liquid herbicidal compositions of the present invention may be waterborne or solventborne, they are more often waterborne (aqueous). In the composition of the present invention, the weight ratio of the water-soluble herbicidal ingredient (a) to the alkyl ether sulfate (b) may range from 1:0.2 to 1:5.0, often 1:0.8 to 1:1.2. In addition, the weight ratio of the water-soluble herbicidal ingredient (a) to the organic solvent (c) may range from 1:0.02 to 1:1, often 1:0.1 to 1:0.3. While not intending to be bound by theory, it has been observed that keeping the ratios of the various ingredients within these ranges enhances the biological activity of the herbicidal ingredient compared to when it is used alone, without compromising the stability of the composition. Moreover, the viscosity of the composition may be maintained within a desired range. Unlike concentrated herbicidal compositions of the prior art, the composition of the present invention is both stable and sprayable over a wide temperature range. The viscosity of the composition is typically no more than 2000 cps, often no more than 1500 cps, more often no more than 1000 cps, at temperatures as low as 0° C. Viscosity may be measured using any technique known to those skilled in the art, for example, using a Brookfield Synchro-lectric Model LVT Viscometer. An apparent viscosity is measured by first stirring the sample with a glass rod for 10 seconds, placing the sample on the instrument, turning the instrument on, and measuring the value after 3 revolutions of the measuring dial. Typically the measurement is made using a #3 spindle rotating at 30 RPMs; however depending upon the viscosity of the sample, different spindles and differing rotational speeds can be utilized, as known by those skilled in the art. The composition of the present invention may optionally include auxiliary agents commonly used in herbicide formulations and known to those skilled in the art. Examples include wetting agents, dispersants, emulsifiers, penetrants, preservatives, antifreezes and evaporation inhibitors such as glycerol and ethylene or propylene glycol, sorbitol, sodium lactate, fillers, carriers, colorants including pigments and/or dyes, pH modifiers (buffers, acids, and bases), salts such as calcium, magnesium, ammonium, potassium, sodium, and/or iron chlorides, fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate, urea, and defoamers. Suitable defoamers include all customary defoamers including silicone-based and those based upon perfluoroalkyl phosphinic and phosphonic acids, in particular silicone-based defoamers, such as silicone oils, for example. Defoamers most commonly used are those from the group of linear polydimethylsiloxanes having an average dynamic viscosity, measured at 25° C., in the range from 1000 to 8000 mPas (mPas=millipascal-second), usually 1200 to 6000 mPas, and containing silica. Silica includes polysilicic acids, meta-silicic acid, ortho-silicic acid, silica gel, silicic acid gels, kieselguhr, precipitated SiO2, and the like. Defoamers from the group of linear polydimethylsiloxanes contain as their chemical backbone a compound of the formula HO—[Si(CH3)2—O—]n—H, in which the end groups are modified, by etherification for example, or are attached to the groups —Si(CH3)3. Non-limiting examples of defoamers of this kind are RHODORSIL® Antifoam 416 (Rhodia) and RHODORSIL® Antifoam 481 (Rhodia). Other suitable defoamers are RHODORSIL® 1824, ANTIMUSSOL 4459-2 (Clariant), Defoamer V 4459 (Clariant), SE Visk and AS EM SE 39 (Wacker). The silicone oils can also be used in the form of emulsions. The present invention will further be described by reference to the following examples. The examples are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to be limiting. Unless otherwise indicated, all parts are by weight. EXAMPLES The following examples (1 to 9) illustrate the preparation of various herbicidal compositions, demonstrating combinations of co-solvents and alkyl polyglucosides and their combined effects on stability. Examples 1, 3, and 7 are illustrative of the invention while Examples 2, 4-6, 8, and 9 are comparative. The ingredients were mixed together in a suitable vessel at room temperature in the order listed and were observed for phase separation at room temperature. Note that ingredients may be mixed in other sequences, For example, the herbicide may be added to the solvent package, provided the solution does not phase separate. 123456789Glufosinate 50%44.0044.0044.0044.0044.0044.0044.0044.0044.00SLES (sodium lauryl38.0038.0038.0038.0038.0038.0038.0038.0038.00ether sulfate) 70%BREAK THRU S20011.001.001.001.001.001.001.001.001.00THFA7.007.007.00(tetrahydrofurfurylalcohol)Propylene glycol7.007.007.00monomethyl etherDipropylene Glycol7.007.007.00Iso-propanol3.003.003.00Iso-Butanol3.003.003.001-Butanol3.003.003.001Ethoxylated trisiloxane available from Degussa Corporation AKZO 6206 Linear5.005.005.00Hexyl polyglycoside2AKZO 6202 2-5.005.005.00ethylhexylpolyglycoside3AL 2575 C8-105.005.005.00Alkyl polyglycoside4Sodium Xylene1.751.751.75Sulfonate 40%aqueousSodium Toluene1.751.751.75Sulfonate 40%aqueousAmmonium Sulfate,0.700.700.70GranularFLUOWET PL80B50.250.250.250.250.250.250.250.250.25Deionized Water1.051.051.05RESULTS:Separation of sampleNoYesNoYesYesYesNoYesYes2Linear hexyl polyglucoside available from Akzo Nobel AG32 ethylhexyl branched polyglucoside available from Akzo Nobel4C8-11alkyl polyglucoside in which the alkyl group contains 8 to 11 carbon atoms and has a HLB 12-135Defoamer available from Clariant Examples 10 to 12 Examples 10 to 12 illustrate the effects of dipropylene glycol with various co-solvents. Example 10 is a composition of the present invention while Examples 11 and 12 are comparative. 1110%grams12%grams%gramsINGREDIENT:Glufosinate 50%44.0088.0044.0088.0044.0088.00SLES 70%38.0076.0038.0076.0038.0076.00BREAK THRU S2001.002.001.002.001.002.00Dipropylene Glycol7.0014.007.0014.007.0014.00Iso-propanol3.006.00Iso-butanol3.006.001-butanol3.006.00AKZO 6206 Linear5.0010.00Hexyl polyglycosideAKZO 6202 2-5.0010.00ethylhexlpolyglycosideAL 2575 C8-C105.0010.00Alkyl polyglycosideSodium Xylene1.753.50Sulfonate 40%Sodium Toluene1.753.50Sulfonate 40%PLANTAPON1.753.50CMGS1FLUOWET PL80B0.250.500.250.500.250.50TOTAL:100.00200.00100.00200.00100.00200.00RESULTS:Viscosity, cps- Initial140NTNTRoom TemperatureAppearance - Initialno separationseparationseparationRoom TempNT—Not Tested due to separation of samples in study.1Surfactant available from Cognis-Care Chemicals Example 13 (Comparative) Each composition in the following example contained, in parts by weight: Glufosinate 50% Concentrate49BREAK THRU 9903 Antifoam10.8BREAK THRU S200 Silicone Surfactant20.6Potassium Hydroxide 50% Solution0.121,2Available from Degussa Corporation SLESExampleSolution %AL 2575 %THFA %% Separation13a37.245.56.741.813b35.624.59.3617.813c345.59.9810.913d344.510.9812.9613e343.511.9823.613f37.243.58.7412.713g36.4358.0510.713h35.083.510.921.813i36.163.59.8216.113j35.085.58.97.4 While each of the mixtures in the above set exhibited some degree of separation, the amount of separation was less as the level of THFA solvent decreased and the level of APG surfactant increased. Percent separation is a measurement of the height of a separated phase compared to the total height of a sample. Example 14 The following example illustrates the preparation of an herbicidal composition in accordance with the present invention. The ingredients were mixed together in the order listed: INGREDIENTPercent by WeightGlufosinate 50%48.600AGNIQUE SLES 270134.544AGNIQUE PG 810529.850THFA5.500BREAK THRU S2000.600BREAK THRU AF 99030.800Hydroxide 50% SolutionPotassium0.100D&C Red 170.006TOTAL100.000 RESULTSGms Glufosinate/liter280.00Lbs Glufosinate/Gal2.335Viscosity cps-R.T.216Viscosity cps-40° F./4.4° C.640Viscosity cps-32° F./0° C.788Viscosity cps-12° F./−10° C.54001,2Available from AKZO NOBEL Surface Chemistry, LLC Whereas particular embodiments of this invention have been described above for purposes of illustration, it will be evident to those skilled in the art that numerous variations of the details of the present invention may be made without departing from the invention as defined in the appended claims.

11856950

DETAILED DESCRIPTION For a further understanding of the nature and function of the embodiments, reference should be made to the following detailed description. Detailed descriptions of the embodiments are provided herein, as well as, the best mode of carrying out and employing the present invention. It will be readily appreciated that the embodiments are well adapted to carry out and obtain the ends and features mentioned as well as those inherent herein. It is to be understood, however, that the present invention may be embodied in various forms. Therefore, persons of ordinary skill in the art will realize that the following disclosure is illustrative only and not in any way limiting, as the specific details disclosed herein provide a basis for the claims and a representative basis for teaching to employ the present invention in virtually any appropriately detailed system, structure or manner. It should be understood that the devices, materials, methods, procedures, and techniques described herein are presently representative of various embodiments. Other embodiments of the disclosure will readily suggest themselves to such skilled persons having the benefit of this disclosure. The advantages and significant benefits of the present invention include high solids, more film build, better flow, higher luster, when compared to conventional lacquers in performance without the toxicity. The present invention can be safely used by chemically sensitive users and has a mild odor content similar to citrus scent. The present invention fights indoor air pollution by sealing in off gassing and containing a very low volatile organic compound (VOC) content, which meets or exceeds all federal and state air quality regulations, including California's. Unlike many commercially available products the composition of the present invention contains no formaldehyde. The evaporation rate of the compositions of the present invention are slower than ether and have a vapor density that is heavier than air. Therefore, in accordance with preferred embodiments of the invention there are provided insect repelling compositions of non-toxic wood preservatives that can be applied directly to the wood of a home's interior or exterior that are safe for pets and humans. The insect repelling compositions are able to deter, kill, and/or prevent insects from accessing wood which may serve as a food source for insects that come into contact with these compositions. According to inventors' research, the termite species termites subterranean excretes an alarm pheromone when exposed to a compound sourced from citrus fruit peels known as D-Limonene (C10H16). The d-isomer of limonene, a monoterpene and cycloalkene, occurs commonly in nature as the fragrance of oranges. The alarm pheromone excretion of termites is a natural defense mechanism of termites subterranean. Accordingly, when subterranean soldier termites detect danger in a location, these termites excrete the alarm pheromone to warn other termites of the danger, thereby, directing the other termites to avoid that location. When wood is treated with D-Limonene, the compound creates a zone of danger or discomfort perceived by wood boring insects, signifying to these insects that the zone is not inherently safe. The compositions of the present invention are believed to have long lasting effects, which deter and/or kill insects that come into contact with it, affecting a wide range of wood boring and eating insects, including termites, carpenter ants, and carpenter bees. The compositions of the present invention cause termite death, which result from destruction of the digestive and respiratory systems of termites. These compositions of the present invention are effective for many years and also assist with sealing outgassing. Therefore, in accordance with embodiments of the invention there is provided a non-toxic insect control composition for treatment of a wood surface in interior and exterior settings. The composition of the present invention is preferably a clear, hard and durable, water-based acrylic compound. The composition includes D-Limonene, in a range of at least 5% to approximately 30% by weight, a non-toxic emulsifying agent, in a range of at least 1% to approximately 20% by weight, water in a range of at least 20% by weight to approximately 60% by weight of water, a modified acrylic emulsion copolymer in a range of at least 20% by weight to approximately 45% by weight, dipropylene glycol methyl ether in a range of at least 1% by weight to approximately 10% by weight, Polysiloxane Polymer in a range of at least 1% by weight to approximately 5% by weight, and an Amine solution in a range of at least 1% by weight to approximately 5% by weight. The D-Limonene can be derived from a variety of citrus fruits and other plants and is commercially available under the name Cold Pressed Orange Oil, for example. The non-toxic emulsifying agent can be, for example, Alkamuls® EL620. The composition preferably includes each of the above ingredients, though including the D-Limonene is highly preferred. D-Limonene, otherwise known as orange limonene or 1-methyl-4-(1 methylethenyl) cyclohexene, or 4-ispropenyl-1-methyl cyclohexene, has a chemical formula of C10H16, a molecular weight of 136.2, and contains 88.1% C and 11.8% H by weight. It occurs in various ethereal oils, particularly in oils of lemon, orange, lime, grapefruit and bergamot. D-Limonene can be cold pressed from citrus peels or obtained from steam extraction of citrus peels of, for example, orange, lemon, grapefruit, lime, and bergamot. Some extractions from citrus peels contain as high as 95% D-Limonene. Distillation of the oils produces technical grades of D-Limonene of higher purity from approximately 95% to approximately 96%. In one embodiment, the non-toxic insect control composition preferably includes at least one food-grade preservative, such as sodium benzoate in a range of at least 0.1% to approximately 1% by weight. In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a composition is provided comprising approximately 25% by weight cold pressed orange oil component, having a concentration of at least 90% D-Limonene, and approximately 75% by weight acrylic lacquer component, with the acrylic lacquer component comprising approximately 45% by weight modified acrylic emulsion copolymer, at least 40% by weight water, at least 5% by weight dipropylene glycol methyl ether, at least less than 5% by weight polysiloxane polymer, and at least less than 5% by weight amine solution. The modified acrylic emulsion copolymer, dipropylene glycol methyl ether, polysiloxane, amine solution and water are mixed first, then Alkamuls® E1-620, water, and D-Limonene are mixed next. Once mixed, the composition remains homogenous for at least 180 days. When separation occurs, simple stirring is sufficient to cause the composition to become homogenous again. The D-Limonene is sourced from, for example, cold pressed orange oil preferably containing over 95% D-Limonene concentration, which is sold, for example, under the brand Medina®. The modified acrylic emulsion copolymer is sold, for example, under the brands Gellner Industrial, Golden Artist Colors®, and Holbein®. The dipropylene glycol methyl ether is sold, for example, under the brands Quality Chemical™, TCI America, DOW Chemical Company. The polysiloxane polymer is sold, for example, under the brands Golden Artist Colors®, Holbein®, Haisun®. The amine solution is sold, for example, by Amine Solutions Inc., Grainger Inc., Salt-X®. The 25% and 75% solutions of the composition can be applied to unpainted raw wood. In such embodiments of the invention, the composition dries completely in approximately 4 hours in dry environments and a second coat is then applied. Once the second coat dries the painted wood retains the aromatic citrus smell for at least 6 months. Another exemplary embodiment of the present invention includes a composition having 30% Cold Pressed Orange Oil and 70% Acrylic Lacquer solutions. In such exemplary embodiment, the Cold Pressed Orange Oil component of the composition includes at least 80% by weight of D-Limonene, sold, for example, under the Home & Garden® brand from Green Gobbler™ Company. In such embodiment, the Acrylic Lacquer component includes at least 10% by weight of water; at least 50% by weight of modified acrylic emulsion copolymer, sold, for example, under the brands Gellner Industrial, Golden Artist Colors®, and Holbein®, at least 6% by weight of dipropylene glycol methyl ether, sold, for example, under the brands Quality Chemical™, TCI America, DOW Chemical Company, at least 3% by weight of polysiloxane polymer, sold, for example, under the brands Golden Artist Colors®, Holbein®, Haisun®, and at least 5% by weight of amine solution, sold, for example, by Amine Solutions Inc., Grainger Inc., Salt-X®. The modified acrylic emulsion copolymer, dipropylene glycol methyl ether, polysiloxane, amine solution and water are mixed first, then Alkamuls® El 620, water, and D-Limonene are mixed. Once mixed, the composition remains homogenous for at least 180 days. When separation occurs, simple stirring is sufficient to cause the composition to become homogenous again. In exemplary embodiments of the present invention, a composition includes 30% and 50% solutions. The 30% solution of the composition includes approximately 4% by weight of D-Limonene, approximately 3% by weight of Alkamuls® El 620, known as cold pressed Castor Oil, approximately 20% by weight of water, approximately 60% by weight of modified acrylic emulsion copolymer, approximately 4% by weight of dipropylene glycol methyl ether, approximately 4% by weight of polysiloxane polymer, and approximately 5% by weight of amine solution. In such exemplary embodiment, the modified acrylic emulsion copolymer, dipropylene glycol methyl ether, polysiloxane, amine solution and water are mixed first, then Alkamuls® El 620, water, and D-Limonene are mixed. Once mixed, the composition remains homogenous for at least 30 days. When separation occurs, simple stirring is sufficient to cause the composition to become homogenous again. D-limonene is a compound sourced from the peel of citrus fruits, including, for example, oranges, mandarins, limes, and grapefruit. In preferred embodiments of the invention, the D-Limonene is sourced from cold pressed orange oil. Preferably, the cold pressed orange oil component contains a D-Limonene concentration of preferably at least 80%, and more preferably of at least 95%. The preferred cold pressed orange oil is sold, for example, under the brands Home & Garden® or Medina®. The Castor Oil is sold under the brands Alkamuls® EL-620 brand emulsifier, UpNature®, or Essential Depot®. One skilled in the art can appreciate that the castor oil can be organic. The preferred modified acrylic emulsion copolymer is sold, for example, under the brands Gellner Industrial, Golden Artist Colors®, and Holbein®. Preferably, the dipropylene glycol methyl ether is sold, for example, under the brands Quality Chemical™, TCI America, DOW Chemical Company. Preferably, the polysiloxane polymer is sold, for example, under the brands Golden Artist Colors®, Holbein®, Haisun®. The amine solution is sold, for example, by Amine Solutions Inc., Grainger Inc., Salt-X®. In one embodiment, the composition includes approximately 26% by weight of D-Limonene, approximately 5% by weight of Alkamuls® EL620, approximately 14% by weight of water; approximately 45% by weight of modified acrylic emulsion copolymer, approximately 5% by weight of dipropylene glycol methyl ether, approximately 2% by weight of polysiloxane polymer; and approximately 3% by weight of amine solution. The modified acrylic emulsion copolymer, dipropylene glycol methyl ether, polysiloxane, amine solution and water are mixed first, then Alkamuls® El 620, water, and D-Limonene are mixed. The compositions combine without complications and stay homogeneous over time. In such exemplary embodiment, the D-Limonene can be sourced from cold pressed orange oil, sold, for example, under the brands Home & Garden®, Medina®, Blubonic Industries®, FDC™, Citra Blast™, Mean Tangerine™. The Alkamuls® EL620 emulsifier is sold for example, under the DeWolf Chemical™ and Solvay® brands of castor oil ethoxylate (30). The modified acrylic emulsion copolymer is sold, for example, under the MakingCosmetics®, Golden Artist Colors®, Shalimar Chemical Works, Ltd. brands. The dipropylene glycol methyl ether is sold, for example, under the DOW Chemicals, Quality Chemical™, TCI Chemicals brands. The polysiloxane polymer is sold, for example, under the EcoAdvance™, Rainguard™, Foundation Armor® brands. The amine solution is sold, for example, under the ChemWorld™ and Aminovation Lab® brands. In yet another exemplary embodiment of the invention, the composition includes approximately 20% by weight of D-Limonene, approximately 7% by weight of emulsifier (Alkamuls® EL620 brand emulsifier), approximately 15% by weight of water, approximately 50% by weight of modified acrylic emulsion copolymer, approximately 3% by weight of dipropylene glycol methyl ether, approximately 2% by weight of polysiloxane polymer; and approximately 3% by weight of amine solution. In yet another exemplary embodiment of the invention, the composition includes approximately 15% by weight of D-Limonene, approximately 5% by weight of Alkamuls® EL620 brand emulsifier, approximately 20% by weight of water, approximately 55% by weight of modified acrylic emulsion copolymer, approximately 2% by weight of dipropylene glycol methyl ether, approximately 1% by weight of polysiloxane polymer, and approximately 2% by weight of amine solution. In such exemplary embodiments of the invention, Home & Garden® Cold Pressed orange oil, made by Green Gobbler™ is mixed with Safecoat® water based acrylic lacquer. In accordance with embodiments of the invention a composition for preserving wood is presented. In such embodiments of the present invention, the composition includes mixing cold pressed orange oil comprised of at least 80% D-Limonene with commercially available existing wood preservatives, wherein the composition can be mixed in a ratio from 1%-99% by weight of cold pressed orange oil comprised of at least 80% D-Limonene and a ratio from 99%-1% by weight of commercially available existing wood preservative, respectfully. Examples of such commercially available existing wood preservatives are Safecoat®brand Safecoat® Acrylacq Gloss™ preservative, MINWAX® brand Polycrylic protective finish clear gloss preservative, Eco Wood Treatment® brand natural mineral-based wood preservative, TallEarth™ brand Eco-safe wood treatment non-toxic stain and preservative, EcoAdvance™ brand exterior wood silixane waterproofer preservative. The composition further includes the following combinations, with each subsequent combination being more preferable than the prior: In one embodiment, the composition includes a ratio of 5% by weight of cold pressed orange oil comprised of at least 80% D-Limonene to 95% by weight of commercially available existing wood preservative. In yet another embodiment, the composition includes a ratio of 10% by weight of cold pressed orange oil comprised of at least 80% D-Limonene to 90% by weight of commercially available existing wood preservative. In another embodiment, the composition includes a ratio of 15% by weight of cold pressed orange oil comprised of at least 80% D-Limonene to 85% by weight of commercially available existing wood preservative. In yet another embodiment, the composition includes a ratio of 20% by weight of cold pressed orange oil comprised of at least 80% D-Limonene to 80% by weight of commercially available existing wood preservative preservative. In a most preferred embodiment, the composition includes a ratio of 25% by weight of cold pressed orange oil comprised of at least 80% D-Limonene to 75% by weight of commercially available existing wood preservative. Also, in all embodiments of the present invention mentioned above, one could add another ingredient (for example, in place of a like amount, from 65%-99% by weight of the previous embodiments of the present invention and from 1%-35% by weight of commercially available pure Boric Acid, respectfully. In one embodiment of the present invention, the composition includes 30% by weight of pure Boric Acid and 70% by weight of previous embodiments. In a most preferred embodiment of the present invention, the composition includes 20% by weight of pure Boric Acid and 80% by weight of previous embodiments. In another embodiment of the present invention, the composition includes 25% by weight of pure Boric Acid and 75% by weight of previous embodiments. In yet another embodiment, the composition includes 15% by weight of pure Boric Acid and 85% by weight of previous embodiments. In another embodiment, the composition includes 10% by weight of pure Boric Acid and 90% by weight of previous embodiments. In one embodiment, the composition includes 5% by weight pure Boric Acid and 95% by weight of previous embodiments. In yet another embodiment, the composition includes 2% by weight of pure Boric Acid and 98% by weight of previous embodiments. Boric acid is available under the following brand: Ecoxall. In accordance with embodiments of the invention a termiticide composition is presented. In such embodiments of the present invention, the temicide composition includes approximately 25% by weight of D-Limonene, approximately 12% by weight of Boric Acid (pure boric acid manufactured by FDC™), approximately 5% by weight of emulsifier (Alkamuls® EL620), approximately 10% by weight of water, approximately 40% by weight of modified acrylic emulsion copolymer, approximately 5% by weight of dipropylene glycol methyl ether, approximately 1% by weight of polysiloxane polymer, and approximately 2% by weight of amine solution. In one embodiment, the termiticide composition includes approximately 20% by weight of D-Limonene, approximately 15% by weight of Boric Acid, approximately 5% by weight of emulsifier (Alkamuls® EL620), approximately 5% by weight of water, approximately 50% by weight of modified acrylic emulsion copolymer, approximately 2% by weight of dipropylene glycol methyl ether, approximately 1% by weight of polysiloxane polymer, and approximately 2% by weight of amine solution. In another embodiment, the termiticide composition includes approximately 15% by weight of D-Limonene, approximately 10% by weight of Boric Acid, approximately 3% by weight of emulsifier (Alkamuls® EL620), approximately 10% by weight of water, approximately 52% by weight of modified acrylic emulsion copolymer, approximately 7% by weight of dipropylene glycol methyl ether, approximately 1% by weight of polysiloxane polymer, and approximately 2% by weight of amine solution. In yet another embodiment, the termiticide composition includes approximately 10% by weight of D-Limonene, approximately 10% by weight of Boric Acid, approximately 3% by weight of emulsifier (Alkamuls® EL620), approximately 10% by weight of water, approximately 55% by weight of modified acrylic emulsion copolymer, approximately 7% by weight of dipropylene glycol methyl ether, approximately 2% by weight of polysiloxane polymer, and approximately 3% by weight of amine solution. To evidence the unexpectedly improved nature of the results obtained using embodiments of the claimed invention, the foregoing tests were performed. The following examples are intended to exemplify the claimed invention, and not to limit the claimed invention in any manner. Example 1 Objective To demonstrate the effectiveness of a termicidal composition in accordance with embodiments disclosed herein, an experiment was conducted to evaluate treated cellulose material for its resistance to subterranean termites the American Wood Protection Association (AWPA) Standard E1-13 was implemented. In the experiment, single choice tests and two choice tests were performed simultaneously. The experiment tested wood treated with one embodiment of the claimed invention against Formosan subterranean termites,Coptotermes formosanus, as the targeted insect. The experiment was conducted utilizing the embodiment of the invention containing the insect repelling composition which includes approximately 25% by weight cold pressed orange oil component having a D-Limonene concentration of at least 80%, and approximately 75% by weight acrylic lacquer component, with the acrylic lacquer component comprising approximately 45% by weight modified acrylic emulsion copolymer, at least 40% by weight water, at least 5% by weight dipropylene glycol methyl ether, at least less than 5% by weight polysiloxane polymer, and at least less than 5% by weight amine solution. Five replications were made for each of the following treatments:Treatment 1: Single choice test—Untreated controls.Treatment 2: Single choice test—Wood blocks with one (1) coat of treatment applied.Treatment 3: Single choice test—Wood block with two (2) coats of treatment applied.Treatment 4: Two choice test—Control and wood blocks with two (2) coats of treatment applied.Treatment 5: No wood blocks—Termites only to evaluate the overall health of the termites. Methods The wood specimens to be tested are allowed to air dry for one week and are then weighed. Sterilized glass jars are filled with 150 g of sand and 30 ml of distilled water. The sterilized glass jars are allowed to stand for two hours. For the single choice tests, a solitary test block is placed on the sand surface. For the two choice test, two different types of wood blocks, a treated wood block and a control wood block, are placed on opposite sides of the jar. A piece of aluminum foil is placed under each treated wood block to prevent leaching of the embodiment of the present invention into the sand. Termites were collected from the field from the West End neighborhood in the city of New Orleans, Louisiana. The average weight of the collected termites were measured, as illustrated in Table 1 below. Four hundred termites, consisting of 380 worker termites and 20 soldier termites, were placed inside each test jar. These jars were maintained at 28° C. and 80% relative humidity (RH) for four weeks. TABLE 1Average Weight of Termites Collected Locally From West End Used in This StudyProjectD'AmicoNOMTCB Entomology LabJanuary2019Date:Collected by:Recorded by:Assisted by:Balance:WPG 202TermiteJan. 4, 2019GuidryGuidryCollectionSpeciesFSTCoptotermesYReticulitermesNConditionsSunnyPage:Collected:formosanusflavipes3 of 3TermitesGroup 1*Group 2*Group 3*Group 4*Group 5*AverageSourceSourceCollectionCollectionCollectedWeightWeightWeightWeightWeightWeightIDLocationDateTimeBy#(g)#(g)#(g)#(g)#(g)(g)WestJan. 4,1:00Guildry1000.3121000.3081000.3111000.3131000.3120.311End2019PM*Group of 100+ termites, record number of termites and total weight Each jar is weighed weekly to ensure moisture level is maintained. At the end of the four weeks, test jars are disassembled. Each block is removed, cleaned with a brush, and allowed to air dry before weighing, as shown in Table 2 below. The number of live termite workers and soldiers are determined for each test jar, as shown in Table 3 below. Each test block was visually rated using the rating system defined in the AWPA E1 Standard below: AWPA E1 StandardVisual Rating System of Each Test BlockCross SectionGrade #Description of ConditionAffected (%)10Sound (No Biological Deterioration)N/A9.5Trace surface nibblesN/A9Slight attack≤38Moderate attack3-107Moderate/severe attack, penetration10-306Severe attack30-504Very severe attack50-750Failure Results The following Table 2 illustrates the weights of test blocks before and after being exposed to Formosan subterranean termites. TABLE 2Weights of Test Blocks Before and After Being Exposed to Formosan Subterranean TermitesProject #:NOMTCB Entomology LabDecember2018SOP 440D'AmicoForm AStart Date:Measured by:GuidryRecorded by:Caliper:Oven:TermiteJan. 7, 2019BlocksEnd Date:Measured by:GuidryRecorded by:Caliper:Oven:Feb. 4, 2019SpecimenReplicateSpecimenWoodDimensions (mm)Weight (g)VisualTypeNo.No.SpeciesSubstrateLengthWidthThicknessInitialFinalRatingControl1C1pinesand38.438.34.72.7551.9024Control2C2pinesand38.238.15.03.2022.2307Control3C3pinesand38.238.14.72.9421.9406Control4C4pinesand38.238.15.23.4622.5287Control5C5pinesand38.238.14.62.9562.1207One Coat61-1pinesand38.638.76.04.5464.0198One Coat71-2pinesand38.638.86.74.7804.2808One Coat81-3pinesand38.638.56.54.7244.3678One Coat91-4pinesand38.638.54.12.9892.6978One Coat101-5pinesand39.138.94.63.5143.1128Two Coats112-1pinesand39.238.86.34.7724.4088Two Coats122-2pinesand39.138.95.34.6324.2929Two Coats132-3pinesand38.939.35.94.6014.2639Two Coats142-4pinesand38.938.85.94.8554.5279Two Coats152-5pinesand38.838.67.05.8915.6119.5Two coats162-6pinesand39.138.95.34.6344.49710(choice test)Control16C6pinesand38.338.34.93.1392.5018(choice test)Two coats172-7pinesand39.238.55.24.2964.17910(choice test)Control17C7pinesand38.538.24.73.2442.5797(choice test)Two coats182-8pinesand39.138.05.44.8634.71110(choice test)Control18C8pinesand38.338.24.52.5881.9807(choice test)Two coats192-9pinesand39.738.75.14.2234.09710(choice test)Control19C9pinesand38.438.34.32.8022.1297(choice test)Two coats202-10pinesand38.438.66.84.4144.30510(choice test)Control20C10pinesamd38.438.25.03.1492.5627(choice test) For the single choice tests, the average weight consumed of the control, untreated, wood was 0.919 g, while that of the wood treated with one coat of the composition was 0.416 g and the wood treated with two coats of the composition was 0.330 g. Testing revealed that there was a statistically significant difference in the amount of untreated wood consumed and the amount of treated wood consumed (P=0.005). However, there was not a significant difference in wood consumption between the wood blocks treated with one coat and the wood blocks treated with two coats of the composition. FIG.1illustrates a photograph of the control, untreated wood block samples after the experiment, wherein the termites consumed on average 30.114% of the wood blocks, by weight. As seen inFIG.2, which illustrates a photograph of the wood samples treated with one coat of the composition, in accordance with embodiments of the invention, after the experiment, wherein the termites consumed on average 10.164% of the wood blocks, by weight. As seen inFIG.3, which illustrates a photograph of the wood samples treated with two coats of the composition, in accordance with embodiments of the invention, after the experiment, wherein the termites consumed on average 6.764% of the wood blocks, by weight. The experiment revealed that there was a significant difference between wood consumption (P=0.008) for the two choice test. Termites consumed significantly more of the untreated wood blocks than the wood blocks treated with two coats of the composition. As seen inFIG.4, which illustrates a photograph of the two choice control, untreated wood block samples and treated wood block samples with two coats of the composition, in accordance with embodiments of the invention, after the experiment, wherein the termites consumed on average 21.392% of the untreated wood blocks, by weight, and consumed on average 2.852% of the two coat treated wood blocks. Table 3 illustrates the test jar weights taken throughout the study and the numbers of live termites in each jar at the beginning of the study and at the end of the study. TABLE 3Test Jar Weights Throughout Study and Numbers of Live Termites at the Beginning and End of the StudyProject #:NOMTCB Entomology LabJANUARY2019SOP 440 Form BD'AmicoAssembly Date:Time:No Choice TestChoice TestAssembled by:Recorded by:Termite TestJan. 7, 2019GuidryGuidryAssembliesEnvironmentalT(° C.):28% RH:Balance:Hygrometer:Data Logger:Chamber:80Container Size:Measured by:Test AssembliesWeight (g)Final Live TermiteContainerBlockInitial Termite CountInitialJan. 14,Jan. 22,Jan. 28,Feb. 4,CountNo.No(s).WorkerSoldierTotalSandAssembly2019201920192019WorkerSoldierTotal138020400150402.7402.2401.4401.1400.633219351238020400150406.8406.5405.8405.4404.933317350338020400150407.1406.7406.1405.8405.334019359438020400150406.0405.3403.9403.3402.534016356538020400150406.0405.6405.0404.5404.032916345638020400150408.6408.2407.6407.3406.925420274738020400150409.3408.9407.9407.4406.625117268838020400150408.9408.4407.2406.7405.818820208938020400150407.8407.7407.1407.0406.6247202671038020400150408.1407.8407.0406.7406.0230182481138020400150410.0409.7408.7408.4408.0183151981238020400150410.0409.6408.6408.2407.6216132291338020400150408.6408.3407.3406.9406.4178111891438020400150409.0408.8408.1407.8407.3171141851538020400150410.4410.1409.3408.9408.316561711638020400150410.7410.4409.4409.0408.3264142781738020400150411.4411.1410.3409.9409.4280192991838020400150411.7411.5410.6410.3409.6276122881938020400150410.6410.3409.1408.6407.8297203172038020400150411.0410.7409.8409.4408.9296193152138020400150405.6338193572238020400150404.63291734623380204001540403.7343153582438020400150404.3362183802538020400150403.031817355 Based on jar weights, the experiment revealed that the test jars did not lose enough moisture during this study to warrant the addition of any more water. The experiment revealed that there was a significant difference in termite mortality among treatments (P<0.001). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed following a Tukey Test to rank treatments, as illustrated in Table 4, which utilized pairwise multiple comparisons between treatments. The treatments tested in this experiment which are ranked with the same letter showed no significant differences in termite mortality. TABLE 4AverageAverage MortalityTreatmentMortalityPercentageRankingControl (no treatment)47.811.95%ATermites only (no wood,44.811.20%Aafter one week)One coat of treatment147.036.75%BTwo coats of treatment205.651.4%CChoice test100.625.15%D This experiment indicated that the compositions disclosed herein, in accordance with embodiments of the invention, are highly effective at repelling termites from wood treated with such disclosed compositions, and the disclosed compositions significantly increased the average mortality rates of the exposed populations of termites in comparison to untreated wood samples. The single choice wood blocks treated with two coats of the composition resulted in termites only consuming on average 6.764% of the wood blocks and killed approximately 51.4% of the termites. The single choice wood blocks treated with one coat of the composition resulted in termites only consuming on average 10.164% of the wood blocks and killed approximately 36.75% of the termites. In comparison, the single choice untreated, control wood blocks resulted in termites consuming 30.114% of the wood blocks and only 11.95% of the termites died. Under the two choice test, approximately 25.15% of the termites died and while the termites consumed on average 21.392% of the untreated, control wood blocks, only 2.852% of the two coat treated wood blocks were consumed. Example 2 Objective To further evaluate the effectiveness of termiticidal compositions disclosed herein in accordance with embodiments of the invention, an additional experiment was conducted to evaluate treated cellulose material for its resistance to subterranean termites and to compare conventional termiticide to the compositions, in accordance with embodiments of the invention. The American Wood Protection Association (AWPA) Standard E1-13 was implemented. In the experiment, single choice tests and two choice tests were performed simultaneously. The experiment tested wood samples treated with four different compositions, of which three of the compositions were provided in accordance with embodiments of the invention disclosed herein, and the fourth composition was the conventional BORA-CARE® termiticide composition produced by Nisus Corporation. The tested wood samples were treated with a Treatment Y, a Treatment X, a Treatment B, and a Treatment BC, for use against Formosan subterranean termites,Coptotermes formosanus, as the targeted insect. The experiment was conducted utilizing the following treatments: Treatment Y includes soaking the wood block in pure cold pressed orange oil, containing at least 80% D-Limonene, until the wood is completely saturated, then allowing the wood to dry and then coating the wood with a composition, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. The composition included approximately 25% by weight cold pressed orange oil component having a D-Limonene concentration of at least 80%, and approximately 75% by weight acrylic lacquer component, with the acrylic lacquer component comprising approximately 45% by weight modified acrylic emulsion copolymer, at least 40% by weight water, at least 5% by weight dipropylene glycol methyl ether, at least less than 5% by weight polysiloxane polymer, and at least less than 5% by weight amine solution. Treatment X, includes coating the wood with a composition, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention, which includes approximately 25% by weight cold pressed orange oil component having a D-Limonene concentration of at least 95%, and approximately 75% by weight acrylic lacquer component, with the acrylic lacquer component comprising approximately 45% by weight modified acrylic emulsion copolymer, at least 40% by weight water, at least 5% by weight dipropylene glycol methyl ether, at least less than 5% by weight polysiloxane polymer, and at least less than 5% by weight amine solution. Treatment B, includes coating the wood with a mixture of Treatment X and approximately 25%, by weight pure boric acid (in power form). Treatment BC, includes coating the wood with the conventional termiticide BORA-CARE®. Five replications were made for each of the following treatments:Treatment 1: Single choice test—Untreated controls.Treatment 2: Single choice test—Wood blocks with Treatment Y applied.Treatment 3: Single choice test—Wood block with Treatment B applied.Treatment 4: Single choice test—Wood block with Treatment BC applied.Treatment 5: Single choice test—Wood block with Treatment X applied.Treatment 6: Two choice test—Wood block with Treatment BC applied and Wood block with Treatment X applied.Treatment 7: No wood blocks—Termites only to evaluate the overall health of the termites. Methods The wood specimens to be tested are allowed to air dry for at least one week and are then weighed. Sterilized glass jars are filled with 150 g of sand and 30 ml of distilled water. The sterilized glass jars are allowed to stand for two hours. For the single choice tests, a solitary test block is placed on the sand surface. For the two choice test, two different types of wood blocks, a wood block treated with Treatment BC and a wood block treated with Treatment X, are placed on opposite sides of the jar. A piece of aluminum foil is placed under each treated wood block to prevent leaching of the embodiments of the present invention into the sand. Termites were collected from the field from the Elysian neighborhood in the city of New Orleans, Louisiana. The average weight of the collected termites were measured, as illustrated in Table 1 below. Four hundred termites, consisting of 360 worker termites and 40 soldier termites, were placed inside each test jar. These jars were maintained at 28° C. and 80% relative humidity (RH) for four weeks. TABLE 1Average Weight of Termites Collected Locally From West End Used in This StudyProjectD'AmicoNOMTCB Entomology LabJuly2019SOP 440 Form CDate:Collected by:Recorded by:Assisted by:Balance:WPG 202TermiteJul. 17, 2019GuidryGuidryCollectionSpecies Collected:FSTCoptotermesYReticulitermesNConditionsSunnyPage:formosanusflavipes3 of 3TermitesGroup 1*Group 2*Group 3*Group 4*Group 5*AverageSourceSourceCollectionCollectionCollectedWeightWeightWeightWeightWeightWeightIDLocationDateTimeBy#(g)#(g)#(g)#(g)#(g)(g)ElysianJul. 16,2:00Guildry1000.3141000.3001000.2871000.2821000.2890.2942019PM*Group of 100+ termites, record number of termites and total weight Each jar is weighed weekly to ensure moisture level is maintained. At the end of the four weeks, test jars are disassembled. Each block is removed, cleaned with a brush, and allowed to air dry before weighing, as shown in Table 2 below. The number of live termite workers and soldiers are determined for each test jar, as shown in Table 4 below. Each test block was visually rated using the rating system defined in the AWPA E1 Standard below: AWPA E1 StandardVisual Rating System of Each Test BlockCross SectionGrade #Description of ConditionAffected (%)10Sound (No Biological Deterioration)N/A9.5Trace surface nibblesN/A9Slight attack≤38Moderate attack3-107Moderate/severe attack, penetration10-306Severe attack30-504Very severe attack50-750Failure Results The following Table 2 illustrates the weights of test blocks before and after being exposed to Formosan subterranean termites. TABLE 2Weights of Test Blocks Before and After Being Exposed to Formosan Subterranean TermitesProject #:NOMTCB Entomology LabDecember2018SOP 440D'AmicoForm AStart Date:Measured by:CottoneRecorded by:Balance:WPG 202Caliper:XXYOven:WPG 204TermiteJul. 17, 2019GuidryBlocksEnd Date:Measured by:GuidryRecorded by:Balance:WPG 202Caliper:XXYOven:WPG 204Aug. 27, 2019GuidrySpecimenReplicateSpecimenWoodWeight (g)VisualTypeNo.No.SpeciesSubstrateIntialFinalRatingSingle Choice TestsControl11pinesand1.6130.7834Control22pinesand1.3420.5564Control33pinesand1.6010.7920Control44pinesand1.8680.8590Control55pinesand1.7751.0360Y16pinesand6.3706.0649.5Y27pinesand6.7256.4179.5Y38pinesand6.4006.07510Y49pinesand6.1545.83310Y510pinesand6.8876.60210B111pinesand4.9074.69210B212pinesand5.0874.87110B313pinesand5.5725.39510B414pinesand5.6455.43610B515pinesand5.6725.48710BC115pinesand6.9015.53910BC217pinesand7.7805.57810BC318pinesand5.1263.95410BC419pinesand6.8335.38210BC520pinesand7.4246.12910X121pinesand6.2275.7658X222pinesand6.1565.8649.5X323pinesand5.4055.0809.5X424pinesand5.5905.1367X525pinesamd4.6714.4259.5Two Choice TestBC126pinesamd6.5294.56810BC227pinesamd5.2534.01510BC328pinesamd5.9154.27310BC429pinesamd7.0315.48010BC530pinesamd6.0486.35910X131pinesamd5.0934.90610X232pinesamd5.3015.09810X333pinesamd5.3225.14510X434pinesamd5.7935.64210X535pinesamd5.2805.12810 For the single choice tests, the average weight consumed of the control, untreated, wood was 0.835 g, while that of the wood treated with Treatment Y of the composition was 0.309 g, the wood treated with Treatment B of the composition was 0.200 g, the wood treated with Treatment BC of the composition was 1.496 g, and the wood treated with Treatment X of the composition was 0.356 g. Testing revealed that there was a statistically significant difference in the amount of untreated wood consumed and the amount of treated wood consumed (P<0.001). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed following a Tukey Test to rank treatments for the Single choice tests, as illustrated in Table 3 below, which utilized pairwise multiple comparisons between treatments. The treatments tested in this experiment which are ranked with the same letter showed no significant differences in termite mortality. TABLE 3AverageAverage PercentageTreatmentConsumptionConsumptionRankingControl (no0.83551.24%Atreatment)Y0.3094.762%BX0.3566.312%BB0.2003.754%BBC1.49621.92%C FIG.5illustrates a photograph of the control, untreated wood block samples after the experiment, wherein the termites consumed on average 51.24% of the wood blocks, by weight. As seen inFIG.6, which illustrates a photograph of the wood samples treated with Treatment Y, in accordance with embodiments of the invention, after the experiment, wherein the termites only consumed on average 4.762% of the wood blocks, by weight. As seen inFIG.7, which illustrates a photograph of the wood samples treated with Treatment B, in accordance with embodiments of the invention, after the experiment, wherein the termites only consumed on average 3.754% of the wood blocks, by weight. As seen inFIG.8, which illustrates a photograph of the wood samples treated with Treatment BC after the experiment, wherein the termites consumed on average 21.916% of the wood blocks, by weight. As seen inFIG.9, which illustrates a photograph of the wood samples treated with Treatment X, in accordance with embodiments of the invention, after the experiment, wherein the termites only consumed on average 6.312% of the wood blocks, by weight. As seen inFIG.10, which illustrates a photograph of the two choice tests, comparing wood block samples treated with Treatment BC and wood block samples treated with Treatment X, in accordance with embodiments of the invention, after the experiment. Therefore, the experiment revealed that for the two choice tests, there was a significant difference between wood consumption (t=2.612, df=2, P=0.031). Termites consumed significantly more wood treated with Treatment BC than wood treated with Treatment X. As seen in Table 3 above, the effectiveness of Treatment BC (consisting of the conventional termiticide BORA-CARE®) at repelling termites and preventing said termites from consuming the wood blocks is significantly less effective than treatments utilizing embodiments of the present invention. Table 4 illustrates the test jar weights taken throughout the study and the numbers of live termites in each jar at the beginning of the study and at the end of the study. TABLE 4Test Jar Weights Throughout Study and Numbers of Live Termites at the Beginning and End of the StudyProject #:NOMTCB Entomology LabJULY2019SOP 440D'AmicoForm BAssembly Date:Time:No Choice TestChoice TestAssembled by:Recorded by:Termite TestJul. 17, 20199 AMGuidryGuidryAssembliesEnvironmentalWPGT(° C.):28% RH:Balance:WPGHygrometer:WPGDataWPGChamber:20380202ZZZLogger:YYYContainer Size:8 ozMeasured by:GuidryTest AssembliesWeight (g)Final Live TermiteContainerBlockInitial Termite CountInitialJul. 24,Jul. 31,Aug. 7,Aug. 14,CountNo.No(s).WorkerSoldierTotalSandAssembly2019201920192019WorkerSoldierTotal1136040400150404.8404.2403.2402.3401.7272212932236040400150403.4402.7401.7400.6399.5263312943336040400150405.8405.1404.1403.0402.0261252864436040400150402.1401.7400.7400.2398.9332313635536040400150406.0405.5401.3395.8 *396.9121111326636040400150406.4406.0405.3404.6403.70007736040400150409.9409.7408.9408.2407.40008836040400150406.7406.1405.3404.3403.40009936040400150406.2405.7404.8404.1403.3000101036040400150411.7411.3410.6409.9409.2808111136040400150406.2405.7404.9404.1403.3000121236040400150405.6405.2404.3403.5402.7000131336040400150411.2410.8410.1409.5408.9000141436040400150411.1410.8410.1409.6409.0000151536040400150406.4405.6404.8403.9402.7000161636040400150407.6407.3406.7406.0405.3000171736040400150412.9412.6412.1411.5410.8000181836040400150408.2407.7407.1406.4405.8000191936040400150413.3412.9412.3411.6411.0000202036040400150408.8408.6408.3408.0407.7000212136040400150399.6399.1398.6397.9397.29913112222236040400150407.2406.8406.1405.3404.60002323360404001540407.4406.7405.9405.2404.329837242436040400150412.3411.5410.5409.5408.717019189252536040400150405.9405.3404.6403.8403.01131426262736040400150411.6411.3410.7409.9409.300027282936040400150410.4410.2409.7409.2408.700028303136040400150412.0411.7411.2410.6410.200029323336040400150413.2412.9411.9411.0410.300030343536040400150411.8411.8411.4410.8410.30003136040400150402.0401.428272893236040400150404.9404.930273093336040400150404.6404.331323153436040400150398.9398.6299123113536040400150401.4401.027114285 The experiment revealed that there was a significant difference in termite mortality among treatments (P<0.001). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed following a Tukey Test to rank treatments, as illustrated in Table 5, which utilized pairwise multiple comparisons between treatments. The treatments tested in this experiment which are ranked with the same letter showed no significant differences in termite mortality. TABLE 5TreatmentAverage MortalityPercentage (%)RankingControl (no126.431.6%Atreatment)Termites only (no98.224.6%Awood, after oneweek)Y398.499.6%BX329.682.4%BB400100%BBC400100%B This experiment indicated that the compositions of the present invention are effective at repelling and killing termites from treated wood samples. The compositions, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention, are significantly more effective at repelling termites and nearly or just as effective at killing termites as compared to conventional termiticides. As seen in the data set forth in Example 1 and Example 2 above, the embodiments of the present invention identified herein offer a safe and effective method for controlling termite infestations. Further, the treatment processes described herein provide effective use as termite repellents, termiticides, and wood preservatives. The treatment processes may also be used with effectiveness for protection from other wood boring insects. To the extent there may be perceived health or environmental concerns with existing termite repellents, termiticides, and wood preservatives, the ability to replace or reduce the amount of toxic termiticides and toxic wood preservatives by use of the present invention offers additional benefits as well. The non-toxic nature of the present invention makes embodiments of the invention ideal candidates for preventing, and treating termite infestations in both household and commercial settings. The compositions of the present invention can be utilized on wooden surfaces, preferably unfinished or properly prepared and sanded previously finished wooden surfaces. All surfaces should preferably be clean and free from dirt, dust, grease, wax oil, silicone, tsp/soap, mill scale, oxidation, loose peeling paint or varnish, or any foreign matter/contaminants. The compositions of the present invention should be applied where there is adequate ventilation. The compositions of the present invention may cause mild irritation to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. Therefore, users are advised to use the correct personal protective equipment (PPE) when handling the compositions of the present invention. Referring to the following methods, after wood is treated with one or more of the compositions disclosed herein in accordance with embodiments of the invention, the treated wood is preferably dried in an arid environment with little to no humidity. One skilled in the art can appreciate that increased levels of humidity would cause an increase in the amount of time required for the treated wood to completely dry. In accordance with embodiments of the invention, there is provided a preferred method of treating wood for use in interior and exterior settings with an insect repelling composition. In such embodiment, before applying the insect repelling composition to wood, a user should mix the composition thoroughly, preferably by gently stirring the composition, or by rolling a container housing said composition, in an effort to avoid air bubbles. Preferably, the composition should be stirred thoroughly for approximately 20 minutes prior to application. The preferred method comprises applying the insect control composition to at least one wood surface of a piece of wood by painting the composition onto the at least one wood surface, for example, with a quality nylon brush or pad applicator. In such preferred embodiment, the user uses the brush or pad to apply liberal coats of the composition to the at least one wood surface, while avoiding over brushing and keeping the brush or pad saturated with the composition. Preferably, the user applies a first coat of the composition to the at least one wood surface to a point of surface saturation. Then, the method preferably includes waiting approximately 6-24 hours to allow the composition of the first coat to completely dry. Once the composition applied to the at least one wood surface is substantially or completely dry, the user applies a second coat of the composition to the at least one wood surface to a point of surface saturation. The method further includes waiting an additional approximately 6-24 hours to allow the composition of the second coat to completely dry. In one embodiment, the user adds water the composition to achieve desired consistency before applying the first coat. In another preferred embodiment, there is provided a method of treating a piece of lumber with a wood preserving insect repelling composition. In one embodiment, for example, a preferred wood preserving insect repelling composition comprises 25% cold pressed orange oil having a D-Limonene concentration of at least 80% (and more preferably of at least 90%, and most preferably of at least 95%) and 75% acrylic lacquer. In a preferred embodiment, the acrylic lacquer comprises approximately 45% by weight modified acrylic emulsion copolymer, at least 40% by weight water, at least 5% by weight dipropylene glycol methyl ether, at least less than 5% by weight polysiloxane polymer, and at least less than 5% by weight amine solution, The method includes a step of first dipping the piece of lumber into cold pressed orange oil having a D-Limonene concentration of at least 80% and preferably leaving the piece of lumber in the cold pressed orange oil for at least 24 hours, until the piece of lumber is completely saturated with the cold pressed orange oil. The preferred method then includes a preferred step of placing the piece of lumber in a dryer to dry out the piece of lumber. Once the piece of lumber is substantially or completely dried out, the method preferably includes a step of applying a first coat of the wood preserving insect repelling composition to at least one surface of the piece of lumber to a point of surface saturation by painting said at least one surface with a brush or pad, applying liberal coats of the composition to the at least one surface, while avoiding over brushing and keeping the brush or pad saturated with the composition. Preferably, the piece of lumber is completely dry prior to the step of applying the first coat of the composition to treat the piece of lumber. In such manner, it is believed that allowing the piece of lumber to completely dry prior to the application of the composition provides improved penetration of the composition into cells of the piece of lumber. Post preferably, the piece of lumber saturated with the cold pressed orange oil is allowed to dry in a non-humid environment. In one embodiment, the method includes a step of waiting until the first coat is completely dry before applying a second coat of the composition. The method further includes a step of applying the second coat of the wood preserving insect repelling composition to the at least one surface of the piece of lumber to a point of surface saturation by painting the at least one surface with the brush or pad, applying liberal coats of the composition to the at least one surface, while avoiding over brushing and keeping the brush or pad saturated with the composition. In another embodiment, the method further includes a step of waiting until the second coat is completely dry before handling the treated wood. In yet another embodiment, the wood preserving insect repelling composition includes at least 75% commercial wood preservative and at least 25% cold pressed orange oil having a D-Limonene concentration of at least 80% (and more preferably of at least 90%, and most preferably of at least 95%), to cause said composition to bond properly to the at least one surface of the piece of lumber and to keep in the scent of the D-Limonene active for an extended period of time. In another embodiment, the user can add water the composition to achieve desired consistency before applying the first coat. In another preferred embodiment, there is provided a method of treating wood for use in interior and exterior settings with an insect repelling composition. In such embodiment, before applying the insect repelling composition to wood, a user should mix the composition thoroughly, preferably by gently stirring the composition, or by rolling a container housing said composition, in an effort to avoid air bubbles. Preferably, the composition should be stirred thoroughly for approximately 20 minutes prior to application. The preferred method comprises applying said insect control composition to at least one wood surface by spraying the composition onto said wood surface with an unheated spray applicator. The user applies a first coat of the composition to the at least one wood surface to a point of surface saturation. The method includes waiting approximately 6 to 24 hours to allow the composition of the first coat to completely dry. Once the composition applied to the at least one wood surface is completely dry, the user applies a second coat of the composition to the at least one wood surface to a point of surface saturation. The method further includes waiting an additional approximately 6 to 24 hours to allow the composition of the second coat to completely dry. In yet another preferred embodiment, there is provided a method of pre-treating wood for use in interior and exterior settings with an insect repelling composition. In such preferred embodiment, before pre-treating the wood with the composition, a user should mix the composition thoroughly by gently stirring or rolling a container housing said composition to avoid air bubbles. In such preferred embodiment, the method includes applying a first coat of the insect repelling composition to pretreat a piece of wood by soaking the piece of wood with said insect repelling composition to a point of wood saturation. A user pre-treating the piece of wood removes the piece of wood at the point of wood saturation from the container housing the composition. The method includes allowing the piece of wood at the point of wood saturation with the composition to dry for approximately 8 to 24 hours before handling the piece of wood. In one embodiment, the method further includes applying a second coat of the insect repelling composition to the piece of wood after the piece of wood at the point of wood saturation with the composition has dried for approximately 8-24 hours by soaking said piece of wood in the composition to the point of wood saturation and allowing the piece of wood to dry for an additional approximately 8 to 24 hours before handling said piece of wood. In another embodiment, the user can add water the composition to achieve desired consistency before applying the first coat. In another preferred embodiment, there is provided a method of treating wood with an insect repelling composition for use in interior and exterior settings. The method includes a step of first dipping the piece of wood in cold pressed orange oil, a second step of leaving the piece of wood in the cold pressed orange oil for approximately 24 hours, a third step of letting the piece of wood dry for approximately 24 hours. Once the piece of wood is dry, the method includes a step of applying a first coat of the insect repelling composition to the piece of wood to a point of surface saturation by dipping and soaking the piece of wood with said insect repelling composition. The method preferably includes a step of waiting at least 24 hours until the first coat is completely dry before applying a second coat. The method includes a step of applying the second coat of the insect repelling composition to the at least one wood surface to a point of surface saturation by dipping and soaking the piece of wood with said insect repelling composition and a step of waiting until the second coat is completely dry before handling the treated wood. In one embodiment, an insect repelling composition disclosed herein includes at least 70% commercial wood preservative and at least 30% cold pressed orange oil having a D-Limonene concentration of at least 80% to cause said composition to bond properly to the piece of wood and to keep in the scent of the D-Limonene. In another embodiment, the user can add water to the composition to achieve desired consistency before applying the first coat. Under normal conditions, the compositions of the present invention dry to the touch in at least one hour and are recoatable after approximately 6 to 24 hours. The composition will continue to cure and become harder over time. Normal conditions preferably include a dry surface, access to fresh airflow, moderate humidity, and temperatures around 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Thick application, high humidity, or conditions other than normal will cause these compositions to dry and cure more slowly. It is advisable to avoid freezing temperatures when applying the compositions of the present invention. Except as may be expressly otherwise indicated, the article “a” or “an” if and as used herein is not intended to limit, and should not be construed as limiting, the description or a claim to a single element to which the article refers. Rather, the article “a” or “an” if and as used herein is intended to cover one or more such elements, unless the text expressly indicates otherwise. All measurements disclosed herein are at standard temperature and pressure, at sea level on Earth, unless indicated otherwise. In the specification and the claims, an “effective amount” of D-Limonene is an amount that, when applied to a substrate or other material, causes significant repellence or toxicity, or that decreases the activity or viability of termites as compared to an otherwise identical environment without the added extract. In the specification and the claims, an “effective amount” of acrylic lacquer and cold pressed orange oil, having a D-Limonene concentration of at least 80%, is an amount that, when applied to a substrate or other material, causes significant repellence or toxicity, or that decreases the activity or viability of termites as compared to an otherwise identical environment without the added extract. In the specification and the claims, a “pesticidally-effective amount” of a composition comprising an active ingredient and a pesticidally-acceptable carrier, wherein the active ingredient is cold pressed orange oil containing a D-Limonene concentration of at least 80%, wherein the pesticidally-acceptable carrier is an acrylic lacquer, is an amount that, when applied to a substrate or other material, causes significant repellence or toxicity, or that decreases the activity or viability of termites as compared to an otherwise identical environment without the added extract. The foregoing embodiments are presented by way of example only. This invention is susceptible to considerable variation within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. All U.S. patents and publications identified herein are incorporated in their entirety by reference thereto.

11856951

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE All publications, patents and patent applications, including any drawings and appendices, herein are incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. The following description includes information that may be useful in understanding the present invention. It is not an admission that any of the information provided herein is prior art or relevant to the presently claimed inventions, or that any publication specifically or implicitly referenced is prior art. In the description and tables which follow, a number of terms are used. In order to provide a clear and consistent understanding of the specification and claims, including the scope to be given such terms, the following definitions are provided: As used herein, the term “a” refers to a noun and can refer to the singular or the plural version. Thus, a reference to a pheromone can refer to one pheromone or more than one pheromone. As used herein, “consisting essentially of” refers to a composition “consisting essentially of” certain elements is limited to the inclusion of those elements, as well as to those elements that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the inventive composition. As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having, “contains,” “containing,” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. A composition, mixture, process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such composition, mixture, process, method, article, or apparatus. Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary, “or” refers to an inclusive “or” and not to an exclusive “or.” As used herein, the term “about” in reference to a numerical value refers to the range of values somewhat lesser or greater than the stated value, as understood by one of skill in the art. For example, the term “about” could mean a value ranging from plus or minus a percentage (e.g., ±1%, ±2%, ±5%, or ±10%) of the stated value. Furthermore, since all numbers, values, and expressions referring to quantities used herein are subject to the various uncertainties of measurement encountered in the art, then unless otherwise indicated, all presented values may be understood as modified by the term “about.” As used herein, the term “effective proximity” refers to a distance at which one or more semiochemicals (e.g. a pheromone) are able to mediate interactions between one or more organisms of a given species. In one embodiment, the effective proximity allows one or more semiochemicals to be as effective as a natural semiochemical secreted or emitted by an organism that produces the one or more semiochemicals. As an example, one or more pheromones ofSpodoptera frugiperdamay be applied via spraying or dispenser to a locus that is in effective proximity to an agricultural area, and this distance allows emission of the one or more applied pheromones ofSpodoptera frugiperdathat resembles an emission of the corresponding one or more natural pheromones fromS. frugiperdaat that locus. In one embodiment, the volatilization of one or more applied pheromones ofSpodoptera frugiperdaat that locus is about equal to or better than the volatilization of one or more natural pheromones fromS. frugiperdaat that locus. In another embodiment, the mating disruption due to one or more applied pheromones ofSpodoptera frugiperdaat that locus is about equal to or better than the mating disruption of one or more natural pheromones fromS. frugiperdaat that locus. As used herein, the term “plant” refers to any living organism belonging to the kingdom Plantae (i.e., any genus/species in the Plant Kingdom). As used herein, the term “monocotyledon” or “monocot” refer to any of a subclass (Monocotyledoneae) of flowering plants having an embryo containing only one seed leaf and usually having parallel-veined leaves, flower parts in multiples of three, and no secondary growth in stems and roots. Examples include lilies; orchids; rice; corn, grasses, such as tall fescue, goat grass, and Kentucky bluegrass; grains, such as wheat, oats and barley; irises; onions and palms. As used herein, the terms “dicotyledon” and “dicot” refer to a flowering plant having an embryo containing two seed halves or cotyledons. Examples include tobacco; tomato; the legumes, including peas, alfalfa, clover and soybeans; oaks; maples; roses; mints; squashes; daisies; walnuts; cacti; violets and buttercups. As used herein, the term “population” means a genetically homogeneous or heterogeneous collection of organisms sharing a common genetic derivation. As used herein, the term “phenotype” refers to the observable characters of an individual cell, cell culture, organism (e.g., a plant), or group of organisms which results from the interaction between that individual's genetic makeup (i.e., genotype) and the environment. As used herein, the term “variety” or “cultivar” means a group of similar plants that by structural features and performance can be identified from other varieties within the same species. The term “variety” as used herein has identical meaning to the corresponding definition in the International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV treaty), of Dec. 2, 1961, as Revised at Geneva on Nov. 10, 1972, on Oct. 23, 1978, and on Mar. 19, 1991. Thus, “variety” means a plant grouping within a single botanical taxon of the lowest known rank, which grouping, irrespective of whether the conditions for the grant of a breeder's right are fully met, can be i) defined by the expression of the characteristics resulting from a given genotype or combination of genotypes, ii) distinguished from any other plant grouping by the expression of at least one of the said characteristics and iii) considered as a unit with regard to its suitability for being propagated unchanged. As used herein, the term “gene” refers to any segment of DNA associated with a biological function. Thus, genes include, but are not limited to, coding sequences and/or the regulatory sequences required for their expression. Genes can also include nonexpressed DNA segments that, for example, form recognition sequences for other proteins. Genes can be obtained from a variety of sources, including cloning from a source of interest or synthesizing from known or predicted sequence information, and may include sequences designed to have desired parameters. As used herein, the term “genotype” refers to the genetic makeup of an individual cell, cell culture, tissue, organism (e.g., a plant), or group of organisms. As used herein, the term “hybrid” refers to any individual cell, tissue or plant resulting from a cross between parents that differ in one or more genes. As used herein, the term “inbred” or “inbred line” refers to a relatively true-breeding strain. As used herein, the term “line” is used broadly to include, but is not limited to, a group of plants vegetatively propagated from a single parent plant, via tissue culture techniques or a group of inbred plants which are genetically very similar due to descent from a common parent(s). A plant is said to “belong” to a particular line if it (a) is a primary transformant (T0) plant regenerated from material of that line; (b) has a pedigree comprised of a TO plant of that line; or (c) is genetically very similar due to common ancestry (e.g., via inbreeding or selfing). In this context, the term “pedigree” denotes the lineage of a plant, e.g. in terms of the sexual crosses affected such that a gene or a combination of genes, in heterozygous (hemizygous) or homozygous condition, imparts a desired trait to the plant. As used herein, the term “plant part” refers to any part of a plant including but not limited to the shoot, root, stem, seeds, fruits, stipules, leaves, petals, flowers, ovules, bracts, branches, petioles, internodes, bark, pubescence, tillers, rhizomes, fronds, blades, pollen, stamen, rootstock, scion and the like. The two main parts of plants grown in some sort of media, such as soil, are often referred to as the “above-ground” part, also often referred to as the “shoots”, and the “below-ground” part, also often referred to as the “roots”. As used herein, the term “nucleic acid” refers to a polymeric form of nucleotides of any length, either ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides, or analogs thereof. This term refers to the primary structure of the molecule, and thus includes double- and single-stranded DNA, as well as double- and single-stranded RNA. It also includes modified nucleic acids such as methylated and/or capped nucleic acids, nucleic acids containing modified bases, backbone modifications, and the like. The terms “nucleic acid” and “nucleotide sequence” are used interchangeably. As used herein, the terms “polypeptide,” “peptide,” and “protein” are used interchangeably herein to refer to polymers of amino acids of any length. These terms also include proteins that are post-translationally modified through reactions that include glycosylation, acetylation and phosphorylation. As used herein, “attract-and-kill” refers to a technique or tactic in pest management where one or more semiochemicals or factors and one or more killing or sterilizing agents are applied in a concentrated area at the pest source to provide pest control. In one embodiment, the one or more semiochemicals comprise attractants or crude baits. In another embodiment, the one or more factors comprise factors that stimulate earlier egg maturation/oogenesis and/or ovipositioning. In one embodiment the factors that stimulate earlier egg maturation/oogenesis and/or ovipositioning are oogenesis and oviposition factors (OOSFs). In another embodiment, the OOSFs are from crude extracts of male accessory glands (MAG). In another embodiment, the OOSFs are purified by fractionation or sub-fractionation from crude extracts of male accessory glands (MAG). In one embodiment, the killing agent can comprise an insecticide. In another embodiment, the insecticide can comprise a biological insecticide, a chemical insecticide, a plant incorporated insecticide, or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the pest can be lured to a pest control device which comprises a substance that can quickly or eventually kill the pest, e.g., a pesticide, poison, biological agent, etc. In one embodiment, a segment of a capsule can contain a substance (e.g., an adhesive, powder, coating, etc.) that contains a contact pesticide that kills an insect that contacts the substance. The pesticide could work by any mechanism, such as by poison, e.g., a stomach poison, a biological agent such as Codling moth granulosis virus, a Molt accelerator, diatomaceous earth, or any other kind of ingestible poison. In another embodiment, semiochemical attractants used to lure the pest can be chemical signals, visual cues, acoustic cues, or a combination of any of these signals and cues. This pest management technique is also known as lure and kill. As used herein, “attractant” refers to a natural or synthetic agent that attracts or lures, for example, animals, insects, birds, etc. Attractants can include: sexual attractants which affect mating behavior; food attractants; attractants that affect egg-laying, or ovipositioning. As used herein, “repellent” or “deterrent” refers to a substance applied to a surface which discourages pests from landing or climbing on that surface. In one embodiment, the surface can be a whole plant or plant part. As used herein, a “dispenser” or “dispensing device” refers to an automated device that provides a pheromone reservoir and a controlled release of the content. Examples of the controlled release include, but not limited to, atomize, dispense, diffuse, evaporate, spray, vaporize, or the like. The rate of controlled release may be continuous, periodic, or timed intervals. As used herein, “durability”, “trait durability”, “genetic trait durability”, “durability of one or more transgenic insecticidal traits”, “durability of trait”, or “durability of genetic trait” refers to the time until resistance to a genetic trait evolves or emerges. In one embodiment, delaying emergence of resistance to a genetic trait increases the durability of the trait. As used herein, “highly dispersive insect”, “highly dispersive insect pest” or “highly dispersive pest” refers to any pest that cannot be controlled by mating disruption over an area less than about four hectares. Highly dispersive insect pests are difficult to control via mating disruption at small scales, usually due to the immigration of gravid females. Mating disruption for these types of pests is more effective with an area-wide management program. As used herein, “host”, “host plant” or “host crop” refers to a crop or plant that a given pest feeds or otherwise subsists upon. As used herein, “non-host”, “non-host plant” or “non-host crop” refers to a crop or plant that a given pest usually does not feed or otherwise subsist upon under normal field conditions. As used herein, “monophagous” refers to feeding on or utilizing a single kind of food. In one embodiment, the feeding is on a single kind of plant. As used herein, “polyphagous” refers to feeding on or utilizing many kinds of food. In one embodiment, the feeding is on many kinds of plants. As used herein, “corn” can refer to sweet corn and also field corn. “Sweet corn” (Zea maysconvar.saccharatavar.rugosa; also called sugar corn and pole corn) is a variety of maize with a high sugar content. Sweet corn is the result of a naturally occurring recessive mutation in the genes which control conversion of sugar to starch inside the endosperm of the corn kernel. Unlike field corn varieties, which are harvested when the kernels are dry and mature (dent stage), sweet corn is picked when immature (milk stage) and prepared and eaten as a vegetable, rather than a grain. Since the process of maturation involves converting sugar to starch, sweet corn stores poorly and must be eaten fresh, canned, or frozen, before the kernels become tough and starchy. “Field corn” is a general term used in North America for corn varieties other than sweet corn, popcorn, yellow food grade corn used for yellow corn meal or flour and corn starch, and white food-grade corn used for white meal or flour and corn starch. Field corn is primarily grown for livestock feed and ethanol production when allowed to mature fully before being shelled off the cob before being stored in silos, pits, bins or grain “flats”. Field corn can also be harvested as high-moisture corn, shelled off the cob and piled and packed like sileage for fermentation; or the entire plant may be chopped while still very high in moisture with the resulting silage either loaded and packed in plastic bags, piled and packed in pits, or blown into and stored in vertical silos. Although not grown primarily for human consumption, people do pick ears of field corn when its sugar content has peaked and cook it on the cob or eat it raw. Ears of field corn picked and consumed in this manner are commonly called “roasting ears” due to the most commonly used method of cooking them. Thus, field corn is generally every variety of maize that is not grown primarily for consumption as human food in the form of fresh kernels. In contrast sweet corn is grown primary as edible crop. The methods taught herein can be applied to both sweet corn and field corn. As used herein, “insecticide” refers to pesticides that are formulated to kill, harm, repel or mitigate one or more species of insect. Insecticides can be of chemical or biological origin. Insecticides include peptides, proteins and nucleic acids such as double-stranded DNA, single-stranded DNA, double-stranded RNA, single-stranded RNA and hairpin DNA or RNA. Examples of peptide insecticides include Spear™-T for the treatment ofthripsin vegetables and ornamentals in greenhouses, Spear™-P to control the Colorado Potato Beetle, and Spear™-C to protect crops from lepidopteran pests (Vestaron Corporation, Kalamazoo, MI). Insecticides can be viruses such as Gemstar® (Certis USA) that kills larvae ofHeliothisandHelicoverpaspecies. Insecticides can be packaged in various forms including sprays, dusts, gels, and baits. Insecticides can work through different modes of action (MoAs). Table A lists insecticides associated with various MoAs and Table B is a list of exemplary pesticides. TABLE AExemplary insecticides associated with various modes of actionPhysiologicalfunction(s)Mode of ActionCompound classExemplary insecticidesaffectedacetylcholinesterasecarbamatesAlanycarb, Aldicarb,Nerve and(AChE) inhibitorsBendiocarb, Benfuracarb,muscleButocarboxim, Butoxycarboxim,Carbaryl, Carbofuran,Carbosulfan Ethiofencarb,Fenobucarb, Formetanate,Furathiocarb, Isoprocarb,Methiocarb, Methomyl,Metolcarb, Oxamyl, Pirimicarb,Propoxur, Thiodicarb,Thiofanox, Triazamate,Trimethacarb, XMC, XylylcarbacetylcholinesteraseorganophosphatesAcephate, Azamethiphos,Nerve and(AChE) inhibitorsAzinphos-ethyl, Azinphos-musclemethyl, Cadusafos,Chlorethoxyfos,Chlorfenvinphos, Chlormephos,Chlorpyrifos, Chlorpyrifos-methyl, Coumaphos, Cyanophos,Demeton-S-methyl, Diazinon,Dichlorvos/DDVP,Dicrotophos, Dimethoate,Dimethylvinphos, Disulfoton,EPN, Ethion, Ethoprophos,Famphur, Fenamiphos,Fenitrothion, Fenthion,Fosthiazate, Heptenophos,Imicyafos, Isofenphos, IsopropylO-(methoxyaminothio-phosphoryl) salicylate,Isoxathion, Malathion,Mecarbam, Methamidophos,Methidathion, Mevinphos,Monocrotophos, Naled,Omethoate, Oxydemeton-methyl, Parathion, Parathion-methyl, Phenthoate, Phorate,Phosalone, Phosmet,Phosphamidon, Phoxim,Pirimiphos-methyl, Profenofos,Propetamphos, Prothiofos,Pyraclofos, Pyridaphenthion,Quinalphos, Sulfotep,Tebupirimfos, Temephos,Terbufos, Tetrachlorvinphos,Thiometon, Triazophos,Trichlorfon, VamidothionGABA-gated chloridecyclodieneChlordane, EndosulfanNerve andchannel blockersorganochlorinesmuscleGABA-gated chloridephenylpyrazolesEthiprole, FipronilNerve andchannel blockers(Fiproles)musclesodium channelpyrethroids,Acrinathrin, Allethrin,Nerve andmodulatorspyrethrinsBifenthrin, Bioallethrin,muscleBioallethrin S-cyclopentenyl,Bioresmethrin, Cycloprothrin,Cyfluthrin, Cyhalothrin,Cypermethrin, Cyphenothrin[(1R)-trans- isomers],Deltamethrin, Empenthrin [(EZ)-(1R)- isomers], Esfenvalerate,Etofenprox, Fenpropathrin,Fenvalerate, Flucythrinate,Flumethrin, Halfenprox,Kadathrin, Phenothrin [(1R)-trans- isomer], Prallethrin,Pyrethrins (pyrethrum),Resmethrin, Silafluofen,Tefluthrin, Tetramethrin,Tetramethrin [(1R)- isomers],Tralomethrin, Transfluthrin,alpha-Cypermethrin, beta-Cyfluthrin, beta-Cypermethrin,d-cis-trans Allethrin, d-transAllethrin, gamma-Cyhalothrin,lambda-Cyhalothrin, tau-Fluvalinate, theta-Cypermethrin,zeta-Cypermethrinsodium channelDDT,DDT, methoxychlorNerve andmodulatorsmethoxychlormusclenicotinicneonicotinoidsAcetamiprid, Clothianidin,Nerve andacetylcholine receptorDinotefuran, Imidacloprid,muscle(nAChR) competitiveNitenpyram, Thiacloprid,modulatorsThiamethoxamnicotinicnicotinenicotineNerve andacetylcholine receptormuscle(nAChR) competitivemodulatorsnicotinicsulfoximinessulfoxaflorNerve andacetylcholine receptormuscle(nAChR) competitivemodulatorsnicotinicbutenolidesFlupyradifuroneNerve andacetylcholine receptormuscle(nAChR) competitivemodulatorsnicotinicspinosynsSpinetoram, SpinosadNerve andacetylcholine receptormuscle(nAChR) allostericmodulatorsGlutamate-gatedavermectins,Abamectin, EmamectinNerve andchloride channelmilbemycinsbenzoate, Lepimectin,muscle(GluCl) allostericMilbemectinmodulatorsjuvenile hormonejuvenile hormoneHydroprene, Kinoprene,GrowthmimicsanaloguesMethoprenejuvenile hormoneFenoxycarbFenoxycarbGrowthmimicsjuvenile hormonePyriproxyfenPyriproxyfenGrowthmimicsmiscellaneous non-alkyl halidesMethyl bromide and other alkylUnknown orspecific (multi-site)halidesnon-specificinhibitorsmiscellaneous non-ChloropicrinChloropicrinUnknown orspecific (multi-site)non-specificinhibitorsmiscellaneous non-fluoridesCryolite, sulfuryl fluorideUnknown orspecific (multi-site)non-specificinhibitorsmiscellaneous non-boratesBorax, Boric acid, DisodiumUnknown orspecific (multi-site)octaborate, Sodium borate,non-specificinhibitorsSodium metaboratemiscellaneous non-tartar emetictartar emeticUnknown orspecific (multi-site)non-specificinhibitorsmiscellaneous non-methylDazomet, MetamUnknown orspecific (multi-site)isothiocyanatenon-specificinhibitorsgeneratorsmodulators ofPyridinePymetrozine, PyrifluquinazonNerve andchordotonal organsazomethinemusclederivativesmite growth inhibitorsClofentezine,Clofentezine, Diflovidazin,GrowthDiflovidazin,HexythiazoxHexythiazoxmite growth inhibitorsEtoxazoleEtoxazoleGrowthmicrobial disruptorsBacillusBt var.aizawai, Bt var.Midgutof insect midgutthuringiensisandisraelensis, Bt var.kurstaki, Btmembranesthe insecticidalvar.tenebrionensisproteins theyproducemicrobial disruptorsBacillus sphaericusBacillus sphaericusMidgutof insect midgutmembranesinhibitors ofDiafenthiuronDiafenthiuronRespirationmitochondrial ATPsynthaseinhibitors oforganotin miticidesAzocyclotin, Cyhexatin,Respirationmitochondrial ATPFenbutatin oxidesynthaseinhibitors ofPropargitePropargiteRespirationmitochondrial ATPsynthaseinhibitors ofTetradifonTetradifonRespirationmitochondrial ATPsynthaseuncouplers ofChlorfenapyr,Chlorfenapyr, DNOC,RespirationoxidativeDNOC, SulfuramidSulfuramidphosphorylation viadisruption of theproton gradientNicotinicnereistoxinBensultap, Cartap hydrochloride,Nerve andacetylcholine receptoranaloguesThiocyclam, Thiosultap-sodiummuscle(nAChR) channelblockersinhibitors of chitinbenzoylureasBistrifluron, Chlorfluazuron,Growthbiosynthesis, type 0Diflubenzuron, Flucycloxuron,Flufenoxuron, Hexaflumuron,Lufenuron, Novaluron,Noviflumuron, Teflubenzuron,Triflumuroninhibitors of chitinBuprofezinBuprofezinGrowthbiosynthesis, type 1moulting disruptor,CyromazineCyromazineGrowthDipteranecdysone receptordiacylhydrazinesChromafenozide, Halofenozide,GrowthagonistsMethoxyfenozide, Tebufenozideoctopamine receptorAmitrazAmitrazNerve andagonistsmusclemitochondrialHydramethylnonHydramethylnonRespirationcomplex III electrontransport inhibitorsmitochondrialAcequinocylAcequinocylRespirationcomplex III electrontransport inhibitorsmitochondrialFluacrypyrimFluacrypyrimRespirationcomplex III electrontransport inhibitorsmitochondrialBifenazateBifenazateRespirationcomplex III electrontransport inhibitorsmitochondrialMeti acaricides andFenazaquin, Fenpyroximate,Respirationcomplex I electroninsecticidesPyridaben, Pyrimidifen,transport inhibitorsTebufenpyrad, TolfenpyradmitochondrialRotenoneRotenoneRespirationcomplex I electrontransport inhibitorsvoltage-dependentoxadiazinesIndoxacarbNerve andsodium channelmuscleblockersvoltage-dependentsemicarbazonesMetaflumizoneNerve andsodium channelmuscleblockersinhibitors of acetyltetronic andSpirodiclofen, Spiromesifen,GrowthCoA carboxylasetetramic acidSpirotetramatderivativesmitochondrialphosphidesAluminium phosphide, CalciumRespirationcomplex IV electronphosphide, Phosphine, Zinctransport inhibitorsphosphidemitochondrialcyanidesCalcium cyanide, PotassiumRespirationcomplex IV electroncyanide, Sodium cyanidetransport inhibitorsmitochondrialbeta-ketonitrileCyenopyrafen, CyflumetofenRespirationcomplex II electronderivativestransport inhibitorsmitochondrialcarboxanilidesPyflubumideRespirationcomplex II electrontransport inhibitorsryanodine receptordiamidesChlorantraniliprole,Nerve andmodulatorsCyantraniliprole, FlubendiamidemuscleChordotonal organFlonicamidFlonicamidNerve andmodulators—muscleundefined target sitecompounds ofAzadirachtinAzadirachtinUnknownunknown or uncertainmode of actioncompounds ofBenzoximateBenzoximateUnknownunknown or uncertainmode of actioncompounds ofBromopropylateBromopropylateUnknownunknown or uncertainmode of actioncompounds ofChinomethionatChinomethionatUnknownunknown or uncertainmode of actioncompounds ofDicofolDicofolUnknownunknown or uncertainmode of actioncompounds oflime sulfurlime sulfurUnknownunknown or uncertainmode of actioncompounds ofPyridalylPyridalylUnknownunknown or uncertainmode of actioncompounds ofsulfursulfurUnknownunknown or uncertainmode of actionAdapted from www.irac-online.org TABLE BExemplary list of pesticidesCategoryCompoundsINSECTICIDESarsenical insecticidescalcium arsenatecopper acetoarsenitecopper arsenatelead arsenatepotassium arsenitesodium arsenitebotanical insecticidesallicinanabasineazadirachtincarvacrold-limonenematrinenicotinenornicotineoxymatrinepyrethrinscinerinscinerin Icinerin IIjasmolin Ijasmolin IIpyrethrin Ipyrethrin IIquassiarhodojaponin-IIIrotenoneryaniasabadillasanguinarinetriptolidecarbamate insecticidesbendiocarbcarbarylbenzofuranyl methylcarbamatebenfuracarbinsecticidescarbofurancarbosulfandecarbofuranfurathiocarbdimethylcarbamate insecticidesdimetandimetilanhyquincarbisolanpirimicarbpyramatpyrolanoxime carbamate insecticidesalanycarbaldicarbaldoxycarbbutocarboximbutoxycarboximmethomylnitrilacarboxamyltazimcarbthiocarboximethiodicarbthiofanoxphenyl methylcarbamate insecticidesallyxycarbaminocarbbufencarbbutacarbcarbanolatecloethocarbCPMCdicresyldimethacarbdioxacarbEMPCethiofencarbfenethacarbfenobucarbisoprocarbmethiocarbmetolcarbmexacarbatepromacylpromecarbpropoxurtrimethacarbXMCxylylcarbdiamide insecticidesbroflanilidechlorantraniliprolecyantraniliprolecyclaniliprolecyhalodiamideflubendiamidetetraniliproledinitrophenol insecticidesdinexdinopropdinosamDNOCfluorine insecticidesbarium hexafluorosilicatecryoliteflursulamidsodium fluoridesodium hexafluorosilicatesulfluramidformamidine insecticidesamitrazchlordimeformformetanateformparanatemedimeformsemiamitrazfumigant insecticidesacrylonitrilecarbon disulfidecarbon tetrachloridecarbonyl sulfidechloroformchloropicrincyanogenpara-dichlorobenzene1,2-dichloropropanedithioetherethyl formateethylene dibromideethylene dichlorideethylene oxidehydrogen cyanidemethyl bromidemethyl iodidemethylchloroformmethylene chloridenaphthalenephosphinesodium tetrathiocarbonatesulfuryl fluoridetetrachloroethaneinorganic insecticidesboraxboric acidcalcium polysulfidecopper oleatediatomaceous earthmercurous chloridepotassium thiocyanatesilica gelsodium thiocyanateinsect growth regulatorschitin synthesis inhibitorsbuprofezincyromazinebenzoylphenylurea chitin synthesisbistrifluroninhibitorschlorbenzuronchlorfluazurondichlorbenzurondiflubenzuronflucycloxuronflufenoxuronhexaflumuronlufenuronnovaluronnoviflumuronpenfluronteflubenzurontriflumuronjuvenile hormone mimicsdayoutongepofenonanefenoxycarbhydroprenekinoprenemethoprenepyriproxyfentriprenejuvenile hormonesjuvenile hormone Ijuvenile hormone IIjuvenile hormone IIImoulting hormone agonistschromafenozidefuran tebufenozidehalofenozidemethoxyfenozidetebufenozideyishijingmoulting hormonesα-ecdysoneecdysteronemoulting inhibitorsdiofenolanprecocenesprecocene Iprecocene IIprecocene IIIunclassified insect growth regulatorsdicyclanilmacrocyclic lactone insecticidesavermectin insecticidesabamectindoramectinemamectineprinomectinivermectinselamectinmilbemycin insecticideslepimectinmilbemectinmilbemycin oximemoxidectinspinosyn insecticidesspinetoramspinosadneonicotinoid insecticidesnitroguanidine neonicotinoid insecticidesclothianidindinotefuranimidaclopridimidaclothizthiamethoxamnitromethylene neonicotinoid insecticidesnitenpyramnithiazinepyridylmethylamine neonicotinoidacetamipridinsecticidesimidaclopridnitenpyrampaichongdingthiaclopridnereistoxin analogue insecticidesbensultapcartappolythialanthiocyclamthiosultaporganochlorine insecticidesbromo-DDTcamphechlorDDTpp′-DDTethyl-DDDHCHgamma-HCHlindanemethoxychlorpentachlorophenolTDEcyclodiene insecticidesaldrinbromocyclenchlorbicyclenchlordanechlordeconedieldrindilorendosulfanalpha-endosulfanendrinHEODheptachlorHHDNisobenzanisodrinkelevanmirexorganophosphorus insecticidesorganophosphate insecticidesbromfenvinfoscalvinphoschlorfenvinphoscrotoxyphosdichlorvosdicrotophosdimethylvinphosfospirateheptenophosmethocrotophosmevinphosmonocrotophosnalednaftalofosphosphamidonpropaphosTEPPtetrachlorvinphosorganothiophosphate insecticidesdioxabenzofosfosmethilanphenthoatealiphatic organothiophosphateacethioninsecticidesacetophosamitoncadusafoschlorethoxyfoschlormephosdemephiondemephion-Odemephion-Sdemetondemeton-Odemeton-Sdemeton-methyldemeton-O-methyldemeton-S-methyldemeton-S-methylsulphondisulfotonethionethoprophosIPSPisothioatemalathionmethacrifosmethylacetophosoxydemeton-methyloxydeprofosoxydisulfotonphoratesulfotepterbufosthiometonaliphatic amide organothiophosphateamidithioninsecticidescyanthoatedimethoateethoate-methylformothionmecarbamomethoateprothoatesophamidevamidothionoxime organothiophosphatechlorphoximinsecticidesphoximphoxim-methylheterocyclic organothiophosphateazamethiphosinsecticidescolophonatecoumaphoscoumithoatedioxathionendothionmenazonmorphothionphosalonepyraclofospyrazothionpyridaphenthionquinothionbenzothiopyran organothiophosphatedithicrofosinsecticidesthicrofosbenzotriazine organothiophosphateazinphos-ethylinsecticidesazinphos-methylisoindole organothiophosphatedialifosinsecticidesphosmetisoxazole organothiophosphateisoxathioninsecticideszolaprofospyrazolopyrimidinechlorprazophosorganothiophosphate insecticidespyrazophospyridine organothiophosphatechlorpyrifosinsecticideschlorpyrifos-methylpyrimidine organothiophosphatebutathiofosinsecticidesdiazinonetrimfoslirimfospirimioxyphospirimiphos-ethylpirimiphos-methylprimidophospyrimitatetebupirimfosquinoxaline organothiophosphatequinalphosinsecticidesquinalphos-methylthiadiazole organothiophosphateathidathioninsecticideslythidathionmethidathionprothidathiontriazole organothiophosphateisazofosinsecticidestriazophosphenyl organothiophosphateazothoateinsecticidesbromophosbromophos-ethylcarbophenothionchlorthiophoscyanophoscythioatedicapthondichlofenthionetaphosfamphurfenchlorphosfenitrothionfensulfothionfenthionfenthion-ethylheterophosjodfenphosmesulfenfosparathionparathion-methylphenkaptonphosnichlorprofenofosprothiofossulprofostemephostrichlormetaphos-3trifenofosxiaochongliulinphosphonate insecticidesbutonatetrichlorfonphosphonothioate insecticidesmecarphonphenyl ethylphosphonothioatefonofosinsecticidestrichloronatphenyl phenylphosphonothioatecyanofenphosinsecticidesEPNleptophosphosphoramidate insecticidescrufomatefenamiphosfosthietanmephosfolanphosfolanphosfolan-methylpirimetaphosphosphoramidothioate insecticidesacephatechloramine phosphorusisocarbophosisofenphosisofenphos-methylmethamidophosphosglycinpropetamphosphosphorodiamide insecticidesdimefoxmazidoxmipafoxschradanoxadiazine insecticidesindoxacarboxadiazolone insecticidesmetoxadiazonephthalimide insecticidesdialifosphosmettetramethrinphysical insecticidesmaltodextrindesiccant insecticidesboric aciddiatomaceous earthsilica gelpyrazole insecticideschlorantraniliprolecyantraniliprolecyclaniliproledimetilanisolantebufenpyradtetraniliproletolfenpyradphenylpyrazole insecticidesacetoproleethiprolefipronilflufiprolepyraclofospyrafluprolepyriprolepyrolanvaniliprolepyrethroid insecticidespyrethroid ester insecticidesacrinathrinallethrinbioallethrinesdepallethrinebarthrinbifenthrinkappa-bifenthrinbioethanomethrinbrofenvaleratebrofluthrinatebromethrinbutethrinchlorempenthrincyclethrincycloprothrincyfluthrinbeta-cyfluthrincyhalothringamma-cyhalothrinlambda-cyhalothrincypermethrinalpha-cypermethrinbeta-cypermethrintheta-cypermethrinzeta-cypermethrincyphenothrindeltamethrindimefluthrindimethrinempenthrind-fanshiluquebingjuzhichloroprallethrinfenfluthrinfenpirithrinfenpropathrinfenvalerateesfenvalerateflucythrinatefluvalinatetau-fluvalinatefuramethrinfurethrinheptafluthrinimiprothrinjapothrinskadethrinmethothrinmetofluthrinepsilon-metofluthrinmomfluorothrinepsilon-momfluorothrinpentmethrinpermethrinbiopermethrintranspermethrinphenothrinprallethrinprofluthrinproparthrinpyresmethrinrenofluthrinmeperfluthrinresmethrinbioresmethrincismethrintefluthrinkappa-tefluthrinterallethrintetramethrintetramethylfluthrintralocythrintralomethrintransfluthrinvaleratepyrethroid ether insecticidesetofenproxflufenproxhalfenproxprotrifenbutesilafluofenpyrethroid oxime insecticidessulfoximethiofluoximatepyrimidinamine insecticidesflufenerimpyrimidifenpyrrole insecticideschlorfenapyrquaternary ammonium insecticidessanguinarinesulfoximine insecticidessulfoxaflortetramic acid insecticidesspirotetramattetronic acid insecticidesspiromesifenthiazole insecticidesclothianidinimidaclothizthiamethoxamthiapronilthiazolidine insecticidestazimcarbthiaclopridthiourea insecticidesdiafenthiuronurea insecticidesflucofuronsulcofuronzwitterionic insecticidesdicloromezotiaztriflumezopyrimunclassified insecticidesafidopyropenafoxolanerallosamidinclosantelcopper naphthenatecrotamitonEXDfenazaflorfenoxacrimflometoquinflonicamidfluhexafonflupyradifuronefluralanerfluxametamidehydramethylnonisoprothiolanejiahuangchongzongmalonobenmetaflumizonenifluridideplifenatepyridabenpyridalylpyrifluquinazonrafoxanidethuringiensintriarathenetriazamateACARICIDESbotanical acaricidescarvacrolsanguinarinebridged diphenyl acaricidesazobenzenebenzoximatebenzyl benzoatebromopropylatechlorbensidechlorfenetholchlorfensonchlorfensulphidechlorobenzilatechloropropylatecyflumetofenDDTdicofoldiphenyl sulfonedofenapynfensonfentrifanilfluorbensidegenithexachlorophenephenproxideproclonoltetradifontetrasulcarbamate acaricidesbenomylcarbanolatecarbarylcarbofuranmethiocarbmetolcarbpromacylpropoxuroxime carbamate acaricidesaldicarbbutocarboximoxamylthiocarboximethiofanoxcarbazate acaricidesbifenazatedinitrophenol acaricidesbinapacryldinexdinobutondinocapdinocap-4dinocap-6dinoctondinopentondinosulfondinoterbonDNOCformamidine acaricidesamitrazchlordimeformchloromebuformformetanateformparanatemedimeformsemi amitrazmacrocyclic lactone acaricidestetranactinavermectin acaricidesabamectindoramectineprinomectinivermectinselamectinmilbemycin acaricidesmilbemectinmilbemycin oximemoxidectinmite growth regulatorsclofentezinecyromazinediflovidazindofenapynfluazuronflubenzimineflucycloxuronflufenoxuronhexythiazoxorganochlorine acaricidesbromocyclencamphechlorDDTdienochlorendosulfanlindaneorganophosphorus acaricidesorganophosphate acaricideschlorfenvinphoscrotoxyphosdichlorvosheptenophosmevinphosmonocrotophosnaledTEPPtetrachlorvinphosorganothiophosphate acaricidesamidithionamitonazinphos-ethylazinphos-methylazothoatebenoxafosbromophosbromophos-ethylcarbophenothionchlorpyrifoschlorthiophoscoumaphoscyanthoatedemetondemeton-Odemeton-Sdemeton-methyldemeton-O-methyldemeton-S-methyldemeton-S-methylsulphondialifosdiazinondimethoatedioxathiondisulfotonendothionethionethoate-methylformothionmalathionmecarbammethacrifosomethoateoxydeprofosoxydisulfotonparathionphenkaptonphoratephosalonephosmetphostinphoximpirimiphos-methylprothidathionprothoatepyrimitatequinalphosquintiofossophamidesulfotepthiometontriazophostrifenofosvamidothionphosphonate acaricidestrichlorfonphosphoramidothioate acaricidesisocarbophosmethamidophospropetamphosphosphorodiamide acaricidesdimefoxmipafoxschradanorganotin acaricidesazocyclotincyhexatinfenbutatin oxidephostinphenylsulfamide acaricidesdichlofluanidphthalimide acaricidesdialifosphosmetpyrazole acaricidescyenopyrafenfenpyroximatepyflubumidetebufenpyradphenylpyrazole acaricidesacetoprolefipronilvaniliprolepyrethroid acaricidespyrethroid ester acaricidesacrinathrinbifenthrinbrofluthrinatecyhalothrincypermethrinalpha-cypermethrinfenpropathrinfenvalerateflucythrinateflumethrinfluvalinatetau-fluvalinatepermethrinpyrethroid ether acaricideshalfenproxpyrimidinamine acaricidespyrimidifenpyrrole acaricideschlorfenapyrquaternary ammonium acaricidessanguinarinequinoxaline acaricideschinomethionatthioquinoxstrobilurin acaricidesmethoxyacrylate strobilurin acaricidesbifujunzhifluacrypyrimflufenoxystrobinpyriminostrobinsulfite ester acaricidesaramitepropargitetetronic acid acaricidesspirodiclofentetrazine acaricidesclofentezinediflovidazinthiazolidine acaricidesflubenziminehexythiazoxthiocarbamate acaricidesfenothiocarbthiourea acaricideschloromethiurondiafenthiuronunclassified acaricidesacequinocylafoxolaneramidoflumetarsenous oxideclenpirinclosantelcrotamitoncyclopratecymiazoledisulfirametoxazolefenazaflorfenazaquinfluenetilfluralanermesulfenMNAFniflurididenikkomycinspyridabensulfiramsulfluramidsulfurthuringiensintriaratheneCHEMOSTERILANTSapholatebisazirbusulfandiflubenzurondimatifhemelhempametepamethiotepamethyl apholatemorzidpenflurontepathiohempathiotepatretamineuredepaINSECT REPELLENTSacrepbutopyronoxylcamphord-camphorcarboxidedibutyl phthalatediethyltoluamidedimethyl carbatedimethyl phthalatedibutyl succinateethohexadiolhexamideicaridinmethoquin-butylmethylneodecanamide2-(octylthio)ethanoloxamatequwenzhiquyingdingrebemidezengxiaoanNEMATICIDESavermectin nematicidesabamectinbotanical nematicidescarvacrolcarbamate nematicidesbenomylcarbofurancarbosulfancloethocarboxime carbamate nematicidesalanycarbaldicarbaldoxycarboxamyltirpatefumigant nematicidescarbon disulfidecyanogen1,2-dichloropropane1,3-dichloropropenedithioethermethyl bromidemethyl iodidesodium tetrathiocarbonateorganophosphorus nematicidesorganophosphate nematicidesdiamidafosfenamiphosfosthietanphosphamidonorganothiophosphate nematicidescadusafoschlorpyrifosdichlofenthiondimethoateethoprophosfensulfothionfosthiazateheterophosisamidofosisazofosphoratephosphocarbterbufosthionazintriazophosphosphonothioate nematicidesimicyafosmecarphonunclassified nematicidesacetoprolebenclothiazchloropicrindazometDBCPDCIPfluazaindolizinefluensulfonefurfuralmetammethyl isothiocyanatetioxazafenxylenolsFrom www.alanwood.net Insecticides also include synergists or activators that are not in themselves considered toxic or insecticidal, but are materials used with insecticides to synergize or enhance the activity of the insecticides. Syngergists or activators include piperonyl butoxide. Insecticides can be biorational, or can also be known as biopesticides or biological pesticides. Biorational refers to any substance of natural origin (or man-made substances resembling those of natural origin) that has a detrimental or lethal effect on specific target pest(s), e.g., insects, weeds, plant diseases (including nematodes), and vertebrate pests, possess a unique mode of action, are non-toxic to man, domestic plants and animals, and have little or no adverse effects on wildlife and the environment. Biorational insecticides (or biopesticides or biological pesticides) can be grouped as: (1) biochemicals (hormones, enzymes, pheromones and natural agents, such as insect and plant growth regulators), (2) microbial (viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and nematodes), or (3) Plant-Incorporated protectants (PIPs)—primarily transgenic plants, e.g., Bt corn. As used herein, the term “locus” (plural: “loci”) refers to any site that has been defined genetically. A locus may be a gene, or part of a gene, or a DNA sequence that has some regulatory role, and may be occupied by different sequences. As used herein, the term “locus” can also refer to a physical location, position, point or place. As an example, applying a pheromone to a locus comprises applying the pheromone in a location, position, point or place in or near an agricultural area. As used herein, the term “allele” or “alleles” means any of one or more alternative forms of a gene, all of which alleles relate to at least one trait or characteristic. In a diploid cell, the two alleles of a given gene occupy corresponding loci on a pair of homologous chromosomes. Alleles are considered identical when they express a similar phenotype. For example, an “R” allele can be a form of a given gene in a pest that confers resistance to an insecticidal trait or chemical insecticide. An “S” allele can be a form of the same given gene in a pest that confers susceptibility to an insecticidal trait or chemical insecticide. As used herein, the term “heterozygote” refers to a diploid or polyploid individual cell, plant or pest having different alleles (forms of a given gene) present at least at one locus. As used herein, the term “heterozygous” refers to the presence of different alleles (forms of a given gene) at a particular gene locus. For example, a pest heterozygous for resistance to an insecticidal trait or chemical insecticide can be “RS” or “SR”, that is, comprising both a resistant “R” allele and a susceptible “S” allele. As used herein, the term “homozygote” refers to an individual cell, plant or pest having the same alleles at one or more loci. As used herein, the term “homozygous” refers to the presence of identical alleles at one or more loci in homologous chromosomal segments. For example, a pest homozygous for resistance to an insecticidal trait or chemical insecticide comprises “RR” alleles, while a pest homozygous for susceptibility to an insecticidal trait or chemical insecticide comprises “SS” alleles. As used herein, the term “high-dose” refers to an insecticide (chemical or transgenic) concentration that is sufficiently high such that the resistance allele is rendered recessive. That is, only the homozygote RR members of the population are resistant. As used herein, the term “low-dose” refers to an insecticide (chemical or transgenic) concentration that is reasonably low such that the resistance allele is rendered dominant. That is, both RS and SR heterozygotes are resistant. As used herein, the term “fitness” refers to a property of the individual and comprises the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in a given environment. As used herein, the phrase “fitness differential under selection pressure by the insecticide” refers to the fitness advantage of resistant phenotypes over susceptible phenotypes when both are exposed to the insecticide (Andow 2008). As used herein, the phrase “fitness cost of resistance (in the absence of the insecticide)” refers to the fitness advantage of susceptible phenotypes over resistant phenotypes in the absence of the insecticide. As used herein, the phrase “preemptive resistance management strategies” refers to strategies that attempt to avoid or delay a field resistance event by keeping the numbers of resistant members of a population sufficiently low. As used herein, the phrase “responsive resistance management strategies” refers to strategies that react to the occurrence of control failures from resistance. Because resistance almost always comes with a fitness cost, it is a given that in the absence of a selection pressure, an insecticide can be rescued as the population will tend to revert to susceptibility. The present invention allows an insecticide to be rescued while still using that insecticide in a responsive strategy. As used herein, “Integrated Pest Management” or “IPM” refers to a comprehensive approach to pest control that uses combined means to reduce the status of pests to tolerable levels while maintaining a quality environment. As used herein, “Integrated Resistance Management” or “IRM” refers to using strategies that minimize the selection for resistance to any one type of insecticide or acaricide. The objective of IRM is to prevent or delay development of resistance to insecticides, or to help regain susceptibility in insect pest populations in which resistance has already arisen. In one embodiment, the goal of IRM is to delay or prevent the occurrence of control failures from resistance by delaying or preventing the evolution of resistance. Prevention requires active management or evolutionary selection pressures against resistance alleles in a population. IRM strategies can be broadly characterized as either responsive or preemptive. Responsive strategies react to the occurrence of control failures from resistance, while preemptive strategies attempt to avoid or delay resistance before a field failure occurs. Understanding the mode of action (MoA) of an insecticide or acaricide is key to having an effective management program. Insecticide applications are often arranged into MoA spray windows or blocks that are defined by the stage of crop development, the biology of the pest(s) of concern and local conditions where IRM is implemented. Several sprays of a compound may be possible within each spray window but it is generally essential to ensure that successive generations of the pest are not treated with compounds from the same MoA group. Understanding the life cycle of the pest is important. As used herein, “mode of action” or “MoA” refers to the basis for which a given insecticide or acaricide operates to injure or kill a pest. Compounds within a specific chemical group usually share a common target site within the pest, and thus share a common Mode of Action. Orthogonal MoAs share little or no overlap in target sites. As used herein, “kairomone” refers to a compound that is an interspecific chemical message that benefits the receiving species and disadvantages the emitting species. In one embodiment, kairomones can act between two insect species for location of host insects by parasitoids. In another embodiment, kairomones can act between an insect and a plant for location of host plants by herbivores or for location of herbivore-damaged plants by parasitoids. As used herein, “mating disruption” refers to a pest management technique or tactic that involves the use of sex pheromones to disrupt the reproductive cycle of insects. For example, mating disruption exploits the male cotton bollworm's natural response to follow the pheromone plume by introducing pheromone unconnected to a female cotton bollworm into the insects' habitat. The general effect of mating disruption may possibly be to impair the male cotton bollworm's normal semiochemically-mediated behavior by masking the natural pheromone plumes, causing the males to follow “false pheromone trails” at the expense of finding mates, and affecting the males' ability to respond to “calling” females. Mating disruption may alternatively raise the response threshold or saturate the male's senses with the high pheromone concentration, so that the male can no longer sense the small amount of pheromone released by the female. Consequently, the male population experiences a reduced probability of successfully locating and mating with female cotton bollworms. As used herein, “percentage of mating disruption”, “percent mating disruption” or “% mating disruption” refers to market penetration or extent of adoption of mating disruption practice. As used herein, “mating disruption efficacy” or “efficacy of mating disruption” refers to the proportion of the females that would normally mate on a given night due to implementation of mating disruption. Mating disruption efficacy can be expressed as (100%—% of females that mate per night). Thus, for example, if the mating disruption efficacy was 90%, only 10% of the females would mate on the first night. On the next night, 10% of the 90% that didn't mate on the first night would mate, and so on. As used herein, “pest” or “pests” refer to organisms possessing characteristics that are considered damaging or unwanted. Pests can include insects, animals, plants, molds, fungi, bacteria and viruses. For example, the Grape Berry Moth (GBM) (Endopiza viteanaClemens) is one of the principal insect pests of grape. As another example, the primary pest of cherry is a fruit fly, but several Lepidoptera, including obliquebanded leafroller (OBLR) (Choristoneura rosaceanHarris), can cause significant crop loss as well. As another example, the larvae of the fall armyworm moth (Spodoptera frugiperda, part of the order Lepidoptera) eat grasses and small grain crops. As a further example, moths such as the cotton bollworm and the corn earworm in the Noctuidae family (Helicoverpa armigeraandHelicoverpa zea) are major pests for crops such as corn, tomatoes and soybean. As another example, mites such asTetranychus urticaeattack a wide range of plants including peppers, tomatoes, potatoes, beans, corn,cannabisand strawberries. As a further example, the navel orangeworm (Amyelois transitella) is a moth of the Pyralidae family native to the southwestern United States and Mexico and is a commercial pest to a number of crops including walnut trees (Juglans regia), common fig (Ficus carica), almond trees (Prunus dulcis), and pistachio trees (Pistacia vera). As another example, theCitrusleafminer (Phyllocnistis citrella), or CLM, is a moth of the Gracillariidae family found all over the world. The CLM larvae infestCitrusspecies such as bael tree (Aegle marmelos), Atalantia tree species, calamondin (Citrofortunella microcarpa), lemon tree (Citrus limon), grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), pomelo (Citrus maxima), kumquat (Fortunella margarita), Murrayapaniculataornamental tree or hedge, and trifoliate orange (Poncirustrifoliate), by mining their leaves, creating epidermal corridors with well-marked central frass lines. Effective control of these and other pests is a primary goal of agriculture. As used herein, “growth rate” of an organism refers to the number of female offspring that survive to adulthood per generation under natural conditions and relatively small population levels. For example, if females produce on average 20 eggs/female, and only 10% survive to become adults, and half of the eggs are males, then that population has a growth rate of 1.0 and does not grow over time. If 20% survive, then the growth rate would be 2. An increase in the growth rate could be due to an increase in the birth rate and no decrease in mortality. “Extreme Reproductive Growth Rate” may arise when the growth rate approaches 100 fold per generation. This may result from about a 10-fold increase in fecundity with no increase in growth rate. In this case, Malthusian principles may apply and something must hold the population in check. Transgenic insecticidal traits, pesticides, and/or mating disruption may all hold the population in check, but with a growth rate this high, much of the mortality is due to density dependence, particularly in refuges (where the populations are the largest). In one example, cannibalism could be one common form of density-dependent mortality inSpodoptera frugiperdalarvae. In one embodiment, density-dependent mortality decreases the population of susceptible insects in refuges, and this results in the rapid evolution of resistance.S. frugiperdamortality rates for egg and larvae have been studied by Varella et al. (2015) and Murua and Virla (2004) (Varella et al. Mortality Dynamics ofSpodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Immatures in Maize. PloS one. 10: e0130437 (2015); Murúa and Virla. Population parameters ofSpodoptera frugiperda(Smith) (Lep.: Noctuidae) fed on corn and two predominant grasess in Tucuman (Argentina). Acta zoológica mexicana. 20: 199-210 (2004)). As seen inFIG.10, a balanced reproductive growth rate can be about 4.8 fold per generation, and a rapid reproductive growth rate can be about 9.7 fold per generation. As used herein, “pest control” refers to inhibition of pest development (including mortality, feeding reduction, and/or mating disruption). As used herein, “pesticide” refers to a compound or substance that repels, incapacitates or kills a pest, such as an insect, weed or pathogen. Thus pesticides can encompass, but are not limited to, acaricides, algicides, antifeedants, avicides, bactericides, bird repellents, chemosterilants, fungicides, herbicide safeners, herbicides, insect repellents, insecticides, mammal repellents, mating disrupters, molluscicides, nematicides, plant activators, plant growth regulators, rodenticides, synergists and virucides. As used herein, “acaricide” refers to pesticides that kill members of the arachnid subclass Acari, which includes ticks and mites. As used herein, “arachnid” refers to a class of joint-legged invertebrate animals, also known as arthropods, in the subphylum Chelicerata. Arachnids have eight legs as opposed to the six legs found on insects. Also in contrast to insects, arachnids do not have antennae or wings. Arachnids also have two further pairs of appendages that are adapted for feeding, defense, and sensory perception. The first pair, the chelicerae, serves in feeding and defense. The second pair of appendages, the pedipalps, has been adapted for feeding, locomotion, and/or reproductive functions. The body is organized into the cephalothorax, a fusion of the head and thorax, and the abdomen. There are over 100,000 species of arachnids and include spiders, scorpions, harvestmen, ticks, mites and solifuges. As used herein, “mite” refers to a small arthropod belonging to the subclass Acari (or Acarina) and the class Arachnida. About 48, 200 species of mites have been described. Mites actively engage in the fragmentation and mixing of organic matter in soil ecosystems. Mites occur in many habitats and eat a wide variety of material including living and dead plant and fungal matter, lichens and carrion. Many mites are parasitic on plants and animals. For example, mites of the family Pyroglyphidae, or nest mites, live primarily in the nests of birds and animals and consume blood, skin and keratin. Dust mites, which feed on dead skin and hair shed from humans, evolved from these parasitic ancestors. Examples of parasitic mites that infest insects includeVarroa destructor, which attaches to the body of the honey bee, andAcarapis woodi(family Tarsonemidae), which lives in the tracheae of honey bees. Mites that are considered plant pests include spider mites (family Tetranychidae), thread-footed mites (family Tarsonemidae), and the gall mites (family Eriophyidae). Among the species that attack animals are members of the sarcoptic mange mites (family Sarcoptidae), which burrow under the skin.Demodexmites (family Demodicidae) are parasites that live in or near the hair follicles of mammals, including humans. As used herein, the terms “pheromone” or “natural pheromone,” when used in reference to an insect pheromone, is intended to mean the volatile chemical or particular volatile chemical blend having a chemical structure corresponding to the chemical structure of a pheromone that is released by a particular insect for the function of chemical communication within the species. For example, a female moth releases pheromones, which are detected by sensors on the antennae of a male moth and enable the male moth to locate the female moth for mating. As another example, the pheromone blend forSpodoptera frugiperdacomprises (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14Ac): (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16Ac) or (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14Ac): (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16Ac): (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7-12Ac). In one embodiment, the ratio of (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14Ac): (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16Ac) pheromone blend is about 87:13. In another embodiment, the ratio of (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14Ac): (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16Ac): (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7-12Ac) pheromone blend is about 87:12:1. As a further example, the pheromone blend forHelicoverpa zeacomprises (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11-16Ald): (Z)-9-hexadecenal (Z9-16:Ald). In one embodiment, the ratio of (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11-16Ald): (Z)-9-hexadecenal (Z9-16:Ald) pheromone blend is about 97:3. As used herein, the term “non-natural” or “non-naturally occurring,” when used in reference to a synthetic pheromone, is intended to mean a molecule that is not produced by the particular insect species whose behavior is modified using said molecule. A list of representative pheromones is given in Table 7. As used herein, “high coverage” of a field with one or more pheromone refers to application of one or more pheromones in a field plot such that about the entire field is treated with the pheromone. As used herein, a “high concentration” of pheromone refers to a concentration of pheromone sufficient to disrupt mating of pests. As used herein, a “low concentration” of pheromone refers to a concentration of pheromone that is used to attract pests to an area with the purpose of influencing the dispersal patterns of the pests to affect where mating occurs. As used herein, “pheromonostatic peptide” or “PSP” refer to a peptide found in the seminal fluid of male moths that cause a depletion of sex pheromone in the female moth after mating. As used herein, “pheromone biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide” or “PBAN” refer to a neurohormone produced by a cephalic organ, the subesophageal ganglion. PBAN stimulates sex pheromone biosynthesis in the pheromone gland via an influx of extracellular Ca2+. As used herein, “plant incorporated” refers to being in or a part of the plant by genetic modification. In one embodiment, a plant incorporated insecticide comprises an insecticide that is produced by a plant which has been engineered with a recombinant transgene coding for the insecticide. In a particular embodiment, a plant can be engineered to express a crystal protein (cry protein) from the spore forming bacteriumBacillus thuringiensis(Bt). The cry protein is toxic to many species of insects. In another embodiment, a plant can be engineered to express a nucleic acid-based insecticide, which when ingested by the insect, causes downregulation of a target gene in the insect essential for growth, reproduction or survival (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 8,759,306). As used herein, “plant species” refers to a group of plants belonging to various officially named plant species that display at least some sexual compatibility amongst themselves. As used herein, “recombinant” broadly describes various technologies whereby genes can be cloned, DNA can be sequenced, and protein products can be produced. As used herein, the term also describes proteins that have been produced following the transfer of genes into the cells of plant host systems. As used herein, “semiochemicals” refer to chemicals (scents, odors, tastes, pheromones, pheromone-like compounds, or other chemosensory compounds) that mediate interactions between organisms. These chemicals can modify behavior of the organisms. As used herein, “synthetic pheromone” or “synthetic pheromone composition” refers to a chemical composition of one or more specific isolated pheromone compounds. Typically, such compounds are produced synthetically and mimic the response of natural pheromones. In some embodiments, the behavioral response to the pheromone is attraction. In other embodiments, the species to be influenced is repelled by the pheromone. As used herein, the term “synthetically derived” when used in reference to a chemical compound is intended to indicate that the referenced chemical compound is transformed from starting material to product by human intervention. In some embodiments, a synthetically derived chemical compound can have a chemical structure corresponding to an insect pheromone which is produced by an insect species. As used herein, the term “synergistic” or “synergistic effect” obtained by the taught methods can be quantified according to Colby's formula (i.e. (E)=X+Y−(X*Y/100). See Colby, R. S., “Calculating Synergistic and Antagonistic Responses of Herbicide Combinations,” 1967 Weeds, vol. 15, pp. 20-22, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Thus, by “synergistic” is intended a component which, by virtue of its presence, increases the desired effect by more than an additive amount. As used herein, “transgene” refers to a gene that will be or is inserted into a host genome, comprising a protein coding region to express a protein or a nucleic acid region to downregulate a target gene in the host. As used herein, “transgenic plant” refers to a genetically modified plant which contains at least one transgene. As used herein, “transgenic insecticidal trait” refers to a trait exhibited by a plant that has been genetically engineered to express a nucleic acid or polypeptide that is detrimental to one or more pests. In one embodiment, the trait comprises the expression of vegetative insecticidal proteins (VIPs) fromBacillus thuringiensis, lectins and proteinase inhibitors from plants, terpenoids, cholesterol oxidases fromStreptomycesspp., insect chitinases and fungal chitinolytic enzymes, bacterial insecticidal proteins and early recognition resistance genes. In another embodiment, the trait comprises the expression of aBacillus thuringiensisprotein that is toxic to a pest. In one embodiment, the Bt protein is a Cry protein (crystal protein). Bt crops include Bt corn, Bt cotton and Bt soy. Bt toxins can be from the Cry family (see, for example, Crickmore et al., 1998, Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 62: 807-812), which are particularly effective against Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Diptera. Examples of genes coding for Bt proteins include: CrylA, crylAal, crylAa2, crylAa3, crylAa4, crylAa5, crylAa6, crylAa7, crylAa8, crylAa9, crylAa10, crylAa11, crylAbl, crylAb2, crylAb3, crylAb4, crylAb5, crylAb6, crylAb7, crylAb8, crylAb9, crylAb10, crylAb11, crylAbl2, crylAbl3, crylAbl4, crylAcl, crylAc2, crylAc3, crylAc4, crylAc5, crylAc6, crylAc7, crylAc8, crylAc9, crylAc10, crylAc11, crylAcl2, crylAcl3, crylAd1, crylAd2, crylAel, crylAfl, crylAgl, crylB, crylBal, crylBa2, crylBbl, crylBcl, crylBdl, crylBel, crylC, crylCal, crylCa2, crylCa3, crylCa4, crylCa5, crylCa6, crylCa7, crylCbl, crylCb2, crylD, crylDal, crylDa2, crylDbl, crylE, crylEal, crylEa2, crylEa3, crylEa4, crylEa5, crylEa6, crylEbl, crylF, crylFal, crylFa2, crylFbl, crylFb2, crylFb3, crylFb4, crylG, crylGal, crylGa2, crylGbl, crylGb2, crylH, crylHal, crylHbl, cryll, cryllal, crylla2, crylla3, crylla4, crylla5, crylla6, cryllbl, cryllcl, crylldl, cryllel, cryll-like, crylJ, crylJal, crylJbl, crylJcl, crylKal, cryl-like, cry2A, cry2Aal, cry2Aa2, cry2Aa3, cry2Aa4, cry2Aa5, cry2Aa6, cry2Aa7, cry2Aa8, cry2Aa9, cry2Abl, cry2Ab2, cry2Ab3, cry2Ac1, cry2Ac2, cry2Ad1, cry3A, cry3Aal, cry3Aa2, cry3Aa3, cry3Aa4, cry3Aa5, cry3Aa6, cry3Aa7, cry3B, cry3Bal, cry3Ba2, cry3Bbl, cry3Bb2, cry3Bb3, cry3Cal, cry4Aal, cry4Aa2, cry4Bal, cry4Ba2, cry4Ba3, cry4Ba4, cry5Aal, cry5Abl, cry5Acl, cry5Bal, cry6Aal, cry6Bal, cry7Aal, cry7Abl, cry7Ab2, cry8Aal, cry8Bal, cry8Cal, cry9Aal, cry9Aa2, cry9Bal, cry9Cal, cry9Dal, cry9Da2, cry9Eal, cry9 like, cry10Aal, cry10Aa2, cryllAal, cryllAa2, cryllBal, cryllBbl, cryl2Aal, cryl3Aal, cryl4Aal, cryl5Aal, cryl6Aal, cryl7Aal, cryl8Aal, cryl8Bal, cryl8Cal, cryl9Aal, cryl9Bal, cry20Aal, cry21al, cry21Aa2, cry22Aal, cry23Aal, cry24Aal, cry25Aal, cry26Aal, cry27Aal, cry28Aal, cry28Aa2, cry29Aal, cry30Aal, cry31Aal, cry34, cry35, cytlAal, cytlAa2, cytlAa3, cytlAa4, cytlAbl, cytlBal, cyt2Aal, cyt2Bal, cyt2Ba2, cyt2Ba3, cyt2Ba4, cyt2Ba5, cyt2Ba6, cyt2Ba7, cyt2Ba8, cyt2Bbl, VIP3A. As used herein, “genetic trait” refers to any genetically determined characteristic. In one embodiment, a genetic trait is amenable to segregation analysis. Genetic traits may comprise traits conferred by endogenous alleles in an organism, or may be conferred by introduction of one or more heterologous genes into an organism. An example of a genetic trait in a plant is resistance of the plant to one or more pests due to endogenous alleles or exogenous genes introduced for resistance. In one embodiment, a transgenic insecticidal trait is a genetic trait. As used herein, “volatile compounds” refers to organic compounds or materials that are vaporizable at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure without the addition of energy by some external source. Any suitable volatile compound in any form may be used. Volatile liquids composed of a single volatile compound are preferred for large-scale application, but volatile solids can also be used for some specialized applications. Liquids and solids suitable for use may have more than one volatile component, and may contain non-volatile components. The volatile compounds may be commercially pure or blended and, furthermore, may be obtained from natural or synthetic sources. As used herein, the term “plant damage” refers to any destruction or loss in value, usefulness, or ability resulting from an action or event associated with a pest such as an insect. Types of plant damage include, but are not limited to, the following. Feeding damage occurs as a result of direct feeding on above-ground and/or below-ground plant parts. Holes or notches in foliage and other plant parts, leaf skeletonizing (removal of tissue between the leaf veins), leaf defoliation, cutting plants off at the soil surface, or consumption of roots can all occur from pests with chewing mouthparts. Chewing pests can also bore or tunnel into plant tissue. Stem-boring insects can kill or deform individual stems or whole plants. Leaf mining insects feed between the upper and lower surfaces of leaves, creating distinctive tunnel patterns visible as translucent lines or blotches on leaves. Pests with sucking mouthparts can suck sap from plant tissue, which may cause spotting or stippling of foliage, leaf curling and stunted or misshapen fruits. Insects such asthripshave rasping mouthparts that scrape the surface of foliage or flower parts, disrupting plant cells. Oviposition damage occurs as a result of egg laying into plant tissue. Heavy oviposition into stems can cause death or dieback of stems or branches on the plant. Flagging is a result of dieback of the ends of stems or branches. Oviposition in fruits can result in misshapen or aborted fruits, and is sometimes called cat-facing. Some insects form galls on their host plant, causing the plant to grow abnormally. Depending on the insect species, the gall formation can be stimulated by feeding or by oviposition into plant tissue. Pests can also cause damage by transmitting plant pathogens such as viruses, fungi, bacteria, mollicutes, protozoa, and nematodes. The transmission can be accidental or incidental (the plant pathogen enters plant tissue through feeding or oviposition wounds), phoretic or passive (the pest carries the plant pathogen from one plant to another), or active (the plant pathogen is carried within the body of the pest, and a plant is inoculated with the pathogen when the pest feeds on a plant). As used herein, the term “plant symptom” refers to any abnormal states that indicate a bodily disorder. The plant symptom can be visible or not visible. Examples of plant symptoms include, but are not limited to: presence of pests in plant parts; poor stand or germination; wilted or lodged plants; roots severed or damaged; stalks with puncture holes; plants not emerged; plants cut off at or below ground; stunted plants; physically distorted plants; plants with odd colors; larvae in soil at or near roots; holes in leaves; irregular pieces of leaves missing from edges and/or center of leaves; tunneling or boring in leaves; mottled leaves; reduced leaf area; leaf defoliation; leaves discolored; dying leaves; tunneling or boring in stalks; distorted or broken stalks; dying stalks; distorted fruit; reduced fruit production. As an example, for corn, the ear, tassels, silks, husks, whorls and kernels can all have symptoms of pest damage, such as: anthers on tassel with pieces missing; whorls containing pests; distorted ear; larvae in ear; short, thread-like or small particle frass (debris or excrement from pest) in silk or on surrounding husk; numerous silks clipped off; silks often matted, discolored, and damp in silk channel or at ear tip; husks with round or oval holes often penetrating into ear; husks with irregular holes; dry, highly structured, pillow-shaped frass present on plants and on ground; kernels with chewing damage; kernels punctured through husk are sunken or popped. As used herein, “signs of plant damage” or “signs of damage” refer to any plant symptoms that can be observed and indicate that the plant has been negatively affected by a pest compared to a plant that has not been affected by a pest or is resistant to a pest. As used herein, the terms “resistant”, “resistance”, or “pest resistance” refers to the following. Resistance is caused by genes in the target insect that reduce susceptibility to a toxin, and is a trait of an individual. Resistance is defined as a phenotype of an individual that can survive on the transgenic insecticidal plant from egg to adult and produce viable offspring. For Bt toxins expressed in crops, this means that an individual must grow and mature feeding only on the Bt crop, and then mate and produce viable offspring. There is much confusion in the scientific literature over the definition of resistance. However, from a genetic or an evolutionary perspective, it is essential to define resistance as a trait of an individual. A consequence of this definition is that if only one individual in a population is resistant, the population contains resistance (Andow 2008). As used herein, the terms “control failure from resistance” or “field resistance” refers to the following. Much of the confusion with the term “resistance” stems from the fact that it is used to describe a characteristic of a population. Specifically, it is used to describe a field population with enough resistant individuals to cause economic damage to the target crop. However, it is confusing and illogical to use the same term to describe both individuals and populations. Thus, a term to describe a resistant field population is control failure from resistance (aka field resistance). A control failure from resistance occurs when the pest causes significant economic damage to the crop. There are several reasonable definitions. For example, a control failure could be defined as occurring when the pest causes detectable economic damage to the crop, when the pest causes economic damage that is similar to that caused by susceptible insects on a non-resistant crop variety, or when the economic damage is considered unacceptable to the grower (Andow 2008). As used herein, the term “cross-resistance” refers to resistance to all pesticidal compounds in the same sub-group that share a common mode of action. As used herein, the term “refuge” refers to a habitat in which the target pest can maintain a viable population in the presence of Bt crop fields, where there is no additional selection for resistance to Bt toxins and insects occur at the same time as in the Bt fields (Ives and Andow, 2002). Refuges can be structured (deliberately planted in association with the Bt crop) or unstructured (naturally present as part of the cropping system). The refuge can comprise the non-Bt crop, another crop that is a host for the target pest or pests, or wild host plants. The refuge can be managed to control pest damage, as long as the control methods do not reduce the population to such low levels that susceptible populations are driven to extirpation (Ives and Andow, 2002). The effectiveness of any refuge will depend on its size and spatial arrangement relative to the Bt crop, the behavioral characteristics (movement, mating) of the target pests and the additional management requirements of the refuge. As used herein, “percentage of refuge compliance”, “percent refuge compliance” or “% refuge compliance” refers to the percentage of area planted as refuge in a given crop area. As used herein, “efficiency of a refuge” refers to the ability of a refuge to delay or eliminate the emergence of resistance of one or more pests to a genetic trait. In one embodiment, a refuge that is more efficient would be smaller in area size compared to a refuge that is less efficient. As used herein, the term “susceptible” is used herein to refer to an insect having no or virtually no resistance to an insecticidal trait or a chemical insecticide. The term “susceptible” is therefore equivalent to “non-resistant”. As used herein, the term “field plot” refers to any situation where plants are grown together in a contiguous physical area. Examples of such field plots include but are not limited to monoculture, plantations, range lands, golf courses, forests, vineyards, orchards, nurseries, row crops, and plants grown under a central pivot irrigation system. The systems and methods of the present invention can be applied to any way of growing plants, including but not limited to minimized tilling, zero or no-tilling, organic, non-organic, ploughed, harrowed, hoed, irrigated, non-irrigated, dry land, row plantings, hill plantings, plants grown from seed, plants grown from cuttings, plants grown from tissue culture, plants grown from rhizomes, plants grown from tubers and plants grown from bulbs. As used herein, the term “farm” refers to an area of land and its buildings used for growing crops and rearing animals. Land on a farm may be cultivated for the purpose of agricultural production, and “farming” refers to making a living by growing crops or keeping livestock. The present invention provides insect pheromones that are combined with transgenic insecticidal crops and chemical insecticides to provide superior and durable pest control. Because pheromone-based mating disruption acts via a unique non-toxic mode of action, which is orthogonal to insecticidal traits and chemicals, this invention provides a novel method for (i) delaying the emergence of insect resistant phenotypes (preemptive strategies) and (ii) rescuing traits and chemicals that have been overcome by resistant insects (responsive strategies). In one embodiment, the present methods comprise part of an Integrated Pest Management Program (IPM) to control insect pests, especially in cases where resistance has emerged or is likely to emerge. In one embodiment, a mating disruption tactic is applied to manage the genetic population of the pest by promoting cross mating of homozygous susceptible individuals (SS) with heterozygous individuals (RS) and homozygous resistant individuals (RR). In another embodiment, the applying of a mating disruption tactic comprises applying one or more pheromones. In one embodiment, population numbers of pests are kept low so as to make it very unlikely that RS will mate with RS. In another embodiment, population numbers of pests are kept low by a killing agent. In another embodiment, the killing agent is an insecticidal trait and/or a chemical insecticide. Over time, transgenic insecticidal plant proteins and chemical insecticides have been repeatedly overcome by resistant insects. In the case of transgenic insecticidal proteins, they were overcome in major row crops by key resistant pests within 4 to 8 years, Table 1, (Tabashnik et al. Field-Evolved Insect Resistance to Bt Crops: Definition, Theory, and Data. J Econ Entomol 102(6): 2011-2025 (2009)). Since then, resistance development to traits has spread to new geographies, e.g. Brazil (Farias et al. Field—evolved resistance to Cry1F maize bySpodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Brazil. Crop Protection 64: 150-158 (2014)). TABLE 1Selected transgenic toxins and the amount of time for resistance to developTime for ResistanceReferenceCropSpeciesProteinCountryYear of Introductionto DevelopLuttrell et al. 1999CottonHelicoverpazeaCry1AcUSA19967-8 yAli and Lutterell, 2007CottonHelicoverpazeaCry2AbUSA20034 yDhura and Guja, 2011CottonPectinophoragossypiellaCry1AcIndia20026 yVan Rensburg, 2007CornBusseolafuscaCry1AbSouth Africa1998<8 yMatten et al. 2008CornSpodopterafrugiperdaCry1FPuerto Rico20034 y Chemical insecticide use has also increased over time with Brazil being the main market followed by China and the United States. In tropical Brazil, for example, the genusSpodoptera(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) comprising ˜30 species are among the most economically important pests of cultivated crops (Guerrero et al. Semiochemical and natural product-based approaches to controlSpodopteraspp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J Pest Sci 87: 231-247 (2014)). In Brazil, the first report of insecticide resistance toS. frugiperdawas to a carbamate insecticide, carbaryl (Young and McMillan. Differential feeding by two strains of fall armyworm larvae on carbaryl surfaces. J Econ Entomol 72:202-203 (1979)). Since then high levels of resistance to pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides have been reported forS. frugiperdain North Florida (Yu, S. J. Insecticide resistance in the fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda(J E Smith). Pestic Biochem Physiol 39:84-91 (1991); Yu, S. J. Detection and biochemical characterization of insecticide resistance in fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J Econ Entomol 85: 675-682 (1992)). Currently, of the 136 products registered for control ofS. frugiperdain Brazil, 78 are pyrethroids or organophosphates (Carvalho, et al. Investigating the Molecular Mechanisms of Organophosphate and Pyrethroid Resistance in the Fall ArmywormSpodoptera frugiperda. PLoS ONE 8(4): e62268 (2013)). Despite these challenges, transgenic insecticidal proteins such as Cry1Ac continue to be launched in existing and new large volume row crop markets. In recent years Monsanto launched MON87701×MON89788 (Intacta) soybean, as a means of control againstAnticarsia gemmatalisandChrysodeixis includens(Bernardi et al. Assessment of the high-dose concept and level of control provided by MON 87701×MON 89788 soybean againstAnticarsia gemmatalisandPseudoplusia includens(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Brazil. Pest Manag Sci 68: 1083-1091 (2012)). Bernardi et al. (2012) observed that Intacta soybean tissue diluted 25 times in the artificial diet caused 100%A. gemmatalismortality, demonstrating that Intacta soybean met the high-dose concept for this species; in contrast, Intacta soybean did not cause completeP. includensmortality, and therefore it did not fully meet the high-dose concept forP. includens. In general, these new products are selected for a high-dose transgenic insecticidal phenotype. The combination of high-dose with an adequate refuge strategy reduces the selection pressure favoring the resistance alleles thus delaying the evolution of resistance (Andow, D. A. The risk of resistance evolution in insects to transgenic insecticidal crops. Collection of Biosafety Reviews, Trieste, v. 4, p 142-199 (2008)). In the case of the recently launched Intacta soybean, the dose forA. gemmataliswas referred to as high dose, and forC. includenswas referred to as ‘very near’ high dose. The authors noted theC. includenspopulation that they used in their research in Brazil was ˜8× and 15× less susceptible than the US lab and field populations, respectively. The authors noted that growth inhibition was present and perhaps the stunted larvae should be considered to be dead. This was followed by the authors noting thatC. includensalso feeds on cotton and the use of Bt cotton varieties that also express the Cry1Ac protein could accelerate the evolution of resistance to Cry1Ac in soybean. This would be especially true in the soybean and cotton planting areas in central Brazil, where there is a succession of very large contiguous cotton and soybean plantings. Differences in susceptibility were also present across geographies with the US populations being much more susceptible than the Brazilian populations. Ultimately the authors concluded that the useful life of this technology will be highly dependent on effective Insect Resistance Management (IRM) programs, in particular providing adequate refuge areas. Subsequent research and modeling suggest that going forward, most transgenic crops will exist in a mosaic of crops that may contain either the same gene expressed at different levels or different genes with various levels of cross-resistance (Caprio, M. A. and D. M. Suckling. Resistance Management in the 21st Century: An Entomologists Point of View. Proc 50th NZ Plant Protection Conf: 307-313 (1997)). Management strategies therefore need to consider pest movement, multiple pests, and varying levels of refuge. Considering the expanded use of transgenic insecticidal proteins and chemical insecticides it is clear that pest control will only become more complex. The present disclosure of using pheromones to manage resistance to insecticidal traits and chemicals can, in one embodiment, improve the durability of insecticidal transgenes and chemicals. In another embodiment, using pheromones to manage resistance to insecticidal traits and chemicals allows for recovery of insecticidal performance across a broader range of products. In another embodiment, using pheromones to manage resistance to insecticidal traits and chemicals can allow development of lower dose insecticidal transgenes. In another embodiment, using pheromones to manage resistance to insecticidal traits and chemicals can allow development of lower dose chemical insecticides, thus making them safer. In a further embodiment, attract-and-kill can also allow development of lower dose chemical insecticides. In another embodiment, using pheromones to manage resistance to insecticidal traits and chemicals can reduce refuge size. All effective insecticide resistance management (IRM) strategies seek to minimize the selection of resistance to any one type of insecticide. In practice, alternations, sequences or rotations of compounds from different MoA groups provide sustainable and effective IRM for insect and mite pests. This ensures that selection from compounds in the same MoA group is minimized, and resistance is less likely to evolve. Applications are often arranged into MoA spray windows or blocks that are defined by the stage of crop development, together with the biology and phenology of the species of concern. Local expert advice should always be followed with regard to spray windows and timing. Several sprays may be possible within each spray window, but it is generally essential that successive generations of the pest are not treated with compounds from the same MoA group. IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee) also offers specific recommendations for some MoA groups. Metabolic resistance mechanisms may give cross-resistance between MoA groups; where this is known to occur, the above advice should be modified accordingly. Several approaches can be taken to delay resistance evolution. One approach, and perhaps the simplest, is to reduce the selection pressure (exposure) on the pests to Bt crops by maintaining refuge plants. Nearby refuges of host plants without Bt toxins provide abundant susceptible pests with which most of the rare resistant pests surviving on Bt crops will mate. If inheritance of resistance is recessive, the hybrid progeny from such matings will die on Bt crops, substantially slowing the evolution of resistance. Specific issues to be considered in maintaining refuges include the size of the refuge, the placement of the refuge, time of planting and management of refuges. A second approach is to reduce the fitness differential between resistant and susceptible insects. The fitness differential is the fitness advantage of resistant phenotypes over susceptible phenotypes when both are exposed to the transgenic plant. This can be accomplished by suppressing pests emerging from the transgenic crop with other control tactics such as insecticides, cultural controls, or more effective biological control. A third approach is to reduce RS heterozygote fitness. When resistance is rare, the rate of evolution of resistance is mainly determined by the fitness of heterozygotes. Heterozygotes may have a susceptible or a resistant phenotype. If the heterozygotes are phenotypically susceptible, then they have low fitness on the Bt plant (resistance is recessive), and the rate of resistance evolution is slow. A high-dose event has low RS heterozygote fitness, and a low-dose event has higher RS heterozygote fitness. A fourth approach is used only with high-dose IRM strategies. For some pest species, it may be possible to manage the sex-specific movement and mating frequencies to delay resistance evolution (Andow, D. A. and A. R. Ives. Monitoring and adaptive resistance management. Ecological Applications 12:1378-1390 (2002)). By using chemical and environmental attractants, it may be possible to enhance the movement of males and simultaneously reduce the movement of females from refuges to transgenic fields limiting the impact of source-sink dynamics (Caprio, M. A. Source-sink dynamics between transgenic and non-transgenic habitats and their role in the evolution of resistance. Insecticide Resistance and Resistance Management, Vol 94: 698-705 (2001)). A high-dose/refuge strategy is also employed to delay resistance evolution. This strategy requires that the Bt crop produces a sufficiently high toxin concentration. Plant tissue must be sufficiently toxic that any resistance allele in the target population is functionally recessive. High-dose is a property of both the Bt plant and the target pest, and is not merely based on the concentration of toxin in the plant. A “high-dose” is defined as one that kills a high proportion (>95%) of heterozygous resistance genotypes, so that the heterozygotes have a similar mortality as the homozygous susceptible genotypes. A high-dose renders resistance recessive, which can greatly delay resistance evolution. A host plant other than the Bt crop is growing nearby as a refuge for the target pest or pests. A refuge provides unselected pests, which will mate with resistant individuals emerging from Bt fields, thereby making all offspring heterozygous and phenotypically susceptible. The non-Bt refuges must be interspersed sufficiently among the Bt crop fields, so that there is sufficient mingling and mating between individuals emerging from refuges and Bt fields. The high-dose/refuge strategy delays the evolution of resistance primarily by reducing the selection pressure favouring the resistance alleles. It also reduces the fitness advantage of the RS heterozygote over the SS homozygote. A high-dose event is one in which the R allele is nearly recessive, which means that the fitness of the RS heterozygote is nearly the same as the SS homozygote. Finally, the mingling and mating promoted between individuals from a Bt field and a refuge field reduces the rate of formation of RR offspring in Bt fields. A 2-year crop rotation in the United States between maize and soybean has traditionally been highly successful in controlling corn rootworm populations. The cultivation of soybean following maize planting presents hatching corn rootworm larvae with plant roots unsuitable for feeding. Thus suppression of corn rootworm population is possible, as the larvae fail to develop into adults. However, it has been observed that the corn rootworm has adapted to circumvent this practice of pest control in two ways: by using diapause, an arrest in development, to overwinter for two years, thus hatching during a maize crop cultivation, and by losing the fidelity for laying eggs in maize fields, ovipositing near other plants including soybean (French et al. Inheritance of an extended diapause trait in the Northern corn rootworm,Diabrotica barberi(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) J. Appl. Entomol. 138:213-221 (2014)). Another technology to control insect resistance relies on the release of mass-reared insects that have been sterilized by irradiation or genetic engineering (Sterile Insect Technique, or SIT). Because the released insects are sterile, no viable offspring result from matings between the released insects and the wild population. Although the susceptible alleles provided by traditional SIT are not inherited, SIT can reduce the mating of resistant insects, thus preventing the spread of resistant alleles. Wider applicability of SIT is hindered by several challenges, including the negative effects on insect fitness from sterilization and difficulty in conducting large-scale sex-sorting for male-only releases. Suckling et al. (Suckling et al. Resistance management of lightbrown apple moth,Epiphyas postvittana(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) by mating disruption. New Zealand Jounral of Crop and Horticultural Science, Vol 18: 89-98 (1990)) found that insecticide resistant (azinphos-methyl) light brown apple moth,Epiphyas postvittana, could persist in apple orchards treated with both mating disruption and insecticides (chlorpyrifos). This is not surprising given that the constant selection pressure of insecticides with shared MOAs would favor the resistant population. Regardless of this, they suggested that mating disruption can still be used to decrease the fruit damage caused by insecticide resistant pests merely by suppressing their ability to mate since mating disruption operates via an orthogonal MOA. No specific mechanism, or resistance-targeting mechanism of mating disruption was elucidated. Caprio and Suckling (Caprio, M. A. and D. M. Suckling. Mating disruption reduces the risk of resistance development to transgenic apple orchards: simulations of the lightbrown apple moth. Proc. 48th N. Z. Plant Protection Conf: 52-58 (1995)) produced a model showing that mating disruption can reduce the evolution of Bt resistance by decreasing the resistant allele frequency in a population ofE. postvittanawithin a virtual apple orchard. They simulated mating disruption by reducing the number of eggs laid by the female population. Thus, with 90% mating disruption, females only laid 10% of their normal reproductive capacity. The authors recognized the limitation that their model did not account for ovipositioning by invading gravid females. That is, they treated mated females immigrating into a field with mating disruption as if they had to remate, which was unrealistic. By referencing mark-release-capture studies that showed that adult maleE. postvittanadid not disperse long distances, they reasoned that this limitation was a minor for their simulation given that 95% of the moths would not disperse beyond the simulated field. They proposed that mating disruption decreases the size of the treated population, just as an additional mortality factor, and increases the relative effect of immigration from refugia because the population in the refugia was not penalized with mating disruption. They showed that mating disruption can delay the emergence of resistance even in cases where a low Bt dose was simulated (FIG.1). Andow and Ives (2002) have simulated the potential of using chemical and environmental attractants as tools to delay insecticide resistance by managing the sex-specific movement of pests between transgenic fields and refugia. Low migration between refugia and toxin-expressing crops causes non-random mating, and thus leads to local increase in the number of homozygous resistant pests. Using chemicals to enhance the chemically-mediated orientation of pests is a way to enhance dispersion leading to random mating between resistant adults reared on toxic crops and susceptible adults from refugia. Enhancing the movement of males while simultaneously reducing the movement of females from refugia to transgenic fields, manipulates mating and oviposition dynamics and limits the impact of source-sink dynamics (Caprio, 2001). Using attractants in a refuge increases the number of matings occurring in the refuge among susceptible and resistant adults. Furthermore, the selective advantage of resistance is reduced if oviposition increases in non-toxic refuges where any resulting resistant larvae would receive no fitness advantage from their evolved resistance in the absence of toxins (Carriere et al. Predicting spring moth emergence in the pink bollworm: implications for managing resistance to transgenic cotton. Journal of Economic Entomology 94:1012-1021 (2001); Andow and Ives 2002). Andow and Ives (2002) present a model of how the reduction of reproduction in Bt fields could slow the evolution of resistance. Supplemental insecticide treatment, increasing overwintering mortality (plowing), biological controls, and disrupting mating are listed as potential mechanisms by which reproduction can be reduced. But there is no elaboration on the detail of these potential mechanisms. Andow and Ives (2002) also describe how female pheromone application in the Bt field could serve to attract susceptible males from refugia to enter the Bt field and dilute the resistant alleles that are evolving there. The present invention has advantages over the previous concepts because the systems and methods of the present disclosure do not require high dose traits, nor do they depend on the presence of a refuge. High dose traits are sometimes difficult to attain for all target pest species. Additionally, the maintenance of refuges can be costly for farmers and difficult to enforce across a region. By controlling the mingling and mating between individuals from toxic and refuge fields, one can reduce the rate at which resistant homozygote offspring are formed. Table 2 below contrasts the present invention with previous disclosures in the art. TABLE 2Insect Resistance Management StrategiesResistance ManagementReferenceMechanismLimitations/CommentsCaprio and SucklingMating disruption in Bt fieldDoes not account for oviposition by(1995)-Preemptivedecreases reproductioninvading gravid femalesAndow and IvesMating disruption in Bt fieldMating disruption cannot at the(2002)-Preemptivedecreases reproduction; Attractssame time attract males to a fieldsusceptible males to mate withand allow them to mate withresistant females in the Bt fieldfemalesPresent Invention-Same as Caprio & Suckling (1995)Preemptive strategyPresent Invention-Bt field core: mating disruptionAllows rescuing an insecticideResponsive StrategyBt field border: no pheromonewhile still using that insecticide. ARefuge on the border or as a separatefeat that Suckling (1990) failed tonearby field: pheromone as a lure toachieve.attract resistant males to mate withsusceptible females. Traits—Responsive Female sex pheromone spatial distribution and concentration: Bt plot: high concentration of sex pheromone and high coverage to effect mating disruption. Males in this plot are disoriented. No mating in Bt plot reduces the number of resistant pests. Refuge: low concentration of pheromone to attract resistant males from the border to mate with susceptible females in the refuge. In one embodiment, the pheromone is deployed as point sources dispersed throughout the field. These pheromones can be different than mating disruption formulations. They can also be male hair-pencil compounds. “Low concentration” affects the dispersal patterns of males to increase the number of resistant males from insecticide-treated fields mating with susceptible females in the refuge. Resulting heterozygote resistant eggs would either experience a fitness cost of resistance in the refuge (if females oviposited near to where they mated), or have a smaller fitness differential under selection pressure in the insecticide-treated fields (if mated females migrated to nearby field plots before ovipositing). Border: This is a no pheromone lane on the inner edge of the Bt plot that can act as a buffer zone. It allows some resistant males to migrate to the neighboring refuge to mate with susceptible females. Spatial distribution of refuge: Separate blocks. Not too far from Bt plots so as to allow susceptible population to mate with resistant members from the Bt plot. Refuge in a bag. Blanket pheromone application penalizes the entire population and keeps population numbers low. This reduces pressure favoring resistant alleles since all insects are able to find non-Bt crop to feed from in the refuge. Refuge on the border. Promotes migration of the susceptible population towards the Bt plot to mate with resistant insects. This effect could be enhanced by planting the border earlier. As the border senesces, the susceptible insects will migrate en masse to the core. The present invention provides for a method of rescuing one or more pests' susceptibility to one or more transgenic insecticidal traits and/or chemical insecticides in a field plot system which comprises plants of a plant population, wherein the plants may comprise one or more transgenic insecticidal traits, wherein a portion of or the entire field plot may comprise one or more chemical insecticides, wherein the entire field plot comprises a core region and a border region, wherein the field plot system further comprises one or more refuges, said method comprising: a) applying a mating disruption tactic to the core region, wherein said mating disruption tactic is capable of disrupting the mating of the one or more pests; b) having a pheromone-free zone in the border region; and c) applying a low concentration of one or more semiochemicals or factors in one or more of the refuges, wherein said method rescues the one or more pests' susceptibility to one or more transgenic insecticidal traits and/or chemical insecticides as a result of the applications when compared to a control field plot which only had one or none of the applications. In one embodiment, the reduction in number of one or more pests comprises a decrease in mating of a resistant pest with another resistant pest. In another embodiment, said one or more susceptible pests in said one or more refuges mate with one or more resistant pests from the field plot. In another embodiment, the plants comprising one or more transgenic insecticidal traits express one or moreBacillus thuringiensis(Bt) proteins. In one embodiment, applying a mating disruption tactic comprises applying one or more pheromones. In another embodiment, the one or more pheromones comprise sprayable formulations or are in aerosol emitters or hand applied dispensers. In another embodiment, the one or more pheromones are applied at a high concentration and at high coverage. In one embodiment, said one or more refuges are adjacent to the field plot. In another embodiment, the one or more refuges comprise separate blocks. In another embodiment, the one or more refuges promotes migration of one or more susceptible pests to the core region to mate with one or more resistant pests. In another embodiment, the border region is planted earlier than the core region. In one embodiment, the one or more semiochemicals or factors applied in the method of rescuing one or more pests' susceptibility to one or more transgenic insecticidal traits and/or chemical insecticides in a field plot system comprise male attractants. In one embodiment, the one or more semiochemicals or factors increases the number of matings occurring in the one or more refuges among susceptible female pests and resistant male pests. In another embodiment, selective advantage of resistance is reduced in the one or more refuges. The present invention also provides for a field plot system comprising plants of a plant population, wherein the plants may comprise one or more transgenic insecticidal traits, wherein a portion of or the entire field plot may comprise one or more chemical insecticides, wherein the entire field plot comprises a core region and a border region, wherein the field plot system further comprises one or more refuges, wherein the field plot system further comprises one or more pests capable of damaging the plants, wherein said one or more pests have become resistant to one or more transgenic insecticidal traits and/or chemical insecticides, said field plot comprising: a) one or more semiochemicals applied to the core region, wherein said one or more semiochemicals are capable of disrupting the mating of the one or more pests, b) a pheromone-free zone in the border region; and c) a low concentration of one or more semiochemicals or factors applied in one or more of the refuges, wherein said field plot system has the one or more pests' susceptibility to one or more transgenic insecticidal trait and/or chemical insecticide rescued as a result of the applications when compared to a control field plot system which only had one or none of the applications. In one embodiment, the one or more semiochemicals applied to the core region comprises one or more pheromones. In another embodiment, the one or more pheromones are applied at a high concentration and at high coverage. In another embodiment, the low concentration of one or more semiochemicals or factors comprises male attractants. Traits—Preemptive Female sex pheromone spatial distribution and concentration: Bt plot, refuge and border: high concentration of sex pheromone and high coverage to effect mating disruption and keep crop yields high in the refuge. Spatial distribution of refuge: Separate blocks. Not too far from Bt plots so as to allow susceptible population to mate with resistant members from the Bt plot. Refuge in a bag. Blanket pheromone application penalizes the entire population and keeps population numbers low. This reduces pressure favoring resistant alleles since all insects are able to find non-Bt crop to feed from. Refuge on the border. Promotes migration of the susceptible population towards the Bt plot to mate with resistant insects. This effect could be enhanced by planting the border earlier. As the border senesces, the susceptible insects will migrate en masse to the core. The present invention provides for a method of delaying emergence of or reducing the number of one or more pests that may become resistant to one or more transgenic insecticidal traits and/or chemical insecticides in a field plot system which comprises plants of a plant population, wherein the plants may comprise one or more transgenic insecticidal traits, wherein a portion of or the entire field plot may comprise one or more chemical insecticides, wherein the entire field plot comprises a core region and a border region, wherein the field plot system further comprises one or more refuges, said method comprising: a) applying a mating disruption tactic to the core region, wherein said mating disruption tactic is capable of disrupting the mating of the one or more pests; and b) applying one or more semiochemicals or factors in the one or more refuges, wherein said one or more semiochemicals or factors are capable of reducing or preventing the movement of one or more susceptible pests, and/or attracting resistant pests to the refuge, wherein said method delays emergence of or reduces the number of one or more pests as a result of the applications when compared to a control field plot which only had one or none of the applications. In one embodiment, the reduction in number of one or more pests comprises a decrease in mating of a resistant pest with another resistant pest. In another embodiment, said one or more susceptible pests in said one or more refuges mate with one or more resistant pests from the field plot. In another embodiment, the plants comprising one or more transgenic insecticidal traits express one or moreBacillus thuringiensis(Bt) proteins. In one embodiment, applying a mating disruption tactic comprises applying one or more pheromones. In another embodiment, the one or more pheromones comprise sprayable formulations or are in aerosol emitters or hand applied dispensers. In another embodiment, the one or more pheromones are applied at a high concentration and at high coverage. In one embodiment, said one or more refuges are adjacent to the field plot. In another embodiment, the one or more refuges comprise separate blocks. In another embodiment, said one or more refuges are in the border region. In another embodiment, the one or more refuges promotes migration of one or more susceptible pests to the core region to mate with one or more resistant pests. In another embodiment, the border region is planted earlier than the core region. In one embodiment, the one or more semiochemicals or factors applied in the method of delaying emergence of or reducing the number of one or more pests that may become resistant to one or more transgenic insecticidal traits and/or chemical insecticides in a field plot system comprise oogenesis and oviposition factors (OOSFs). In another embodiment, the OOSFs are applied by vaporization. In another embodiment, the one or more semiochemicals or factors comprise one or more attractants. In another embodiment, the one or more attractants comprise one or more host plant chemical, non-host plant chemical, synthetic volatile chemical, or natural volatile chemical. In another embodiment, the one or more attractants are identified through binding to one or more pest odorant binding proteins. In another embodiment, the one or more attractants comprise one or more host plant volatile chemical. In another embodiment, the one or more host plant volatile chemical comprise heptanal or benzaldehyde. In another embodiment, the one or more attractants comprise one or more male pheromones. In another embodiment, the one or more attractants comprise one or more ovipositioning pheromones. In another embodiment, the one or more attractants comprise one or more female attractants. In another embodiment, the one or more female attractants comprise ethylene. In one embodiment, the one or more semiochemicals or factors applied in the method of delaying emergence of or reducing the number of one or more pests that may become resistant to one or more transgenic insecticidal traits and/or chemical insecticides in a field plot system reduces the movement of susceptible female pests from the one or more refuges. In another embodiment, the one or more semiochemicals or factors increases the number of matings occurring in the one or more refuges among susceptible female pests and resistant male pests. In another embodiment, selective advantage of resistance is reduced in the one or more refuges. The present invention also provides for a field plot system comprising plants of a plant population, wherein the plants may comprise one or more transgenic insecticidal traits, wherein a portion of or the entire field plot may comprise one or more chemical insecticides, wherein the entire field plot comprises a core region and a border region, wherein the field plot system further comprises one or more refuges, wherein the entire field plot further comprises one or more pests capable of damaging the plants, wherein said one or more pests can become resistant to one or more transgenic insecticidal traits and/or chemical insecticides, said field plot comprising: a) one or more semiochemicals applied to the core region, wherein said one or more semiochemicals are capable of disrupting the mating of the one or more pests; and b) one or more semiochemicals or factors applied in the one or more refuges, wherein said one or more semiochemicals or factors are capable of reducing or preventing the movement of one or more susceptible pests, and/or attracting resistant pests to the refuge, wherein said field plot system has a delay in the emergence of or a reduction in the number of one or more pests as a result of the applications when compared to a control field plot system which only had one or none of the applications. In one embodiment, the one or more semiochemicals applied to the core region comprises one or more pheromones. In another embodiment, the one or more pheromones are applied at a high concentration and at high coverage. In another embodiment, the one or more semiochemicals or factors comprise oogenesis and oviposition factors (OOSFs). In another embodiment, the one or more semiochemicals or factors comprise one or more attractants. Polyphagous insects feed on multiple different crops. Recently a strain ofHeliothis virescenshas shown cross-resistance to a range of Bt toxins differing in structure and activity. Thus the concept of avoiding resistance development by the use of different Bt genes in different host plants of polyphagous pests has been challenged. Therefore, in the methods of the present invention, applying mating disruption in all host crops in the same region would be desirable. Preemptive and responsive strategies to combat resistance to chemical insecticides will be similar to the strategies described above for transgenic insecticidal traits. Instead of refuges, different areas of a field can be treated with different insecticides with independent modes of action. This will decrease the likelihood that a pest will become resistant to a given chemical insecticide. Bt expression is weakest in the late stages of the crop cycle. This increases the risk of resistance because by this point in the crop cycle, there may have already been 3-4 generations under selection pressure to become resistant. Attract-and-kill in this late stage would kill any heterozygotes thus improving the efficacy of the preemptive treatment. Differences in the likelihood of developing resistance in male and female caterpillars can be exploited. If, for example, resistance emerges faster in males, attract-and-kill using female sex pheromones can be used to selectively kill those males. Resistance allele and its effect on olfaction. It is assumed that the resistance allele does not lead to any differences in olfaction (host finding or mate finding) between susceptible and resistant individuals. While this may be a reasonable assumption, when the insecticide MOA is unrelated to olfaction and the neural system (e.g. a Bt gut toxin), it may be that adaptations that enable resistance to neurotoxins, such as pyrethroids, may lead to differences in olfaction sensitivities. This in turn can be exploited to enable preferential mating between SS and RS. Resistance Diagnostics and Genetic Markers for RS, SS, and RR DNA-based screening methods can be used to measure the cessation and/or reversal of evolution of resistance provided by the systems and methods of this disclosure. By identifying the genes that confer resistance, low frequencies of resistance genes in a population can be detected and quantified. As of yet, there is no reliable identification of genetic markers for resistance in insects as there are for host plant resistance (Jessup et al. Genetic Mapping of Fall Armyworm Resistance in Zoysiagrass, Crop Science 51(4): 1774-1783 (2011)), though significant gains have been made in several lepidopterans. Many studies corroborate the assertion that a single (or small number of) recessive, autosomal loci control resistance (Ríos-Díez, J. D. and C. I. Saldamando-Benjumea. Susceptibility ofSpodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Strains From Central Colombia to Two Insecticides, Methomyl and Lambda-Cyhalothrin: A Study of the Genetic Basis of Resistance, J. Economic Entomology 104(5): 1698-1705 (2011)). Resistance inH. virescensandP. gossypiellais due to a mutation in a single 12-cadherin-domain protein in the larval gut (Morin et al. Three cadherin alleles associated with resistance toBacillus thuringiensisin pink bollworm. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100: 5004-5009 (2003)). The genetic basis for this particular Mode 1 resistance is not the same in all Lepidoptera, and possibly not even between all strains within a species (Baxter et al. Novel genetic basis of field-evolved resistance to Bt toxins inPlutella xylostella. Insect Molecular Biology 14:327-334 (2005)). Therefore, screening of this particular cadherin gene sequence would not be diagnostic and could not detect resistance in field populations. In a different lepidopteran,Plodia interpunctella, the resistance mechanism acts instead through a protoxin-processing protease, whose genetic basis is likely different inPlutellaandHeliothis(Heckel et al. 2007). More recent evidence suggests that the same chromosomal region (ABCC2) on at least two, possibly 3, divergent Lepidoptera (H. virescensandP. xylostellaand potentiallyT. ni) is the site of a mutation directly responsible for Bt resistance (Baxter et al. Parallel Evolution ofBacillus thuringiensisToxin Resistance in Lepidoptera, Genetics 189: 675-679 (2011)). Jessup et al. (2011) assert that they have identified a marker, ZgAg136, for Zoysiagrass resistance toS. frugiperda, and suggest that it might carry over to resistance of additional important crops like corn. Arias et al. (Arias et al. Ecology, Behavior and Bionomics First Genotyping ofSpodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Progeny from Crosses between Bt-Resistant and Bt-Susceptible Populations, and 65-Locus Discrimination of Isofamilies, Research & Reviews: Journal of Botanical Sciences 4(1): 18-29 (2015)) found seven microsatellite markers that correlated with the Bt-resistant phenotype. This study provides a starting point to study low levels of Bt-resistance, which are generally associated to dominant or codominant genes. A pheromone is a chemical substance that is usually produced by an animal or insect and serves especially as a stimulus to other individuals of the same species for one or more behavioral responses. Pheromones can be used to disrupt mating of invading insects by dispensing the pheromones or the pheromone scent in the air, so the males cannot locate the females, which disrupts the mating process. Pheromones can be produced by the living organism, or artificially produced. This pest control method does not employ insecticides, so the use of pheromones is safer for the environment and for living organisms. In one embodiment, the pheromone formulations used in the methods of the disclosure comprise a pheromone blend of (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14Ac): (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16Ac) fromSpodoptera frugiperda. In another embodiment, the ratio of (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14Ac): (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16Ac) pheromone blend is about 87:13. In some embodiments, the pheromone formulations used in the methods of the disclosure comprise a pheromone blend of (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14Ac): (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16Ac): (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7-12Ac). In another embodiment, the ratio of (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14Ac): (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16Ac): (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7-12Ac) pheromone blend is about 87:12:1. In some embodiments, the pheromone formulations used in the methods of the disclosure comprise a pheromone blend of (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11-16Ald): (Z)-9-hexadecenal (Z9-16:Ald) fromHelicoverpa zea. In another embodiment, the ratio of (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11-16Ald): (Z)-9-hexadecenal (Z9-16:Ald) pheromone blend is about 97:3. Sex pheromones are used in the chemical communication of many insects for attracting the species of the opposite sex to engage in reproduction. Pheromones are useful for pest control largely through four means: monitoring, mass trappings, attract-and-kill, and disruption or impairment of communication. The “monitoring” methodology attracts the pest to a central area, which allows the grower to obtain precise information on the size of the pest population in order to make informed decisions on pesticide use or non-use. “Mass trappings” brings the pest to a common area and physically traps it, which hinder production of new generations of the pest. “Attract-and-kill” allows the pest to be drawn into a centrally located container and killed in the container by the pesticide reducing the need to spread pesticides in broad areas. “Disruption of communication” can occur in that a large concentration of sex pheromone can mask naturally occurring pheromones or saturate the receptors in the insect causing impairment of communication and disruption of natural reproductive means. For each one of these means, each individual species of pest needs to be treated with a tailor-made composition. The pheromone formulations used in the methods of the invention may be provided alone or may be included in a carrier and/or a dispenser. In one embodiment, the methods comprise applying one or more pheromones in dispensers located throughout the entire field plot. In another embodiment, the methods comprise applying one or more pheromone formulations comprising sprayable emulsion concentrate or sprayable microencapsulation formulations. In another embodiment, the methods comprise applying one or more pheromones in aerosol emitters. A dispenser allows for release of the pheromone composition. Any suitable dispenser known in the art can be used. Examples of such dispensers include but are not limited to bubble caps comprising a reservoir with a permeable barrier through which pheromones are slowly released, pads, beads, tubes rods, spirals or balls composed of rubber, plastic, leather, cotton, cotton wool, wood or wood products that are impregnated with the pheromone composition. For example, polyvinyl chloride laminates, pellets, granules, ropes or spirals from which the pheromone composition evaporates, or rubber septa. An example of a dispenser is a sealed polyethylene tube containing the pheromone composition of the invention where a wire is fused inside the plastic so the dispenser can be attached by the wire to a tree or shrub. The dispenser may also comprise or include a trap. A killing agent may be incorporated into the trap, such as a sticky or insecticide-treated surface, a restricted exit, insecticide vapour or an electric grid. The carrier may be an inert liquid or solid. Examples of solid carriers include but are not limited to fillers such as kaolin, bentonite, dolomite, calcium carbonate, talc, powdered magnesia, Fuller's earth, wax, gypsum, diatomaceous earth, rubber, plastic, silica and China clay. Examples of liquid carriers include but are not limited to water; alcohols, particularly ethanol, butanol or glycol, as well as their ethers or esters, particularly methylglycol acetate; ketones, particularly acetone, cyclohexanone, methylethyl ketone, methylisobutylketone, or isophorone; alkanes such as hexane, pentane, heptanes; aromatic hydrocarbons, particularly xylenes or alkyl naphthalenes; mineral or vegetable oils; aliphatic chlorinated hydrocarbons, particularly trichloroethane or methylene chloride; aromatic chlorinated hydrocarbons, particularly chlorobenzenes; water-soluble or strongly polar solvents such as dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, or N-methylpyrrolidone; liquefied gases; or the like or a mixture thereof. The pheromone formulations used in the methods of the invention may be formulated so as to provide slow release into the atmosphere, and/or so as to be protected from degradation following release. For example, the pheromone formulations may comprise carriers such as microcapsules, biodegradable flakes and paraffin wax-based matrices. In some instances the pheromone composition is provided by direct release from the carrier. For example, Min-U-Gel™, a highly absorptive Attapulgite clay, can be impregnated with a pheromone composition of the invention. In another example, the pheromone composition may be mixed in a carrier paste that can be applied to trees and other plants. Insecticides may be added to the paste. Baits or feeding stimulants can also be added to the carrier. The pheromone formulations used in the methods of the invention may comprise other pheromones or attractants provided that the other compounds do not substantially interfere with the activity of the formulations. Mating disruption formulations can include the following categories, depending upon dispenser type and application technique: (1) Reservoir, high rate systems that must be hand applied; (2) female equivalent, low rate sprayable systems; (3) female equivalent, low rate hand-applied systems; (3) microdispersible, low rate systems that are sprayable. Commercial mating disruption and attract and kill formulations for pink bollworm are summarized in Jenkins 2002 (Jenkins, J. W. Use of mating disruption in cotton in North and South America.Use of pheromones and other semiochemicals in integrated production, IOBC wprs Bulletin Vol.25, 2002) and is herein incorporated in its entirety. Effect of sex pheromones on female moths. Mating disruption using female sex pheromones operates via modulating the behaviour of adult males, in so far as trap catch shutdown is a property of males only. Trap catch shutdown is used as proxy for indicating that no mating has occurred in the field. It is important to realize that adult moths cause negligible damage because they only feed from nectar and, for some species, they do not feed at all. Thus, damage is a property of the females, whose progeny of caterpillars will attack the host crop. How a female moth is affected by the presence of its own sex pheromone is not fully understood. Of course, females are indirectly affected by mating disruption if they are unable to successfully recruit a male partner for fertilizing their eggs. Using an olfactometer to measure the behavioral response of femaleH. armigeraandH. zeamoths towards pheromones released by other live femaleH. armigeraandH. zeamoths, Saad & Scott (Saad, A. D. & Scott, D. R. Repellence of pheromone released by females ofHeliothis armigeraandH. zeato females of both species. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 30, 123-127 (1981)) showed the following order of repellency: virgins repelled virgin>virgins repelled by mated>mated repelled by virgin. Mated females were not repelled by other mated females. As expected due toH. armigeraandH. zeasharing the same pheromone active ingredients (AIs), anH. armigerafemale virgin was also repelled by anH. zeafemale virgin, and vice-versa. The authors interpreted this female virgin repellency as a mechanism of ensuring uniform distribution of newly emerged females and thus enhancing the overall success of the population in recruiting males. Additionally, they reasoned that uniform distribution of the females should lead to uniform distribution of the eggs, which should benefit survival for a species that is polyphagous, cannibalistic, and which deposits eggs singly. Su et al. (Su, J.-W., et al. Female moths of cotton bollworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) captured by waterbasin traps baited with synthetic female sex pheromone. Insect Sci. 13, 293-299 (2006)) conductedH. armigeramass trapping experiments in cotton fields in China over three years, which indicate that mated females are actually attracted to the female sex pheromone. Female and male moth catches by waterbasin traps with lures impregnated with the synthetic female sex pheromone blend, a 97:3 ratio of Z11-16:Ald: Z9-16:Ald, were compared to catches by control waterbasin traps with lures that lacked the pheromone. A total of 15×4 ha plots were used. Waterbasin traps were deployed in three configurations in the plots: ‘A’ was pheromone traps only, ‘B’ was both pheromone and control traps in approximate equal numbers, and ‘C’ was control traps only. There were four ‘A’ plots each with 169 traps, at 13 m intervals, three ‘A’ plots each with 100 traps, at 13 m intervals, and another three ‘A’ plots with 100 traps per plot but each at 20 m, 10 m and 5 m intervals. There were three ‘B’ plots each with 169 traps at 13 m intervals and one ‘B’ plot with 100 traps at 13 m intervals. There was only one ‘C’ plot with 100 traps at 13 m intervals. A total of 1,983 traps were used in the 15 plots. All cotton bollworm moths captured by traps in each plot were counted and sexed daily during a trapping period of typically two weeks. The key results are summarized in Tables 3-5. TABLE 3H.armigeramoths caught by waterbasin traps baited with pheromonedispensers and control dispensers in four ‘A’ and three ‘B’ masstrapping plots. ‘A’ plots had 169 pheromone traps. ‘B’ plots had 85pheromone and 84 control traps. Values in same row followed bydifferent letters are significantly different.Mean Weekly Catch per TrapPlot TypeTrap TypeMaleFemaleAFemale Sex Pheromone51.5 ± 11.2a1.5 ± 0.2bBFemale Sex Pheromone153.3 ± 19.7a2.8 ± 0.5bControl2.6 ± 0.3a0.3 ± 0.1b TABLE 4H.armigeramoths captured by pheromone traps in three ‘A’plots with 100 traps each and different trap intervals. Values in samecolumn followed by different letters are significantly different.TrapMean WeeklyIntervalCatch per TrapMean Weekly Catch per Ha(m)MaleFemaleMaleFemale2021.91 ± 3.222.38 ± 0.55a547.84 ± 33.788.45 ± 1.65c1010.51 ± 2.171.05 ± 0.28b262.73 ± 21.9515.00 ± 2.86b58.13 ± 1.450.84 ± 0.24c203.30 ± 19.3449.14 ± 13.27a TABLE 5FemaleH.armigeramoths caught by pheromone and control traps.All plots had 100 traps at 13 m interval.Trap TypeUnmated (%)Mated (%)Female Sex Pheromone11.788.3Control51.748.3 Traps baited with female sex pheromone catch significantly more females than unbaited traps (Table 3). Highest female catches occurred in the core as opposed to the perimeter of the plot. Trap density and thus pheromone concentration is also highest in the core. Higher trap density leads to a lower female catch on a per trap basis, but a higher female catch on a per Ha basis. Higher trap density leads to lower mean male catches on both a per trap and a per Ha basis (Table 4). Pheromone airborne concentration increases with trap density thus eliciting a mating disruption effect that leads to lower male catches. Most of the females caught in the pheromone traps were mated, whereas females caught in control traps were ˜50:50 virgin: mated. Thus it is mainly the mated female that is attracted to the female sex pheromone. These conclusions are not necessarily in conflict with Saad & Scott. The fact that Su et al. observed more mated females in their pheromone traps is consistent with Saad & Scott's determination that the female virgin is repelled by its sex pheromone. Since Saad's experimental design was silent about attraction and it only reported a weak repellency of mated females by virgin females, this does not directly conflict with Su's observation that mated females are attracted to the female sex pheromone. The biological justification for this behaviour could be that mated females, which do not readily produce pheromones (see below), fly close to pheromone sources to increase mating chances with males attracted to the pheromone source. In other words, it piggybacks on the calling efforts of the virgin female. Another interpretation could be that the mated female flies towards the virgin female in order to oviposit on the calling substrate before the female virgin has a chance to mate. It is also noteworthy that femaleHelicoverpamoths show short-range attraction to male sex pheromones, also referred to as hairpencil compounds (Hillier, N. K. & Vickers, N. J. The role of heliothine hairpencil compounds in femaleHeliothis virescens(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) behavior and mate acceptance. Chem. Senses 29, 499-511 (2004)). Male sex pheromones fromH. virescens(Teal, P. E. A. & Tumlinson, J. H. Isolation, identification and biosynthesis of compounds produced by male hairpencil glands ofHeliothis virescens(F.) (Lepidoptera: Lepidoptera). J. Chem. Ecol. 15, 413-427 (1989)) andH. sublexahave been identified. MaleH. armigeraproduce Z11-16:OH, which inhibits male upwind flight in wind tunnel assays, thus preventing conspecific males from competing for a single female (Huang, Y. et al. Male orientation inhibitor of cotton bollworm: identification of compounds produced by male hairpencil glands. Entomol. Sin. 3, 172-182 ST—Male orientation inhibitor of cotton (1996)). Relative attractancy of virgin and matedHelicoverpafemales to the male sex pheromone has not been reported. Because mated femaleHelicoverpamoths are attracted to the female sex pheromone, there will be an inherent tendency for mated females to attempt to migrate into a mating disruption field. Mitchell et al. (Mitchell, E. R. et al. Capture of male and female cabbage loopers in field traps baited with synthetic sex pheromone. Environ. Entomol. 1, 525-526 (1972)) found that femaleTrichoplusia nimoths were captured by traps baited with a synthetic female sex pheromone. Birth (Birth, M. C. Responses of both sexes ofTrichoplusia ni(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to virgin females and to synthetic pheromone. Ecol. Entomol. 2, 99-104 (1977)) reported a similar response of female moths to traps baited with virgin femaleTrichoplusia ni. There is electroantennogram (EAG) evidence for female cotton bollworm perceiving its own sex pheromone. (Three Chinese papers referenced in Su et al.). Pheromones that repel Lepidoptera females have been reported (Rothschild, M. & Schoonhoven, L. M. Assessment of egg load byPieris brassicae(Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Nature 266, 352-355 (1977)). Effect of mating on the calling behavior of female moths.H. zeafemale pheromone production and sexual receptivity are terminated after mating, but can resume the following night (Kingan, T. G. et al. The loss of female sex pheromone after mating in the corn earworm mothHelicoverpa zea: identification of a male pheromonostatic peptide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92, 5082-5086 (1995)). Two 57 amino acid long pheromonostatic peptides (PSPs) inH. zeamales' seminal fluid are responsible for triggering this refractory behavior in females. From Kingan et al: “Remating may occur in the following scotophase, at which time the paternity of subsequent progeny would depend on the extent of sperm precedence. Nevertheless, this temporary monogamy may confer some fitness on the male, since egg laying can be activated within a few hours of copulation; females may then oviposit 36% of their eggs in the first 24 h after mating.” In other moths it has been found that this refractory behavior in females is shortened or not triggered at all when females mate with previously-mated males. Copulation with multiply-mated males results in less of a pheromonostatic effect but fewer fertile eggs laid by females. The logical reasoning is that mating depletes the males of certain compounds that are not completely replaced. One embodiment of this invention is to co-apply the female sex pheromone and the male PSPs in order to enhance the efficacy of mating disruption in the field. PSPs can be thought of as a synergist with sex pheromones as they reduce calling in females, thus reducing females' ability to compete with synthetic sex pheromones being co-applied for mating disruption. This synergy could effectively make females invisible to the males and reduce the probability of mating. PSP would thus prevent mating from occurring even though a high local population of males and females may exist. The mode of delivery for the PSPs may involve a vaporization of the molecules in an air-borne spray which has been shown to allow the permeation of PSPs into insect haemolymph (Kennedy, R. Vestaron Corporation, Crops & Chemicals Conference, Raleigh, North Carolina, July 2015). In one embodiment, the mating disruption in the method of delaying emergence of or reducing the number of one or more pests that may become resistant to one or more transgenic insecticidal traits and/or chemical insecticides in a field plot system further comprises applying one or more pheromonostatic peptides (PSPs). In one embodiment, the one or more PSPs are applied by vaporization. In another embodiment, each PSP is from a highly dispersive pest of the same species as each pest damaging the plants. In another embodiment, applying one or more PSPs enhances the mating disruption. In another embodiment, the mating disruption in the method of rescuing one or more pests' susceptibility to one or more transgenic insecticidal traits and/or chemical insecticides in a field plot system further comprises applying one or more pheromonostatic peptides (PSPs). In one embodiment, the one or more PSPs are applied by vaporization. In another embodiment, each PSP is from a highly dispersive pest of the same species as each pest damaging the plants. In another embodiment, applying one or more PSPs enhances the mating disruption. According to the present invention, another way to achieve the same effect is to use RNAi technology to hinder the expression of the pheromone biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide (PBAN). PBAN stimulates production of the female sex pheromone in female virgins. The 18-amino acid residue PBAN forH. zeahas been characterized (Raina, A. K., et al. A pheromonotropic peptide ofHelicoverpa zea, with melanizing activity, interaction with PBAN, and distribution of immunoreactivity. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 53, 147-57 (2003)). In one embodiment, the method comprises applying a mating disruption tactic and disrupting one or more pheromone biosynthesis-activating neuropeptides (PBANs) in the one or more pests. In another embodiment, disrupting one or more PBANs enhances mating disruption. In another embodiment, disrupting one or more PBANs comprises disrupting by RNA interference. Techniques which can be employed in accordance with the present invention to knock down PBAN gene expression, include, but are not limited to: (1) disrupting a gene's transcript, such as disrupting a gene's mRNA transcript; (2) disrupting the function of a polypeptide encoded by a gene, or (3) disrupting the gene itself. For example, antisense RNA, ribozyme, dsRNAi, RNA interference (RNAi) technologies can be used in the present invention to target RNA transcripts of one or more PBAN genes. Antisense RNA technology involves expressing in, or introducing into, a cell an RNA molecule (or RNA derivative) that is complementary to, or anti sense to, sequences found in a particular mRNA in a cell. By associating with the mRNA, the anti sense RNA can inhibit translation of the encoded gene product. The use of antisense technology to reduce or inhibit the expression of an insect gene has been described, for example, in Cabrera et al. (1987) Phenocopies induced with antisense RNA identify the wingless gene, Cell, 50(4): 659-663. A ribozyme is an RNA that has both a catalytic domain and a sequence that is complementary to a particular mRNA. The ribozyme functions by associating with the mRNA (through the complementary domain of the ribozyme) and then cleaving (degrading) the message using the catalytic domain. RNA interference (RNAi) is the process of sequence-specific, post-transcriptional gene silencing or transcriptional gene silencing in animals and plants, initiated by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) that is homologous in sequence to the silenced gene. The RNAi technique is discussed, for example, in Elbashir, et al., Methods Enzymol. 26:199 (2002); McManus & Sharp, Nature Rev. Genetics 3:737 (2002); PCT application WO 01/75164; Martinez et al., Cell 110:563 (2002); Elbashir et al., supra; Lagos-Quintana et al., Curr. Biol. 12:735 (2002); Tuschl et al., Nature Biotechnol. 20:446 (2002); Tuschl, Chembiochem. 2:239 (2001); Harborth et al., J. Cell Sci. 114:4557 (2001); et al., EMBO J. 20:6877 (2001); Lagos-Quintana et al., Science 294:8538 (2001); Hutvagner et al., loc cit, 834; Elbashir et al., Nature 411:494 (2001). The term “dsRNA” or “dsRNA molecule” or “double-strand RNA effector molecule” refers to an at least partially double-strand ribonucleic acid molecule containing a region of at least about 19 or more nucleotides that are in a double-strand conformation. The double-stranded RNA effector molecule may be a duplex double-stranded RNA formed from two separate RNA strands or it may be a single RNA strand with regions of self-complementarity capable of assuming an at least partially double-stranded hairpin conformation (i.e., a hairpin dsRNA or stem-loop dsRNA). In various embodiments, the dsRNA consists entirely of ribonucleotides or consists of a mixture of ribonucleotides and deoxynucleotides, such as RNA/DNA hybrids. The dsRNA may be a single molecule with regions of self-complementarity such that nucleotides in one segment of the molecule base pair with nucleotides in another segment of the molecule. In one aspect, the regions of self-complementarity are linked by a region of at least about 3-4 nucleotides, or about 5, 6, 7, 9 to 15 nucleotides or more, which lacks complementarity to another part of the molecule and thus remains single-stranded (i.e., the “loop region”). Such a molecule will assume a partially double-stranded stem-loop structure, optionally, with short single stranded 5′ and/or 3′ ends. In one aspect the regions of self-complementarity of the hairpin dsRNA or the double-stranded region of a duplex dsRNA will comprise an Effector Sequence and an Effector Complement (e.g., linked by a single-stranded loop region in a hairpin dsRNA). The Effector Sequence or Effector Strand is that strand of the double-stranded region or duplex which is incorporated in or associates with RISC. In one aspect the double-stranded RNA effector molecule will comprise an at least 19 contiguous nucleotide effector sequence, preferably 19 to 29, 19 to 27, or 19 to 21 nucleotides, which is a reverse complement to the RNA of PBANs, or an opposite strand replication intermediate, or the anti-genomic plus strand or non-mRNA plus strand sequences of PBANs. One skilled in the art will be able to design suitable double-strand RNA effector molecule based on the nucleotide sequences of PBANs in the present invention. In some embodiments, the dsRNA effector molecule is a “hairpin dsRNA”, a “dsRNA hairpin”, “short-hairpin RNA” or “shRNA”, i.e., an RNA molecule of less than approximately 400 to 500 nucleotides (nt), or less than 100 to 200 nt, in which at least one stretch of at least 15 to 100 nucleotides (e.g., 17 to 50 nt, 19 to 29 nt) is based paired with a complementary sequence located on the same RNA molecule (single RNA strand), and where said sequence and complementary sequence are separated by an unpaired region of at least about 4 to 7 nucleotides (or about 9 to about 15 nt, about 15 to about 100 nt, about 100 to about 1000 nt) which forms a single-stranded loop above the stem structure created by the two regions of base complementarity. The shRNA molecules comprise at least one stem-loop structure comprising a double-stranded stem region of about 17 to about 100 bp; about 17 to about 50 bp; about 40 to about 100 bp; about 18 to about 40 bp; or from about 19 to about 29 bp; homologous and complementary to a target sequence to be inhibited; and an unpaired loop region of at least about 4 to 7 nucleotides, or about 9 to about 15 nucleotides, about 15 to about 100 nt, about 100 to about 1000 nt, which forms a single-stranded loop above the stem structure created by the two regions of base complementarity. It will be recognized, however, that it is not strictly necessary to include a “loop region” or “loop sequence” because an RNA molecule comprising a sequence followed immediately by its reverse complement will tend to assume a stem-loop conformation even when not separated by an irrelevant “stuffer” sequence. In one embodiment, the mating disruption in the method of delaying emergence of or reducing the number of one or more pests that may become resistant to one or more transgenic insecticidal traits and/or chemical insecticides in a field plot system further comprises disrupting one or more pheromone biosynthesis-activating neuropeptides (PBANs) in the one or more pests. In another embodiment, disrupting one or more PBANs enhances the mating disruption. In another embodiment, disrupting one or more PBANs comprises disrupting by RNA interference. In another embodiment, each PBAN is from a highly dispersive pest of the same species as each pest damaging the plants. In one embodiment, the mating disruption in the method of rescuing one or more pests' susceptibility to one or more transgenic insecticidal traits and/or chemical insecticides in a field plot system further comprises disrupting one or more pheromone biosynthesis-activating neuropeptides (PBANs) in the one or more pests. In another embodiment, disrupting one or more PBANs enhances the mating disruption. In another embodiment, disrupting one or more PBANs comprises disrupting by RNA interference. In another embodiment, each PBAN is from a highly dispersive pest of the same species as each pest damaging the plants. In one embodiment, the mating disruption in the method of delaying emergence of or reducing the number of one or more pests that may become resistant to one or more transgenic insecticidal traits and/or chemical insecticides in a field plot system further comprises applying one or more PSPs and disrupting one or more PBANs in the one or more pests. In one embodiment, the mating disruption in the method of rescuing one or more pests' susceptibility to one or more transgenic insecticidal traits and/or chemical insecticides in a field plot system further comprises applying one or more PSPs and disrupting one or more PBANs in the one or more pests. An individual gravid female is capable of laying 500 to 3000 eggs, which she deposits singly on leaf hairs and corn silk. Gravid females are therefore capable of ovipositing on many plants within a field. When moth populations are high, several females may lay eggs on a single ear, resulting in 6-8 eggs per sweet corn ear. Given that there can be an average of about one thousand eggs per female, there is inherent asymmetry in mating disruption. Flying strength of gravid females. This is a purely empirical parameter that can only be determined in the field. It is species dependent and likely to change with region and season. The present invention is concerned with the flying strength of the mated females since an invading virgin female will be unable to mate and oviposit in the pheromone treated plot. Mitchell and McLaughlin showed that mating disruption in 12 ha plots was enough to suppress ovipositioning (but not explicitly damage control) forSpodoptera frugiperda(Mitchell, E. R. & J. R. McLaughlin. Suppression of mating and oviposition by fall armyworm and mating by corn earworm in corn, using air permeation technique. J. Econ. Entomol. 75, 270-274 (1982)), but not enough forH. zea, implying thatS. frugiperdagravid females are weaker flyers thanH. zea. Using flight mill studies, Armes et al. determined the mean cumulative distance flown byH. armigerato be 40 km for virgin females and 2 km for gravid females (Armes, N. J. & Cooter, R. J. Effects of age and mated status on flight potential ofHelicoverpa armigera(Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). Physiol. Entomol. 16, 131-144 (1991)). Interestingly, the longest single distance flown by gravid females was only 0.2 km compared to 20 km for unmated females. The general observation that mated females are weaker flyers than virgin females is referred to as the oogenesis-flight syndrome, which can be intuitively understood as the disposition of gravid females to minimize predation risk associated with travelling long distances and choosing to oviposit close to where mating occurred. The distance measured by flight mill studies are likely to be an overestimate because the moths are supported by a tether and are constantly being fed with sugar. That flight mill studies are not a good predictor of minimum plot size required for mating disruption is supported by the fact thatCydia pomonellagravid female was measured to fly a mean cumulative distance of 8.6 km and a single longest distance of 1 km (Schumacher, P. et al. Long flights inCydia pomonellaL. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) measured by a flight mill: influence of sex, mated status and age. Physiol. Entomol. 22, 149-160 (1997)), even though it is well known thatC. pomonellamating disruption in areas of only 50 ha will provide adequate damage control (Witzgall, P., et al. Codling moth management and chemical ecology. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 53, 503-522 (2008)). Table 6 summarizes published studies on flying strength of female moths. TABLE 6Published studies on flying strengths of female moths.Mean cumulativeLongest singledistance flown (km)distance flown (km)VirginGravidVirginGravidScientific nameCommon namefemalefemalefemalefemaleReferenceHelicoverpaCotton bollworm39.9 (12 hr2.3 (12 hr19.90.2Armes et al.armigeranormalized)normalized)Phys. Entomo.16, 131-144(1991)PectinophoraPink bollworm20.6 (12 hr16.1 (does notHuaiheng etgossypiellanormalized)discriminateal. Environ.M/F)Ent. 887-893(2006)Cydia pomonellaCodling moth10.3 (12 hr8.6 (12 hr51Schumachernormalized)normalized)et al. Phys.Entomo. 22,149-160(1997)Plutella xylostellaDiamondback9.4 (12 hr7.3 (12 hrShirai, Y.mothnormalized)normalized)Res. Popul.Ecol. 37,269-277(1995) It is likely that gravid female flying strength is also a function of what is being cultivated in the surroundings. For example, a mated female in a senescing maize field (i.e. R1 to R6) will likely show a greater tendency to migrate to nearby field in the silking stage (e.g. V10) with better sites for oviposition. BecauseHelicoverpalarvae are cannibalistic, ovipositioning in a late stage field, where the corn ears are already likely to be infested, would be disfavored by natural selection. This factor is amplified to other host crops due to the polyphagous behavior ofHelicoverpa. Helicoverpaspp. participate in long-range migratory flights by climbing to high altitudes and being carried by wind jets. John Westbrook (USDA-ARS College Station, Texas) determined the mating status of females in migratory flights by capturing female moths at high altitudes, and found that gravid females do not participate in such flights. Therefore, the local dispersive behavior of mated females in the vicinity of the pheromone treated plot is of primary concern. Ovipositioning pattern. The present invention accounts for ovipositioning at multiple sites versus at single sites. Maximum oviposition (51.6 eggs/female) was recorded forH. armigeraon a variety of cotton (Gossypium hirsutumLH 900) in a contained field bioassay (Butter, N. S. and Singh, S. (1996) Ovipositional response ofHelicoverpa armigerato different cotton genotypes,Phytoparasitica24(2): 97-102). Torres and Ruberson observed that there were about 0.2-0.4 eggs per cotton plant during peak oviposition season forHeliothisandHelicoverpacotton bollworms (Torres, J. B. and Ruberson, J. R. (2006) Spatial and temporal dynamics of oviposition behavior of bollworm and three of its predators in Bt and non-Bt cotton fields,Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata120: 11-22). An individual gravid female is capable of laying 500 to 3000 eggs, which she deposits singly on leaf hairs and corn silk. Gravid females are therefore capable of ovipositing on many plants within a field. When moth populations are high, several females may lay eggs on a single ear, resulting in 6-8 eggs per sweet corn ear. Given that there can be an average of about one thousand eggs per female, there is inherent asymmetry in mating disruption. The tarsi, abdomen, and mature chorionated eggs of mated femaleH. armigeracontain several fatty acids, some of which (including but not limited to: C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, and C18:1) elicit strong electroantennogram responses from mated females (Liu, M., et al (2008) Oviposition deterrents from eggs of the cotton bollworm,Helicoverpa armigera(Lepidoptera: noctuidae): Chemical identification and analysis by electroantennogram. J. Insect Physiol. 54:656-662). Blends of these fatty acids, applied at a concentration of 0.05 μg/cm2on a substrate, significantly reduce oviposition in laboratory bioassays. Their corresponding methyl esters have been identified in larval frass and have similar oviposition-deterring effect. Similar blends of fatty acids have been shown to have oviposition deterring effects on intra- and interspecific females of several lepidopterans. Several researchers have shown that host-plant volatile components can serve as attractants (reviewed in: Gregg et al. (2010) Development of a synthetic plant volatile-based attracticide for female noctuid moths. II. Bioassays of synthetic plant volatiles as attractants for the adults of the cotton bollworm,Helicoverpa armigera(Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Aust. J. Entomol. 49:21-30), and can significantly increase lepidopterans' attraction to sex pheromones when detected in unison (example: Deng et al. (2004) Enhancement of attraction to sex pheromones ofSpodoptera exiguaby volatile compounds produced by host plants. J. Chem. Ecol 30:2037-2045). Fang and Zhang (2002) demonstrated that in addition to increasing attraction to sex pheromones, host-plant volatiles also positively influence oviposition preference (Fang, Y. and Zhang, Z. (2002) Influence of host-plant volatile components on oviposition behaviour and sex pheromone attractiveness toH. armigera. Acta Entomologica Sinica 45:63-67). Heptanal and benzaldehyde are two host-plant volatile components that significantly increase the attractiveness of an oviposition substrate among matedH. armigera. Additionally, corn silk is a preferred oviposition substrate forHelicoverpaspp., and the concentration of its associated volatile, ethylene, is positively correlated with calling behaviour in virgin femaleH. zea. Ethylene thus serves as a mating cue and it would logically follow that high concentrations of ethylene would increase the number of locally oviposited eggs. Jin et al. found that crude extracts of male accessory glands (MAG) stimulated earlier egg maturation (P<0.001) and oviposition (the oviposition ratio was more than 2 times the ratio of the control). (Jin, Z-Y and Gong, H. Male accessory gland derived factors can stimulate oogenesis and enhance oviposition inHelicoverpa armigera(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 46:175-185, 2001). They also found that proteinaceous components in crude extracts purified by fractionation and sub-fractionation in reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography stimulated earlier egg maturation (P<0.01) and oviposition (more than 2 times the ratio of the control). They called these the oogenesis and oviposition factors (OOSF). The mode of delivery for the OOSFs may involve a vaporization of the molecules in an air-borne spray which has been shown to allow the permeation of PSPs into insect haemolymph (Kennedy, R. Vestaron Corporation, Crops & Chemicals Conference, Raleigh, North Carolina, July 2015). Orthogonality of olfactory receptors. Sex pheromones are sensed by dedicated odorant binding proteins (OBPs). This means that in the presence of mating disruption, male OBPs dedicated to sex pheromones are already saturated and female OBPs that sense these molecules may be saturated too. Because host finding and oviposition site selection is sensed by different OBPs, this allows attract-and-kill to occur simultaneously with mating disruption. As an example, an odorant-binding protein (OBP) found in the antennae and seminal fluid ofH. armigeraandH. assultais associated with 1-dodecene, a known insect repellent (Sun et al. 2012 Expression in Antennae and Reproductive Organs Suggests a Dual Role of an Odorant-Binding Protein in Two SiblingHelicoverpaSpecies. PLoS ONE 7(1): e30040 (2012)). OBPs are involved in the perception and release of semiochemicals in insects, and thus this particular OBP may potentially be involved in the detection and delivery of oviposition deterrents. InSpodoptera frugiperda, a trifluoromethyl ketone acts as a pheromone analogue that competitively inhibits the binding of sex pheromones with their associated OBP, and thus reduces pheromone reception in males (Malo et al. 2013 Inhibition of the responses to sex pheromone of the fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda. Journal of Insect Science, 13: 134). As these examples show, an understanding of the molecular structures of the odorant binding proteins can lead to novel attractants and repellents which will find use in the methods of the present invention. In silico screening of novel semiochemicals by docking to OBPs. Computational structure-activity screen of thousands of compounds against OBPs in the target pest can be used to identify new attractants or repellents. See, for example, the work done on fruit fly odor receptors to identify alternative mosquito repellents to DEET (Kain et al. 2013 Odour receptors and neurons for DEET and new insect repellents. Nature, 502: 507-512), which used a high-throughput chemical informatics screen without knowing the 3D crystal structure of the OBP. Thus, for example, structural features shared by compounds demonstrated to be attractive or repellent to mated female pests can be used to screen a vast library of compounds in silico for the presence of these structural features. A training set of known mated female pest attractants or repellents can be assembled to computationally identify a unique subset of descriptors that correlate highly with either attraction or repellency. Also, compounds that may be safe for human use may be identified by applying the in silico screen to an assembled library having chemicals originating from plants, insects or vertebrate species, and compounds already approved for human use. Gregg et al. (Gregg, P. C. et al. Development of a synthetic plant volatile-based attracticide for female noctuid moths. II. Bioassays of synthetic plant volatiles as attractants for the adults of the cotton bollworm,Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Aust. J. Entomol. 49, 21-30 (2010)) measured the attractiveness of synthetic equivalent of host and non-host plant volatiles to virgin females ofH. armigera. A total of 34 different compounds were tested singly and as blends. These compounds included aromatic volatiles found in flowers, such as 2-phenylethanol and phenylacetaldehyde, and volatiles found in leaves, including green leaf volatiles and terpenoids. All of these compounds and their blends are incorporated here in their entirety. The attractiveness of these compounds on mated females was not measured in the Gregg et al. study. Plant volatiles can be grouped into floral volatiles (fatty acid derivatives, mostly short-chain alcohols and acetates, which are products of nectar fermentation), green leaf volatiles (C6 fatty acid derivatives, straight chain alcohols, aldehydes and esters mostly present in leaves), aromatic compounds (cyclic C6 compounds and their derivatives, found in flowers and leaves) and isoprenoids (mono- and sesquiterpenes which can be found in both leaves and flowers) (Del Socorro, A. P. et al. Development of a synthetic plant volatile-based attracticide for female noctuid moths. I. Potential sources of volatiles attractive toHelicoverpa armigera(Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).Australian Journal of Entomology,49: 10-20 (2010)). It is also known that female moths are attracted to ethylene. Therefore, reagents such as ethenphos can be applied in the field to deliver ethylene in situ. Since it is further known that 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) competes with an ethylene binding protein in plants, another aspect of this invention consists of spraying on the border as a way to attract females. Other synthetic volatiles could also work given that non-host volatiles are attractive toHelicoverpafemale moths. In one embodiment, the one or more semiochemicals or factors applied in the method of delaying emergence of or reducing the number of one or more pests that may become resistant to one or more transgenic insecticidal traits and/or chemical insecticides in a field plot system comprise oogenesis and oviposition factors (OOSFs). In another embodiment, the OOSFs are applied by vaporization. In another embodiment, the one or more semiochemicals or factors comprise one or more attractants. In another embodiment, the one or more attractants comprise one or more host plant chemical, non-host plant chemical, synthetic volatile chemical, or natural volatile chemical. In another embodiment, the one or more attractants are identified through binding to one or more pest odorant binding proteins. In another embodiment, the one or more attractants comprise one or more host plant volatile chemical. In another embodiment, the one or more host plant volatile chemical comprise heptanal or benzaldehyde. In another embodiment, the one or more attractants comprise one or more male pheromones. In another embodiment, the one or more attractants comprise one or more ovipositioning pheromones. In another embodiment, the one or more attractants comprise one or more female attractants. In another embodiment, the one or more female attractants comprise ethylene. Attract-and-kill targeted at females. It is known in the art that noctuid moths, includingH. armigera, are attracted to floral scents (Gregg, P. C. et al. Development of a synthetic plant volatile-based attracticide for female noctuid moths. II. Bioassays of synthetic plant volatiles as attractants for the adults of the cotton bollworm,Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Aust. J. Entomol. 49, 21-30 (2010)). It is further known that these floral scents can be mixed with a feeding stimulant (e.g. sugar) and an insecticide in an attract-and-kill formulation. According to the methods of the present invention, these formulations can be field applied to kill both male and female noctuid moths. However, the use of these formulations as a stand-alone method is limited because: (i) the floral scents also attract beneficial insects (e.g. pollinators), (ii) the residual activity of the insecticide is typically shorter than one week necessitating repeated applications throughout the season, and (iii) the floral scents have a short attraction range and thus the attract-and-kill formulation needs to be applied over large portions of the field. In another embodiment, the method of delaying emergence of or reducing the number of one or more pests that may become resistant to one or more transgenic insecticidal traits and/or chemical insecticides in a field plot system further comprises applying an attract-and-kill tactic in the field plot, wherein said tactic reduces the number of one or more pests in the field plot. In another embodiment, applying an attract-and-kill tactic comprises applying one or more semiochemicals or factors and one or more insecticides. In another embodiment, the one or more semiochemicals or factors comprise one or more attractants. In another embodiment, the one or more attractants comprise one or more host plant chemical, non-host plant chemical, synthetic volatile chemical, or natural volatile chemical. In another embodiment, the one or more resistant pests are male or female. In one embodiment of the present invention, the attract-and-kill product combination can be delivered as a broadcast spray or in the form of traps applied in the field at high density. Commercial attract and kill products include Magnet® and Noctovi® (ISCA Technologies). Magnet® is a synthetic plant volatile-based attracticide for noctuid pests of agriculture (Del Socorro, A. P. et al. 2010). Noctovi® is an environmentally friendly semiochemical attractant and phagostimulant that can be mixed with insecticides and improves the efficacy and longevity of insecticides. A variety of ingredients can be incorporated into the insect control formulations as optional additives. In one embodiment, an additive comprises an ingredient that either affects the release rate of a semiochemical from the formulation or otherwise affects the physical properties of the formulation and/or protect the formulation from weather conditions, for example. Such optional additives include, among others, emulsifiers, stickers, plasticizers, volatility suppressants, antioxidants, lipids, various ultraviolet blockers and absorbers, or antimicrobials. In one embodiment, one or more additives are included in the formulation in a total amount of from about 0.001% to about 20% by weight of the total formulation, or any weight range within said weight range. For example, in another embodiment, one or more additive is included in the formulation in a total amount of from about 0.1% to about 10%, by weight of the total formulation. In yet another embodiment, one or more additive is included in the formulation in a total amount of from about 1% to about 6%, by weight of the total formulation. The additives can be included, for example, in a pre-formulated carrier mixture that includes a carrier and the additives, which can then be blended with the semiochemical and insecticide to provide an insect control formulation. A pre-formulated carrier mixture can be made by combining the carrier mixture and selected additives in predetermined ratios or can be obtained commercially. For example, in one embodiment, the pre-formulated carrier mixture comprises a SPLAT™ matrix, which is commercially available from ISCA TECHNOLOGIES, INC. (Riverside, Calif.). Further with regard to additives that can be included in an insect control formulation, in one embodiment, the formulation includes an emulsifier to impart or improve emulsification properties of the formulation. Examples of emulsifiers that can be used in alternate embodiments include lecithin and modified lecithins, mono- and diglycerides, sorbitan monopalmitate, sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene-sorbitan monooleate, fatty acids, lipids, and combinations thereof. The emulsifier can be selected from a wide variety of emulsifier products that are well known in the art and available commercially, including but not limited to, sorbitan monolaurate (anhydrosorbitol stearate, molecular formula C24H46O6), ARLACEL 60, ARMOTAN MS, CRILL 3, CRILL K3, DREWSORB 60, DURTAN 60, EMSORB 2505, GLYCOMUL S, HODAG SMS, IONET S 60, LIPOSORB S, LIPOSORB S-20, MONTANE 60, MS 33, MS33F, NEWCOL 60, NIKKOL SS 30, NISSAN NONION SP 60, NONION SP 60, NONION SP 60R, RIKEMAL S 250, sorbitan c, sorbitan stearate, SORBON 60, SORGEN 50, SPAN 55, AND SPAN 60. Other sorbitan fatty acid ester that may be used include sorbitan monostearate, sorbitan tri stearate, sorbitan sesquioleate, sorbitan trioleate. In one embodiment, an emulsifier is present in the formulation in an amount of up to about 10% by weight of the total formulation, or any range within said range. For example, in another embodiment, the formulation includes an emulsifier in an amount from about 1% to about 10% by weight of the total formulation. In yet another embodiment, the formulation includes an emulsifier in an amount from about 1% to about 6% by weight of the total formulation. In still another embodiment, the formulation includes an emulsifier in an amount from about 1% to about 5% by weight of the total formulation. Plasticizers can affect physical properties of a formulation, such as, for example, to extend its resistance to degradation in the field. In one embodiment, the insect control formulation includes a plasticizer. Examples of suitable plasticizers include glycerin and soy oil. In one embodiment, a plasticizer is present in the formulation in an amount of up to about 40% by weight of the total formulation, or any range within said range. For example, in another embodiment, the formulation includes a plasticizer in an amount from about 1% to about 40% by weight of the total formulation. In yet another embodiment, the formulation includes a plasticizer in an amount from about 1% to about 25% by weight of the total formulation. In still another embodiment, the formulation includes a plasticizer in an amount from about 1% to about 15% by weight of the total formulation. In another embodiment, the formulation includes at least one antioxidant that is operable to protect the formulation and/or one or more of its ingredients from degradation. Examples of suitable antioxidants for inclusion include, without limitation, vitamin E, BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole) and BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene). In one embodiment, at least one antioxidant is present in the formulation in an amount of up to about 3% by weight of the total formulation, or any range within said range. For example, in another embodiment, the formulation includes at least one antioxidant in an amount from about 0.1% to about 3% by weight of the total formulation. In yet another embodiment, the formulation includes at least one antioxidant in an amount from about 0.1% to about 2% by weight of the total formulation. In still another embodiment, the formulation includes at least one antioxidant in an amount from about 0.1% to about 1% by weight of the total formulation. In another embodiment, the formulation further includes at least one ultraviolet blocker effective to protect the formulation and/or one or more of its ingredients from light degradation. Examples of suitable ultraviolet blockers for this use include beta-carotene and p-aminobenzoic acid. In one embodiment, at least one ultraviolet blocker is present in the formulation in an amount of up to about 3% by weight of the total formulation, or any range within said range. For example, in another embodiment, the formulation includes at least one ultraviolet blocker in an amount from about 0.5% to about 3% by weight of the total formulation. In yet another embodiment, the formulation includes at least one ultraviolet blocker in an amount from about 0.5% to about 2% by weight of the total formulation. In still another embodiment, the formulation includes at least one ultraviolet blocker in an amount from about 0.5% to about 1.5% by weight of the total formulation. In another embodiment, the formulation further includes at least one antimicrobial ingredient to protect the formulation and/or one or more of its ingredients from microbial destruction. Examples of suitable antimicrobial ingredients include potassium sorbate, nitrates, nitrites, 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (biocide ingredient in Proxel™ GXL; available from Arch Chemicals, Inc.) and propylene oxide. In one embodiment, at least one antimicrobial ingredient is present in the formulation in an amount of up to about 3% by weight of the total formulation, or any range within said range. For example, in another embodiment, the formulation includes at least one antimicrobial ingredient in an amount from about 0.1% to about 3% by weight of the total formulation. In yet another embodiment, the formulation includes at least one antimicrobial ingredient in an amount from about 0.1% to about 2% by weight of the total formulation. Other compounds and materials may also be included in formulations described herein provided they do not substantially interfere with the attractant activity of the formulation. Whether or not an additive substantially interferes with the attractant activity can be determined by standard test formats, involving direct comparisons of efficacy of a given formulation without an added compound or material and a formulation that is otherwise the same, but with the added compound or material. For example, additional bioactive ingredients can also be included in a formulation as described herein. The term “additional bioactive compound” is used herein to refer to compounds, other than those described above, that fall within one or more of the following categories: attractants, juvenile hormones, plant hormones, pesticides, fungicides, herbicides, nutrients, micronutrients, bacteria (such asBacillus thuringiensis), insect pathogenic virus (such as celery looper virus), fertilizers, plant mineral supplements, or other ingredients that can be included in the formulation to meet specific needs of crop production. In one embodiment, one or more additional bioactive ingredient is included in an amount up to about 20% by weight based on the total formulation, or any range within said range. For example, in another embodiment, one or more additional bioactive ingredient is included in an amount up to about 10%, by weight. In yet another embodiment, one or more additional bioactive ingredient is included in an amount up to about 5%, by weight. In yet another embodiment, the formulation also includes a visual attractant, such as, for example a food coloring or other coloring agent, a wide variety of which are known and available commercially. Other ingredients, such as, for example, adjuvants, humectants, viscosity modifiers can also be included. In one embodiment, the method of delaying emergence of or reducing the number of one or more resistant pests in a field plot system further comprises applying one or more chemical insecticides comprising independent modes of action to different areas of the field plot. Contact or feeding action insecticides are both viable options for use in the methods of the present invention. Thus Bt related insecticides, peptide insecticides, and virus-based insecticides are all contemplated for use in the methods of the present invention. In one embodiment, the insecticide is an insecticide approved for use in organic farming. Examples of naturally-derived insecticides that have been approved for use on organic farms include, for example,Bacillus thuringiensis, pyrethrum, Spinosad, neem, and rotenone. Helicoverpa Helicoverpais a genus of moth in the Noctuidae family. Species in theHelicoverpagenus includeH. armigera, H. assulta, H. atacamae, H. fletcheri, H. gelotopoeon, H. hardwicki, H. hawaiiensis, H. helenae, H. pallida, H. prepodes, H. punctigera, H. titicacae, H. toddiandH. zea. H. confusaandH. minutaare twoHelicoverpaspecies that are extinct. Helicoverpa armigera H. armigerais commonly known as the cotton bollworm when found outside the United States, or alternatively the “Old World (African) bollworm”. The larvae of this moth feed on a wide range of plants, including economically important cultivated crops. This species is widespread in central and southern Europe, temperate Asia, Africa, Australia and Oceania, and has also recently been confirmed to have successfully invaded Brazil and the US. It is a migrant species, able to reach Scandinavia and other northern territories. The female cotton bollworm can lay several hundred eggs, distributed on various parts of the plant. Under favorable conditions, the eggs can hatch into larvae within three days and the whole life cycle can be completed in just over a month. The cotton bollworm is a highly polyphagous species, being able to feed on many crops. It is a major pest in cotton. The most important crop hosts are tomato, cotton, pigeon pea, chickpea,Sorghumand cowpea. Other hosts include groundnut, okra, peas, field beans, soybeans, lucerne,Phaseolusspp., other Leguminosae, tobacco, potatoes, maize, flax,Dianthus, Rosa, Pelargonium, Chrysanthemum, Lavandula angustifolia, a number of fruit trees, forest trees and a range of vegetable crops. In Russia and adjacent countries, the larvae populate more than 120 plant species, favoringSolanum, Datura, Hyoscyamus, AtriplexandAmaranthusgenera. The greatest damage is caused to cotton, tomatoes, maize, chick peas, alfalfa and tobacco. In cotton crops, blooms that have been attacked may open prematurely and stay fruitless. When the bolls are damaged, some will fall off and others will fail to produce lint or produce lint of an inferior quality. Secondary infections by fungi and bacteria are common and may lead to rotting of fruits. Injury to the growing tips of plants may disturb their development, delay maturity and cause fruits to drop. Helicoverpa zea(formerlyHeliothis zea) Helicoverpa zea(orHeliothis zea) is also commonly known as the corn earworm and the cotton bollworm in the United States. Thus, the species should not be confused with the aforementionedH. armigera, which is given the common name “cotton bollworm” outside of the United States and “old world bollworm” within the United States. Corn earworm is found throughout North America except for northern Canada and Alaska. In the eastern United States, corn earworm does not normally overwinter successfully in the northern states. It is known to survive as far north as about 40 degrees north latitude, or about Kansas, Ohio, Virginia, and southern New Jersey, depending on the severity of winter weather. However, it is highly dispersive, and routinely spreads from southern states into northern states and Canada. Thus, areas have overwintering, both overwintering and immigrant, or immigrant populations, depending on location and weather. In the relatively mild Pacific Northwest, corn earworm can overwinter at least as far north as southern Washington. Helicoverpa zeais active throughout the year in tropical and subtropical climates, but becomes progressively more restricted to the summer months with increasing latitude. In northeastern states dispersing adults may arrive as early as May or as late as August due to the vagaries associated with weather; thus, their population biology is variable. The number of generations is usually reported to be one in northern areas such as most of Canada, Minnesota, and western New York; two in northeastern states; two to three in Maryland; three in the central Great Plains; and northern California; four to five in Louisiana and southern California; and perhaps seven in southern Florida and southern Texas. The life cycle can be completed in about 30 days. Egg: Eggs are deposited singly, usually on leaf hairs and corn silk. The egg is pale green when first deposited, becoming yellowish and then gray with time. The shape varies from slightly dome-shaped to a flattened sphere, and measures about 0.5 to 0.6 mm in diameter and 0.5 mm in height. Fecundity ranges from 500 to 3000 eggs per female. The eggs hatch in about three to four days. Larva: Upon hatching, larvae wander about the plant until they encounter a suitable feeding site, normally the reproductive structure of the plant. Young larvae are not cannibalistic, so several larvae may feed together initially. However, as larvae mature they become very aggressive, killing and cannibalizing other larvae. Consequently, only a small number of larvae are found in each ear of corn. Normally, corn earworm displays six instars, but five is not uncommon and seven to eight have been reported. Mean head capsule widths are 0.29, 0.47, 0.77, 1.30, 2.12, and 3.10 mm, respectively, for instars 1 to 6. Larval lengths are estimated at 1.5, 3.4, 7.0, 11.4, 17.9, and 24.8 mm, respectively. Development time averaged 3.7, 2.8, 2.2, 2.2, 2.4, and 2.9 days, respectively, for instars 1 to 6 when reared at 25° C. Butler (Butler Jr. G. D. (1976) Bollworm: development in relation to temperature and larval food. Environmental Entomology 5: 520-522) cultured earworm on corn at several temperatures, reporting total larval development times of 31.8, 28.9, 22.4, 15.3, 13.6, and 12.6 days at 20.0, 22.5, 25.0, 30.0, 32.0, and 34.0° C., respectively. The larva is variable in color. Overall, the head tends to be orange or light brown with a white net-like pattern, the thoracic plates black, and the body brown, green, pink, or sometimes yellow or mostly black. The larva usually bears a broad dark band laterally above the spiracles, and a light yellow to white band below the spiracles. A pair of narrow dark stripes often occurs along the center of the back. Close examination reveals that the body bears numerous black thorn-like microspines. These spines give the body a rough feel when touched. The presence of spines and the light-colored head serve to distinguish corn earworm from fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith), and European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis(Hubner). These other common corn-infesting species lack the spines and have dark heads. Tobacco budworm,Heliothis virescens(Fabricius), is a closely related species in which the late instar larvae also bear microspines. Although it is easily confused with corn earworm, it rarely is a vegetable pest and never feeds on corn. Close examination reveals that in tobacco budworm larvae the spines on the tubercles of the first, second, and eighth abdominal segments are about half the height of the tubercles, but in corn earworm the spines are absent or up to one-fourth the height of the tubercle. Younger larvae of these two species are difficult to distinguish, but Neunzig (1964) give a key to aid in separation (Neunzig H. H. (1964) The eggs and early-instar larvae ofHeliothis zeaandHeliothis virescens(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 57: 98-102). Pupa: Mature larvae leave the feeding site and drop to the ground, where they burrow into the soil and pupate. The larva prepares a pupal chamber 5 to 10 cm below the surface of the soil. The pupa is mahogany-brown in color, and measures 17 to 22 mm in length and 5.5 mm in width. Duration of the pupal stage is about 13 days (range 10 to 25) during the summer. Adult: As with the larval stage, adults are quite variable in color. The forewings of the moths usually are yellowish brown in color, and often bear a small dark spot centrally. The small dark spot is especially distinct when viewed from below. The forewing also may bear a broad dark transverse band distally, but the margin of the wing is not darkened. The hind wings are creamy white basally and blackish distally, and usually bear a small dark spot centrally. The moth measures 32 to 45 mm in wingspan. Adults are reported to live for five to 15 days, but may survive for over 30 days under optimal conditions. The moths are principally nocturnal, and remain active throughout the dark period. During the daylight hours they usually hide in vegetation, but sometimes can be seen feeding on nectar. Oviposition commences about three days after emergence, continuing until death. Fresh-silking corn is highly attractive for oviposition but even ears with dry silk will receive eggs. Fecundity varies from about 500 to 3000 eggs, although feeding is a prerequisite for high levels of egg production. Females may deposit up to 35 eggs per day. Corn earworm has a wide host range; hence, it is also known as “tomato fruitworm,” “Sorghumheadworm,” “vetchworm,” and “cotton bollworm.” In addition to corn and tomato, perhaps its most favored vegetable hosts, corn earworm also attacks artichoke, asparagus, cabbage, cantaloupe, collard, cowpea, cucumber, eggplant, lettuce, lima bean, melon, okra, pea, pepper, potato, pumpkin, snap bean, spinach, squash, sweet potato, and watermelon. Not all are good hosts, however. Harding, for example, studied relative suitability of crops and weeds in Texas, and reported that although corn and lettuce were excellent larval hosts, tomato was merely a good host, and broccoli and cantaloupe were poor (Harding J. A. (1976)Heliothisspp.: seasonal occurrence, hosts and host importance in the lower Rio Grande Valley. Environmental Entomology 5: 666-668). Other crops injured by corn earworm include alfalfa, clover, cotton, flax, oat, millet, rice,Sorghum, soybean, sugarcane, sunflower, tobacco, vetch, and wheat. Among field crops,Sorghumis particularly favored. Cotton is frequently reported to be injured, but this generally occurs only after more preferred crops have matured. Fruit and ornamental plants may be attacked, including ripening avocado, grape, peaches, pear, plum, raspberry, strawberry, carnation, geranium, gladiolus, nasturtium, rose, snapdragon, and zinnia. In studies conducted in Florida, Martin et al. found corn earworm larvae on all 17 vegetable and field crops studied, but corn andSorghumwere most favoured (Martin P. B. et al. (1976) Relative abundance and host preferences of cabbage looper, soybean looper, tobacco budworm, and corn earworm on crops grown in northern Florida. Environmental Entomology 5: 878-882). In cage tests earworm moths preferred to oviposit on tomato over a selection of several other vegetables that did not include corn. Such weeds as common mallow, crown vetch, fall panicum, hemp, horsenettle, lambsquarters, lupine, morningglory, pigweed, prickly sida, purslane, ragweed, Spanish needles, sunflower, toadflax, and velvetleaf, have been reported to serve as larval. However, Harding (1976) rated only sunflower as a good weed host relative to 10 other species in a study conducted in Texas. Stadelbacher indicated that crimson clover and winter vetch, which may be both crops and weeds, were important early season hosts in Mississippi (Stadelbacher E. A. (1981) Role of early-season wild and naturalized host plants in the buildup of the F1 generation ofHeliothis zeaandH. virescensin the Delta of Mississippi. Environmental Entomology 10: 766-770). He also indicated that cranesbill species were particularly important weed hosts in this area. In North Carolina, especially important wild hosts were toadflax and deergrass (Neunzig H. H. (1963) Wild host plants of the corn earworm and the tobacco budworm in eastern North Carolina. Journal of Economic Entomology 56: 135-139). Adults collect nectar or other plant exudates from a large number of plants. Trees and shrub species are especially frequented. Among the hosts areCitrus, Salix, Pithecellobium, Quercus, Betula, Prunus, Pyrusand other trees, but also alfalfa; red and white clover; milkweed, and Joe-Pye weed and other flowering plants. Corn earworm is considered by some to be the most costly crop pest in North America. It is more damaging in areas where it successfully overwinters, however, because in northern areas it may arrive too late to inflict extensive damage. It often attacks valuable crops, and the harvested portion of the crop. Thus, larvae often are found associated with such plant structures as blossoms, buds, and fruits. When feeding on lettuce, larvae may burrow into the head. On corn, its most common host, young larvae tend to feed on silks initially, and interfere with pollination, but eventually they usually gain access to the kernels. They may feed only at the tip, or injury may extend half the length of the ear before larval development is completed. Such feeding also enhances development of plant pathogenic fungi. If the ears have not yet produced silk, larvae may burrow directly into the ear. They usually remain feeding within a single ear of corn, but occasionally abandon the feeding site and search for another. Larvae also can damage whorl-stage corn by feeding on the young, developing leaf tissue. Survival is better on more advanced stages of development, however. On tomato, larvae may feed on foliage and burrow in the stem, but most feeding occurs on the tomato fruit. Larvae commonly begin to burrow into a fruit, feed only for a short time, and then move on to attack another fruit. Tomato is more susceptible to injury when corn is not silking; in the presence of corn, moths will preferentially oviposit on fresh corn silk. Other crops such as bean, cantaloupe, cucumber, squash, and pumpkin may be injured in a manner similar to tomato, and also are less likely to be injured if silking corn is nearby. Although numerous natural enemies have been identified, they usually are not effective at causing high levels of earworm mortality or preventing crop injury. For example, in a study conducted in Texas, Archer and Bynum (1994) reported less than 1% of the larvae were parasitized or infected with disease (Archer T. L. and Bynum Jr. E. D. (1994) Corn earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) biology on food corn on the High Plains. Environmental Entomology 23: 343-348). However, eggs may be heavily parasitized.Trichogrammaspp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), and to a lesser degreeTelenomusspp. (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), are common egg parasitoids. Common larval parasitoids includeCotesiaspp., andMicroplitis croceipes(Cresson) (all Hymenoptera: Braconidae);Campoletisspp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae);Eucelatoria armigera(Coquillett) andArchytas marmoratus(Townsend) (Diptera: Tachinidae). General predators often feed on eggs and larvae of corn earworm; over 100 insect species have been observed to feed onH. zea. Among the common predators are ladybird beetles such as convergent lady beetle,Hippodamia convergensGuerin-Meneville, andColeomegilla maculataDeGeer (both Coleoptera: Coccinellidae); softwinged flower beetles,Collopsspp. (Coleoptera: Melyridae); green lacewings,ChrysopaandChrysoperlaspp. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae); minute pirate bug,Orius tristicolor(White) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae); and big-eyed bugs,Geocorisspp. (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae). Birds can also feed on earworms, but rarely are adequately abundant to be effective. Within-season mortality during the pupal stage seems to be, and although overwintering mortality is often very high the mortality is due to adverse weather and collapse of emergence tunnels rather than to natural enemies. In Texas,Steinernema riobravis(Nematoda: Steinernematidae) has been found to be an important mortality factor of prepupae and pupae, but this parasitoid is not yet generally distributed. Similarly,Heterorhabditis heliothidis(Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae) has been found parasitizing corn earworm in North Carolina, but it has not been found widely. Both of the latter species are being redistributed, and can be produced commercially, so in the future they may assume greater importance in natural regulation of earworm populations. Epizootics caused by pathogens may erupt when larval densities are high. The fungal pathogenNomuraea rileyiand theHelicoverpa zeanuclear polyhedrosis virus are commonly involved in outbreaks of disease, but the protozoanNosema heliothidisand other fungi and viruses also have been observed. Sampling: Eggs and larvae often are not sampled on corn because eggs are very difficult to detect, and larvae burrow down into the silks, out of the reach of insecticides, soon after hatching. Moths can be monitored with blacklight and pheromone traps. Both sexes are captured in light traps, whereas only males are attracted to the sex pheromone. Both trap types give an estimate of when moths invade or emerge, and relative densities, but pheromone traps are easier to use because they are selective. The pheromone is usually used in conjunction with an inverted cone-type trap. Generally, the presence of five to 10 moths per night is sufficient to stimulate pest control practices. Insecticides: Corn fields with more than 5% of the plants bearing new silk are susceptible to injury if moths are active. Insecticides are usually applied to foliage in a liquid formulation, with particular attention to the ear zone, because it is important to apply insecticide to the silk. Insecticide applications are often made at two to six day intervals, sometimes as frequently as daily in Florida. Because it is treated frequently, and over a wide geographic area, corn earworm has become resistant to many insecticides. Susceptibility toBacillus thuringiensisalso varies, but the basis for this variation in susceptibility is uncertain. Mineral oil, applied to the corn silk soon after pollination, has insecticidal effects. Application of about 0.75 to 1.0 ml of oil five to seven days after silking can provide good control in the home garden. Cultural practices: Trap cropping is often suggested for this insect; the high degree of preference by ovipositing moths for corn in the green silk stage can be used to lure moths from less preferred crops. Lima beans also are relatively attractive to moths, at least as compared to tomato. However, it is difficult to maintain attractant crops in an attractive stage for protracted periods. In southern areas where populations develop first on weed hosts and then disperse to crops, treatment of the weeds through mowing, herbicides, or application of insecticides can greatly ameliorate damage on nearby crops. In northern areas, it is sometimes possible to plant or harvest early enough to escape injury. Throughout the range of this insect, population densities are highest, and most damaging, late in the growing season. Tillage, especially in the autumn, can significantly reduce overwintering success of pupae in southern locations. Biological control: The bacteriumBacillus thuringiensis, and steinernematid nematodes provide some suppression. Entomopathogenic nematodes, which are available commercially, provide good suppression of developing larvae if they are applied to corn silk; this has application for home garden production of corn if not commercial production (Purcell M. et al. (1992) Biological control ofHelicoverpa zea(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) withSteinernema carpocapsae(Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) in corn used as a trap crop. Environmental Entomology 21: 1441-1447). Soil surface and subsurface applications of nematodes also can affect earworm populations because larvae drop to the soil to pupate (Cabanillas H. E. and Raulston J. R. (1996) Evaluation ofSteinernema riobravis, S. carpocapsae, and irrigation timing for the control of corn earworm,Helicoverpa zea. Journal of Nematology 28: 75-82). This approach may have application for commercial crop protection, but larvae must complete their development before they are killed, so some crop damage ensues. Trichogrammaspp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) egg parasitoids have been reared and released for suppression ofH. zeain several crops. Levels of parasitism averaging 40 to 80% have been attained by such releases in California and Florida, resulting in fruit damage levels of about 3% (Oatman E. R. and Platner G. R. (1971) Biological control of the tomato fruitworm, cabbage looper, and hornworms on processing tomatoes in southern California, using mass releases ofTrichogramma pretiosum. Journal of Economic Entomology 64: 501-506). The host crop seems to affect parasitism rates, with tomato being an especially suitable crop for parasitoid releases (Martin P. B. et al. (1976) Parasitization of two species of Plusiinae andHeliothisspp. after releases ofTrichogramma pretiosumin seven crops. Environmental Entomology 5: 991-995). Host plant resistance: Numerous varieties of corn have been evaluated for resistance to earworm, and some resistance has been identified in commercially available corn. Resistance is derived from physical characteristics such as husk tightness and ear length, which impede access by larvae to the ear kernels, or chemical factors such as maysin, which inhibit larval growth. Host plant resistance thus far is not completely adequate to protect corn from earworm injury, but it may prove to be a valuable component of multifaceted pest management programs. Varieties of some crops are now available that incorporateBacillus thuringiensistoxin, which reduces damage byH. zea. Spodoptera Spodopterais a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. About 30 species are distributed across six continents. Many are insect pests, and the larvae are sometimes called armyworms. Spodoptera frugiperda Spodoptera frugiperda, commonly known as fall armyworm, is native to the tropical regions of the western hemisphere from the United States to Argentina. It normally overwinters successfully in the United States only in southern Florida and southern Texas. The fall armyworm is a strong flier, and disperses long distances annually during the summer months. It is recorded from virtually all states east of the Rocky Mountains. However, as a regular and serious pest, its range tends to be mostly the southeastern states. The life cycle is completed in about 30 days during the summer, but 60 days in the spring and autumn, and 80 to 90 days during the winter. The number of generations occurring in an area varies with the appearance of the dispersing adults. The ability to diapause is not present in this species. In Minnesota and New York, where fall armyworm moths do not appear until August, there may be but a single generation. The number of generations is reported to be one to two in Kansas, three in South Carolina, and four in Louisiana. In coastal areas of north Florida, moths are abundant from April to December, but some are found even during the winter months. Egg: The egg is dome shaped; the base is flattened and the egg curves upward to a broadly rounded point at the apex. The egg measures about 0.4 mm in diameter and 0.3 m in height. The number of eggs per mass varies considerably but is often 100 to 200, and total egg production per female averages about 1500 with a maximum of over 2000. The eggs are sometimes deposited in layers, but most eggs are spread over a single layer attached to foliage. The female also deposits a layer of grayish scales between the eggs and over the egg mass, imparting a furry or moldy appearance. Duration of the egg stage is only two to three days during the summer months. Larvae: There usually are six instars in fall armyworm. Head capsule widths are about 0.35, 0.45, 0.75, 1.3, 2.0, and 2.6 mm, respectively, for instars 1-6. Larvae attain lengths of about 1.7, 3.5, 6.4, 10.0, 17.2, and 34.2 mm, respectively, during these instars. Young larvae are greenish with a black head, the head turning orangish in the second instar. In the second, but particularly the third instar, the dorsal surface of the body becomes brownish, and lateral white lines begin to form. In the fourth to the sixth instars the head is reddish brown, mottled with white, and the brownish body bears white subdorsal and lateral lines. Elevated spots occur dorsally on the body; they are usually dark in color, and bear spines. The face of the mature larva is also marked with a white inverted “Y” and the epidermis of the larva is rough or granular in texture when examined closely. However, this larva does not feel rough to the touch, as does corn earworm,Helicoverpa zea(Boddie), because it lacks the microspines found in the similar-appearing corn earworm. In addition to the typical brownish form of the fall armyworm larva, the larva may be mostly green dorsally. In the green form, the dorsal elevated spots are pale rather than dark. Larvae tend to conceal themselves during the brightest time of the day. Duration of the larval stage tends to be about 14 days during the summer and 30 days during cool weather. Mean development time was determined to be 3.3, 1.7, 1.5, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.7 days for instars 1 to 6, respectively, when larvae were reared at 25° C. (Pitre H. N. and Hogg D. B. (1983) Development of the fall armyworm on cotton, soybean and corn. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society 18: 187-194). Pupa: Pupation normally takes place in the soil, at a depth 2 to 8 cm. The larva constructs a loose cocoon, oval in shape and 20 to 30 mm in length, by tying together particles of soil with silk. If the soil is too hard, larvae may web together leaf debris and other material to form a cocoon on the soil surface. The pupa is reddish brown in color, and measures 14 to 18 mm in length and about 4.5 mm in width. Duration of the pupal stage is about eight to nine days during the summer, but reaches 20 to 30 days during the winter in Florida. The pupal stage of fall armyworm cannot withstand protracted periods of cold weather. For example, Pitre and Hogg (1983) studied winter survival of the pupal stage in Florida, and found 51 percent survival in southern Florida, but only 27.5 percent survival in central Florida, and 11.6 percent survival in northern Florida. Adult: The moths have a wingspan of 32 to 40 mm. In the male moth, the forewing generally is shaded gray and brown, with triangular white spots at the tip and near the center of the wing. The forewings of females are less distinctly marked, ranging from a uniform grayish brown to a fine mottling of gray and brown. The hind wing is iridescent silver-white with a narrow dark border in both sexes. Adults are nocturnal, and are most active during warm, humid evenings. After a preoviposition period of three to four days, the female normally deposits most of her eggs during the first four to five days of life, but some oviposition occurs for up to three weeks. Duration of adult life is estimated to average about 10 days, with a range of about seven to 21 days. A comprehensive account of the biology of fall armyworm was published by Luginbill (Luginbill P. (1928) The Fall Armyworm. USDA Technical Bulletin 34. 91 pp.), and an informative synopsis by Sparks (Sparks A. N. (1979) A review of the biology of the fall armyworm. Florida Entomologist 62: 82-87). Ashley et al. (1989) presented an annotated bibliography (Ashley T. R. et al. (1989) The fall armyworm: a bibliography. Florida Entomologist 72: 152-202). A sex pheromone has been described (Sekul A. A. and Sparks A. N. (1976) Sex attractant of the fall armyworm moth. USDA Technical Bulletin 1542. 6 pp.). This species seemingly displays a very wide host range, with over 80 plants recorded, but clearly prefers grasses. The most frequently consumed plants are field corn and sweet corn,Sorghum, Bermudagrass, and grass weeds such as crabgrass,Digitariaspp. When the larvae are very numerous they defoliate the preferred plants, acquire an “armyworm” habit and disperse in large numbers, consuming nearly all vegetation in their path. Many host records reflect such periods of abundance, and are not truly indicative of oviposition and feeding behavior under normal conditions. Field crops are frequently injured, including alfalfa, barley, Bermuda grass, buckwheat, cotton, clover, corn, oat, millet, peanut, rice, ryegrass,Sorghum, sugarbeet, sudangrass, soybean, sugarcane, timothy, tobacco, and wheat. Among vegetable crops, only sweet corn is regularly damaged, but others are attacked occasionally. Other crops sometimes injured are apple, grape, orange, papaya, peach, strawberry and a number of flowers. Weeds known to serve as hosts include bentgrass,Agrostissp.; crabgrass,Digitariaspp.; Johnson grass,Sorghum halepense; morning glory,Ipomoeaspp.; nutsedge,Cyperusspp.; pigweed,Amaranthusspp.; and sandspur,Cenchrus tribuloides. There is some evidence that fall armyworm strains exist, based primarily on their host plant preference. One strain feeds principally on corn, but also onSorghum, cotton and a few other hosts if they are found growing near the primary hosts. The other strain feeds principally on rice, Bermudagrass, and Johnson grass. Larvae cause damage by consuming foliage. Young larvae initially consume leaf tissue from one side, leaving the opposite epidermal layer intact. By the second or third instar, larvae begin to make holes in leaves, and eat from the edge of the leaves inward. Feeding in the whorl of corn often produces a characteristic row of perforations in the leaves. Larval densities are usually reduced to one to two per plant when larvae feed in close proximity to one another, due to cannibalistic behavior. Older larvae cause extensive defoliation, often leaving only the ribs and stalks of corn plants, or a ragged, torn appearance. Marenco et al. (1992) studied the effects of fall armyworm injury to early vegetative growth of sweet corn in Florida (Marenco R. J. et al. (1992) Sweet corn response to fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) damage during vegetative growth. Journal of Economic Entomology 85: 1285-1292). They reported that the early whorl stage was least sensitive to injury, the midwhorl stage intermediate, and the late whorl stage was most sensitive to injury. Further, they noted that mean densities of 0.2 to 0.8 larvae per plant during the late whorl stage could reduce yield by 5 to 20 percent. Larvae also will burrow into the growing point (bud, whorl, etc.), destroying the growth potential of plants, or clipping the leaves. In corn, they sometimes burrow into the ear, feeding on kernels in the same manner as corn earworm,Helicoverpa zea. Unlike corn earworm, which tends to feed down through the silk before attacking the kernels at the tip of the ear, fall armyworm will feed by burrowing through the husk on the side of the ear. Cool, wet springs followed by warm, humid weather in the overwintering areas favor survival and reproduction of fall armyworm, allowing it to escape suppression by natural enemies. Once dispersal northward begins, the natural enemies are left behind. Therefore, although fall armyworm has many natural enemies, few act effectively enough to prevent crop injury. Numerous species of parasitoids affect fall armyworm. The wasp parasitoids most frequently reared from larvae in the United States areCotesia Marginiventris(Cresson) andChelonus texanus(Cresson) (both Hymenoptera: Braconidae), species that are also associated with other noctuid species. Among fly parasitoids, the most abundant is usuallyArchytas marmoratus(Townsend) (Diptera: Tachinidae). However, the dominant parasitoid often varies from place to place and from year to year. Luginbill (1928) and Vickery (Vickery R. A. (1929) Studies of the fall armyworm in the Gulf coast region of Texas. USDA Technical Bulletin 138. 63 pp.) describe and picture many of the fall armyworm parasitoids. The predators of fall armyworm are general predators that attack many other caterpillars. Among the predators noted as important are various ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae); the striped earwig,Labidura riparia(Pallas) (Dermaptera: Labiduridae); the spined soldier bug,Podisus maculiventris(Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae); and the insidious flower bug,Orius insidiosus(Say) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae). Vertebrates such as birds, skunks, and rodents also consume larvae and pupae readily. Predation may be quite important, as Pair and Gross (1984) demonstrated 60 to 90 percent loss of pupae to predators in Georgia (Pair S. D. and Gross H. R. Jr. (1984) Field mortality of pupae of the fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith), by predators and a newly discovered parasitoid,Diapetimorpha introita. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society 19: 22-26). Numerous pathogens, including viruses, fungi, protozoa, nematodes, and a bacterium have been associated with fall armyworm (Gardner et al. 1984), but only a few cause epizootics. Among the most important are theS. frugiperdanuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV), and the fungiEntomophaga aulicae, Nomuraea rileyi, andErynia radicans. Despite causing high levels of mortality in some populations, disease typically appears too late to alleviate high levels of defoliation. Sampling: Moth populations can be sampled with blacklight traps and pheromone traps; the latter are more efficient. Pheromone traps should be suspended at canopy height, preferably in corn during the whorl stage. Catches are not necessarily good indicators of density, but indicate the presence of moths in an area. Once moths are detected it is advisable to search for eggs and larvae. A search of 20 plants in five locations, or 10 plants in 10 locations, is generally considered to be adequate to assess the proportion of plants infested. Sampling to determine larval density often requires large sample sizes, especially when larval densities are low or larvae are young, so it is not often used. Insecticides: Insecticides are usually applied to sweet corn in the southeastern states to protect against damage by fall armyworm, sometimes as frequently as daily during the silking stage. In Florida, fall armyworm is the most important pest of corn. It is often necessary to protect both the early vegetative stages and reproductive stage of corn. Because larvae feed deep in the whorl of young corn plants, a high volume of liquid insecticide may be required to obtain adequate penetration. Insecticides may be applied in the irrigation water if it is applied from overhead sprinklers. Granular insecticides are also applied over the young plants because the particles fall deep into the whorl. Some resistance to insecticides has been noted, with resistance varying regionally. Foster (1989) reported that keeping the plants free of larvae during the vegetative period reduced the number of sprays needed during the silking period (Foster R. E. (1989) Strategies for protecting sweet corn ears from damage by fall armyworms (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in southern Florida. Florida Entomologist 72: 146-151). The grower practice of concentrating the sprays at the beginning of the silking period instead of spacing the sprays evenly provided little benefit. Cultural techniques: The most important cultural practice, employed widely in southern states, is early planting and/or early maturing varieties. Early harvest allows many corn ears to escape the higher armyworm densities that develop later in the season (Mitchell E. R. (1978) Relationship of planting date to damage by earworms in commercial sweet corn in north central Florida. Florida Entomologist 61: 251-255). Reduced tillage seems to have little effect on fall armyworm populations (All J. N. (1988) Fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) infestations in no-tillage cropping systems. Florida Entomologist 71: 268-272), although delayed invasion by moths of fields with extensive crop residue has been observed, thus delaying and reducing the need for chemical suppression (Roberts P. M. and All J. N. (1993) Hazard for fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) infestation of maize in double-cropping systems using sustainable agricultural practices. Florida Entomologist 76: 276-283). Host plant resistance: Partial resistance is present in some sweet corn varieties, but is inadequate for complete protection. Biological control: Although several pathogens have been shown experimentally to reduce the abundance of fall armyworm larvae in corn, onlyBacillus thuringiensispresently is feasible, and success depends on having the product on the foliage when the larvae first appear. Natural strains ofBacillus thuringiensistend not to be very potent, and genetically modified strains improve performance (All J. N. et al. (1996) Controlling fall armyworm infestations in whorl stage corn with genetically modifiedBacillus thuringiensisformulations. Florida Entomologist 79: 311-317). Spider Mites Spider mites belong to the Acari (mite) family Tetranychidae, which includes about 1,200 species. They generally live on the undersides of leaves of plants and can cause damage by puncturing the plant cells to feed. Many species of spider mites may also spin protective silk webs to protect their colonies from predators. Spider mites are known to feed on several hundred species of plants. Spider mites are less than 1 millimeter in size and vary in color. They lay small, spherical, initially transparent eggs which can be protected by silk webbing. Hot, dry conditions are often associated with population build-up of spider mites. Under optimal conditions (approximately 27° C.), the two-spotted spider mite can hatch in as little as 3 days, and become sexually mature in as little as 5 days. One female can lay up to 20 eggs per day and can live for 2 to 4 weeks, laying hundreds of eggs. This accelerated reproductive rate allows spider mite populations to quickly develop resistance to pesticides, so chemical control methods can become ineffectual when the same pesticide is used over a prolonged period. The best known member of the group isTetranychus urticae, or the twospotted spider mite, which is dispersive and attacks a wide range of plants, including peppers, tomatoes, potatoes, beans, corn,cannabis, and strawberries. Dispersal ofTetranychus urticaeis observed to be triggered by starvation, desiccation, wind and light, or in response to a heavily-infested plant (Li, J. and Margolies, D. C. (1994) Responses to direct and indirect selection on aerial dispersal behaviour inTetranychus urticae. Heredity, 72: 10-22; Boykin, L. S. and Campbell, W. V. (1984) Wind Dispersal of the Twospotted Spider Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) in North Carolina Peanut Fields. Environmental Entomology, 13(1): 221-227; Smitley, D. R. and Kennedy, G. G. (1985) Photo-oriented aerial-dispersal behavior ofTetranychus urticae(Acari: Tetranychidae) enhances escape from the leaf surface. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 78(5): 609-614; Smitley, D. R. and Kennedy, G. G. (1988) Aerial dispersal of the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) from field corn. Experimental & Applied Acarology, 5(1): 33-46; Hussey, N. W. and Parr, W. J. (2011) Dispersal of the glasshouse red spider miteTetranychus urticaeKoch (Acarina, Tetranychidae). Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 6(3): 207-214; Dicke, M. (1986) Volatile spider-mite pheromone and host-plant kairomone, involved in spaced-out gregariousness in the spider miteTetranychus urticae. Physiological Entomology 11: 251-262). Other species which can be important pests of commercial plants includePanonychus ulmi(fruit tree red spider mite) andPanonychus citri(Citrusred mite). Sucking Pests The three main taxonomic groups of sucking pests are:thrips(Thysanoptera), true bugs (Heteroptera [stink bugs, tarnished plant bugs, squash bugs]) and (spider) mites (Acarina). The sucking pests also include other Hemiptera like leaf/plant/tree hoppers, psyllids, aphids, whiteflies, mealybugs and scales. Sucking pests have piercing/sucking mouth parts to feed on sap. Some sucking insects inject toxic materials into the plant while feeding, and some transmit disease organisms. The southern green stink bug (Nezara viridula) and the neotropical brown stink bug (Euschistus heros) are two examples of very destructive sucking pests, especially in South American soybeans and other legumes grown in tropical and subtropical regions. The damage caused byE. heroswhen uncontrolled can get up to 30% on soybean (Vivan and Degrande (2011) Pragas da soj a In: Boletim de pesquisa de soja (1sted., p. 297). Rondonopolis: Fundacao M T. (Boletim, 15)).Nezara viridula, however, is considered significantly more destructive, as it is more polyphagous and has a wider geographical range. Plants being attacked by sap-feeders will take on a shiny look and sticky feel. Plant symptoms include: plant distortion (leaf and stem twisting and curling, dead spots); excrement deposits (tar spots, honeydew and sooty mold); and foliage discoloration (spots and stipples, yellowing and bronzing). The engineering of plants to express the insecticidalBacillus thuringiensis(Bt) toxins have allowed effective control of lepidopteran pests such as the corn rootworm. However, phloem sap-sucking insects, such as aphids, whiteflies, planthoppers and plant bugs, have evolved from minor pests to major pests, because these is no Bt toxin with adequate insecticidal effects on these kinds of pests. Control of sucking insects with insecticides is not always effective. RNAi could be more effective against the adults of Pentatomidae pests (likeN. viridulaandE. heros) than with lepidopterans, due to their longer reproductive period. This extended adult period gives the introduced ds/siRNA time to influence the synthesis of new proteins and thus affect the behavior of the reproductive adults. While mating disruption might not be effective with pentatomids, an attract and RNAi-kill could be an effective way to controlN. viridulaandE. herospest populations. FemaleE. herosare attracted to lures of methyl 2,6,10-trimethyltridecanoate (TMTD; Borges et al. (2001) Monitoring the Neotropical brown stink bugEuschistus heros(F.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) with pheromone-baited traps in soybean fields. J. Appl. Entomol. 135). Females, males, and late-stage larvae ofN. viridulaare attracted to a male-produced pheromone, (Z)-α-bisabolene (17%), trans- and cis-1,2-epoxides of (Z)-α-bisabolene (44 and 15%, respectively), (E)-nerolidol (1.4%), and n-nonadecane (7.4%) (Aldrich et al. (2005) Pheromone strains of the Cosmopolitan pest,Nezara viridula(heteroptera: Pentatomidae) J. Exp. Zool 244(1)171-175). Food substrate at these lures can be treated with an RNAi to effect the mortality or reproductive behaviors of the attracted females. The use of pheromones and ds/siRNA specific to a particular species, ensures that there will be no non-target effects. EXAMPLES Example 1 Lab experiment: Show that RR and RS individuals are as attracted to the pheromone as SS individuals. Without DNA-based screening methods, the genotype of sampled moths (collected from eggs) can be determined based on differences in their mortality, growth inhibition, and total fecundity when reared on artificial diets laced with the resisted insecticidal toxin (as in Bernardi et al. Cross-Resistance between Cry1 Proteins in Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) May Affect the Durability of Current Pyramided Bt Maize Hybrids in Brazil, PLoS ONE 10(10): e0140130 (2015)). Wild-caught adults will be reared in the lab to produce susceptible (SS) and resistant (RR) strains. The heterozygous strain will be obtained by reciprocal crosses between these RR and SS strains. Exposing these genotypes to certain concentrations of Cry1A (for example) and quantifying their survivability will establish a diagnostic threshold (resistant ratio) by which to determine the genotype of experimental moths obtained from the field that will have been exposed to both transgenic insecticidal traits and chemical insecticides. The attraction of these genotypes to pheromones will be studied in wind-tunnels and y-tubes to determine if they show different behavioural responses. Example 2 Cage and field experiment: Show that mating disruption dose is independent of genotype. The genotypes characterized in Example 1 will be released in the field for mating disruption experiments. The goal is to show that the pheromone dose required to achieve trap-catch shutdown, i.e. 100% mating disruption, is the same for RR, RS and SS genotypes. Example 3 Field experiment to show trait rescue: responsive strategy. In an area where resistance is well established, the responsive strategies described above will be used across multiple crop cycles in order to rescue a transgenic or chemical insecticide. Year-round sites are preferred in order to enable sequential crop cycles. Mathematical models will be used to model all variables and scenarios described above before going to the field in order to shortlist key variables and thus zoom into the key experiments. Example 4: In Silico Modeling—Benefit of a Refuge in Conjunction with MD The present model was created to ascertain whether mating disruption (MD) can work as an insect resistance management tool in the absence of a refuge. According to the model, in the absence of a source of susceptible insects, mating disruption leads to very good pest management, but generally has no impact on the rather rapid evolution of resistance. That is, in the absence of refuges, one basically defaults back to basic selection equations with simultaneous selection at independent loci (FIG.2). With 100% MD and a 5% refuge, the model predicts very good results. Example 5: In Silico Modeling of Responsive Strategy—Utilizing MD to Rescue Traits The present model was created to ascertain whether mating disruption can be used to rescue traits. According to the model, in the absence of fitness costs, mating disruption cannot rescue traits, as mating disruption by itself cannot generate selection (assuming there is no correlation between mating success and selection for Bt resistance). However, MD can modify the rate at which allele frequencies change though demographic changes in populations, but it does not actually create selective forces. As has been demonstrated, under some circumstances, mating disruption can alter rates of resistance evolution. If the impact of fitness costs is constant, then the conditions under which mating disruption slows the evolution of resistance are also those in which there might be some possibility of increasing the impacts of fitness costs. By decreasing the selective forces increasing a gene's frequency, while the fitness costs that reduce a gene frequency remain constant, the rate of change of an allele could be altered, perhaps even leading to a decrease in its frequency. This could perhaps result in trait rescue or at least further delay the evolution of resistance. Example 6: In Silico Modeling—Impact of Market Penetration/Adoption and Refuge Compliance The present model evaluated market penetration (i.e. adoption of MD practice) at 70% and 100% mating disruption, in either corn or corn and soy. The basic simulation strategy considered: no mating disruption, 5% sprayed refuge, 75% of area planted with soybeans and 25% of area planted with corn (NMD); mating disruption on 100% of Bt corn (MDC); mating disruption on 100% of Bt corn as well as on 100% of Bt soybeans (MDCS); mating disruption on 70% of Bt corn (MDC7); and mating disruption on 70% of Bt corn as well as on 70% of Bt soybeans (MDCS7). The simulation included 400 100-hectare (ha) fields, 100 of which were planted with corn and 300 of which were planted with soybean. The model assumed that: (a) two crop cycles are planted per year, each lasting about 150 days (or 5 generations of Sf). Over the course of a year, there are 300 days/year with crop cover (10 generations), and the crop in the field doesn't change over the course of a year, or between years; (b) growers are unlikely to plant more refuge than recommended, but they will often plant less (lower compliance). The model simulated both 100% compliance and 50% compliance. In the latter case, there was a 2.5% sprayed refuge present when both corn and soy were planted as two gene (Cry1A.105+Cry2Ab2) varieties. A 5% sprayed refuge at 100% compliance would be equal to a 20% sprayed refuge with 25% compliance; (c) all Bt corn has 2 genes active againstSpodoptera frugiperda(Sf); (d) Bt soybeans are launched with a single protein that controls SI When resistance evolves to this single toxin, Bt soybeans are modified to include Bt corn traits. (e) A modest number of chemical insecticide applications were made on both Bt and refuge fields provided economic injury levels were reached, which, forSpodoptera frugiperda(Sf) pressure, is about 15,000 adults/ha, 1 individual female/6.7 plants, not including eggs. InHelicoverpa zea, there was little impact of mating disruption on the evolution of resistance unless mating disruption was used on 100% of Cry1A.105+Cry2Ab2 corn and soy. The model predicts that at 70% market penetration, MD does little to improve IRM, while at 100% market penetration, there is a tremendous advantage to combining MD with refuges (FIG.3). The results fromSpodoptera frugiperdaat extremely high growth rates (where mortality was not factored in) were similar (FIG.4). Mating disruption had a small impact on the evolution of resistance unless it was used on 100% of the Cry1A.105+Cry2Ab2 fields (both corn and soy). There was little impact of decreased refuge compliance. Thus, there was little advantage of increasing refuge size, at least when they are sprayed refuges. Simulations with more reasonable growth rates provided even more optimistic results, e.g., seeFIG.10. When refuges were unsprayed the durability of crops was significantly increased by an average of 2.98 fold (FIG.5). This scenario was modelled forSpodoptera frugiperdaat extremely high growth rates. Thus, the model data predicts that the durability of Cry1Ac soy goes from less than 2 years with sprayed refuges and no mating disruption to more than 25 years with unsprayed refuges and 100% market penetration of mating disruption on corn and soy. Therefore, the model illustrates that with very high market penetration of mating disruption the durability would be quite long, over 30 years with a two gene+MD strategy. Under those circumstances, one might consider reduction in refuge size (and hence increase market penetration of the MD product) or one might consider it as additional buffer for a minimal IRM strategy. There is a key trade-off between refuge size and trait durability. If MD increases, IRM can use the reduced rate of resistance evolution to increase durability but keep the refuge size the same, or decrease refuge size and keep the durability the same. Example 7: In Silico Modeling of Preemptive Strategy—the Ability of MD to Delay the Development of Resistance to Transgenic Insecticidal Crops As evidence of the ability of MD to delay resistance evolution, a model was run with simulations for mating disruption in soy, but not corn. Recall that resistance in the default simulations always evolved first to the single gene Bt-soy and then more slowly to the dual gene Bt-corn. When mating disruption is instead used on soy but not corn, this pattern is reversed, and resistance first evolves to the dual gene corn (FIG.6). The figure emphasizes that there is benefit in mating disruption, but it is difficult to assess because the overall refuge size is minimal. Thus, mating disruption can improve the efficiency of a refuge, but it cannot replace a refuge. When refuges are small and routinely sprayed, mating disruption makes large differences in durability only when conditions are optimal and mating disruption is applied to 100% of fields planted to the transgenes one is trying to protect. Example 8: In Silico Modeling—Swapping Genetic Traits in Planted Crop The present model demonstrates the evolution of resistance when soy is first planted as Cry1Ac soy and swapped to Cry1A.105+Cr2Ab2 once resistance to Cry1Ac evolves (FIG.7). Resistance in corn is impacted when soy is switched (after about 12 years) to have the same toxins as corn. Example 9: In Silico Modeling—Low Market Penetration/Adoption Rate (70%) System Dynamics MD can be thought of as an additional mode of action and thus corn and soy with Cry1A.105+Cry2Ab2 would have two modes of action, while fields with mating disruption (Cry1A.105+Cry2Ab2+MD) would have 3 modes of action. It is known that having single gene traits in place when releasing dual gene traits can lead to more rapid resistance evolution. This normally would not be as much of a problem with 2 and 3 modes of action, but refuge size is minimal in this model, and the two gene corn and soy without mating disruption drives the entire system towards rapid resistance evolution (FIG.8). Example 10: In Silico Modeling—MD Enables the Utilization of Low Dose Events and Prolongs Trait Durability in the Low Dose Events The model demonstrates that resistance evolves first to Intacta soy when mating disruption is used on corn, but resistance evolves first to Cry1A.105+Cry2Ab2 corn when mating disruption is used in conjunction with the Intacta soy (FIG.9A-9B). The Intacta soy is a high dose single gene product (the Bt toxin kills 95% of larvae on it), while the corn actually has two low dose events (each kills 85% of the larvae developing on it). In many of the model simulations, durability is increased from 1 to 2 years, which may be an artifact of the base simulation having too little refuge present. It is hypothesized that if more refuge is added to the model, or unsprayed refuge is added, or more genes in each product are added, then the MD would increase durability from 10 to 20 years. In each case MD has doubled durability. Example 11: In Silico Modeling—as Pest Reproductive Rates Increase, Resistance Evolves More Rapidly and Density Dependent Mortality Becomes Important S. frugiperdamortality rates for egg and larvae have been studied by Varella et al. (2015) and Murua and Virla (2004) (Varella et al. Mortality Dynamics ofSpodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Immatures in Maize. PloS one. 10: e0130437 (2015); Muria and Virla. Population parameters ofSpodoptera frugiperda(Smith) (Lep.: Noctuidae) fed on corn and two predominant grasess in Tucuman (Argentina). Acta zoológica mexicana. 20: 199-210 (2004)). The model was adapted by reducing fecundity, which has the same impact as increasing egg mortality, to reduce the growth rates. The initial model had a growth rate of 97 fold per generation (Extreme growth rate). Hassell et al. (1975) list growth rates for 24 insect species and none exceed 75 fold per generation, so this was an extreme value (Hassell et al. Patterns of Dynamical Behaviour in Single-Species Populations. Journal of Animal Ecology. 45: 471-486 (1976)). To determine the impact of variation in growth rates on IRM, the growth rate was varied from 2.83 to 4.85 and 9.75. The mid-value (4.85) was estimated using mortality data from Varella et al. (2015). The variation in egg and larval mortality by region was taken into consideration. In drier regions, lower mortality might result in higher growth rates. The 4.85 growth rate (i.e. “balanced reproductive growth rate”) is a rate based on Varella et al. (2015); the 2.83 growth rate value was doubling the amount of mortality; and the 9.75 growth rate (i.e. “rapid reproductive growth rate”) resulted from assuming that mortality rates in some areas might be half that observed in the Varella research. The impact of growth rate and market penetration on the potential for IRM was explored. The model predicts that at a balanced reproductive growth rate ofS. frugiperda,70% or 100% market penetration of MD on corn and soy was effective at increasing trait durability (FIG.10). At rapid reproductive growth rate ofS. frugiperda,100% market penetration of MD on corn and soy was effective at increasing trait durability. In fact, the simulations for 70% and 100% market penetration of MD on corn and soy at a balanced reproductive growth rate and 100% market penetration of MD on corn and soy at a rapid reproductive growth rate never evolved resistance, and the three simulations were stopped after 67 years. Example 12: In Silico Modeling—MD Efficacy has Little Impact on Durability Except in the Case of Corn and Soybeans where MD Improves Durability In the current model, all females are initially unmated. The mating disruption efficacy determines what proportion of the females that would normally mate on a given night. Mating disruption efficacy can be expressed as (100%—% of females that mate per night). Thus, if the mating disruption efficacy was 90%, only 10% of the females would mate on the first night. On the next night, 10% of the 90% that didn't mate on the first night would mate, and so on. Mated females that moved in from other fields would continue to lay eggs at their normal rate. If a female mated on one night, they remain mated until the fifth night, when all females (including immigrants) must remate. The model explored the impact of mating disruption efficacy on trait durability. The model predicts that mating disruption efficacy had little impact on durability at 70% or 100% market penetration of MD on corn. Trait durability was increased at 70% or 100% market penetration of MD on corn and soy (FIG.11). The model certainly suggests that having MD on both corn and soybean would be a much better IRM strategy. This seems to make sense because ¾ of the field area was in soybean in the model and soybean was designed to include the same Bt toxin traits as corn. If this IRM strategy does not include soybean, resistance will be “pushed” by the soybean, reducing the effectiveness of the MD in corn as an IRM tool. TABLE 7Representative pheromonesNameName(E)-2-Decen-1-ol(E)-5-Dodecenyl acetate(E)-2-Decenyl acetate(Z)-5-Dodecen-1-ol(E)-2-Decenal(Z)-5-Dodecenyl acetate(Z)-2-Decen-1-ol(Z)-5-Dodecenal(Z)-2-Decenyl acetate(E)-6-Dodecen-1-ol(Z)-2-Decenal(Z)-6-Dodecenyl acetate(E)-3-Decen-1-ol(E)-6-Dodecenal(Z)-3-Decenyl acetate(E)-7-Dodecen-1-ol(Z)-3-Decen-1-ol(E)-7-Dodecenyl acetate(Z)-4-Decen-1-ol(E)-7-Dodecenal(E)-4-Decenyl acetate(Z)-7-Dodecen-1-ol(Z)-4-Decenyl acetate(Z)-7-Dodecenyl acetate(Z)-4-Decenal(Z)-7-Dodecenal(E)-5-Decen-1-ol(E)-8-Dodecen-1-ol(E)-5-Decenyl acetate(E)-8-Dodecenyl acetate(Z)-5-Decen-1-ol(E)-8-Dodecenal(Z)-5-Decenyl acetate(Z)-8-Dodecen-1-ol(Z)-5-Decenal(Z)-8-Dodecenyl acetate(E)-7-Decenyl acetate(E)-9-Dodecen-1-ol(Z)-7-Decenyl acetate(E)-9-Dodecenyl acetate(E)-8-Decen-1-ol(E)-9-Dodecenal(E,E)-2,4-Decadienal(Z)-9-Dodecen-1-ol(E,Z)-2,4-Decadienal(Z)-9-Dodecenyl acetate(Z,Z)-2,4-Decadienal(Z)-9-Dodecenal(E,E)-3,5-Decadienyl acetate(E)-10-Dodecen-1-ol(Z,E)-3,5-Decadienyl acetate(E)-10-Dodecenyl acetate(Z,Z)-4,7-Decadien-1-ol(E)-10-Dodecenal(Z,Z)-4,7-Decadienyl acetate(Z)-10-Dodecen-1-ol(E)-2-Undecenyl acetate(Z)-10-Dodecenyl acetate(E)-2-Undecenal(E,Z)-3,5-Dodecadienyl acetate(Z)-5-Undecenyl acetate(Z,E)-3,5-Dodecadienyl acetate(Z)-7-Undecenyl acetate(Z,Z)-3,6-Dodecadien-1-ol(Z)-8-Undecenyl acetate(E,E)-4,10-Dodecadienyl acetate(Z)-9-Undecenyl acetate(E,E)-5,7-Dodecadien-1-ol(E)-2-Dodecenal(E,E)-5,7-Dodecadienyl acetate(Z)-3-Dodecen-1-ol(E,Z)-5,7-Dodecadien-1-ol(E)-3-Dodecenyl acetate(E,Z)-5,7-Dodecadienyl acetate(Z)-3-Dodecenyl acetate(E,Z)-5,7-Dodecadienal(E)-4-Dodecenyl acetate(Z,E)-5,7-Dodecadien-1-ol(E)-5-Dodecen-1-ol(Z,E)-5,7-Dodecadienyl acetate(Z,E)-5,7-Dodecadienal(Z,Z)-4,7-Tridecadien-1-ol(Z,Z)-5,7-Dodecadienyl acetate(Z,Z)-4,7-Tridecadienyl acetate(Z,Z)-5,7-Dodecadienal(E,Z)-5,9-Tridecadienyl acetate(E,E)-7,9-Dodecadienyl acetate(Z,E)-5,9-Tridecadienyl acetate(E,Z)-7,9-Dodecadien-1-ol(Z,Z)-5,9-Tridecadienyl acetate(E,Z)-7,9-Dodecadienyl acetate(Z,Z)-7,11-Tridecadienyl acetate(E,Z)-7,9-Dodecadienal(E,Z,Z)-4,7,10-Tridecatrienyl acetate(Z,E)-7,9-Dodecadien-1-ol(E)-3-Tetradecen-1-ol(Z,E)-7,9-Dodecadienyl acetate(E)-3-Tetradecenyl acetate(Z,Z)-7,9-Dodecadien-1-ol(Z)-3-Tetradecen-1-ol(Z,Z)-7,9-Dodecadienyl acetate(Z)-3-Tetradecenyl acetate(E,E)-8,10-Dodecadien-1-ol(E)-5-Tetradecen-1-ol(E,E)-8,10-Dodecadienyl acetate(E)-5-Tetradecenyl acetate(E,E)-8,10-Dodecadienal(E)-5-Tetradecenal(E,Z)-8,10-Dodecadien-1-ol(Z)-5-Tetradecen-1-ol(E,Z)-8,10-Dodecadienyl acetate(Z)-5-Tetradecenyl acetate(E,Z)-8,10-Dodecadienal(Z)-5-Tetradecenal(Z,E)-8,10-Dodecadien-1-ol(E)-6-Tetradecenyl acetate(Z,E)-8,10-Dodecadienyl acetate(Z)-6-Tetradecenyl acetate(Z,E)-8,10-Dodecadienal(E)-7-Tetradecen-1-ol(Z,Z)-8,10-Dodecadien-1-ol(E)-7-Tetradecenyl acetate(Z,Z)-8,10-Dodecadienyl acetate(Z)-7-Tetradecen-1-ol(Z,E,E)-3,6,8-Dodecatrien-1-ol(Z)-7-Tetradecenyl acetate(Z,Z,E)-3,6,8-Dodecatrien-1-ol(Z)-7-Tetradecenal(E)-2-Tridecenyl acetate(E)-8-Tetradecenyl acetate(Z)-2-Tridecenyl acetate(Z)-8-Tetradecen-1-ol(E)-3-Tridecenyl acetate(Z)-8-Tetradecenyl acetate(E)-4-Tridecenyl acetate(Z)-8-Tetradecenal(Z)-4-Tridecenyl acetate(E)-9-Tetradecen-1-ol(Z)-4-Tridecenal(E)-9-Tetradecenyl acetate(E)-6-Tridecenyl acetate(Z)-9-Tetradecen-1-ol(Z)-7-Tridecenyl acetate(Z)-9-Tetradecenyl acetate(E)-8-Tridecenyl acetate(Z)-9-Tetradecenal(Z)-8-Tridecenyl acetate(E)-10-Tetradecenyl acetate(E)-9-Tridecenyl acetate(Z)-10-Tetradecenyl acetate(Z)-9-Tridecenyl acetate(E)-11-Tetradecen-1-ol(Z)-10-Tridecenyl acetate(E)-11-Tetradecenyl acetate(E)-11-Tridecenyl acetate(E)-11-Tetradecenal(Z)-11-Tridecenyl acetate(Z)-11-Tetradecen-1-ol(E,Z)-4,7-Tridecadienyl acetate(Z)-11-Tetradecenyl acetate(Z)-11-Tetradecenal(E,E)-10,12-Tetradecadienal(E)-12-Tetradecenyl acetate(E,Z)-10,12-Tetradecadienyl acetate(Z)-12-Tetradecenyl acetate(Z,E)-10,12-Tetradecadienyl acetate(E,E)-2,4-Tetradecadienal(Z,Z)-10,12-Tetradecadien-1-ol(E,E)-3,5-Tetradecadienyl acetate(Z,Z)-10,12-Tetradecadienyl acetate(E,Z)-3,5-Tetradecadienyl acetate(E,Z,Z)-3,8,11-Tetradecatrienyl(Z,E)-3,5-Tetradecadienyl acetateacetate(E,Z)-3,7-Tetradecadienyl acetate(E)-8-Pentadecen-1-ol(E,Z)-3,8-Tetradecadienyl acetate(E)-8-Pentadecenyl acetate(E,Z)-4,9-Tetradecadienyl acetate(Z)-8-Pentadecen-1-ol(E,Z)-4,9-Tetradecadienal(Z)-8-Pentadecenyl acetate(E,Z)-4,10-Tetradecadienyl acetate(Z)-9-Pentadecenyl acetate(E,E)-5,8-Tetradecadienal(E)-9-Pentadecenyl acetate(Z,Z)-5,8-Tetradecadien-1-ol(Z)-10-Pentadecenyl acetate(Z,Z)-5,8-Tetradecadienyl acetate(Z)-10-Pentadecenal(Z,Z)-5,8-Tetradecadienal(E)-12-Pentadecenyl acetate(E,E)-8,10-Tetradecadien-1-ol(Z)-12-Pentadecenyl acetate(E,E)-8,10-Tetradecadienyl acetate(Z,Z)-6,9-Pentadecadien-1-ol(E,E)-8,10-Tetradecadienal(Z,Z)-6,9-Pentadecadienyl acetate(E,Z)-8,10-Tetradecadienyl acetate(Z,Z)-6,9-Pentadecadienal(E,Z)-8,10-Tetradecadienal(E,E)-8,10-Pentadecadienyl acetate(Z,E)-8,10-Tetradecadien-1-ol(E,Z)-8,10-Pentadecadien-1-ol(Z,E)-8,10-Tetradecadienyl acetate(E,Z)-8,10-Pentadecadienyl acetate(Z,Z)-8,10-Tetradecadienal(Z,E)-8,10-Pentadecadienyl acetate(E,E)-9,11-Tetradecadienyl acetate(Z,Z)-8,10-Pentadecadienyl acetate(E,Z)-9,11-Tetradecadienyl acetate(E,Z)-9,11-Pentadecadienal(Z,E)-9,11-Tetradecadien-1-ol(Z,Z)-9,11-Pentadecadienal(Z,E)-9,11-Tetradecadienyl acetate(Z)-3-Hexadecenyl acetate(Z,E)-9,11-Tetradecadienal(E)-5-Hexadecen-1-ol(Z,Z)-9,11-Tetradecadien-1-ol(E)-5-Hexadecenyl acetate(Z,Z)-9,11-Tetradecadienyl acetate(Z)-5-Hexadecen-1-ol(Z,Z)-9,11-Tetradecadienal(Z)-5-Hexadecenyl acetate(E,E)-9,12-Tetradecadienyl acetate(E)-6-Hexadecenyl acetate(Z,E)-9,12-Tetradecadien-1-ol(E)-7-Hexadecen-1-ol(Z,E)-9,12-Tetradecadienyl acetate(E)-7-Hexadecenyl acetate(Z,E)-9,12-Tetradecadienal(E)-7-Hexadecenal(Z,Z)-9,12-Tetradecadien-1-ol(Z)-7-Hexadecen-1-ol(Z,Z)-9,12-Tetradecadienyl acetate(Z)-7-Hexadecenyl acetate(E,E)-10,12-Tetradecadien-1-ol(Z)-7-Hexadecenal(E,E)-10,12-Tetradecadienyl acetate(E)-8-Hexadecenyl acetate(E)-9-Hexadecenyl acetate(E)-9-Hexadecen-1-ol(E)-9-Hexadecenal(E,E)-10,12-Hexadecadien-1-ol(Z)-9-Hexadecen-1-ol(E,E)-10,12-Hexadecadienyl acetate(Z)-9-Hexadecenyl acetate(E,E)-10,12-Hexadecadienal(Z)-9-Hexadecenal(E,Z)-10,12-Hexadecadien-1-ol(E)-10-Hexadecen-1-ol(E,Z)-10,12-Hexadecadienyl acetate(E)-10-Hexadecenal(E,Z)-10,12-Hexadecadienal(Z)-10-Hexadecenyl acetate(Z,E)-10,12-Hexadecadienyl acetate(Z)-10-Hexadecenal(Z,E)-10,12-Hexadecadienal(E)-11-Hexadecen-1-ol(Z,Z)-10,12-Hexadecadienal(E)-11-Hexadecenyl acetate(E,E)-11,13-Hexadecadien-1-ol(E)-11-Hexadecenal(E,E)-11,13-Hexadecadienyl acetate(Z)-11-Hexadecen-1-ol(E,E)-11,13-Hexadecadienal(Z)-11-Hexadecenyl acetate(E,Z)-11,13-Hexadecadien-1-ol(Z)-11-Hexadecenal(E,Z)-11,13-Hexadecadienyl acetate(Z)-12-Hexadecenyl acetate(E,Z)-11,13-Hexadecadienal(Z)-12-Hexadecenal(Z,E)-11,13-Hexadecadien-1-ol(E)-14-Hexadecenal(Z,E)-11,13-Hexadecadienyl acetate(Z)-14-Hexadecenyl acetate(Z,E)-11,13-Hexadecadienal(E,E)-1,3-Hexadecadien-1-ol(Z,Z)-11,13-Hexadecadien-1-ol(E,Z)-4,6-Hexadecadien-1-ol(Z,Z)-11,13-Hexadecadienyl acetate(E,Z)-4,6-Hexadecadienyl acetate(Z,Z)-11,13-Hexadecadienal(E,Z)-4,6-Hexadecadienal(E,E)-10,14-Hexadecadienal(E,Z)-6,11-Hexadecadienyl acetate(Z,E)-11,14-Hexadecadienyl acetate(E,Z)-6,11-Hexadecadienal(E,E,Z)-4,6,10-Hexadecatrien-1-ol(Z,Z)-7,10-Hexadecadien-1-ol(E,E,Z)-4,6,10-Hexadecatrienyl(Z,Z)-7,10-Hexadecadienyl acetateacetate(Z,E)-7,11-Hexadecadien-1-ol(E,Z,Z)-4,6,10-Hexadecatrien-1-ol(Z,E)-7,11-Hexadecadienyl acetate(E,Z,Z)-4,6,10-Hexadecatrienyl(Z,E)-7,11-Hexadecadienalacetate(Z,Z)-7,11-Hexadecadien-1-ol(E,E,Z)-4,6,11-Hexadecatrienyl(Z,Z)-7,11-Hexadecadienyl acetateacetate(Z,Z)-7,11-Hexadecadienal(E,E,Z)-4,6,11-Hexadecatrienal(Z,Z)-8,10-Hexadecadienyl acetate(Z,Z,E)-7,11,13-Hexadecatrienal(E,Z)-8,11-Hexadecadienal(E,E,E)-10,12,14-Hexadecatrienyl(E,E)-9,11-Hexadecadienalacetate(E,Z)-9,11-Hexadecadienyl acetate(E,E,E)-10,12,14-Hexadecatrienal(E,Z)-9,11-Hexadecadienal(E,E,Z)-10,12,14-Hexadecatrienyl(Z,E)-9,11-Hexadecadienalacetate(Z,Z)-9,11-Hexadecadienal(E,E,Z)-10,12,14-Hexadecatrienal(Z)-9-Heptadecenal(E,E,Z,Z)-4,6,11,13-(E)-10-Heptadecenyl acetateHexadecatetraenal(Z)-11-Heptadecen-1-ol(E)-2-Heptadecenal(Z)-11-Heptadecenyl acetate(Z)-2-Heptadecenal(E,E)-4,8-Heptadecadienyl acetate(E)-8-Heptadecen-1-ol(Z,Z)-8,10-Heptadecadien-1-ol(E)-8-Heptadecenyl acetate(Z,Z)-8,11-Heptadecadienyl acetate(Z)-8-Heptadecen-1-ol(E)-2-Octadecenyl acetate(E,E)-5,9-Octadecadien-1-ol(E)-2-Octadecenal(E,E)-5,9-Octadecadienyl acetate(Z)-2-Octadecenyl acetate(E,E)-9,12-Octadecadien-1-ol(Z)-2-Octadecenal(Z,Z)-9,12-Octadecadienyl acetate(E)-9-Octadecen-1-ol(Z,Z)-9,12-Octadecadienal(E)-9-Octadecenyl acetate(Z,Z)-11,13-Octadecadienal(E)-9-Octadecenal(E,E)-11,14-Octadecadienal(Z)-9-Octadecen-1-ol(Z,Z)-13,15-Octadecadienal(Z)-9-Octadecenyl acetate(Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-Octadecatrienyl(Z)-9-Octadecenalacetate(E)-11-Octadecen-1-ol(E,E,E)-9,12,15-Octadecatrien-1-ol(E)-11-Octadecenal(Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-Octadecatrienyl(Z)-11-Octadecen-1-olacetate(Z)-11-Octadecenyl acetate(Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-Octadecatrienal(Z)-11-Octadecenal(E)-13-Octadecenyl acetate(E)-13-Octadecenal(Z)-13-Octadecen-1-ol(Z)-13-Octadecenyl acetate(Z)-13-Octadecenal(E)-14-Octadecenal(E,Z)-2,13-Octadecadien-1-ol(E,Z)-2,13-Octadecadienyl acetate(E,Z)-2,13-Octadecadienal(Z,E)-2,13-Octadecadienyl acetate(Z,Z)-2,13-Octadecadien-1-ol(Z,Z)-2,13-Octadecadienyl acetate(E,E)-3,13-Octadecadienyl acetate(E,Z)-3,13-Octadecadienyl acetate(E,Z)-3,13-Octadecadienal(Z,E)-3,13-Octadecadienyl acetate(Z,Z)-3,13-Octadecadienyl acetate(Z,Z)-3,13-Octadecadienal While the invention has been described in connection with specific embodiments thereof, it will be understood that it is capable of further modifications and this application is intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention following, in general, the principles of the invention and including such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice within the art to which the invention pertains and as may be applied to the essential features hereinbefore set forth and as follows in the scope of the appended claims. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods and materials, similar or equivalent to those described herein, can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, the preferred methods and materials are described herein. Numbered Embodiments of the Disclosure Particular subject matter contemplated by the present disclosure is set out in the below numbered embodiments. 1. A method of delaying emergence of or reducing the number of one or more pests that may become resistant to one or more transgenic insecticidal traits and/or chemical insecticides in a field plot system which comprises plants of a plant population, wherein the plants may comprise one or more transgenic insecticidal traits,wherein a portion of or the entire field plot may comprise one or more chemical insecticides,wherein the entire field plot comprises a core region and a border region, wherein the field plot system further comprises one or more refuges, said method comprising:a. applying a mating disruption tactic to the core region, wherein said mating disruption tactic is capable of disrupting the mating of the one or more pests; andb. applying one or more semiochemicals or factors in the one or more refuges, wherein said one or more semiochemicals or factors are capable of reducing or preventing the movement of one or more susceptible pests, and/or attracting resistant pests to the refuge,wherein said method delays emergence of or reduces the number of one or more pests as a result of the applications when compared to a control field plot which only had one or none of the applications. 2. The method of claim1, wherein the reduction in number of one or more pests comprises a decrease in mating of a resistant pest with another resistant pest. 3. The method of claim1, wherein said one or more susceptible pests in said one or more refuges mate with one or more resistant pests from the field plot. 4. The method of claim4, wherein the plants comprising one or more transgenic insecticidal traits express one or moreBacillus thuringiensis(Bt) proteins. 5. The method of claim1, wherein applying a mating disruption tactic comprises applying one or more pheromones. 6. The method of claim5, wherein the one or more pheromones comprise sprayable formulations or are in aerosol emitters or hand applied dispensers. 7. The method of claim5, wherein the one or more pheromones are applied at a high concentration and at high coverage. 8. The method of claim1, wherein said one or more refuges are adjacent to the field plot. 9. The method of claim8, wherein the one or more refuges comprise separate blocks. 10. The method of claim1, wherein said one or more refuges are in the border region. 11. The method of claim1, wherein the one or more refuges promotes migration of one or more susceptible pests to the core region to mate with one or more resistant pests. 12. The method of claim1, wherein the border region is planted earlier than the core region. 13. The method of claim1, wherein the one or more semiochemicals or factors comprise oogenesis and oviposition factors (OOSFs). 14. The method of claim13, wherein the OOSFs are applied by vaporization. 15. The method of claim1, wherein the one or more semiochemicals or factors comprise one or more attractants. 16. The method of claim15, wherein the one or more attractants comprise one or more host plant chemical, non-host plant chemical, synthetic volatile chemical, or natural volatile chemical. 17. The method of claim15, wherein the one or more attractants are identified through binding to one or more pest odorant binding proteins. 18. The method of claim15, wherein the one or more attractants comprise one or more host plant volatile chemical. 19. The method of claim18, wherein the one or more host plant volatile chemical comprise heptanal or benzaldehyde. 20. The method of claim15, wherein the one or more attractants comprise one or more male pheromones. 21. The method of claim15, wherein the one or more attractants comprise one or more ovipositioning pheromones. 22. The method of claim15, wherein the one or more attractants comprise one or more female attractants. 23. The method of claim22, wherein the one or more female attractants comprise ethylene. 24. The method of claim1, wherein the one or more semiochemicals or factors reduces the movement of susceptible female pests from the one or more refuges. 25. The method of claim1, wherein the one or more semiochemicals or factors increases the number of matings occurring in the one or more refuges among susceptible female pests and resistant male pests. 26. The method of claim1, wherein selective advantage of resistance is reduced in the one or more refuges. 27. The method of claim1, wherein the mating disruption further comprises applying one or more pheromonostatic peptides (PSPs). 28. The method of claim27, wherein the one or more PSPs are applied by vaporization. 29. The method of claim27, wherein each PSP is from a highly dispersive pest of the same species as each pest damaging the plants. 30. The method of claim27, wherein applying one or more PSPs enhances the mating disruption. 31. The method of claim1, wherein the mating disruption further comprises disrupting one or more pheromone biosynthesis-activating neuropeptides (PBANs) in the one or more pests. 32. The method of claim31, wherein disrupting one or more PBANs enhances the mating disruption. 33. The method of claim31, wherein disrupting one or more PBANs comprises disrupting by RNA interference. 34. The method of claim31, wherein each PBAN is from a highly dispersive pest of the same species as each pest damaging the plants. 35. The method of claim1, wherein the mating disruption further comprises applying one or more PSPs and disrupting one or more PBANs in the one or more pests. 36. The method of claim1, further comprising applying one or more chemical insecticides comprising independent modes of action to different areas of the field plot. 37. The method of claim1, further comprising applying an attract-and-kill tactic in the field plot,wherein said tactic reduces the number of one or more pests in the field plot. 38. The method of claim37, wherein applying an attract-and-kill tactic comprises applying one or more semiochemicals or factors and one or more insecticides. 39. The method of claim38, wherein the one or more semiochemicals or factors comprise one or more attractants. 40. The method of claim39, wherein the one or more attractants comprise one or more host plant chemical, non-host plant chemical, synthetic volatile chemical, or natural volatile chemical. 41. The method of claim37, wherein the one or more resistant pests are male or female. 42. A method of rescuing one or more pests' susceptibility to one or more transgenic insecticidal traits and/or chemical insecticides in a field plot system which comprises plants of a plant population, wherein the plants may comprise one or more transgenic insecticidal traits,wherein a portion of or the entire field plot may comprise one or more chemical insecticides,wherein the entire field plot comprises a core region and a border region,wherein the field plot system further comprises one or more refuges, said method comprising:a. applying a mating disruption tactic to the core region, wherein said mating disruption tactic is capable of disrupting the mating of the one or more pests;b. having a pheromone-free zone in the border region; andc. applying a low concentration of one or more semiochemicals or factors in one or more of the refuges,wherein said method rescues the one or more pests' susceptibility to one or more transgenic insecticidal traits and/or chemical insecticides as a result of the applications when compared to a control field plot which only had one or none of the applications. 43. The method of claim42, wherein the reduction in number of one or more pests comprises a decrease in mating of a resistant pest with another resistant pest. 44. The method of claim42, wherein said one or more susceptible pests in said one or more refuges mate with one or more resistant pests from the field plot. 45. The method of claim42, wherein the plants comprising one or more transgenic insecticidal traits express one or moreBacillus thuringiensis(Bt) proteins. 46. The method of claim42, wherein applying a mating disruption tactic comprises applying one or more pheromones. 47. The method of claim46, wherein the one or more pheromones comprise sprayable formulations or are in aerosol emitters or hand applied dispensers. 48. The method of claim46, wherein the one or more pheromones are applied at a high concentration and at high coverage. 49. The method of claim42, wherein said one or more refuges are adjacent to the field plot. 50. The method of claim49, wherein the one or more refuges comprise separate blocks. 51. The method of claim42, wherein the one or more refuges promotes migration of one or more susceptible pests to the core region to mate with one or more resistant pests. 52. The method of claim42, wherein the border region is planted earlier than the core region. 53. The method of claim42, wherein the one or more semiochemicals or factors comprise male attractants. 54. The method of claim42, wherein the one or more semiochemicals or factors increases the number of matings occurring in the one or more refuges among susceptible female pests and resistant male pests. 55. The method of claim42, wherein selective advantage of resistance is reduced in the one or more refuges. 56. The method of claim42, wherein the mating disruption further comprises applying one or more pheromonostatic peptides (PSPs). 57. The method of claim56, wherein the one or more PSPs are applied by vaporization. 58. The method of claim56, wherein each PSP is from a highly dispersive pest of the same species as each pest damaging the plants. 59. The method of claim56, wherein applying one or more PSPs enhances the mating disruption. 60. The method of claim42, wherein the mating disruption further comprises disrupting one or more pheromone biosynthesis-activating neuropeptides (PBANs) in the one or more pests. 61. The method of claim60, wherein disrupting one or more PBANs enhances the mating disruption. 62. The method of claim60, wherein disrupting one or more PBANs comprises disrupting by RNA interference. 63. The method of claim60, wherein each PBAN is from a highly dispersive pest of the same species as each pest damaging the plants. 64. The method of claim42, wherein the mating disruption further comprises applying one or more PSPs and disrupting one or more PBANs in the one or more pests. 65. A field plot system comprising plants of a plant population, wherein the plants may comprise one or more transgenic insecticidal traits,wherein a portion of or the entire field plot may comprise one or more chemical insecticides,wherein the entire field plot comprises a core region and a border region, wherein the field plot system further comprises one or more refuges,wherein the entire field plot further comprises one or more pests capable of damaging the plants,wherein said one or more pests can become resistant to one or more transgenic insecticidal traits and/or chemical insecticides, said field plot comprising:a. one or more semiochemicals applied to the core region, wherein said one or more semiochemicals are capable of disrupting the mating of the one or more pests; andb. one or more semiochemicals or factors applied in the one or more refuges, wherein said one or more semiochemicals or factors are capable of reducing or preventing the movement of one or more susceptible pests, and/or attracting resistant pests to the refuge,wherein said field plot system has a delay in the emergence of or a reduction in the number of one or more pests as a result of the applications when compared to a control field plot system which only had one or none of the applications. 66. The field plot system of claim65, wherein the one or more semiochemicals applied to the core region comprises one or more pheromones. 67. The field plot system of claim65, wherein the one or more pheromones are applied at a high concentration and at high coverage. 68. The field plot system of claim65, wherein the one or more semiochemicals or factors comprise oogenesis and oviposition factors (OOSFs). 69. The field plot system of claim65, wherein the one or more semiochemicals or factors comprise one or more attractants. 70. A field plot system comprising plants of a plant population, wherein the plants may comprise one or more transgenic insecticidal traits,wherein a portion of or the entire field plot may comprise one or more chemical insecticides,wherein the entire field plot comprises a core region and a border region,wherein the field plot system further comprises one or more refuges,wherein the field plot system further comprises one or more pests capable of damaging the plants,wherein said one or more pests have become resistant to one or more transgenic insecticidal traits and/or chemical insecticides, said field plot comprising:a. one or more semiochemicals applied to the core region, wherein said one or more semiochemicals are capable of disrupting the mating of the one or more pests;b. a pheromone-free zone in the border region; andc. a low concentration of one or more semiochemicals or factors applied in one or more of the refuges,wherein said field plot system has the one or more pests' susceptibility to one or more transgenic insecticidal trait and/or chemical insecticide rescued as a result of the applications when compared to a control field plot system which only had one or none of the applications. 71. The field plot system of claim70, wherein the one or more semiochemicals applied to the core region comprises one or more pheromones. 72. The field plot system of claim70, wherein the one or more pheromones are applied at a high concentration and at high coverage. 73. The field plot system of claim70, wherein the low concentration of one or more semiochemicals or factors comprises male attractants. 74. A method of delaying emergence of or reducing the number of one or more pests that may become resistant to one or more transgenic insecticidal traits and/or chemical insecticides in a field plot system which comprises plants of a plant population,wherein the plants may comprise one or more transgenic insecticidal traits, wherein said one or more traits are low-dose,wherein a portion of or the entire field plot may comprise one or more chemical insecticides, said method comprising:a. applying a mating disruption tactic to the core region, wherein said mating disruption tactic is capable of disrupting the mating of the one or more pests; andwherein said method delays emergence of or reduces the number of one or more pests as a result of the application when compared to a control field plot which did not have the application. 75. The method of any one of claims1,42, and74, wherein the one or more pests are from the order Lepidoptera. 76. The method of any one of claims1,42, and74, wherein the one or more pests compriseSpodoptera frugiperda. 77. The method of any one of claims1,42, and74, wherein the one or more pests compriseHelicoverpa zea. 78. The field plot system of claim65or70, wherein the one or more pests are from the order Lepidoptera. 79. The field plot system of claim65or70, wherein the one or more pests compriseSpodoptera frugiperda. 80. The field plot system of claim65or70, wherein the one or more pests compriseHelicoverpa zea. Additional Numbered Embodiments of the Disclosure Particular subject matter contemplated by the present disclosure is set out in the below numbered embodiments. 1. A method of delaying emergence of resistance to one or more transgenic insecticidal traits in a field plot system which comprises one or more pests and plants of one or more species, wherein the plants comprise the one or more transgenic insecticidal traits, wherein the field plot system further comprises one or more refuges, said method comprising: applying mating disruption to the field plot system, wherein said mating disruption is capable of disrupting the mating of the one or more pests, and wherein said method delays emergence of resistance to the one or more transgenic insecticidal traits as a result of the application of mating disruption when compared to a control field plot system which did not apply mating disruption. 2. A method of maintaining or increasing the durability of one or more transgenic insecticidal traits in a field plot system to resistance by one or more pests, wherein the field plot system comprises plants of one or more species, wherein the plants comprise the one or more transgenic insecticidal traits, wherein the field plot system further comprises one or more refuges, said method comprising: applying mating disruption to the field plot system, wherein said mating disruption is capable of disrupting the mating of the one or more pests, and wherein said method maintains or increases the durability of the one or more transgenic insecticidal traits as a result of the application of mating disruption when compared to a control field plot system which did not apply mating disruption. 3. A method of increasing the efficiency of one or more refuges in a field plot system which comprises one or more pests and plants of one or more species, wherein the plants comprise one or more transgenic insecticidal traits, said method comprising: applying mating disruption to the field plot system, wherein said mating disruption is capable of disrupting the mating of the one or more pests, and wherein said method increases the efficiency of one or more refuges as a result of the application of mating disruption when compared to a control field plot system which did not apply mating disruption. 4. The method of any one of claims1-3, wherein applying mating disruption comprises applying one or more pheromones. 5. The method of claim4, wherein the one or more pheromones comprise sprayable formulations or are in aerosol emitters or hand applied dispensers. 6. The method of any one of claims1-3, wherein the plants comprising one or more transgenic insecticidal traits express one or moreBacillus thuringiensis(Bt) proteins. 7. The method of any one of claims1-3, wherein the one or more species of plants comprise corn and soybean. 8. The method of any one of claims1-3, wherein the one or more pests areHelicoverpa zeaand/orSpodoptera frugiperda. 9. The method of any one of claims1-3, wherein the one or more transgenic insecticidal traits are low dose. 10. The method of claim2, wherein the durability of one or more transgenic insecticidal traits is maintained or increased by 5 years. 11. The method of claim2, wherein the durability of one or more transgenic insecticidal traits is maintained or increased by 10 years. 12. The method of claim2, wherein the durability of one or more transgenic insecticidal traits is maintained or increased by 15 years. 13. The method of claim2, wherein the durability of one or more transgenic insecticidal traits is maintained or increased by 20 years. 14. The method of claim2, wherein the durability of one or more transgenic insecticidal traits is maintained or increased by 25 years. 15. The method of claim2, wherein the durability of one or more transgenic insecticidal traits is maintained or increased by 30 years. 16. The method of any one of claims1-3, wherein said one or more refuges are adjacent to the field plot system. 17. The method of any one of claims1-3, wherein the one or more refuges are within the field plot system. 18. The method of any one of claims1-3, wherein the size of the one or more refuges of the field plot system with mating disruption is decreased as compared to the size of the one or more refuges of the field plot system without mating disruption. 19. The method of claim18, wherein the size of the one or more refuges is decreased by about 95%, about 90%, about 80%, about 70%, about 60%, about 50%, about 40%, about 30%, about 20%, about 10%, about 5%, or less. 20. The method of any one of claims1-3, wherein the size of the one or more refuges of the field plot system with mating disruption is increased as compared to the size of the one or more refuges of the field plot system without mating disruption. 21. The method of claim20, wherein the size of the one or more refuges is increased by about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 20%, or more. 22. The method of any one of claims1-3, wherein the one or more pests have a balanced reproductive growth rate. 23. The method of any one of claims1-3, wherein the one or more pests have a rapid reproductive growth rate. 24. The method of any one of claims1-3, wherein the number of the one or more pests in the field plot system with mating disruption is reduced as compared to the number of the one or more pests of the field plot system without mating disruption. 25. The method of any one of claims1-3, wherein the one or more pests are from the order Lepidoptera. 26. The method of any one of claims1-3, wherein the one or more pests compriseSpodoptera frugiperda. 27. The method of any one of claims1-3, wherein the one or more pests compriseHelicoverpa zea. INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE All references, articles, publications, patents, patent publications, and patent applications cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entireties for all purposes. However, mention of any reference, article, publication, patent, patent publication, and patent application cited herein is not, and should not be taken as an acknowledgment or any form of suggestion that they constitute valid prior art or form part of the common general knowledge in any country in the world. REFERENCES 1. Kehat, M. & Dunkelblum, E. Sex Pheromones: Achievements in Monitoring and Mating Disruption of Cotton Pests in Israel.Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol.431, 425-431 (1993).2. Chamberlain, D. J., Brown, N. J., Jones, O. T. & Casagrande, E. Field evaluation of a slow release pheromone formulation to control the American bollworm,Helicoverpa armigera(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Pakistan.Bull. Entomol. Res.90, 183-90 (2000).3. Betts, M. D., Greg, P. C., Fit, G. P. & MacQuilan, M. J. inPest Control Sustain. Agric. (Corey, S. A., Dall, D. J. & Milne, W. M.) 298-300 (CSIRO, 1993).4. Mitchell, E. R. & J. R. McLaughlin. 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Reduction of Mating Potential of MaleHeliothisspp. andSpodoptera frugiperdain Field Plots Treated with Disruptants. Environmental Entomology, 5(3) (1976).28. Del Socorro, A. P. et al. Development of a synthetic plant volatile-based attracticide for female noctuid moths. I. Potential sources of volatiles attractive toHelicoverpa armigera(Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).Australian Journal of Entomology,49: 10-20 (2010).29. Butter, N. S. and Singh, S. Ovipositional response ofHelicoverpa armigerato different cotton genotypes,Phytoparasitica,24(2): 97-102 (1996).30. Tones, J. B. and Ruberson, J. R. Spatial and temporal dynamics of oviposition behavior of bollworm and three of its predators in Bt and non-Bt cotton fields,Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata120: 11-22 (2006).31. Liu, M., et al. Oviposition deterrents from eggs of the cotton bollworm,Helicoverpa armigera(Lepidoptera: noctuidae): Chemical identification and analysis by electroantennogram. J. 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Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Progeny from Crosses between Bt-Resistant and Bt-Susceptible Populations, and 65-Locus Discrimination of Isofamilies, Research & Reviews: Journal of Botanical Sciences 4(1): 18-29 (2015).64. Bernardi, D., Salmeron, E., Horikoshi, R. J., Bernardi, O., Dourado, P. M., Carvalho, R. A., Martinelli, S., Head, G. P., and Omoto, C. Cross-Resistance between Cry1 Proteins in Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) May Affect the Durability of Current Pyramided Bt Maize Hybrids in Brazil, PLoS ONE 10(10): e0140130 (2015).65. B. E. Tabashnik and B. A. Croft, “Managing Pesticide Resistance in Crop-Arthropod Complexes: Interaction Between Biological and Operational Factors,” Environmental Entomology, Vol. 11, No. 6, pgs. 1137-1144 (1982).66. Hassell, M. P., J. H. Lawton, and R. M. May. Patterns of Dynamical Behaviour in Single-Species Populations. Journal of Animal Ecology. 45: 471-486 (1976).67. Murúa, G. and E. Virla. 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DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS The production method for a microbial oil according to one aspect of the present invention comprises: providing a starting oil containing at least one polyunsaturated fatty acid having at least 20 carbon atoms in alkyl ester form and/or free fatty acid form obtained from microbial biomass; and performing a purification on the starting oil by rectification under conditions including a column bottom temperature of from 160° C. to 230° C. and a minimum pressure in the distillation column of from 0.1 Pa to 30 Pa. The present invention is based on the knowledge that a microbial oil containing at least one target polyunsaturated fatty acid having at least 20 carbon atoms in alkyl ester form and/or free fatty acid form at a high content can be obtained by purifying a starting oil containing at least one polyunsaturated fatty acid having at least 20 carbon atoms in alkyl ester form and/or free fatty acid form obtained from microbial biomass using rectification under specific conditions. In this specification, the at least one polyunsaturated fatty acid having at least 20 carbon atoms in alkyl ester form and/or free fatty acid form may be called a target LC-PUFA unless specified otherwise. In addition, in this specification, unless specified otherwise, the specific forms of saturated or unsaturated fatty acids in fatty acid alkyl ester form or free fatty acid form contained in the starting oil obtained from microbial biomass may be unstated. For example, unsaturated fatty acid having at least 20 carbon atoms in fatty acid alkyl ester form and unsaturated fatty acid having at least 20 carbon atoms in free fatty acid form will both be called “unsaturated fatty acids having at least 20 carbon atoms”, and saturated fatty acid having 22 carbon atoms in fatty acid alkyl ester form and saturated fatty acid having 22 carbon atoms in free fatty acid form will both be called “saturated fatty acids having 22 carbon atoms”. That is, although simple distillation such as molecular distillation had been used in the past to purify a starting oil obtained from microbial biomass, with simple distillation, fatty acids are only separated by heating, and it was not possible to separate a specific target polyunsaturated fatty acid from untargeted fatty acids with good precision. With the present invention, in a case in which a target LC-PUFA is purified from a starting oil obtained from such microbial biomass, purification is performed by rectification under specific temperature conditions and pressure conditions, so that it is possible to purify the target polyunsaturated fatty acid with good precision and with a high content. In addition, the production method for a microbial oil according to another aspect of the present invention comprises: providing a starting oil containing at least one polyunsaturated fatty acid having at least 20 carbon atoms in alkyl ester form and/or free fatty acid form, obtained from microbial biomass; performing rectification on the starting oil using a distillation column containing structured packing under conditions including a column bottom temperature of from 160° C. to 230° C. and a minimum pressure in the distillation column of from 0.1 Pa to 30 Pa; and obtaining a specific microbial oil according to one aspect of the present invention described below. In addition, the production method for a microbial oil according to yet another aspect of the present invention comprises: providing a starting oil containing at least one polyunsaturated fatty acid having at least 20 carbon atoms in alkyl ester form and/or free fatty acid form, obtained from microbial biomass; performing rectification on the starting oil using a distillation column containing structured packing under conditions including a column bottom temperature and a minimum pressure in the distillation column corresponding to the kind of the target polyunsaturated fatty acid, wherein a microbial oil containing thermally-produced fatty acid having from 16 to 22 carbon atoms having a content of at most 3.0% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil may be obtained; and obtaining the microbial oil according to one aspect of the present invention described below. The microbial oil according to one aspect of the present invention is a microbial oil comprising: at least one polyunsaturated fatty acid having at least 20 carbon atoms in fatty acid alkyl ester form and/or free fatty acid form, at a content of at least 50% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil; and thermally-produced fatty acid having from 16 to 22 carbon atoms at a content of at most 3.0% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil. In order to purify a specific fatty acid from various components contained in the starting oil by rectification with higher precision, it may be advantageous to perform rectification under more stringent conditions such as higher temperature conditions. For example, the reflux ratio (reflux flow/distillate flow) may be increased by increasing the column bottom temperature and increasing the amount of vapor so as to improve the separation of each fatty acid in rectification. In a starting oil from microbial biomass, the content of long-chain saturated fatty acids with a higher melting point than the target LC-PUFA, for example, a saturated fatty acid having 22 carbon atoms or a saturated fatty acid having 24 carbon atoms, tends to be higher than that of a well-known starting oil obtained from a fish oil, vegetable oil, or the like. It was found that long-chain saturated fatty acids in such a microbial oil have a higher molecular weight, a higher boiling point and a lower saturated vapor pressure at the same temperature than the target LC-PUFA. Accordingly, it was found that, in a case in which a starting oil derived from a microbial oil containing large amounts of these long-chain saturated fatty acids is distilled, a higher distillation temperature, that is, a higher column bottom temperature, is required than in the case of a starting oil derived from a fish oil or the like containing small amounts of these long-chain saturated fatty acids. That is, in order to distill a starting oil from microbial biomass to obtain a microbial oil in which the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids having at least 20 carbon atoms is high and the content of long-chain saturated fatty acids with an even higher melting point than these polyunsaturated fatty acids having at least 20 carbon atoms is low, there is a need for more stringent conditions, for example, higher temperature conditions than those with a well-known starting oil from a fish oil, vegetable oil, or the like. On the other hand, it was found that when distillation is performed under higher temperature conditions, fatty acid components that were not produced before distillation, so-called thermally-produced fatty acids, are generated in the microbial oil. It was found that substances produced from the target LC-PUFA as a result of being subjected to the effects of excessive heat may be considered to contain in the thermally-produced fatty acids generated in the microbial oil, and that the content of the target LC-PUFA tends to decrease along with increasing the content of thermally-produced fatty acids. It was found that thermally-produced fatty acids produced from the target LC-PUFA in the microbial oil tend not to be effectively separated from the target LC-PUFA by using reverse phase column chromatography, and that this causes decreases in the content and yield of the target LC-PUFA in a concentrated microbial oil. It was ascertained from these findings that even in a case in which purification is performed on a microbial oil with a reduced content of the target LC-PUFA using reverse phase column chromatography, this purification is not efficient. Focusing attention on such thermally-produced fatty acids, the present invention is based on the knowledge that, due to the relationship between the precision of the purification for the target LC-PUFA and increases in the content of thermally-produced fatty acids having from 16 to 22 carbon atoms, it is unexpectedly possible to perform purification simply and efficiently to obtain a target LC-PUFA with a high content by performing rectification using a distillation column containing structured packing or by performing rectification so as to contain a certain amount of thermally-produced fatty acids having from 16 to 22 carbon atoms. In addition, focusing attention on such thermally-produced fatty acids having from 16 to 22 carbon atoms, the present invention is based on the knowledge that, due to the relationship between the precision of the purification for the target LC-PUFA and increases in the content of thermally-produced fatty acids having from 16 to 22 carbon atoms, a microbial oil containing a certain amount of thermally-produced fatty acids having from 16 to 22 carbon atoms is unexpectedly more advantageous for more efficiently obtaining a microbial oil containing the target LC-PUFA at a high content. In this specification, unless specified otherwise, thermally-produced fatty acids having from 16 to 22 carbon atoms may be simply called “thermally-produced fatty acid”. A concentrated microbial oil containing a target LC-PUFA at a high content may be obtained from a microbial oil according to the present invention, and from a microbial oil obtained by the production method according to the present invention, by further using a specific concentrating means such as reverse phase column chromatography. That is, the concentrated microbial oil according to another aspect of the present invention is a concentrated microbial oil, in which the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids having at least 20 carbon atoms in fatty acid alkyl ester form and/or free fatty acid form is from 90% by weight to 98% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil; the content of thermally-produced fatty acids having from 16 to 22 carbon atoms is from 0.0001% by weight to 3.0% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil; the total content of saturated fatty acids having 24 carbon atoms and saturated fatty acids having 22 carbon atoms is at most 1.0% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil; and the content of monounsaturated fatty acids having 18 carbon atoms is at most 5.0% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil. The production method for a concentrated microbial oil according to another aspect of the present invention comprises: obtaining a microbial oil containing at least one target polyunsaturated fatty acid having at least 20 carbon atoms in fatty acid alkyl ester form and/or free fatty acid form, using any one of the production methods for microbial oil according to other aspects of the present invention; and performing concentration treatment on the obtained microbial oil using reverse phase column chromatography. The concentrated microbial oil or the microbial oil according to aspects of the present invention comprises or may comprise a target LC-PUFA at a high content, and is therefore useful in fields such as food products, supplements, medicaments, cosmetics and animal foods, and, for example, for an agent for preventing or treating inflammatory disease or a method for prevention, treatment or amelioration of an inflammatory disease. In addition, with the production method for a concentrated microbial oil according to an aspect of the present invention, the production method of the present invention capable of efficiently obtaining a microbial oil containing the target LC-PUFA at a high content is used, so that a concentrated microbial oil can be provided efficiently. In the present specification, the scope of the term “process” includes not only a discrete process, but also a process that cannot be clearly distinguished from another process as long as the expected effect of the process of interest is achieved. In the present specification, any numerical range expressed using “to” refers to a range including the numerical values before and after “to” as the minimum and maximum values, respectively. In a case in which the amount of a component type that may be included in the mixture is indicated herein, when there are plural substances corresponding to the component type in the mixture, the indicated amount means the total amount of the plural substances present in the mixture, unless specifically stated otherwise. In a case in which the content of a component type that may be included in the mixture is indicated herein, when there are plural substances corresponding to the component type in the mixture, the indicated content means the total content of the plural substances present in the mixture, unless specifically stated otherwise. In the present invention, “microbial oil” is a mixture of organic substances which is obtained using microbial biomass as a source and which is insoluble in water at normal temperature and normal pressure. A microbial oil contains oily components such as saturated or unsaturated fatty acids, phospholipids, sterols, glycerols, ceramides, sphingolipids, terpenoids, flavonoids and tocopherols, and saturated or unsaturated fatty acids may also be present as constituent fatty acids in such other oily components. In the present invention, “fatty acid” refers to fatty acid contained as free saturated or unsaturated fatty acid, saturated or unsaturated fatty acid alkyl ester, triacylglycerol, diacylglycerol, monoacylglycerol, phospholipid, steryl ester or the like, and may be interchangeably described as constituent fatty acid. In this specification, unless specified otherwise, the form of compound containing a fatty acid may be unstated. Examples of forms of compound containing fatty acid include the free fatty acid form, fatty acid alkyl ester form, glyceryl ester form, phospholipid form, steryl ester form and the like. Compound containing the same fatty acid may be contained in a single form or may be contained as a mixture of two or more forms in the microbial oil. In addition, when expressing fatty acids, a numerical expression may be used whereby the number of carbon atoms, the number of double bonds, and the locations of double bonds are expressed in a simplified manner using numbers and the alphabet respectively. For example, a saturated fatty acid having 20 carbon atoms may be notated as “C20:0”. A monounsaturated fatty acid having 18 carbon atoms may be notated as “C18:1” or the like. Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid may be notated as “C20:3, n-6” or the like. Arachidonic acid may be expressed as “C20:4, n-6” or the like. This method is known to those of ordinary skill in the art, and a person of ordinary skill in the art can easily specify fatty acids in accordance with this method. The total content of fatty acids in the microbial oil may be, for example, at least 80% by weight, at least 90% by weight, at least 95% by weight, or at least 98% by weight of the total weight of the microbial oil. Examples of other components which may be present in the microbial oil, and which are compounds not containing fatty acid or partial structures other than fatty acids of compounds containing fatty acids, include glycerins, sterols, hydrocarbons, terpenoids, flavonoids, tocopherols, and glycerin skeleton partial structures of glyceryl esters, phosphate skeleton partial structures of phosphoric acids, sphingosine skeleton partial structures and the like. In this specification, a mixture of compounds in a state simply extracted from microbial biomass may be called a crude oil of a microbial oil. Unless a specific type of fatty acid is specified, fatty acid alkyl ester or free fatty acid in the present invention indicates a mixture of fatty acid alkyl esters or a mixture of free fatty acids obtained by performing a process such as hydrolysis or alkyl esterification on a crude oil obtained from microbial biomass. The content of fatty acids with respect to the total weight of fatty acids in the oil in the present invention is determined based on the fatty acid composition. The fatty acid composition may be determined by a normal method. Specifically, the oil to be measured is esterified using a lower alcohol and a catalyst to obtain fatty acid lower alkyl ester. Next, the obtained fatty acid lower alkyl ester is analyzed using a gas chromatograph with a flame ionization detector (FID). The peaks corresponding to each of the fatty acids are identified in the obtained gas chromatography chart, and the peak areas of each of the fatty acids are determined using the Agilent ChemStation integration algorithm (revision C.01.03[37], Agilent Technologies). The fatty acid compositions are determined as the percentage of each peak area to the sum of the peak areas of the peaks of the fatty acids. The area % obtained by the measurement method described above is determined to be the same as the % by weight of each fatty acid in the sample. Refer to “The JOCS Standard Methods for the Analysis of Fats, Oils and Related Materials”, 2013 Edition, 2.4.2.1-2013 Fatty Acid Composition (FID gas chromatography) and 2.4.2.2-2013 Fatty Acid Composition (FID temperature programmed gas chromatography) established by the Japan Oil Chemists' Society (JOCS). In a case in which the microbial oil contains fatty acids other than fatty acids in the fatty acid alkyl ester form and the free fatty acid form, the fatty acid composition to be measured is measured after the fatty acids other than fatty acids in the fatty acid alkyl ester form and fatty acids in the free fatty acid form are separated from the microbial oil. As an example of a method for separating fatty acids other than fatty acids in the fatty acid alkyl ester form and the free fatty acid form from the microbial oil, it is possible to refer to methods such as the silicic acid column chromatography disclosed in The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1958, 233:311-320 or the thin-layer chromatography disclosed in The Lipid Handbook with CD-ROM, Third Edition, CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group (2007). Each aspect of the present invention will be described hereinafter. (1) Microbial Oil The microbial oil according to one aspect of the present invention comprises at least one polyunsaturated fatty acid having at least 20 carbon atoms in fatty acid alkyl ester form and/or in free fatty acid form, at a content of at least 50% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil; and thermally-produced fatty acid having from 16 to 22 carbon atoms at a content of at most 3.0% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil. As described above, the microbial oil may be obtained using microbial biomass as a source. The microbe may be a lipid-producing microbe, examples of which are algae and fungi. Examples of algae include the genusLabyrinthula(Labyrinthula mycota) and the like. Examples of fungi include at least one selected from the group consisting of the genusMortierella, the genusConidiobolus, the genusPythium, the genusPhytophthora, the genusPenicillium, the genusCladosporium, the genusMucor, the genusFusarium, the genusAspergillus, the genusRhodotorula, the genusEntomophthora, the genusEchinosporangiumand the genusSaprolegnia. Of these, microbes belonging to the genusMortierellaare even more preferable. Examples of microbes belonging to the genusMortierellainclude microbes belonging to theMortierellasubgenus such asMortierella elongata, Mortierella exigua, Mortierella hygrophilaandMortierella alpina. The polyunsaturated fatty acid having at least 20 carbon atoms in the present invention includes di- or higher-unsaturated fatty acid and preferably tri- or higher-unsaturated fatty acid. The number of carbon atoms of the polyunsaturated fatty acid refers to the number of carbon atoms of the constituent fatty acids. Examples of polyunsaturated fatty acids having at least 20 carbon atoms include polyunsaturated fatty acids having at least 20 and at most 22 carbon atoms, specific examples of which include eicosadienoic acid (C20:2, n-9), dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (C20:3, n-6), Mead acid (C20:3, n-9), eicosatetraenoic acid (C20:4, n-3), arachidonic acid (C20:4, n-6), eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5, n-3), docosatetraenoic acid (C22:4, n-6), docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5, n-3), docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5, n-6), docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6, n-3) and the like. The microbial oil may comprise at least one of these polyunsaturated fatty acids and may also contain two or more in combination. The microbial oil may also be an oil containing one type selected from these polyunsaturated fatty acids and not containing other polyunsaturated fatty acids. The microbial oil may be an oil that does not contain one or two or more specific types, as long as the microbial oil contains at least one type selected from the polyunsaturated fatty acids having at least 20 and at most 22 carbon atoms described above as the target LC-PUFA. For example, the microbial oil may not contain at least one selected from the group consisting of eicosadienoic acid (C20:2, n-9), dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (C20:3, n-6), Mead acid (C20:3, n-9), eicosatetraenoic acid (C20:4, n-3), arachidonic acid (C20:4, n-6), eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5, n-3), docosatetraenoic acid (C22:4, n-6), docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5, n-3), docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5, n-6), and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6, n-3). The phrase, “not containing polyunsaturated fatty acids” means that the content of the polyunsaturated fatty acid to be subject is 0 or less than 5% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil. Preferable examples of alkyl groups of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the fatty acid alkyl ester form include alkyl groups having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, examples of which include methyl groups, ethyl groups, propyl groups, and the like. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the alkyl ester form are particularly preferably polyunsaturated fatty acids in the ethyl ester form or the methyl ester form. The content of the target LC-PUFA in the microbial oil, that is, polyunsaturated fatty acids having at least 20 carbon atoms in the fatty acid alkyl ester form and/or free fatty acid form, is at least 50% h by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil. When the content of the target LC-PUFA is less than 50% by weight, it is not possible to efficiently obtain a purified microbial oil containing the target LC-PUFA with a high content. As described above, the content of the target LC-PUFA in the microbial oil is a value obtained by analyzing the fatty acid composition of the microbial oil. From the perspective of more efficiently achieving the purification of the target LC-PUFA, the content of the target LC-PUFA in the microbial oil is preferably at least 60% by weight, more preferably at least 70% by weight, even more preferably at least 80% by weight, even more preferably at least 85% by weight, particularly preferably at least 90% by weight, even more particularly preferably at least 95% by weight, and most preferably 98% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil. The content of the target LC-PUFA in the microbial oil may be from 50% by weight to 98% by weight, from 60% by weight to 98% by weight, from 70% by weight to 98% by weight, from 80% by weight to 98% by weight, from 85% by weight to 98% by weight, from 90% by weight to 98% by weight, or from 95% by weight to 98% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil. The microbial oil of the present invention comprises the thermally-produced fatty acid having from 16 to 22 carbon atoms at a content of at most 3.0% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil. As described above, the thermally-produced fatty acid is fatty acid having from 16 to 22 carbon atoms that is generated based on the presence of the target LC-PUFA due to heat associated with high-temperature treatment such as distillation. That is, the thermally-produced fatty acid is considered to be fatty acid that is produced as a result of the target LC-PUFA causing degradation, isomerization, or the like due to heat associated with high-temperature treatment such as distillation, but the present invention is not limited to this theory. The form of thermally-produced fatty acid is not particularly limited and is not limited to the fatty acid alkyl ester form or the free fatty acid form. The number and types of the thermally-produced fatty acids contained in the microbial oil differ depending on the conditions of rectification, the type of target LC-PUFA contained in the microbial oil, and the like. It is conceived that examples of the thermally-produced fatty acids are trans isomers of the target LC-PUFA (see the Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, Vol. 66, No. 12, pp. 1822-1830 (1989)). That is, whereas the carbon double bond portions contained in the target LC-PUFA are ordinarily cis form, the thermally-produced fatty acids may be substances in which some or all of the carbon double bond portions are converted to the trans form, substances having conjugated double bonds as a result of the modification of the positions of double bonds, or the like. The following are examples of the thermally-produced fatty acids. The microbial oil may contain any one or a combination of two or more of the following compounds: 8Z,11E-eicosadienoic acid, 8E,11Z-eicosadienoic acid, 8E,11E-eicosadienoic acid, 8Z,11Z,14E-eicosatrienoic acid, 8Z,11E,14Z-eicosatrienoic acid, 8E,11Z,14Z-eicosatrienoic acid, 8Z,11E,14E-eicosatrienoic acid, 8E,11Z,14E-eicosatrienoic acid, 8E,11E,14Z-eicosatrienoic acid, 8E,11E,14E-eicosatrienoic acid, 5Z,8Z,11E-eicosatrienoic acid, 5Z,8E,11Z-eicosatrienoic acid, 5E,8Z,11Z-eicosatrienoic acid, 5Z,8E,11E-eicosatrienoic acid, 5E,8Z,11E-eicosatrienoic acid, 5E,8E,11Z-eicosatrienoic acid, 5E,8E,11E-eicosatrienoic acid, 8Z,11Z,14Z,17E-eicosatetraenoic acid, 8Z,11Z,14E,17Z-eicosatetraenoic acid, 8Z,11E,14Z,17Z-eicosatetraenoic acid, 8E,11Z,14Z,17Z-eicosatetraenoic acid, 8E,11Z,14Z,17E-eicosatetraenoic acid, 8Z,11E,14Z,17E-eicosatetraenoic acid, 8Z,11Z,14E,17E-eicosatetraenoic acid, 8E,11Z,14E,17Z-eicosatetraenoic acid, 8Z,11E,14E,17Z-eicosatetraenoic acid, 8E,11E,14Z,17Z-eicosatetraenoic acid, 8E,11E,14E,17Z-eicosatetraenoic acid, 8E,11E,14Z,17E-eicosatetraenoic acid, 8E,11Z,14E,17E-eicosatetraenoic acid, 8Z,11E,14E,17E-eicosatetraenoic acid, 8E,11E,14E,17E-eicosatetraenoic acid, 5Z,8Z,11Z,14E-eicosatetraenoic acid, 5Z,8Z,11E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid, 5Z,8E,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid, 5E,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid, 5E,8Z,11Z,14E-eicosatetraenoic acid, 5Z,8E,11Z,14E-eicosatetraenoic acid, 5Z,8Z,11E,14E-eicosatetraenoic acid, 5E,8Z,11E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid, 5Z,8E,11E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid, 5E,8E,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid, 5E,8E,11E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid, 5E,8E,11Z,14E-eicosatetraenoic acid, 5E,8Z,11E,14E-eicosatetraenoic acid, 5Z,8E,11E,14E-eicosatetraenoic acid, 5E,8E,11E,14E-eicosatetraenoic acid, 5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17E-eicosapentaenoic acid, 5Z,8Z,11Z,14E,17Z-eicosapentaenoic acid, 5Z,8Z,11E,14Z,17Z-eicosapentaenoic acid, 5Z,8E,11Z,14Z,17Z-eicosapentaenoic acid, 5E,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z-eicosapentaenoic acid, 5E,8Z,11Z,14Z,17E-eicosapentaenoic acid, 5Z,8E,11Z,14Z,17E-eicosapentaenoic acid, 5Z,8Z,8E,14Z,17E-eicosapentaenoic acid, 5Z,8Z,11Z,14E,17E-eicosapentaenoic acid, 5E,8Z,11Z,14E,17Z-eicosapentaenoic acid, 5Z,8E,11Z,14E,17Z-eicosapentaenoic acid, 5Z,8Z,11E,14E,17Z-eicosapentaenoic acid, 5E,8Z,11E,14Z,17Z-eicosapentaenoic acid, 5Z,8E,11E,14Z,17Z-eicosapentaenoic acid, 5E,8E,11Z,14Z,17Z-eicosapentaenoic acid, 5Z,8E,11E,14E,17Z-eicosapentaenoic acid, 5E,8Z,11E,14E,17Z-eicosapentaenoic acid, 5E,8E,11Z,14E,17Z-eicosapentaenoic acid, 5E,8E,11E,14Z,17Z-eicosapentaenoic acid, 5Z,8E,11E,14Z,17E-eicosapentaenoic acid, 5E,8Z,11E,14Z,17E-eicosapentaenoic acid, 5E,8E,11Z,14Z,17E-eicosapentaenoic acid, 5Z,8E,11Z,14E,17E-eicosapentaenoic acid, 5E,8Z,11Z,14E,17E-eicosapentaenoic acid, 5Z,8Z,11E,14E,17E-eicosapentaenoic acid, 5E,8E,11E,14E,17Z-eicosapentaenoic acid, 5E,8E,11E,14Z,17E-eicosapentaenoic acid, 5E,8E,11Z,14E,17E-eicosapentaenoic acid, 5E,8Z,11E,14E,17E-eicosapentaenoic acid, 5Z,8E,11E,14E,17E-eicosapentaenoic acid, 5E,8E,11E,14E,17E-eicosapentaenoic acid, 7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19E-docosapentaenoic acid, 7Z,10Z,13Z,16E,19Z-docosapentaenoic acid, 7Z,10Z,13E,16Z,19Z-docosapentaenoic acid, 7Z,10E,13Z,16Z,19Z-docosapentaenoic acid, 7E,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z-docosapentaenoic acid, 7E,10Z,13Z,16Z,19E-docosapentaenoic acid, 7Z,10E,13Z,16Z,19E-docosapentaenoic acid, 7Z,10Z,13E,16Z,19E-docosapentaenoic acid, 7Z,10Z,13Z,16E,19E-docosapentaenoic acid, 7E,10Z,13Z,16E,19Z-docosapentaenoic acid, 7Z,10E,13Z,16E,19Z-docosapentaenoic acid, 7Z,10Z,13E,16E,19Z-docosapentaenoic acid, 7E,10Z,13E,16Z,19Z-docosapentaenoic acid, 7Z,10E,13E,16Z,19Z-docosapentaenoic acid, 7E,10E,13Z,16Z,19Z-docosapentaenoic acid, 7Z,10E,13E,16E,19Z-docosapentaenoic acid, 7E,10Z,13E,16E,19Z-docosapentaenoic acid, 7E,10E,13Z,16E,19Z-docosapentaenoic acid, 7E,10E,13E,16Z,19Z-docosapentaenoic acid, 7Z,10E,13E,16Z,19E-docosapentaenoic acid, 7E,10Z,13E,16Z,19E-docosapentaenoic acid, 7E,10E,13Z,16Z,19E-docosapentaenoic acid, 7Z,10E,13Z,16E,19E-docosapentaenoic acid, 7E,10Z,13Z,16E,19E-docosapentaenoic acid, 7Z,10Z,13E,16E,19E-docosapentaenoic acid, 7E,10E,13E,16E,19Z-docosapentaenoic acid, 7E,10E,13E,16Z,19E-docosapentaenoic acid, 7E,10E,13Z,16E,19E-docosapentaenoic acid, 7E,10Z,13E,16E,19E-docosapentaenoic acid, 7Z,10E,13E,16E,19E-docosapentaenoic acid, 7E,10E,13E,16E,19E-docosapentaenoic acid, 4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19E-docosahexaenoic acid, 4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16E,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid, 4Z,7Z,10Z,13E,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid, 4Z,7Z,10E,13Z,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid, 4Z,7E,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid, 4E,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid, 4E,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19E-docosahexaenoic acid, 4Z,7E,10Z,13Z,16Z,19E-docosahexaenoic acid, 4Z,7Z,10E,13Z,16Z,19E-docosahexaenoic acid, 4Z,7Z,10Z,13E,16Z,19E-docosahexaenoic acid, 4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16E,19E-docosahexaenoic acid, 4E,7Z,10Z,13Z,16E,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid, 4Z,7E,10Z,13Z,16E,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid, 4Z,7Z,10E,13Z,16E,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid, 4Z,7Z,10Z,13E,16E,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid, 4E,7Z,10Z,13E,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid, 4Z,7E,10Z,13E,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid, 4Z,7Z,10E,13E,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid, 4E,7Z,10E,13Z,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid, 4Z,7E,10E,13Z,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid, 4E,7E,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid, 4E,7E,10E,13Z,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid, 4E,7E,10Z,13E,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid, 4E,7E,10Z,13Z,16E,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid, 4E,7E,10Z,13Z,16Z,19E-docosahexaenoic acid, 4E,7Z,10E,13E,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid, 4E,7Z,10E,13Z,16E,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid, 4E,7Z,10E,13Z,16Z,19E-docosahexaenoic acid, 4E,7Z,10Z,13E,16E,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid, 4E,7Z,10Z,13E,16Z,19E-docosahexaenoic acid, 4E,7Z,10Z,13Z,16E,19E-docosahexaenoic acid, 4Z,7E,10E,13E,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid, 4Z,7E,10E,13Z,16E,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid, 4Z,7E,10E,13Z,16Z,19E-docosahexaenoic acid, 4Z,7E,10Z,13E,16E,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid, 4Z,7E,10Z,13E,16Z,19E-docosahexaenoic acid, 4Z,7E,10Z,13Z,16E,19E-docosahexaenoic acid, 4Z,7Z,10E,13E,16E,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid, 4Z,7Z,10E,13E,16Z,19E-docosahexaenoic acid, 4Z,7Z,10E,13Z,16E,19E-docosahexaenoic acid, 4Z,7Z,10Z,13E,16E,19E-docosahexaenoic acid, 4Z,7Z,10E,13E,16E,19E-docosahexaenoic acid, 4Z,7E,10Z,13E,16E,19E-docosahexaenoic acid, 4Z,7E,10E,13Z,16E,19E-docosahexaenoic acid, 4Z,7E,10E,13E,16Z,19E-docosahexaenoic acid, 4Z,7E,10E,13E,16E,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid, 4E,7Z,10Z,13E,16E,19E-docosahexaenoic acid, 4E,7Z,10E,13Z,16E,19E-docosahexaenoic acid, 4E,7Z,10E,13E,16Z,19E-docosahexaenoic acid, 4E,7Z,10E,13E,16E,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid, 4E,7E,10Z,13Z,16E,19E-docosahexaenoic acid, 4E,7E,10Z,13E,16Z,19E-docosahexaenoic acid, 4E,7E,10Z,13E,16E,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid, 4E,7E,10E,13Z,16Z,19E-docosahexaenoic acid, 4E,7E,10E,13Z,16E,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid, 4E,7E,10E,13E,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid, 4Z,7E,10E,13E,16E,19E-docosahexaenoic acid, 4E,7Z,10E,13E,16E,19E-docosahexaenoic acid, 4E,7E,10Z,13E,16E,19E-docosahexaenoic acid, 4E,7E,10E,13Z,16E,19E-docosahexaenoic acid, 4E,7E,10E,13E,16Z,19E-docosahexaenoic acid, 4E,7E,10E,13E,16E,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid, 4E,7E,10E,13E,16E,19E-docosahexaenoic acid, 7Z,10Z,13Z,16E-docosatetraenoic acid, 7Z,10Z,13E,16Z-docosatetraenoic acid, 7Z,10E,13Z,16Z-docosatetraenoic acid, 7E,10Z,13Z,16Z-docosatetraenoic acid, 7E,10Z,13Z,16E-docosatetraenoic acid, 7Z,10E,13Z,16E-docosatetraenoic acid, 7Z,10Z,13E,16E-docosatetraenoic acid, 7E,10Z,13E,16Z-docosatetraenoic acid, 7Z,10E,13E,16Z-docosatetraenoic acid, 7E,10E,13Z,16Z-docosatetraenoic acid, 7Z,10E,13E,16E-docosatetraenoic acid, 7E,10Z,13E,16E-docosatetraenoic acid, 7E,10E,13Z,16E-docosatetraenoic acid, 7E,10E,13E,16Z-docosatetraenoic acid, 7E,10E,13E,16E-docosatetraenoic acid, 4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16E-docosapentaenoic acid, 4Z,7Z,10Z,13E,16Z-docosapentaenoic acid, 4Z,7Z,10E,13Z,16Z-docosapentaenoic acid, 4Z,7E,10Z,13Z,16Z-docosapentaenoic acid, 4E,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z-docosapentaenoic acid, 4E,7Z,10Z,13Z,16E-docosapentaenoic acid, 4Z,7E,10Z,13Z,16E-docosapentaenoic acid, 4Z,7Z,10E,13Z,16E-docosapentaenoic acid, 4Z,7Z,10Z,13E,16E-docosapentaenoic acid, 4E,7Z,10Z,13E,16Z-docosapentaenoic acid, 4Z,7E,10Z,13E,16Z-docosapentaenoic acid, 4Z,7Z,10E,13E,16Z-docosapentaenoic acid, 4E,7Z,10E,13Z,16Z-docosapentaenoic acid, 4Z,7E,10E,13Z,16Z-docosapentaenoic acid, 4E,7E,10Z,13Z,16Z-docosapentaenoic acid, 4E,7E,10E,13Z,16Z-docosapentaenoic acid, 4E,7E,10Z,13E,16Z-docosapentaenoic acid, 4E,7E,10Z,13Z,16E-docosapentaenoic acid, 4E,7Z,10E,13E,16Z-docosapentaenoic acid, 4E,7Z,10E,13Z,16E-docosapentaenoic acid, 4E,7Z,10Z,13E,16E-docosapentaenoic acid, 4Z,7E,10E,13E,16Z-docosapentaenoic acid, 4Z,7E,10E,13Z,16E-docosapentaenoic acid, 4Z,7E,10Z,13E,16E-docosapentaenoic acid, 4Z,7Z,10E,13E,16E-docosapentaenoic acid, 4Z,7E,10E,13E,16E-docosapentaenoic acid, 4E,7Z,10E,13E,16E-docosapentaenoic acid, 4E,7E,10Z,13E,16E-docosapentaenoic acid, 4E,7E,10E,13Z,16E-docosapentaenoic acid, 4E,7E,10E,13E,16Z-docosapentaenoic acid, 4E,7E,10E,13E,16E-docosapentaenoic acid. In a case in which the content of the thermally-produced fatty acid in the microbial oil exceeds 3.0% by weight, it is not possible to efficiently obtain a microbial oil containing the target LC-PUFA at a high content. Since the microbial oil is obtained via a heating process including distillation, the thermally-produced fatty acid may be contained in the microbial oil at a content of from 0.0001% by weight to 3.0% by weight, a content of from 0.001% by weight to 3.0% by weight, or a content of from 0.01% by weight to 3.0% by weight. From the perspective of efficiently obtaining a concentrated microbial oil containing the target LC-PUFA at a high content using reverse phase column chromatography, the content of the thermally-produced fatty acid in the microbial oil may be from 0.001% by weight to 2.8% by weight, from 0.01% by weight to 2.8% by weight, from 0.1% by weight to 2.8% by weight, from 0.1% by weight to 2.5% by weight, from 0.1% by weight to 2.0% by weight, from 0.1% by weight to 1.5% by weight, from 0.1% by weight to 1.0% by weight, or from 0.1% by weight to 0.7% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil. The thermally-produced fatty acids are fatty acids having from 16 to 20 carbon atoms that are detectable after treatment by rectification and are not detected prior to this treatment. Therefore, the fatty acid compositions before and after distillation treatment can be compared using, for example, various types of chromatographic analysis and the thermally-produced fatty acids may be specified as fatty acids having peaks that appear after the distillation treatment. Of these types of chromatography, gas chromatography in particular may be used from the perspective of its high analytical capacity or detection sensitivity or relatively simple operation. In order to specify the thermally-produced fatty acids with even higher precision, the thermally-produced fatty acid may be analyzed and specified after removing components originating from the microbial biomass which overlap with the thermally-produced fatty acids, for example, by silver-ion solid phase extraction using silver-ion chromatography. For example, in a case in which the target LC-PUFA is dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA), the thermally-produced fatty acid may be thermally-produced fatty acid having 20 carbon atoms. Examples of the thermally-produced fatty acids having 20 carbon atoms include are one or two or more the thermally-produced fatty acids having 20 carbon atoms (called Compound A hereafter) having a retention time with a peak appearing within the range of from 1.001 to 1.011 and one or two or more thermally-produced fatty acids (called Compound B hereafter) having a retention time with a peak appearing within the range of from 1.013 to 1.027, where the retention time of ethyl dihomo-γ-linolenate is defined as 1 in gas chromatography analysis. Compound A and Compound B may be one or groups of two or more compounds, or Compound A and Compound B may each be single compounds. The thermally-produced fatty acids may be Compound A, Compound B, or both Compounds A and B. The conditions of gas chromatography in a case in which Compound A and Compound B are specified as thermally-produced fatty acids are as follows: [Gas Chromatography Analysis Conditions] GC device: 6890N Network GC system (Agilent Technologies)Column: DB-WAX (Agilent Technologies)30 m×0.25 mm ID, 0.25 μm film thicknessColumn temperature conditions: 2.5 minutes at 60° C.→heated at 20° C./min→180° C.→heated at 2° C./min→15 minutes at 230° C.Inlet temperature conditions: 210° C., splitless, split vent sampling time 1.5 min, purge flow rate 40 mL/minInjection conditions: injection volume 1 μL, sample concentration at most 1 mg/mLCarrier gas conditions: helium, linear velocity 24 cm/minDetector: FIDDetector temperature: 280° C. From the perspective of the purification efficiency of DGLA the content of Compound A and Compound B, which are the thermally-produced fatty acids in a case in which the target LC-PUFA is DGLA, in the microbial oil may be from 0.001% by weight to 2.8% by weight, from 0.1% by weight to 2.8% by weight, from 0.1% by weight to 2.5% by weight, from 0.1% by weight to 2.0% by weight, from 0.1% by weight to 1.5% by weight, from 0.1% by weight to 1.0% by weight, or from 0.1% by weight to 0.7% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil. The microbial oil of the present invention is preferably a composition in which the content of at least one specific fatty acid to be separated from the target LC-PUFA by rectification is low. In this specification, unless specified otherwise, a fatty acid to be separated from the target LC-PUFA in the purification process will be called a separation target fatty acid. The separation target fatty acid is not particularly limited as long as it is a fatty acid other than the target LC-PUFA. The form of the separation target fatty acid is also not particularly limited, and the form of the separation target fatty acid may be a fatty acid alkyl ester form, free fatty acid form, or the like. Examples of the separation target fatty acids include saturated fatty acids having 22 carbon atoms and saturated fatty acids having 24 carbon atoms. The content of saturated fatty acids having 22 carbon atoms and saturated fatty acids having 24 carbon atoms in a crude oil obtained from microbial biomass typically tends to be higher than that of fish oil or animal or plant oils. Saturated fatty acids having 22 carbon atoms and saturated fatty acids having 24 carbon atoms are long-chain fatty acids with a higher melting point than that of the target LC-PUFA. Reduction of the contents of saturated fatty acids having 22 carbon atoms and saturated fatty acids having 24 carbon atoms may suppress the clogging of piping in column chromatography treatment, which makes it possible to perform reverse phase column chromatography. The retention times of saturated fatty acids having 22 carbon atoms and saturated fatty acids having 24 carbon atoms in reverse phase column chromatography may be longer than that of the target LC-PUFA, and this may be a factor contributing to a lengthening of the time required for chromatography, so reducing the contents of these saturated fatty acids is also preferable from the perspective of the purification efficiency per unit time. In a case in which saturated fatty acids having 22 carbon atoms and saturated fatty acids having 24 carbon atoms are respectively present, the total content of saturated fatty acids having 22 carbon atoms and saturated fatty acids having 24 carbon atoms refers to the total content of both types of fatty acids, and in a case in which only one type is present, the total content of saturated fatty acids having 22 carbon atoms and saturated fatty acids having 24 carbon atoms refers to the content of only the type that is present. The total content of saturated fatty acid having 22 carbon atoms and saturated fatty acid having 24 carbon atoms in the microbial oil is preferably at most 6.0% by weight, even more preferably at most 1.8% by weight, and even more preferably at most 0.1% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil, from the perspective of the suppression of the clogging of piping in column chromatography and the perspective of the purification efficiency of the target LC-PUFA. The total content of saturated fatty acid having 22 carbon atoms and saturated fatty acid having 24 carbon atoms in the microbial oil is preferably at most 10/100, more preferably at most 3/100, and even more preferably at most 0.1/100 of the content of the target LC-PUFA from the perspective of the suppression of the clogging of piping in column chromatography and the perspective of the purification efficiency of the target LC-PUFA. The total content of saturated fatty acid having 22 carbon atoms and saturated fatty acid having 24 carbon atoms in the microbial oil is preferably at most 6.0% by weight, more preferably at most 1.0% by weight, and even more preferably at most 0.1% by weight with respect to the total weight of the microbial oil from the perspective of the suppression of the clogging of piping in column chromatography and the perspective of the purification efficiency of the target LC-PUFA. In addition, the content of saturated fatty acid having 24 carbon atoms in the microbial oil is more preferably at most 3.0% by weight, even more preferably at most 1.0% by weight, and even more preferably at most 0.1% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil from the perspective of the suppression of the clogging of piping in column chromatography and the perspective of the purification efficiency of the target LC-PUFA. The content of saturated fatty acid having 24 carbon atoms in the microbial oil is preferably at most 4/100, more preferably at most 1.4/100, and even more preferably at most 0.1/100 of the content of the target LC-PUFA from the perspective of the suppression of the clogging of piping in column chromatography and the perspective of the purification efficiency of the target LC-PUFA. The content of saturated fatty acid having 24 carbon atoms in the microbial oil is preferably at most 3.0% by weight, more preferably at most 1.0% by weight, and even more preferably at most 0.1% by weight with respect to the total weight of the microbial oil from the perspective of the suppression of the clogging of piping in column chromatography and the perspective of the purification efficiency of the target LC-PUFA. Examples of other separation target fatty acids include saturated or unsaturated fatty acids having a partition number from 2 less than up to 2 greater than the partition number of the polyunsaturated fatty acid and a number of carbon atoms different from the number of carbon atoms of the polyunsaturated fatty acid, where the partition number is an index related to separation in liquid chromatography and is determined from the number of carbon atoms and the number of double bonds of the fatty acid. Such other separation target fatty acids will be called separation target fatty acids having a PN difference of from −2 and at most 2 hereafter. In a case in which the PN of one of two fatty acids to be contrasted is a number 2 less than, that is, −2, a number 1 less than, that is, −1, the same number, that is, 0, a number 1 greater than, that is, +1, or a number 2 greater than, that is, +2, the PN of the other fatty acid, the difference in the elution times of the two fatty acids to be compared cannot be considered sufficient in a case in which separation using liquid chromatography is performed, and separation by liquid chromatography may be considered to be in a difficult relationship. Therefore, a decrease in the contents of a separation target fatty acids having a PN difference of from −2 up to 2 is preferable from the perspective of the purification efficiency of the target LC-PUFA with a high content. The partition number (PN) may be also called an equivalent carbon number (ECN). The partition number is an index which is empirically obtained from the rules of separation factors affecting the elution time in relation to the analysis of molecular species in reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and the index is expressed by the following formula (I): PN=[number⁢⁢of⁢⁢carbon⁢⁢atoms]-2×[number⁢⁢of⁢⁢double⁢⁢bonds](I) In formula (I), the number of carbon atoms refers to the number of carbon atoms of the fatty acid. However, in the present invention, the number of carbon atoms in formula (I) refers to the number of carbon atoms of the fatty acid in a case of a free fatty acid form and is an integer unique to each fatty acid. In this specification, the partition number will be called PN. For example, in the case of DGLA (that is, C20:3), PN=20−2×3=14. A separation target fatty acid having a PN difference of at least −2 and at most 2 is a saturated or unsaturated fatty acid having a number of carbon atoms differing from the number of carbon atoms of the target LC-PUFA, that is, a carbon number greater than or less than the carbon number of the target LC-PUFA, and an example is a saturated or unsaturated fatty acid having a smaller number of carbon numbers than the target LC-PUFA. A separation target fatty acid having a PN difference of at least −2 and at most 2 may be at least one selected from the group consisting of saturated fatty acids having 18 carbon atoms, monounsaturated fatty acids having 18 carbon atoms, diunsaturated fatty acids having 18 carbon atoms, triunsaturated fatty acids having 18 carbon atoms, and tetraunsaturated fatty acids having 18 carbon atoms. The following are examples of combinations of the target LC-PUFA and separation target fatty acids in the microbial oil. TABLE 1target LC-PUFAnamePNSeparation target fatty acidEicosadienoic acidC20:216C18:0, C18:1, C18:2Dihomo-γ-linolenic acidC20:314C18:1, C18:2, C18:3Mead acidC20:314C18:1, C18:2, C18:3Eicosatetraenoic acidC20:412C18:2, C18:3, C18:4Arachidonic acidC20:412C18:2, C18:3, C18:4Eicosapentaenoic acidC20:510C18:3, C18:4Docosatetraenoic acidC22:414C18:1, C18:2, C18:3Docosapentaenoic acidC22:512C18:2, C18:3, C18:4Docosahexaenoic acidC22:610C18:3, C18:4 From the perspective of efficiently obtaining a target LC-PUFA with a high content, the total content of separation target fatty acids having a PN difference of at least −2 and at most 2 in the microbial oil containing separation target fatty acids is, for example, more preferably at most 10.0% by weight, even more preferably at most 4.0% by weight, and even more preferably at most 0.7% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil. In the microbial oil, the total content of separation target fatty acids having a PN difference of at least −2 and at most 2 is preferably at most 15/100, more preferably at most 5/100, and even more preferably at most 1/100 of the content of the target LC-PUFA from the perspective of efficiently obtaining the target LC-PUFA. The total content of separation target fatty acids having a PN difference of at least −2 and at most 2 in the microbial oil is preferably at most 10.0% by weight, more preferably at most 4.0% by weight, and even more preferably at most 0.7% by weight with respect to the total weight of the microbial oil from the perspective of efficiently obtaining the target LC-PUFA. For example, in a case in which the target LC-PUFA is a fatty acid with PN16, that is, eicosadienoic acid, the total content of separation target fatty acids having a PN difference of at least −2 and at most 2 such as C18:0 and C18:1 in the microbial oil is more preferably at most 10.0% by weight, even more preferably at most 4.0% by weight, and even more preferably at most 0.7% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil; preferably at most 15/100, more preferably at most 5/100, and even more preferably at most 1/100 of the content of the target LC-PUFA; and preferably at most 10.0% by weight, more preferably at most 4.0% by weight, and even more preferably at most 0.7% by weight with respect to the total weight of the microbial oil. In a case in which the target LC-PUFA is a fatty acid with PN14, that is, DGLA, Mead acid, or docosatetraenoic acid, the total content of separation target fatty acids having a PN difference of at least −2 and at most 2 such as C18:1 and C18:2 in the microbial oil is more preferably at most 10.0% by weight, even more preferably at most 4.0% by weight, and even more preferably at most 0.7% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil; preferably at most 15/100, more preferably at most 5/100, and even more preferably at most 1/100 of the content of the target LC-PUFA; and preferably at most 10.0% by weight, more preferably at most 4.0% by weight, and even more preferably at most 0.7% by weight with respect to the total weight of the microbial oil. In the case in which the target LC-PUFA is a fatty acid with PN12, that is, eicosatetraenoic acid, arachidonic acid, or docosapentaenoic acid, the total content of separation target fatty acids having a PN difference of at least −2 and at most 2 such as C18:2 and C18:3 in the microbial oil is more preferably at most 10.0% by weight, even more preferably at most 4.0% by weight, and even more preferably at most 0.7% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil; preferably at most 15/100, more preferably at most 5/100, and even more preferably at most 1/100 of the content of the target LC-PUFA; and preferably at most 10.0% by weight, more preferably at most 4.0% by weight, and even more preferably at most 0.7% by weight with respect to the total weight of the microbial oil. In a case in which the target LC-PUFA is a fatty acid with PN10, that is, eicosapentaenoic acid or docosahexaenoic acid, the total content of separation target fatty acids having a PN difference of at least −2 and at most 2 such as C18:3 and C18:4 in the microbial oil is more preferably at most 10.0% by weight, even more preferably at most 4.0% by weight, and even more preferably at most 0.7% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil; preferably at most 15/100, more preferably at most 5/100, and even more preferably at most 1/100 of the content of the target LC-PUFA; and preferably at most 10.0% by weight, more preferably at most 4.0% by weight, and even more preferably at most 0.7% by weight with respect to the total weight of the microbial oil. From the perspective of efficiently obtaining a target LC-PUFA such as eicosadienoic acid, DGLA, Mead acid, or eicosatetraenoic acid at a high content by reverse phase column chromatography, the content of monounsaturated fatty acid having 18 carbon atoms is preferably low in the microbial oil. The PN of a monounsaturated fatty acid having 18 carbon atoms is 2 greater than that of the target LC-PUFA in a case in which eicosadienoic acid, DGLA, Mead acid, or eicosatetraenoic acid is used as the target LC-PUFA. For example, the content of monounsaturated fatty acid having 18 carbon atoms in the microbial oil is more preferably at most 7.0% by weight, even more preferably at most 1.5% by weight, and even more preferably at most 0.4% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil from the perspective of the purification efficiency of the target LC-PUFA. The content of monounsaturated fatty acid having 18 carbon atoms in the microbial oil is preferably at most 10/100, more preferably at most 2/100, and even more preferably at most 0.5/100 of the content of the target LC-PUFA from the perspective of the purification efficiency of the target LC-PUFA. The content of monounsaturated fatty acid having 18 carbon atoms in the microbial oil is preferably at most 7.0% by weight, more preferably at most 1.5% by weight, and even more preferably at most 0.4% by weight with respect to the total weight of the microbial oil from the perspective of the purification efficiency of the target LC-PUFA. From the perspective of efficiently obtaining a target LC-PUFA such as DGLA, Mead acid, eicosatetraenoic acid, arachidonic acid, docosatetraenoic acid, or docosapentaenoic acid with a high content by reverse phase column chromatography, the content of diunsaturated fatty acids having 18 carbon atoms is preferably low in the microbial oil. The PN of a diunsaturated fatty acid having 18 carbon atoms is equal to that of the target LC-PUFA in a case in which DGLA, Mead acid, eicosatetraenoic acid, arachidonic acid, docosatetraenoic acid, or docosapentaenoic acid is used as the target LC-PUFA. For example, the content of diunsaturated fatty acid having 18 carbon atoms in the microbial oil is more preferably at most 5.0% by weight, even more preferably at most 0.7% by weight, and even more preferably at most 0.4% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil from the perspective of the purification efficiency of the target LC-PUFA. The content of diunsaturated fatty acid having 18 carbon atoms in the microbial oil is preferably at most 7/100, more preferably at most 1/100, and even more preferably at most 0.5/100 of the content of the target LC-PUFA from the perspective of the purification efficiency of the target LC-PUFA. The content of diunsaturated fatty acid having 18 carbon atoms in the microbial oil is preferably at most 5.0% by weight, more preferably at most 0.7% by weight, and even more preferably at most 0.4% by weight with respect to the total weight of the microbial oil. From the perspective of efficiently obtaining a target LC-PUFA such as DGLA, Mead acid, or docosatetraenoic acid with a high content by reverse phase column chromatography, the content of triunsaturated fatty acid having 18 carbon atoms is preferably low in the microbial oil. The PN of a triunsaturated fatty acid having 18 carbon atoms is 2 lower than that of the target LC-PUFA in a case in which DGLA, Mead acid, or docosatetraenoic acid is used as the target LC-PUFA. For example, the content of triunsaturated fatty acid having 18 carbon atoms in the microbial oil is more preferably at most 7.0% by weight, even more preferably at most 1.5% by weight, and even more preferably at most 0.4% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil from the perspective of the purification efficiency of the target LC-PUFA. The content of triunsaturated fatty acid having 18 carbon atoms in the microbial oil is preferably at most 10/100, more preferably at most 2/100, and even more preferably at most 0.5/100 of the content of the target LC-PUFA from the perspective of the purification efficiency of the target LC-PUFA. The content of triunsaturated fatty acid having 18 carbon atoms in the microbial oil is preferably at most 7.0% by weight, more preferably at most 1.5% by weight, and even more preferably at most 0.4% by weight with respect to the total weight of the microbial oil from the perspective of the purification efficiency of the target LC-PUFA. From the perspective of efficiently obtaining a target LC-PUFA such as DGLA, Mead acid, or docosatetraenoic acid with a high content by reverse phase column chromatography, the total content of monounsaturated fatty acid having 18 carbon atoms and diunsaturated fatty acid having 18 carbon atoms is preferably low in the microbial oil. For example, the total content of monounsaturated fatty acid having 18 carbon atoms and diunsaturated fatty acid having 18 carbon atoms in the microbial oil is more preferably at most 10.0% by weight, even more preferably at most 4.0% by weight, and even more preferably at most 0.7% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil from the perspective of efficiently obtaining the target LC-PUFA. The total content of monounsaturated fatty acid having 18 carbon atoms and diunsaturated fatty acid having 18 carbon atoms in the microbial oil is preferably at most 15/100, more preferably at most 5/100, and even more preferably at most 1/100 of the content of the target LC-PUFA from the perspective of efficiently obtaining the target LC-PUFA. The total content of monounsaturated fatty acid having 18 carbon atoms and diunsaturated fatty acid having 18 carbon atoms in the microbial oil is preferably at most 10.0% by weight, more preferably at most 4.0% by weight, and even more preferably at most 0.7% by weight with respect to the total weight of the microbial oil from the perspective of efficiently obtaining the target LC-PUFA. The microbial oil of the present invention preferably has a low content of saturated fatty acid having 18 carbon atoms from the perspectives of the melting point of the microbial oil, the ease of crystal precipitation, and the time productivity in column chromatography. In a case in which eicosadienoic acid is used as the target LC-PUFA, saturated fatty acid having 18 carbon atoms also falls into the category of separation target fatty acids having a PN difference of at least −2 and at most 2. The content of saturated fatty acid having 18 carbon atoms in the microbial oil is preferably at most 7.0% by weight, more preferably at most 3.0% by weight, and even more preferably at most 1.5% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil from the perspectives of the melting point of the microbial oil, the ease of crystal precipitation, and the time productivity in column chromatography. The content of monounsaturated fatty acid having 18 carbon atoms in the microbial oil is preferably at most 11/100, more preferably at most 4/100, and even more preferably at most 2/100 of the content of the target LC-PUFA. The content of saturated fatty acid having 18 carbon atoms in the microbial oil is preferably at most 7.0% by weight, more preferably at most 3.0% by weight, and even more preferably at most 1.5% by weight with respect to the total weight of the microbial oil from the perspectives of the melting point of the microbial oil, the ease of crystal precipitation, and the time productivity in column chromatography. The various contents of the separation target fatty acids described above respectively correspond to independent embodiments, so a preferred embodiment of the microbial oil may have an embodiment combining any two or more preferable contents of each of the separation target fatty acids. In a case in which the target LC-PUFA in the microbial oil is eicosadienoic acid, DGLA, Mead acid, eicosatetraenoic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosatetraenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, or docosahexaenoic acid, the total content of saturated fatty acid having 22 carbon atoms and saturated fatty acid having 24 carbon atoms in the microbial oil described above may be set within the same ranges as the ranges described above, including the preferred ranges, and may be combined as desired with each other, and may be combined with the descriptions of the content of monounsaturated fatty acid having 18 carbon atoms, the content of diunsaturated fatty acid having 18 carbon atoms, the total content of monounsaturated fatty acid having 18 carbon atoms and diunsaturated fatty acid having 18 carbon atoms, and the content of saturated fatty acid having 18 carbon atoms, for each target LC-PUFA as desired. The melting point of the microbial oil is preferably at most 40° C. and more preferably at most 30° C. from the perspective of the treatment efficiency of reverse phase column chromatography or the packing heat resistance. The melting point of the microbial oil is the transparent melting point measured in accordance with the method described in “The JOCS Standard Methods for the Analysis of Fats, Oils and Related Materials”, 2013 Edition, 3.2.2.1-2013 established by the Japan Oil Chemists' Society (JOCS). (2) Production Method for Microbial Oil The production methods for a microbial oil according to other aspects of the present invention all comprise: performing purification by rectification; and obtaining a specific microbial oil after rectification. That is, the first production method for a microbial oil according to another aspect of the present invention comprises: a starting oil-providing process of providing a starting oil containing a target LC-PUFA obtained from microbial biomass; and a first rectification process of performing purification on the starting oil by rectification under conditions including a column bottom temperature of from 160° C. to 230° C. and a minimum pressure in the distillation column of from 0.1 Pa to 30 Pa. After the first rectification process, a microbial oil containing a specific polyunsaturated fatty acid is obtained. The specific polyunsaturated fatty acid obtained here includes, but is not limited to, a specific microbial oil of an aspect of the present invention. The second production method for a microbial oil according to another aspect of the present invention comprises: the starting oil-providing process described above; a second rectification process of performing rectification on the starting oil using a distillation column containing structured packing under conditions including a column bottom temperature of from 160° C. to 230° C. and a minimum pressure in the distillation column of from 0.1 Pa to 30 Pa; and a microbial oil recovery process of obtaining the specific microbial oil of an aspect of the present invention. The third production method for a microbial oil according to another aspect of the present invention comprises: the starting oil-providing process described above; a third rectification process of performing rectification on the starting oil using a distillation column containing structured packing under conditions including a column bottom temperature and a minimum pressure in the distillation column corresponding to the kind of the target polyunsaturated fatty acid, wherein a microbial oil containing thermally-produced fatty acid with a content of at most 3.0% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil may be obtained; and the microbial oil recovery process described above. In the starting oil providing processes of the first to third production methods, the starting oil is obtained by a process of obtaining microbial biomass containing fatty acids by culturing a known microbe in a culture liquid as a lipid-producing microbe capable of producing a target LC-PUFA; a crude oil separation process of separating a crude oil as a mixture of fatty acids from the obtained microbial biomass; a triacylglycerol concentrated product production process of obtaining a triacylglycerol concentrated product by performing treatment including a degumming process, a deacidification (neutralization) process, a decoloration process, and a deodorization (bleaching) process on the crude oil in order to remove substances other than the target product, such as phospholipids and sterols; and a processing process of performing processing such as hydrolysis or alkyl esterification on the triacylglycerol concentrated product. Examples of lipid-producing microbes include the microbes described above. In addition, the culturing of the lipid-producing microbe may be performed under conditions known to the person of ordinary skill in the art. For example, in a case in which the target LC-PUFA is DGLA, the DGLA may be derived from the microbe described in JP A No. H05-091887. JP-A-No. H05-091887 discloses a method for producing DGLA by culturing the mutant strainMortierella alpinaSAM 1860 (Accession Number 3589 at the Fermentation Research Institute), induced by the reduction or loss of Δ5 desaturase activity, in the presence of a Δ5 desaturase inhibitor. Examples of Δ5 desaturase inhibitors include 2-amino-N-(3-chlorophenyl)benzamide, dioxabicyclo[3.3.0]octane derivatives, piperonyl butoxide, curcumin, and the like. Of these, the dioxabicyclo[3.3.0]octane derivative is exemplified by sesamin, sesaminol, episesamin, episesaminol, sesamolin, 2-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-6-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,7-dioxabicyclo[3.3.0]octane, 2,6-bis-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,7-dioxabicyclo[3.3.0]octane, 2-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-6-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenoxy)-3,7-dioxabicyclo[3.3.0]octane, and the like. No particular limitation is placed on the culture vessel used for culturing, and any device that is ordinarily used for the culturing of microbes can be used. For example, a culture vessel which enables liquid culturing at a scale of from 1 L to 50 L may be exemplified, and the culture vessel may be selected appropriately according to the scale of culturing. For example, in the case of liquid culturing at a scale of from 1 L to 50 L, a stirred-type culture vessel is preferably used as a culture vessel in order to obtain the target LC-PUFA at a higher concentration. The stirred-type culture vessel preferably has disc turbine-type agitator blades in at least one stage, and a stirred-type culture vessel further preferably has disc turbine type agitator blades in two stages. In the crude oil separation process, a crude oil containing lipids produced in the production process is separated from the microbial biomass. For the separation of the microbial biomass and the collection of the crude oil, a separation method and an extraction method suited to the culturing form may be used. In a case in which a liquid culture medium is used, a cultured cell is obtained by conventional solid-liquid separation means such as centrifugation and filtration. In a case in which a solid culture medium is used for culturing, the solid culture medium and microbial biomass may be crushed using a homogenizer or the like without separating the microbial biomass from the culture medium, and the crude oil may be collected directly from the crushed material. The collection of the crude oil may comprise extracting the dried separated microbial biomass, preferably with supercritical carbon dioxide or with an organic solvent under a nitrogen gas stream. Examples of the organic solvents include ethers such as dimethylether and diethylether; hydrocarbons having at most 10 carbon atoms such as petroleum ether, hexane, and heptane; alcohols such as methanol and ethanol; chloroform; dichloromethane; fatty acids such as octanoic acid or alkyl esters thereof; and oils such as vegetable oil. Alternatively, good extraction results may be obtained by alternating extraction using methanol and petroleum ether, or extraction using a single layer-type solvent of chloroform-methanol-water. A crude oil containing a high concentration of fatty acids is obtained by distilling off the organic solvent from the extract under reduced pressure. Hexane is most generally used in the case of collecting triacylglycerol. Moreover, as an alternative to the aforementioned method, extraction may be performed using moist microbial biomass. The collection of the crude oil from moist microbial biomass may be performed by compressing the moist microbial biomass or by using a solvent compatible with water such as methanol or ethanol, or a mixed solvent formed from a solvent compatible with water and water and/or another solvent. The remainder of the procedure is similar to that described above. In the triacylglycerol concentrated product production process, degumming, deacidification, bleaching (decoloration) and deodorization are performed on the collected crude oil with methods used for the purification of vegetable oil, fish oil, and the like using methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, degumming treatment is performed by water-washing treatment; deacidification treatment is performed by distillation treatment; decoloration treatment is performed by decoloration treatment using activated clay, activated carbon, silica gel, or the like; and deodorization treatment is performed by steam (water vapor) distillation. In the processing process, processing treatment such as esterification or hydrolysis using a catalyst, for example, is performed on the triacylglycerol concentrated product. Alkyl esterification treatment and hydrolysis treatment may be performed under conditions known to those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, methyl esters of the fatty acids are obtained by treatment of the triacylglycerol concentrated product at room temperature for 1 to 24 hours using from 5% to 10% anhydrous methanol-hydrochloric acid, from 10% to 50% BF3-methanol, or the like. The ethyl esters of the fatty acids are obtained by treatment of the oil for 15 to 60 minutes at 25° C. to 100° C. using from 1% to 20% sulfuric acid ethanol or the like. The methyl esters or ethyl esters may be extracted from the reaction liquid using an organic solvent such as hexane, diethylether, or ethyl acetate. The extracted liquid is dried using anhydrous sodium sulfate or the like, and then the organic solvent is removed by distillation to obtain a composition mainly composed of fatty acid alkyl esters. The first to third production methods for a microbial oil respectively comprise first to third rectification processes of performing rectification on the starting oil obtained in the starting oil supply process under specific conditions. By performing the first to third rectification processes, a specific target microbial oil such as a desired microbial oil containing a target LC-PUFA, for example, may be efficiently obtained with the production method for a microbial oil according to the present invention. In the first rectification process in the first production method for a microbial oil, purification is performed on the starting oil by rectification under conditions including a column bottom temperature of from 160° C. to 230° C. and a minimum pressure in the distillation column of from 0.1 Pa to 30 Pa. By performing purification by rectification at a column temperature and a minimum pressure in the distillation column within these ranges, a specific desired unsaturated fatty acid such as a target LC-PUFA may be precisely and efficiently obtained. Rectification is a technique known to those of ordinary skill in the art, wherein a portion of vapor generated under heating conditions is returned to the distillation column as a reflux, and components are separated with precision using the gas-liquid equilibrium between the vapor rising inside the column and the liquid sample. The column bottom temperature refers to the temperature of the sample at the base inside the distillation column. In a case in which the column bottom temperature is less than 160° C., it is not possible to sufficiently separate fatty acids other than the target fatty acids, such as fatty acids other than the target LC-PUFA such as unsaturated fatty acids having 18 carbon atoms, for example. On the other hand, in a case in which the column bottom temperature exceeds 230° C., the content of thermally-produced fatty acids or the like becomes high, even in the case of rectification, and it tends to be impossible to efficiently obtain a microbial oil containing the target LC-PUFA with a high content. The column bottom temperature is preferably from 160° C. to 210° C. and more preferably from 160° C. to 200° C. from the perspective of separation efficiency. The temperature at the top of the column is not particularly limited and may be, for example, from 80° C. to 160° C. and more preferably from 90° C. to 140° C. The minimum pressure in the distillation column typically corresponds to the pressure at the top of the distillation column. In the case of a typical distillation column provided with a condenser and a vacuum pump at the top of the column, the pressure from the condenser to the vacuum pump at the top of the column at which the rising vapor, that is, the distillate, is liquefied indicates the minimum pressure in the distillation column. In a case in which the minimum pressure in the distillation column is higher than 30 Pa, the column bottom temperature increases to generate the vapor required for rectification, and as a result, the content of thermally-produced fatty acids tends to become high. Alternatively, a pressure loss occurs due to piping or packing ordinarily contained in the distillation column, so the minimum pressure in the distillation column may be set to 0.1 Pa or lower. The minimum pressure in the distillation column is more preferably from 0.1 Pa to 20 Pa from the perspective of suppressing the generation of thermally-produced fatty acids. In the second rectification process in the second production method for a microbial oil, rectification is performed on the starting oil using a distillation column containing structured packing under conditions including a column bottom temperature of from 160° C. to 230° C. and a minimum pressure in the distillation column of from 0.1 Pa to 30 Pa. In the second rectification process, gas-liquid exchange may be achieved with very little pressure loss since rectification is performed using a distillation column containing structured packing. As a result, rectification may be performed relatively gently even under conditions including the same column bottom temperature and minimum pressure in the distillation column. Due to such relatively gentle rectification, the heating conditions for the starting oil may be mitigated, which makes it possible to effectively suppress the generation of thermally-produced fatty acids and to more efficiently obtain a microbial oil containing the target LC-PUFA at a high content. Structured packing is packing known in this industry to be applied to distillation, and the packing is formed from a plurality of layers related to one another by a regularly repeating geometrical relationship. The material of the structured packing is not particularly limited as long as it is provided with a unique repeating shape, and the material may be a metal such as stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, copper, Hastelloy, or Monel; a resin such as polypropylene; a ceramic; or a carbon such as carbon steel or carbon fiber, or the like. The material of the structured packing may be selected appropriately in accordance with the heating conditions and pressure conditions of distillation. From the perspective of effectively suppressing the generation of thermally-produced fatty acids and more efficiently obtaining a microbial oil containing the target LC-PUFA at a high content, the specific surface area per unit of the structured packing is preferably from 125 m2/m3to 1700 m2/m3, more preferably from 125 m2/m3to 900 m2/m3, and even more preferably from 200 m2/m3to 800 m2/m3. Examples of preferable structured packings include the following: Mellapak, Mellapak Plus, plastic Mellapak, Mellagrid, BX/CY packing, BX Plus, plastic BX (Gauze packing), Mellacarbon, DX/EX packing, Melladur, Sulzer Lab Packing EX, Nutter grid, and Kuehne Rombopak, from Sulzer Chemtech. The column bottom temperature in the second rectification process refers to the temperature at the base inside the distillation column. In the case in which the column bottom temperature is less than 160° C., it may not be possible to sufficiently separate fatty acids other than the target LC-PUFA, such as unsaturated fatty acids having 18 carbon atoms. On the other hand, in the case in which the column bottom temperature exceeds 230° C., the content of thermally-produced fatty acids or the like becomes high, even in the case of rectification, and it may not be possible to efficiently obtain a microbial oil containing the target LC-PUFA at a high content. The column bottom temperature is preferably from 160° C. to 210° C. and more preferably from 160° C. to 200° C. from the perspective of separation efficiency. The temperature at the top of the column in the second rectification process is not particularly limited and may be, for example, from 80° C. to 160° C. and more preferably from 90° C. to 140° C. The minimum pressure in the distillation column in the second rectification process typically corresponds to the pressure at the top of the distillation column. In the case of a typical distillation column provided with a condenser and a vacuum pump at the top of the column, the pressure from the condenser to the vacuum pump at the top of the column at which the rising vapor, that is, distillate, is liquefied indicates the minimum pressure in the distillation column. In a case in which the minimum pressure in the distillation column is higher than 30 Pa, the column bottom temperature increases to generate the vapor required for rectification, and as a result, the content of thermally-produced fatty acids tends to become high. Alternatively, a pressure loss occurs due to piping or packing ordinarily contained in the distillation column, so the minimum pressure in the distillation column may be set to 0.1 Pa or lower. The minimum pressure in the distillation column is more preferably from 0.1 Pa to 20 Pa from the perspective of suppressing the generation of thermally-produced fatty acids. In the third rectification process of the third production method for a microbial oil, rectification is performed on the starting oil using a distillation column containing structured packing under conditions including a column bottom temperature and a minimum pressure in the distillation column corresponding to the kind of the target polyunsaturated fatty acid, wherein a microbial oil containing thermally-produced fatty acid with a content of at most 3.0% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil may be obtained. The column bottom temperature and the minimum pressure in the distillation column corresponding to the kind of the target LC-PUFA in the third rectification satisfy the conditions under which a microbial oil containing thermally-produced fatty acids with a content of at most 3.0% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil may be obtained. The column bottom temperature and the minimum pressure in the distillation column corresponding to the kind of the target LC-PUFA may be optimized based on the content of thermally-produced fatty acids and may be appropriately set by the person of ordinary skill in the art based on the type, size, shape and the like of the distillation column used, the type, packing height and the like of the structured packing contained in the distillation column, and other conditions. From the perspective of the purification efficiency of the target LC-PUFA and the suppression of the generation of thermally-produced fatty acids, the third rectification process is preferably performed at a column bottom temperature of from 160° C. to 230° C. and a minimum pressure in the distillation column of from 0.1 Pa to 30 Pa. The column bottom temperature in the third rectification process is more preferably from 160° C. to 210° C. and even more preferably from 160° C. to 200° C. The minimum pressure in the distillation column in the third rectification process is more preferably from 0.1 Pa to 20 Pa from the perspective of suppressing the generation of thermally-produced fatty acids. The minimum pressure in the distillation column in the third rectification typically corresponds to the pressure at the top of the distillation column. In the case of a typical distillation column provided with a condenser and a vacuum pump at the top of the column, the pressure from the condenser to the vacuum pump at the top of the column at which the rising vapor, that is, distillate, is liquefied indicates the minimum pressure in the distillation column. The temperature at the top of the column is not particularly limited and may be, for example, from 80° C. to 160° C. and more preferably from 90° C. to 140° C. Alternatively, the conditions of rectification in the first to third rectification processes may not limited to the conditions described above. For example, in a case in which rectification is used, the rectification process is preferably carried out by distillation under a reduced pressure at the upper part of the distillation column of less than or equal to 10 mmHg (1,333 Pa), and temperature of the column bottom in the range of 165° C. to 210° C., preferably 170° C. to 195° C., from the perspective of suppressing the denaturation of the oil by heating and increasing rectification efficiency. The pressure of the upper part of the distillation column is preferably as low as possible, and more preferably less than or equal to 0.1 mmHg (13.33 Pa). No particular limitation is placed on the temperature at the upper part of the column, and for example, this temperature may be set to less than or equal to 160° C. Alternatively, any of the first to third rectification processes may comprise a plurality of cycles of rectification under mutually differing conditions for the column bottom temperature and the minimum pressure in the distillation column. This makes it possible to effectively separate different separation target fatty acids in each rectification. An example of mutually differing conditions for the column bottom temperature and the minimum pressure in the distillation column is a combination of two or more stages of rectification at different column bottom temperatures. For example, the first to third rectification processes may comprise a low-temperature rectification process at a column bottom temperature of from 160° C. to 220° C. and a minimum pressure of from 0.1 Pa to 30 Pa in the distillation column and high-temperature rectification process at a column bottom temperature of from 170° C. to 230° C. and a minimum pressure of from 0.1 Pa to 30 Pa in the distillation column as a combination of rectification processes with mutually differing column bottom temperatures and minimum pressures in the distillation column. By performing a low-temperature rectification process, fatty acid components with a comparatively smaller molecular weight than the target LC-PUFA, for example, fatty acid components having 18 carbon atoms, may be removed as an initial distillation and a microbial oil containing the target LC-PUFA may be obtained as a residue. The column bottom temperature in the low-temperature rectification process is preferably from 160° C. to 200° C. and more preferably from 160° C. to 190° C. By performing a high-temperature rectification process, the content of at least either saturated fatty acid having 22 carbon atoms or saturated fatty acid having 24 carbon atoms, which may cause pipe clogging, may be reduced and pipe clogging may be suppressed on performing purification by reverse phase column chromatography. As a result, a microbial oil containing the target LC-PUFA at a high content may be efficiently obtained. The content of the residual saturated fatty acid having 22 or 24 carbon atoms in the high-temperature rectification process increases to a greater degree than in the low-temperature rectification process. The column bottom temperature in the high-temperature rectification process is preferably from 170° C. to 210° C. from the perspective of removing saturated fatty acid having 22 or 24 carbon atoms having an increased content and suppressing the formation of thermally-produced fatty acid. With regard to the temperature difference between the column bottom temperature in the low-temperature rectification process and that of the high-temperature rectification process, the column bottom temperature in the high-temperature rectification process is preferably from 3° C. to 20° C. higher and more preferably from 3° C. to 10° C. higher than the column bottom temperature in the low-temperature rectification process from the perspectives of the suppression of the thermally-produced fatty acid and the necessity to generate vapor from a residue having a high content of saturated fatty acids having 22 carbon atoms and 24 carbon atoms in the high-temperature rectification process. In both the low-temperature rectification process and the high-temperature rectification process, the minimum pressure in the distillation column is more preferably from 0.1 Pa to 20 Pa and even more preferably from 0.1 Pa to 10 Pa from the perspective of suppressing the production of thermally-produced fatty acid. No particular limitation is placed on the temperature at the upper part of the column, for example, this temperature may be set to less than or equal to 160° C. An appropriate heating time can be set by the person of ordinary skill in the art based on the descriptions of the working examples in this specification in accordance with the charged amount of the starting material composition for distillation. Either the low-temperature rectification process or the high-temperature rectification process may be performed first. For example, by performing the high-temperature rectification process after the low-temperature rectification process, fatty acid components with a comparatively larger molecular weight than the target LC-PUFA may be removed as a residue, and a microbial oil from which both fatty acid components with a comparatively smaller molecular weight than the target LC-PUFA and fatty acid components with a comparatively larger molecular weight than the target LC-PUFA have been removed as distillates may be obtained. In the microbial recovery process in the second and third rectification processes, a microbial oil containing the target LC-PUFA at a high content as a distillate obtained by the rectification processes may be recovered. Such a microbial oil is a concentrated microbial oil of the target LC-PUFA and is useful for efficiently obtaining the target LC-PUFA in the free fatty acid form and/or the alkyl ester form using reverse phase column chromatography. (3) Concentrated Microbial Oil In the concentrated microbial oil of an aspect of the present invention, the content of the target LC-PUFA is from 90% by weight to 98% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil; the content of thermally-produced fatty acid is from 0.0001% by weight to 3.0% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil; the total content of saturated fatty acid having 24 carbon atoms and saturated fatty acid having 22 carbon atoms is at most 1.0% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil; and the content of monounsaturated fatty acid having 18 carbon atoms is at most 5.0% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil. For example, an example of a concentrated microbial oil is one in which the content of DGLA is from 90% by weight to 98% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil; the content of the thermally-produced fatty acid is from 0.0001% by weight to 3.0% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil; the total content of saturated fatty acid having 24 carbon atoms and saturated fatty acid having 22 carbon atoms is at most 1.0% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil; and the content of monounsaturated fatty acid having 18 carbon atoms is at most 5.0% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil. In the concentrated microbial oil, the content of the target LC-PUFA is preferably from 90% by weight to 98% by weight, from 95% by weight to 98% by weight, from 96% by weight to 98% by weight, or from 97% by weight to 98% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil; the content of thermally-produced fatty acid is preferably from 0.01% by weight to 3.0% by weight, from 0.1% by weight to 3.0% by weight, from 0.1% by weight to 2.8% by weight, from 0.1% by weight to 2.5% by weight, from 0.1% by weight to 2.0% by weight, from 0.1% by weight to 1.5% by weight, from 0.1% by weight to 1.0% by weight, or from 0.1% by weight to 0.7% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil; the total content of saturated fatty acid having 24 carbon atoms and saturated fatty acid having 22 carbon atoms is preferably at most 1.0% by weight, at most 0.2% by weight, or 0% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil; and the content of monounsaturated fatty acid having 18 carbon atoms is preferably at most 5.0% by weight, at most 2.0% by weight, or 0% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil. Alternatively, in another preferred concentrated microbial oil, the content of DGLA is preferably from 90% by weight to 98% by weight, from 95% by weight to 98% by weight, from 96% by weight to 98% by weight, or from 97% by weight to 98% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil; the content of the thermally-produced fatty acid is preferably from 0.1% by weight to 3.0% by weight, from 0.1% by weight to 2.8% by weight, from 0.1% by weight to 2.5% by weight, from 0.1% by weight to 2.0% by weight, from 0.1% by weight to 1.5% by weight, from 0.1% by weight to 1.0% by weight, or from 0.1% by weight to 0.7% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil; the total content of saturated fatty acid having 24 carbon atoms and saturated fatty acid having 22 carbon atoms is preferably at most 1.0% by weight, at most 0.2% by weight, or 0% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil; and the content of monounsaturated fatty acid having 18 carbon atoms is preferably at most 5.0% by weight, at most 2.0% by weight, or 0% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil. In another preferred concentrated microbial oil, the content of eicosadienoic acid, Mead acid, eicosatetraenoic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosatetraenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, or docosahexaenoic acid is preferably from 90% by weight to 98% by weight, from 95% by weight to 98% by weight, from 96% by weight to 98% by weight, or from 97% by weight to 98% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil; the content of thermally-produced fatty acid is preferably from 0.1% by weight to 3.0% by weight, from 0.1% by weight to 2.8% by weight, from 0.1% by weight to 2.5% by weight, from 0.1% by weight to 2.0% by weight, from 0.1% by weight to 1.5% by weight, from 0.1% by weight to 1.0% by weight, or from 0.1% by weight to 0.7% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil; the total content of saturated fatty acid having 24 carbon atoms and saturated fatty acid having 22 carbon atoms is preferably at most 1.0% by weight, at most 0.2% by weight, or 0% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil; and the content of monounsaturated fatty acid having 18 carbon atoms (C18:1) is preferably at most 5.0% by weight, at most 2.0% by weight, or 0% by weight of the total weight of fatty acids in the oil. These concentrated microbial oils contain the target LC-PUFA such as eicosadienoic acid, DGLA, Mead acid, eicosatetraenoic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosatetraenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, or docosahexaenoic acid for example, at high content and are therefore extremely useful for applications in which the target LC-PUFA such as DGLA is required at a high content and with good productivity. (4) Production Method for a Concentrated Microbial Oil The production method for a concentrated microbial oil according to one aspect of the present invention comprises: obtaining a microbial oil containing a target LC-PUFA by one of the production methods described above; and performing concentration treatment on the obtained microbial oil using reverse phase column chromatography. In a microbial oil obtained by the production methods for a microbial oil according to any one of the aspects of the present invention described above, the content of the target LC-PUFA is high, and the content of fatty acids that are difficult to separate from the target LC-PUFA by reverse phase column chromatography is low, so the target LC-PUFA may be obtained efficiently and with a high content. The reverse phase column chromatography used in concentration treatment may be a type of reverse phase column chromatography that is known in this industry, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a substrate modified by octadecylsilyl groups (ODS) as stationary phase is particularly preferable. An example of a reverse phase distribution column is a YMC pack ODS-AQ-HG column (YMC Co., Ltd.). Examples of the HPLC conditions applied to concentration treatment are as follows.Column: YMC pack ODS-AQ-HG 20 mm φ×500 mm (YMC Co., Ltd.)Pump: 1200 Series G1361A Prep Pump (Agilent Technologies)Column temperature: around 21° C.Mobile phase: 17.5 mL/min of methanolSample conditions: load: 2.4 g, that is, the starting material load ratio is 3% by weight with respect to an adsorbent. By using a microbial oil of the aforementioned aspects of the present invention, the recovery rate of the target LC-PUFA in reverse phase column chromatography may be preferably at least 50%, more preferably at least 80%, and even more preferably at least 90%. The microbial oils and concentrated microbial oils according to the aspects of the present invention and the microbial oils and concentrated microbial oils obtained by the production methods of the aspects of the present invention contain or may contain the target LC-PUFA at a high content, and do not comprise components that may be mixed into the oils as a result of using separation means other than rectification. Examples of components that may be mixed into the oils as a result of using separation means other than rectification include metals such as silver, large quantities of urea, and the like. Therefore, microbial oils and concentrated microbial oils according to the aspects of the present invention are extremely useful for applications in which the target LC-PUFA such as DGLA is required at a high content and with good productivity. Examples of such applications include usage in food products, supplements, medicaments, cosmetics, animal foods, and the like and usage in the production methods thereof. In particular, such applications include medicaments containing microbial oils and concentrated microbial oils containing target LC-PUFA as active components. For example, in the case of DGLA, applications targeting the functionality of DGLA are particularly preferred, and such applications are exemplified by anti-inflammatory applications, anti-allergy applications, and the like. (5) Agent for Preventing or Treating Inflammatory Disease A microbial oil or a concentrated microbial oil according to the aspects of the present invention contains the target LC-PUFA such as DGLA as an active component based on the functionality of the target LC-PUFA such as DGLA, and may therefore be comprised in an agent for preventing or treating an inflammatory disease. That is, the agent for preventing or treating inflammatory disease according to an aspect of the present invention comprises the microbial oil or concentrated microbial oil of another aspect of the present invention as an active component. The agent for preventing or treating inflammatory disease may be for example an anti-inflammatory agent, an anti-allergic agent, or the like. Specifically, inflammatory disease includes skin inflammation. Skin inflammation may be at least one selected from the group consisting of rashes, hives, blisters, wheals and eczema, or may be caused by at least one selected from the group consisting of exposure to radiation, autoimmune diseases and uremic pruritus. In particular the skin inflammation may be skin inflammation associated with or caused by atopic eczema, contact dermatitis, psoriasis or uremic pruritus. The term eczema is applied to a wide range of skin conditions with a variety of aetiologies. In general, eczema is characterized by inflammation of the epidermis. Common symptoms associated with eczema include dryness, recurring skin rashes, redness, skin edema (swelling), itching, crusting, flaking, blistering, cracking, oozing, and bleeding. Eczema includes atopic eczema (atopic dermatitis), contact dermatitis, xerotic eczema, seborrhoeic dermatitis, dyshydrosis, discoid eczema, venous eczema, dermatitis herpetiformus, neurodermatitis and autoeczematisation. Eczema is typically atopic eczema or contact dermatitis. Atopic eczema is primarily aggravated by contact with or intake of allergens, which include animal hair and dander, food allergens, for example nuts or shellfish, and drugs, for example penicillin. Contact dermatitis includes allergic contact dermatitis, irritant contact dermatitis and photocontact dermatitis. Photocontact dermatitis includes phototoxic contact dermatitis and photoallergic contact dermatitis. The skin inflammation may be skin inflammation caused by exposure of the skin to electromagnetic radiation. This includes, for example, exposure to sunlight, heat, X-rays or radioactive materials. Thus, the medicament may be used to treat sunburn. Electromagnetic radiation includes radio waves, microwaves, terahertz radiation, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays and gamma rays. Electromagnetic radiation is preferably infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays and gamma rays, more preferably ultraviolet radiation, X-rays and gamma rays. Autoimmune diseases may involve an autoimmune response against the skin. Examples of such autoimmune diseases are lupus and psoriasis. Uremic pruritus is a disorder of the skin associated with chronic renal failure. It also frequently affects patients undergoing dialysis treatment. Optionally the microbial oil or the concentrated microbial oil according to the other aspect of the invention is used co-administered with a corticosteroid or other therapeutic agent for any of the above medical uses. In other aspects of the invention, the inflammatory disease may be at least one of the group consisting of atopic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), irritant contact dermatitis (ICD), photocontact dermatitis, systemic contact dermatitis, rheumatism, psoriasis, lupus. The agent for preventing or treating an inflammatory disease may be administered to a subject suffering from, or at risk of suffering from, an inflammatory disease. An administering form, the agent may be administered by orally or topically. The agent for treating an inflammatory disease is a medicament which is to suppress or relieve one or more symptoms when the symptom(s) is/are found due to inflammatory disease. On the other hand, the agent for prevention of inflammatory disease is a medicament to suppress, by pre-administration, an occurrence of one or more symptoms which may be predicted or anticipated due to inflammatory disease. However, the terms “agent for treating an inflammatory disease” and “agent for preventing an inflammatory disease” should be understood taking into account multiple or general aspects such as the timing of use or the symptom(s) on use, and should not be restrictively applied. Another aspect of the present invention provides a method for prevention, treatment or amelioration of an inflammatory disease, the method comprising: administering the agent for preventing or treating an inflammatory disease described herein to a subject suffering from, or at risk of suffering from, the inflammatory disease. As an administering form, the agent may be administered orally or topically. The microbial oil of the present invention may contain each component at a content based on the area % thereof in accordance with column chromatography analysis. That is, each aspect of the present invention further provides the following microbial oil, a production method for a microbial oil, a concentrated microbial oil, and a production method for a concentrated microbial oil.<1> A microbial oil containing:at least one polyunsaturated fatty acid having at least 20 carbon atoms in fatty acid alkyl ester form and/or free fatty acid form at a content of at least 50 area % of the total area of fatty acids in the oil as measured by gas chromatography; andthermally-produced fatty acid having from 16 to 22 carbon atoms at a content of at most 3.0 area % of the total area of fatty acids in the oil as measured by gas chromatography.<2> The microbial oil of <1>, wherein the content of the polyunsaturated fatty acid is from 80 area % to 98 area % of the total area of fatty acids in the oil as measured by gas chromatography.<3> The microbial oil of <1> or <2>, wherein the content of thermally-produced fatty acid is from 0.0001 area % to 3.0 area % of the total area of fatty acids in the oil as measured by gas chromatography.<4> The microbial oil of any one of <1> to <3>, wherein a total content of saturated fatty acid having 22 carbon atoms and saturated fatty acid having 24 carbon atoms is at most 6.0 area % of the total area of fatty acids in the oil as measured by gas chromatography.<5> The microbial oil of any one of <1> to <4>, wherein a total content of saturated fatty acid having 22 carbon atoms and saturated fatty acid having 24 carbon atoms is at most 10/100 of the content of the polyunsaturated fatty acid.<6> The microbial oil of any one of <1> to <5>, wherein a content of saturated fatty acid having 24 carbon atoms is at most 3.0 area % of the total area of fatty acids in the oil as measured by gas chromatography.<7> The microbial oil of any one of <1> to <6>, wherein a the content of saturated fatty acid having 24 carbon atoms is at most 4/100 of the content of the polyunsaturated fatty acid.<8> The microbial oil of any one of <1> to <7>, wherein the microbial oil has a content of other saturated fatty acid, having a partition number from 2 less than up to 2 greater than that of said polyunsaturated fatty acid and a number of carbon atoms different from the number of carbon atoms of said polyunsaturated fatty acid, of at most 10.0 area % of the total area of fatty acids in the oil as measured by gas chromatography, wherein the partition number used is an index related to separation in liquid chromatography and is determined from the number of carbon atoms and the number of double bonds of a fatty acid.<9> The microbial oil of <8>, wherein a content of the other saturated or unsaturated fatty acids is at most 15/100 of the content of the polyunsaturated fatty acid.<10> The microbial oil of anyone of <1> to <9>, wherein the polyunsaturated fatty acid is at least one selected from the group consisting of eicosadienoic acid, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, Mead acid, eicosatetraenoic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosatetraenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid.<11> The microbial oil of any one of <8> to <10>, wherein the other saturated or unsaturated fatty acid comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of saturated fatty acids having 18 carbon atoms, monounsaturated fatty acids having 18 carbon atoms, diunsaturated fatty acids having 18 carbon atoms, triunsaturated fatty acids having 18 carbon atoms, and tetraunsaturated fatty acids having 18 carbon atoms.<12> The microbial oil of any one of <1> to <11>, wherein the polyunsaturated fatty acid is dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, and the thermally-produced fatty acid is thermally-produced fatty acid having 20 carbon atoms.<13> The microbial oil of <12>, wherein the thermally-produced fatty acid comprises at least one of a first substance having a retention time with a peak appearing within a range of from 1.001 to 1.011 and a second substance having a retention time with a peak appearing within a range of from 1.013 to 1.027 in gas chromatography analysis performed under the following conditions on an ethyl ester of the thermally-produced fatty acid, where the retention time of ethyl dihomo-γ-linolenate is defined as 1:Device: 6890N Network GC system (Agilent Technologies)Column: DB-WAX, length 30 m×inside diameter 0.25 mm×film thickness 0.25 μm (Agilent Technologies)Column temperature conditions: 2.5 minutes at 60° C.→heated at 20° C./min→180° C.→heating at 2° C./min→15 minutes at 230° C.Inlet temperature conditions: 210° C., splitless, split vent sampling time 1.5 min, purge flow rate 40 mL/minInjection conditions: injection volume 1 μL, sample concentration 1 mg/mL or lessDetector: FIDDetector temperature: 280° C.Carrier gas conditions: helium, linear velocity 24 cm/min.<14> The microbial oil of <13>, wherein the polyunsaturated fatty acid is dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, and the total content of the first substance and the second substance is from 0.001 area % to 2.8 area % of the total area of fatty acids in the oil as measured by gas chromatography.<15> The microbial oil of any one of <10> to <14>, wherein the content of monounsaturated fatty acids having 18 carbon atoms is at most 7.0 area % of the total area of fatty acids in the oil as measured by gas chromatography.<16> The microbial oil of any one of <10> to <15>, wherein the content of monounsaturated fatty acid having 18 carbon atoms is at most 10/100 of the content of the polyunsaturated fatty acid.<17> The microbial oil of any one of <10> to <16>, wherein the content of diunsaturated fatty acid having 18 carbon atoms is at most 7/100 of the content of the polyunsaturated fatty acid.<18> The microbial oil of any one of <10> to <17>, wherein the total content of monounsaturated fatty acid having 18 carbon atoms and diunsaturated fatty acids having 18 carbon atoms is at most 15/100 of the content of the polyunsaturated fatty acid.<19> The microbial oil of any one of <10> to <18>, wherein the content of saturated fatty acid having 18 carbon atoms is at most 11/100 of the content of the polyunsaturated fatty acid.<20> A production method for microbial oil comprising:providing a starting oil containing at least one polyunsaturated fatty acid having at least 20 carbon atoms in alkyl ester form and/or in free fatty acid form, obtained from microbial biomass; andperforming a purification on the starting oil by rectification under conditions including a column bottom temperature of from 160° C. to 230° C. and a minimum pressure in the distillation column of from 0.1 Pa to 30 Pa.<21> A production method for microbial oil comprising:providing a starting oil containing at least one polyunsaturated fatty acid having at least 20 carbon atoms in alkyl ester form and/or in free fatty acid form, obtained from microbial biomass;performing a rectification on the starting oil by rectification using a distillation column containing structured packing under conditions including a column bottom temperature of from 160° C. to 230° C. and a minimum pressure in the distillation column of from 0.1 Pa to 30 Pa; andobtaining a microbial oil of any one of <1> to <19>.<22> A production method for microbial oil comprising:providing a starting oil containing at least one polyunsaturated fatty acid having at least 20 carbon atoms in alkyl ester form and/or in free fatty acid form, obtained from microbial biomass;performing rectification on the starting oil using a distillation column containing structured packing under conditions including a column bottom temperature and a minimum pressure in the distillation column corresponding to the kind of the target polyunsaturated fatty acid, wherein microbial oil containing thermally-produced fatty acid having from 16 to 22 carbon atoms at a content of at most 3.0 area % of the total area of fatty acids in the oil as measured by gas chromatography may be obtained; andobtaining a microbial oil of any one of <1> to <19>.<23> The production method of <22>, wherein the rectification is performed at a column bottom temperature of from 160° C. to 230° C. and a minimum pressure in the distillation column of from 0.1 Pa to 30 Pa.<24> The production method of any one of <20> to <23>, wherein the rectification comprises a plurality of cycles of rectification under mutually differing conditions for the column bottom temperature and column top pressure.<25> The production method of <24>, wherein the rectification comprises low-temperature rectification at a column bottom temperature of from 160° C. to 220° C. and a minimum pressure in the distillation column of from 0.1 Pa to 30 Pa; and high-temperature rectification at a column bottom temperature of from 170° C. to 230° C. and a minimum pressure in the distillation column of from 0.1 Pa to 30 Pa.<26> The production method of <25>, wherein the column bottom temperature in the high-temperature rectification is from 3° C. to 20° C. higher than the column bottom temperature of the low-temperature rectification.<27> The production method of any one of <21> to <26>, wherein the specific surface area per unit of the structured packing is from 125 m2/m3to 1700 m2/m3.<28> A concentrated microbial oil, the oil having:a content of polyunsaturated fatty acid having at least 20 carbon atoms in fatty acid alkyl ester form and/or in free fatty acid form of from 90 area % to 98 area % of the total area of fatty acids in the oil as measured by gas chromatography;a content of thermally-produced fatty acid having from 16 to 22 carbon atoms of from 0.0001 area % to 3.0 area % of the total area of fatty acids in the oil as measured by gas chromatography;a total content of saturated fatty acid having 24 carbon atoms and saturated fatty acid having 22 carbon atoms of at most 1.0 area % of the total area of fatty acids in the oil as measured by gas chromatography; anda content of monounsaturated fatty acid having 18 carbon atoms of at most 5.0 area % of the total area of fatty acids in the oil as measured by gas chromatography.<29> A concentrated microbial oil, the oil having:a content of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid in fatty acid alkyl ester form and/or in free fatty acid form of from 90 area % to 98 area % of the total area of fatty acids in the oil as measured by gas chromatography,a content of thermally-produced fatty acid having from 16 to 22 carbon atoms of from 0.0001 area % to 3.0 area % of the total area of fatty acids in the oil as measured by gas chromatography;a total content of saturated fatty acid having 24 carbon atoms and saturated fatty acid having 22 carbon atoms of at most 1.0 area % of the total area of fatty acids in the oil as measured by gas chromatography; anda content of monounsaturated fatty acids having 18 carbon atoms of at most 5.0 area % of the total area of fatty acids in the oil as measured by gas chromatography.<30> A production method for a concentrated microbial oil comprising:obtaining a microbial oil containing at least one target polyunsaturated fatty acid having at least 20 carbon atoms in fatty acid alkyl ester form and/or in free fatty acid form, using a production method of any one of <20> to <27>; andperforming concentration treatment on the obtained microbial oil using reverse phase column chromatography.<31> Use of a microbial oil of anyone of <1> to <19> or a concentrated microbial oil of <28> or <29> in a food product, supplement, medicament, cosmetic, or animal food.<32> The use of a microbial oil of any one of <1> to <19> or a concentrated microbial oil of <28> or <29> in a production method for a food product, supplement, medicament, cosmetic, or animal food.<33> A medicament containing a microbial oil of any one of <1> to <19> or a concentrated microbial oil of <28> or <29>.<34> An agent for preventing or treating inflammatory disease comprising a microbial oil of any one of <1> to <19> or a concentrated microbial oil of <28> or <29>.<35> The agent for preventing or treating inflammatory disease of <34>, wherein the agent is an anti-allergic agent or an anti-inflammatory agent.<36> The agent for preventing or treating inflammatory disease of <34> or <35>, wherein the inflammatory disease is at least one skin inflammatory disease selected from the group consisting of rashes, hives, blisters, wheal, and eczema, or skin inflammatory disease caused by at least one selected from the group consisting of exposure to radiation, autoimmune disease, and uremic pruritus.<37> The agent for preventing or treating inflammatory disease of <34> or <35>, wherein the skin inflammatory disease is at least one selected from the group consisting of atopic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, irritant contact dermatitis, photocontact dermatitis, systemic contact dermatitis, rheumatism, psoriasis, and lupus.<38> A method for prevention, treatment, or amelioration of inflammatory disease, the method comprising:administering the agent for preventing or treating inflammatory disease of any one of <34> to <37> to a subject suffering from, or at risk of suffering from an inflammatory disease.<39> A method for prevention, treatment or amelioration of an inflammatory disease of<38>, wherein the administration is by oral administration or local administration.<40> A microbial oil obtained by a production method of any one of <20> to <27>.<41> A concentrated microbial oil obtained by a production method of <30>. As described above, in the present invention, the contents of each component of the microbial oils and the concentrated microbial oils are the same when represented in terms of area % based on measurements by gas chromatography and when represented in terms of % by weight. Therefore, descriptions related to the contents of each component of the microbial oils and the concentrated microbial oils represented in terms of area % based on measurements by gas chromatography are established by directly replacing each of the numerical values represented in terms of % by weight with numerical values represented in terms of area %, and this applies throughout the entire text. In addition, in this specification, the features of each invention described in embodiments related to each aspect of the invention may be combined as desired to form new embodiments, and it is to be understood that such new embodiments may be included in each of the aspects of the present invention. EXAMPLES The present invention is described below in detail using working examples. However, the present invention is not limited in any manner by these working examples. Unless specified otherwise, “%” is indicated on a mass basis. In the working examples and the comparative examples of the following sections, the target LC-PUFA is DGLA in ethyl ester form, but the present invention is not limited to this case, and DGLA in free fatty acid form may be used as the target LC-PUFA, or another fatty acid in alkyl ester form or free fatty acid form may be used as the target LC-PUFA. Experience shows that the ethyl esterification rate of the alkyl esterification method used in the working examples and the comparative examples of the following sections is from 95% to 100%. Therefore, in the example section, it was presumed that most of the saturated and unsaturated fatty acids contained in the obtained starting material ethyl ester were in the fatty acid ethyl ester form. Consequently, in the following comparative examples and working examples, the saturated and unsaturated fatty acids contained in the microbial oils are all described as saturated or unsaturated fatty acids in ethyl ester form. In addition, hereafter, DGLA ethyl ester is simply expressed as “DGLA”; monounsaturated fatty acid ethyl ester having 18 carbon atoms is simply expressed as “C18:1”; diunsaturated fatty acid ethyl ester having 18 carbon atoms is simply expressed as “C18:2”; saturated fatty acid ethyl ester having 22 carbon atoms is simply expressed as “C22:0”, and saturated fatty acid ethyl ester having 24 carbon atoms is simply expressed as “C24:0”. Comparative Example 1 A starting material ethyl ester 1 was prepared by performing ethyl esterification on a microbial oil 1 derived from a microbe of the genusMortierellacontaining 37.2% by weight DGLA in the fatty acid composition with an alkaline catalyst in accordance with a conventional method. That is, 14 g of a 20% by weight sodium ethoxide-ethanol solution and 40 mL of ethanol were added to 120 g of the microbial oil 1 and the reaction liquid obtained was refluxed while heating in an oil bath for 2 hours. Next, the reaction liquid was air-cooled to a temperature of 40° C. or lower and then transferred to a separatory funnel. 400 mL of hexane was added to the reaction liquid transferred to the separatory funnel, and then purified water was added to wash by water. This water washing was repeated. After the washing water obtained after washing became neutral, washing with saturated saline was carried out once and the hexane layer was then recovered. Anhydrous sodium sulfate was added to the recovered hexane layer to dehydrate. The solvent was then removed by an evaporator and by vacuuming so as to obtain a starting material ethyl ester 1. In the starting material ethyl ester 1 the DGLA content, that is the content of DGLA with respect to the obtained starting material ethyl ester, was 37.2% by weight. The weight ratio of C18:1 with respect to DGLA, that is, C18:1/DGLA, was 23.5/100. The weight ratio of C18:2, that is, C18:2/DGLA, was 17.8/100. The starting material ethyl ester 1 was used in HPLC under the following conditions without performing distillation treatment so as to fractionate a DGLA eluted fraction. In HPLC, the eluate was fractionated from the time that treatment was initiated by feeding the starting material ethyl ester 1 into the device until all fatty acids contained in the starting material ethyl ester 1 were completely eluted. One mL of each of the obtained fractions was collected exactly, and the solvent was then removed by an evaporator. The fraction remaining after the solvent was removed was dissolved in exactly 1 mL of methyl tricosanoate, that is, a 1.0 mg/mL hexane solution of C23:0 methyl ester, as an internal standard and was used as a measurement sample in gas chromatography (GC) under the conditions described below. The amounts of fatty acids contained in the measurement sample and the fatty acid composition were determined from each of the fatty acid peak areas obtained in GC based on the following formula (II), and the DGLA content, that is, the content of DGLA with respect to the obtained fraction, and the recovery rate were further calculated. The recovery rate of DGLA was calculated by calculating the ratio of the total amount of DGLA in the recovered fraction with respect to the total amount of DGLA in all of the fractions in the fractionated HPLC eluate. The recovery rate was calculated with the same method below. Amount⁢⁢of⁢⁢fatty⁢⁢acids⁢⁢contained⁢⁢in⁢⁢the⁢⁢fraction⁢[mg]=(peak⁢⁢area⁢⁢of⁢⁢each⁢⁢fatty⁢⁢acid×fraction⁢⁢volume⁢[mL])⁢/⁢(peak⁢⁢area⁢⁢of⁢⁢the⁢⁢C⁢⁢23⁢:⁢0⁢⁢methyl⁢⁢ester)×added⁢⁢amount⁢⁢of⁢⁢the⁢⁢internal⁢⁢standard⁢⁢(1.0⁢⁢mg)(II) The results are shown in Table 2. As shown in Table 2, the DGLA content was 91.1% by weight, and the DGLA recovery rate was 8.1%. In Table 2, the numerical values in the “microbial oil” section of Comparative Example 1 are the numerical values for the starting material ethyl ester 1. All of the contents and weight ratios in Table 2 express the contents and weight ratios based on the fatty acid compositions. This is the same hereafter. HPLC ConditionsColumn: YMC pack ODS-AQ-HG 20 mm φ×1000 mm (YMC Co., Ltd.). Two columns with a column length of 500 mm were connected in series.Pump: 1200 Series G1361A Prep Pump (Agilent Technologies)Column temperature: 40° C.Mobile phase: 35 mL/min of methanolSample conditions: load 2.4 g, the material load factor is 3% by weight with respect to the packing GC ConditionsDevice: 6890N Network GC system (Agilent Technologies)Column: DB-WAX, length 30 m×inside diameter 0.25 mm×film thickness 0.25 μm (Agilent Technologies)Column temperature conditions: 180° C.→heated at 3° C./min→30 minutes at 230° C.Inlet temperature: 250° C.Detector: FIDDetector temperature: 250° C.Carrier gas conditions: helium, linear velocity 30 cm/minSplit conditions: split ratio=1:30, injection volume 1 μL, sample concentration 9 mg/mL Comparative Example 2 Short-path distillation (SPD) was performed on the starting material ethyl ester 1 used in Comparative Example 1 under the following conditions to remove fatty acid fractions having 18 carbon atoms or fewer. A KDL-5 (UIC GmbH) was used as an SPD device. Under temperature and vacuum conditions with a starting material temperature of 40° C., an evaporation surface inlet heating medium temperature of 100° C., an outlet heating medium temperature of 87° C., an internal condenser temperature of 30° C., and pressure in front of the pump of 0.001 mbar, that is, 0.133 mPa, 160.7 g of the starting material was fed at 300 mL/h, and distillates containing large amounts of C18 or smaller fractions were removed to obtain 65.9 g of a residue. DGLA was contained in the residue in a concentrated state. The obtained residue was used in HPLC under the following conditions to fractionate a DGLA eluted fraction. The DGLA eluted fraction corresponds to a concentrated microbial oil. The amounts of fatty acids contained and the fatty acid composition were found for the obtained fraction after SPD treatment and the DGLA eluted fraction after HPLC treatment using gas chromatography in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1, and the DGLA content, that is, the content of DGLA with respect to the obtained fraction, and the recovery rate were further calculated. The results are shown in Table 2. As shown in Table 2, the DGLA content in the fraction after SPD treatment was 40.9% by weight; the DGLA content of the DGLA eluted fraction was 94.4% by weight; and the DGLA recovery rate was 5.1%. HPLC ConditionsColumn: YMC pack ODS-AQ-HG 20 mm φ×1000 mm (YMC Co., Ltd.). Two columns with a column length of 500 mm were connected in series.Pump: 1200 Series G1361A Prep Pump (Agilent Technologies)Column temperature: 40° C.Mobile phase: 12 mL/min of methanolSample conditions: load 2.4 g, that is, the material load is 1.5% by weight with respect to the packing. Working Example 1 A starting material ethyl ester 2 was prepared by performing ethyl esterification on a microbial oil 2 derived from a microbe of the genusMortierellacontaining 32.8% by weight DGLA in the fatty acid composition with an alkaline catalyst in accordance with a conventional method. That is, 14 g of a 20% by weight sodium ethoxide-ethanol solution and 40 mL of ethanol were added to 120 g of the microbial oil 2, and the reaction liquid obtained was refluxed while heating in an oil bath for 2 hours. Next, the reaction liquid was air-cooled to a temperature of 40° C. or lower and then transferred to a separatory funnel. To the reaction liquid transferred to the separatory funnel, 400 mL of hexane was added and then purified water was added to wash by water. This water washing was repeated. After the washing water obtained after washing became neutral, the washing with saturated saline was carried out one time, and the hexane layer was then recovered. Anhydrous sodium sulfate was added to the recovered hexane layer to dehydrate. The solvent was then removed by an evaporator and by vacuuming so as to obtain a starting material ethyl ester 2. In the starting material ethyl ester 2, the DGLA content, that is, the content of DGLA with respect to the obtained starting material ethyl ester, was 32.8% by weight. The weight ratio of C18:1 with respect to DGLA, that is, C18:1/DGLA, was 26.1/100. The weight ratio of C18:2 with respect to DGLA, that is, C18:2/DGLA, was 17.2/100. The starting material ethyl ester 2 was used as a sample in rectification including the following low-temperature rectification process and high-temperature rectification process. In the low-temperature rectification process, the following rectification was performed on 100 g of the starting material ethyl ester 2. A fractioning column with a vacuum jacket (Kiriyama Glass) was used as a fractioning column, and five Sulzer Lab Packing EX units (Sulzer Chemtech) were used for internal packing. The diameter of the fractioning column with a vacuum jacket was 25 mm, and the size of each Sulzer Lab Packing EX unit was 25 mm×50 mm. Rectification was performed with a liquid temperature inside the column base oven, that is, the column bottom temperature, of 185° C., a column top vapor temperature, that is, the column top temperature, of 135° C., and a pressure in front of the vacuum pump, that is, the minimum pressure in the distillation column; i.e. the degree of vacuum, of 30 Pa. In the low-temperature rectification process, fractions of C18 and smaller were removed as initial distillates, and 40 g of a residue excluding the initial distillates was obtained. When the amounts of fatty acids and the fatty acid composition were confirmed for the residue excluding the initial distillates using the same gas chromatography as in Comparative Example 1, the DGLA ethyl ester was contained in a concentrated state in the residue excluding the initial distillates. In addition, in a chromatogram of the residue excluding the initial distillates, a compound A indicated by a peak A that is not ordinarily observed in chromatograms using crude oils as samples appeared between a peak representing C20:3, n-6 (DGLA) and a peak representing C20:4, n-6 (see Table 3). In addition, a compound B indicated by peak B that is not ordinarily observed in chromatograms using crude oils as samples appeared near the peak representing C20:4, n-6. Compound A and compound B can be considered to be compounds formed by the distillation treatment and were assessed to be thermally-produced fatty acids. The contents of compound A and compound B are shown in Tables 2 and 3. The contents in Table 3 represent contents based on the fatty acid compositions. In cases in which the fatty acids contained in the crude oil overlapped with the peaks of thermally-produced fatty acids under the GC conditions used in Comparative Example 1, in order to separate and quantify the compound A and the compound B, the fatty acids originally contained in the crude oil were removed by silver-ion solid phase extraction, and the resulting sample was then used in gas chromatography under the following conditions. In a case in which the retention time of ethyl dihomo-γ-linolenate was defined as 1, a compound having a retention time represented by a peak appearing within the range of from 1.001 to 1.009, that is, peak A, was identified as compound A. Similarly, a compound having a retention time represented by a peak appearing within the range of from 1.013 to 1.024, that is, peak B, was identified as compound B. The relative ratios of DGLA, compound A, or compound B were then determined, and the % by weight values of DGLA, compound A, and compound B were calculated. Device: 6890N Network GC system (Agilent Technologies)Column: DB-WAX, length 30 m×inside diameter 0.25 mm×film thickness 0.25 μm (Agilent Technologies)Column temperature conditions: 2.5 minutes at 60° C.→heated at 20° C./min→180° C.→heating at 2° C./min→15 minutes at 230° C.Inlet temperature conditions: 210° C., splitless, split vent sampling time 1.5 min, purge flow rate 40 mL/minInjection conditions: injection volume 1 μL, sample concentration 1 mg/mL or lessDetector: FIDDetector temperature: 280° C.Carrier gas conditions: helium, linear velocity 24 cm/min Thereafter, in the high-temperature rectification process, the following rectification was performed on 32 g of the residue excluding the initial distillates obtained in the low-temperature rectification process. A fractioning column with a vacuum jacket (Kiriyama Glass) was used as a fractioning column, and two Sulzer Lab Packing EX units (Sulzer Chemtech) were used for internal packing. The diameter of the fractioning column with a vacuum jacket was 25 mm, and the size of each Sulzer Lab Packing EX unit was 25 mm×50 mm. Rectification was performed with a liquid temperature inside the column base oven, that is, the column bottom temperature, of 195° C., a column top vapor temperature, that is, the column top temperature, of 150° C., and a pressure in front of the vacuum pump, that is, the minimum pressure in the distillation column; i.e. the degree of vacuum, of 30 Pa. In the high-temperature rectification process, fractions of C22 and larger were removed as a residue, that is, a residual fraction, and 19 g of a main distillate was obtained. DGLA was further concentrated in the main distillate. The obtained main distillate was used in HPLC under the following conditions to fractionate a DGLA eluted fraction. The DGLA eluted fraction corresponds to a concentrated microbial oil. The amounts of fatty acids contained and the fatty acid composition were found for the obtained main distillate after the high-temperature rectification process and the DGLA eluted fraction using gas chromatography (GC) in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1, and the DGLA content, that is, the content of DGLA with respect to the obtained fraction, and the recovery rate were further calculated. The results are shown in Table 2 as well as in Table 3. As shown in Table 2, the DGLA content in the main distillation fraction after the high-temperature rectification process was 91.9% by weight; the DGLA content in the DGLA eluted fraction was 96.4% by weight; and the DGLA recovery rate was 100.0%, indicating that DGLA was obtained with very high purification efficiency. HPLC ConditionsColumn: YMC pack ODS-AQ-HG 20 mm φ×500 mm (YMC Co., Ltd.)Pump: 1200 Series G1361A Prep Pump (Agilent Technologies)Column temperature: around 21° C.Mobile phase: 17.5 mL/min of methanolSample conditions: load 2.4 g, that is, the material load factor is 3% by weight with respect to an adsorbent. Working Example 2 The starting material ethyl ester 2 used in Working Example 1 was used as a sample in a rectification including the following low-temperature rectification process and high-temperature rectification process. In the low-temperature rectification process, the following rectification was performed on 100 g of the starting material ethyl ester 2. A fractioning column with a vacuum jacket (Kiriyama Glass) was used as a fractioning column, and two Sulzer Lab Packing EX units (Sulzer Chemtech) were used for internal packing. The diameter of the fractioning column with a vacuum jacket was 25 mm, and the size of each Sulzer Lab Packing EX unit was 25 mm×50 mm. Rectification was performed with a liquid temperature inside the column base oven, that is, the column bottom temperature, of 180° C., a column top vapor temperature, that is, the column top temperature, of 140° C., and a pressure in front of the vacuum pump, that is, the minimum pressure in the distillation column; i.e. the degree of vacuum, of 20 Pa. In the low-temperature rectification process, fractions of C18 and smaller were removed as initial distillates, and 48 g of a residue excluding the initial distillates was obtained. When the amounts of fatty acids and the fatty acid composition were confirmed for the residue excluding the initial distillates using the same gas chromatography as in Comparative Example 1, DGLA was contained in a concentrated state in the residue excluding the initial distillates. In addition, the contents of compound A and compound B appearing in a chromatogram of the residue excluding the initial distillates are shown in Table 2. Thereafter, in the high-temperature rectification process, the following rectification was performed on 45 g of the residue excluding the initial distillates obtained in the low-temperature rectification process. A fractioning column with a vacuum jacket (Kiriyama Glass) was used as a fractioning column, and two Sulzer Lab Packing EX units (Sulzer Chemtech) were used for internal packing. The diameter of the fractioning column with a vacuum jacket was 25 mm, and the size of each Sulzer Lab Packing EX unit was 25 mm×50 mm. Rectification was performed with a liquid temperature inside the column base oven, that is, the column bottom temperature, of 185° C., a column top vapor temperature, that is, the column top temperature, of 145° C., and a pressure in front of the vacuum pump, that is, the minimum pressure in the distillation column; i.e. the degree of vacuum, of 20 Pa. In the second rectification process, fractions of C22 and larger were removed as a residue, that is, a residual fraction, and 28 g of a main distillate was obtained. It is presumed that DGLA is further concentrated in the main distillate. The obtained main distillate was used in HPLC under the following conditions to fractionate a DGLA eluted fraction. The DGLA eluted fraction corresponds to a concentrated microbial oil. The amounts of fatty acids contained and the fatty acid composition were found for the obtained main distillate after the high-temperature rectification process and the DGLA eluted fraction using gas chromatography (GC) in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1, and the DGLA content, that is, the content of DGLA with respect to the obtained fraction, and the recovery rate were further calculated. The results are shown in Table 2 as well as in Table 4. As shown in Table 2, the DGLA content in the main distillation fraction after the high-temperature rectification process was 75.0% by weight; the DGLA content in the DGLA eluted fraction was 95.1% by weight; and the DGLA recovery rate was 61.7%, indicating that DGLA was obtained with very high purification efficiency. In addition, as in Working Example 1, a compound A indicated by peak A and a compound B indicated by peak B appeared in a chromatogram of the main distillate (see Table 4). These compounds A and B were considered to be thermally-produced fatty acids formed by distillation treatment. The contents of compound A and compound B are shown in Tables 2 and 4. The contents in Table 4 represent contents based on the fatty acid compositions. HPLC ConditionsColumn: YMC pack ODS-AQ-HG 20 mm φ×1000 mm (YMC Co., Ltd.). Two columns with a column length of 500 mm were connected in series.Pump: 1200 Series G1361A Prep Pump (Agilent Technologies)Column temperature: around 21° C.Mobile phase: 12 mL/min of methanolSample conditions: load 2.4 g, that is, the material load factor is 1.5% by weight with respect to an adsorbent. TABLE 2ComparativeComparativeWorkingWorkingExample 1Example 2Example 1Example 2MicrobialDGLA content (% by weight)37.240.991.975.0oilRatio of C18:1 with respect to DGLA23.510.30.27.6(weight ratio × 100)Ratio of C18:2 with respect to DGLA17.87.40.14.2(weight ratio × 100)Total ratio of C18:1 + C18:2 with41.317.70.311.8respect to DGLA (weight ratio × 100)Ratio of C18:0 with respect to DGLA2.711.21.47.9(weight ratio × 100)Ratio of C22:0 with respect to DGLA8.417.00.10.7(weight ratio × 100)Ratio of C24:0 with respect to DGLA26.157.30.00.0(weight ratio × 100)Ratio of C22:0 + C24:0 with respect to34.574.30.10.7DGLA (weight ratio × 100)Content of compound A (% by weight)——0.50.5Content of compound B (% by weight)——0.50.5DGLADGLA content (wt. %)91.194.496.295.1elutedDGLA recovery rate8.1%5.1%100.0%61.7%fraction TABLE 3After low-temperatureAfter high-temperaturerectificationrectificationFractionResidue excluding initialFraction 1-3 excludingCompositiondistillatesmain distillatesC18:00.8%1.3%C18:1n-90.1%0.2%C18:1n-70.0%0.0%C18:2n-60.0%0.1%C18:3n-60.0%0.0%C18:3n-30.0%0.0%C18:4n-30.0%0.0%C20:20.8%1.1%C20:3n-662.7%91.9%compound A0.2%0.5%compound B0.2%0.5%C20:4n-60.4%0.6%C20:3n-30.1%0.1%C20:4n-30.3%0.5%C22:06.4%0.1%C22:31.0%0.1%C24:019.7%0.0%othersbalancebalance TABLE 4After low-temperatureAfter high-temperaturerectificationrectificationFractionResidue excluding initialFraction 1-4 excludingCompositiondistillatesmain distillatesC18:04.3%6.4%C18:1n-93.9%5.8%C18:1n-70.2%0.3%C18:2n-62.2%3.3%C18:3n-60.7%1.0%C18:3n-30.1%0.2%C18:4n-30.0%0.0%C20:01.6%2.0%C20:10.8%1.1%C20:20.7%1.0%C20:3n-652.5%75.0%compound A0.2%0.5%compound B0.2%0.5%C20:4n-60.3%0.5%C20:3n-30.0%0.1%C20:4n-30.3%0.4%C22:06.4%0.5%C22:31.0%0.4%C24:019.8%0.0%othersbalancebalance As shown in Tables 2 to 4, it was found that a microbial oil having a DGLA content of 50% by weight or greater due to rectification and containing at least 0.0001% by weight of thermally-produced fatty acids is very useful for obtaining DGLA using reverse phase column chromatography from the perspective of efficiently obtaining a high-concentration DGLA. Such a microbial oil can be obtained by a production method comprising a rectification process performed under specific conditions or a production method comprising a rectification process using a distillation column containing structured packing. In this way, with the present invention, it is possible to efficiently obtain a microbial oil containing DGLA at a high content and to efficiently obtain a concentrated microbial oil containing DGLA at a high content. Accordingly, with the present invention, it is possible to efficiently provide a microbial oil and a concentrated microbial oil containing a target LC-PUFA at a high content, and to provide a production method useful for efficiently obtaining such a microbial oil and a concentrated microbial oil as well as various applications of the microbial oil and the concentrated microbial oil. The disclosure of Japanese Patent Application No. 2013-251401, filed Dec. 4, 2014, is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. All publications, patent applications, and technical standards mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent application, or technical standard was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

11856953

DETAILED DESCRIPTION The present invention will be described in detail through the following embodiments/examples with appending drawings. It should be understood that the specific embodiments are provided for an illustrative purpose only, and should not be interpreted in a limiting manner. The present invention relates to a launderable bactericidal and virucidal fabric finish. The finish is capable of being laundered in a conventional manner. In one aspect, the invention provides a kit for the launderable bactericidal and virucidal fabric finish formulation. The kit includes a first component with a bactericidal and virucidal agent represented by formula (I): wherein n is 7; R1, R2, and R3are jointly or independently selected from H or one of the following groups: wherein R4is selected from CH3or H; m is an integer from 2 to 10; p is an integer from 9 to 15; q is an integer from 2 to 10. The kit includes a second component which may be either one or more crosslinker and/or one or more catalysts. A third component includes one or more transition metal salts. Formula (I) represents a beta-cyclodextrin. The functional groups of formula (II) to (VII) that are substituted jointly or independently on R1, R2, and/or R3on beta-cyclodextrin enable molecular mimicry of sialic acid on mammalian cells, therefore interacting with the spike glycoproteins on the membrane surface of a virus, and subsequently irreversibly binding onto the oligosaccharides of a virus. The presence of these glycoproteins is crucial for enveloped viruses, including influenza viruses and coronaviruses, for binding onto target host human cells, and induce subsequent viral replication leading to human infection by the virus. The irreversible binding of these spike proteins by the said beta-cyclodextrin comprising the functional groups of formula (II) to (VII) thus reduce the ability of these envelope viruses to attach to host human cells. The one or more crosslinkers may be citric acid, tricarballylic acid, 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid, 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylic acid, cis,cis,cis,cis-1,2,3,4-cyclopentanetetracarboxylic acid, 1,3,5-cyclohexanetricarboxylic acid, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexacarboxylic acid, and/or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. The crosslinkers serve to bind the bactericidal and virucidal agent represented by formula (I) to the fabric fibers by forming an ester linkage of the hydroxy (OH) groups from the bacterial and virucidal agent with the carboxylic acid groups on the crosslinkers at one end, and the hydroxy group from the anhydroglucose repeating unit of cellulose on fabric with the carboxylic acid groups on the crosslinkers at the other end. This ester-linkage provides durability of the fabric finished, particularly during the course of laundering such that there is no leaching of the bactericidal and virucidal agent. The one or more catalysts may be sodium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium phosphate, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium hypophosphite, cyanamide, dicyandiamide, sodium hydrogen cyanamide, disodium cyanamide, and/or sodium hydroxide. The catalysts facilitate an ester-linkage formation as the bactericidal and virucidal agent represented by formula (I) binds to the fabric fibers. The catalyst activates the carboxylic acid groups of the crosslinkers to form reactive acid anhydrides which subsequently react with the hydroxy groups from the anhydroglucose repeating unit of cellulose on fabric, and the hydroxy groups from those of the bactericidal and virucidal agent. The transition metal salts may be one or more of zinc acetate, zinc acetate dihydrate, zinc gluconate, copper(II) acetate, copper(II) acetate hydrate, and copper(II) gluconate, and bind to the bactericidal and virucidal agent represented by formula (I) comprising functional groups disclosed in formula (II) to (VII). The bound copper or zinc ions are capable of inducing an oligodynamic effect on incoming bacteria and viruses at low concentrations. For instance, zinc homeostasis is disrupted when zinc ions penetrate into a virus. This impairs viral replication (i.e., virus inactivation) by binding zinc ions to the RNA in the virus. In addition, copper ions work synergistically with zinc ions to impact and enhance virucidal activity against coronavirus. In contrast, unbound metal ions lack such properties, as they are incapable of penetrating the glycoprotein membrane and interacting with the RNA structure of the virus, and therefore showing much lower virucidal capability. It is noted that the transition metal salts set forth above do not require the presence of silver. That is, the present invention provides a silver-free fabric treatment system; silver is not required to provide the bactericidal and virucidal properties of the treated fabric. The components of the kit described above may be easily applied to fabric by a dip-coating technique using the components in solution. A first solution is provided that includes the compound of formula (I) and also the crosslinker and/or one or more catalysts. The amount of compound of formula (I) is 2-8% by weight, the amount of crosslinker is 7-10% by weight, and the amount of catalyst is 5-9% by weight. The liquor to fabric ratio is approximately 1:4 to 1:40. An exemplary value is 1:5 in one embodiment and 1:34 in another embodiment. A fabric is dip-coated in the first solution. The term “dip-coat” as used herein broadly relates to any technique in which a fabric is immersed in a solution with or without mechanical agitation during the dip-coating. As such, a conventional washing machine using a “soak” type of cycle may be used to apply the coating along with commercial machines for applying fabric finishes. The term “liquor ratio” in the specification represents the weight ratio of fabric to the liquid components in first or second solution of the formulation. For example, in Example 2, the liquor ratio (1:34) comes from the weight ratio of fabric to distilled water (25:830). The term “pad” in the specification represents the removal or squeezing of water from wet fabric with pressure. A variety of fabrics may use the fabric finish of the present invention. Such fabrics include, but are not limited to polyester-based fabrics, nylon-based fabrics, cotton fabrics, and cotton-blend fabrics. In particular, fabrics that include some cellulose fibers are particularly suited to bind with the cyclodextrin of formula. These include cotton, cotton-polyester blends, cotton-nylon blends, and cotton-spandex blends. Particular cotton-based fabrics include jersey knits, poplins, and twills. The dip-coating may be performed at room temperature (defined as approximately 20-27° C.) or it may occur at an elevated temperature of 28-80° C. The duration of the dip-coating may range from approximately 5 to 60 minutes depending in part upon the weight and density of the fabric. After drying and/or curing the dip-coated fabric, the fabric is washed with water and then tumble dried the washed fabric for about 30 to 60 minutes at about 60 to 90° C. Drying may be by air-drying or drying at elevated temperature. For elevated temperatures, commercial or household clothes dryers may be used to perform the drying. The drying time will depend upon the weight of the fabric but typically the time is about 5 to 60 minutes at a temperature of about 60 to 180° C. Following drying, the fabric that has been treated with the first solution is dip-coated in the second solution that includes the metal salt. The dip-coating may be performed at room temperature or it may occur at an elevated temperature of 28-80° C. The duration of the dip-coating may range from approximately 5 to 60 minutes depending in part upon the weight and density of the fabric. After drying and/or curing the dip-coated fabric, the fabric is washed with water and then tumble dried the washed fabric for about 30 to 60 minutes at about 60 to 90° C. Drying may be by air-drying or drying at elevated temperature. For elevated temperatures, commercial or household clothes dryers may be used to perform the drying. The drying time will depend upon the weight of the fabric but typically the time is about 30 to 60 minutes at a temperature of about 60 to 90° C. Optionally, the dip-coating in a metal salt solution may be repeated using a different metal salt solution. A fabric having the launderable bactericidal and virucidal fabric finish prepared as described above has bactericidal, fungicidal, virucidal activity of at least 90% in terms of reducing bacterial or viral growth and activity from bacteria including one or more ofStaphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniaandEscherichia coli, and viruses including H1N1 and H3N2, SARS-CoV-2 strains, and/or has deodorizing performance of at least 90% including one of more of acetic acid and isovaleric acid. Details of fabric testing against bacteria and viruses are set forth in the Examples, below. The coating weight of the fabric finish ranges from approximately 6.5 to approximately 54.0 g/m2. Another aspect of the present invention relates to a launderable bactericidal and virucidal fabric finish. The finish is capable of being laundered in a conventional manner. In one aspect, the invention provides a kit for the launderable bactericidal and virucidal fabric finish formulation. The kit includes a first component with a bactericidal and virucidal agent represented by formula (I). wherein n is 7; R1, R2, and R3are jointly or independently selected from H or one of the following groups: wherein R4is selected from CH3or H; m is an integer from 2 to 10; p is an integer from 9 to 15; q is an integer from 2 to 10. The kit includes a second component which may be either one or more crosslinker and/or one or more catalysts. The components of the kit described above may be easily applied to fabric by a dip-coating technique using the components in solution. A first solution is provided that includes the compound of formula (I) and also the crosslinker and/or one or more catalysts. The amount of compound of formula (I) is 2-8% by weight, the amount of crosslinker is 7-10% by weight, and the amount of catalyst is 5-9% by weight. The liquor to fabric ratio is approximately 1:4 to 1:40. An exemplary value is 1:4 in one embodiment. A variety of fabrics may use above fabric finish. Such fabrics include, but are not limited to polyester-based fabrics, nylon-based fabrics, cotton fabrics, and cotton-blend fabrics. In particular, fabrics that include some cellulose fibers are particularly suited to bind with the cyclodextrin of formula. These include cotton, cotton-polyester blends, cotton-nylon blends, and cotton-spandex blends. Particular cotton-based fabrics include jersey knits, poplins, and twills. The dip-coating may be performed at room temperature (defined as approximately 20-27° C.) or it may occur at an elevated temperature of 28-80° C. The duration of the dip-coating may range from approximately 5 to 60 minutes depending in part upon the weight and density of the fabric. After drying and/or curing the dip-coated fabric, the fabric is washed with water and then tumble dried the washed fabric for about 30 to 60 minutes at about 60 to 90° C. Drying may be by air-drying or drying at elevated temperature. For elevated temperatures, commercial or household clothes dryers may be used to perform the drying. The drying time will depend upon the weight of the fabric but typically the time is about 5 to 60 minutes at a temperature of about 60 to 180° C. EXAMPLES Example 1—General Formulation on Cotton Fabric Table 1 below provides an overview of the first solution of the general formulation for dip-coating a fabric in order to form a launderable bactericidal and virucidal fabric finish in the fabric. TABLE 1Amount (%Materialsby weight)Bactericidal and virucidal agent of formula2-8(I) comprising the substituent of formula(II) and/or formula (III)Crosslinker7-10Catalyst5-9Water/solvent73-86 Dip-Coating Procedure: 1. The components in Table 1 were dissolved in distilled water at 25° C. to form the first solution. 2. A piece of cotton fabric was dip-coated using the first solution for about 5 to 60 minutes at about 25 to 80° C. at a liquor ratio of 1:4 to 1:40. 3. The wet fabric was padded and dried at 60 to 180° C. for 5 to 60 minutes. 4. The dried fabric was rinsed with water, padded, and tumble dried to remove absorbed water. 5. Zinc acetate dihydrate as a transition metal salt was dissolved in distilled water according to the amount listed in the following Table 2 to form a second solution of the formulation. TABLE 2MaterialsAmount (% by weight)Zinc Acetate Dihydrate0.005-6Distilled Water94-99.995 6. The dried cotton fabric from step 4 was further dip-coated with the second solution for about 5 to 60 minutes at about 25° C. 7. The wet fabric was padded and dried at 60 to 180° C. for 5 to 60 minutes. 8. The fabric was rinsed with water, padded, followed by drying at about 60 to 90° C. for about 30 to 60 minutes. The general coating weighed from 6.5 to 54.0 g/m2upon applying the finish to fabric after drying. Example 2—Formulation 1 on Cotton Fabric—Variation of Zinc Acetate Dihydrate Table 3 provides a first solution of the formulation 1 for dip-coating cotton fabric including jersey knit TABLE 3AmountAmountMaterials(%)(g)cotton fabric - jersey knit, poplin, twillliquor25ratio 1:34bactericidal and virucidal agent of formula (I)220comprising the substituent of formula (II)1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid10100sodium dihydrogen phosphate550distilled water83830 Dip-Coating Procedure: 1. The components of Table 3 were dissolved in distilled water at about 25° C. to form the first solution. 2. Cotton fabric was dip-coated with the first solution at a liquor ratio of 1:34 for about 5 minutes at about 25° C. 3. The wet fabric was padded and dried at about 80° C. for about 60 minutes, followed by curing at about 180° C. for about 5 minutes. 4. The dried fabric was rinsed with water, padded, and tumble dried to remove absorbed water. 5. Zinc acetate dihydrate as a transition metal salt was dissolved in distilled water according to the amount listed in the following Table 4 to form a second solution. TABLE 4AmountAmountMaterials(%)(g)cotton fabric from step 4liquor25ratio 1:40zinc acetate dihydrate0.005-20.05-20distilled water98-99.995980-999.95 6. The dried cotton fabric from step 4 was further dip-coated with the second solution for about 5 to 60 minutes at about 25° C. 7. The wet fabric was padded and dried at about 80° C. for about 60 minutes. 8. The dried fabric was rinsed with water, padded, and tumble dried to remove absorbed water. The coating weighed from approximately 23.6 to 54.0 g/m2upon applying the finish to fabric after drying. Example 3—Formulation 1 on Cotton Fabric—Use of High Concentration of Zinc Acetate Dihydrate Table 5 provides a first solution of the formulation 1 for dip-coating cotton fabric including jersey knit, poplin, and twill. TABLE 5AmountAmountMaterials(%)(g)cotton fabric - jersey knit, poplin, twillliquor25ratio 1:34bactericidal and virucidal agent of formula (I)220comprising the substituent of formula (II)1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid10100sodium dihydrogen phosphate550distilled water83830 Dip-Coating Procedure: 1. The components of Table 5 were dissolved in distilled water at about 25° C. to form the first solution. 2. Cotton fabric was dip-coated with the first solution at a liquor ratio of 1:34 for about 5 minutes at about 25° C. 3. The wet fabric was padded and dried at about 80° C. for about 60 minutes, followed by curing at about 180° C. for about 5 minutes. 4. The dried fabric was rinsed with water, padded, and tumble dried to remove absorbed water. 5. Zinc acetate dihydrate as a transition metal salt was dissolved in distilled water according to the amount listed in the following Table 6 to form a second solution of the formulation. TABLE 6AmountAmountMaterials(%)(g)cotton fabric from step 4liquor25ratio 1:38Zinc Acetate Dihydrate660Distilled Water94940 6. The cotton fabric from step 4 was further dip-coated with the second solution at a liquor ratio of 1:38 for about 5 minutes. 7. The wet fabric was padded and dried at about 80° C. for about 60 minutes. 8. The dried fabric was rinsed with water, padded, and tumble dried to remove absorbed water. The coating weighed from approximately 8.1 to 54.0 g/m2upon applying the finish to fabric after drying. Example 4—Formulation 2 on Cotton Fabric Table 7 below provides a first solution of the formulation 2 for dip-coating a cotton fabric of jersey knit. TABLE 7AmountAmountMaterials(%)(g)cotton fabric - jersey knitLiquor6Ratio 1:4bactericidal and virucidal agent of formula (I)20.8comprising the substituent of formula (II)1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid104cyanamide (50% wt aqueous solution)8 (4% solid3.2content)ammonium dihydrogen phosphate52distilled water7530 Dip-Coating Procedure: 1. The components of Table 7 were dissolved in distilled water at about 25° C. 2. Cotton fabric of jersey knit was dip-coated with the first solution at a liquor ratio of 1:4 for about 5 minutes at about 25° C. 3. The wet fabric was padded and dried at about 80° C. for about 30 minutes. 4. The dried fabric was rinsed with water, padded, and then tumble dried to remove absorbed water. 5. Zinc acetate dihydrate as a transition metal salt was dissolved in distilled water according to the amount listed in the following Table 8 to form a second solution of the formulation. TABLE 8AmountAmountMaterials(%)(g)cotton fabric from step 4liquor6ratio 1:6zinc acetate dihydrate62.4distilled water9437.6 6. The cotton fabric from step 4 was further dip-coated with the second solution at a liquor ratio of 1:6 for about 5 minutes. 7. The wet fabric was padded and dried at about 80° C. for about 30 minutes. 8. The dried fabric was rinsed with water, padded and then tumble dried to remove absorbed water. The coating weighed from approximately 6.5 to 17.0 g/m2upon applying the finish to fabric after drying. Example 5—Formulation 3 on Cotton Fabric Table 9 below provides a first solution of the formulation 3 for dip-coating a cotton fabric of jersey knit. TABLE 9AmountAmountMaterials(%)(g)cotton fabric - jersey knitliquor30ratio 1:4bactericidal and virucidal agent of formula (I)23.3comprising the substituent of formula (II)1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxyli c acid4-106.6-16.5cyanamide (50% wt aqueous solution)8, 4% solid13.2contentammonium dihydrogen phosphate58.3distilled water69-75124-134 Dip-Coating Procedure: 1. The components of Table 9 were dissolved in distilled water at about 25° C. 2. Cotton fabric of jersey knit was dip-coated with the first solution at a liquor ratio of 1:4 for about 5 minutes at about 25° C. 3. The wet fabric was padded and dried at about 80° C. for about 60 minutes. 4. The dried fabric was rinsed with water, padded and then tumble dried to remove absorbed water. 5. Zinc acetate dihydrate as a transition metal salt was dissolved in distilled water according to the amount listed in the following Table 10 to form a second solution. TABLE 10AmountAmountMaterials(%)(g)Cotton fabric from step 4Liquor30Ratio 1:5zinc acetate dihydrate610distilled water94150 6. The cotton fabric from step 4 was further dip-coated with the second solution at a liquor ratio of 1:5 for about 5 minutes. 7. The wet fabric was padded and dried at about 80° C. for about 30 minutes. 8. The dried fabric was rinsed with water, padded and then tumble dried to remove absorbed water. The coating weighed from approximately 7.0 to 16.8 g/m2upon applying the finish to fabric after drying. Example 6—Formulation 4 on Cotton Fabric Table 11 below provides a first solution of the formulation 4 for dip-coating a cotton fabric of jersey knit. TABLE 11AmountAmountMaterials(%)(g)cotton fabric - jersey knitliquor72ratio 1:4bactericidal and virucidal agent of formula (I)28comprising the substituent of formula (II)1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid1040cyanamide (50% wt aqueous solution)8 (4% solid32content)ammonium dihydrogen phosphate520distilled water75300 Dip-Coating Procedure: 1. The components of Table 11 were dissolved in distilled water at about 25° C. 2. Cotton fabric of jersey knit was dip-coated with the first solution at a liquor ratio of 1:4 for about 30 minutes at about 25° C. 3. The wet fabric was padded and dried at about 80° C. for about 60 minutes. 4. The dried fabric was rinsed with water, padded and then tumble dried to remove absorbed water. 5. Zinc acetate dihydrate as a transition metal salt was dissolved in distilled water according to the amount listed in the following Table 12 to form a second solution. TABLE 12AmountAmountMaterials(%)(g)Cotton fabric from step 4Liquor72Ratio 1:6zinc acetate dihydrate624distilled water94376 6. The cotton fabric from step 4 was further dip-coated with the second solution at a liquor ratio of 1:6 for about 30 minutes. 7. The wet fabric was padded and dried at about 80° C. for about 30 minutes. 8. The dried fabric was rinsed with water, padded and then tumble dried to remove absorbed water. The coating weighed from approximately 11.6 to 16.3 g/m2upon applying the finish to fabric after drying. Alternative Example 6—Formulation 5 on Cotton Fabric 9. Alternatively, copper acetate monohydrate as a transition metal salt was dissolved in distilled water according to the amount listed in the following Table 13 to form a second solution. TABLE 13AmountAmountMaterials(%)(g)cotton fabric from step 4liquor72ratio 1:6copper acetate monohydrate14distilled water99396 10. The cotton fabric from example 6, step 4 was further dip-coated with the second solution at a liquor ratio of 1:6 for about 30 minutes. 11. The wet fabric was padded and dried at about 80° C. for about 30 minutes. 12. The dried fabric was rinsed with water, padded and then tumble dried to remove absorbed water. 13. Zinc acetate dihydrate as a transition metal salt was dissolved in distilled water according to the amount listed in the following Table 14 to form a third solution. TABLE 14AmountAmountMaterials(%)(g)Cotton fabric from step 12Liquor72Ratio 1:5zinc acetate dihydrate416distilled water96384 14. The cotton fabric from step 12 was further dip-coated with the third solution at a liquor ratio of 1:5 for about 30 minutes. 15. The wet fabric was padded and dried at about 80° C. for about 30 minutes. 16. The dried fabric was rinsed with water, padded and then tumble dried to remove absorbed water. The coating weighed from approximately 14.0 to 15.9 g/m2upon applying the finish to fabric after drying. Example 7—Formulation 6 for Cotton-Blended Fabric Table 15 below provides a first solution of the formulation 6 for dip-coating of cotton-blended fabric comprising 5% spandex and 95% cotton, and/or fabric comprising 30% polyester and 70% cotton. TABLE 15AmountAmountMaterials(%)(g)cotton-blended fabricliquor29-100ratio 1:5bactericidal and virucidal agents of formula (I)24-11comprising the substituent of formula (II)1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid1020-55cyanamide (50% wt aqueous solution)8 (4% solid16-44content)ammonium dihydrogen phosphate510-27.5distilled water75150-412.5 Dip-Coating Procedure: 1. The components of Table 15 were dissolved in distilled water at about 25° C. 2. Cotton-blended fabrics including fabric comprising 5% spandex and 95% cotton, and/or fabric comprising 30% polyester and 70% cotton was dip-coated with the first solution at a liquor ratio of 1:5 for about 30 minutes at about 25° C. 3. The wet fabric was padded and dried at about 80° C. for about 60 minutes. 4. The dried fabric was rinsed with water, padded and then tumble dried to remove absorbed water. 5. Zinc acetate dihydrate as a transition metal salt was dissolved in distilled water according to the amount listed in the following Table 16 to form a second solution of the formulation. TABLE 16AmountAmountMaterials(%)(g)cotton-blended fabric from step 4liquor29-100ratio 1:5zinc acetate dihydrate612-33distilled water94188-517 6. The cotton-blended fabric from step 4 was further dip-coated with the second solution at a liquor ratio of 1:5 for about 30 minutes. 7. The wet fabric was padded and dried at about 80° C. for about 30 minutes. 8. The dried fabric was rinsed with water, padded and then tumble dried to remove absorbed water. The coating weighed from approximately 15.5 to 22.2 g/m2upon applying the finish to fabric after drying. Alternative Example 7—Formulation 7 on Cotton-Blended Fabric 9. Alternatively, copper acetate monohydrate as a transition metal salt was dissolved in distilled water according to the amount listed in the following Table 17 to form a second solution. TABLE 17amountAmountMaterials(%)(g)cotton-blended fabric from step 4liquor100ratio 1:5copper acetate monohydrate15.5distilled water99544.5 10. The cotton-blended fabric from example 7, step 4 was further dip-coated with the second solution at a liquor ratio of 1:5 for about 30 minutes. 11. The wet fabric was padded and dried at about 80° C. for about 30 minutes. 12. The dried fabric was rinsed with water, padded and then tumble dried to remove absorbed water. 13. Zinc acetate dihydrate as a transition metal salt was dissolved in distilled water according to the amount listed in the following Table 18 to form a third solution of the formulation. TABLE 18AmountAmountMaterials(%)(g)Cotton-blended fabric from step 12Liquor100Ratio 1:5Zinc Acetate Dihydrate422Distilled Water94528 14. The cotton-blended fabric from step 12 was further dip-coated with the third solution at a liquor ratio of 1:5 for about 30 minutes. 15. The wet fabric was padded and dried at about 80° C. for about 30 minutes. 16. The dried fabric was rinsed with water, padded and then tumble dried to remove absorbed water. The coating weighed from approximately 25.6 to 27.4 g/m2upon applying the finish to fabric after drying. Example 8—Formulation 8 on Cotton Fabric Table 19 below provides a first solution of the formulation 8 for dip-coating a cotton fabric of jersey knit. TABLE 19AmountAmountMaterials(%)(g)cotton fabric - jersey knitliquor40-45ratio 1:4bactericidal and virucidal agent of formula2-84.4-20(I) comprising the substituent of formula(III), R4= CH31,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid7-1015.4-25cyanamide (50% wt aqueous solution)8 (4% solid17.6-20content)ammonium dihydrogen phosphate511-12.5distilled water69-78171.6-187.5 Dip-Coating Procedure: 1. The components of Table 19 were dissolved in distilled water at about 25° C. 2. Cotton fabric of jersey knit be dip-coated with the first solution at a liquor ratio of 1:4 for about 30 minutes at about 25° C. 3. The wet fabric was padded and dried at about 80° C. for about 60 minutes. 4. The dried fabric was rinsed with water, padded and then tumble dried to remove absorbed water. The coating weighed from approximately 13.6 to 18.8 g/m2upon applying the finish to fabric after drying. Alternative Example 8—Formulation 9 on Cotton Fabric 5. Alternatively, zinc acetate dihydrate as a transition metal salt was dissolved in distilled water according to the amount listed in the following Table 20 to form a second solution. TABLE 20AmountAmountMaterials(%)(g)cotton fabric from step 4liquor40ratio 1:5zinc acetate dihydrate613.2distilled water94206.8 6. The cotton fabric from example 8, step 4 was further dip-coated with the second solution at a liquor ratio of 1:5 for about 30 minutes. 7. The wet fabric was padded and dried at about 80° C. for about 30 minutes. 8. The dried fabric was rinsed with water, padded and then tumble dried to remove absorbed water. The coating weighed from approximately 11.6 to 14.2 g/m2upon applying the finish to fabric after drying. Example 9—Formulation 10 on Cotton-Polyester Blended Fabric Table 21 below provides a first solution of the formulation 10 for dip-coating a cotton-polyester blended fabric comprising 30% polyester and 70% cotton. TABLE 21AmountAmountMaterials(%)(g)cotton-polyester blended fabric comprising 30%liquor100polyester and 70% cottonratio 1:4bactericidal and virucidal agent of formula (I)211comprising the substituent of formula (III) whereR4= H1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid738.5cyanamide (50% wt aqueous solution)8 (4% solid44content)ammonium dihydrogen phosphate527.5distilled water78429 Dip-Coating Procedure: 1. The components of Table 21 were dissolved in distilled water at about 25° C. 2. Cotton-polyester blended fabric comprising 30% polyester and 70% cotton was dip-coated with the first solution at a liquor ratio of 1:4 for about 30 minutes at about 25° C. 3. The wet fabric was padded and dried at about 80° C. for about 60 minutes. 4. The dried fabric was rinsed with water, padded, and then tumble dried to remove absorbed water. 5. Zinc acetate dihydrate as a transition metal salt was dissolved in distilled water according to the amount listed in the following Table 22 to form a second solution of the formulation. TABLE 22AmountAmountMaterials(%)(g)cotton-polyester blended fabric from step 4liquor100ratio 1:5zinc acetate dihydrate633distilled water94517 6. The cotton-polyester blended fabric from step 4 was further dip-coated with the second solution at a liquor ratio of 1:5 for about 30 minutes. 7. The wet fabric was padded and dried at about 80° C. for about 30 minutes. 8. The dried fabric was rinsed with water, padded and then tumble dried to remove absorbed water. The coating weighed from approximately 15.9 to 19.0 g/m2upon applying the finish to fabric after drying. Example 10—Formulation 11 Cotton-Polyester Blended Fabric Table 23 below provides a first solution of the formulation 11 for dip-coating a cotton-polyester blended fabric comprising 30% polyester and 70% cotton. TABLE 23AmountAmountMaterials(%)(g)cotton-polyester blended fabric comprising 30%liquor40polyester and 70% cottonratio 1:4bactericidal and virucidal agents of formula (I)817.6comprising the substituent of formula (III),R4= H1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid715.4cyanamide (50% wt aqueous solution)8 (4% solid16.6content)ammonium dihydrogen phosphate511distilled water72160 Dip-Coating Procedure: 1. The components of Table 23 were dissolved in distilled water at about 25° C. 2. Cotton-polyester blended fabric comprising 30% polyester and 70% cotton was dip-coated with the first solution at a liquor ratio of 1:4 for about 30 minutes at about 25° C. 3. The wet fabric was padded and dried at about 80° C. for about 60 minutes. 4. The dried fabric was rinsed with water, padded and then tumble dried to remove absorbed water. 5. Zinc acetate dihydrate as a transition metal salt was dissolved in distilled water according to the amount listed in the following Table 24 to form a second solution. TABLE 24AmountAmountMaterials(%)(g)cotton-polyester blended fabric from step 4liquor40ratio 1:5zinc acetate dihydrate613.2distilled water94206.8 6. The cotton-polyester-blended fabric from step 4 was further dip-coated with the second solution at a liquor ratio of 1:5 for about 30 minutes. 7. The wet fabric was padded and dried at about 80° C. for about 30 minutes. 8. The dried fabric was rinsed with water, padded and then tumble dried to remove absorbed water. The coating weighed from approximately 9.1 to 10.2 g/m2upon applying the finish to fabric after drying. The tables below summarize the bactericidal and virucidal activities of Example 2 (Table 25), Example 3 (Table 26), Example 4 (Table 27), Example 5 (Table 28), Example 6 and Alternative Example 6 (Table 29), Example 7 and Alternative Example 7 (Table 30), Example 8 and Alternative Example 8 (Table 31), Example 9 (Table 32) and Example 10 (Table 33). Table 34 below summarizes the deodorizing performance of Example 7. Table 35 below summarizes discoloration grades using grey scale grading against the original finish of cotton-based fabric upon treatment with the present invention. TABLE 25ConcentrationVirucidalTestof Zinc AcetateContactActivityTestArticleDihydrate (%)Test StrainTime (h)(%)StandardExample 20.025Influenza299.998ISO0.1Virus99.8418184-0.2H1N199.8420190.005A/WSN/3399.98 TABLE 26Bactericidal ActivityTestContactBactericidalafter 30 LaundryTestArticleTest StrainTime (h)Activity (%)Cycles (%)*StandardExample 3Staphylococcus aureus2499.999.9AATCCKlebsiella pneumonia99.999.9100-2019*Method: AATCC - LP1: 30 cycles of machine wash at 105° F., normal cycle, tumble dry - delicate TABLE 27Virucidal Activity (%)ContactAfter 10After 30TestTestTimeBeforeLaundryLaundryTestArticleStrain(h)LaundryCycles*Cycles*StandardExample 4Influenza299.9>99.9999.9ISOVirus18184 -H1N12019A/PR/8/34*Method: 10 and 30 cycles of ISO 6330: 2012 (4H) - machine hand wash TABLE 28Virucidal Activity (%)Concentration ofContactAfter 30Test1,2,3,4-Butanetetra-TimeBeforeLaundryTestArticlecarboxylic Acid (%)Test Strain(h)LaundryCycles*StandardExample 54Influenza292.799.2ISO10Virus95.399.718184 -H1N12019A/PR/8/34*Method: AATCC - LP1: 30 cycles of machine wash at 105° F., normal cycle, tumble dry - delicate TABLE 29Virucidal/Fungicidal Activity (%)After 30TestContactBeforeLaundryTestArticleTest StrainTime (h)LaundryCycles*StandardExample 6Aspergillus4899.32—ISO 13929-2AlternativeNiger99.28—example 6SARS-CoV-2298.699.97ISO 18184 -England/02/20202019*Method: AATCC - LP1: 30 cycles of machine wash at 105° F., normal cycle, tumble dry - delicate TABLE 30Bactericidal/Virucidal/Bactericidal/FungicidalVirucidal/Activity afterTestContactFungicidal30 LaundryTestArticleTest StrainTime (h)Activity (%)Cycles (%)*StandardExample 7BacteriaStaphylococcus2499.999.9AATCCaureus100-2019Klebsiella99.999.9pneumoniaVirusH1N1292.8—ISOA/WSN/3318184 -Human60.284.92019CoronavirusHCoV-NL63FungiAspergillus4863.757.3ISONiger13929-2AlternativeVirusHuman299.498.2ISOExample 7Coronavirus18184 -HCoV-NL632019FungiAspergillus4884.987.4ISONiger13929-2*Method: AATCC - LP1: 30 cycles of machine wash at 105° F., normal cycle, tumble dry - delicate TABLE 31Concentration ofbactericidal andvirucidal agentof formula (I)comprising theConcentrationVirucidal/Fungicidalsubstituent ofof 1,2,3,4-Activity (%)formula (III)Butanetetra-After 30Testwhere R4= CH3carboxylicContactBeforeLaundryTestArticle(%)Acid (%)Test StrainTime (h)LaundryCycles*StandardExample 8210Influenza299.99ISO410Virus99.999818184 -H1N12019A/PR/8/34410Influenza A99.99810H3N2 Hong99.9994Kong/8/68210Human78.5810Coronavirus95.4HCoV-OC4327Human—93.7CoronavirusHCoV-NL63Alternative27Aspergillus4899.8—ISOExample 8Niger13929-2*Method: AATCC - LP1: 30 cycles of machine wash at 105° F., normal cycle, tumble dry - delicate TABLE 32Fungicidal Activity (%)ContactAfter 30TestTimeBeforeLaundryTestArticleTest Strain(h)LaundryCycles*StandardExample 9Aspergillus4894.891.5ISONiger13929-2*Method: AATCC - LP1: 30 cycles of machine wash at 105° F., normal cycle, tumble dry - delicate TABLE 33Virucidal Activity (%)ContactAfter 30TestTimeBeforeLaundryTestArticleTest Strain(h)LaundryCycles*StandardExample 10Influenza299.695.9ISOVirus H1N118184 -A/PR/8/342019*Method: AATCC - LP1: 30 cycles of machine wash at 105° F., normal cycle, tumble dry - delicate TABLE 34Deodorizing Performance (%)ContactAfter 30TestTimeBeforeLaundryTestArticleOdorant(h)LaundryCycles*StandardExample 7Acetic29697ISOacid17299:2 -2014Iso-9098ISOvaleric17299:3 -acid2014*Method: AATCC - LP1: 30 cycles of machine wash at 105° F., normal cycle, tumble dry - delicate TABLE 35Discoloration grades usinggrey scale grading againstthe original finish ofcotton-based fabric upontreatment with the presentCotton-based FabricColorinvention per ISO 105-A02*ExamplesCottonCream White2.52, 3, 4JerseyBlack4.8KnitBlue4.4Example 75% SpandexCream White4.0and 95%Black4.7CottonGreen4.430%Cream White3.4PolyesterBlack4.7and 70%Green4.3Cotton*Grade of 5 - little to no discoloration; grade of 1 - severe discoloration INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY The present invention is applicable in textile and garments which require antibacterial and antiviral functions with durability and launderability. The finishes may be applied to fabric prior to fabrication into clothing or other uses; alternatively, they may be applied to finished articles of clothing, medical apparel, surgical masks, wound dressings, etc. Alternatively, the kits of the present invention may be sold to consumers for home application to clothing or fabrics.

11856954

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION An insecticidal composition designed to knockdown and kill both flying and crawling insects more effectively than other known compositions is presently disclosed. In the pest control field, it is known that households tend to suffer from both flying and crawling insects. Therefore, it is important to develop an insecticidal composition that can knockdown and kill both flying and crawling insects in a timely fashion. It has been found that an insecticidal composition comprising two actives primarily known for quick knockdown but not kill, may provide such a benefit. The insecticidal composition according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is an AI package which can be used in a water-based formulation or in a HC solvent-based formulation. The two AIs used in this AI package, transfluthrin and imiprothrin, are considered to be good KD actives. However, unexpectedly, Applicants were able to achieve a combination of good knock-down and lasting mortality without the use of a synergist or a separate AI known to provide lasting mortality/kill benefits. The insecticidal composition according to an embodiment of the present disclosure provides a reduced exposure to AIs in the composition. The insecticidal composition results in a beneficial ‘minimalist’ approach to achieving both KD and mortality together with a relatively low amount of AI. Other known commercially available insecticide composition must use three AIs or three AIs and a synergist to obtain this level of efficacy. As such, the insecticidal composition according to an embodiment of the present disclosure requires fewer AI and synergist components in its composition, resulting in an increase in desirability to the user. In certain embodiments, the insecticidal composition comprises transfluthrin and imiprothrin. Transfluthrin is a fast-acting pyrethroid insecticide with low persistency. It has the molecular formula C15H12Cl2F4O2. Imiprothrin is another pyrethroid insecticide, which has the molecular formula C17H22N2O4. In determining a concentration of each of the AIs, the type of AIs, the spray rate of the composition, and the instructions regarding use of the composition are considered. In some embodiments, the spray rate of the AIs is in the range of about 1.0 grams per second to about 2.0 grams per second. In other embodiments, the spray rate of the AIs is in the range of about 2.0 grams per second to about 3.0 grams per second. In yet other embodiments, the spray rate of the AIs is in the range of about 3.0 grams per second to about 4.0 grams per second. In some embodiments, the spray rate of the AIs is in the range of about 1.5 grams per second to about 3.5 grams per second. In some embodiments the user instructions for aerosol compositions may instruct the user to spray for about 4 to about 12 seconds to fog a room for flying insects. In yet other embodiments, users are instructed to spray for about 7 to about 10 seconds. In some embodiments the user instructions may instruct the user to spray for less than about 2 seconds for a direct spray on a crawling insect. In some embodiments the user instructions do not specify a period of time to fog a room for flying insects or time duration for a direct spray on a crawling insect. It is desirable to provide an insecticidal composition comprising a particular amount of AI reaching its best efficacy (ability to kill or knock down pests) when a certain spray rate and a certain amount of spray time (spray duration) are used. In certain embodiments, the transfluthrin is about 0.05% to about 0.5% by weight and the imiprothrin is about 0.01% to about 0.5% by weight. In certain embodiments the transfluthrin is about 0.08% to about 0.1% by weight and the imiprothrin is about 0.03% to about 0.05% by weight. In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the transfluthrin is about 0.1% by weight and the imiprothrin is about 0.03% to about 0.05% by weight. In some embodiments, the particular weight percentage may vary and the weight percentage of each component is at least about 0.01%, or less than or equal to about 0.1%, or greater than or equal to about 0.03%. While specific values chosen for this embodiment are recited, it is to be understood that, within the scope of the disclosure, the concentrations of all the AIs may vary to suit different applications. The concentration ranges of AIs are associated not only with the type of AI, but with spray rate and instructions for use, including, but not limited to, spray duration and/or recommended proximity to the pest. The insecticide compositions of the present invention may be in a water-based composition or a HC solvent-based composition. In certain embodiments, the insecticide composition is a water-based composition including transfluthrin, imiprothrin, and water. In certain embodiments, the water is present at about 10% to about 90% by weight, preferably, about 40% to about 85% by weight. In a preferred embodiment, the water is present in about 50% to about 75% by weight. In certain embodiments, the water-based composition additionally includes a hydrocarbon solvent. In certain embodiments, the hydrocarbon solvent in the water-based composition is a water-miscible solvent. In certain embodiments, the hydrocarbon solvent is present in the water-based composition at about 1% to about 20% by weight. In certain embodiments, the hydrocarbon solvent is present in the water-based composition at about 5% to about 15% by weight. In certain embodiments, the hydrocarbon solvent is present in the water-based composition at about 7% to about 11% by weight. In a preferred embodiment, the hydrocarbon solvent is present in about 8% to about 10% by weight. In certain embodiments of the insecticide composition, the water-based composition additionally includes a polar, organic solvent. In certain embodiments, the polar, organic solvent is present at about 0.5% to about 5% by weight. In a preferred embodiment, the polar, organic solvent is present in about 1% to about 2% by weight. The polar, organic solvent may be an alcohol-based solvent. The alcohol-based solvent may include, but is not limited to, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, propanol, butanol, and the like. In addition, solvents such as, but not limited to, ketones, glycols, glycol esters, and esters, for example isopropyl myristate, and the like, may be used. In certain embodiments of the insecticide composition, the water-based composition additionally includes one or more emulsifiers present in up to about 2.0% by weight. In some embodiments the one or more emulsifiers are present at about 0.1 to about 2.0% by weight. In a preferred embodiment, the one or more emulsifiers are present in about 0.5 to about 1.0% by weight. The emulsifiers may include, but are not limited to, sorbitan stearates, glyceryl monooleates, lecithin, lanolin alcohols, cetearyl alcohol, polysorbates, sorbitan laurate, amphoteric and anionic surfactants, and nonionic alkyl polyglucosides. In certain embodiments of the insecticide composition, the water-based composition additionally comprises one or more corrosion inhibitors, or corrosion inhibition system. In certain embodiments, the insecticide composition is a substantially anhydrous HC solvent-based composition including transfluthrin, imiprothrin, and hydrocarbons as the primary solvent. In certain embodiments, the HC solvent is present at about 10% to about 90% by weight. In certain embodiments, the HC solvent is present at about 20% to about 75% by weight. In a preferred embodiment, the HC solvent is present in about 25% to about 55% by weight. In certain embodiments of the insecticide composition, the HC solvent-based composition additionally includes a polar, organic solvent. In certain embodiments, the polar, organic solvent is present at about 0.5% to about 5% by weight. In a preferred embodiment, the polar, organic solvent is present in about 1% to about 2% by weight. The polar, organic solvent may be an alcohol-based solvent. The alcohol-based solvent may include, but is not limited to, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, propanol, butanol and the like. In addition, solvents such as, but not limited to, ketones, glycols, glycol esters, and esters, for example isopropyl myristate, and the like. In certain embodiments of the insecticide composition, the hydrocarbon solvent-based composition additionally includes one or more emulsifiers. The emulsifiers may include, but are not limited to, sorbitan stearates, glyceryl monooleates, lecithin, lanolin alcohols, cetearyl alcohol, polysorbates, sorbitan laurate, sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan monostearate, sorbitan monopalmitate, amphoteric and anionic surfactants, and nonionic alkyl polyglucosides. In certain embodiments of the insecticide composition, the hydrocarbon solvent-based composition additionally comprises one or more corrosion inhibitors, or a corrosion inhibition system. While specific values of the solvents are chosen for these embodiments, it is to be understood that, within the scope of the disclosure, this value may vary over wide ranges to suit different applications. For example, the weight percentage of the solvent may increase to dissolve the AIs when, for example, there are additional AIs in one composition formula compared to another. The weight percentage of the solvent is balanced to effectively dissolve the AIs and effectively penetrate the cuticles of insects. In certain embodiments, the solvent may be aliphatic C9-C17hydrocarbons, alicyclic C9-C17hydrocarbons, naphtha, petroleum distillate, paraffins, iso-paraffins, isoparaffinic hydrocarbons, cycloparaffins, alkanes, iso-alkanes, cycloalkanes, and the like, and any combinations thereof. In certain embodiments the solvent is a petroleum distillate. In certain embodiments the petroleum distillate is comprised of hydrocarbons, C11-C17, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, <2% aromatics. In certain embodiments the solvent is an isoparaffinic hydrocarbon. In certain embodiments the isoparaffinic hydrocarbon is naphtha (petroleum), hydrotreated heavy. In certain embodiments the solvent is comprised of a petroleum distillate or an isoparaffinic hydrocarbon or both. Certain embodiments may comprise at least two solvents. In certain embodiments the molar ratio of the at least two solvents may be in the range of about 1:1 to about 1:100 or about 100:1 to about 1:1 based on the total concentration of the solvents. In certain embodiments the solvent is present at an appropriate amount to dissolve the AIs, and may also contribute to carrier efficiency, which is defined as the degree to which a solvent induces penetration of an insecticide into the pest. Petroleum distillates are commonly used to refer to aliphatic hydrocarbons, defined to also include natural or synthetic paraffinic hydrocarbons. Petroleum distillates may include mineral spirits, kerosene, white spirits, naphtha, Stoddard solvents, and the like. These products may contain trace amounts of benzene and/or other aromatics. Notwithstanding the non-limiting examples provided herein for solvents, other solvents, such as acetone, butyl glycol, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, chloropenthane, cresol, cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone, dibromomethane, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,1-dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, dichloroethylene, 1,1-dichloroethylene, 1,2-dichloropropane, diethylbenzene, dimethyl carbonate, N,N-dimethylformamide, 1,4-dioxane, ethylbenzene, ethylene glycol, ethyl glycol, formol, furfuryl alcohol, isophorone, isopropyl glycol, kerosene, mesithyl oxide, mesithylene, methanol, 2-methoxypropanol, methylmetacrylate, methylcyclohexanol, methylcyclohexanone, methyl glycol, methylisobuthylcarbinole, N-methylpyralidone, monochlorobenzene, nitrile acetic acid, nitrobenzene, 1-nitropropane, 2-nitropropane, oil of turpentine, o-chlorotoluene, pentachloroethane, phenol, propylbenzene, propylbromide, propyl chloride, propylene glycol, pyridine, styrene, tetrabenzylphenol, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, tetrachloroethylene, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydronaphthalene, toluene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, trimethylbenzene, vinyltoluene, xylene, and the like, or any combinations thereof, can also be used as the solvent. In certain embodiments, the insecticidal composition further comprises a propellant. In other embodiments, the insecticidal composition may further comprise a fragrance. Such embodiments may comprise a fragrance at about 0.1% to about 2% by weight. In accordance with certain embodiments of the present disclosure, the insecticidal composition is an aerosol insecticidal composition, which is suitable for industrial and domestic applications. An embodiment comprises a dispensing container having aerosol dispensing means, at least two AIs, a solvent at a sufficient weight percentage to dissolve the AIs, and a propellant gas at a sufficient pressure to dispense the AIs dissolved in the solvent from the dispensing means as an aerosol. An aerosol insecticidal composition is ideal for use against both flying and crawling insects. For example, the aerosol composition may be sprayed in the air for any flying insect and may be sprayed in the air for preventative measures. For crawling insects, the aerosol composition may be sprayed directly on the insect. The propellant pressurizes the aerosol container and influences the form in which the insecticidal composition is discharged. The composition may be discharged in the form of foam, stream, or spray. The pressure normally created by the propellant is about 2.4 to about 9.7 bars (35 psi to 140 psi) at 21.1° C. If propellant concentration is increased, the spray composition may be effected. By adjusting the propellant, surfactants, and solvent used, quick breaking foams can be produced, or foams can be created that remain visually unchanged for days. To produce a spray, the propellant must have sufficient dispersive energy to overcome the surface tension of the liquid mixture, plus the cohesive and adhesive forces. For producing an aerosol product composition, vapor pressure, spray characteristics, solubility, flammability, and corrosion are considered. Aerosol propellants may comprise compressed gases, soluble gases, and liquefied gases. Many of these forms of aerosol propellants may be used in connection with the present disclosure. In some embodiments the propellant may be carbon dioxide, nitrogen, air, and the like, or any combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the propellant belongs to the liquefied gases category including, but not limited to hydrocarbon propellants. In certain embodiments, the propellant may be methane, ethane, propane, pentane, isobutene, N-butane, iso-butane, dimethyl ether, 1,1-difluoroethane, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane and the like, and any combinations of two or more thereof. In some embodiments, the propellant is propane. In other embodiments, the propellant is butane, including both N-butane and iso-butane. Some embodiments may comprise at least a first propellant and a second propellant. In some embodiments the first and second propellants are in a molar ratio in the range of about 1:1 to about 100:1, or about 100:1 to about 1:1 based on the total concentration of the first and second propellant. In certain embodiments the first propellant is propane and the second propellant is butane, including both N-butane and iso-butane. Further, in certain embodiments, the propellant is present in about 0.5% to about 90% by weight, more preferably, about 10% to about 80% by weight. In one embodiment of the HC solvent-based composition, the propellant is present in about 50% to about 70% by weight, more preferably, about 65% to about 70% by weight. In one embodiment of the water-based-composition, the propellant is present in about 15% to about 40% by weight, more preferably about 34% to about 38% by weight. In one embodiment, the formula composition is such that the composition is discharged as a foam. While specific values chosen for the propellant are recited, it is to be understood that, within the scope of the disclosure, the value of this parameter may vary over wide ranges to suit different applications. According to EPA standards, a “dead” (or killed) insect must be an insect with absolutely no movement, no twitching, no antenna moving, etc. A dead insect is probed or subjected to other stimuli to verify lack of movement. A “knockdown” of an insect is considered to be any condition between dead and full mobility, i.e., knockdown is often measured as the insect's inability to respond to a stimulus such as light or touch. For mosquitos, knockdown is defined as mosquitoes resting on the floor of the chamber and experiencing some aberrant behavior, such as on laying on their back or side, spinning erratically in one spot, or the inability to sustain normal flight more than a few inches giving an impression of hopping. Especially when actual mortality rate may be difficult to assess, knockdown is used to measure the effect of a pesticide. It is desirable to not only knockdown, but to kill insects to avoid the breeding of knockdown resistant insects. Knockdown resistance (“kdr”), describes cases of resistance to diphenylethane (e.g. DDT) and pyrethroid insecticides in insects and other arthropods that result from reduced sensitivity of the nervous system caused by point mutations in the insect's genetic makeup. Such mutative resistance is characterized by the presence of kdr alleles in the insect's genome. Knockdown resistance remains a threat to the continued usefulness of pyrethroids in the control of many pest species. As such, it is desirable to have an insecticidal composition capable of not only insect knockdown but also insect death. The currently disclosed insecticidal composition exhibits faster and higher knockdown rates and higher killing rates against flying insects and crawling insects compared to other tested compositions. Other compositions, including other commercially available compositions, may have only fast and high knockdown rates against either flying insects or crawling insects, but not both. Furthermore, the disclosed insecticidal compositions also exhibit insect mortality and demonstrated activity in killing flying and crawling insects after the composition is applied. Other known compositions require the addition of a residual active agent or a synergist to ensure insect mortality. The currently disclosed insecticidal composition provides fast knockdown and insect mortality without the addition of a residual active agent or a synergist. Any of the embodiments described herein may be modified to include any of the structures, compositions, or methodologies disclosed in connection with different embodiments. EXAMPLES Formulations A, B, C, and D (Examples 1-4) are water-based formulations and comprise about 0.1% transfluthrin; either about 0.03% or about 0.05% imiprothrin; about 69% to about 70% water; about 19% propellant; about 8% to about 9% C11-C13branched alkanes; about 1% to about 2% isopropyl alcohol; about 0.7% emulsifier; and about 0.46% corrosion inhibitor. Formulations F, G, and H (Example 5) are HC solvent-based formulations and comprise either about 0.08% or 0.1% transfluthrin; about 0.03% imiprothrin; about 50% propellant; about 47% to about 49% C11-C13hydrocarbons, n-alkanes, isoalkane; and about 1% to about 2% isopropyl alcohol. Formulation E is similar to formulations F, G, and H, except formulation E contains the AIs 0.03% Prallethrin, 0.03% Imiprothrin, and 0.1% Cypermethrin, but does not contain transfluthrin. Formulations I and J are HC solvent-based formulations comprising 0.15% esbiothrin, 0.04% transfluthrin, and 0.11% D-phenothrin (I); or 0.3% D-tetramethrin, 0.1% permethrin, and 0.1% D-phenothrin (J). Example 1 Adult male German cockroach (7 weeks from eclosion) testing consists of five replicates per sample. German cockroach preparation for testing consists of anesthetizing the cockroaches with CO2, sorting and placing in clean greased Tri-State 15-A plastic cups. Immediately prior to testing, German cockroaches were transferred into clean greased Lucite rings (5 cm height×10 cm diameter) with a stainless steel screen (6×7 mesh/cm2) attached to the bottom of the ring. Cockroaches were allowed to recover from CO2overnight. No food or water is provided during the recovery period. Following preparation and recovery, cockroach-testing containers (one at a time) were placed in the CSMA Spray Tower and exposed to a targeted discharge at a spray distance of 46 cm (18″). After each aerosol discharge, the cockroaches were immediately transferred to a clean greased glass battery jar (15 cm height×15 cm diameter) for the selected observation period. One 15.0 cm diameter #2 filter paper was placed in bottom of glass battery jar for each replicate conducted. After observation period was completed, insects were removed from glass battery jars with the use of CO2(if necessary) and placed in 240 ml plastic cylinders and held for 24-hour mortality counts. Five additional replicates were held as untreated controls. Each replicate was timed to 100% knockdown to provide comparative data. Compositions B (comprising 0.1% Transfluthrin and 0.05% Imiprothrin) and C (comprising 0.1% Transfluthrin and 0.03% Imiprothrin) perform equally as well as, if not better than, the other tested compositions comprising Prallethrin and d-Phenothrin, or requiring the presence of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) in the percent knockdown ofBlatella germanica(German cockroach). TABLE 1Cockroach (Blatellagermanica) Direct Spray Knockdown Test1. 1 Second Spray, 5 Reps, 10 Insects/Rep.MeanMean % Knockdown _ Seconds24 H %KT100TreatmentDosage153045607590105120135150MortalityIn SecondsComposition A3.08 g10c42c68b86b92a98a98a100a100a100a100a78b0.1% Prallethrin0.125% d-PhenothrinComposition B3.13 g54ab94ab100a100a100a100a100a100a100a100a100a31a0.1% Transfluthrin0.05% ImiprothrinComposition C3.09 g46b80b98a100a100a100a100a100a100a100a100a41a0.1% Transfluthrin0.03% ImiprothrinComposition D3.04 g36b88ab96a100a100a100a100a100a100a100a100a39a0.1% Transfluthrin0.03% Imiprothrin0.4% PBO1Means within columns with the same letter are not significantly different; (P = 0.05) All Pairs Tukey-Kramer. Example 2 Housefly (Musca domestica) testing consists of five replicates per sample. Preparation for testing consists of anesthetizing the flies with CO2, sorting, and placing in clean sealrite containers. Flies were allowed to recover from CO2overnight. Sugar water is provided during the recovery period. Following preparation and recovery, fly-testing containers (one at a time) were placed in the CSMA Spray Tower and exposed to a targeted discharge. After each aerosol discharge, knockdown counts were taken for the selected observation period. The results are not significantly different between Compositions B and C of the present disclosure versus the other tested compositions comprising Prallethrin and d-Phenothrin, or requiring the presence of piperonyl butoxide (PBO). Exposure to Compositions B and C result in a mean percent knockdown in 10 seconds of 90% and 74%, respectively, in the house fly (Musca domestica). TABLE 2House Fly (Muscadomestica) Direct Spray Knockdown Test1.1 Second Spray, 5 Reps, 10 Insects/Rep.Mean % Knockdown _ SecondsTreatmentDosage102030405060Composition A3.31 g78a100a100a100a100a100a0.1% Prallethrin0.125% d-PhenothrinComposition B3.26 g90a100a100a100a100a100a0.1% Transfluthrin0.05% ImiprothrinComposition C3.31 g74a100a100a100a100a100a0.1% Transfluthrin0.03% ImiprothrinComposition D3.31 g78a100a100a100a100a100a0.1% Transfluthrin0.03% Imiprothrin0.4% PBO1Means within columns with the same letter are not significantly different; (P = 0.05) All Pairs Tukey-Kramer. Example 3 Mosquito testing consists of three replicates per sample. Preparation for testing consists of vacuuming mosquitoes from test cage with a tubular aspirator and placing in clean 240 ml (0.5 pt) cardboard cylinders with fitted aluminum screen (6×7 mesh/cm2) inserted in top. Following preparation, mosquitoes are released into test chamber from one of the portholes located in the chamber. Following a 1-minute acclimation period, mosquitoes are exposed to a targeted discharge. After each exposure/discharge knockdown counts are taken at 2-minute intervals over 12 minutes post-initial exposure. At 2 minutes, Compositions B (comprising 0.1% Transfluthrin and 0.05% Imiprothrin) and C (comprising 0.1% Transfluthrin and 0.03% Imiprothrin) have a faster and higher knockdown rate of the Southern House Mosquito (Culex quinquefasciatus) over any of the other tested compositions. With respect to predicted KT50 and KT90 knockdown times, Compositions B (comprising 0.1% Transfluthrin and 0.05% Imiprothrin) and C (comprising 0.1% Transfluthrin and 0.03% Imiprothrin) perform equally as well as, if not better than, the other tested compositions comprising Prallethrin and d-Phenothrin, or requiring the presence of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) in the percent knockdown of Southern House Mosquito. TABLE 3Mosquito (Culexquinquefasciatus) Free Flying Knockdown Test1.Equal Weight Dose: 0.65 Gram.Mean % Knockdown _ MinutesTreatment24681012Composition A10a43a68a77a84a89a0.1% Prallethrin0.125% d-PhenothrinComposition B23a44a64a75a86a92a0.1% Transfluthrin0.05% ImiprothrinComposition C27a48a71a81a86a94a0.1% Transfluthrin0.03% ImiprothrinComposition D13a36a56a76a84a90a0.1% Transfluthrin0.03% Imiprothrin0.4% PBO TABLE 3aCulex quinquefasciatusPeet-Grady Testing (0.65 gram dosage, 3replicates). Predicted KT50 and KT90 Valuesin Minutes based on Gompertz 3P Fit CurveInverse Prediction (Alpha 0.05).Specified %PredictedSpecified %PredictedKnockdownTimeKnockdownTimeTreatment(KT)(min)(KT)(min)Composition A504.5ab90N/A0.1% Prallethrin0.125% d-PhenothrinComposition B504.6ab9011.7a0.1% Transfluthrin0.05% ImiprothrinComposition C504.1a9010.6a0.1% Transfluthrin0.03% ImiprothrinComposition D505.2ab9011.8a0.1% Transfluthrin0.03% Imiprothrin0.4% PBOFit Curve Model Comparison conducted with Gompertz 3P providing the best fit. Predicted values for the formulas at a specified % knockdown value with overlapping confidence limits are not considered to be significantly different. Example 4 For efficacy tests in a Peet-Grady Chamber, the aerosol was sprayed through the upper port along the side wall of the chamber containing insects (Culex pipiens pallens, Aedes albopictus, Musca domestica). While testing aerosol against mosquitoes, knockdown counts were recorded at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 minute time intervals, then collected the knockdown mosquitoes and the remaining mosquitoes after 10 minutes as to check for 24 hour mortality and determined the total number of mosquitoes. While testing aerosol against house flies, knockdown counts were recorded at 3, 5, 10 and 15 minute time intervals, then collected the knockdown house flies and the remaining house flies after 15 minutes to check the 24 hour mortality and determined the total number of house flies. For Direct Spray knockdown tests, the spray distance was 46 cm (18″) and the targeted discharge was approximately 1.0 second. The knockdown counts for German cockroaches (Blattella germanica) were recorded at time intervals of 15 s, 30 s, 45 s, 60 s, 75 s, 90 s, 105 s, 120 s, 135 s, and 150 s, the knockdown counts for American cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) were recorded at time intervals of 15 s, 30 s, 45 s, 60 s, 75 s, 90 s, 105 s, 120 s, 180 s, 240 s, and 300 s, the knockdown counts for House flies (Musca domestica) were recorded at time intervals of 10 s, 20 s, 30 s, 40 s, 50 s, and 60 s, or end up observing time to 100% knockdown. At the end of the observation period, cockroaches (Blattella germanica, Periplaneta americana) and House flies (Musca domestica) were removed to check the 24 hour mortality. Table 4a illustrates that Composition G (0.1% Transfluthrin and 0.03% Imiprothrin) demonstrates a percent knockdown of the common or Northern House Mosquito (Culex pipiens pallens) at 2 minutes at least double that of the other tested compositions, except for the composition containing the combination of esbiothrin and D-phenothrin. For the Asian tiger mosquito or forest mosquito (Aedes albopictus) percent knockdown is comparable if not better than the other compositions tested. For housefly (Musca domestica), as shown in Table 4b, percent knockdown is comparable if not better than the other compositions tested, except for those containing 0.3% D-tetramethrin, 0.1% permethrin, and 0.1% D-phenothrin. The KT50, KT90, and % mortality in 24 hours of Composition G was comparable to that of the other compositions tested, indicating that Composition G not only demonstrates good knock down activity but also good mortality in the two AI package containing AIs known primarily for good KD activity. Tables 4c, 4d, and 4e, German cockroach (Blattella germanica), American cockroach (Periplaneta Americana), and housefly (Musca domestica), respectively, provide results (% knockdown, %24 h mortality, sprayed dose) of aerosol. As can be seen, Composition G demonstrates comparable, if not better, performance in % knockdown and % mortality measured at 24 hours. Composition G provides both knock down and mortality at 24 hours (residual effect) without the need for a residual active or a synergist such as PBO. TABLE 4aMean test results (% knockdown, KT50, KT90, %24 h mortality, sprayed dose) of aerosol againstCulexpipienspallensandAedesalbopictusin Peet-Grady Chamber.95%95%ConfidenceConfidence%24SprayedTestTest% knockdown after minutesKT50 inLimits ofKT90 inLimits ofHoursDose inCompositionspecies246810MinutesKT50MinutesKT90MortalitygramsCompositionCulex4.06.710.415.725.130.9216.48-315.59193.9853.46-27288.0425.11.02Epipiens0.03%pallensPrallethrin0.03%Imiprothrin0.1%CypermethrinComposition6.622.940.262.176.46.515.69-7.5616.1112.54-24.6976.41.02F0.1%Transfluthrin0.03%Imiprothrin0.4% PBOComposition14.543.670.083.887.84.264.04-4.4910.379.59-11.3587.50.93G0.1%Transfluthrin0.03%ImiprothrinComposition6.638.371.384.590.84.604.40-4.809.348.79-10.0184.80.99H0.08%Transfluthrin0.03%ImiprothrinComposition21.350.566.277.087.24.023.76-4.2812.2311.02-13.8781.61.01I0.15%esbiothrin0.04%transfluthrin0.11% D-phenothrinComposition11.620.525.728.132.327.7918.80-55.95No DataNo Data32.30.95J0.3% D-tetramethrin0.1%permethrin0.1% D-phenothrinCompositionAedes4.78.720.438.852.510.357.94-20.3629.4616.62-199.6652.51.05Ealbopictus0.03%Prallethrin0.03%Imiprothrin0.1%CypermethrinComposition9.730.062.782.395.74.783.74-5.849.677.58-15.7095.70.98F0.1%Transfluthrin0.03%Imiprothrin0.4% PBOComposition16.660.685.492.798.03.433.25-3.596.936.55-7.3998.01.00G0.1%Transfluthrin0.03%ImiprothrinComposition19.745.769.782.793.33.993.34-4.609.998.21-13.5393.30.99H0.08%Transfluthrin0.03%ImiprothrinComposition18.049.068.778.788.74.103.85-4.3411.1510.18-12.4188.70.98I0.15%esbiothrin0.04%transfluthrin0.11% D-phenothrinComposition10.318.521.925.828.836.4122.71-88.73736.93225.58-7212.9528.81.01J0.3% D-tetramethrin0.1%permethrin0.1% D-phenothrinMethod: Aerosol test method in Peet-Grady Chamber; Approximately 100 free flying female mosquitoes per replicate TABLE 4bMean test results (% knockdown, KT50, KT90, %24 h mortality, sprayed dose) of aerosol againstMuscadomesticain Peet-Grady Chamber.95%95%ConfidenceConfidence%24SprayedTestTest% knockdown after minutesKT50 inLimits ofKT90 inLimits ofHoursDose inCompositionspecies351015MinutesKT50MinutesKT90MortalitygramsCompositionMusca2.812.738.658.412.5811.99-13.2634.2530.78-38.7757.80.99Edomestica0.03%Prallethrin0.03%Imiprothrin0.1%CypermethrinComposition11.938.783.798.45.724.85-6.6811.129.14-15.1598.41.02F0.1%Transfluthrin0.03%Imiprothrin0.4% PBOComposition9.238.277.896.86.104.99-7.3812.299.74-18.3893.60.98G0.1%Transfluthrin0.03%ImiprothrinComposition11.740.575.297.35.984.22-8.1612.619.02-28.8891.40.99H0.08%Transfluthrin0.03%ImiprothrinComposition17.451.071.882.25.922.81-9.7719.0110.97-275.5181.80.93I0.15%esbiothrin0.04%transfluthrin0.11% D-phenothrinComposition29.155.373.887.34.883.47-6.2117.6612.32-37.6187.31.04J0.3% D-tetramethrin0.1%permethrin0.1% D-phenothrinMethod: Aerosol test method in Peet-Grady Chamber; Approximately 250 free flying mixed sex house flies per replicate TABLE 4cMean test results (% knockdown, %24 h mortality, sprayed dose) of aerosol againstBlattellagermanica, onDirect Spray test method.%24SprayedTest% knockdown after secondsHoursDose inTest Compositionspecies153045607590105120135150MortalitygramsComposition EBlattella96.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.03.160.03% Prallethringermanica0.03% Imiprothrin0.1% CypermethrinComposition F90.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.03.350.1% Transfluthrin0.03% Imiprothrin0.4% PBOComposition G100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.03.370.1% Transfluthrin0.03% ImiprothrinComposition H68.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.03.280.08% Transfluthrin0.03% ImiprothrinComposition I0.028.054.072.084.094.094.096.0100.0100.098.01.970.15% esbiothrin0.04% transfluthrin0.11% D-phenothrinComposition J100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.02.490.3% D-tetramethrin0.1% permethrin0.1% D-phenothrinMethod: Aerosol Direct Spray test method; 10 malesBlattellagermanicaper replicate; Direct Spray time as 1.0 second TABLE 4dMean test results (% knockdown, %24 h mortality, sprayed dose) of aerosol againstPeriplanetaamericanaonDirect Spray test method.%24SprayedTest% knockdown after secondsHoursDose inTest Compositionspecies153045607590105120180240300MortalitygramsComposition EPeriplaneta56.088.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.03.200.03% Prallethrinamericana0.03% Imiprothrin0.1% CypermethrinComposition F40.084.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.03.090.1% Transfluthrin0.03% Imiprothrin0.4% PBOComposition G52.072.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.03.280.1% Transfluthrin0.03% ImiprothrinComposition H20.056.068.088.096.096.096.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.03.190.08% Transfluthrin0.03% ImiprothrinComposition I8.016.016.016.020.024.028.028.036.048.052.048.02.080.15% esbiothrin0.04% transfluthrin0.11% D-phenothrinComposition J0.016.028.036.044.052.060.072.080.0100.0100.0100.02.390.3% D-tetramethrin0.1% permethrin0.1% D-phenothrinMethod: Aerosol Direct Spray test method; 5 malesPeriplanetaAmericanaper replicate; Direct Spray time as 1.0 second TABLE 4eMean test results (% knockdown, % 24 h mortality, sprayed dose) of aerosol againstMusca domesticaon Direct Spray test method.% 24Sprayed% knockdown after secondsHoursDose inTest CompositionTest species102030405060MortalitygramsComposition EMusca100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.03.130.03% Prallethrindomestica0.03% Imiprothrin0.1% CypermethrinComposition F100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.03.150.1% Transfluthrin0.03% Imiprothrin0.4% PBOComposition G100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.03.290.1% Transfluthrin0.03% ImiprothrinComposition H100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.02.590.08% Transfluthrin0.03% ImiprothrinComposition I70.094.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.02.040.15% esbiothrin0.04% transfluthrin0.11% D-phenothrinComposition J80.096.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.02.460.3% D-tetramethrin0.1% permethrin0.1% D-phenothrinMethod: Aerosol Direct Spray test method; 10 femalesMusca domesticaper replicate Direct Spray time as 1.0 second INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY Numerous modifications to the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the foregoing description. Accordingly, this description is to be construed as illustrative only and is presented for the purpose of enabling those skilled in the art to make and use the invention and to teach the best mode of carrying out same. The exclusive rights to all modifications which come within the scope of the appended claims are reserved.

11856955

DESCRIPTION The present invention can be understood more readily by reference to the following detailed description of the invention and the Examples included therein. Before the present compounds, compositions, articles, systems, devices, and/or methods are disclosed and described, it is to be understood that they are not limited to specific synthetic methods unless otherwise specified, or to particular reagents unless otherwise specified, as such may, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular aspects only and is not intended to be limiting. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, example methods and materials are now described. All publications mentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference to disclose and describe the methods and/or materials in connection with which the publications are cited. The publications discussed herein are provided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the present invention is not entitled to antedate such publication by virtue of prior invention. Further, the dates of publication provided herein can be different from the actual publication dates, which can require independent confirmation. A. Definitions As used herein, nomenclature for compounds, including organic compounds, can be given using common names, IUPAC, IUBMB, or CAS recommendations for nomenclature. When one or more stereochemical features are present. Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules for stereochemistry can be employed to designate stereochemical priority. E/Z specification, and the like. One of skill in the art can readily ascertain the structure of a compound if given a name, either by systemic reduction of the compound structure using naming conventions, or by commercially available software, such as CHEMDRAW™ (Cambridgesoft Corporation, U.S.A.). As used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a functional group,” “an alkyl,” or “a residue” includes mixtures of two or more such functional groups, alkyls, or residues, and the like. Ranges can be expressed herein as from “about” one particular value, and/or to “about” another particular value. When such a range is expressed, a further aspect includes from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent “about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms a further aspect. It will be further understood that the endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint. It is also understood that there are a number of values disclosed herein, and that each value is also herein disclosed as “about” that particular value in addition to the value itself. For example, if the value “10” is disclosed, then “about 10” is also disclosed. It is also understood that each unit between two particular units are also disclosed. For example, if 10 and 15 are disclosed, then 11, 12, 13, and 14 are also disclosed. References in the specification and concluding claims to parts by weight of a particular element or component in a composition denotes the weight relationship between the element or component and any other elements or components in the composition or article for which a part by weight is expressed. Thus, in a compound containing 2 parts by weight of component X and 5 parts by weight component Y, X and Y are present at a weight ratio of 2:5, and are present in such ratio regardless of whether additional components are contained in the compound. A weight percent (wt. %) of a component, unless specifically stated to the contrary, is based on the total weight of the formulation or composition in which the component is included. As used herein, the terms “optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance can or can not occur, and that the description includes instances where said event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not. As used herein, the term “allosteric site” refers to a ligand binding site that is topographically distinct from the orthosteric binding site. As used herein, the term “modulator” refers to a molecular entity (e.g., but not limited to, a ligand and a disclosed compound) that modulates the activity of the target receptor protein. As used herein, the term “ligand” refers to a natural or synthetic molecular entity that is capable of associating or binding to a receptor to form a complex and mediate, prevent or modify a biological effect. Thus, the term “ligand” encompasses allosteric modulators, inhibitors, activators, agonists, antagonists, natural substrates and analogs of natural substrates. As used herein, the terms “natural ligand” and “endogenous ligand” are used interchangeably, and refer to a naturally occurring ligand, found in nature, which binds to a receptor. As used herein, the term “orthosteric site” refers to the primary binding site on a receptor that is recognized by the endogenous ligand or agonist for that receptor. The term “contacting” as used herein refers to bringing a disclosed compound and a cell, a target receptor, or other biological entity together in such a manner that the compound can affect the activity of the target, either directly; i.e., by interacting with the target itself, or indirectly; i.e. by interacting with another molecule, co-factor, factor, or protein on which the activity of the target is dependent. As used herein, the terms “effective amount” and “amount effective” refer to an amount that is sufficient to achieve the desired result or to have an effect on an undesired condition. As used herein, “kit” means a collection of at least two components constituting the kit. Together, the components constitute a functional unit for a given purpose. Individual member components may be physically packaged together or separately. For example, a kit comprising an instruction for using the kit may or may not physically include the instruction with other individual member components. Instead, the instruction can be supplied as a separate member component, either in a paper form or an electronic form which may be supplied on computer readable memory device or downloaded from an internet website, or as recorded presentation. As used herein. “instruction(s)” means documents describing relevant materials or methodologies pertaining to a kit. These materials may include any combination of the following: background information, list of components and their availability information (purchase information, etc.), brief or detailed protocols for using the kit, trouble-shooting, references, technical support, and any other related documents. Instructions can be supplied with the kit or as a separate member component, either as a paper form or an electronic form which may be supplied on computer readable memory device or downloaded from an internet website, or as recorded presentation. Instructions can comprise one or multiple documents, and are meant to include future updates. As used herein. “EC50,” is intended to refer to the concentration of a substance (e.g. a compound or a drug) that is required for 50% activation or enhancement of a biological process, or component of a process. For example, EC50can refer to the concentration of agonist that provokes a response halfway between the baseline and maximum response in an appropriate assay of the target activity. As used herein. “IC50,” is intended to refer to the concentration of a substance (e.g. a compound or a drug) that is required for 50% inhibition of a biological process, or component of a process. For example, IC50refers to the half maximal (50%) inhibitory concentration (IC) of a substance as determined in a suitable assay. In the context of chemical formulas, the symbol “” means a single bond. “” means a double bond, and “” means triple bond. The symbol “” represents an optional bond, which if present is either single or double. The symbol “” represents a single bond or a double bond. Thus, for example, the structure includes the structures As will be understood by a person of skill in the art, no one such ring atom forms part of more than one double bond. The symbol “”, when drawn perpendicularly across a bond, indicates a point of attachment of the group. It is noted that the point of attachment is typically only identified in this manner for larger groups in order to assist the reader in rapidly and unambiguously identifying a point of attachment. The symbol “” means a single bond where the group attached to the thick end of the wedge is “out of the page.” The symbol “” means a single bond where the group attached to the thick end of the wedge is “into the page”. The symbol “” means a single bond where the conformation (e.g., either R or S) or the geometry is undefined (e.g., either E or Z). For the groups and classes below, the following parenthetical subscripts further define the group/class as follows: “(Cn)” defines the exact number (n) of carbon atoms in the group/class. “(C≤n)” defines the maximum number (n) of carbon atoms that can be in the group/class, with the minimum number as small as possible for the group in question. e.g., it is understood that the minimum number of carbon atoms in the group “alkenyl(C≤8)” or the class “alkene(C≤8)” is two. For example, “alkoxy(C≤10)” designates those alkoxy groups having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10), or any range derivable therein (e.g., 3 to 10 carbon atoms). (Cn-n′) defines both the minimum (n) and maximum number (n′) of carbon atoms in the group. Similarly, “alkyl(C2-10)” designates those alkyl groups having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or any range derivable therein (e.g., 3 to 10 carbon atoms)). As used herein, the term “derivative” refers to a compound having a structure derived from the structure of a parent compound (e.g., a compound disclosed herein) and whose structure is sufficiently similar to those disclosed herein and based upon that similarity, would be expected by one skilled in the art to exhibit the same or similar activities and utilities as the claimed compounds, or to induce, as a precursor, the same or similar activities and utilities as the claimed compounds. Exemplary derivatives include salts, esters, amides, salts of esters or amides, and N-oxides of a parent compound. A residue of a chemical species, as used in the specification and concluding claims, refers to the moiety that is the resulting product of the chemical species in a particular reaction scheme or subsequent formulation or chemical product, regardless of whether the moiety is actually obtained from the chemical species. Thus, an ethylene glycol residue in a polyester refers to one or more —OCH2CH2O— units in the polyester, regardless of whether ethylene glycol was used to prepare the polyester. Similarly, a sebacic acid residue in a polyester refers to one or more —CO(CH2)8CO— moieties in the polyester, regardless of whether the residue is obtained by reacting sebacic acid or an ester thereof to obtain the polyester. As used herein, the term “substituted” is contemplated to include all permissible substituents of organic compounds. In a broad aspect, the permissible substituents include acyclic and cyclic, branched and unbranched, carbocyclic and heterocyclic, and aromatic and nonaromatic substituents of organic compounds. Illustrative substituents include, for example, those described below. The permissible substituents can be one or more and the same or different for appropriate organic compounds. For purposes of this disclosure, the heteroatoms, such as nitrogen, can have hydrogen substituents and/or any permissible substituents of organic compounds described herein which satisfy the valences of the heteroatoms. This disclosure is not intended to be limited in any manner by the permissible substituents of organic compounds. Also, the terms “substitution” or “substituted with” include the implicit proviso that such substitution is in accordance with permitted valence of the substituted atom and the substituent, and that the substitution results in a stable compound, e.g., a compound that does not spontaneously undergo transformation such as by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, etc. It is also contemplated that, in certain aspects, unless expressly indicated to the contrary, individual substituents can be further optionally substituted (i.e., further substituted or unsubstituted). In defining various terms, “A1,” “A2,” “A3,” and “A4” are used herein as generic symbols to represent various specific substituents. These symbols can be any substituent, not limited to those disclosed herein, and when they are defined to be certain substituents in one instance, they can, in another instance, be defined as some other substituents. The term “saturated” as used herein means the compound or group so modified has no carbon-carbon double and no carbon-carbon triple bonds, except as noted below. The term does not preclude carbon-heteroatom multiple bonds, for example a carbon oxygen double bond or a carbon nitrogen double bond. Moreover, it does not preclude a carbon-carbon double bond that may occur as part of keto-enol tautomerism or imine/enamine tautomerism. When used in the context of a chemical group. “hydrogen” means —H; “hydroxy” and “hydroxyl” can be used interchangeably and mean —OH; “oxo” means ═O; “halo,” “halogen” and “halide”, as used herein can be used interchangeably, mean independently —F. —Cl, —Br or —I; “amino” means —NH2; “hydroxyamino” means —NHOH; “nitro” means —NO2; imino means ═NH; “cyano” and “nitrile” can be used interchangeably and mean —CN; “isocyanate” means —N═C═O; “azido” means —N3; in a monovalent context “phosphate” means —OP(O)(OH)2or a deprotonated form thereof; in a divalent context “phosphate” means —OP(O)(OH)O— or a deprotonated form thereof; “mercapto” and “thiol” can be used interchangeably and mean —SH; and “thio” means ═S; “sulfonyl” means —S(O)2— and “sulfinyl” means —S(O)—. The term “acyl” when used without the “substituted” modifier refers to the group —C(O)R, in which R is a hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl or heteroaryl, as those terms are defined above. The groups. —CHO, —C(O)CH3(acetyl. Ac). —C(O)CH2CH3, —C(O)CH2CH2CH3, —C(O)CH(CH3)2, —C(O)CH(CH2)2, —C(O)C6H5, —C(O)CH4CH3, —C(O)CH2C6H5, —C(O)(imidazolyl) are non-limiting examples of acyl groups. A “thioacyl” is defined in an analogous manner, except that the oxygen atom of the group —C(O)R has been replaced with a sulfur atom, —C(S)R. When either of these terms are used with the “substituted” modifier one or more hydrogen atom (including the hydrogen atom directly attached the carbonyl or thiocarbonyl group) has been independently replaced by —OH, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NH2, —NO2, —CO2H, —CO2CH3, —CN, —SH, —OCH3, —OCH2CH3, —C(O)CH3, —N(CH3)2. —C(O)NH2, —OC(O)CH3, or —S(O)2NH2. The groups, —C(O)CH2CF3, —CO2H (carboxyl), —CO2CH3(methylcarboxyl). —CO2CH2CH3, —C(O)NH2(carbamoyl), and —CON(CH3)2, are non-limiting examples of substituted acyl groups. The term “aliphatic” when used without the “substituted” modifier signifies that the compound/group so modified is an acyclic or cyclic, but non-aromatic hydrocarbon compound or group. In aliphatic compounds/groups, the carbon atoms can be joined together in straight chains, branched chains, or non-aromatic rings (alicyclic). Aliphatic compounds/groups can be saturated, that is joined by single bonds (alkanes/alkyl), or unsaturated, with one or more double bonds (alkenes/alkenyl) or with one or more triple bonds (alkynes/alkynyl). When the term “aliphatic” is used without the “substituted” modifier only carbon and hydrogen atoms are present. When the term is used with the “substituted” modifier one or more hydrogen atoms has been independently replaced by —OH, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NH, —NO2, —CO2H, —CO2CH3, —CN, —SH, —OCH3, —OCH2CH3, —C(O)CH3, —N(CH3)2, —C(O)NH2, —OC(O)CH3, or —S(O)2NH2. The term “alkyl” when used without the “substituted” modifier refers to a monovalent saturated aliphatic group with a carbon atom as the point of attachment, a linear or branched, cyclo, cyclic or acyclic structure, and no atoms other than carbon and hydrogen. Thus, as used herein cycloalkyl is a subset of alkyl. The groups —CH3(Me), —CH2CH3(Et), —CH2CH2CH3(n-Pr), —CH(CH3)2(iso-Pr). —CH(CH2)2(cyclopropyl), —CH2CH2CH2CH3(n-Bu), —CH(CH3)CH2CH3(sec-butyl), —CH2CH(CH3)2(iso-butyl), —C(CH3)3(tert-butyl), —CH2C(CH3)3(neo-pentyl), cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and cyclohexylmethyl are non-limiting examples of alkyl groups. The term “alkanediyl” when used without the “substituted” modifier refers to a divalent saturated aliphatic group, with one or two saturated carbon atom(s) as the point(s) of attachment, a linear or branched, cyclo, cyclic or acyclic structure, no carbon-carbon double or triple bonds, and no atoms other than carbon and hydrogen. The groups. —CH2— (methylene), —CH2CH—, —CH2C(CH3)2CH2—, —CH2CH2CH2—, and are non-limiting examples of alkanediyl groups. The term “alkylidene” when used without the “substituted” modifier refers to the divalent group ═CRR′ in which R and R′ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, or R and R′ are taken together to represent an alkanediyl having at least two carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of alkylidene groups include: ═CH2, ═CH(CH2CH3), and ═C(CH3)2. When any of these terms is used with the “substituted” modifier one or more hydrogen atom has been independently replaced by —OH, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NH, —NO2, —CO2H, —CO2CH3, —CN, —SH, —OCH3, —OCH2CH3, —C(O)CH3, —N(CH3)2, —C(O)NH2, —OC(O)CH3, or —S(O)2NH. The following groups are non-limiting examples of substituted alkyl groups: —CH2OH, —CH2Cl, —CF3, —CH2CN, —CH2C(O)OH, —CH2C(O)OCH3, —CH2C(O)NH2, —CH2C(O)CH3, —CH2OCH3, —CH2OC(O)CH3, —CH2NH2, —CH2N(CH3)2, and —CH2CH2Cl. An “alkane” refers to the compound H—R, wherein R is alkyl. Throughout the specification “alkyl” is generally used to refer to both unsubstituted alkyl groups and substituted alkyl groups; however, substituted alkyl groups are also specifically referred to herein by identifying the specific substituent(s) on the alkyl group. The term “halogenated alkyl” or “haloalkyl” is a subset of substituted alkyl, in which one or more hydrogens has been substituted with a halo group (i.e., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine) and no other atoms aside from carbon, hydrogen and halogen are present. The group. —CH2Cl is anon-limiting example of a haloalkyl. The term “fluoroalkyl” is a subset of substituted alkyl, in which one or more hydrogens has been substituted with a fluoro group and no other atoms aside from carbon, hydrogen and fluorine are present. The groups, —CH2F, —CF3, and —CH2CF3 are non-limiting examples of fluoroalkyl groups. An “alkane” refers to the compound H—R, wherein R is alkyl. Alternatively, the term “monohaloalkyl” specifically refers to an alkyl group that is substituted with a single halide, e.g. fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The term “polyhaloalkyl” specifically refers to an alkyl group that is independently substituted with two or more halides. i.e. each halide substituent need not be the same halide as another halide substituent, nor do the multiple instances of a halide substituent need to be on the same carbon. The term “alkoxyalkyl” specifically refers to an alkyl group that is substituted with one or more alkoxy groups, as described below. The term “aminoalkyl” specifically refers to an alkyl group that is substituted with one or more amino groups. The term “hydroxyalkyl” specifically refers to an alkyl group that is substituted with one or more hydroxy groups. When “alkyl” is used in one instance and a specific term such as “hydroxyalkyl” is used in another, it is not meant to imply that the term “alkyl” does not also refer to specific terms such as “hydroxyalkyl” and the like. This practice is also used for other groups described herein. That is, while a term such as “cycloalkyl” refers to both unsubstituted and substituted cycloalkyl moieties, the substituted moieties can, in addition, be specifically identified herein; for example, a particular substituted cycloalkyl can be referred to as, e.g., an “alkylcycloalkyl,” Similarly, a substituted alkoxy can be specifically referred to as, e.g., a “halogenated alkoxy,” a particular substituted alkenyl can be, e.g. an “alkenylalcohol.” and the like. Again, the practice of using a general term, such as “cycloalkyl.” and a specific term, such as “alkylcycloalkyl.” is not meant to imply that the general term does not also include the specific term. The term “cycloalkyl” as used herein is a non-aromatic carbon-based ring composed of at least three carbon atoms. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, norbornyl, and the like. The term “heterocycloalkyl” is a type of cycloalkyl group as defined above, and is included within the meaning of the term “cycloalkyl,” where at least one of the carbon atoms of the ring is replaced with a heteroatom such as, but not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, or phosphorus. The cycloalkyl group and heterocycloalkyl group can be substituted or unsubstituted. The cycloalkyl group and heterocycloalkyl group can be substituted with one or more groups including, but not limited to, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, amino, ether, halide, hydroxy, nitro, silyl, sulfo-oxo, or thiol as described herein. The term “alkoxy” when used without the “substituted” modifier refers to the group —OR, in which R is an alkyl, as that term is defined above. Non-limiting examples of alkoxy groups include: —OCH3, —OCH2CH3, —OCH2CH2CH3, —OCH(CH3)2, —OCH(CH2)2, —O— cyclopentyl, and —O-cyclohexyl. The terms “alkenyloxy”, “alkynyloxy”, “aryloxy”, “aralkoxy”, “heteroaryloxy” and “acyloxy”, when used without the “substituted” modifier, refers to groups, defined as —OR, in which R is alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl heteroaryl, and acyl respectively. The term “alkoxydiyl” refers to the divalent group —O-alkanediyl-, —O— alkanediyl-O—, or -alkanediyl-O-alkanediyl-. The term “alkylthio” when used without the “substituted” modifier refers to the group —SR, in which R is an alkyl, as that term is defined above. When any of these terms is used with the “substituted” modifier one or more hydrogen atom has been independently replaced by —OH, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NH2, —NO2, —CO2H, —CO2CH3, —CN, —SH, —OCH3, —OCH2CH3, —C(O)CH3, —N(CH3)2, —C(O)NH2, —OC(O)CH3, or —S(O)2NH2. The term “alcohol” corresponds to an alkane, as defined above, wherein at least one of the hydrogen atoms has been replaced with a hydroxy group. The term “alkenyl” when used without the “substituted” modifier refers to an monovalent unsaturated aliphatic group with a carbon atom as the point of attachment, a linear or branched, cyclo, cyclic or acyclic structure, at least one nonaromatic carbon-carbon double bond, no carbon-carbon triple bonds, and no atoms other than carbon and hydrogen. Non-limiting examples of alkenyl groups include: —CH═CH2(vinyl), —CH═CHCH3, —CH═CHCH2CH3, —CH2CH═CH2(allyl). —CH2CH═CHCH3, and —CH═CH—C6H5. The term “alkenediyl” when used without the “substituted” modifier refers to a divalent unsaturated aliphatic group, with two carbon atoms as points of attachment, a linear or branched, cyclo, cyclic or acyclic structure, at least one nonaromatic carbon-carbon double bond, no carbon-carbon triple bonds, and no atoms other than carbon and hydrogen. The groups. —CH═CH—, —CH═C(CH3)CH2—, —CH═CHCH2—, and are non-limiting examples of alkenediyl groups. When these terms are used with the “substituted” modifier one or more hydrogen atom has been independently replaced by —OH, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NH2, —NO2, —CO2H, —CO2CH3, —CN, —SH, —OCH3, —OCH2CH3, —C(O)CH3, —N(CH3)2, —C(O)NH2, —OC(O)CH3, or —S(O)2NH2. The groups, —CH═CHF, —CH═CHCl and —CH═CHBr, are non-limiting examples of substituted alkenyl groups. An “alkene” refers to the compound H—R, wherein R is alkenyl. The term “cycloalkenyl” as used herein is a non-aromatic carbon-based ring composed of at least three carbon atoms and containing at least one carbon-carbon double bound. i.e., C═C. Cycloalkenyl is a subset of alkenyl. Examples of cycloalkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cvclopentadienyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, norbornenyl, and the like. The term “heterocycloalkenyl” is a type of cycloalkenyl group as defined above, and is included within the meaning of the term “cycloalkenyl,” where at least one of the carbon atoms of the ring is replaced with a heteroatom such as, but not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, or phosphorus. The cycloalkenyl group and heterocycloalkenyl group can be substituted or unsubstituted. The cycloalkenyl group and heterocycloalkenyl group can be substituted with one or more groups including, but not limited to, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aldehyde, amino, carboxylic acid, ester, ether, halide, hydroxy, ketone, azide, nitro, silyl, sulfo-oxo, or thiol as described herein. The term “alkynyl” as used herein is a hydrocarbon group of 2 to 24 carbon atoms with a structural formula containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. The alkynyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more groups including, but not limited to, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, an, heteroaryl, aldehyde, amino, carboxylic acid, ester, ether, halide, hydroxy, ketone, azide, nitro, silyl, sulfo-oxo, or thiol, as described herein. The term “alkynyl” when used without the “substituted” modifier refers to a monovalent unsaturated aliphatic group with a carbon atom as the point of attachment, a linear or branched, cyclo, cyclic or acyclic structure, at least one carbon-carbon triple bond, and no atoms other than carbon and hydrogen. As used herein, the term alkynyl does not preclude the presence of one or more non-aromatic carbon-carbon double bonds. The groups. —C≡CH, —C≡CCH3, and —CH2C═CCH3, are non-limiting examples of alkynyl groups. When alkynyl is used with the “substituted” modifier one or more hydrogen atom has been independently replaced by —OH, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NH2, —NO2. —CO2H, —CO2CH3, —CN, —SH, —OCH3, —OCH2CH3, —C(O)CH3, —N(CH3)2, —C(O)NH2, —OC(O)CH3, or —S(O)2NH. An “alkyne” refers to the compound H—R, wherein R is alkynyl. The term “cycloalkynyl” as used herein is anon-aromatic carbon-based ring composed of at least seven carbon atoms and containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bound, and is a subset of those groups specified by the term “alkynyl.” Examples of cycloalkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, cycloheptenyl, cyclooctynyl, cyclononynyl, and the like. The term “heterocycloalkynyl” is a type of cycloalkenyl group as defined above, and is included within the meaning of the term “cycloalkynyl,” where at least one of the carbon atoms of the ring is replaced with a heteroatom such as, but not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, or phosphorus. The cycloalkynyl group and heterocycloalkynyl group can be substituted or unsubstituted. The cycloalkynyl group and heterocycloalkynyl group can be substituted with one or more groups including, but not limited to, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aldehyde, amino, carboxylic acid, ester, ether, halide, hydroxy, ketone, azide, nitro, silyl, sulfo-oxo, or thiol as described herein. The term “aromatic group” as used herein refers to a ring structure having cyclic clouds of delocalized π electrons above and below the plane of the molecule, where the π clouds contain (4n+2) π electrons. A further discussion of aromaticity is found in Morrison and Boyd, Organic Chemistry. (5th Ed., 1987), Chapter 13, entitled “Aromaticity.” pages 477-497, incorporated herein by reference. The term “aromatic group” is inclusive of both aryl and heteroaryl groups. The term “aryl” when used without the “substituted” modifier refers to a monovalent unsaturated aromatic group with an aromatic carbon atom as the point of attachment, said carbon atom forming part of a one or more six-membered aromatic ring structure, wherein the ring atoms are all carbon, and wherein the group consists of no atoms other than carbon and hydrogen. If more than one ring is present, the rings may be fused or unfused. As used herein, the term does not preclude the presence of one or more alkyl group (carbon number limitation permitting) attached to the first aromatic ring or any additional aromatic ring present. Non-limiting examples of aryl groups include phenyl (Ph), methylphenyl, (dimethyl)phenyl, —C6H4CH2CH3(ethylphenyl), naphthyl, and the monovalent group derived from biphenyl. The term “arenediyl” when used without the “substituted” modifier refers to a divalent aromatic group, with two aromatic carbon atoms as points of attachment, said carbon atoms forming part of one or more six-membered aromatic ring structure(s) wherein the ring atoms are all carbon, and wherein the monovalent group consists of no atoms other than carbon and hydrogen. As used herein, the term does not preclude the presence of one or more alkyl group (carbon number limitation permitting) attached to the first aromatic ring or any additional aromatic ring present. If more than one ring is present, the rings may be fused or unfused. Non-limiting examples of arenediyl groups include: When the term “aryl” is used with the “substituted” modifier one or more hydrogen atom has been independently replaced by —OH, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NH2, —NO2, —CO2H, —CO2CH3, —CN, —SH, —OCH3, —OCH2CH3, —C(O)CH3, —N(CH3)2. —C(O)NH2, —OC(O)CH3, or —S(O)2NH2. An “arene” refers to the compound H—R, wherein R is aryl. The term “aldehyde” as used herein is represented by the formula —C(O)H. Throughout this specification “C(O)” is a short hand notation for a carbonyl group, i.e., C═O. The term “alkylamino” when used without the “substituted” modifier refers to the group —NHR, in which R is an alkyl, as that term is defined above. Non-limiting examples of alkylamino groups include: —NHCH3and —NHCH2CH3. The term “dialkylamino” when used without the “substituted” modifier refers to the group —NRR′, in which R and R′ can be the same or different alkyl groups, or R and R′ can be taken together to represent an alkanediyl. Non-limiting examples of dialkylamino groups include: —N(CH3)2, —N(CH3)(CH2CH3), and N-pyrrolidinyl. The terms “alkoxyamino”, “alkenylamino”, “alkynylamino”, “arylamino”. “aralkylamino”, “heteroarylamino”, and “alkylsulfonylamino” when used without the “substituted” modifier, refers to groups, defined as —NHR, in which R is alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, and alkylsulfonyl, respectively. A non-limiting example of an arylamino group is —NHC6H5. The term “amido” (acylamino), when used without the “substituted” modifier, refers to the group —NHR, in which R is acyl, as that term is defined above. A non-limiting example of an amido group is —NHC(O)CH3. The term “alkylimino” when used without the “substituted” modifier refers to the divalent group ═NR, in which R is an alkyl, as that term is defined above. The term “alkylaminodiyl” refers to the divalent group —NH-alkanediyl-, —NH-alkanediyl-NH—, or -alkanediyl-NH-alkanediyl-. When any of these terms is used with the “substituted” modifier one or more hydrogen atom has been independently replaced by —OH, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NH2, —NO2, —CO2H, —CO2CH3, —CN, —SH, —OCH3, —OCH2CH3, —C(O)CH3, —N(CH3)2, —C(O)NH2, —OC(O)CH3, or —S(O)2NH2. The groups —NHC(O)OCH3and —NHC(O)NHCH3are non-limiting examples of substituted amido groups. The term “aralkyl” when used without the “substituted” modifier refers to the monovalent group-alkanediyl-aryl in which the terms alkanediyl and aryl are each used in a manner consistent with the definitions provided above. Non-limiting examples of aralkyls are: phenylmethyl (benzyl, Bn) and 2-phenyl-ethyl. When the term is used with the “substituted” modifier one or more hydrogen atom from the alkanediyl and/or the aryl has been independently replaced by —OH, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NH2, —NO2, —CO2H, —CO2CH3, —CN, —SH, —OCH3, —OCH2CH3, —C(O)CH3, —N(CH3)2, —C(O)NH2, —OC(O)CH3, or —S(O)2NH2. Non-limiting examples of substituted aralkyls are: (3-chlorophenyl)-methyl, and 2-chloro-2-phenyl-eth-1-yl. The term “carboxylic acid” as used herein is represented by the formula —C(O)OH. The term “dialkylamino” as used herein is represented by the formula —N(-alkyl)2where alkyl is a described herein. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, dimethylamino group, diethylamino group, dipropylamino group, diisopropylamino group, dibutylamino group, diisobutylamino group, di(sec-butyl)amino group, di(tert-butyl)amino group, dipentylamino group, diisopentylamino group, di(tert-pentyl)amino group, dihexylamino group. N-ethyl-N-methylamino group. N-methyl-N-propylamino group, N-ethyl-N-propylamino group and the like. The term “ester” as used herein is represented by the formula —OC(O)A1or —C(O)OA1, where A1can be alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl group as described herein. The term “polyester” as used herein is represented by the formula -(A1O(O)C-A2-C(O)O)a— or -(A1O(O)C-A2-OC(O))a—, where A1and A2can be, independently, an alkyl, cycloalkyl alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group described herein and “a” is an integer from 1 to 500. “Polyester” is as the term used to describe a group that is produced by the reaction between a compound having at least two carboxylic acid groups with a compound having at least two hydroxyl groups. The term “ether” as used herein is represented by the formula A1OA2, where A1and A2can be, independently, an alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl or heteroaryl group described herein. The term “polyether” as used herein is represented by the formula -(A1O-A2O)a—, where A1and A2can be, independently, an alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group described herein and “a” is an integer of from 1 to 500. Examples of polyether groups include polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, and polybutylene oxide. The term “heteroalkyl,” as used herein refers to an alkyl group containing at least one heteroatom. Suitable heteroatoms include, but are not limited to, O, N, Si, P and S wherein the nitrogen, phosphorous and sulfur atoms are optionally oxidized, and the nitrogen heteroatom is optionally quaternized. Heteroalkyls can be substituted as defined above for alkyl groups. The term “heteroaryl” when used without the “substituted” modifier refers to a monovalent aromatic group with an aromatic carbon atom or nitrogen atom as the point of attachment, said carbon atom or nitrogen atom forming part of one or more aromatic ring structures wherein at least one of the ring atoms is nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, and wherein the heteroaryl group consists of no atoms other than carbon, hydrogen, aromatic nitrogen, aromatic oxygen and aromatic sulfur. As used herein, the term does not preclude the presence of one or more alkyl, aryl and/or aralkyl groups (carbon number limitation permitting) attached to the aromatic ring or aromatic ring system. If more than one ring is present the rings may be fused or unfused. Non-limiting examples of heteroaryl groups include furanyl imidazolyl, indolyl, indazolyl (Im), isoxazolyl, methylpyridinyl, oxazolyl, phenylpyridinyl, pyridinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolyl, quinazolyl, quinoxalinyl, triazinyl, tetrazolyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, and triazolyl. The term “heteroarenediyl” when used without the “substituted” modifier refers to an divalent aromatic group, with two aromatic carbon atoms, two aromatic nitrogen atoms, or one aromatic carbon atom and one aromatic nitrogen atom as the two points of attachment, said atoms forming part of one or more aromatic ring structure(s) wherein at least one of the ring atoms is nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, and wherein the divalent group consists of no atoms other than carbon, hydrogen, aromatic nitrogen, aromatic oxygen and aromatic sulfur. As used herein, the term does not preclude the presence of one or more alkyl, aryl and/or aralkyl groups (carbon number limitation permitting) attached to the aromatic ring or aromatic ring system. If more than one ring is present, the rings may be fused or unfused. Non-limiting examples of heteroarenediyl groups include: When the term “heteroaryl” is used with the “substituted” modifier one or more hydrogen atom has been independently replaced by —OH, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NH, —NO2, —CO2H, —CO2CH3, —CN, —SH, —OCH3, —OCH2CH3, —C(O)CH3, —N(CH3)2, —C(O)NH2, —OC(O)CH3, or —S(O)2NH2. The terms “heterocycle” or “heterocyclyl,” as used herein can be used interchangeably and refer to single and multi-cyclic aromatic or non-aromatic ring systems in which at least one of the ring members is other than carbon. Thus, the term is inclusive of, but not limited to, “heterocycloalkyl”, “heteroaryl”, “bicyclic heterocycle” and “polycyclic heterocycle.” Heterocycle includes pyridine, pyrimidine, furan, thiophene, pyrrole, isoxazole, isothiazole, pyrazole, oxazole, thiazole, imidazole, oxazole, including, 1,2,3-oxadiazole, 1,2,5-oxadiazole and 1,3,4-oxadiazole, thiadiazole, including, 1,2,3-thiadiazole, 1,2,5-thiadiazole, and 1,3,4-thiadiazole, triazole, including, 1,2,3-triazole, 1,3,4-triazole, tetrazole, including 1,2,3,4-tetrazole and 1,2,4,5-tetrazole, pyridazine, pyrazine, triazine, including 1,2,4-triazine and 1,3,5-triazine, tetrazine, including 1,2,4,5-tetrazine, pyrrolidine, piperidine, piperazine, morpholine, azetidine, tetrahydropyran, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, and the like. The term heterocyclyl group can also be a C2 heterocyclyl, C2-C3 heterocyclyl, C2-C4 heterocyclyl, C2-C5 heterocyclyl, C2-C6 heterocyclyl, C2-C7 heterocyclyl, C2-C8 heterocyclyl, C2-C9 heterocyclyl, C2-C10 heterocyclyl, C2-C11 heterocyclyl, and the like up to and including a C2-C18 heterocyclyl. For example, a C2 heterocyclyl comprises a group which has two carbon atoms and at least one heteroatom, including, but not limited to, aziridinyl, diazetidinyl, dihydrodiazetyl, oxiranyl, thiiranyl, and the like. Alternatively, for example, a C5 heterocyclyl comprises a group which has five carbon atoms and at least one heteroatom, including, but not limited to, piperidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, diazepanyl, pyridinyl, and the like. It is understood that a heterocyclyl group may be bound either through a heteroatom in the ring, where chemically possible, or one of carbons comprising the heterocyclyl ring. The term “bicyclic heterocycle” or “bicyclic heterocyclyl,” as used herein refers to a ring system in which at least one of the ring members is other than carbon. Bicyclic heterocyclyl encompasses ring systems wherein an aromatic ring is fused with another aromatic ring, or wherein an aromatic ring is fused with a non-aromatic ring. Bicyclic heterocyclyl encompasses ring systems wherein a benzene ring is fused to a 5- or a 6-membered ring containing 1, 2 or 3 ring heteroatoms or wherein a pyridine ring is fused to a 5- or a 6-membered ring containing 1, 2 or 3 ring heteroatoms. Bicyclic heterocyclic groups include, but are not limited to, indolyl, indazoly, pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridinyl, benzofuranyl, quinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, 1,3-benzodioxolyl, 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxinyl, 3,4-dihydro-2H-chromenyl, 1H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridin-3-yl; 1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-3-yl; and 1H-pyrazolo[3,2-b]pyridin-3-yl. The term “heterocycloalkyl” when used without the “substituted” modifier refers to a monovalent non-aromatic group with a carbon atom or nitrogen atom as the point of attachment, said carbon atom or nitrogen atom forming part of one or more non-aromatic ring structures wherein at least one of the ring atoms is nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, and wherein the heterocycloalkyl group consists of no atoms other than carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. As used herein, the term does not preclude the presence of one or more alkyl groups (carbon number limitation permitting) attached to the ring or ring system. If more than one ring is present, the rings may be fused or unfused. Non-limiting examples of heterocycloalkyl groups include aziridinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, and pyranyl. When the term “heterocycloalkyl” is used with the “substituted” modifier, one or more hydrogen atom has been independently replaced by —OH, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NH2, —NO2, —CO2H, —CO2CH3, —CN, —SH, —OCH3, —OCH2CH3, —C(O)CH3, —N(CH3)2, —C(O)NH2, —OC(O)CH3, or —S(O)2NH2. The term “ketone” as used herein is represented by the formula A1C(O)A2, where A1and A2can be, independently, an alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group as described herein. The term “polyalkylene group” as used herein is a group having two or more CH2groups linked to one another. The polyalkylene group can be represented by the formula —(CH2)a—, where “a” is an integer of from 2 to 500. The terms “pseudohalide,” “pseudohalogen” or “pseudohalo,” as used herein can be used interchangeably and refer to functional groups that behave substantially similar to halides. Such functional groups include, by way of example, cyano, thiocyanato, azido, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, perfluoroalkyl, and perfluoroalkoxy groups. The term “silyl” as used herein is represented by the formula-SiA1A2A3, where A1, A2, and A3can be, independently, hydrogen or an alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group as described herein. The term “sulfo-oxo” as used herein is represented by the formulas —S(O)A1, —S(O)2A1, —OS(O)2A1, or —OS(O)2OA1, where A1can be hydrogen or an alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group as described herein. Throughout this specification “S(O)” is a shorthand notation for S═O. The term “sulfone” as used herein is represented by the formula A1S(O)2A2, where A1and A2can be, independently, an alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group as described herein. The term “sulfoxide” as used herein is represented by the formula A1S(O)A2, where A1and A2can be, independently, an alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group as described herein. “R1,” “R2,” “R3,” “R4,” where n is an integer, as used herein can, independently, possess one or more of the groups listed above. For example, if R1is a straight chain alkyl group, one of the hydrogen atoms of the alkyl group can optionally be substituted with a hydroxyl group, an alkoxy group, an alkyl group, a halide, and the like. Depending upon the groups that are selected, a first group can be incorporated within second group or, alternatively, the first group can be pendant (i.e., attached) to the second group. For example, with the phrase “an alkyl group comprising an amino group,” the amino group can be incorporated within the backbone of the alkyl group. Alternatively, the amino group can be attached to the backbone of the alkyl group. The nature of the group(s) that is (are) selected will determine if the first group is embedded or attached to the second group. As described herein, compounds of the invention may contain “optionally substituted” moieties. In general, the term “substituted,” whether preceded by the term “optionally” or not, means that one or more hydrogens of the designated moiety are replaced with a suitable substituent. Unless otherwise indicated, an “optionally substituted” group may have a suitable substituent at each substitutable position of the group, and when more than one position in any given structure may be substituted with more than one substituent selected from a specified group, the substituent may be either the same or different at every position. Combinations of substituents envisioned by this invention are preferably those that result in the formation of stable or chemically feasible compounds. It is also contemplated that, in certain aspects, unless expressly indicated to the contrary, individual substituents can be further optionally substituted (i.e., further substituted or unsubstituted). Suitable monovalent substituents on a substitutable carbon atom of an “optionally substituted” group are independently halogen; —(CH2)0 4R∘; —(CH2)0 4OR∘; —O(CH2)0-4R∘, —O—(CH2)0 4C(O)OR∘; —(CH2)0 4CH(OR∘)2; —(CH2)0 4SR∘; —(CH2)0 4Ph, which may be substituted with R∘; —(CH2)0 4O(CH2)0 4Ph which may be substituted with R∘; —CH═CHPh, which may be substituted with R∘; —(CH2)0 4O(CH2)0 1-pyridyl which may be substituted with R∘; —NO2; —CN; —N3; —(CH2)0 4N(R∘)2; —(CH2)0-4N(R∘)C(O)R∘; —N(R∘)C(S)R∘; —(CH2)0 4N(R∘)C(O)NR∘; —N(R∘)C(S)NR∘2; —(CH2)0 4N(R∘)C(O)OR∘; —N(R∘)N(R∘)C(O)R∘; —N(R∘)N(R∘)C(O)NR∘2; —N(R∘)N(R∘)C(O)OR∘; —(CH2)0 4C(O)R∘; —C(S)R∘; —(CH2)0-4C(O)OR∘; —(CH2)0-4C(O)SR∘; —(CH2)0-4C(O)OSiR∘3; —(CH2)0-4OC(O)R∘; —OC(O)(CH2)0-4SR—, SC(S)SR∘; —(CH2)0 4SC(O)R∘; —(CH2)0 4C(O)NR∘2; —C(S)NR∘2; —C(S)SR∘; —(CH2)0 4OC(O)NR∘2; —C(O)N(OR∘)R∘; —C(O)C(O)R∘; —C(O)CH2C(O)R∘; —C(NOR∘)R∘; —(CH2)0 4SSR∘; —(CH2)0 4S(O)2R∘; —(CH2)0 4S(O)2OR∘; —(CH2)0 4OS(O)2R∘; —S(O)2NR∘2; —(CH2)0 4S(O)R∘; —N(R∘)S(O)2NR∘2; —N(R∘)S(O)2R∘; —N(OR∘)R∘; —C(NH)NR22; —P(O)2R∘; —P(O)R∘2; —OP(O)R∘2; —OP(O)(OR∘)2; SiR∘3; —(C1-4straight or branched alkylene)O—N(R∘)2; or —(C1 4straight or branched alkylene)C(O)O—N(R∘)2, wherein each R∘may be substituted as defined below and is independently hydrogen, C1-6aliphatic, —CH2Ph, —O(CH2)0-1Ph, —CH2-(5-6 membered heteroaryl ring), or a 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or, notwithstanding the definition above, two independent occurrences of R∘, taken together with their intervening atom(s), form a 3-12-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl mono- or bicyclic ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, which may be substituted as defined below. Suitable monovalent substituents on R∘(or the ring formed by taking two independent occurrences of R∘together with their intervening atoms), are independently halogen. —(CH2)0 2R•, -(haloR•), —(CH2)0 2OH, —(CH2)0 2OR•—(CH2)0-2CH(OR•)2; —O(haloR•), —CN, —N3, —(CH2)0-2C(O)R•, —(CH2)0-2C(O)OH, —(CH2)0-2C(O)OR•, —(CH2)0-2SR•, —(CH2)0-2SH, —(CH2)0-2NH2, —(CH2)0-2NHR•, —(CH2)0-2NR•2, —NO2, —SiR•3, —OSiR•3, —C(O)SR•. —(C1 4straight or branched alkylene)C(O)OR•, or —SSR•wherein each R•is unsubstituted or where preceded by “halo” is substituted only with one or more halogens, and is independently selected from C1-4aliphatic, —CH2Ph, —O(CH2)0-1Ph, or a 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. Suitable divalent substituents on a saturated carbon atom of R∘include ═O and ═S. Suitable divalent substituents on a saturated carbon atom of an “optionally substituted” group include the following: ═O, ═S, ═NNR*2, ═NNHC(O)R*, ═NNHC(O)OR*, ═NNHS(O)2R*, ═NR*, ═NOR*, —O(C(R*2))2-3O—, or —S(C(R*2))2-3S—, wherein each independent occurrence of R* is selected from hydrogen. C1-6aliphatic which may be substituted as defined below, or an unsubstituted 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen oxygen, or sulfur. Suitable divalent substituents that are bound to vicinal substitutable carbons of an “optionally substituted” group include: —O(CR*2)2-3O—, wherein each independent occurrence of R* is selected from hydrogen, C1 6(aliphatic which may be substituted as defined below, or an unsubstituted 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. Suitable substituents on the aliphatic group of R* include halogen, —R•, -(haloR•), —OH, —OR•, —O(haloR•), —CN, —C(O)OH, —C(O)OR•, —NH2, —NHR•, —NR•2, or —NO2, wherein each R•is unsubstituted or where preceded by “halo” is substituted only with one or more halogens, and is independently C1 4aliphatic, —CH2Ph, —O(CH2)0 1Ph, or a 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. Suitable substituents on a substitutable nitrogen of an “optionally substituted” group include —R†, —NR†2, —C(O)R†, —C(O)OR†, —C(O)C(O)R†, —C(O)CH2C(O)R†, —S(O)2R†, —S(O)2NR†2, —C(S)NR†2, —C(NH)NR†2, or —N(R†)S(O)2R†; wherein each R†is independently hydrogen. C1-6(aliphatic which may be substituted as defined below, unsubstituted —OPh, or an unsubstituted 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or, notwithstanding the definition above, two independent occurrences of R†, taken together with their intervening atom(s) form an unsubstituted 3-12-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl mono- or bicyclic ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. Suitable substituents on the aliphatic group of R†are independently halogen. —R•, -(haloR•), —OH, —OR, —O(haloR•), —CN, —C(O)OH, —C(O)OR•, —NH2, —NHR•, —NR•2, or —NO2, wherein each R•is unsubstituted or where preceded by “halo” is substituted only with one or more halogens, and is independently C1-4aliphatic. —CH2Ph, —O(CH2)0-1Ph, or a 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. The term “stable,” as used herein, refers to compounds that are not substantially altered when subjected to conditions to allow for their production, detection, and, in certain aspects, their recovery, purification, and use for one or more of the purposes disclosed herein. The term “leaving group” refers to an atom (or a group of atoms) with electron withdrawing ability that can be displaced as a stable species, taking with it the bonding electrons. Examples of suitable leaving groups include halides and sulfonate esters, including, but not limited to, triflate, mesylate, tosylate, and brosylate. The terms “hydrolysable group” and “hydrolysable moiety” refer to a functional group capable of undergoing hydrolysis. e.g., wider basic or acidic conditions. Examples of hydrolysable residues include, without limitation, acid halides, activated carboxylic acids, and various protecting groups known in the art (see, for example, “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis.” T. W. Greene. P. G. M. Wuts. Wiley-Interscience, 1999). The term “organic residue” defines a carbon containing residue, i.e., a residue comprising at least one carbon atom, and includes but is not limited to the carbon-containing groups, residues, or radicals defined hereinabove. Organic residues can contain various heteroatoms, or be bonded to another molecule through a heteroatom, including oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, or the like. Examples of organic residues include but are not limited alkyl or substituted alkyls, alkoxy or substituted alkoxy, mono or di-substituted amino, amide groups, etc. Organic residues can preferably comprise 1 to 18 carbon atoms, 1 to 15 carbon atoms, 1 to 12 carbon atoms, 1 to 8 carbon atoms, 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or 1 to 4 carbon atoms. In a further aspect, an organic residue can comprise 2 to 18 carbon atoms, 2 to 15 carbon atoms, 2 to 12 carbon atoms, 2 to 8 carbon atoms, 2 to 4 carbon atoms, or 2 to 4 carbon atoms. A very close synonym of the term “residue” is the term “radical.” which as used in the specification and concluding claims, refers to a fragment, group, or substructure of a molecule described herein, regardless of how the molecule is prepared. For example, a 2,4-thiazolidinedione radical in a particular compound has the structure: regardless of whether thiazolidinedione is used to prepare the compound. In some embodiments the radical (for example an alkyl) can be further modified (i.e., substituted alkyl) by having bonded thereto one or more “substituent radicals.” The number of atoms in a given radical is not critical to the present invention unless it is indicated to the contrary elsewhere herein. “Organic radicals.” as the term is defined and used herein, contain one or more carbon atoms. An organic radical can have, for example, 1-26 carbon atoms, 1-18 carbon atoms, 1-12 carbon atoms, 1-8 carbon atoms, 1-6 carbon atoms, or 1-4 carbon atoms. In a further aspect, an organic radical can have 2-26 carbon atoms, 2-18 carbon atoms, 2-12 carbon atoms, 2-8 carbon atoms, 2-6 carbon atoms, or 2-4 carbon atoms. Organic radicals often have hydrogen bound to at least some of the carbon atoms of the organic radical. One example, of an organic radical that comprises no inorganic atoms is a 5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl radical. In some embodiments, an organic radical can contain 1-10 inorganic heteroatoms bound thereto or therein, including halogens, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, and the like. Examples of organic radicals include but are not limited to an alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, mono-substituted amino, di-substituted amino, acyloxy, cyano, carboxy, carboalkoxy, alkylcarboxamide, substituted alkylcarboxamide, dialkylcarboxamide, substituted dialkylcarboxamide, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfinyl, thioalkyl, thiohaloalkyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclic, or substituted heterocyclic radicals, wherein the terms are defined elsewhere herein. A few non-limiting examples of organic radicals that include heteroatoms include alkoxy radicals, trifluoromethoxy radicals, acetoxy radicals, dimethylamino radicals and the like. “Inorganic radicals,” as the term is defined and used herein, contain no carbon atoms and therefore comprise only atoms other than carbon. Inorganic radicals comprise bonded combinations of atoms selected from hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium, and halogens such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine, which can be present individually or bonded together in their chemically stable combinations. Inorganic radicals have 10 or fewer, or preferably one to six or one to four inorganic atoms as listed above bonded together. Examples of inorganic radicals include, but not limited to, amino, hydroxy, halogens, nitro, thiol, sulfate, phosphate, and like commonly known inorganic radicals. The inorganic radicals do not have bonded therein the metallic elements of the periodic table (such as the alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, lanthanide metals, or actinide metals), although such metal ions can sometimes serve as a pharmaceutically acceptable cation for anionic inorganic radicals such as a sulfate, phosphate, or like anionic inorganic radical. Inorganic radicals do not comprise metalloids elements such as boron, aluminum, gallium, germanium, arsenic, tin, lead, or tellurium, or the noble gas elements, unless otherwise specifically indicated elsewhere herein. Compounds described herein can contain one or more double bonds and, thus, potentially give rise to cis/trans (E/Z) isomers, as well as other conformational isomers. Unless stated to the contrary, the invention includes all such possible isomers, as well as mixtures of such isomers. Unless stated to the contrary, a formula with chemical bonds shown only as solid lines and not as wedges or dashed lines contemplates each possible isomer. e.g., each enantiomer and diastereomer, and a mixture of isomers, such as a racemic or scalemic mixture. Compounds described herein can contain one or more asymmetric centers and, thus, potentially give rise to diastereomers and optical isomers. Unless stated to the contrary, the present invention includes all such possible diastereomers as well as their racemic mixtures, their substantially pure resolved enantiomers, all possible geometric isomers, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Mixtures of stereoisomers, as well as isolated specific stereoisomers, are also included. During the course of the synthetic procedures used to prepare such compounds, or in using racemization or epimerization procedures known to those skilled in the art, the products of such procedures can be a mixture of stereoisomers. Many organic compounds exist in optically active forms having the ability to rotate the plane of plane-polarized light. In describing an optically active compound, the prefixes D and L or R and S are used to denote the absolute configuration of the molecule about its chiral center(s). The prefixes d and l or (+) and (−) are employed to designate the sign of rotation of plane-polarized light by the compound, with (−) or meaning that the compound is levorotatory. A compound prefixed with (+) or d is dextrorotatory. For a given chemical structure, these compounds, called stereoisomers, are identical except that they are non-superimposable mirror images of one another. A specific stereoisomer can also be referred to as an enantiomer, and a mixture of such isomers is often called an enantiomeric mixture. A 50:50 mixture of enantiomers is referred to as a racemic mixture. Many of the compounds described herein can have one or more chiral centers and therefore can exist in different enantiomeric forms. If desired, a chiral carbon can be designated with an asterisk (*). When bonds to the chiral carbon are depicted as straight lines in the disclosed formulas, it is understood that both the (R) and (S) configurations of the chiral carbon, and hence both enantiomers and mixtures thereof, are embraced within the formula. As is used in the art, when it is desired to specify the absolute configuration about a chiral carbon, one of the bonds to the chiral carbon can be depicted as a wedge (bonds to atoms above the plane) and the other can be depicted as a series or wedge of short parallel lines is (bonds to atoms below the plane). The Cahn-Inglod-Prelog system can be used to assign the (R) or (S) configuration to a chiral carbon. Compounds described herein comprise atoms in both their natural isotopic abundance and in non-natural abundance. The disclosed compounds can be isotopically-labeled or isotopically-substituted compounds identical to those described, but for the fact that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number typically found in nature. Examples of isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, fluorine and chlorine, such as2H,3H,13C,14C,15N,18O,19O,17O,35S,18F and36Cl, respectively. Compounds further comprise prodrugs thereof, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of said compounds or of said prodrugs which contain the aforementioned isotopes and/or other isotopes of other atoms are within the scope of this invention. Certain isotopically-labeled compounds of the present invention, for example those into which radioactive isotopes such as3H and14C are incorporated, are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution assays. Tritiated. i.e.,3H, and carbon-14. i.e.,14C, isotopes are particularly preferred for their ease of preparation and detectability. Further, substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium. i.e.,2H, can afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements and, hence, may be preferred in some circumstances. Isotopically labeled compounds of the present invention and prodrugs thereof can generally be prepared by carrying out the procedures below, by substituting a readily available isotopically labeled reagent for a non-isotopically labeled reagent. The compounds described in the invention can be present as a solvate. In some cases, the solvent used to prepare the solvate is an aqueous solution, and the solvate is then often referred to as a hydrate. The compounds can be present as a hydrate, which can be obtained, for example, by crystallization from a solvent or from aqueous solution. In this connection, one, two, three or any arbitrary number of solvent or water molecules can combine with the compounds according to the invention to form solvates and hydrates. Unless stated to the contrary, the invention includes all such possible solvates. The term “co-crystal” means a physical association of two or more molecules which owe their stability through non-covalent interaction. One or more components of this molecular complex provide a stable framework in the crystalline lattice. In certain instances, the guest molecules are incorporated in the crystalline lattice as anhydrates or solvates, see e.g. “Crystal Engineering of the Composition of Pharmaceutical Phases. Do Pharmaceutical Co-crystals Represent a New Path to Improved Medicines?” Almarasson, O., et. al., The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1889-1896, 2004. Examples of co-crystals include p-toluenesulfonic acid and benzenesulfonic acid. It is also appreciated that certain compounds described herein can be present as an equilibrium of tautomers. For example, ketones with an α-hydrogen can exist in an equilibrium of the keto form and the enol form. Unless stated to the contrary, the invention includes all such possible tautomers. It is known that chemical substances form solids which are present in different states of order which are termed polymorphic forms or modifications. The different modifications of a polymorphic substance can differ greatly in their physical properties. The compounds according to the invention can be present in different polymorphic forms, with it being possible for particular modifications to be metastable. Unless stated to the contrary, the invention includes all such possible polymorphic forms. Any undefined valency on an atom of a structure shown in this application implicitly represents a hydrogen atom bonded to the atom. When a group “R” is depicted as a “floating group” on a ring system, for example, in the formula: then R may replace any hydrogen atom attached to any of the ring atoms, including a depicted, implied, or expressly defined hydrogen, so long as a stable structure is formed. When a group “R” is depicted as a “floating group” on a fused ring system, as for example in the formula: then R may replace any hydrogen attached to any of the ring atoms of either of the fused rings unless specified otherwise. Replaceable hydrogens include depicted hydrogens (e.g., the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen in the formula above), implied hydrogens (e.g. a hydrogen of the formula above that is not shown but understood to be present), expressly defined hydrogens, and optional hydrogens whose presence depends on the identity of a ring atom (e.g., a hydrogen attached to group X, when X equals —CH—), so long as a stable structure is formed. In the example depicted. R may reside on either the 5-membered or the 6-membered ring of the fused ring system. In the formula above, the subscript letter “y” immediately following the group “R” enclosed in parentheses, represents a numeric variable. Unless specified otherwise, this variable can be 0, 1, 2, or any integer greater than 2, only limited by the maximum number of replaceable hydrogen atoms of the ring or ring system. Certain materials, compounds, compositions, and components disclosed herein can be obtained commercially or readily synthesized using techniques generally known to those of skill in the art. For example, the starting materials and reagents used in preparing the disclosed compounds and compositions are either available from commercial suppliers such as Aldrich Chemical Co., (Milwaukee. Wis.), Acros Organics (Morris Plains. N.J.), Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh. Pa.), or Sigma (St. Louis, Mo.) or are prepared by methods known to those skilled in the art following procedures set forth in references such as Fieser and Fieser's Reagents for Organic Synthesis. Volumes 1-17 (John Wiley and Sons, 1991); Rodd's Chemistry of Carbon Compounds. Volumes 1-5 and Supplementals (Elsevier Science Publishers, 1989); Organic Reactions. Volumes 1-40 (John Wiley and Sons, 1991); March's Advanced Organic Chemistry. (John Wiley and Sons, 4th Edition); and Larock's Comprehensive Organic Transformations (VCH Publishers Inc., 1989). Unless otherwise expressly stated, it is in no way intended that any method set forth herein be construed as requiring that its steps be performed in a specific order. Accordingly, where a method claim does not actually recite an order to be followed by its steps or it is not otherwise specifically stated in the claims or descriptions that the steps are to be limited to a specific order, it is no way intended that an order be inferred, in any respect. This holds for any possible non-express basis for interpretation, including: matters of logic with respect to arrangement of steps or operational flow; plain meaning derived from grammatical organization or punctuation; and the number or type of embodiments described in the specification. Disclosed are the components to be used to prepare the compositions of the invention as well as the compositions themselves to be used within the methods disclosed herein. These and other materials are disclosed herein, and it is understood that when combinations, subsets, interactions, groups, etc. of these materials are disclosed that while specific reference of each various individual and collective combinations and permutation of these compounds can not be explicitly disclosed, each is specifically contemplated and described herein. For example, if a particular compound is disclosed and discussed and a number of modifications that can be made to a number of molecules including the compounds are discussed, specifically contemplated is each and every combination and permutation of the compound and the modifications that are possible unless specifically indicated to the contrary. Thus, if a class of molecules A. B, and C are disclosed as well as a class of molecules D, E. and F and an example of a combination molecule. A-D is disclosed, then even if each is not individually recited each is individually and collectively contemplated meaning combinations, A-E, A-F, B-D, B-E, B-F, C-D, C-E, and C-F are considered disclosed. Likewise, any subset or combination of these is also disclosed. Thus, for example, the sub-group of A-E, B-F, and C-E would be considered disclosed. This concept applies to all aspects of this application including, but not limited to, steps in methods of making and using the compositions of the invention. Thus, if there are a variety of additional steps that can be performed it is understood that each of these additional steps can be performed with any specific embodiment or combination of embodiments of the methods of the invention. The above definitions supersede any conflicting definition in any of the reference that is incorporated by reference herein. The fact that certain terms are defined, however, should not be considered as indicative that any term that is undefined is indefinite. Rather, all terms used are believed to describe the invention in terms such that one of ordinary skill can appreciate the scope and practice the present invention. It is understood that the compositions disclosed herein have certain functions. Disclosed herein are certain structural requirements for performing the disclosed functions, and it is understood that there are a variety of structures that can perform the same function that are related to the disclosed structures, and that these structures will typically achieve the same result. B. Insect Odorant Sensing Insects interpret their chemical environment through the use of a family of cell-surface odorant receptors (ORs) to sense volatile chemicals known as odorants. The ability of an insect to respond to this chemical stimuli is necessary for the insect to find plant nectar, mate, feed, and for oviposition. Most odors are detected via a family of odorant receptors (“ORs”), which form heteromeric complexes consisting of a well-conserved OR co-receptor (“ORco”) ion channel and a non-conserved tuning OR that provides coding specificity to each complex. ORco functions as a non-selective cation channel and is expressed in the majority of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). As the destructive behaviors of many insects are principally driven by olfaction. ORco represents a novel target for behavior-based control strategies. For odorant reception to take place, a member of the ORco family of ORs must be present to couple to another highly diverse OR (ORX) that is responsible for sensing different odors. Each insect species has many ORs, but only one OR83b family member now renamed ORco. There have been no reported ORco ligands to date. The OR co-receptor (Orco) is required for all OR-based chemoreception in insects, which is the only lineage to possess this unique and highly conserved ion channel that is present in most ORNs. In fact, it is understood that ORco is so highly conserved between insects that an ORCo of one insect can be used in combination with a tuning OR from another insect and maintain activity. For example, ORco fromDrosophilacan be utilized in combination with AgOR10 or AgOR65 without affecting odorant sensing. Insect ORs are distinct from their mammalian counterparts in that they are not related to any known GPCRs and possess an inverse 7-TM topology. Recently it was shown that Orco is a non-selective cation channel but it is unclear what roles, if any, second messengers may play. In heterologous expression. Orco is capable of forming functional channels independent of any tuning OR, although the in vivo consequence of this capacity is unknown. Tuning ORs expressed in the absence of Orco have no demonstrable functional capacity in heterologous systems or in vivo, as Orco is required not only for proper signal transduction, but also for trafficking of the OR complex to the ORN membrane. The binary compositions disclosed herein act as ORco family activators and are believed to activate all ORX/ORco complexes across all insect taxa. The host-seeking behavior of blood-feeding insects and the plant-feeding behavior of agricultural pests is principally driven through their sense of smell. In the former case, this blood-feeding behavior serves as the foundation for their ability to transit disease and in the latter case, the plant-feeding behavior forms the basis for their ability to act as an agricultural pest. The capacity to disrupt olfactory-mediated behavior through direct chemical interference, as the disclosed binary compositions, would be a major advance in the fight against vector-borne diseases and agricultural pests, and modulation of the ORco complex would render the insect incapable of performing its usual behaviors, such as host-seeking and nectar feeding. 1. Insects a. Mosquitoes Mosquito, from the Spanish or Portuguese meaning “little fly,” is a common insect in the family Culicidae. Mosquitoes resemble crane flies (family Tipulidae) and chironomid flies (family Chironomidae), with which they are sometimes confused by the casual observer. Mosquitoes go through four stages in their life-cycle: egg, larva, pupa, and adult or imago. Adult females lay their eggs in water, which can be a salt-marsh, a lake, a puddle, a natural reservoir on a plant, or an artificial water container such as a plastic bucket. The first three stages are aquatic and last 5-14 days, depending on the species and the ambient temperature; eggs hatch to become larvae, then pupae. The adult mosquito emerges from the pupa as it floats at the water surface. Adults live for 4-8 weeks. Female mosquitoes have mouthparts that are adapted for piercing the skin of plants and animals. While males typically feed on nectar and plant juices, the female needs to obtain nutrients from a “blood meal” before she can produce eggs. Mosquito larvae have a well-developed head with mouth brushes used for feeding, a large thorax with no legs and a segmented abdomen. Larvae breathe through spiracles located on the eighth abdominal segment, or through a siphon, and therefore must come to the surface frequently. The larvae spend most of their time feeding on algae, bacteria, and other micro-organisms in the surface microlayer. They dive below the surface only when disturbed. Larvae swim either through propulsion with the mouth brushes, or by jerky movements of the entire body. Larvae develop through four stages, or instars, after which they metamorphose into pupae. At the end of each instar, the larvae molt, shedding their exoskeleton, or skin, to allow for further growth. Length of the adult varies but is rarely greater than 16 mm (0.6 in), and weight up to 2.5 mg (0.04 grain). All mosquitoes have slender bodies with three sections; head, thorax and abdomen. The pupa is comma-shaped, as inAnopheleswhen viewed from the side. The head and thorax are merged into a cephalothorax with the abdomen circling around underneath. As with the larvae, pupae must come to the surface frequently to breathe, which they do through a pair of respiratory trumpets on the cephalothorax. However, pupae do not feed during this stage. After a few days, the dorsal surface of the cephalothorax splits and the adult mosquito emerges. The pupa is less active than larva. The duration from egg to adult varies among species and is strongly influenced by ambient temperature. Mosquitoes can develop from egg to adult in as little as five days but usually take 10-14 days in tropical conditions. The variation of the body size in adult mosquitoes depends on the density of the larval population and food supply within the breeding water. Adult flying mosquitoes frequently rest in a tunnel that they build right below the roots of the grass. Adult mosquitoes usually mate within a few days after emerging from the pupal stage. In most species, the males form large swarms, usually around dusk, and the females fly into the swarms to mate. Males live for about a week, feeding on nectar and other sources of sugar. Females will also feed on sugar sources for energy but usually require a blood meal for the development of eggs. After obtaining a full blood meal, the female will rest for a few days while the blood is digested and eggs are developed. This process depends on the temperature but usually takes 2-3 days in tropical conditions. Once the eggs are fully developed, the female lays them and resumes host seeking. The cycle repeats itself until the female dies. Their lifespan depends on temperature, humidity, and also their ability to successfully obtain a blood meal while avoiding host defenses. The head is specialized for acquiring sensory information and for feeding. The head contains the eyes and a pair of long, many-segmented antennae. The antennae are important for detecting host odors as well as odors of breeding sites where females lay eggs. In all mosquito species, the antennae of the males in comparison to the females are noticeably bushier and contain auditory receptors to detect the characteristic whine of the female. The compound eyes are distinctly separated from one another. Their larvae only possess a pit-eye ocellus. The compound eyes of adults develop in a separate region of the head. New ommatidia are added in semicircular rows at the rear of the eye; during the first phase of growth, this leads to individual ommatidia being square, but later in development they become hexagonal. The hexagonal pattern will only become visible when the carapace of the stage with square eyes is molted. The head also has an elongated, forward-projecting “stinger-like” proboscis used for feeding, and two sensory palps. The maxillary palps of the males are longer than their proboscis whereas the females' maxillary palps are much shorter. As with many members of the mosquito family, the female is equipped with an elongated proboscis that she uses to collect blood to feed her eggs. The thorax is specialized for locomotion. Three pairs of legs and a pair of wings are attached to the thorax. The insect wing is an outgrowth of the exoskeleton. TheAnophelesmosquito can fly for up to four hours continuously at 1 to 2 kilometres per hour (0.62 to 1.2 mph) travelling up to 12 km (7.5 mi) in a night. The abdomen is specialized for food digestion and egg development. This segmented body part expands considerably when a female takes a blood meal. The blood is digested over time serving as a source of protein for the production of eggs, which gradually fill the abdomen. In order for the mosquito to obtain a blood meal it must circumvent the vertebrate physiological responses. The mosquito, as with all blood-feeding arthropods, has mechanisms to effectively block the hemostasis system with their saliva, which contains a mixture of secreted proteins. Mosquito saliva negatively affects vascular constriction, blood clotting, platelet aggregation, angiogenesis and immunity and creates inflammation. Universally, hematophagous arthropod saliva contains at least one anticlotting, one anti-platelet, and one vasodilatory substance. Mosquito saliva also contains enzymes that aid in sugar feeding and antimicrobial agents to control bacterial growth in the sugar meal. The composition of mosquito saliva is relatively simple as it usually contains fewer than 20 dominant proteins. Despite the great strides in knowledge of these molecules and their role in bloodfeeding achieved recently, scientists still cannot ascribe functions to more than half of the molecules found in arthropod saliva. One promising application is the development of anti-clotting drugs based on saliva molecules, which might be useful for approaching heart-related disease, because they are more user-friendly blood clotting inhibitors and capillary dilators. Two important events in the life of female mosquitoes are egg development and blood digestion. After taking a blood meal the midgut of the female synthesizes proteolytic enzymes that hydrolyze the blood proteins into free amino acids. These are used as building blocks for the synthesis of egg yolk proteins. b. Other Insect Disease Vectors In addition to mosquitoes, the inventors contemplate application of the compounds and methods of the present invention against other insect disease vectors, including those that promote non-human disease. For example, aphids are the vectors of many viral diseases in plants. Fleas (such as the human flea,Pulex irritans, and the oriental rat flea.Xenopsylla cheopis) transmit bubonic plague, murine typhus and tapeworms. The glassy-winged sharpshooter transmits theXylella fastidiosabacterium among plants, resulting in diseases of grapes, almonds, and many other cultivated plants. Phlebotomine sand flies transmit leishmaniasis, bartonellosis, sandfly fever and pappataci fever. Ticks of the genusIxodesare vectors of Lyme disease and babesiosis, and along with lice, transmit various members of the bacterial genusRickettsia. Triatomine bugs such asRhodnius prolixusare vectors of Chagas disease. Several genera of Tsetse flies are vectors of human African trypanosomiasis (also known as “African sleeping sickness”). c. Agricultural Pests The following is a list of agricultural pests for crops such as wheat, barley, oats, jowar, nuts, maize, soybean, sorghum, pea, potato, cucumber, tomato, grams, rabi, rice fruits, ornamental plants, including flowers, and trees which may be targeted using the methods and compositions of the present invention. Termites.Odontoternes obesusRambur andMicrotermes obesiHolmgren. Social insects that live underground in colonies; attack young seedlings as well as grownup plants; the attacked plants rather wither and ultimately die. Stem-borer.Sesamia inferensWalker. Moths are straw-coloured, lay eggs in clusters inside the leaf-sheaths; pinkish-brown caterpillars bore into stems and kill central shoots; causing dead-hearts Gujhia weevil.Tanymecus indiusFaust. Adults are earthern-grey weevils; grubs feed on roots, whereas the adults cut growing-points or nibble at margins of leaves; severer at the seeding stage. Cutworms.Agrotis ipsilonHufner andA. flammantraSchiffer-Mueller. Caterpillars are general feeders. Thrip.Anaphothrips flavinctusKarny. Nymphs and adults lacerate tender leaves, causing characteristics whitish streaks; low temperature favourable to rapid multiplication. Wheat aphids.Schizaphis(Toxoptera) graminun Rondani,Rhopalosiphum maidisFitch andSitobion avenaeFabricius. Nymphs and adults suck sap from leaves, tender shoots and immature grain; multiply extremely fast, forming large colonies. Surface grasshopper.Chrotogonus trachypterusBlanchard. Adults stout, mud-like in colour; polyphagous, feeding on foilage and tender shoots. Shoot fly.Atherigona naqviiSteyskal. The fly has assumed the status of a pest recently; maggots attack seedlings and kill the central shoots, causing dead-hearts. Galerucid beetle.Madurasia ohscurellaJacoby. Adult beetles feed on foilage and make small circular holes in the leaves; active during July-October. Jassid.Empoasca herriPruthi. Nymphs and adults remain on the underside of the leaves and suck the sap; leaves turn brown and crumple. Plume moth borer.Exelastis atomosaWalsinghan. A specific pest of red-gram; slender buff-colored moths, having plumose wings; greenish-brown hairy caterpillars feed on flowers and later on bore into pods to feed on the developing seeds inside. Gram pod fly.Agromyza obtusaMallas. A serious pest of red-grain; the small metallic-black fly lays eggs on pods; maggots bore into the pods and feed on the seeds; occasionally early in the season, grubs mine leaves. Hairy caterpillars.Amsacta mooreiButlei, Albistriga Walker,Diacrisia obliquaWalker,Euproctis fraternaMoore,E. scintillansWalker Polyphagous. Caterpillars feed gregariously and voraciously on foliage. Cowpea stem fly.Melangromyza phaseoliCoquillett. A small blue-black fly, thrusts eggs into the epidermis of soft stems; pale-yellow maggots after mining leaves travel towards stem through the petiole and kill the young plants; the vigour of old plants is adversely affected. Aphids.Aphis craccivoraKochi andA. carduiL. Colonies of nymphs and adults infest the tender growing shoots, flowers and young pods and suck the sap; infested parts dry and no pod or seed formation takes place. Whitefly.Bemisia tabaciGennadius. The flies suck the sap from leaves and tender growing parts, which dry and wither. They act as the vector of yellow mosaic of legumes. Sphinx moth.Agrius convolvuliLinnaeus. Stout dark-brown moth; horned caterpillars defoliate plants by feeding voraciously. Leaf caterpillars.Azazia rubicansBiosduval. Sporadic; the adult moth resembles a dry leaf; green caterpillars feed on leaves and tender plant parts. Gram pod borer.Helicoverpa(Heliothis)obsoletaFabricius Polyphagous. Moth yellowish brown; caterpillar green, with dark broken grey lines, feed on foilage, later on bore into pods and feed on the seeds within. Gram caterpillars.Helicoverpa(Heliothis)armigeraHubner andH. zea, Boddie (obsoleta Fabricius). Polyphagous; moths stout, light brown; caterpillars yellowish, make holes in pods and feed on the seeds within. Other pod borers.Etiella zinckenellaTreitdche. Adult, greyish brown; with a distinct pale white band along the front margin of the forewings; tiny greenish caterpillars, with black spots on the prothoracic shield, enter the pods and eat the seeds; more serious on green pea, specially in northern India.Adisura athinsoniMoore. A serious pest in Karnataka; moths pale-yellowish brown; the brownish-green caterpillars feed on the seeds by boring into the ripening pods.Maruca testutalisGeyer. A minor pest; adults with fuscous forewings, having transverse white markings; pale-brownish caterpillars bore into the pods of various pulses (kharif pulses as well) to eat seeds inside Cut worms.Agrotis psilonHubner.A. flanmatraSchiffer-Mueller.A. segetumSchifer-Mueiler.A. spinifereHubner. Aphids.Aphis crassivoraKoch.A. medicagenisKoch andMacrosiphum pisiHubner Polyphagous. Nocturnal, stout larvae, feed on leaves of young plants and cut the older ones at the ground level. Colonies of nymphs and adults attack tender shoots, flowers and young pods and suck the sap; infested parts dry up.A. medicagenisis black, whereasM. pisiis green, andA. crassivorais brownish. Pea leaf-miner.Phytomza atzicornisMeigen. A major pest of pea; poyphagous; maggots make zigzag mines in the leaves; eat green matter and pupate inside; infected leaves become whitish and dry up. Pea stem fly.Mclanagronyza phaseoliCoquilleti. A major pest of pea, it also attacks kharif pulses; maggots attack young seeds inside the pods. The same as for the gram podd borer. Pea semi-loopers.Plasia orichalceaFabricius andP. nigrisignaWalker. Polyphagous; moths with a golden patch on the forewings (P. orichalces); green caterpillars feed on leaves during December to March. Blue butterfly.Cosmolyee baeticus. Short pale-green caterpillars feed on the leaves, flowers and pods of pea. Lucerne caterpillar.Laphygma exiguaHubner. Occasionally a serious pest of pea; dark-brown moths lay eggs on the lower portion of the young plants; caterpillars feed on the leaves. Stem-borer beetles.Oberea brevisGahan Nupserha bicolor Thomson. Pale brown longicorn beetles; grubs bore into the stems of growing plants. Gray weevils.Myllocerusspp. Adults feed on leaves, nibbling the leaf margins in the initial stage. Shoot fly.Atherigona soccataRodani. Damage caused during the early seeding stage, larvae cut the growing points, causing dead-hearts; tillers do develop after the central shoot is killed, but the yield from these tillers is rather poor; commoner is early-sown rabi or late-sown kharif crops. Stem borers.Chilo zonellus(partellus) Swinghoe Ragi andSesainia inferensWalker. Moth, dirty brownish, nocturnal, caterpillars feed on foilage and bore into the stems, causing dead-hearts; also tunnel the stem and bore into earheads. Sorghum midge.Contarinia sorghicolaCoquillett. The insect has assumed the status of a serious pest recently; cosmopolitan; the tiny pinkish fly lay eggs inside the glumes and the larvae feed on the ovaries, thus preventing seed formation. Aphids.Phopalosiphum maidisFitch andAphis sacchariZehniner. Nymphs and adults suck the sap from the leaves and shoots, exclude honeydew, on which a sooty mould grows, giving the leaves a black appearance and interfering with photosynthesis. Deccan wingless grasshopper/Boliver Phadka grasshopper.Colemania sphenaroides/Hieroglyphus Bolivar. Eggs are laid in the soil 75-200 mm deep; hoppers and adults feed on foilage, at times causing severe defoliation of the crops; adults ofC. sphenaroidesare wingless, whereas those ofH. nigrorepletusare short winged and can fly short distances only. Earhead bug.Calocoris angustatusLethierry. Nymphs and adult bugs suck the sap from tender grains at the milky stage, making them chaffy. Sorghum shoot bug.Peregrinus maidisAshmead. Nymphs and adult bugs suck the sap from the leaves and whorls, which turn pale green. Hairy caterpillars.Amsacta mooreiBuller,Estigmene lactinaeCramer. General feeders, frequently causing severe defoliation; caterpillars ofA. mooreiare red whereas those ofF. lactinaeare black. Earhead caterpillars.Eublemma(Heliothis)armigeraHubner and other species. Occur throughout the country; caterpillars feed on maturing grains. Mites.Oligonychus indicusHirst and Schizotetranvchus andropogoni Hirst. Colonies of nymphs and adults suck the sap from the undersurface of the leaves, causing reddish-brown spots and patches. Blister beetles.Lytta tenuicollisPallasi andZonabris pustulataThunberg. Adult beetles feed on pollen and flowers. Leaf roller.Marasmia trapezalisGuene. Slender, yellowish-green caterpillars fold and roll the leaves near the tips and feed inside on the chlorophyll. Shoot fly.Atherigone approximataMalloch. The flies cut the growing-points, causing dead-hearts during the seedling stage, whereas in the advanced stage; they feed on earheads and cut down peduncles. Bajra midge.Geromyia pennisettiHarris. The larvae destroy the ovaries seriously, affecting the development of seeds. Ragi white borer.Saluria inficitaWalker. A specific pest of ragi; creamy white caterpillars bore into the stems close to the soil surface; adults are dark brown, with a pale-white band along the margin of each forewing. Black hairy caterpillar.Estigmene exiguaHubner. Also known as woolly bear caterpillar; feed on leaves and earheads; the adults are creamy white moths with characteristic crimson marks on the head and the body. Lucerne caterpillar.Spcdoptera exiguaHubner. Smooth, brownish-green caterpillars feed on foilage, moving in large numbers from field to field; common in nurseries. Ragi-root aphid.Tetraneura hirsutaBaker. Minute, pale-white insect, found damaging roots, resulting in a gradual drying up of plants; infestation by the presence of black ants. Ragi jassid.Cicadulina bipunctella bipunctella. Nymphs and adults suck the sap from the leaves and stems; an important vector of ragi mosaic virus. Almond weevil.Myllocerus laetivirensMarshall;Mylocerus undecimpustulatusFaust andM. discolor Boheman Amblyrrhinus poricollisBoheman. Polyphagous pest; young weevils feed on roots, whereas the adult weevils feed on the foilage; initially they cut irregular holes and gradually eat up entire leaves leaving only the midribs. Almond beetle.Mimastra cyanuraHope. Adult beetles appear in swarms during May, defoliate the trees, causing huge losses; peak activity is reached during July-August. San Jose Scale.Quadraspidiotus perniciosusComstock. Ash-coloured insects infest leaves, twigs and fruits and suck the sap; nursery plants may die if the attack is severe; active from March to December (3-4 generations). Woolly aphid.Eriosoma lanigerumHausmann. A cosmopolitan sucking insect; colonies look like white cottony patches on branches, twigs and main roots below ground; multiplication is very rapid; active from March to December, maximum activity during July-August. Root borer.Dorysthenes hugelliRedtenbacher. Shining, chestnut-red beetles lay eggs in soil during July-August; grubs feed exclusively on thick roots and other organic matter, their longevity is 3½ years; sandy soil preferred by the pest. Tent caterpillar.Malacosoma indicumWalker. Caterpillars feed gregsriously on leaves at night and hide during the day in small tent-like structures of webs; moths lay eggs in bands (strips) around small twigs in May; caterpillars hatch out in the next spring. Leopard moth.Zeuzerasp. White moths of attractive patterns are seen at dusk during may to July; eggs are laid singly in cracks of barks; pinkish-white young caterpillars bore into branches and stems during July-August and feed within 22 months. Apple blossom thrip.Taenniothrips rhopalantennalisShunister. Minute insects lay eggs in flower buds and nymphs and adults scrape tissues therefrom so there is no fruit-setting. Leaf-defoliating and fruit-eating beetles.Adoretus duvauceliBlanchard,A. versutusHaroldAnomala lineatopennisBlanchard,B. ruliventrisRedienbacher,Holotrichia longiplennisBlanchard,Hilyotrogus holosericusRedenbacher,Lucanus lunierHope,Lachnosterna coriaceaHope,Macronota4-lineataHope,Melolontha fuircicaudaAncy,Mimela passeriniiArrow,M. pectoralisBlanchard andMylabris mevilentaMarshall. Beetles lay eggs on soil during rainy season; grubs feed on vegetation under ground till next summer; beetles come out in June and feed on foilage and some species also attack the tender fruits usually during night. The affected fruits lose their market value. Apple leaf-rollers.Cacoecia sarcosttegaMeyrick,C. ecicyotaMeyrick,C. pomivoraMeyrick,C. termiasMeyrick, andC. subsidiariaMeyrick. Polyphagous; larvae feed on the leaves, buds and flowers; after rolling or webbing them together, caterpillars feed within on soft tissues; fruit-setting is adversely affected. Apple hawk moth.Langia zeuzeroidesMoore. Sporadic; caterpillars defoilate trees during April to August; egg (2.5×2.0 mm), full fed larva (125×10 mm), pupa (50×20 mm) amd moth (wing expanse 112×132 mm) are conspicuously big. Apple leaf-miner.Gracillaria zachrysaMeyrick. Young caterpillars make several mines on leaf surface; later they leave mines, roll young leaves longitudinally into tubular or cone-shaped pouch and feed within; the maximum damage during summer (April-May) and in autumn (September-October). Blossom thrip.Tacniothrips rhopalaniennalisShunister. Eggs laid in flower-buds before the buds open; nymphs feed on pet als and vital flower parts by lacerating tissues and sucking the sap; fruit formation is considerably reduced. Hairy caterpillars.Euproctis signalaBlanchard,E. fraternaMoore, andE. flavaFabricius. Caterpillars feed voraciously and defoliate trees;E. signatais commoner on apple trees. Indian Gypsy moth.Lymantria obfuscataWalker. Round, greyish-brown eggs are laid in clusters during June-July under the bark on tree trunks and are covered with yellowish-brown hairs; these hatch after 8-9 months; larvae feed gregareously at night and defoliate the trees completely. Apricot chalcid.Eurytoma samsonowiVasiljev. Adults emerge from dry fruits in the end of February; lay eggs inside young fruits; grubs feed on the developing seeds, fruit growth is arrested and fruits fall prematurely; pupation takes place inside the seeds; maximum activity in April-May. Apricot weevil.Emperorhinus defoliatorMarshall. Adults defoliate the trees during summer. Apricot chafer beetle.Anomala politaBlanchard. Adult feed on shoots and leaves. Tissue-borers.Tryporyza incertulasWalker,Tryporyza innotataSnellen,Sesamia inferensWalker,Procerus indiusKapur.Chilo infuscatellusSnellen.C. simplexButler. andC. zonellusSwinhoe. Caterpillars bore into stems and pupate within; the central shoot withers and produces a dead-heart; affected plants turn yellow and there is no grain formation; ear-heads appear white and chaffy; active throughout the year, except between April and May and between October and November. Gundhi bugs.Leptocorisa varicornisFabricius andL. acutaThunberg. Nymphs and adults suck the milky sap of tender grains; affected earheads stand erect like normal ones, but without any grain formation; often the crop is completely destroyed; early varieties, if transplanted late, become more susceptible; active during May to November. Paddy gall fly.Pachdiplosis oryzaeWood Mason. Maggots attack the base of the growing-point and produce long, tubular silvery galls (silver shoots), plant growth is adversely affected; active during May to September-November. Rice hispa.Dicladispa armigera(Olivier). Small blue-black beetles, covered with spines; the grubs make long winding tunnels into leaves, whereas adults scrape the chlorophyl, affected leaves turn whitish and membranous and ultimately dry up. Blue leaf beetle.Leptispa pygmaeaBaly. Found in association with hispa, especially in Karnataka. Paddy caseworm.Nymphula depnietalisGuenee. A small white moth, with yellow and dark specks on the wings; greenish caterpillars cut the leaves and form tabular cases around them; several tubes may be seen floating on water or hanging from the plant; the larvae feed on green tissues. Swarming caterpillar.Spodoptera mauritiaBoisduval. Sporadic, caterpillars appear in big swarms, causing heavy losses, specially when cold weather is suddenly followed by a spell of warmth or drought (30-40 days) is followed by heavy rains; normally appear in July-August. Armyworms.Mythimna unipunctaHaworth andM. albistigma. Caterpillars march from field to field and voraciously feed on foilage; appear after heavy rains or early floods. Rice grasshoppers.Hieroglyphus banianFabricius,H. NigrorepleusBeliver,H. furciferServ.,H. oryzaevorusCarlAcrida exultataLinnaeus,A. turritaLinnaeusAelopus famulusKirby,A. AularachesmiliarisLoxya bidentataWillemse,O. multidentataWill, andO. veloxFabricius. Appear immediately after rains; nymphs and adults devour leaves and tender shoots and also newly-formed ear-heads; active from July to October-November. Paddy jassids.Nephotettix apicalisMotschulsky andN. impicticepsFabricius. Adults small, green, with black spots on forewings; nymphs and adults suck plant sap: affected plants turn yellow and growth is adversely affected. White leaf hoppers.Tettigella spectraDistant. Adults larger than those ofNephotettixspp. and white; both nymphs and adults suck sap from young leaves; infested leaves turn yellow. Fulgorid bug.Nilaparvartha lugensStal. Minor pest; recorded feeding or ripening ear-heads. Paddy thrip.Cloethrips oryzaeWilliams. Nymphs and adult lacerate tissues; affected leaves present yellowish streaks; tips curl and wither. Whorl maggot.Hydrelliasp. Minor pest; common during kharif, maggots feed in the worls of developing leaves. Paddy mealy bug.Ripersia oryzaeGreen. Colonies of reddish-white soft insects infest succulent paddy stems, hidden by outer leaf-sheaths, suck cell sap; growth gets stunted; affects ear-head formation. Rice root aphid.Tetraneura hirsutaBaker. Colonies of nymphs and adults suck sap from roots just below soil surface, affected plants become pale and wither. Paddy leaf-roller.Cnaphalocrocis medinalisGuenee. Sporadic pest caterpillars roll the leaf tips and feed inside. Paddy skippers.Pelopides mathiasFabricius. Adult, a dark-brown butterfly; caterpillar, smooth and green, feeds on leaves. Paddy root weevil.Echinocnemus oryzaeMarshal. Small grey weevil, grubs attack paddy roots and affect the growth of plants. Other pests include the Asiatic Garden Beetle. Asparagus Beetles. Bean Leaf Beetle, Beet Webworm, Bluegrass Billbug, Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, Cabbage and Seedcorn Maggot, Cabbage Looper, Cabbage Webworm, Carpenter Ant, Carpenter Bee, Carpet Beetles, Catalpa Sphinx Caterpillar, Celery Leaftier, Cereal Leaf Beetle, European Corn Borer, Click Beetle, Colorado Potato Beetle, Confused Flour Beetle, Corn Earworm, Cucumber Beetle, Cutworms, Diamondback Moth, Eggplant Lace Bug, Flea Beetles, Fungus Gnat, Green Peach Aphid, Hornworms, Hunting Billbug, Imported Cabbageworm, Indian Meal Moth, Japanese Beetle, Lace Bugs, Leaf-Footed Bugs, Mexican Bean Beetle, Onion Thrips, Parsleyworm, Pepper Maggot, Pepper Weevil, Pickleworm, Potato Aphid, Potato Tuberworm, Raspberry Crown Borer, Rednecked Cane Borer, Rhubarb Curculio, Root-knot Nematode, Rose Chafer, Rose Scale, Sap Beetles, Sawtoothed Grain Beetle, Wireworms, Squash Bug, Squash Vine Borer, Tarnished Plant Bug, Twig Girdler/Twig Pruner, Vegetable Weevil, Virginia Pine, Sawfly, Wheel Bug, White Grubs, Whitefringed Beetles, Winter Grain Mite, and Yellow Ant. 2. Mosquito-Borne Disease Mosquitoes are a vector agent that carry disease-causing viruses and parasites from person to person without catching the disease themselves. The principal mosquito borne diseases are the viral diseases yellow fever, dengue fever and Chikungunya, transmitted mostly by theAedes aegypti, and malaria carried by the genusAnopheles. Though originally a public health concern. HIV is now thought to be almost impossible for mosquitoes to transmit. Mosquitoes are estimated to transmit disease to more than 700 million people annually in Africa. South America. Central America. Mexico and much of Asia, with millions of resulting deaths. At least 2 million people annually die of these diseases. Methods used to prevent the spread of disease, or to protect individuals in areas where disease is endemic include vector control aimed at mosquito eradication, disease prevention, using prophylactic drugs and developing vaccines and prevention of mosquito bites, with insecticides, nets and repellents. Since most such diseases are carried by “elderly” females, scientists have suggested focusing on these to avoid the evolution of resistance. a. Protozoa The mosquito genusAnophelescarries the malaria parasite (seePlasmodium). Worldwide, malaria is a leading cause of premature mortality, particularly in children under the age of five. It is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, including parts of the Americas (22 countries), Asia. and Africa. Each year, there are approximately 350-500 million cases of malaria, killing between one and three million people, the majority of whom are young children in sub-Saharan Africa. Ninety percent of malaria-related deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa. Malaria is commonly associated with poverty, and can indeed be a cause of poverty and a major hindrance to economic development. Five species of thePlasmodiumparasite can infect humans; the most serious forms of the disease are caused byPlasmodium falciparum. Malaria caused byPlasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovaleandPlasmodium malariaecauses milder disease in humans that is not generally fatal. A fifth species,Plasmodium knowlesi, is a zoonosis that causes malaria in macaques but can also infect humans. Malaria is naturally transmitted by the bite of a femaleAnophelesmosquito. When a mosquito bites an infected person, a small amount of blood is taken, which contains malaria parasites. These develop within the mosquito, and about one week later, when the mosquito takes its next blood meal, the parasites are injected with the mosquito's saliva into the person being bitten. After a period of between two weeks and several months (occasionally years) spent in the liver, the malaria parasites start to multiply within red blood cells, causing symptoms that include fever, and headache. In severe cases the disease worsens, leading to hallucinations, coma, and death. A wide variety of antimalarial drugs are available to treat malaria. In the last 5 years, treatment ofP. falciparuminfections in endemic countries has been transformed by the use of combinations of drugs containing an artemisinin derivative. Severe malaria is treated with intravenous or intramuscular quinine or, increasingly, the artemisinin derivative artesunate. Several drugs are also available to prevent malaria in travelers to malaria-endemic countries (prophylaxis). Resistance has developed to several antimalarial drugs, most notably chloroquine. Malaria transmission can be reduced by preventing mosquito bites by distribution of inexpensive mosquito nets and insect repellents, or by mosquito-control measures such as spraying insecticides inside houses and draining standing water where mosquitoes lay their eggs. Although many are under development, the challenge of producing a widely available vaccine that provides a high level of protection for a sustained period is still to be met. b. Helminthiasis Some species of mosquito can carry the filariasis worm, a parasite that causes a disfiguring condition (often referred to as elephantiasis) characterized by a great swelling of several parts of the body; worldwide, around 40 million people are living with a filariasis disability. The thread-like filarial nematodes (roundworms) are members of the superfamily Filarioidea, also known as “filariae.” There are 9 known filarial nematodes which use humans as the definitive host. These are divided into 3 groups according to the niche within the body that they occupy; lymphatic filariasis, subcutaneous filariasis, and serous cavity filariasis. Lymphatic filariasis is caused by the wormsWuchereria bancrofti. Brugia malayi, andBrugia timori. These worms occupy the lymphatic system, including the lymph nodes, and in chronic cases these worms lead to the disease elephantiasis. Subcutaneous filariasis is caused by loa loa (the African eye worm),Mansonella strepocerca, Onchocerca volvulus, andDracunculus medinensis(the guinea worm). These worms occupy the subcutaneous layer of the skin, in the fat layer. Serous cavity filariasis is caused by the NormsMansonella perstansandMansonella ozzardi, which occupy the serous cavity of the abdomen. In all cases, the transmitting vectors are either blood sucking insects (flies or mosquitoes), or copepod crustaceans in the case ofDracunculus medinensis. Individuals infected by filarial worms may be described as either “microfilaraemic” or “amicrofilaraemic,” depending on whether or not microfilaria can be found in their peripheral blood. Filariasis is diagnosed in microfilaraemic cases primarily through direct observation of microfilaria in the peripheral blood. Occult filariasis is diagnosed in amicrofilaraemic cases based on clinical observations and, in some cases, by finding a circulating antigen in the blood. c. Viruses The viral disease yellow fever, an acute hemorrhagic disease, is transmitted mostly byAedes aegyptimosquitoes. The virus is a 40 to 50 nm enveloped RNA virus with positive sense of the Flaviviridae family. The yellow fever virus is transmitted by the bite of female mosquitoes (the yellow fever mosquito.Aedes aegypti, and other species) and is found in tropical and subtropical areas in South America and Africa, but not in Asia. The only known hosts of the virus are primates and several species of mosquito. The origin of the disease is most likely to be Africa, from where it was introduced to South America through the slave trade in the 16th century. Since the 17th century, several major epidemics of the disease have been recorded in the Americas, Africa and Europe. In the 19th century, yellow fever was deemed one of the most dangerous infectious diseases. Clinically, yellow fever presents in most cases with fever, nausea, and pain and it generally subsides after several days. In some patients, a toxic phase follows, in which liver damage with jaundice (giving the name of the disease) can occur and lead to death. Because of the increased bleeding tendency (bleeding diathesis), yellow fever belongs to the group of hemorrhagic fevers. The WHO estimates that yellow fever causes 200,000 illnesses and 30,000 deaths every year in unvaccinated populations; around 90% of the infections occur in Africa. A safe and effective vaccine against yellow fever has existed since the middle of the 20th century and some countries require vaccinations for travelers. Since no therapy is known, vaccination programs are, along with measures to reduce the population of the transmitting mosquito, of great importance in affected areas. Since the 1980s, the number of cases of yellow fever has been increasing, making it a reemerging disease. Dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) are acute febrile diseases also transmitted byAedes aegyptimosquitoes. These occur in the tropics, can be life-threatening, and are caused by four closely related virus serotypes of the genusFlavivirus, family Flaviviridae. It is also known as breakbone fever, since it can be extremely painful. It occurs widely in the tropics, and increasingly in southern China. Unlike malaria, dengue is just as prevalent in the urban districts of its range as in rural areas. Each serotype is sufficiently different that there is no cross-protection and epidemics caused by multiple serotypes (hyperendemicity) can occur. Dengue is transmitted to humans by theAedes(Stegomyia)aegyptior more rarely theAedes albopictusmosquito. The mosquitoes that spread dengue usually bite at dusk and dawn but may bite at any time during the day, especially indoors, in shady areas, or when the weather is cloudy. The WHO says some 2.5 billion people, two fifths of the world's population, are now at risk from dengue and estimates that there may be 50 million cases of dengue infection worldwide every year. The disease is now endemic in more than 100 countries. Other viral diseases like epidemic polyarthritis. Rift Valley fever. Ross River Fever. St. Louis encephalitis, West Nile virus (WNV). Japanese encephalitis, LaCrosse encephalitis and several other encephalitis type diseases are carried by several different mosquitoes. Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) and Western equine encephalitis (WEE) occurs in the United States where it causes disease in humans, horses, and some bird species. Because of the high mortality rate. EEE and WEE are regarded as two of the most serious mosquito-borne diseases in the United States. Symptoms range from mild flu-like illness to encephalitis, coma and death.CulexandCulisetaare also involved in the transmission of disease. WNV has recently been a concern in the United States, prompting aggressive mosquito control programs. d. Transmission A mosquito's period of feeding is often undetected, the bite only becomes apparent because of the immune reaction it provokes. When a mosquito bites a human, she injects saliva and anti-coagulants. For any given individual, with the initial bite there is no reaction but with subsequent bites the body's immune system develops antibodies and a bite becomes inflamed and itchy within 24 hours. This is the usual reaction in young children. With more bites, the sensitivity of the human immune system increases, and an itchy red hive appears in minutes where the immune response has broken capillary blood vessels and fluid has collected under the skin. This type of reaction is common in older children and adults. Some adults can become desensitized to mosquitoes and have little or no reaction to their bites, while others can become hyper-sensitive with bites causing blistering, bruising, and large inflammatory reactions, a response known as Skeeter Syndrome. 3. Insect Olfactory Receptors The ability to detect and respond to the chemical environment is a critical sensory input into many essential behaviors of hematophagous (blood-feeding) insects (Zwiebel and Takken, 2004) (FIG. 1). The search for vertebrate blood meals typically involves a flight of some distance to reach the host. This behavior consists of a series of behavioral stages, beginning with the activation of a receptive insect by the host chemical odor (kairomone) and ending when the insect alights on the host (Takken, 1991). At close range, attraction is mediated by several odorants, one of which is CO2. In combination with other host-derived organic chemicals. CO2acts as a synergist as it greatly enhances the attraction triggered by other volatiles (Gilles, 1980). Moreover, it appears that mosquitoes respond to changes in the concentration of CO2, rather than its presence or absence. InAe. aegypti, changes in the firing rate of CO2receptors have been observed with increases in concentration of as little as 0.01% (Kellogg, 1970), while alterations in behavior have been observed after increases of 0.03-0.05% (Eiras and Jepson, 1991). Furthermore, a close examination of the role of CO2revealed that the turbulence of the odor plume in the laboratory greatly affected the responsiveness ofAe. aegyptiandAn. gambiaes.s. (Dekker et al., 2001a). An. gambiaehas also been shown to be attracted to acetone, lactic acid (Acree et al., 1968), carboxylic acids (Meijerink and van Loon, 1999), ammonia, 4-methyl-phenol, 1-octen-3-ol, and other components of sweat (Cork and Park, 1996; Meijerink et al., 2001), as well as to the odor of human feet, expired air and several unidentified components of Limburger cheese (De Jong and Knols, 1995). Furthermore, the often-cited differences in human attractiveness for mosquitoes (Curtis, 1986) is almost certainly olfactory based (Qiu et al., 2006a; Schreck et al., 1990). This within-host differential behavior is most particularly expressed in anthropophilic culicids such asAe. aegyptiandAn. gambiaes.s. (de Jong and Knols, 1995; Lindsay et al., 1993; Schreck et al., 1990). Host age, but not gender, may affect these inter-individual differences (Carnevale et al., 1978); race also appears to have no effect (Schreck et al., 1990). Young children have been shown to be less attractive to Anophelines than adults (Muirhead-Thomson, 1951; Thomas, 1951). Studies on the chemical composition of human volatiles (Bernier et al., 1999; Krotoszynski et al., 1977; Labows, 1979) revealed the existence of a large number (>350) of chemicals, and work is in progress to study the most important components of these volatiles regulating mosquito behavior. Lastly, it is also clear that responses to CO2affect inter-individual differences in attractiveness (Brady et al., 1997) and, thus, CO2serves as a universal attractant to many mosquito species (Gillies, 1980 Takken et al., 1997; Takken and Knols, 1999). It has been reported that CO2stimulation synergizes with host body odor and has an activating effect on host-seeking anopheline mosquitoes, inducing take-off and sustained flight behaviors (Dekker et al. 2001b; Gillies, 1980; Mboera and Takken, 1997). In a process that is analogous to the sense of smell in humans as well as other insects, mosquito olfactionis initiated by the process of chemosensory signal transduction by which chemical signals (typically environmental cues) are translated into neuronal activity and, ultimately, behavioral outputs. InAn. gambiae, this takes place within specialized hair-like structures called sensilla that are dispersed throughout the antennae and other head appendages on adult and larval-stage anopheline mosquitoes (Zwiebel and Takken, 2004) (FIG. 2). Until recently, much of the inventors' view of insect olfactory signal transduction at the molecular level has been strongly influenced by observations made in vertebrates, crustaceans and nematodes (Hildebrand and Shepherd, 1997; Krieger and Breer, 1999). The canonical model involves a family of heptahelical G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that activate downstream effectors via heterotrimeric GTP-binding (G) proteins and traditional second messengers. It has long been assumed, although not full accepted (see below), that the canonical model of olfactory signal transduction would also hold true in insects, in which several of the “usual” molecular suspects have been identified and, in part, functionally characterized. These include arrestins (Merrill et al., 2002; 2003; 2005), odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) (Pelosi and Maida, 1995), a heterotrimeric G-protein (Laue et al., 1997) as well as a CNG (Baumann et al., 1994; Krieger et al., 1999) and an IP3-gated ion channel (Stengl, 1994). In one study using the cockroach, it vas demonstrated that pheromone exposure of insect antennal preparations caused a rapid increase in IP3 levels (Breer et al., 1990), which in a follow-up study could be inhibited by pertussis toxin (Boekhoff et al., 1990), indicating that the IP3 increase is dependent on either a God or a Goto G-protein subunit. More recently, the inventors carried out a molecular survey of G-protein expression in the olfactory appendages ofAn. gambiae, in which Gaq localization consistent with involvement in olfactory signal transduction was observed along the dendrites of most olfactory sensory neurons (Rutzler et al., 2006). Furthermore, pheromone receptor neuron activity ofBombyx moricould be stimulated with fluoride ions (Laue et al., 1997), which are known to activate heterotrimeric G proteins via binding to the a subunit in combination with magnesium ions (Antonny et al., 1993). However, despite this growing wealth of information, the precise mode of insect olfactory signal transduction remains largely obscure and is therefore the subject of ongoing investigation that has raised serious issues with regard to the validity of GPCR-based paradigms. Because olfaction was mediated by GPCRs in both vertebrates and at least one invertebrate, it was assumed that insects would also utilize these proteins in olfactory signal transduction. Indeed, using a variety of approaches, a large family of candidate ORs has been identified inD. melanogaster(Clyne et al., 1999) (Gao and Chess, 1999; Vosshall et al., 1999). In the first of these studies, putativeD. melanogasterORs (Dors) were identified using a novel computer algorithm that searched for conserved physicochemical features common to known transmembrane proteins (Kim et al., 2000) rather than relying on a sequence homology-based screen (which might miss a divergent member of a particular family). The structures that were ultimately identified using these strategies led to the identification of a highly divergent family of receptors, displaying between 10% and 75% identity and bearing no significant homology to any other GPCR family (Smith, 1999). Another chemosensory receptor family was also described inD. melanogasterandAn. gambiaeand is presumed to comprise gustatory (taste) receptors (Clyne et al., 2000; Hill et al., 2002; Scott et al., 2001). The other circumstantial criterion to infer olfactory function has been provided by various in situ expression pattern studies that have demonstrated that the majority of these genes were selectively and stereotypically expressed in the fly olfactory sensory neurons (Clyne et al., 1999) (Elmore and Smith, 2001; Gao and Chess, 1999; Vosshall, 2001; Vosshall et al., 1999). Two-color (double-labeling) in situ hybridization suggests that, with two notable caveats (Goldman et al., 2005), mostD. melanogasterORNs are likely to express a single DOR gene (Vosshall et al., 2000), which is analogous to mammalian systems (Mombaerts, 1999), but in stark contrast to theC. eleganssystem. One apparent exception to the one ORN-one receptor principle is the non-conventional DORco. Unlike most other DORs. DORco is expressed throughout the majority of antennal and maxillary palp ORNs ofD. melanogaster. Putative DORco orthologs have been identified in a wide range of insect species and share many characteristics, including high sequence identity (Pitts et al., 2004), characteristic broad expression pattern (Krieger et al., 2003) and conserved functions (Jones et al., 2005). DORco family members are considered non-conventional ORs as they act as general dimerization partners for other members of the DOR family (Larsson et al., 2004). More recently. Benton, Vosshall and co-workers have identified a novel set of ionotropic glutamate receptors as a new class of insect chemosensory receptors (IRs) that are expressed in DOr83-ORNs associated with coeloconic sensilla where they act in parallel with “classical” insect ORs to respond to ammonia and other environmental cues (Benton et al., 2009; Liu et al., 2010). Elegant studies by the Vosshall lab have also suggested that insect ORs manifest a novel topology relative to vertebrate ORs (Benton et al., 2006). In the absence of actual structural information insect ORs have been structurally characterized largely based on bioinformatic models derived from vertebrates (Clyne et al., 2000; Vosshall et al., 1999). Indeed, while sequence-based phylogenies recognize that insect ORs in general comprise a distinct family of heptahelical receptors that are an expanded lineage of ancestral chemosensor receptors (Mombaerts, 1999; Robertson et al., 2003) there is a growing awareness that insect ORs are likely to represent a structurally unique set of sensory proteins. These studies provide compelling evidence in support of the view thatDrosophilaORs are heteromeric complexes between the non-conventional DOR83b and conventional, odorant binding DORs that adopt a novel membrane topology in which the N-terminus is intracellular rather than the extra-cellular localization that is typical of vertebrate ORs and GPCRs (Benton et al., 2006). Independent validation (Lundin et al.) together with recent computational analyses employing hidden Markov modeling that “strongly rejects” classifying arthropod ORs as GPCRs (Wistrand et al., 2006) raise significant concerns regarding the nature of the signaling pathways that are downstream of odorant activation in insects. Indeed, two recent studies provide provocative evidence to suggest thatDrosophilaORs manifest properties of both ligand-gated (Sato et al.) and cyclic-nucleotide-gated ion channels (Wicher et al., 2008). While these hypotheses still differ in their particulars, there is growing awareness that insect olfactory transduction may diverge from vertebrate paradigms and act as non-GPCR-mediated ion-channels (FIG. 2). In any case, while current hypotheses may differ, the growing possibility that insect olfactory transduction may diverge from vertebrate paradigms and act via non-GPCR-mediated mechanisms such as ion channels (FIG. 2) is compelling. In the first report of insect ORs outside of the model insect systemD. melanogaster, members of the inventors' laboratory, as part of a collaborative effort with Drs. John Carlson and Hugh Robertson, were responsible for the identification of a set of candidate Or genes selectively expressed in olfactory tissues ofAn. gambiae(AgORs) (Fox et al., 2001). Moreover, that report also demonstrated that at least one of the initial set of AgORs displays female-specific expression, a feature that may be especially relevant for disease transmission. In a subsequent study, as part of the effort to annotate the recently completed genomic sequence ofAn. gambiae(Holt et al., 2002), the inventors (in collaboration with other groups) utilized bioinformatics and molecular approaches to describe the entireAn. gambiaeGPCR gene family (AgGPCRs); of the 275 putative AgGPCRs, 79 candidate AgORs were described (Hill et al., 2002). Furthermore, a similar bioinformatic approach (using a non-public database) has been used to identify nine candidate Or genes in the heliothine mothHeliothis virescens(Krieger et al., 2002), some of which share sequence homology with AgORs. More recently, a large family of candidate Or genes have been identified in the genome sequence of the honey bee.Apis mellifera(Robertson and Wanner, 2006).Ae. aegypti(Bohbot et al., 2007) and the red four beetle,Tribolium casteneum(Engsontia et al., 2008). Thus far, insect ORs have been extensively deorphanized in a number of heterologous systems. The first successful functional studies of insect ORs were carried out for DOR43a using aXenopusoocyte expression system (Wetzel et al., 2001), and over-expression inD. melanogaster(Storkuhl and Kettler, 2001) showed increased sensitivity to a set of four odorants. The Carlson laboratory has used a novel experimental approach that takes advantage of a genetic strain ofD. melanogasterin which a chromosomal deletion has resulted in the loss of the endogenous receptors (DOR22a/b) from the ab3A ORN. The resultant formation of a “empty neuron” system facilitates the specific targeting of exogenous OR genes into the empty neuron, thereby allowing electrophysiological assessment of the ability of the novel receptor to carry out chemosensory signal transduction within the ab3A neuron upon stimulation with a diverse set of odorants (Dobritsa et al., 2003). This system has been used effectively to functionally characterize nearly all the DORs (Hallem et al., 2004a) (Hallem and Carlson, 2006), leading to a highly developed map of the multidimensional “odor space” of the DORs. As part of a long-standing collaboration between the Carlson lab and that of the inventors, multiple AgORs have also been functionally characterized in theDrosophilaempty neuron (Hallem et al., 2004b; Lu e al., 2007). These studies, along with the success in functionally expressing over 40 AgORs inXenopusand cell culture systems, have lead to significant advances in understanding the molecular basis for olfactory sensitivity in larval (Xia et al., 2008) and adult (Lu et al., 2007)An. gambiae. For example, CO2which acts as universal attractant for many species of mosquitoes (Takken and Knols, 1999), elicits avoidance inDrosophilawhere it has been identified as an active component of the “stress odorant” that targets a discrete population of sensory neurons (Suh et al., 2007) and where a pair of highly conserved putative gustatory receptors (Gr21a and Gr63a) have been shown to both be both necessary and sufficient to mediate olfactory sensitivity to CO2inDrosophila(Jones et al., 2007; Kwon et al., 2007). As part of a comprehensive study of the olfactory processes on the maxillary palp inAn gambiae, the inventors have identified three Gr21a/63a homologs (AgGrs22-24) as the molecular partners required that together comprise the anopheline CO2receptor (Lu et al., 2007). C. Compounds 1. Compounds In an aspect, the present invention relates to a compound, wherein the combination of the binds an ORCO receptor, and wherein the binding modulates, or modulates in part, the activity of the ORCO receptor. In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a compound that disrupts odorant sensing. In a further aspect, the compound has the structure: wherein R5is optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted (≤C6) heteroaryl; wherein L1is a divalent organic groups having from 1 to 8 non-hydrogen members; wherein p is 0 or 1; wherein Q1is hydrogen. OR20, SR20, or NR21aR21b, wherein R20is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, or CH2-isopropyl; wherein each of R21aand R21bis independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, or CH2-isopropyl; and wherein Q2is O, S, or NR4wherein R4is hydrogen or alkyl(C≤5). In a further aspect, p is 0. In a further aspect, p is 1. In a further aspect, the compound has the structure: wherein each of R1aand R1bis independently hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, or an alkyloxy carbonyl group; and wherein R7is optionally substituted and selected from monocyclic aryl, bicyclic aryl, monocyclic heteroaryl, bicyclic heteroaryl, and tricyclic heteroaryl. In a further aspect, the compound has the structure: In a further aspect, the compound has the structure: wherein R4is methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, or cyclopropyl. In a further aspect, the compound has the structure: In a further aspect, the compound has the structure: In a further aspect, the compound has the structure: In a further aspect, the compound has the structure: In a further aspect, the compound has the structure: In a further aspect, the compound has the structure: In a further aspect, the compound has the structure: wherein each of R1aand R1ais independently hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, or an alkyloxy carbonyl group; or wherein R1ais hydrogen and R1bis taken together with R2to be alkanediyl(C1-4), alkenediyl(C1-4), or a substituted version of either of these groups; R2is hydrogen, alkyl(C≤5), substituted alkyl(C≤5), or is taken together with R1bas defined above; R3is hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro, halo, alkyl(C≤5), substituted alkyl(C≤5), alkenyl(C≤5), or substituted alkenyl(C≤5). In a further aspect, the compound has the structure: wherein R1bis hydrogen or optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl; wherein R2is hydrogen or methyl; and wherein R3is halo, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, or alkenyl(C≤5). In a further aspect, the compound has the structure: wherein R1bis hydrogen or optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl; and wherein R3is methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, or cyclopropyl. In a further aspect, the compound has the structure: In a further aspect, the compound has the structure: In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by a formula selected from: In a further aspect, the compound has the structure: In a further aspect, the compound has the structure: 2. Composition Comprising a First Compound and a Second Compound In an aspect, the present invention relates to compositions comprising a first compound and a second compound, wherein the composition binds an ORCO receptor, and wherein the binding modulates the activity of the ORCO receptor. In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a composition comprising a first compound and a second compound, wherein the composition disrupts odorant sensing. In a further aspect, the first compound has the structure: wherein R5is optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted (≤C6) heteroaryl; wherein L1is a divalent organic groups having from 1 to 8 non-hydrogen members; wherein p is 0 or 1; wherein Q1is hydrogen, OR20, SR20, or NR21aR21b, wherein R20is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, or CH2-isopropyl; wherein each of R21aand R21bis independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl butyl i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, or CH2-isopropyl; and wherein Q2is O, S, or NR4wherein R4is hydrogen or alkyl(C≤5); and the second compound has the structure: wherein each of R1aand R1bis independently hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, or an alkyloxy carbonyl group; and wherein R7is optionally substituted and selected from monocyclic aryl bicyclic aryl monocyclic heteroaryl, bicyclic heteroaryl, and tricyclic heteroaryl. In a further aspect, p is 0. In a further aspect, p is 1. In a further aspect, the first compound has the structure: and the second compound has the structure: In a further aspect, the first compound has the structure: and the second compound has the structure: In a further aspect, the first compound has the structure: wherein R is optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted (≤C6) heteroaryl; wherein L1is a divalent organic groups having from 1 to 8 non-hydrogen members; wherein p is 0 or 1; wherein Q1is hydrogen, OR20, SR20, or NR21aR21b, wherein R20is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, or CH2-isopropyl; wherein each of R21aand R21bis independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, or CH2-isopropyl; and N herein Q2is O, S, or NR wherein R4is hydrogen or alkyl(C≤5). In a further aspect, p is 0. In a further aspect, p is 1. In a further aspect, the first compound has the structure: In a further aspect, the first compound has the structure: wherein R4is methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, or cyclopropyl. In a further aspect, the first compound has the structure: In a further aspect, the first compound has the structure: In a further aspect, the first compound has the structure: In a further aspect, the first compound has the structure: In a further aspect, the First compound has the structure: In a further aspect the first compound has the structure: In a further aspect, the first compound has the structure: In a further aspect, the second compound has the structure: wherein each of R1aand R1bis independently hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, or an alkyloxy carbonyl group; and wherein R7is optionally substituted and selected from monocyclic aryl, bicyclic aryl, monocyclic heteroaryl, bicyclic heteroaryl, and tricyclic heteroaryl. In a further aspect, the second compound has the structure: In a further aspect, the second compound has the structure: wherein each of R1aand R1ais independently hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, or an alkyloxy carbonyl group; or wherein R1ais hydrogen and R1bis taken together with R2to be alkanediyl(C1-4), alkenediyl(C1-4), or a substituted version of either of these groups; R2is hydrogen, alkyl(C≤5), substituted alkyl(C≤5), or is taken together with R1bas defined above; R3is hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro, halo, alkyl(C≤5), substituted alkyl(C≤5), alkenyl(C≤5), or substituted alkenyl(C≤5). In a further aspect, the second compound has the structure: wherein R1bis hydrogen or optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl; wherein R2is hydrogen or methyl; and wherein R3is methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, or cyclopropyl. In a further aspect, the second compound has the structure: wherein R1bis hydrogen or optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl; and wherein R3is methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, or cyclopropyl. In a further aspect, the second compound has a structure represented by a formula selected from: In a further aspect, the second compound has the structure: In a further aspect, the second compound has the structure: 3. R Groups a. L1Groups In various aspects, L1is a divalent organic groups having from 1 to 8 non-hydrogen members. In a further aspect, L1is selected from: In a further aspect. L1is selected from: a. Q1Groups In various aspects, Q1is hydrogen, OR20, SR20, or NR21aR21b. b. Q2Groups In various aspects, Q2is O, S, or NR4. In a further aspect, Q2is O. In a still further aspect, Q2is S. In a yet further aspect, Q1is NR4. In a yet further aspect. Q2is O or S. In a further aspect, Q2is NH, NCH, or NCH2CH3. c. R1Aand R1BGroups In various aspects, each of R1aand R1bis independently hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, or an alkyloxy carbonyl group. In a further aspect, each of R1aand R1bis hydrogen. In a further aspect, each of R1aand R1bis hydrogen. In a further aspect, R1ais hydrogen and R1bis hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, or an alkyloxy carbonyl group. In a further aspect, each of R1aand R1ais independently hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, or an alkyloxy carbonyl group; or wherein R1ais hydrogen and R1bis taken together with R2to be alkanediyl(C1-4), alkenediyl(C1-4), or a substituted version of either of these groups. In a further aspect, R1ais hydrogen and R1bis hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, or an alkyloxy carbonyl group. In a still further aspect. R1ais hydrogen and R1bis hydrogen or optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl d. R2Groups In various aspects, R2is hydrogen, alkyl(C≤5), substituted alkyl(C≤5), or wherein when R1ais hydrogen, R2is taken together with R1bto be alkanediyl(C1-4), alkenediyl(C1-4), or a substituted version of either of these groups. In a further aspect, R2is hydrogen, alkyl(C≤5), substituted alkyl(C≤5). In a further aspect, R1ais hydrogen, and R2is taken together with R1bto be alkanediyl(C1-4), alkenediyl(C1-4), or a substituted version of either of these groups. In a further aspect, R2is hydrogen or methyl. In a still further aspect, R2is hydrogen. e. R3Groups In various aspects, R3is hydrogen, halo, hydroxy, nitro, halo, cyclopropyl, alkyl(C≤5), substituted alkyl(C≤5), alkenyl(C≤5), or substituted alkenyl(C≤5). In a further aspect, R3is hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro, halo, alkyl(C≤5), substituted alkyl(C≤5), alkenyl(C≤5), or substituted alkenyl(C≤5). In a further aspect, R3is halo, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, or alkenyl(C≤5). In a still further aspect, R3is methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, or cyclopropyl. In a further aspect, R3is alkyl(C≤5). In a still further aspect, the R3alkyl(C≤5)has no quaternary carbon atoms. In a yet further aspect, R3is alkyl(C≤3). In an even further aspect, R3is methyl. In a still further aspect, R3is ethyl. In a yet further aspect, R3is n-propyl. In an even further aspect. R3is isopropyl. In a still further aspect. R3is halo. In a yet further aspect. R3is fluoro. In an even further aspect, R3is chloro. In a still further aspect. R3is bromo. In a yet further aspect, R3is alkenyl(C≤5). In an even further aspect, R3is vinyl. f. R4Groups In various aspects. R4is hydrogen or alkyl(C≤5). In a further aspect, R4is alkyl(C≤5). In a further aspect, R4is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, or CH2-isopropyl. In a yet further aspect, R4is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl or cyclopropyl. In an even further aspect. R4is hydrogen. In a still further aspect. R4is ethyl. In a yet further aspect, R4is cyclopropyl. g. R5Groups In various aspects. R5is an optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted (≤C6) heteroaryl. In a further aspect, R is an aryl or (≤C6) heteroaryl, substituted with 0-3 groups independently selected from hydroxy, nitro, halo, carboxyl, carboxy(C1-C4)alkyl, phenyl, benzyl, benzyloxy, amino, alkyl(C1-C4)amino, dialkyl(C1-C4, C1-C4)amino, C1-C4 alkyoxyl, C1-C5 alkyl, and C1-C5 alkenyl. In a further aspect. R5is selected from: wherein Q3is —O—, —S—, or —NR9; wherein R9is optionally substituted and selected from (C1-C5) alkyl, (C1-C5) alkenyl, (C6-C10) aryl, (≤C10) aralkyl, (≤C8) heteroaryl, and (≤C8) heteroaralkyl; and wherein each of R8a, R8b, R10a, R10band R10cis independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro, halo, optionally substituted (C1-C5) alkyl, or optionally substituted (C1-C5) alkenyl; or R8aand R8bare positioned on adjacent carbons and are taken together to be optionally substituted (C1-C4) alkanediyl or optionally substituted (C1-C4) alkenediyl; or any two of R10a, R10b, and R10care positioned on adjacent carbons and are taken together to be optionally substituted (C1-C4) alkanediyl or optionally substituted (C1-C4) alkenediyl. In a further aspect, R5is selected from: wherein each of R8aand R8bis independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro, halo, optionally substituted (C1-C5) alkyl, or optionally substituted (C1-C5) alkenyl; or R8aand R8bare positioned on adjacent carbons and are taken together to be optionally substituted (C1-C4) alkanediyl or optionally substituted (C1-C4) alkenediyl. In a further aspect, R5is has a structure: wherein each of R8aand R8bis independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro, halo, optionally substituted (C1-C5) alkyl, or optionally substituted (C1-C5) alkenyl; or R8aand R8bare positioned on adjacent carbons and are taken together to be optionally substituted (C1-C4) alkanediyl or optionally substituted (C1-C4) alkenediyl. In a further aspect, R5has a structure: wherein each of R8aand R8bis independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro, halo, optionally substituted (C1-C5) alkyl, or optionally substituted (C1-C5) alkenyl; or R8aand R8bare positioned on adjacent carbons and are taken together to be optionally substituted (C1-C4) alkanediyl or optionally substituted (C1-C4) alkenediyl. In a further aspect, R5has a structure: wherein each of R8aand R8bis independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro, halo, optionally substituted (C1-C5) alkyl, or optionally substituted (C1-C5) alkenyl; or R8aand R8bare positioned on adjacent carbons and are taken together to be optionally substituted (C1-C4) alkanediyl or optionally substituted (C1-C4) alkenediyl. In a further aspect, R5has a structure: wherein each of R8aand R8bis independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro, halo, optionally substituted (C1-C5) alkyl, or optionally substituted (C1-C5) alkenyl; or R8aand R8bare positioned on adjacent carbons and are taken together to be optionally substituted (C1-C4) alkanediyl or optionally substituted (C1-C4) alkenediyl. In a further aspect, R5is selected from: In a further aspect, R5is selected from: In a further aspect, R5is selected from: In a further aspect, R5is substituted with 0-3 groups independently selected from hydroxy, nitro, halo, carboxyl, carboxy(C1-C4)alkyl, phenyl, benzyl, benzyloxy, amino, alkyl(C1-C4)amino, dialkyl(C1-C4, C1-C4)amino, C1-C4 alkyoxyl. C1-C5 alkyl, and C1-C5 alkenyl. h. R7Groups In various aspects. R7is optionally substituted and selected from monocyclic aryl, bicyclic aryl, monocyclic heteroaryl, bicyclic heteroaryl, and tricyclic heteroaryl. In a further aspect R7comprises a structure represented by a formula selected from: In a further aspect, R7comprises a structure represented by a formula selected from: In a further aspect, R7comprises a structure represented by a formula selected from: In a further aspect, R7comprises a structure represented by a formula selected from: In a further aspect, R7comprises has a structure represented by a formula: In a further aspect, R7comprises a structure represented by a formula selected from: In a further aspect, R7comprises a structure represented by a formula selected from: In a further aspect, R7comprises a structure represented by a formula selected from: In a further aspect, R7comprises a structure represented by a formula selected from: In a further aspect, R7comprises has a structure represented by a formula: In a further aspect, R7 comprises a structure represented by a formula selected from: In a further aspect R7comprises a structure represented by a formula selected from: i. R8Aand R8BGroups In various aspects, each of R8aand R8bis independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro, halo, optionally substituted (C1-C5) alkyl, or optionally substituted (C1-C5) alkenyl; or R8aand R8bare positioned on adjacent carbons and are taken together to be optionally substituted (C1-C4) alkanediyl or optionally substituted (C1-C4) alkenediyl. j. R9Groups In various aspects, R9, when present, is optionally substituted and selected from (C1-C5) alkyl, (C1-C5) alkenyl, (C6-C10) aryl, (≤C10) aralkyl, (≤C8) heteroaryl, and (≤C8) heteroaralkyl. k. R10A, R10B, and R10CGroups In various aspects, each of R10a, R10b, and R10cis independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro, halo, optionally substituted (C1-C5) alkyl, or optionally substituted (C1-C5) alkenyl; or any two of R10a, R10b, and R10care positioned on adjacent carbons and are taken together to be optionally substituted (C1-C4) alkanediyl or optionally substituted (C1-C4) alkenediyl. l. R20Groups In various aspects. R20is R20is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, or CH2-isopropyl. m. R21Aand R21BGroups In various aspects, each of R21aand R21Bis independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, butyl i-butyl, s-butyl t-butyl or CH2-isopropyl. In a further aspect, the compound binds to and/or modulates insect Orco ion channels. It is contemplated that each disclosed derivative can be optionally further substituted. It is also contemplated that any one or more derivative can be optionally omitted from the invention, it is understood that a disclosed compound can be provided by the disclosed methods. It is also understood that the disclosed compounds can be employed in the disclosed methods of using. D. Methods of Making the Compounds In one aspect, the invention relates to methods of making compounds useful as inhibitors of insect odorant sensory receptors. In one aspect, the invention relates to the disclosed synthetic manipulations. In a further aspect, the disclosed compounds comprise the products of the synthetic methods described herein. In a further aspect, the disclosed compounds comprise a compound produced by a synthetic method described herein. In a still further aspect, the invention comprises a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the product of the disclosed methods and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In a still further aspect, the invention comprises a method for manufacturing a medicament comprising combining at least one compound of any of disclosed compounds or at least one product of the disclosed methods with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. The compounds of this invention can be prepared by employing reactions as shown in the disclosed schemes, in addition to other standard manipulations that are known in the literature, exemplified in the experimental sections or clear to one skilled in the art. The following examples are provided so that the invention might be more fully understood, are illustrative only, and should not be construed as limiting. For clarity, examples having fewer substituent can be shown where multiple substituents are allowed under the definitions disclosed herein. It is contemplated that each disclosed method can further comprise additional steps, manipulations, and, or components. It is also contemplated that any one or more step, manipulation, and/or component can be optionally omitted from the invention. It is understood that a disclosed method can be used to provide the disclosed compounds. It is also understood that the products of the disclosed methods can be employed in the disclosed compositions, kits, and uses. In one aspect, intermediates useful for the preparation of compounds of the present invention can be prepared generically by the synthetic scheme as shown below. Compounds are represented in generic form, with substituents as noted in compound descriptions elsewhere herein. A more specific example is set forth below. In this example, methyl nicotinate is treated with hydrazine to yield nicotinohydrazide. This product is reacted with isothiocyanatoethane to provide 4-ethyl-5-(pyridin-3-yl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol. Thus, in one aspect, the invention relates to a method for preparing a compound, the method comprising the steps of: providing a compound having a structure represented by a formula: wherein R5is optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted (≤C6) heteroaryl; and reacting with R4—N═C═S or R4—N═C═O, thereby yielding a product having the formula: wherein Q1is —O— or —S—; wherein R4is optionally substituted and selected from (C1-C5) alkyl, (C1-C5) alkenyl, (C6-C10) aryl, (≤C10) aralkyl, (≤C8) heteroaryl, and (≤C8) heteroaralkyl. In a further aspect, providing comprises treating a compound having a structure represented by a formula: wherein R is optionally substituted and selected from alkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, with hydrazine, thereby yielding a product having the formula: E. Delivery Systems In one aspect, the invention relates to delivery systems comprising a disclosed compound or a product of a disclosed method of making. l. Misting Systems In one aspect, a disclosed compound of the present invention can be advantageously dispersed into an environment using a misting system. The environment may be a single-family dwelling yard, and street, a neighborhood, a subdivision, a township or a city. Examples of misting systems are shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,306,167 and 7,090,147, and U.S. Patent Publication 2006/0260183, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 2. Baits and Pellets In many cases, it would be desirable to apply a disclosed compound of the present invention in solid form. Solid pest control compositions typically are less prone to volatile dissemination of the active agent, and in some instances may be more readily and conveniently applied; for example, solid pest control compositions may be dropped from a helicopter or airplane or other elevated conveyance onto the surface of a large body of water somewhat more readily than can liquids. In addition, solid control agents are believed to be more able to penetrate a vegetative canopy when disseminated from an elevated conveyance. When it is desired to form a solid composition for mosquitoes, a number of criteria are desirable. First, the solid pest control composition should be sufficiently durable to allow the control composition to be transported in bulk, such as by rail car or via bagged transport. Second, the solid composition, which generally will include a carrier and an active control agent, must be compatible with the pest target area environment; consequently, the carrier should be readily biodegradable. Third, the solid pest control composition should readily and quickly release the control agent when applied into a water column or when otherwise contacted by water, such as rain. The prior art has provided numerous pest control compositions. For instance. U.S. Pat. No. 6,391,328 describes a process for treating organisms with a composition that includes a carrier, an active ingredient, and a coating. The carrier material is said to include silica, cellulose, metal oxides, clays, paper, infusorial earth, slag, hydrophobic materials, polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol and the like. Control of the release of rate of the active ingredient is said to be obtained via choice of coating material, which is said to be a fatty acid, alcohol or ester. Similar technology purportedly is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,387,386; 6,350,461; 6,346,262; 6,337,078; 6,335,027; 6,001,382; 5,902,596; 5,885,605; 5,858,386; 5,858,384; 5,846,553 and 5,698,210 (all by Levy to Lee County Mosquito Control District, Fort Meyers, Fla.). Another pest control composition is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,824,328, 5,567,430, 5,983,390, and 4,418,534. In accordance with the purported teaching of these patents, the activation is provided in the form of a material that includes a super absorbent polymer and inert diluents. U.S. Patent Publication 2007/0160637 discloses a pest control agent formed by providing a porous starch and an active control agent absorbed within the porous starch, and compressing the porous starch in the presence of heat to form discrete plural particles, including one or more binders, and one or more secondary absorbents/fillers. The particles can be prepared via pelletizing in a commercial pellet mill. The particles are sufficiently durable to withstand bulk transport, such as by rail car or bag shipment, and will release the control agent quickly upon contact with water, such that, for instance, the control agent may be released when the pest control agent is introduced to standing water. 3. Volatile Organic Compounds In various aspects, it may be helpful to include one or more inactive agents in a pest control formulation that promote the distribution of a disclosed compound into an environment. One particular class of inactive agents is volatile organic compounds, or VOCs. VOCs are defined more generally as organic chemicals that have a high vapor pressure at ordinary, room-temperature conditions. Their high vapor pressure results from a low boiling point, which causes large numbers of molecules to evaporate or sublimate from the liquid or solid form of the compound and enter the surrounding air. The usefulness of such compounds in pest formulations is to promote the evaporation of active compounds that would otherwise be less prone to evaporation. Examples of useful pesticide VOCs include chlorpyrifos, 1,3-dichloropropene, trifuralin, methyl bromide, demthoate, metam-sodium, oxyfluorfen, permethrin, limonene, chloropicrine, bifenthrin, and bensulide. The use of these composition must, however, be balanced against their potential for environmental toxicity. F. Topical Formulations In one aspect, the invention relates topical formulations comprising agents of the present invention. Including the active agent, such formulations will contain a variety of compounds and compositions that are typical for use with topical delivery. The following is a discussion of agents for use in preparation of topical formulations. 1. Film Forming Agents Film formers are materials or compound, which, upon drying, can produce a continuous film on skin. This can increase the durability of a composition while also resulting in reduced moisture loss from skin. The CTFA Handbook at volume 3, pages 3187-3192, provides a wide range of film formers that can be used in the context of the present invention, all of which are incorporated by reference. Non-limiting examples of such film formers include Polysilicone-6, Polysilicone-8, Polysilicone-11, Polysilicone-14, VP/Dimethiconylacrylate/Polycarbamyl/Polyglycol Ester, VP/Dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate Copolymer, VP/Dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate/Polycarbamyl Polyglycol Ester, VP/Eicosene Copolymer. VP/Hexadecene Copolymer, VP/Methacrylamide/Vinyl Imidazole Copolymer, VP/Polycarbonyl Polyglycol Ester, VP/VA Copolymer, Polyester-1, Polyester-2, Polyester-3, Polyester-4, Polyester-5, Polyester-7, Polyester-8, and Polyester-10. 2. Ester Containing Solvents Esters are covalent compounds formed between acids and alcohols. They can be used to stabilize and solubilize agents in the context of the present invention. The CTFA Handbook at volume 3, pages 3079-3088, provides a wide range of ester containing solvents that can be used in the context of the present invention, all of which are incorporated by reference. Non-limiting examples of such solvents include C12-15 Alkyl benzoate, neopentyl glycol diheptanoate, dipropylene glycol dibenzoate, and PPG-15 stearyl ether benzoate. 3. Gelling Agents The compounds of the present invention can be formulated as a transparent gel. Gelling agents such as dimethicone/bis-isobutyl PPG-20 crosspolymer can used to create the gel-based primer. Further, a wide range of gelling agents is commercially available from Dow Corning (Midland, Michigan (USA)). A non-limiting example includes Dow Corning EL-80501D, which is a blend of dimethicone/bis-isobutyl PPG-20 crosspolymer and isododecane. 4. Additional Skin Conditioning Agents and Emollients Non-limiting examples of skin conditioning agents and emollients that can be used with the compositions of the present invention include amino acids, chondroitin sulfate, diglycerin, erythritol, fructose, glucose, glycerol polymers, glycol, 1,2,6-hexanetriol, honey, hyaluronic acid, hydrogenated honey, hydrogenated starch hydrolysate, inositol, lactitol, maltitol, maltose, mannitol, natural moisturizing factor, PEG-15 butanediol, polyglyceryl sorbitol, salts of pyrollidone carboxylic acid, potassium PCA, propylene glycol, sodium glucuronate, sodium PCA, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, urea, and xylitol. Other examples include acetylated lanolin, acetylated lanolin alcohol, acrylates/C 10-30 alkyl acrylate crosspolymer, acrylates copolymer, alanine, algae extract, aloe barbadensis, aloe-barbadensis extract, aloe barbadensis gel, althea officinalis extract, aluminum starch octenylsuccinate, aluminum stearate, apricot (Prunus armeniaca) kernel oil, arginine, arginine aspartate.Arnica montanaextract, ascorbic acid, ascorbyl palmitate, aspartic acid, avocado (Persea gratissima) oil, barium sulfate, barrier sphingolipids, butyl alcohol, beeswax, behenyl alcohol, beta-sitosterol, BHT, birch (Betula alba) bark extract, borage (Borago officinalis) extract, 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol, butcherbroom (Ruscus aculeatus) extract, butylene glycol,Calendula officinalisextract,Calendula officinalisoil, candelilla (Euphorbia cerifera) wax, canola oil, caprylic/capric triglyceride, cardamon (Elettaria cardamomum) oil, carnauba (Copernicia cerifera) wax, carrageenan (Chondrus crispus), carrot (Daucus carota sativa) oil, castor (Ricinus communis) oil, ceramides, ceresin, ceteareth-5, ceteareth-12, ceteareth-20, cetearyl octanoate, ceteth-20, ceteth-24, cetyl acetate, cetyl octanoate, cetyl palmitate, chamomile (Anthemis nobilis) oil, cholesterol, cholesterol esters, cholesteryl hydroxystearate, citric acid, clary (Salvia sclarea) oil, cocoa (Theobroma cacao) butter, coco-caprvlate/caprate, coconut (Cocos nucifera) oil, collagen, collagen amino acids, corn (Zea mays) oil, fatty acids, decyl oleate, dextrin, diazolidinyl urea, dimethicone copolyol, dimethiconol, dioctyl adipate, dioctyl succinate, dipentaerythrityl hexacaprylate/hexacaprate, DMDM hydantoin, DNA, erythritol, ethoxydiglycol, ethyl linoleate,Eucalyptus globulusoil, evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) oil, fatty acids, tructose, gelatin, geraniummaculatumoil, glucosamine, glucose glutamate, glutanic acid, glycereth-26, glycerol, glyceryl distearate, glyceryl hydroxystearate, glyceryl laurate, glyceryl linoleate, glyceryl myristate, glyceryl oleate, glyceryl stearate, glyceryl stearate SE,glycine, glycol stearate, glycol stearate SE, glycosaminoglycans, grape (Vitis vinifera) seed oil, hazel (Corylus americana) nut oil, hazel (Corylus avellana) nut oil, hexylene glycol, honey, hyaluronic acid, hybrid safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) oil, hydrogenated castor oil, hydrogenated coco-glycerides, hydrogenated coconut oil, hydrogenated lanolin, hydrogenated lecithin, hydrogenated palm glyceride, hydrogenated palm kernel oil, hydrogenated soybean oil, hydrogenated tallow glyceride, hydrogenated vegetable oil, hydrolyzed collagen, hydrolyzed elastin, hydrolyzed glycosaminoglycans, hydrolyzed keratin, hydrolyzed soy protein, hydroxylated lanolin, hydroxyproline, imidazolidinyl urea, iodopropynyl butylcarbamate, isocetyl stearate, isocetyl stearoyl stearate, isodecyl oleate, isopropyl isostearate, isopropyl lanolate, isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, isopropyl stearate, isostearamide DEA, isostearic acid, isostearyl lactate, isostearyl neopentanoate, jasmine (Jasminum officinale) oil, jojoba (Buxus chinensis) oil, kelp, kukui (Aleurites moluccana) nut oil, lactamide MEA, laneth-16, laneth-10 acetate, lanolin, lanolin acid, lanolin alcohol, lanolin oil lanolin wax, lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) oil, lecithin, lemon (Citrus medica limonum) oil, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, macadamiaternifolianut oil, magnesium stearate, magnesium sulfate, maltitol,matricaria(Chamomilla recutita) oil, methyl glucose sesquistearate, methylsilanol PCA, microcrystalline wax, mineral oil, mink oil, mortierella oil, myristyl lactate, myristyl myristate, myristyl propionate, neopentyl glycol dicaprylate/dicaprate, octyldodecanol, octyldodecyl myristate, octyldodecyl stearoyl stearate, octyl hydroxystearate, octyl palmitate, octyl salicylate, octyl stearate, oleic acid, olive (Olea europaea) oil, orange (Citrus aurantium dulcis) oil, palm (Elaeis guineensis) oil, palmitic acid, pantethine, panthenol, panthenyl ethyl ether, paraffin, PCA, peach (Prunus persica) kernel oil, peanut (Arachis hypogaea) oil, PEG-8 C12-18 ester, PEG-15 cocamine, PEG-150 distearate, PEG-60 glyceryl isostearate, PEG-5 glyceryl stearate, PEG-30 glyceryl stearate, PEG-7 hydrogenated castor oil, PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil, PEG-60 hydrogenated castor oil. PEG-20 methyl glucose sesquistearate. PEG40 sorbitan peroleate, PEG-5 soy sterol, PEG-10 soy sterol, PEG-2 stearate, PEG-8 stearate, PEG-20 stearate, PEG-32 stearate, PEG40 stearate, PEG-5 0 stearate, PEG-100 stearate, PEG-150 stearate, pentadecalactone, peppermint (Mentha piperita) oil, petrolatum, phospholipids, polyamino sugar condensate, polyglyceryl-3 diisostearate, polyquatemium-24, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, polysorbate 80, polysorbate 85, potassium myristate, potassium palmitate, potassium sorbate, potassium stearate, propylene glycol, propylene glycol dicaprylate/dicaprate, propylene glycol dioctanoate, propylene glycol dipelargonate, propylene glycol laurate, propylene glycol stearate, propylene glycol stearate SE. PVP, pyridoxine dipalmitate, quaternium-15, quaternium-18 hectorite, quaternium-22, retinol, retinyl palmitate, rice (Oryza sativa) bran oil, RNA, rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) oil, rose oil, safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) oil, sage (Salvia officinalis) oil, salicylic acid, sandalwood (Santalum album) oil, serine, serum protein, sesame (Sesamum indicum) oil, silk powder, sodium chondroitin sulfate, sodium hyaluronate, sodium lactate, sodium palmitate, sodium PCA, sodium polyglutamate, sodium stearate, soluble collagen, sorbic acid, sorbitan laurate, sorbitan oleate, sorbitan palmitate, sorbitan sesquioleate, sorbitan stearate, sorbitol, soybean (Glycine soja) oil, sphingolipids, squalane, squalene, stearamide MEA-stearate, stearic acid, stearox dimethicone, stearoxytrimethylsilane, stearyl alcohol, stearyl glycyrrhetinate, stearyl heptanoate, stearyl stearate, sunflower (Helianthus annuus) seed oil, sweet almond (Prunus amygdalus dulcis) oil, synthetic beeswax, tocopheryl linoleate, tridecyl neopentanoate, tridecyl stearate, triethanolamine, tristearin, urea, vegetable oil, water, waxes, wheat (Triticum vulgare) germ oil, and ylang ylang (Cananga odorata) oil. 5. Antioxidants Non-limiting examples of antioxidants that can be used with the compositions of the present invention include acetyl cysteine, ascorbic acid polypeptide, ascorbyl dipalmitate, ascorbyl methylsilanol pectinate, ascorbyl palmitate, ascorbyl stearate, BHA, BHT, t-butyl hydroquinone, cysteine, cysteine HCl, diamylhydroquinone, di-t-butylhydroquinone, dicetyl thiodipropionate, dioleyl tocopheryl methylsilanol, disodium ascorbyl sulfate, distearyl thiodipropionate, ditridecyl thiodipropionate, dodecyl gallate, erythorbic acid, esters of ascorbic acid, ethyl ferulate, ferulic acid, gallic acid esters, hydroquinone, isooctyl thioglycolate, kojic acid, magnesium ascorbate, magnesium ascorbyl phosphate, methylsilanol ascorbate, natural botanical anti-oxidants such as green tea or grape seed extracts, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, octyl gallate, phenylthioglycolic acid, potassium ascorbyl tocopheryl phosphate, potassium sulfite, propyl gallate, quinones, rosmarinic acid, sodium ascorbate, sodium bisulfite, sodium erythorbate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite, superoxide dismutase, sodium thioglycolate, sorbityl furfural, thiodiglycol, thiodiglycolamide, thiodiglycolic acid, thioglycolic acid, thiolactic acid, thiosalicylic acid, tocophereth-5, tocophereth-10, tocophereth-12, tocophereth-18, tocophereth-50, tocophersolan, tocopheryl linoleate, tocopheryl nicotinate, tocopheryl succinate, and tris(nonylphenyl)phosphite. 6. Structuring Agents In other non-limiting aspects, the compositions of the present invention can include a structuring agent. Structuring agents, in certain aspects, assist in providing rheological characteristics to the composition to contribute to the composition's stability. In other aspects, structuring agents can also function as an emulsifier or surfactant. Non-limiting examples of structuring agents include stearic acid, palmitic acid, stearyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, behenyl alcohol, stearic acid, palmitic acid, the polyethylene glycol ether of stearyl alcohol having an average of about 1 to about 21 ethylene oxide units, the polyethylene glycol ether of cetyl alcohol having an average of about 1 to about 5 ethylene oxide units, and mixtures thereof. 7. Emulsifiers In some non-limiting aspects, the compositions can include one or more emulsifiers. Emulsifiers can reduce the interfacial tension between phases and improve the formulation and stability of an emulsion. The emulsifiers can be nonionic, cationic, anionic, and zwitterionic emulsifiers (See McCutcheon's (1986); U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,011,681; 4,421,769; 3,755,560). Non-limiting examples include esters of glycerin, esters of propylene glycol, fatty acid esters of polyethylene glycol, fatty acid esters of polypropylene glycol, esters of sorbitol, esters of sorbitan anhydrides, carboxylic acid copolymers, esters and ethers of glucose, ethoxylated ethers, ethoxylated alcohols, alkyl phosphates, polyoxyethylene fatty ether phosphates, fatty acid amides, acyl lactylates, soaps, TEA stearate. DEA oleth-3 phosphate, polyethylene glycol 20 sorbitan monolaurate (polysorbate 20), polyethylene glycol 5 soya sterol, steareth-2, steareth-20, steareth-21, ceteareth-20, PPG-2 methyl glucose ether distearate, ceteth-10, polysorbate 80, cetyl phosphate, potassium cetyl phosphate, diethanolamine cetyl phosphate, polysorbate 60, glyceryl stearate, PEG-100 stearate, and mixtures thereof. 8. Silicone Containing Compounds In non-limiting aspects, silicone containing compounds include any member of a family of polymeric products whose molecular backbone is made up of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms with side groups attached to the silicon atoms. By varying the —Si—O-chain lengths, side groups, and crosslinking, silicones can be synthesized into a wide variety of materials. They can vary in consistency from liquid to gel to solids. The silicone containing compounds that can be used in the context of the present invention include those described in this specification or those known to a person of ordinary skill in the art. Non-limiting examples include silicone oils (e.g. volatile and non-volatile oils), gels, and solids. In particular aspects, the silicon containing compounds includes a silicone oils such as a polyorganosiloxane. Non-limiting examples of polyorganosiloxanes include dimethicone, cyclomethicone, phenyl trimethicone, trimethylsillamodimethicone, stearoxytrimethlsilane, or mixtures of these and other organosiloxane materials in any given ratio in order to achieve the desired consistency and application characteristics depending upon the intended application (e.g., to a particular area such as the skin, hair, or eyes). A “volatile silicone oil” includes a silicone oil have a low heat of vaporization. i.e. normally less than about 50 cal per gram of silicone oil. Non-limiting examples of volatile silicone oils include: cyclomethicones such as Dow Corning 344 Fluid. Dow Corning 345 Fluid. Dow Corning 244 Fluid, and Dow Corning 245 Fluid. Volatile Silicon 7207 (Union Carbide Corp., Danbury, Conn.); low viscosity dimethicones. i.e. dimethicones having a viscosity of about 50 est or less (e.g. dimethicones such as Dow Corning 200-0.5 est Fluid). The Dow Corning Fluids are available from Dow Corning Corporation. Midland, Michigan Cyclomethicone and dimethicone are described in the Third Edition of the CTFA Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary (incorporated by reference) as cyclic dimethyl polysiloxane compounds and a mixture of fully methylated linear siloxane polymers end-blocked with trimethylsiloxy units, respectively. Other non-limiting volatile silicone oils that can be used in the context of the present invention include those available from General Electric Co., Silicone Products Div., Waterford. N.Y. and SWS Silicones Div. of Stauffer Chemical Co., Adrian, Michigan 9. Essential Oils Essential oils include oils derived from herbs, flowers, trees, and other plants. Such oils are typically present as tiny droplets between the plant's cells, and can be extracted by several methods known to those of skill in the art (e.g., steam distilled, enfleurage (i.e., extraction by using fat), maceration, solvent extraction, or mechanical pressing). When these types of oils are exposed to air they tend to evaporate (i.e., a volatile oil). As a result, many essential oils are colorless, but with age they can oxidize and become darker. Essential oils are insoluble in water and are soluble in alcohol, ether, fixed oils (veget al), and other organic solvents. Typical physical characteristics found in essential oils include boiling points that vary from about 160 to 240° C. and densities ranging from about 0.759 to about 1.096. Essential oils typically are named by the plant from which the oil is derived. For example, rose oil or peppermint oil is derived from rose or peppermint plants, respectively. Non-limiting examples of essential oils that can be used in the context of the present invention include sesame oil, macadamia nut oil tea tree oil evening primrose oil. Spanish sage oil. Spanish rosemary oil, coriander oil, thyme oil, pimento berries oil, rose oil, anise oil, balsam oil, bergamot oil, rosewood oil, cedar oil, chamomile oil, sage oil, clay sage oil, clove oil, cypress oil,eucalyptusoil, fennel oil, sea fennel oil, frankincense oil, geranium oil, ginger oil, grapefruit oil, jasmine oil, juniper oil, lavender oil, lemon oil, lemongrass oil lime oil, mandarin oil, marjoram oil, myrrh oil, neroli oil, orange oil, patchouli oil, pepper oil, black pepper oil, petitgrain oil, pine oil, rose otto oil, rosemary oil, sandalwood oil, spearmint oil, spikenard oil, vetiver oil, wintergreen oil, or ylang ylang. Other essential oils known to those of skill in the art are also contemplated as being useful within the context of the present invention. 10. Thickening Agents Thickening agents include substances that can increase the viscosity of a composition. Thickeners include those that can increase the viscosity of a composition without substantially modifying the efficacy of the active ingredient within the composition. Thickeners can also increase the stability of the compositions of the present invention. Non-limiting examples of additional thickening agents that can be used in the context of the present invention include carboxylic acid polymers, crosslinked polyacrylate polymers, polyacrylamide polymers, polysaccharides, and gums. Examples of carboxylic acid polymers include crosslinked compounds containing one or more monomers derived from acrylic acid, substituted acrylic acids, and salts and esters of these acrylic acids and the substituted acrylic acids, wherein the crosslinking agent contains two or more carbon-carbon double bonds and is derived from a polyhydric alcohol (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,087,445; 4,509,949; 2,798,053). Examples of commercially available carboxylic acid polymers include carbomers, which are homopolymers of acrylic acid crosslinked with allyl ethers of sucrose or pentaerytritol (e.g., Carbopol™ 900 series from B. F. Goodrich). Non-limiting examples of crosslinked polyacrylate polymers include cationic and nonionic polymers. Examples are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,100,660; 4,849,484; 4,835,206; 4,628,078; 4,599,379). Non-limiting examples of polyacrylamide polymers (including nonionic polyacrylamide polymers including substituted branched or unbranched polymers) include polyacrylamide, isoparaffin and laureth-7, multi-block copolymers of acrylamides and substituted acrylamides with acrylic acids and substituted acrylic acids. Non-limiting examples of polysaccharides include cellulose, carboxymethyl hydroxyethylcellulose, cellulose acetate propionate carboxylate, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxyethyl ethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, methyl hydroxyethylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium cellulose sulfate, and mixtures thereof. Another example is an alkyl substituted cellulose where the hydroxy groups of the cellulose polymer is hydroxyalkylated (particularly hydroxy ethylated or hydroxypropylated) to form a hydroxyalkylated cellulose which is then further modified with a C10-C30 straight chain or branched chain alkyl group through an ether linkage. Typically these polymers are ethers of C10-C30 straight or branched chain alcohols with hydroxyalkylcelluloses. Other useful polysaccharides include scleroglucans comprising a linear chain of (1-3) linked glucose units with a (1-6) linked glucose every three unit. Non-limiting examples of gums that can be used with the present invention include acacia, agar, algin, alginic acid, ammonium alginate, amylopectin, calcium alginate, calcium carrageenan, camitine, carrageenan, dextrin, gelatin, gellan gum, guar gum, guar hydroxypropyltrimonium chloride, hectorite, hyaluronic acid, hydrated silica, hydroxypropyl chitosan, hydroxypropyl guar, karaya gum, kelp, locust bean gum, natto gum, potassium alginate, potassium carrageenan, propylene glycol alginate, sclerotium gum, sodium carboyxmethyl dextran, sodium carrageenan, tragacanth gum, xanthan gum, and mixtures thereof. 11. Vehicles The compositions of the present invention can be incorporated into all types of are effective in all types of vehicles. Non-limiting examples of suitable vehicles include emulsions (e.g., water-in-oil, water-in-oil-in-water, oil-in-water, oil-in-water-in-oil, oil-in-water-in-silicone emulsions), creams, lotions, solutions (both aqueous and hydro-alcoholic), anhydrous bases (such as lipsticks and powders), gels, and ointments or by other method or any combination of the forgoing as would be known to one of ordinary skill in the art (Remington's, 1990). Variations and other appropriate vehicles will be apparent to the skilled artisan and are appropriate for use in the present invention. In certain aspects, it is important that the concentrations and combinations of the compounds, ingredients, and active agents be selected in such a way that the combinations are chemically compatible and do not form complexes which precipitate from the finished product. G. Compositions In one aspect, the invention relates to compositions comprising the disclosed compounds, or a functionally acceptable salt thereof. In a further aspect, the invention relates to compositions comprising a first disclosed compound, or a functionally acceptable salt thereof, and a second disclosed compound, or a functionally acceptable salt thereof. It is understood that the disclosed compositions can be prepared from the disclosed compounds. It is also understood that the disclosed compositions can be employed in the disclosed methods of using. In one aspect, the invention relates to compositions for disrupting odorant sensing comprising (a) a first compound having the structure: wherein R5is optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted (≤C6) heteroaryl; wherein L1is a divalent organic groups having from 1 to 8 non-hydrogen members; wherein p is 0 or 1; wherein Q1is hydrogen. OR20, SR20, or NR21aR21b, wherein R20is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, or CH2-isopropyl; wherein each of R21aand R21bis independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, or CH2-isopropyl; wherein Q2is O, S, or NR4wherein R4is hydrogen or alkyl(C≤5); and (b) a second compound having the structure: wherein each of R1aand R1bis independently hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, or an alkyloxy carbonyl group; and wherein R7is optionally substituted and selected from monocyclic aryl, bicyclic aryl, monocyclic heteroaryl, bicyclic heteroaryl, and tricyclic heteroaryl. In one aspect, the invention relates to compositions for disrupting odorant sensing comprising (a) a first compound having the structure: wherein R5is optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted (≤C6) heteroaryl; wherein L1is a divalent organic groups having from 1 to 8 non-hydrogen members; wherein p is 0 or 1; wherein Q1is hydrogen. OR20, SR20, or NR21aR21b, wherein R20is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, butyl, i-butyl s-butyl t-butyl, or CH2-isopropyl wherein each of R21aand R21bis independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, or CH2-isopropyl; and wherein Q2is O, S, or NR4wherein R4is hydrogen or alkyl(C≤5). In one aspect, the invention relates to a composition comprising a first compound and a second compound having structures represented, respectively, by the formulas: wherein; R1is hydrogen or is taken together with R2to be alkanediyl(C1-4), alkenediyl(C1-4), or a substituted version of either of these groups; R2is hydrogen or is taken together with R1as defined above; and R3is hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro, halo, alkyl(C≤8), substituted alkyl(C≤8), alkenyl(C≤8), or substituted alkenyl(C≤8); or a salt or tautomer of the formula. In a further aspect, the invention relates to a composition comprising a first compound and a second compound having structures represented, respectively, by the formulas: wherein each of R1aand R1ais independently hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, or an alkyloxy carbonyl group; or wherein R1ais hydrogen and R1bis taken together with R2to be alkanediyl(C1-4), alkenediyl(C1-4), or a substituted version of either of these groups; R2is hydrogen, alkyl(C≤5); substituted alkyl(C≤5), or is taken together with R1bas defined above; R3is hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro, halo, alkyl(C≤5), substituted alkyl(C≤5), alkenyl(C≤5), or substituted alkenyl(C≤5); R4is alkyl(C≤5), alkenyl(C≤5), aryl(C≤10)aralkyl(C≤10), heteroaryl(C≤8), heteroaralkyl(C≤8), or substituted versions of any of these groups; and R5is heteroaryl(C≤8)or substituted heteroaryl(C≤6). In a further aspect, the invention relates to a first compound and a second compound having structures represented, respectively, by the formulas: In a further aspect, the invention relates to a first compound and a second compound having structures represented, respectively, by the formulas: wherein R11is —H, —OH, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NH2, —NO2, —CO2H, —CO2CH3, —CN, —SH, —OCH3, —OCH2CH3, —C(O)CH3, —N(CH3)2, —C(O)NH2, —OC(O)CH3, or —S(O)2NH2. In a further aspect, the invention relates to a composition comprising a first compound and a second compound having structures represented, respectively, by the formulas: In a further aspect, the invention relates to a composition comprising a first compound and a second compound having structures represented, respectively, by the formulas: In a further aspect, the invention relates to a composition comprising a first compound and a second compound having structures represented, respectively, by the formulas: wherein: R11is —H, —OH, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —NH2, —NO2, —CO2H, —CO2CH3, —CN, —SH. —OCH3, —OCH2CH3, —C(O)CH3, —N(CH3)2, —C(O)NH2, —OC(O)CH3, or —S(O)2NH2. In a further aspect, the invention relates to a composition comprising a first compound and a second compound having structures represented, respectively, by the formulas: In a further aspect, the invention relates to a composition comprising a first compound and a second compound having structures represented, respectively, by the formulas: In a further aspect, the invention relates to a composition comprising a first compound and a second compound having structures represented, respectively, by the formulas: wherein R8aand R8bare independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro, halo, optionally substituted (C1-C5) alkyl, or optionally substituted (C1-C5) alkenyl; or R8aand R8bare positioned on adjacent carbons and are taken together to be optionally substituted (C1-C4) alkanediyl or optionally substituted (C1-C4) alkenediyl. In a further aspect the invention relates to a composition comprising a first compound and a second compound having structures represented, respectively, by the formulas: In a further aspect the invention relates to a composition comprising a first compound and a second compound having structures represented, respectively, by the formulas: wherein R8aand R8bare independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro, halo, optionally substituted (C1-C5) alkyl, or optionally substituted (C1-C5) alkenyl; or R8aand R8bare positioned on adjacent carbons and are taken together to be optionally substituted (C1-C4) alkanediyl or optionally substituted (C1-C4) alkenediyl. In a further aspect, the invention relates to a composition comprising a first compound and a second compound having structures represented, respectively, by the formulas: wherein R8aand R8bare independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro, halo, optionally substituted (C1-C5) alkyl, or optionally substituted (C1-C5) alkenyl; or R8aand R8bare positioned on adjacent carbons and are taken together to be optionally substituted (C1-C4) alkanediyl or optionally substituted (C1-C4) alkenediyl. In a further aspect, the invention relates to a composition comprising a first compound and a second compound having structures represented, respectively, by the formulas: In a further aspect, the invention relates to a composition comprising a first compound and a second compound having structures represented, respectively, by the formulas: wherein R8aand R8bare independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro, halo, optionally substituted (C1-C5) alkyl, or optionally substituted (C1-C5) alkenyl; or R8aand R8bare positioned on adjacent carbons and are taken together to be optionally substituted (C1-C4) alkanediyl or optionally substituted (C1-C4) alkenediyl. In a further aspect, the invention relates to a composition comprising a first compound and a second compound having structures represented, respectively, by the formulas: In a further aspect, the invention relates to a composition comprising a first compound and a second compound having structures represented, respectively, by the formulas: wherein Q3is —O—, —S—, or —NR9wherein R2is hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro, halo, optionally substituted (C1-C5) alkyl, optionally substituted (C2-C5) alkenyl, or optionally substituted (C2-C5) alkynyl; and wherein each of R10a, R10b, and R10cis independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro, halo, optionally substituted (C1-C5) alkyl, or optionally substituted (C1-C5) alkenyl; or any two of R10a, R10b, and R10care positioned on adjacent carbons and are taken together to be optionally substituted (C1-C4) alkanediyl or optionally substituted (C1-C4) alkenediyl. In a further aspect, the invention relates to a composition comprising a first compound and a second compound having structures represented, respectively, by the formulas: In a further aspect, the invention relates to a composition comprising a first compound and a second compound having structures represented, respectively, by the formulas: wherein Q3is —O—, —S—, or —NR; wherein R2is hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro, halo, optionally substituted (C1-C5) alkyl, optionally substituted (C2-C5) alkenyl, or optionally substituted (C2-C5) alkynyl, and wherein each of R10a, R10b, and R10cis independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro, halo, optionally substituted (C1-C5) alkyl, or optionally substituted (C1-C5) alkenyl; or any two of R10a, R10b, and R10care positioned on adjacent carbons and are taken together to be optionally substituted (C1-C4) alkanediyl or optionally substituted (C1-C4) alkenediyl. In a further aspect, the invention relates to a composition comprising a first compound and a second compound having structures represented, respectively, by the formulas: In various aspects, the invention relates to a composition for disrupting odorant sensing comprising a compound having the structure: wherein R5is optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted (≤C6) heteroaryl; wherein L1is a divalent organic groups having from 1 to 8 non-hydrogen members; wherein p is 0 or 1; wherein Q1is hydrogen, OR20, SR20, or NR21aR21b, wherein R20is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, or CH2-isopropyl; wherein each of R21aand R21bis independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, butyl i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, or CH2-isopropyl; wherein Q2is O, S, or NR4; and wherein R4is hydrogen or alkyl(C≤5). In a further aspect, p is 0. In a still further aspect, p is 1. In various aspects, the invention relates to a composition for disrupting odorant sensing comprising a compound having the structure: wherein R5is optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted (≤C6) heteroaryl; and wherein R4is hydrogen or alkyl(C≤5). In various aspects, the invention relates to a composition for disrupting odorant sensing comprising a compound having the structure: wherein R5is optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted (≤C6) heteroaryl; and wherein R4is methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, or cyclopropyl. In various aspects, the invention relates to a composition for disrupting odorant sensing comprising a compound having the structure: wherein R5is optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted (≤C6) heteroaryl. In various aspects, the invention relates to a composition for disrupting odorant sensing comprising a compound having the structure: wherein R5is optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted (≤C6) heteroaryl. In various aspects, the invention relates to a composition for disrupting odorant sensing comprising a compound having the structure: wherein R5is optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted (≤C6) heteroaryl. In various aspects, the invention relates to a composition for disrupting odorant sensing comprising a compound having the structure: wherein R4is hydrogen or alkyl(C≤5). In various aspects, the invention relates to a composition for disrupting odorant sensing comprising a compound having the structure: wherein R4is hydrogen or alkyl(C≤5). In a further aspect, compound that binds to and/or modulates ORX is substantially absent from the composition. In a still further aspect, compound that binds to and/or modulates ORX is substantially absent from the composition, wherein ORX is an insect ORX. In various aspects, the disclosed compositions inhibit insect host-sensing. In a further aspect, the disclosed compositions agonize ORco ion channels. In a still further aspect, the disclosed compositions antagonize ORco ion channels. In a yet further aspect, the disclosed compositions potentiate ORco ion channels. In various aspects, the disclosed compositions further comprise an insect repellant. In a further aspect, the disclosed compositions further comprise a vehicle. In a still further aspect, the disclosed composition further comprise a film forming agent, an ester containing solvent, a gelling agent, a skin condition agent, an emollient, an antioxidant, a structuring agent, an emulsifier, a silicone-containing compound, an essential oil or a thickening agent. In a further aspect, the disclosed compositions further comprise a compound that binds to and/or modulates ORX. In a still further aspect, the disclosed compositions further comprise a compound that binds to and/or modulates ORX, wherein ORX is an insect ORX. In a further aspect, the composition is formed as a water-soluble tablet. In a yet further aspect, the composition is formulated as an aerosol. In an even further aspect, the composition is formulated as a sprayable liquid. In a still further aspect, the composition is formulated as a sprayable liquid. In a further aspect, the compositions comprise a compound that binds to and/or modulates insect Orco proteins, combined with a suitable carrier. In a still further aspect, the compound inhibits insect host sensing, plant sensing, or other olfactory driven behaviors. In a yet further aspect, the compound agonizes insect Orco ion channels. In an even further aspect, the compound antagonizes insect Orco. In a still further aspect, the compound potentiates insect Orco ion channels. In a further aspect, a compound that binds to and/or modulates insect ORX is substantially absent from the composition. In a still further aspect, the composition further comprises a compound that binds to and/or modulates insect ORX. In a further aspect, the disclosed composition can be volatilized. It is also contemplated that that the concentrations of the compound in the composition can vary. In non-limiting embodiments, for example, the compositions may include in their final form, for example, at least about 0.0001%, 0.0002%, 0.0003%, 0.0004%, 0.0005%, 0.0006%, 0.0007%, 0.0008%, 0.0009%, 0.0010%, 0.0011%, 0.0012%, 0.0013%, 0.0014%, 0.0015%, 0.0016%, 0.0017%, 0.0018%, 0.0019%, 0.0020%, 0.0021%, 0.0022%, 0.0023%, 0.0024%, 0.0025%, 0.0026%, 0.0027%, 0.0028%, 0.0029%, 0.0030%, 0.0031%, 0.0032%, 0.0033%, 0.0034%, 0.0035%, 0.0036%, 0.0037%, 0.0038%, 0.0039%, 0.0040%, 0.0041%, 0.0042%, 0.0043%, 0.0044%, 0.0045%, 0.0046%, 0.0047%, 0.0048%, 0.0049%, 0.0050%, 0.0051%, 0.0052%, 0.0053%, 0.0054%, 0.0055%, 0.0056%, 0.0057%, 0.0058%, 0.0059%, 0.0060%, 0.0061%, 0.0062%, 0.0063%, 0.0064%, 0.0065%, 0.0066%, 0.0067%, 0.0068%, 0.0069%, 0.0070%, 0.0071%, 0.0072%, 0.0073%, 0.0074%, 0.0075%, 0.0076%, 0.0077%, 0.0078%, 0.0079%, 0.0080%, 0.0081%, 0.0082%, 0.0083%, 0.0084%, 0.0085%, 0.0086%, 0.0087%, 0.0088%, 0.0089%, 0.0090%, 0.0091%, 0.0092%, 0.0093%, 0.0094%, 0.0095%, 0.0096%, 0.0097%, 0.0098%, 0.0099%, 0.0100%, 0.0200%, 0.0250%, 0.0275%, 0.0300%, 0.0325%, 0.0350%, 0.0375%, 0.0400%, 0.0425%, 0.0450%0.0475%, 0.0500%, 0.0525%, 0.0.0550%, 0.0575%, 0.0600%, 0.0625%, 0.0650%, 0.0675%, 0.0700%, 0.0725%, 0.0750%, 0.0775%, 0.0800%, 0.0825%, 0.0850%, 0.0875%, 0.0900%, 0.0925%, 0.0950%, 0.0975%, 0.1000%, 0.1250%, 0.1500%, 0.1750%, 0.2000%, 0.2250%, 0.2500%, 0.2750%, 0.3000%, 0.3250%, 0.3500%, 0.3750%, 0.4000%, 0.4250%, 0.4500%, 0.4750%, 0.5000%, 0.5250%, 0.0550%, 0.5750%, 0.6000%, 0.6250%, 0.6500%, 0.6750%, 0.7000%, 0.7250%, 0.7500%, 0.7750%, 0.8000%, 0.8250%, 0.8500%, 0.8750%, 0.9000%, 0.9250%, 0.9500%, 0.9750%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2.0%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7%, 2.8%, 2.9%, 3.0%, 3.1%, 3.2%, 3.3%, 3.4%, 3.5%, 3.6%, 3.7%, 3.8%, 3.9%, 4.0%, 4.1%, 4.2%, 4.3%, 4.4%, 4.5%, 4.6%, 4.7%, 4.8%, 4.9%, 5.0%, 5.1%, 5.2%, 5.3%, 5.4%, 5.5%, 5.6%, 5.7%, 5.8%, 5.9%, 6.0%, 6.1%, 6.2%, 6.3%, 6.4%, 6.5%, 6.6%, 6.7%, 6.8%, 6.9%, 7.0%, 7.1%, 7.2%, 7.3%, 7.4%, 7.5%, 7.6%, 7.7%, 7.8%, 7.9%, 8.0%, 8.1%, 8.2%, 8.3%, 8.4%, 8.5%, 8.6%, 8.7%, 8.8%, 8.9%, 9.0%, 9.1%, 9.2%, 9.3%, 9.4%, 95%, 9.6%, 9.7%, 9.8%, 9.9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% or any range derivable therein. In non-limiting aspects, the percentage can be calculated by weight or volume of the total composition. A person of ordinary skill in the art would understand that the concentrations can vary depending on the addition, substitution, and/or subtraction of the compounds, agents, or active ingredients, to the disclosed methods and compositions. H. Articles In one aspect, the invention relates to articles comprising the disclosed compositions. In a further aspect, the present invention contemplates the use of the disclosed compositions in the manufacture of certain items such as articles. For example, an article may comprise a material that may be pre-made and then dipped, painted or sprayed with the agent. Alternatively, the materials may be formed in the presence of the agent so as to incorporate the agent integrally thereinto. In a further aspect, disclosed compositions may be used to coat or impregnate various articles of manufacture, the use of which can help deliver a disclosed composition to a mosquito environment and/or protect a user of the article from mosquito contact. Such articles include netting, such as the type use to exclude insects from dwelling (i.e., in windows and door ways) or to exclude insects from a particular location, such as a bed or room. In a further aspect, other articles of manufacture include clothing or fabric from which clothing can be produced. Clothing includes hats, veils, masks, shoes and gloves, as well as shirts, pants and underwear. Other articles include bedding, such as sheets, nets, blankets, pillow cases, and mattresses. Still additional articles include tarps, tents, awnings, door flaps, screens, or drapes. In various aspects, the invention relates to an article comprising a compound that binds to and/or modulates insect Orco ion channels. In a further aspect, the article is formed as clothing or netting. In a still further aspect, the compound inhibits insect host sensing and other olfactory driven behaviors. In a yet further aspect, the compound agonizes insect Orco ion channels. In an even further aspect, the compound antagonizes insect Orco ion channels. In a still further aspect, the compound potentiates insect Orco ion channels. In a further aspect, the invention relates to an article comprising a compound that binds to and/or modulates insect Orco ion channels, wherein a compound that binds to and/or modulates insect ORX is substantially absent from the composition. In a still further aspect, the article further comprises a compound that binds to and/or modulates insect ORX. In a further aspect, the article is formed as clothing or netting. In a still further aspect, the article is formed as clothing. In a yet further aspect, the article is formed as netting. In an even further aspect, the article is formed as an insect trap. I. Methods of Using the Compounds and Compositions Also provided are various methods of using the disclosed compounds. 1. Disrupting Insect Odorant Sensing The OR disrupting compositions, compounds, or articles disclosed herein can affect odorant sensing in an organism by acting as an agonist, antagonist, or as a potentiator in combination with another agonist or antagonist. It is understood that an agonist will accentuate and amplify odor reception whereas an antagonist will turn off or reduce odor reception. In various aspects, the invention relates to a method of agonizing an ORco ion channel, the method comprising exposing the ORco ion channel to a disclosed composition or compound. In a further aspect, the ORco ion channel is in vitro. In a still further aspect, the ORco ion channel is in a cultured cell. In a yet further aspect, the ORco ion channel is in vivo. In a further aspect, the ORco ion channel is in an insect. In a still further aspect, the organism is an arachnid. In a yet further aspect, the ORco ion channel is in a crop pest. In an even further aspect, the ORco ion channel is in an airborne insect. In a still further aspect, the ORco ion channel is in a blood-sucking insect. In a yet further aspect, the ORco ion channel is in a mosquito. In an even further aspect, the mosquito is a Culicine mosquito or an Anopheline mosquito. In a still further aspect, the ORco ion channel is in a tick. In a yet further aspect, the ORco ion channel is in a bed-bug. In a further aspect, the ORco ion channel is in an organism of the suborder Ixodida. In a still further aspect, the ORco ion channel is in an organism of the order Diptera. In a yet further aspect, the ORco ion channel is in an organism of the er Hemiptera. In an even further aspect, the ORco ion channel is in an organism of the order Lepidoptera. In a further aspect, the disclosed composition or compound agonizes ORco ion channels. In a still further aspect, the disclosed composition or compound antagonizes ORco ion channels. In a yet further aspect, the disclosed composition or compound potentiates ORco ion channels. In a further aspect, exposing the ORco ion channel comprises application an agricultural environment. In a still further aspect, exposing the ORco ion channel comprises application to a potential host. In a yet further aspect, exposing the ORco ion channel comprises application to a nest, burrow, colony, or other habitation of the organism. In an even further aspect, exposing the ORco ion channel comprises application to a water surface. In various aspects, the invention relates to a method of disrupting odor sensing behavior in an organism having an ORco ion channel, comprising exposing the organism to a disclosed composition or disclosed compound. In a further aspect, the organism is an insect. In a still further aspect, the organism is an arachnid. In a yet further aspect, the organism is a crop pest. In an even further aspect, the organism is an airborne insect. In a still further aspect, the organism is a blood-sucking insect. In a yet further aspect, the organism is a mosquito. In an even further aspect, the organism is a tick. In a still further aspect, the organism is a bed-bug. In a further aspect, the organism is of the suborder Ixodida. In a still further aspect, the organism is of the order Diptera. In a yet further aspect, the organism is of the order Hemiptera. In an even further aspect, the organism is of the order Lepidoptera. In a further aspect, the composition or compound to which the organism is exposed agonizes ORco ion channels. In a still further aspect, the composition or compound to which the organism is exposed antagonizes ORco ion channels. In a yet further aspect, the composition or compound to which the organism is exposed potentiates ORco ion channels. In a further aspect, exposing the organism comprises application to an agricultural environment. In a still further aspect, exposing the organism comprises application to a potential host. In a yet further aspect, exposing the organism comprises application to a water surface. In an even further aspect, exposing the organism comprises application to a nest, burrow, colony, or other habitation of the organism. In one aspect, the invention relates to a method for disrupting insect odorant sensing, the method comprising providing to an insect environment a disclosed composition or disclosed compound that binds to and/or modulates insect Orco ion channels. In a further aspect, the disclosed composition, the disclosed composition or disclosed compound inhibits insect host sensing. In a still further aspect, the insect is a mosquito. In a further aspect, the disclosed composition, the disclosed composition or disclosed compound agonizes insect Orco ion channels. In a still further aspect, the disclosed composition or disclosed compound antagonizes insect Orco ion channels. In a yet further aspect, the disclosed composition or disclosed compound potentiates insect Orco ion channels. In a further aspect, providing is performed in the absence of a disclosed composition or disclosed compound that binds to and/or modulates insect ORX. In a still further aspect, the method further comprises providing to an insect environment a disclosed composition or disclosed compound that binds to and/or modulates insect ORX. In a further aspect, the insect environment comprises an agricultural environment. In a still further aspect, the insect environment comprises a potential host. In a yet further aspect, the insect environment comprises an insect nest. In another aspect, disclosed herein are methods of repelling insects comprising administering any of the compositions or compounds disclosed herein to an area, subject, or insect environment. In one aspect, the disclosed compositions, disclosed compounds, or disclosed first compounds and disclosed second compounds can be administered individually or as an active ingredient in a larger composition or article. In one aspect, the disclosed compositions or compounds can be administered as an emulsion, suspension, liquid, or gel. In another aspect the disclosed compositions or compounds can be administered through liquid or gaseous dispersion methods such as through an aerosol. It is understood and herein contemplated that the subject, area, or insect environment can include domestic animals, such as companion animals (e.g., dogs, cats, rabbits), livestock, humans, and plants. In one aspect, the invention relates to a method for disrupting insect odorant sensing, the method comprising providing to an insect environment a compound that binds to and/or modulates insect Orco ion channels. In a further aspect, the disclosed compositions and compounds inhibit insect host sensing. In a still further aspect, the insect is a mosquito. In a further aspect, the disclosed compositions and compounds agonize insect Orco ion channels. In a still further aspect, the disclosed compositions and compounds antagonize insect Orco ion channels. In a yet further aspect, the disclosed compositions and compounds potentiate insect Orco ion channels. In one aspect the disclosed compositions and compounds can be used to disrupt transmission of insect-borne disease or crop destruction due to insect pests. Thus, in one aspect disclosed herein are methods of disrupting transmission of insect-borne disease or crop destruction due to insect pests comprising, wherein the method comprises providing to an insect environment a disclosed composition or compound that binds to and/or agonizes, antagonizes, or potentiates ORco. In one aspect, the invention relates to a method for disrupting insect odorant sensing, the method comprising providing to an insect environment a disclosed composition or compound that binds to and/or modulates insect ORco ion channels. In a further aspect, the disclosed compositions and compounds inhibit insect host sensing. In a still further aspect, the insect is a mosquito. In a further aspect, the disclosed compositions and compounds agonize insect Orco ion channels. In a still further aspect, the disclosed compositions and compounds antagonize insect Orco ion channels. In a yet further aspect, the disclosed compositions and compounds potentiate insect Orco ion channels. 2. Mediating Orco Response In one aspect, the invention relates to a method for mediating ORco response, the method comprising providing an effective amount of a disclosed composition or compound to a ORco receptor, an ORco/ORX complex, or an ORco/ORco complex, wherein the composition or compound binds and/or modulates the receptor or complex. In a further aspect, the composition or compound agonizes insect ORco ion channels. In a further aspect, the composition or compound antagonizes insect ORco ion channels. In a further aspect, the composition or compound potentiates insect ORco ion channels. In a further aspect, providing is performed in the absence of a composition or compound that binds to and/or modulates insect ORX. In a further aspect, the method further comprising providing to an insect environment a composition or compound that binds to and/or modulates insect ORX. J. Experimental The following examples are put forth so as to provide those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how the compounds, compositions, articles, devices and/or methods claimed herein are made and evaluated, and are intended to be purely exemplary of the invention and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention. Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers (e.g., amounts, temperature, etc.), but some errors and deviations should be accounted for. Unless indicated otherwise, parts are parts by weight, temperature is in ° C. or is at ambient temperature, and pressure is at or near atmospheric. Several methods for preparing the compounds of this invention are illustrated in the following Examples. Starting materials and the requisite intermediates are in some cases commercially available, or can be prepared according to literature procedures or as illustrated herein. The Examples are provided herein to illustrate the invention, and should not be construed as limiting the invention in any way. The Examples are typically depicted in free base form, according to the IUPAC naming convention. Examples are provided herein to illustrate the invention, and should not be construed as limiting the invention in any way. As indicated, some of the Examples were obtained as racemic mixtures of one or more enantiomers or diastereomers. The compounds may be separated by one skilled in the art to isolate individual enantiomers. Separation can be carried out by the coupling of a racemic mixture of compounds to an enantiomerically pure compound to form a diastereomeric mixture, followed by separation of the individual diastereomers by standard methods, such as fractional crystallization or chromatography. A racemic or diastereomeric mixture of the compounds can also be separated directly by chromatographic methods using chiral stationary phases. 1. General All non-aqueous reactions were performed in flame-dried or oven dried round-bottomed flasks under an atmosphere of argon. Stainless steel syringes or cannulae were used to transfer air- and moisture-sensitive liquids. Reaction temperatures were controlled using a thermocouple thermometer and analog hotplate stirrer. Reactions were conducted at room temperature (rt, approximately 23° C.) unless otherwise noted. Analytical thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was performed on E. Merck silica gel 60 F254 plates and visualized using UV, ceric ammonium molybdate, potassium permanganate, and anisaldehyde stains. Yields were reported as isolated, spectroscopically pure compounds. 2. Materials Solvents N ere obtained from either an MBraun MB-SPS solvent system or freshly distilled (tetrahydrofuran was distilled from sodium-benzophenone; diethyl ether was distilled from sodium-benzophenone and used immediately). Commercial reagents were used as received. 3. Instrumentation HPLC was conducted on a Gilson HPLC system using a Gemini-NX Su C18 110A 50×21.20 mm column. H NMR spectra were recorded on Bruker 400 MHz spectrometers and are reported relative to deuterated solvent signals. Data for1H NMR spectra are reported as follows: chemical shift (δ ppm), multiplicity (s=singlet, d=doublet, t=triplet, dd=double of doublets, dt=doublet of triplets, q=quartet, m=multiplet, br=broad, app=apparent), coupling constants (Hz), and integration. LC/MS was conducted and recorded on an Agilent Technologies 6130 Quadrupole instrument. Microwave reactions were conducted on a Biotage Initiator 2.0 microwave reactor. 4 Representative Procedure 1 a. Preparation of Isonicotinohydrazide To a solution of methyl isonicotinate (100 mg, 0.73 mmol) in 0.3 mL of ethanol was added hydrazine hydrate (0.35 mL, 7.29 mmol). This reaction mixture was heated in a microwave reactor for 5 min at 150° C. The reaction was allowed to cool to room temperature and diluted with 10 mL of MeOH, then concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography with MeOH/CH2Cl2(1:4) to afford 84 mg (75%) of the title compound.1H NMR (MeOD) δ 8.70 (dd, J=4.8, 1.6 Hz, 2H), 7.77 (dd. J=4.4, 1.6 Hz, 2H). LRMS calculated for C6H7N3O (M+H)1m/z: 137.05 Measured 137.1 m/z. b. Preparation of 4-ethyl-5-(pyridin-4-yl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol To a solution of isonicotinohydrazide (84 mg, 0.61 mmol) in 1.0 mL of ethanol was added ethyl isothiocyanate (64 μL, 0.74 mmol). This reaction mixture was heated in a microwave reactor for 15 min at 150° C. cooled to room temperature and concentrated. The residue was then re-dissolved 10 ml of H2O and K2CO3(101.5 mg, 0.74 mmol) was added, then the solution was brought to reflux. After 16 h, the reaction was allowed to cool to room temperature, diluted with methanol and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography with methanol/CH2Cl2(1:6) to afford 67 mg (53%) of the title compound. 1H NMR (MeOD) δ8.78 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 2H), 7.78 (d. J=6.2 Hz, 2H), 4.26 (q. J=7.2, 2H), 1.33 (1, J=7.3 Hz, 3H) LRMS calculated for C9H10N4S (M+H)1m/z: 207.06. Measured 207.1 m/z. 5. Representative Procedure 3 a. Preparation of 5-amino-4-ethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol To a solution of aminoguanidine hydrochloride (3.0 g, 27.3 mmol) in 20.0 mL of ethanol was added ethyl isothiocyanate (2.9 mL, 32.7 mmol). This solution was heated in a microwave reactor for 20 min at 150° C. cooled to room temperature and concentrated. The crude reaction mixture was re-dissolved 30 ml of water and K2CO3(4.5 g, 32.7 mmol) was added. The reaction was allowed to reflux for 16 h. The reaction was allowed to cool to room temperature, diluted with methanol and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography with methanol/CH2Cl2(1:6) to afford 3.03 g (77%) of the title compound. 6. Single Sensillum Recordings. Single sensillum recordings (SSRs) were performed on single capitate peg (cp) sensillum along the maxillary palps that house three types of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). We used 5- to 7-d-old non-blood fed femaleAnopheles gambiaethat were maintained on 10% sucrose at 12 h/12 h light/dark cycle. Mosquitoes were immobilized by chilling at −20° C. for 1 min before removing wings and legs and then fixing on a glass coverslip covered with double-sided sticky tape. Maxillary palps were extended and held onto the double-sided sticky tape with a piece of hair brush thread. Chloridized silver wires in drawn-out glass capillaries were filled with 0.1% KCl and used as reference and recording electrodes. The reference electrode was placed in the eye, and recording electrode was brought into contact with the sensillum under the microscope (Olympus BX51W1; 800× magnification) by use of a Piezo-Patch micromaniputor (PPM5000; World Precision Instruments). The signals were digitized by the IDAC4 interface box (Syntech, Hilversum, The Netherlands) and offline analysis carried out by using analyzed with AutoSpike v. 3.2 software (Syntech). The extracellular activity of individual capitate peg sensillum ORNs are physiologically distinct and can be characterized into cpA (large), cpB (medium), and cpC (small) based on their spike amplitudes and shape. Responses were quantified by subtracting the number of spikes 1 s before odor stimulation from the number of spikes 1 s after the onset of odor stimulation from individual preparations. 7. Stimulation and Stimuli. The preparation was held in a stream of synthetic humidified air (21% oxygen and 79% nitrogen, A-L Compressed Gases, Inc.) that was charcoal filtered and delivered at 20 ml/s via a glass tube (8 mm i.d.) with the outlet placed at approximately 10 mm from the preparation. Odor stimuli were placed into Pasteur pipettes connected via silicone tubing to a stimulus controller (Syntech, Hilversum, The Netherlands). Odor stimulation (0.5 L/min) was carried out for 500 ms by inserting the tip of the odor cartridge into a glass tube delivering continuous synthetic air to the preparation. For control dichloromethane (DCM) and 1-octen-3-ol dissolved in DCM cartridges, aliquots of 10 μL were transferred onto a filter paper (8×20 mm) and placed inside a Pasteur pipette. For UVAA compounds, 2.5 mg or 2.5 μL % were added inside Pasteur pipettes that had ˜0.5 mg of salinized glass wool placed inside to retain the compounds. CO2stimulation was applied through a second stimulus controller (Pneumatic Picopump PV850, World Precision Instruments). 8. Solid-Phase Micro-Extraction (SPME) of Huffing Compounds. Headspace volatiles for use in GC-MS were collected using a 50/30 μm DVB/CAR/PDMS-coated SPME fiber for manual injection (Supelco, Bellefonte, PA). 2.5 mg of solid VUAA compounds were placed in a 15 mL clear vial with screw top hole cap and PTFE/silicone septa (Supelco). The vial with the compound was placed on a heated block set at 200° C. for 5 min. or until the solid sample melted. The SPME fiber was conditioned for 1 h in the GC injector pot before use. The fiber was then inserted through the septa and exposed in the headspace for 5-10 s followed by injection into the GC-MS. VUAA1R and VUAA4R, being liquids, were not heated in the heated block. SPME fiber was exposed in the headspace for 1-2 s in vials containing 2.5 μL of these two compounds before injection into the GC-MS. 9. GC-MS Analysis. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopic (GC-MS) analysis of VUAA compounds was performed using an Agilent 5973A GC-MS, with a DB-5 capillary column (30 m×0.25 mm ID×0.25 μm film thickness, Agilent). The injector temperature (split/splitless) was 230° C. The temperature program for the GC oven consisted of an initial 1 min hold at 50° C., and then increased at 10° C./min to a final temperature of 280° C. and then held for 2 min. The injection was carried out in splitless mode. The carrier gas was helium (7.65 psi), at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The ion trap detector was set to electron impact mode, at 70 eV, on full scan mode, with acquisition range (m/z) from 50 to 250 and an acquisition frequency of 2.38/s. 10. Analysis of GC-MS Data. The data from the GC-MS Huffing of VUAA series of compounds was collected, analyzed and the proposed fragments were either synthesized or purchased. The synthesized fragments were confirmed by LCMS and NMR. These proposed fragments were then submitted to the huffing paradigm/exposure to SPME fiber and injected again on the GC-MS. Fragments were considered confirmed with the confirmation of the retention time it eluted off the column and the matching of Mass profiles. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the present invention without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. Other aspects of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims.

11856956

DETAILED DESCRIPTION In general “pesticidal” means the ability of a substance to increase mortality or inhibit the growth rate of plant pests. The term is used herein, to describe the property of a substance to exhibit activity against insects, mites, nematodes and/or phytopathogens. In the sense of the present invention the term “pests” include insects, mites, nematodes and/or phytopathogens. NRRL is the abbreviation for the Agricultural Research Service Culture Collection, having the address National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1815 North University Street, Peoria, Illinois 61604, U.S.A. ATCC is the abbreviation for the American Type Culture Collection, having the address ATCC Patent Depository, 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Virginia 10110, U.S.A. All strains described herein and having an accession number in which the prefix is NRRL or ATCC have been deposited with the above-described respective depositary institution in accordance with the Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure. An “enzyme involved in the production or activation of a plant growth stimulating compound” includes any enzyme that catalyzes any step in a biological synthesis pathway for a compound that stimulates plant growth or alters plant structure, or any enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an inactive or less active derivative of a compound that stimulates plant growth or alters plant structure to an active or more active form of the compound. Such compounds include, for example, but are not limited to, small molecule plant hormones such as auxins and cytokinins, bioactive peptides, and small plant growth stimulating molecules synthesized by bacteria or fungi in the rhizosphere (e.g., 2,3-butanediol). A “plant immune system enhancer protein or peptide” as used herein includes any protein or peptide that has a beneficial effect on the immune system of a plant. The term “plant growth stimulating protein or peptide” as used herein includes any protein or peptide that increases plant growth in a plant exposed to the protein or peptide. The terms “promoting plant growth” and “stimulating plant growth” are used interchangeably herein, and refer to the ability to enhance or increase at least one of the plant's height, weight, leaf size, root size, or stem size, to increase protein yield from the plant or to increase grain yield of the plant. A “protein or peptide that protects a plant from a pathogen” as used herein includes any protein or peptide that makes a plant exposed to the protein or peptide less susceptible to infection with a pathogen. A “protein or peptide that enhances stress resistance in a plant” as used herein includes any protein or peptide that makes a plant exposed to the protein or peptide more resistant to stress. The term “plant binding protein or peptide” refers to any peptide or protein capable of specifically or non-specifically binding to any part of a plant (e.g., roots or aerial portions of a plant such as leaves foliage, stems, flowers, or fruits) or to plant matter. The term “targeting sequence” as used herein refers to a polypeptide sequence that results in the localization of a longer polypeptide or the protein to the exosporium of aBacillus cereusfamily member. Recombinant Exosporium-ProducingBacillusCells Expressing Fusion Proteins The fusion proteins contain a targeting sequence, an exosporium protein, or an exosporium protein fragment that targets the fusion protein to the exosporium of aBacillus cereusfamily member and: (a) a plant growth stimulating protein or peptide; (b) a protein or peptide that protects a plant from a pathogen; (c) a protein or peptide that enhances stress resistance of a plant; (d) a plant binding protein or peptide; or (e) a plant immune system enhancer protein or peptide. When expressed inBacillus cereusfamily member bacteria, these fusion proteins are targeted to the exosporium layer of the spore and are physically oriented such that the protein or peptide is displayed on the outside of the spore. ThisBacillusexosporium display (BEMD) system can be used to deliver peptides, enzymes, and other proteins to plants (e.g., to plant foliage, fruits, flowers, stems, or roots) or to a plant growth medium such as soil. Peptides, enzymes, and proteins delivered to the soil or another plant growth medium in this manner persist and exhibit activity in the soil for extended periods of time. Introduction of recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells expressing the fusion proteins described herein into soil or the rhizosphere of a plant leads to a beneficial enhancement of plant growth in many different soil conditions. The use of the BEMD to create these enzymes allows them to continue to exert their beneficial results to the plant and the rhizosphere over the first months of a plants life. Targeting Sequences, Exosporium Proteins, and Exosporium Protein Fragments For ease of reference, the SEQ ID NOs. for the peptide and protein sequences referred to herein are listed in Table 1 below. TABLE 1Peptide and Protein SequencesSequenceIdentificationProtein, Protein Fragment, or Targeting SequenceNumberAA 1-41 of BclASEQ ID NO: 1*(B. anthracisSterne)Full length BclASEQ ID NO: 2*AA 1-33 ofSEQ ID NO: 3BetA/BAS3290(B. anthracisSterne)Full length BetA/BAS3290SEQ ID NO: 4Met + AA 2-43 ofSEQ ID NO: 5BAS4623(B. anthracisSterne)Full length BAS4623SEQ ID NO: 6AA 1-34 of BclBSEQ ID NO: 7(B. anthracisSterne)Full length BclBSEQ ID NO: 8AA 1-30 of BAS 1882 (B. anthracisSterne)SEQ ID NO: 9Full length BAS 1882SEQ ID NO: 10AA 1-39 of gene 2280SEQ ID NO: 11(B. weihenstephensisKBAB4)Full length KBAB4 gene 2280SEQ ID NO: 12AA 1-39 of gene 3572SEQ ID NO: 13(B. weihenstephensisKBAB4)Full Length KBAB4 gene 3572SEQ ID NO: 14AA 1-49 of Exosporium Leader PeptideSEQ ID NO: 15(B. cereusVD200)Full Length Exosporium Leader PeptideSEQ ID NO: 16AA 1-33 of Exosporium Leader PeptideSEQ ID NO: 17(B. cereusVD166)Full Length Exosporium Leader PeptideSEQ ID NO: 18AA 1-39 of hypothetical protein IKG_04663SEQ ID NO: 19(B. cereusVD200)Full Length hypothetical proteinSEQ ID NO: 20IKG_04663, partialAA 1-39 of YVTN β-propeller proteinSEQ ID NO: 21(B. weihenstephensisKBAB4)Full length YVTN β-propeller protein KBAB4SEQ ID NO: 22AA 1-30 of hypothetical protein bcerkbab4_2363SEQ ID NO: 23(B. weihenstephensisKBAB4)Full length hypothetical protein bcerkbab4_2363SEQ ID NO: 24KBAB4AA 1-30 of hypothetical protein bcerkbab4_2131SEQ ID NO: 25(B. weihenstephensisKBAB4)Full length hypothetical protein bcerkbab4_2131SEQ ID NO: 26AA 1-36 of triple helix repeat containing collagenSEQ ID NO: 27(B. weihenstephensisKBAB4)Full length triple helix repeat-containingSEQ ID NO: 28collagen KBAB4AA 1-39 of hypothetical protein bmyco0001_21660SEQ ID NO: 29(B. mycoides2048)Full length hypothetical protein bmyco0001_21660SEQ ID NO: 30AA 1-30 of hypothetical protein bmyc0001_22540SEQ ID NO: 31(B. mycoides2048)Full length hypothetical protein bmyc0001_22540SEQ ID NO: 32A A 1-21 of hypothetical protein bmyc0001_21510SEQ ID NO: 33(B. mycoides2048)Full length hypothetical protein bmyc0001_21510SEQ ID NO: 34AA 1-22 of collagen triple helix repeat proteinSEQ ID NO: 35(B. thuringiensis35646)Full length collagen triple helix repeat proteinSEQ ID NO: 36AA 1-35 of hypothetical protein WP_69652SEQ ID NO: 43(B. cereus)Full length hypothetical protein WP_69652SEQ ID NO: 44AA 1-41 of exosporium leader WP016117717SEQ ID NO: 45(B. cereus)Full length exosporium leader WP016117717SEQ ID NO: 46AA 1-49 of exosporium peptide WP002105192SEQ ID NO: 47(B. cereus)Full length exosporium peptide WP002105192SEQ ID NO: 48AA 1-38 of hypothetical protein WP87353SEQ ID NO: 49(B. cereus)Full length hypothetical protein WP87353SEQ ID NO: 50AA 1-39 of exosporium peptide 02112369SEQ ID NO: 51(B. cereus)Full length exosporium peptide 02112369SEQ ID NO: 52AA 1-39 of exosporium protein WP016099770SEQ ID NO: 53(B. cereus)Full length exosporium protein WP016099770SEQ ID NO: 54AA 1-36 of hypothetical protein YP006612525(B. thuringiensis)SEQ ID NO: 55Full length hypothetical protein YP006612525SEQ ID NO: 56AA 1-136 of hypothetical protein TIGR03720SEQ ID NO: 57**(B. mycoides)Full length hypothetical protein TIGR03720SEQ ID NO: 58**AA 1-196 of BclA (B. anthracisSterne)SEQ ID NO: 59*Met + AA 20-35 of BclA (B. anthracisSterne)SEQ ID NO: 60Met + AA 12-27 of BetA/BAS3290SEQ ID NO: 61(B. anthracisSterne)Met + AA 18-33 of gene 2280SEQ ID NO: 62(B. weihenstephensisKBAB4)Met + AA 18-33 of gene 3572SEQ ID NO: 63(B. weihenstephensisKBAB4)Met + AA 12-27 of Exosporium Leader PeptideSEQ ID NO: 64(B. cereusVD166)Met + AA 18-33 of YVTN β-propeller proteinSEQ ID NO: 65(B. weihenstephensisKBAB4)Met + AA 9-24 of hypothetical proteinSEQ ID NO: 66bcerkbab4_2363(B. weihenstephensisKBAB4)Met + AA 9-24 of hypothetical proteinSEQ ID NO: 67bcerkbab4_2131(B. weihenstephensisKBAB4)Met + AA 9-24 of hypothetical proteinSEQ ID NO: 68bmyc0001_22540 (B. mycoides2048)Met + AA 9-24 of BAS1882SEQ ID NO: 69(B. anthracisSterne)Met + AA 20-35 of exosporium leaderSEQ ID NO: 70WP016117717 (B. cereus)Full length InhA (B. mycoides)SEQ ID NO: 71Full length BAS1141 (ExsY)SEQ ID NO: 72(B. anthracisSterne)Full length BAS1144 (BxpB/ExsFA)SEQ ID NO: 73(B. anthracisSterne)Full length BAS1145 (CotY)SEQ ID NO: 74(B. anthracisSterne)Full length BAS1140 (B. anthracisSterne)SEQ ID NO: 75Full length ExsFB (B. anthracisH9401)SEQ ID NO: 76Full length InhA1 (B. thuringiensisHD74)SEQ ID NO: 77Full length ExsJ (B. cereusATCC 10876)SEQ ID NO: 78Full length ExsH (B. cereus)SEQ ID NO: 79Full length YjcA (B. anthracisAmes)SEQ ID NO: 80Full length YjcB (B. anthracis)SEQ ID NO: 81Full length BclC (B. anthracisSterne)SEQ ID NO: 82Full length acid phosphatase (BacillusSEQ ID NO: 83thuringiensis serovar konkukian str. 97-27)Full length InhA2 (B. thuringiensisHD74)SEQ ID NO: 84AA = amino acids*B. anthracisSterne strain BclA has 100% sequence identity withB. thuringiensisBclA. Thus, SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 59 also represent amino acids 1-41 ofB. thuringiensisBclA, full lengthB. thuringiensisBclA, and amino acids 1-196 ofB. thuringiensisBclA, respectively. Likewise, SEQ ID NO: 60 also represents a methionine residue plus amino acids 20-35 ofB. thuringiensisBclA.**B. mycoideshypothetical protein TIGR03720 has 100% sequence identity withB.mycoideshypothetical protein WP003189234. Thus, SEQ ID NOs: 57 and 58 also represent amino acids 1-136 ofB. mycoideshypothetical protein WP003189234 and full lengthB.mycoideshypothetical protein WP003189234, respectively. Bacillusis a genus of rod-shaped bacteria. TheBacillus cereusfamily of bacteria includes the speciesBacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus mycoides, Bacillus pseudomycoides, Bacillus samanii, Bacillus gaemokensis, Bacillus toyoiensis, andBacillus weihenstephensis. Under stressful environmental conditions,Bacillus cereusfamily bacteria undergo sporulation and form oval endospores that can stay dormant for extended periods of time. The outermost layer of the endospores is known as the exosporium and comprises a basal layer surrounded by an external nap of hair-like projections. Filaments on the hair-like nap are predominantly formed by the collagen-like glycoprotein BclA, while the basal layer is comprised of a number of different proteins. Another collagen-related protein, BclB, is also present in the exosporium and exposed on endospores ofBacillus cereusfamily members. BclA, the major constituent of the surface nap, has been shown to be attached to the exosporium with its amino-terminus (N-terminus) positioned at the basal layer and its carboxy-terminus (C-terminus) extending outward from the spore. It was previously discovered that certain sequences from the N-terminal regions of BclA and BclB could be used to target a peptide or protein to the exosporium of aBacillus cereusendospore (see U.S. Patent Publication Nos. 2010/0233124 and 2011/0281316, and Thompson, et al., “Targeting of the BclA and BclB Proteins to theBacillus anthracisSpore Surface,” Molecular Microbiology, 70(2):421-34 (2008), the entirety of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference). It was also found that the BetA/BAS3290 protein ofBacillus anthracislocalized to the exosporium. In particular, amino acids 20-35 of BclA fromBacillus anthracisSterne strain have been found to be sufficient for targeting to the exosporium. A sequence alignment of amino acids 1-41 of BclA (SEQ ID NO: 1) with the corresponding N-terminal regions of several otherBacillus cereusfamily exosporium proteins andBacillus cereusfamily proteins having related sequences is shown inFIG.1. As can be seen fromFIG.1, there is a region of high-homology among all of the proteins in the region corresponding to amino acids 20-41 of BclA. However, in these sequences, the amino acids corresponding to amino acids 36-41 of BclA contain secondary structure and are not necessary for fusion protein localization to the exosporium. The conserved targeting sequence region of BclA (amino acids 20-35 of SEQ ID NO: 1) is shown in bold inFIG.1and corresponds to the minimal targeting sequence needed for localization to the exosporium. A more highly conserved region spanning amino acids 25-35 of BclA within the targeting sequence is underlined in the sequences inFIG.1, and is the recognition sequence for ExsFA/BxpB/ExsFB and homologs, which direct and assemble the described proteins on the surface of the exosporium The amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS. 3, 5, and 7 inFIG.1are amino acids 1-33 ofBacillus anthracisSterne strain BetA/BAS3290, a methionine followed by amino acids 2-43 ofBacillus anthracisSterne strain BAS4623, and amino acids 1-34 ofBacillus anthracisSterne strain BclB, respectively. (For BAS4623, it was found that replacing the valine present at position 1 in the native protein with a methionine resulted in better expression.) As can be seen fromFIG.1, each of these sequences contains a conserved region corresponding to amino acids 20-35 of BclA (SEQ ID NO: 1; shown in bold), and a more highly conserved region corresponding to amino acids 20-35 of BclA (underlined). Additional proteins fromBacillus cereusfamily members also contain the conserved targeting region. In particular, inFIG.1, SEQ ID NO: 9 is amino acids 1-30 ofBacillus anthracisSterne strain BAS1882, SEQ ID NO: 11 is amino acids 1-39 of theBacillus weihenstephensisKBAB4 2280 gene product, SEQ ID NO: 13 is amino acids 1-39 of theBacillus weihenstephensisKBAB4 3572 gene product, SEQ ID NO: 15 is amino acids 1-49 ofBacillus cereusVD200 exosporium leader peptide, SEQ ID NO: 17 is amino acids 1-33 ofBacillus cereusVD166 exosporium leader peptide, SEQ ID NO: 19 is amino acids 1-39 ofBacillus cereusVD200 hypothetical protein IKG_04663, SEQ ID NO: 21 is amino acids 1-39 ofBacillus weihenstephensisKBAB4 YVTN β-propeller protein, SEQ ID NO: 23 is amino acids 1-30 ofBacillus weihenstephensisKBAB4 hypothetical protein bcerkbab4_2363, SEQ ID NO: 25 is amino acids 1-30 ofBacillus weihenstephensisKBAB4 hypothetical protein bcerkbab4_2131, SEQ ID NO: 27 is amino acids 1-36 ofBacillus weihenstephensisKBAB4 triple helix repeat containing collagen, SEQ ID NO: 29 is amino acids 1-39 ofBacillus mycoides2048 hypothetical protein bmyco0001_21660, SEQ ID NO: 31 is amino acids 1-30 ofBacillus mycoides2048 hypothetical protein bmyc0001_22540, SEQ ID NO: 33 is amino acids 1-21 ofBacillus mycoides2048 hypothetical protein bmyc0001_21510, SEQ ID NO: 35 is amino acids 1-22 ofBacillus thuringiensis35646 collagen triple helix repeat protein, SEQ ID NO: 43 is amino acids 1-35 ofBacillus cereushypothetical protein WP_69652, SEQ ID NO: 45 is amino acids 1-41 ofBacillus cereusexosporium leader WP016117717, SEQ ID NO: 47 is amino acids 1-49 ofBacillus cereusexosporium peptide WP002105192, SEQ ID NO: 49 is amino acids 1-38 ofBacillus cereushypothetical protein WP87353, SEQ ID NO: 51 is amino acids 1-39 ofBacillus cereusexosporium peptide 02112369, SEQ ID NO: 53 is amino acids 1-39 ofBacillus cereusexosporium protein WP016099770, SEQ ID NO: 55 is amino acids 1-36 ofBacillus thuringiensishypothetical protein YP006612525, and SEQ ID NO: 57 is amino acids 1-136 ofBacillus mycoideshypothetical protein TIGR03720. As shown inFIG.1, each of the N-terminal regions of these proteins contains a region that is conserved with amino acids 20-35 of BclA (SEQ ID NO: 1), and a more highly conserved region corresponding to amino acids 25-35 of BclA. Any portion of BclA which includes amino acids 20-35 can be used as the targeting sequence. In addition, full-length exosporium proteins or exosporium protein fragments can be used for targeting the fusion proteins to the exosporium. Thus, full-length BclA or a fragment of BclA that includes amino acids 20-35 can be used for targeting to the exosporium. For example, full length BclA (SEQ ID NO: 2) or a midsized fragment of BclA that lacks the carboxy-terminus such as SEQ ID NO: 59 (amino acids 1-196 of BclA) can be used to target the fusion proteins to the exosporium. Midsized fragments such as the fragment of SEQ ID NO: 59 have less secondary structure than full length BclA and has been found to be suitable for use as a targeting sequence. The targeting sequence can also comprise much shorter portions of BclA which include amino acids 20-35, such as SEQ ID NO: 1 (amino acids 1-41 of BclA), amino acids 1-35 of SEQ ID NO: 1, amino acids 20-35 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or SEQ ID NO: 60 (a methionine residue linked to amino acids 20-35 of BclA). Even shorter fragments of BclA which include only some of amino acids 20-35 also exhibit the ability to target fusion proteins to the exosporium. For example, the targeting sequence can comprise amino acids 22-31 of SEQ ID NO: 1, amino acids 22-33 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or amino acids 20-31 of SEQ ID NO: 1. Alternatively, any portion of BetA/BAS3290, BAS4623, BclB, BAS1882, the KBAB4 2280 gene product, the KBAB4 3572 gene product,B. cereusVD200 exosporium leader peptide,B. cereusVD166 exosporium leader peptide,B. cereusVD200 hypothetical protein IKG_04663,B. weihenstephensisKBAB4 YVTN β-propeller protein, B. weihenstephensis KBAB4 hypothetical protein bcerkbab4_2363,B. weihenstephensisKBAB4 hypothetical protein bcerkbab4_2131,B. weihenstephensisKBAB4 triple helix repeat containing collagen,B. mycoides2048 hypothetical protein bmyco0001_21660,B. mycoides2048 hypothetical protein bmyc0001_22540,B. mycoides2048 hypothetical protein bmyc0001_21510,B. thuringiensis35646 collagen triple helix repeat protein,B. cereushypothetical protein WP_69652,B. cereusexosporium leader WP016117717,B. cereusexosporium peptide WP002105192,B. cereushypothetical protein WP87353,B. cereusexosporium peptide 02112369,B. cereusexosporium protein WP016099770,B. thuringiensishypothetical protein YP006612525, orB. mycoideshypothetical protein TIGR03720 which includes the amino acids corresponding to amino acids 20-35 of BclA can serve as the targeting sequence. As can be seen fromFIG.1, amino acids 12-27 of BetA/BAS3290, amino acids 23-38 of BAS4623, amino acids 13-28 of BclB, amino acids 9-24 of BAS1882, amino acids 18-33 of KBAB4 2280 gene product, amino acids 18-33 of KBAB4 3572 gene product, amino acids 28-43 ofB. cereusVD200 exosporium leader peptide, amino acids 12-27 ofB. cereusVD166 exosporium leader peptide, amino acids 18-33 ofB. cereusVD200 hypothetical protein IKG_04663, amino acids 18-33B. weihenstephensisKBAB4 YVTN β-propeller protein, amino acids 9-24 ofB. weihenstephensisKBAB4 hypothetical protein bcerkbab4_2363, amino acids 9-24 ofB. weihenstephensisKBAB4 hypothetical protein bcerkbab4_2131, amino acids 15-30 ofB. weihenstephensisKBAB4 triple helix repeat containing collagen, amino acids 18-33 ofB. mycoides2048 hypothetical protein bmyco0001_21660, amino acids 9-24 ofB. mycoides2048 hypothetical protein bmyc0001_22540, amino acids 1-15 ofB. mycoides2048 hypothetical protein bmyc0001_21510, amino acids 1-16 ofB. thuringiensis35646 collagen triple helix repeat protein, amino acids 14-29 ofB. cereushypothetical protein WP_69652, amino acids 20-35 ofB. cereusexosporium leader WP016117717, amino acids 28-43 ofB. cereusexosporium peptide WP002105192, amino acids 17-32 ofB. cereushypothetical protein WP87353, amino acids 18-33 ofB. cereusexosporium peptide 02112369, amino acids 18-33 ofB. cereusexosporium protein WP016099770, amino acids 15-30 ofB. thuringiensishypothetical protein YP006612525, and amino acids 115-130 ofB. mycoideshypothetical protein TIGR03720 correspond to amino acids 20-35 of BclA. Thus, any portion of these proteins that includes the above-listed corresponding amino acids can serve as the targeting sequence. Furthermore, any amino acid sequence comprising amino acids 20-35 of BclA, or any of the above-listed corresponding amino acids can serve as the targeting sequence. Thus, the targeting sequence can comprise amino acids 1-35 of SEQ ID NO: 1, amino acids 20-35 of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 60, amino acids 22-31 of SEQ ID NO: 1, amino acids 22-33 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or amino acids 20-31 of SEQ ID NO: 1. Alternatively, the targeting sequence consists of amino acids 1-35 of SEQ ID NO: 1, amino acids 20-35 of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 1, or SEQ ID NO: 60. Alternatively, the targeting sequence can consist of amino acids 22-31 of SEQ ID NO: 1, amino acids 22-33 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or amino acids 20-31 of SEQ ID NO: 1. Alternatively, the exosporium protein can comprise full length BclA (SEQ ID NO: 2), or the exosporium protein fragment can comprise a midsized fragment of BclA that lacks the carboxy-terminus, such as SEQ ID NO: 59 (amino acids 1-196 of BclA). Alternatively, the exosporium protein fragment can consist of SEQ ID NO: 59. The targeting sequence can also comprise amino acids 1-27 of SEQ ID NO: 3, amino acids 12-27 of SEQ ID NO: 3, or SEQ ID NO: 3, or the exosporium protein can comprise full length BetA/BAS3290 (SEQ ID NO: 4). It has also been found that a methionine residue linked to amino acids 12-27 of BetA/BAS3290 can be used as a targeting sequence. Thus, the targeting sequence can comprise SEQ ID NO: 61. The targeting sequence can also comprise amino acids 14-23 of SEQ ID NO: 3, amino acids 14-25 of SEQ ID NO: 3, or amino acids 12-23 of SEQ ID NO: 3. The targeting sequence can also comprise amino acids 1-38 of SEQ ID NO: 5, amino acids 23-38 of SEQ ID NO: 5, or SEQ ID NO: 5, or the exosporium protein can comprise full length BAS4623 (SEQ ID NO: 6). Alternatively, the targeting sequence can comprise amino acids 1-28 of SEQ ID NO: 7, amino acids 13-28 of SEQ ID NO: 7, or SEQ ID NO: 7, or the exosporium protein can comprise full length BclB (SEQ ID NO:8). The targeting sequence can also comprise amino acids 1-24 of SEQ ID NO: 9, amino acids 9-24 of SEQ ID NO: 9, or SEQ ID NO: 9, or the exosporium protein can comprise full length BAS1882 (SEQ ID NO: 10). A methionine residue linked to amino acids 9-24 of BAS1882 can also be used as a targeting sequence. Thus, the targeting sequence can comprise SEQ ID NO: 69. The targeting sequence can also comprise amino acids 1-33 of SEQ ID NO: 11, amino acids 18-33 of SEQ ID NO: 11, or SEQ ID NO: 11, or the exosporium protein can comprise the full lengthB. weihenstephensisKBAB4 2280 gene product (SEQ ID NO: 12). A methionine residue linked to amino acids 18-33 of theB. weihenstephensisKBAB4 2280 gene product can also be used as a targeting sequence. Thus, the targeting sequence can comprise SEQ ID NO: 62. The targeting sequence can also comprise amino acids 1-33 of SEQ ID NO: 13, amino acids 18-33 of SEQ ID NO: 13, or SEQ ID NO:13, or the exosporium protein can comprise the full lengthB. weihenstephensisKBAB4 3572 gene product (SEQ ID NO:14). A methionine residue linked to amino acids 18-33 of theB. weihenstephensisKBAB4 3572 gene product can also be used as a targeting sequence. Thus, the targeting sequence can comprise SEQ ID NO: 63. Alternatively, the targeting sequence can comprise amino acids 1-43 of SEQ ID NO: 15, amino acids 28-43 of SEQ ID NO: 15, or SEQ ID NO: 15, or the exosporium protein can comprise full lengthB. cereusVD200 exosporium leader peptide (SEQ ID NO: 16). The targeting sequence can also comprise amino acids 1-27 of SEQ ID NO: 17, amino acids 12-27 of SEQ ID NO: 17, or SEQ ID NO: 17, or the exosporium protein can comprise full-lengthB. cereusVD166 exosporium leader peptide (SEQ ID NO: 18). A methionine residue linked to amino acids 12-27 of theB. cereusVD166 exosporium leader peptide can also be used as a targeting sequence. Thus, the targeting sequence can comprise SEQ ID NO: 64. The targeting sequence can also comprise amino acids 1-33 of SEQ ID NO: 19, amino acids 18-33 of SEQ ID NO: 19, or SEQ ID NO: 19, or the exosporium protein can comprise full lengthB. cereusVD200 hypothetical protein IKG_04663 (SEQ ID NO:20). Alternatively, the targeting sequence comprises amino acids 1-33 of SEQ ID NO: 21, amino acids 18-33 of SEQ ID NO: 21, or SEQ ID NO: 21, or the exosporium protein can comprise full lengthB. weihenstephensisKBAB4 YVTN β-propeller protein (SEQ ID NO: 22). A methionine residue linked to amino acids 18-33 of theB. weihenstephensisKBAB4 YVTN β-propeller protein can also be used as a targeting sequence. Thus, the targeting sequence can comprise SEQ ID NO: 65. The targeting sequence can also comprise amino acids 1-24 of SEQ ID NO: 23, amino acids 9-24 of SEQ ID NO: 23, or SEQ ID NO: 23, or the exosporium protein can comprise full lengthB. weihenstephensisKBAB4 hypothetical protein bcerkbab4_2363 (SEQ ID NO:24). A methionine residue linked to amino acids 9-24 ofB. weihenstephensisKBAB4 hypothetical protein bcerkbab4_2363 can also be used as a targeting sequence. Thus, the targeting sequence can comprise SEQ ID NO: 66. The targeting sequence comprise amino acids 1-24 of SEQ ID NO: 25, amino acids 9-24 of SEQ ID NO: 25, or SEQ ID NO: 25, or the exosporium protein can comprise full lengthB. weihenstephensisKBAB4 hypothetical protein bcerkbab4_2131 (SEQ ID NO: 26). A methionine residue linked to amino acids 9-24 ofB. weihenstephensisKBAB4 hypothetical protein bcerkbab4_2131 can also be used as a targeting sequence. Thus, the targeting sequence can comprise SEQ ID NO: 67. Alternatively, the targeting sequence comprises amino acids 1-30 of SEQ ID NO: 27, amino acids 15-30 of SEQ ID NO: 27, or SEQ ID NO: 27, or the exosporium protein can comprise full lengthB. weihenstephensisKBAB4 triple helix repeat containing collagen (SEQ ID NO:28). The targeting sequence can also comprise amino acids 1-33 of SEQ ID NO: 29, amino acids 18-33 of SEQ ID NO: 29, or SEQ ID NO:29, or the exosporium protein can comprise full lengthB. mycoides2048 hypothetical protein bmyco0001_21660 (SEQ ID NO: 30). The targeting sequence can also comprise amino acids 1-24 of SEQ ID NO: 31, amino acids 9-24 of SEQ ID NO: 31, or SEQ ID NO: 31, or the exosporium protein can comprise full lengthB. mycoides2048 hypothetical protein bmyc0001_22540 (SEQ ID NO:32). A methionine residue linked to amino acids 9-24 ofB. mycoides2048 hypothetical protein bmyc0001_22540 can also be used as a targeting sequence. Thus, the targeting sequence can comprise SEQ ID NO: 68. Alternatively, the targeting sequence comprises amino acids 1-15 of SEQ ID NO: 33, SEQ ID NO: 33, or the exosporium protein comprises full lengthB. mycoides2048 hypothetical protein bmyc0001_21510 (SEQ ID NO:34). The targeting sequence can also comprise amino acids 1-16 of SEQ ID NO: 35, SEQ ID NO: 35, or the exosporium protein can comprise full lengthB. thuringiensis35646 collagen triple helix repeat protein (SEQ ID NO: 36). The targeting sequence can comprise amino acids 1-29 of SEQ ID NO: 43, amino acids 14-29 of SEQ ID NO: 43, or SEQ ID NO: 43, or the exosporium protein can comprise full lengthB. cereushypothetical protein WP_69652 (SEQ ID NO: 44). Alternatively, the targeting sequence can comprise amino acids 1-35 of SEQ ID NO: 45, amino acids 20-35 of SEQ ID NO: 45, or SEQ ID NO: 45, or the exosporium protein can comprise full lengthB. cereusexosporium leader WP016117717 (SEQ ID NO: 46). A methionine residue linked to amino acids 20-35 ofB. cereusexosporium leader WP016117717 can also be used as a targeting sequence. Thus, the targeting sequence can comprise SEQ ID NO: 70. The targeting sequence can comprise amino acids 1-43 of SEQ ID NO: 47, amino acids 28-43 of SEQ ID NO: 47, or SEQ ID NO: 47, or the exosporium protein can comprise full lengthB. cereusexosporium peptide WP002105192 (SEQ ID NO: 48). The targeting sequence can comprise amino acids 1-32 of SEQ ID NO: 49, amino acids 17-32 of SEQ ID NO: 49, or SEQ ID NO: 49, or the exosporium protein can comprise full lengthB. cereushypothetical protein WP87353 (SEQ ID NO: 50). Alternatively, the targeting sequence can comprise amino acids 1-33 of SEQ ID NO: 51, amino acids 18-33 of SEQ ID NO: 51, or SEQ ID NO: 51, or the exosporium protein can comprise full lengthB. cereusexosporium peptide 02112369 (SEQ ID NO: 52). The targeting sequence can comprise amino acids 1-33 of SEQ ID NO: 53, amino acids 18-33 of SEQ ID NO: 53, or SEQ ID NO: 53, or the exosporium protein can comprise full lengthB. cereusexosporium protein WP016099770 (SEQ ID NO: 54). Alternatively, the targeting sequence can comprise acids 1-30 of SEQ ID NO: 55, amino acids 15-30 of SEQ ID NO: 55, or SEQ ID NO: 55, or the exosporium protein can comprise full lengthB. thuringiensishypothetical protein YP006612525 (SEQ ID NO: 56). The targeting sequence can also comprise amino acids 1-130 of SEQ ID NO: 57, amino acids 115-130 of SEQ ID NO: 57, or SEQ ID NO: 57, or the exosporium protein can comprise full lengthB. mycoideshypothetical protein TIGR03720 (SEQ ID NO: 58). In addition, it can readily be seen from the sequence alignment inFIG.1that while amino acids 20-35 of BclA are conserved, and amino acids 25-35 are more conserved, some degree of variation can occur in this region without affecting the ability of the targeting sequence to target a protein to the exosporium.FIG.1lists the percent identity of each of corresponding amino acids of each sequence to amino acids 20-35 of BclA (“20-35% Identity”) and to amino acids 25-35 of BclA (“25-35% Identity”). Thus, for example, as compared to amino acids 20-35 of BclA, the corresponding amino acids of BetA/BAS3290 are about 81.3% identical, the corresponding amino acids of BAS4623 are about 50.0% identical, the corresponding amino acids of BclB are about 43.8% identical, the corresponding amino acids of BAS1882 are about 62.5% identical, the corresponding amino acids of the KBAB4 2280 gene product are about 81.3% identical, and the corresponding amino acids of the KBAB4 3572 gene product are about 81.3% identical. The sequence identities over this region for the remaining sequences are listed inFIG.1. With respect to amino acids 25-35 of BclA, the corresponding amino acids of BetA/BAS3290 are about 90.9% identical, the corresponding amino acids of BAS4623 are about 72.7% identical, the corresponding amino acids of BclB are about 54.5% identical, the corresponding amino acids of BAS1882 are about 72.7% identical, the corresponding amino acids of the KBAB4 2280 gene product are about 90.9% identical, and the corresponding amino acids of the KBAB4 3572 gene product are about 81.8% identical. The sequence identities over this region for the remaining sequences are listed inFIG.1. Thus, the targeting sequence can comprise an amino acid sequence having at least about 43% identity with amino acids 20-35 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the identity with amino acids 25-35 is at least about 54%. Alternatively, the targeting sequence consists of an amino acid sequence consisting of 16 amino acids and having at least about 43% identity with amino acids 20-35 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the identity with amino acids 25-35 is at least about 54%. The targeting sequence can also comprise an amino acid sequence having at least about 50% identity with amino acids 20-35 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the identity with amino acids 25-35 is at least about 63%. Alternatively the targeting sequence consists of an amino acid sequence consisting of 16 amino acids and having at least about 50% identity with amino acids 20-35 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the identity with amino acids 25-35 is at least about 63%. The targeting sequence can also comprise an amino acid sequence having at least about 50% identity with amino acids 20-35 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the identity with amino acids 25-35 is at least about 72%. Alternatively, the targeting sequence consists of an amino acid sequence consisting of 16 amino acids and having at least about 50% identity with amino acids 20-35 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the identity with amino acids 25-35 is at least about 72%. The targeting sequence can also comprise an amino acid sequence having at least about 56% identity with amino acids 20-35 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the identity with amino acids 25-35 is at least about 63%. Alternatively, the targeting sequence consists of an amino acid sequence consisting of 16 amino acids and having at least about 56% identity with amino acids 20-35 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the identity with amino acids 25-35 is at least about 63%. Alternatively, the targeting sequence can comprise an amino sequence having at least about 62% identity with amino acids 20-35 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the identity with amino acids 25-35 is at least about 72%. The targeting sequence can also consist of an amino acid sequence consisting of 16 amino acids and having at least about 62% identity with amino acids 20-35 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the identity with amino acids 25-35 of SEQ ID NO:1 is at least about 72%. The targeting sequence can comprise an amino acid sequence having at least 68% identity with amino acids 20-35 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the identity with amino acids 25-35 is at least about 81%. Alternatively, the targeting sequence consists of an amino acid sequence consisting of 16 amino acids and having at least 68% identity with amino acids 20-35 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the identity with amino acids 25-35 is at least about 81%. The targeting sequence can also comprises an amino sequence having at least about 75% identity with amino acids 20-35 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the identity with amino acids 25-35 is at least about 72%. Alternatively, the targeting sequence consists of an amino acid sequence consisting of 16 amino acids and having at least about 75% identity with amino acids 20-35 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the identity with amino acids 25-35 of SEQ ID NO:1 is at least about 72%. The targeting sequence can also comprise an amino sequence having at least about 75% identity with amino acids 20-35 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the identity with amino acids 25-35 is at least about 81%. Alternatively, the targeting sequence consists of an amino acid sequence consisting of 16 amino acids and having at least about 75% identity with amino acids 20-35 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the identity with amino acids 25-35 of SEQ ID NO:1 is at least about 81%. The targeting sequence can also comprise an amino acid sequence having at least about 81% identity with amino acids 20-35 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the identity with amino acids 25-35 is at least about 81%. Alternatively, the targeting sequence consists of an amino acid sequence consisting of 16 amino acids and having at least about 81% identity with amino acids 20-35 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the identity with amino acids 25-35 is at least about 81%. The targeting sequence can comprise an amino acid sequence having at least about 81% identity with amino acids 20-35 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the identity with amino acids 25-35 is at least about 90%. Alternatively, the targeting sequence consists of an amino acid sequence consisting of 16 amino acids and having at least about 81% identity with amino acids 20-35 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the identity with amino acids 25-35 is at least about 90%. The skilled person will recognize that variants of the above sequences can also be used as targeting sequences, so long as the targeting sequence comprises amino acids 20-35 of BclA, the corresponding amino acids of BetA/BAS3290, BAS4263, BclB, BAS1882, the KBAB4 2280 gene product, or the KBAB 3572 gene product, or a sequence comprising any of the above noted sequence identities to amino acids 20-35 and 25-35 of BclA is present. It has further been discovered that certainBacillus cereusfamily exosporium proteins which lack regions having homology to amino acids 25-35 of BclA can also be used to target a peptide or protein to the exosporium of aBacillus cereusfamily member. In particular, the fusion proteins can comprise an exosporium protein comprising SEQ ID NO: 71 (B. mycoidesInhA), an exosporium protein comprising SEQ ID NO: 72 (B. anthracisSterne BAS1141 (ExsY)), an exosporium protein comprising SEQ ID NO: 73 (B. anthracisSterne BAS1144 (BxpB/ExsFA)), an exosporium protein comprising SEQ ID NO: 74 (B. anthracisSterne BAS1145 (CotY)), an exosporium protein comprising SEQ ID NO: 75 (B. anthracisSterne BAS1140), an exosporium protein comprising SEQ ID NO: 76 (B. anthracisH9401 ExsFB), an exosporium protein comprising SEQ ID NO: 77 (B. thuringiensisHD74 InhA1), an exosporium protein comprising SEQ ID NO: 78 (B. cereusATCC 10876 ExsJ), an exosporium protein comprising SEQ ID NO: 79 (B. cereusExsH), an exosporium protein comprising SEQ ID NO: 80 (B. anthracisAmes YjcA), an exosporium protein comprising SEQ ID NO: 81 (B. anthracisYjcB), an exosporium protein comprising SEQ ID NO: 82 (B. anthracisSterne BclC), an exosporium protein comprising SEQ ID NO: 83 (Bacillus thuringiensisserovar konkukian str. 97-27 acid phosphatase), or an exosporium protein comprising SEQ ID NO: 84 (B. thuringiensisHD74 InhA2). Inclusion of an exosporium protein comprising SEQ ID NO: 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, or 84 in the fusion proteins described herein will result in targeting to the exosporium of aB. cereusfamily member. Moreover, exosporium proteins having a high degree of sequence identity with any of the full-length exosporium proteins or the exosporium protein fragments described above can also be used to target a peptide or protein to the exosporium of aBacillus cereusfamily member. Thus, the fusion protein can comprise an exosporium protein comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 85% identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 59, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, and 84. Alternatively, the fusion protein can comprise an exosporium protein having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 59, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, and 84. Alternatively, the fusion protein can comprise an exosporium protein fragment consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 85% identity with SEQ ID NO: 59. Alternatively, the fusion protein can comprise an exosporium protein fragment consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identity with SEQ ID NO: 59. In any of the targeting sequences, exosporium proteins, or exosporium protein fragments described herein, the targeting sequence, exosporium protein, or exosporium protein fragment can comprise the amino acid sequence GXT at its carboxy terminus, wherein X is any amino acid. In any of the targeting sequences, exosporium proteins, and exosporium protein fragments described herein, the targeting sequence, exosporium protein, or exosporium protein fragment, can comprise an alanine residue at the position of the targeting sequence that corresponds to amino acid 20 of SEQ ID NO: 1. Fusion Proteins The fusion proteins can comprise a targeting sequence, an exosporium protein, or an exosporium protein fragment, and at least one plant growth stimulating protein or peptide. The plant growth stimulating protein or peptide can comprise a peptide hormone, a non-hormone peptide, an enzyme involved in the production or activation of a plant growth stimulating compound or an enzyme that degrades or modifies a bacterial, fungal, or plant nutrient source. The targeting sequence, exosporium protein, or exosporium protein fragment can be any of the targeting sequences, exosporium proteins, or exosporium protein fragments described above. The fusion proteins can comprise a targeting sequence, an exosporium protein, or an exosporium protein fragment, and at least one protein or peptide that protects a plant from a pathogen. The targeting sequence, exosporium protein, or exosporium protein fragment can be any of the targeting sequences, exosporium proteins, or exosporium protein fragments described above. The fusion protein can be made using standard cloning and molecular biology methods known in the art. For example, a gene encoding a protein or peptide (e.g., a gene encoding a plant growth stimulating protein or peptide) can be amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and ligated to DNA coding for any of the above-described targeting sequences to form a DNA molecule that encodes the fusion protein. The DNA molecule encoding the fusion protein can be cloned into any suitable vector, for example a plasmid vector. The vector suitably comprises a multiple cloning site into which the DNA molecule encoding the fusion protein can be easily inserted. The vector also suitably contains a selectable marker, such as an antibiotic resistance gene, such that bacteria transformed, transfected, or mated with the vector can be readily identified and isolated. Where the vector is a plasmid, the plasmid suitably also comprises an origin of replication. The DNA encoding the fusion protein is suitably under the control of a sporulation promoter which will cause expression of the fusion protein on the exosporium of aB. cereusfamily member endospore (e.g., a native bclA promoter from aB. cereusfamily member). Alternatively, DNA coding for the fusion protein can be integrated into the chromosomal DNA of theB. cereusfamily member host. The fusion protein can also comprise additional polypeptide sequences that are not part of the targeting sequence, exosporium protein, exosporium protein fragment, or the plant growth stimulating protein or peptide, the protein or peptide that protects a plant from a pathogen, the protein or peptide that enhances stress resistance in a plant, or the plant binding protein or peptide. For example, the fusion protein can include tags or markers to facilitate purification or visualization of the fusion protein (e.g., a polyhistidine tag or a fluorescent protein such as GFP or YFP) or visualization of recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells spores expressing the fusion protein. Expression of fusion proteins on the exosporium using the targeting sequences, exosporium proteins, and exosporium protein fragments described herein is enhanced due to a lack of secondary structure in the amino-termini of these sequences, which allows for native folding of the fused proteins and retention of activity. Proper folding can be further enhanced by the inclusion of a short amino acid linker between the targeting sequence, exosporium protein, exosporium protein fragment, and the fusion partner protein. Thus, any of the fusion proteins described herein can comprise an amino acid linker between the targeting sequence, the exosporium protein, or the exosporium protein fragment and the plant growth stimulating protein or peptide, the protein or peptide that protects a plant from a pathogen, the protein or peptide that enhances stress resistance in a plant, or the plant binding protein or peptide. The linker can comprise a polyalanine linker or a polyglycine linker. A linker comprising a mixture of both alanine and glycine residues can also be used. For example, where the targeting sequence comprises SEQ ID NO: 1, a fusion protein can have one of the following structures:No linker: SEQ ID NO: 1—Fusion Partner ProteinAlanine Linker: SEQ ID NO: 1—An—Fusion Partner ProteinGlycine Linker: SEQ ID NO: 1—Gn—Fusion Partner ProteinMixed Alanine and Glycine Linker: SEQ ID NO: 1—(A/G)n—Fusion Partner Proteinwhere An, Gn, and (A/G)n are any number of alanines, any number of glycines, or any number of a mixture of alanines and glycines, respectively. For example, n can be 1 to 25, and is preferably 6 to 10. Where the linker comprises a mixture of alanine and glycine residues, any combination of glycine and alanine residues can be used. In the above structures, “Fusion Partner Protein” represents the plant growth stimulating protein or peptide, the protein or peptide that protects a plant from a pathogen, the protein or peptide that enhances stress resistance in a plant, or the plant binding protein or peptide. Alternatively or in addition, the linker can comprise a protease recognition site. Inclusion of a protease recognition site allows for targeted removal, upon exposure to a protease that recognizes the protease recognition site, of the plant growth stimulating protein or peptide, the protein or peptide that protects a plant from a pathogen, the protein or peptide that enhances stress resistance in a plant, or the plant binding protein or peptide. Plant Growth Stimulating Proteins and Peptides As noted above, the fusion proteins can comprise a targeting sequence, exosporium protein, or exosporium protein fragment and at least one plant growth stimulating protein or peptide. For example, the plant growth stimulating protein or peptide can comprise a peptide hormone, a non-hormone peptide, an enzyme involved in the production or activation of a plant growth stimulating compound, or an enzyme that degrades or modifies a bacterial, fungal, or plant nutrient source. For example, where the plant growth stimulating protein or peptide comprises a peptide hormone, the peptide hormone can comprise a phytosulfokine (e.g., phytosulfokine-α), clavata 3 (CLV3), systemin, ZmlGF, or a SCR/SP11. Where the plant growth stimulating protein or peptide comprises a non-hormone peptide, the non-hormone peptide can comprise a RKN 16D10, Hg-Syv46, an eNOD40 peptide, melittin, mastoparan, Mas7, RHPP, POLARIS, or kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI). The plant growth stimulating protein or peptide can comprise an enzyme involved in the production or activation of a plant growth stimulating compound. The enzyme involved in the production or activation of a plant growth stimulating compound can be any enzyme that catalyzes any step in a biological synthesis pathway for a compound that stimulates plant growth or alters plant structure, or any enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an inactive or less active derivative of a compound that stimulates plant growth or alters plant structure into an active or more active form of the compound. The plant growth stimulating compound can comprise a compound produced by bacteria or fungi in the rhizosphere, e.g., 2,3-butanediol. Alternatively, the plant growth stimulating compound can comprise a plant growth hormone, e.g., a cytokinin or a cytokinin derivative, ethylene, an auxin or an auxin derivative, a gibberellic acid or a gibberellic acid derivative, abscisic acid or an abscisic acid derivative, or a jasmonic acid or a jasmonic acid derivative. Where the plant growth stimulating compound comprises a cytokinin or a cytokinin derivative, the cytokinin or the cytokinin derivative can comprise kinetin, cis-zeatin, trans-zeatin, 6-benzylaminopurine, dihydroxyzeatin, N6-(D2-isopentenyl) adenine, ribosylzeatin, N6-(D2-isopentenyl) adenosine, 2-methylthio-cis-ribosylzeatin, cis-ribosylzeatin, trans-ribosylzeatin, 2-methylthio-trans-ribosylzeatin, ribosylzeatin-5-monosphosphate, N6-methylaminopurine, N6-dimethylaminopurine, 2′-deoxyzeatin riboside, 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-trans-2-butenylaminopurine, ortho-topolin, meta-topolin, benzyladenine, ortho-methyltopolin, meta-methyltopolin, or a combination thereof. Where the plant growth stimulating compound comprises an auxin or an auxin derivative, the auxin or the auxin derivative can comprise an active auxin, an inactive auxin, a conjugated auxin, a naturally occurring auxin, or a synthetic auxin, or a combination thereof. For example, the auxin or auxin derivative can comprise indole-3-acetic acid, indole-3-pyruvic acid, indole-3-acetaldoxime, indole-3-acetamide, indole-3-acetonitrile, indole-3-ethanol, indole-3-pyruvate, indole-3-acetaldoxime, indole-3-butyric acid, a phenylacetic acid, 4-chloroindole-3-acetic acid, a glucose-conjugated auxin, or a combination thereof. The enzyme involved in the production or activation of a plant growth stimulating compound can comprise an acetoin reductase, an indole-3-acetamide hydrolase, a tryptophan monooxygenase, an acetolactate synthetase, an α-acetolactate decarboxylase, a pyruvate decarboxylase, a diacetyl reductase, a butanediol dehydrogenase, an aminotransferase (e.g., tryptophan aminotransferase), a tryptophan decarboxylase, an amine oxidase, an indole-3-pyruvate decarboxylase, an indole-3-acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, a tryptophan side chain oxidase, a nitrile hydrolase, a nitrilase, a peptidase, a protease, an adenosine phosphate isopentenyltransferase, a phosphatase, an adenosine kinase, an adenine phosphoribosyltransferase, CYP735A, a 5′ribonucleotide phosphohydrolase, an adenosine nucleosidase, a zeatin cis-trans isomerase, a zeatin O-glucosyltransferase, a β-glucosidase, a cis-hydroxylase, a CK cis-hydroxylase, a CK N-glucosyltransferase, a 2,5-ribonucleotide phosphohydrolase, an adenosine nucleosidase, a purine nucleoside phosphorylase, a zeatin reductase, a hydroxylamine reductase, a 2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase, a gibberellic 2B/3B hydrolase, a gibberellin 3-oxidase, a gibberellin 20-oxidase, a chitosinase, a chitinase, a β-1,3-glucanase, a β-1,4-glucanase, a β-1,6-glucanase, an aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase, or an enzyme involved in producing a nod factor (e.g., nodA, nodB, or nodI). Where the enzyme comprises a protease or peptidase, the protease or peptidase can be a protease or peptidase that cleaves proteins, peptides, proproteins, or preproproteins to create a bioactive peptide. The bioactive peptide can be any peptide that exerts a biological activity. Examples of bioactive peptides include RKN 16D10 and RHPP. The protease or peptidase that cleaves proteins, peptides, proproteins, or preproproteins to create a bioactive peptide can comprise subtilisin, an acid protease, an alkaline protease, a proteinase, an endopeptidase, an exopeptidase, thermolysin, papain, pepsin, trypsin, pronase, a carboxylase, a serine protease, a glutamic protease, an aspartate protease, a cysteine protease, a threonine protease, or a metalloprotease. The protease or peptidase can cleave proteins in a protein-rich meal (e.g., soybean meal or yeast extract). The plant growth stimulating protein can also comprise an enzyme that degrades or modifies a bacterial, fungal, or plant nutrient source. Such enzymes include cellulases, lipases, lignin oxidases, proteases, glycoside hydrolases, phosphatases, nitrogenases, nucleases, amidases, nitrate reductases, nitrite reductases, amylases, ammonia oxidases, ligninases, glucosidases, phospholipases, phytases, pectinases, glucanases, sulfatases, ureases, xylanases, and siderophores. When introduced into a plant growth medium or applied to a plant, seed, or an area surrounding a plant or a plant seed, fusion proteins comprising enzymes that degrade or modify a bacterial, fungal, or plant nutrient source can aid in the processing of nutrients in the vicinity of the plant and result in enhanced uptake of nutrients by the plant or by beneficial bacteria or fungi in the vicinity of the plant. Suitable cellulases include endocellulases (e.g., an endogluconase such as aBacillus subtilisendoglucanase, aBacillus thuringiensisendoglucanase, aBacillus cereusendoglucanase, or aBacillus clausiiendoglucanase), exocellulases (e.g., aTrichoderma reeseiexocellulase), and β-glucosidases (e.g., aBacillus subtilisβ-glucosidase, aBacillus thuringiensisβ-glucosidase, aBacillus cereusβ-glucosidase, or aBacillus clausiiB-glucosidase). The lipase can comprise aBacillus subtilislipase, aBacillus thuringiensislipase, aBacillus cereuslipase, or aBacillus clausiilipase. In one embodiment, the lipase comprises aBacillus subtilislipase. TheBacillus subtilislipase can be PCR amplified using the following primers: ggatccatggctgaacacaatcc (forward, SEQ ID NO: 37) and ggatccttaattcgtattctggcc (reverse, SEQ ID NO: 38). In another embodiment, the cellulase is aBacillus subtilisendoglucanase. TheBacillus subtilisendoglucanase can be PCR amplified using the following primers: ggatccatgaaacggtcaatc (forward, SEQ ID NO: 39) and ggatccttactaatttggttctgt (reverse, SEQ ID NO: 40). In yet another embodiment, the fusion protein comprises anE. coliprotease PtrB. TheE. coliprotease PtrB can be PCR amplified using the following primers: ggatccatgctaccaaaagcc (forward, SEQ ID NO: 41) and ggatccttagtccgcaggcgtagc (reverse, SEQ ID NO: 42). In certain embodiments, the fusion protein contains an endoglucanase which derives from the nucleotide sequence in SEQ ID NO: 104. The amino acid sequence for an exemplary endoglucanase that may be fused to the targeting sequence, an exosporium protein, or an exosporium protein fragment and, optionally, a linker sequence, such as a poly-A linker, is the fusion protein provided as SEQ ID NO: 107. In other embodiments, the fusion protein contains a phospholipase that derives from the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 105. The amino acid sequence for an exemplary phospholipase that may be fused to the targeting sequence, an exosporium protein, or an exosporium protein fragment and, optionally, a linker sequence, such as a poly-A linker, is the fusion protein provided as SEQ ID NO: 108. In still other embodiments, the fusion protein contains a chitosanase that derives from the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 106. The amino acid sequence for an exemplary chitosanase that may be fused to the targeting sequence, an exosporium protein, or an exosporium protein fragment and, optionally, a linker sequence, such as a poly-A linker, in the fusion protein is provided as SEQ ID NO: 109. To create fusion constructs, genes may be fused to the native bclA promoter ofBacillus thuringiensisDNA encoding the first 35 amino acids of BclA (amino acids 1-35 of SEQ ID NO: 1) using the splicing by overlapping extension (SOE) technique. Correct amplicons are cloned into theE. coli/Bacillusshuttle vector pHP13, and correct clones screened by DNA sequencing. Correct clones are electroporated intoBacillus thuringiensis(Cry-, plasmid-) and screened for chloramphenicol resistance. Correct transformants are grown in brain heart infusion broth overnight at 30° C., plated onto nutrient agar plates, and incubated at 30° C. for 3 days. Spores expressing the fusion construct (BEMD spores) may be collected off of the plates by washing in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and purified by centrifugation and additional washes in PBS. In such fusion proteins, the endoglucanase, phospholipase or chitosinase can comprise a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 85% identity with SEQ ID NO: 107, 108 or 109, respectively. In such fusion proteins, the endoglucanase, phospholipase or chitosinase can comprise an amino acid sequence having at least 90% identity with SEQ ID NO: 107, 108 or 109, respectively. In such fusion proteins, the endoglucanase, phospholipase or chitosinase can comprise an amino acid sequence having at least 95% identity with SEQ ID NO: 107, 108 or 109, respectively. In such fusion proteins, the endoglucanase, phospholipase or chitosinase can comprise an amino acid sequence having at least 98% identity with SEQ ID NO: 107, 108 or 109, respectively. In such fusion proteins, the endoglucanase, phospholipase or chitosinase can comprise an amino acid sequence having at least 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 107, 108 or 109, respectively. Suitable lignin oxidases comprise lignin peroxidases, laccases, glyoxal oxidases, ligninases, and manganese peroxidases. The protease can comprise a subtilisin, an acid protease, an alkaline protease, a proteinase, a peptidase, an endopeptidase, an exopeptidase, a thermolysin, a papain, a pepsin, a trypsin, a pronase, a carboxylase, a serine protease, a glutamic protease, an aspartate protease, a cysteine protease, a threonine protease, or a metalloprotease. The phosphatase can comprise a phosphoric monoester hydrolase, a phosphomonoesterase (e.g., PhoA4), a phosphoric diester hydrolase, a phosphodiesterase, a triphosphoric monoester hydrolase, a phosphoryl anhydride hydrolase, a pyrophosphatase, a phytase (e.g.,Bacillus subtilisEE148 phytase orBacillus thuringiensisBT013A phytase), a trimetaphosphatase, or a triphosphatase. The nitrogenase can comprise a Nif family nitrogenase (e.g.,Paenibacillus massiliensisNifBDEHKNXV). Proteins and Peptides that Protects Plants from Pathogens The fusion proteins can comprise a targeting sequence, exosporium protein, or exosporium protein fragment, and at least one protein or peptide that protects a plant from a pathogen. The protein or peptide can comprise a protein or peptide that stimulates a plant immune response. For example, the protein or peptide that stimulates a plant immune response can comprise a plant immune system enhancer protein or peptide. The plant immune system enhancer protein or peptide can be any protein or peptide that has a beneficial effect on the immune system of a plant. Suitable plant immune system enhancer proteins and peptides include harpins, α-elastins, β-elastins, systemins, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, elicitins, defensins, cryptogeins, flagellin proteins, and flagellin peptides (e.g., flg22). Alternatively, the protein or peptide that protects a plant from a pathogen can be a protein or peptide that has antibacterial activity, antifungal activity, or both antibacterial and antifungal activity. Examples of such proteins and peptides include bacteriocins, lysozymes, lysozyme peptides (e.g., LysM), siderophores, non-ribosomal active peptides, conalbumins, albumins, lactoferrins, lactoferrin peptides (e.g., LfcinB), TasA and streptavidin. The protein or peptide that protects a plant from a pathogen can also be a protein or peptide that has insecticidal activity, helminthicidal activity, suppresses insect or worm predation, or a combination thereof. For example, the protein or peptide that protects a plant from a pathogen can comprise an insecticidal bacterial toxin (e.g., a VIP insecticidal protein), an endotoxin, a Cry toxin (e.g., a Cry toxin fromBacillus thuringiensis), a protease inhibitor protein or peptide (e.g., a trypsin inhibitor or an arrowhead protease inhibitor), a cysteine protease, or a chitinase. Where the Cry toxin is a Cry toxin fromBacillus thuringiensis, the Cry toxin can be a Cry5B protein or a Cry21A protein. Cry5B and Cry21A have both insecticidal and nematocidal activity. The protein that protects a plant from a pathogen can comprise an enzyme. Suitable enzymes include proteases and lactonases. The proteases and lactonases can be specific for a bacterial signaling molecule (e.g., a bacterial lactone homoserine signaling molecule). Where the enzyme is a lactonase, the lactonase can comprise 1,4-lactonase, 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylate lactonase, 3-oxoadipate enol-lactonase, actinomycin lactonase, deoxylimonate A-ring-lactonase, gluconolactonase L-rhamnono-1,4-lactonase, limonin-D-ring-lactonase, steroid-lactonase, triacetate-lactonase, or xylono-1,4-lactonase. The enzyme can also be an enzyme that is specific for a cellular component of a bacterium or fungus. For example, the enzyme can comprise a β-1,3-glucanase, a β-1,4-glucanase, a β-1,6-glucanase, a chitosinase, a chitinase, a chitosinase-like enzyme, a lyticase, a peptidase, a proteinase, a protease (e.g., an alkaline protease, an acid protease, or a neutral protease), a mutanolysin, a stapholysin, or a lysozyme. Proteins and Peptides that Enhance Stress Resistance in Plants The fusion proteins can comprise a targeting sequence, exosporium protein, or exosporium protein fragment and at least one protein or peptide that enhances stress resistance in a plant. For example, the protein or peptide that enhances stress resistance in a plant comprises an enzyme that degrades a stress-related compound. Stress-related compounds include, but are not limited to, aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, oxylipins, and phenolics. Specific reactive oxygen species include hydroxyl, hydrogen peroxide, oxygen, and superoxide. The enzyme that degrades a stress-related compound can comprise a superoxide dismutase, an oxidase, a catalase, an aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase, a peroxidase, an antioxidant enzyme, or an antioxidant peptide. The protein or peptide that enhances stress resistance in a plant can also comprise a protein or peptide that protects a plant from an environmental stress. The environmental stress can comprise, for example, drought, flood, heat, freezing, salt, heavy metals, low pH, high pH, or a combination thereof. For instance, the protein or peptide that protects a plant from an environmental stress can comprises an ice nucleation protein, a prolinase, a phenylalanine ammonia lyase, an isochorismate synthase, an isochorismate pyruvate lyase, or a choline dehydrogenase. Plant Binding Proteins and Peptides The fusion proteins can comprise a targeting sequence, exosporium protein, or exosporium protein fragment and at least plant binding protein or peptide. The plant binding protein or peptide can be any protein or peptide that is capable of specifically or non-specifically binding to any part of a plant (e.g., a plant root or an aerial portion of a plant such as a leaf, stem, flower, or fruit) or to plant matter. Thus, for example, the plant binding protein or peptide can be a root binding protein or peptide, or a leaf binding protein or peptide. Suitable plant binding proteins and peptides include adhesins (e.g., rhicadhesin), flagellins, omptins, lectins, expansins, biofilm structural proteins (e.g., TasA or YuaB) pilus proteins, curlus proteins, intimins, invasins, agglutinins, and afimbrial proteins. RecombinantBacillusthat Express the Fusion Proteins The fusion proteins described herein can be expressed by recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells. The fusion protein can be any of the fusion proteins discussed above. The recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells can coexpress two or more of any of the fusion proteins discussed above. For example, the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells can coexpress at least one fusion protein that comprises a plant binding protein or peptide, together with at least one fusion protein comprising a plant growth stimulating protein or peptide, at least one fusion protein comprising a protein or peptide that protects a plant from a pathogen, or at least one protein or peptide that enhances stress resistance in a plant. The recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells can compriseBacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus mycoides, Bacillus pseudomycoides, Bacillus samanii, Bacillus gaemokensis, Bacillus weihenstephensis, Bacillus toyoiensisor a combination thereof. For example, the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells can compriseBacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus pseudomycoides, orBacillus mycoides. In particular, the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells can compriseBacillus thuringiensisorBacillus mycoides. To generate a recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells expressing a fusion protein, anyBacillus cereusfamily member can be conjugated, transduced, or transformed with a vector encoding the fusion protein using standard methods known in the art (e.g., by electroporation). The bacteria can then be screened to identify transformants by any method known in the art. For example, where the vector includes an antibiotic resistance gene, the bacteria can be screened for antibiotic resistance. Alternatively, DNA encoding the fusion protein can be integrated into the chromosomal DNA of aB. cereusfamily member host. The recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells can then exposed to conditions which will induce sporulation. Suitable conditions for inducing sporulation are known in the art. For example, the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells can be plated onto agar plates, and incubated at a temperature of about 30° C. for several days (e.g., 3 days). Inactivated strains, non-toxic strains, or genetically manipulated strains of any of the above species can also suitably be used. For example, aBacillus thuringiensisthat lacks the Cry toxin can be used. Alternatively or in addition, once the recombinantB. cereusfamily spores expressing the fusion protein have been generated, they can be inactivated to prevent further germination once in use. Any method for inactivating bacterial spores that is known in the art can be used. Suitable methods include, without limitation, heat treatment, gamma irradiation, x-ray irradiation, UV-A irradiation, UV-B irradiation, chemical treatment (e.g., treatment with gluteraldehyde, formaldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid, bleach, or any combination thereof), or a combination thereof. Alternatively, spores derived from nontoxigenic strains, or genetically or physically inactivated strains, can be used. Recombinant Exosporium-ProducingBacillusCells Having Plant-Growth Promoting Effects and/or Other Beneficial Attributes ManyBacillus cereusfamily member strains have inherent beneficial attributes. For example, some strains have plant-growth promoting effects. Any of the fusion proteins described herein can be expressed in such strains. For example, the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells can comprise a plant-growth promoting strain of bacteria. The plant-growth promoting strain of bacteria can comprise a strain of bacteria that produces an insecticidal toxin (e.g., a Cry toxin), produces a fungicidal compound (e.g., a β-1,3-glucanase, a chitosinase, a lyticase, or a combination thereof), produces a nematocidal compound (e.g., a Cry toxin), produces a bactericidal compound, is resistant to one or more antibiotics, comprises one or more freely replicating plasmids, binds to plant roots, colonizes plant roots, forms biofilms, solubilizes nutrients, secretes organic acids, or any combination thereof. For example, where the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells comprises a plant-growth promoting strain of bacteria, the plant growth-promoting strain of bacteria can compriseBacillus mycoidesBT155 (NRRL No. B-50921),Bacillus mycoidesEE118 (NRRL No. B-50918),Bacillus mycoidesEE141 (NRRL No. B-50916),Bacillus mycoidesBT46-3 (NRRL No. B-50922),Bacillus cereusfamily member EE128 (NRRL No. B-50917),Bacillus thuringiensisBT013A (NRRL No. B-50924), orBacillus cereusfamily member EE349 (NRRL No. B-50928).Bacillus thuringiensisBT013A is also known asBacillus thuringiensis4Q7. Each of these strains was deposited with the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service (ARS), having the address 1815 North University Street, Peoria, Illinois 61604, U.S.A., on Mar. 10, 2014, and is identified by the NRRL deposit number provided in parentheses. These plant-growth promoting strains were isolated from the rhizospheres of various vigorous plants and were identified by their 16S rRNA sequences, and through biochemical assays. The strains were identified at least to their genus designation by means of conventional biochemistry and morphological indicators. Biochemical assays for confirmed Gram-positive strains such asBacillusincluded growth on PEA medium and nutrient agar, microscopic examination, growth on 5% and 7.5% NaCl medium, growth at pH 5 and pH 9, growth at 42° C. and 50° C., the ability to produce acid upon fermentation with cellobiose, lactose, glycerol, glucose, sucrose, d-mannitol, and starch; fluorescent pigment production; gelatin hydrolysis; nitrate reduction; catalase production, starch hydrolysis; oxidase reaction, urease production and motility. For example, the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells comprising a plant-growth promoting strain of bacteria can compriseBacillus mycoidesBT155,Bacillus mycoidesEE141, orBacillus thuringiensisBT013A. The recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells can express any of the fusion proteins described herein, e.g., a fusion protein comprising the targeting sequence of SEQ ID NO: 60 and a non-hormone peptide (e.g., kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI)), an enzyme involved in the production or activation of a plant growth stimulating compound (e.g., a chitosinase), a plant binding protein or peptide (e.g., TasA); a protein or peptide that protects a plant from a pathogen (e.g., TasA), or an enzyme that degrades or modifies a bacterial, fungal, or plant nutrient source (e.g., a phosphatase such as PhoA or phytase, or an endoglucanase). Promoters In any of the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells described herein, the fusion protein can be expressed under the control of a promoter that is native to the targeting sequence, the exosporium protein, or the exosporium protein fragment of the fusion protein. For example, where the fusion protein comprises a targeting sequence derived fromB. anthracisSterne BclA (e.g., amino acids 20-35 of SEQ ID NO: 1, amino acids 1-35 of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 1, or SEQ ID NO: 60) or where the fusion protein comprises full length BclA (SEQ ID NO: 2) or a fragment of full length BclA (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 59), the fusion protein can be expressed under the control of a promoter that is normally associated with the BclA gene in the genome ofB. anthracisSterne (e.g., the promoter of SEQ ID NO: 85). Alternatively, the fusion protein can be expressed under the control of a high-expression sporulation promoter. In some cases, the promoter that is native to the targeting sequence, exosporium protein, or exosporium protein fragment will be a high-expression sporulation promoter. In other cases, the promoter that is native to the targeting sequence, exosporium protein, or exosporium protein fragment will not be a high-expression sporulation promoter. In the latter cases, it may be advantageous to replace the native promoter with a high-expression sporulation promoter. Expression of the fusion protein under the control of a high-expression sporulation promoter provides for increased expression of the fusion protein on the exosporium of theBacillus cereusfamily member. The high-expression sporulation promoter can comprise one or more sigma-K sporulation-specific polymerase promoter sequences. Suitable high-expression sporulation promoters for use in expressing the fusion proteins in aBacillus cereusfamily member include those listed in Table 2 below: TABLE 2Promoter SequencesPromoter(SEQ ID NO.)SequenceBc1A promoterTAATCACCCTCTTCCAAATCAATCATATGTTATACATATACTAAACT(B. anthracisSterne)TTCCATTTTTTTAAATTGTTCAAGTAGTTTAAGATTTCTTTTCAATAAT(SEQ ID NO: 85)TCAAATGTCCGTGTCATTTTCTTTCGGTTTTGCATCTACTATATAATGAACGCTTTATGGAGGTGAATTTATGBetA promoterATTTATTTCATTCAATTTTTCCTATTTAGTACCTACCGCACTCACAAAA(B. anthracisSterne)AGCACCTCTCATTAATTTATATTATAGTCATTGAAATCTAATTTAATGA(SEQ ID NO: 86)AATCATCATACTATATGTTTTATAAGAAGTAAAGGTACCATACTTAATTAATACATATCTATACACTTCAATATCACAGCATGCAGTTGAATTATATCCAACTTTCATTTCAAATTAAATAAGTGCCTCCGCTATTGTGAATGTCATTTACTCTCCCTACTACATTTAATAATTATGACAAGCAATCATAGGAGGTTACTACATGBAS 1882 promoterAATTACATAACAAGAACTACATTAGGGAGCAAGCAGTCTAGCGAAAG(B. anthracisSterne)CTAACTGCTTTTTTATTAAATAACTATTTTATTAAATTTCATATATACA(SEQ ID NO: 87)ATCGCTTGTCCATTTCATTTGGCTCTACCCACGCATTTACTATTAGTAATATGAATTTTTCAGAGGTGGATTTTATTGene 3572 promoterCTATGATTTAAGATACACAATAGCAAAAGAGAAACATATTATATAAC(B. weihenstephensisGATAAATGAAACTTATGTATATGTATGGTAACTGTATATATTACTACAKBAB 4)ATACAGTATACTCATAGGAGGTAGGTATG(SEQ ID NO: 88)YVTN β-propellerGGTAGGTAGATTTGAAATATGATGAAGAAAAGGAATAACTAAAAGGAprotein promoterGTCGATATCCGACTCCTTTTAGTTATAAATAATGTGGAATTAGAGTAT(B. weihenstephensisAATTTTATATAGGTATATTGTATTAGATGAACGCTTTATCCTTTAATTGKBAB 4)TGATTAATGATGGATTGTAAGAGAAGGGGCTTACAGTCCTTTTTTTAT(SEQ ID NO: 89)GGTGTTCTATAAGCCTTTTTAAAAGGGGTACCACCCCACACCCAAAAACAGGGGGGGTTATAACTACATATTGGATGTTTTGTAACGTACAAGAATCGGTATTAATTACCCTGTAAATAAGTTATGTGTATATAAGGTAACTTTATATATTCTCCTACAATAAAATAAAGGAGGTAATAAAGTGCrylA promoterAACCCTTAATGCATTGGTTAAACATTGTAAAGTCTAAAGCATGGATAA(B. thuringiensisTGGGCGAGAAGTAAGTAGATTGTTAACACCCTGGGTCAAAAATTGATHD-73)ATTTAGTAAAATTAGTTGCACTTTGTGCATTTTTTCATAAGATGAGTC(SEQ ID NO: 90)ATATGTTTTAAATTGTAGTAATGAAAAACAGTATTATATCATAATGAATTGGTATCTTAATAAAAGAGATGGAGGTAACTTAExsY promoterTAATTCCACCTTCCCTTATCCTCTTTCGCCTATTTAAAAAAAGGTCTTG(B. thuringiensisAGATTGTGACCAAATCTCCTCAACTCCAATATCTTATTAATGTAAATAserovar konkulcianCAAACAAGAAGATAAGGAGTGACATTAAstr. 97-27)(SEQ ID NO: 91)CotY promoterAGGATGTCTTTTTTTATATTGTATTATGTACATCCCTACTATATAAATT(B. thuringiensisAlCCCTGCTTTTATCGTAAGAATTAACGTAATATCAACCATATCCCGTTCHakam)ATATTGTAGTAGTGTATGTCAGAACTCACGAGAAGGAGTGAACATAA(SEQ ID NO: 92)YjcA promoterTTAATGTCACTCCTTATCTTCTTGTTTGTATTTACATTAATAAGATATT(B. thuringiensisGGAGTTGAGGAGATTTGGTCACAATCTCAAGACCTTTTTTTTAAATAGserovar kurstakiGCGAAAGAGGATAAGGGAAGGTGGAATTAstr. HD73)(SEQ ID NO: 93)YjcB promoterATATATTTTCATAATACGAGAAAAAGCGGAGTTTAAAAGAATGAGGG(B. thuringiensisAACGGAAATAAAGAGTTGTTCATATAGTAAATAGACAGAATTGACAGserovar kurstaki str.TAGAGGAGAHD73)(SEQ ID NO: 94)BxpB promoterAAACTAAATAATGAGCTAAGCATGGATTGGGTGGCAGAATTATCTGC(B. thuringiensisAlCACCCAATCCATGCTTAACGAGTATTATTATGTAAATTTCTTAAAATTHakam)GGGAACTTGTCTAGAACATAGAACCTGTCCTTTTCATTAACTGAAAG(SEQ ID NO: 95)TAGAAACAGATAAAGGAGTGAAAAACARhamnose promoterATTCACTACAACGGGGATGAGTTTGATGCGGATACATATGAGAAGTA(B. thuringiensisAlCCGGAAAGTGTTTGTAGAACATTACAAAGATATATTATCTCCATCATAHakam)AAGGAGAGATGCAAAG(SEQ ID NO: 96)CotY/CotZ promoterCGCGCACCACTTCGTCGTACAACAACGCAAGAAGAAGTTGGGGATAC(B. anthracisSterne)AGCAGTATTCTTATTCAGTGATTTAGCACGCGGCGTAACAGGAGAAA(SEQ ID NO: 97)ACATTCACGTTGATTCAGGGTATCATATCTTAGGATAAATATAATATTAATTTTAAAGGACAATCTCTACATGTTGAGATTGTCCTTTTTATTTGTTCTTAGAAAGAACGATTTTTAACGAAAGTTCTTACCACGTTATGAATATAAGTATAATAGTACACGATTTATTCAGCTACGTABc1C promoterTGAAGTATCTAGAGCTAATTTACGCAAAGGAATCTCAGGACAACACT(B. anthracisSterne)TTCGCAACACCTATATTTTAAATTTAATAAAAAAAGAGACTCCGGAGT(SEQ ID NO: 98)CAGAAATTATAAAGCTAGCTGGGTTCAAATCAAAAATTTCACTAAAACGATATTATCAATACGCAGAAAATGGAAAAAACGCCTTATCATAAGGCGTTTTTTCCATTTTTTCTTCAAACAAACGATTTTACTATGACCATTTAACTAATTTTTGCATCTACTATGATGAGTTTCATTCACATTCTCATTAGAAAGGAGAGATTTAATGSigma K promoterTATATCATATGTAAAATTAGTTCTTATTCCCACATATCATATAGAATC(B. anthracisSterne)GCCATATTATACATGCAGAAAACTAAGTATGGTATTATTCTTAAATTG(SEQ ID NO: 99)TTTAGCACCTTCTAATATTACAGATAGAATCCGTCATTTTCAACAGTGAACATGGATTTCTTCTGAACACAACTCTTTTTCTTTCCTTATTTCCAAAAAGAAAAGCAGCCCATTTTAAAATACGGCTGCTTGTAATGTACATTAInhA promoterTATCACATAACTCTTTATTTTTAATATTTCGACATAAAGTGAAACTTT(B. thuringiensisAlAATCAGTGGGGGCTTTGTTCATCCCCCCACTGATTATTAATTGAACCAHakam)AGGGATAAAAAGATAGAGGGTCTGACCAGAAAACTGGAGGGCATGA(SEQ ID NO: 100)TTCTATAACAAAAAGCTTAATGTTTATAGAATTATGTCTTTTTATATAGGGAGGGTAGTAAACAGAGATTTGGACAAAAATGCACCGATTTATCTGAATTTTAAGTTTTATAAAGGGGAGAAATGBc1A cluster glycosylATTTTTTACTTAGCAGTAAAACTGATATCAGTTTTACTGCTTTTTCATTtransferase operon 1TTTAAATTCAATCATTAAATCTTCCTTTTCTACATAGTCATAATGTTGT(B. thuringiensisATGACATTCCGTAGGAGGCACTTATAserovar konkukian str.97-27)(SEQ ID NO: 101)Bc1A cluster glycosylACATAAATTCACCTCCATAAAGCGTTCATTATATAGTAGATGCAAAACtransferase operon 2CGAAAGAAAATGACACGGACATTTGAATTATTGAAAAGAAATCTTAA(B. thuringiensisACTACTTGAACAATTTAAAAAAATGGAAAGTTTAGTATATGTATAACserovar kurstaki str.ATATGATTGATTTGGAAGAGGGTGATTAHD73)(SEQ ID NO: 102)Glycosyl transferaseTTCTATTTTCCAACATAACATGCTACGATTAAATGGTTTTTTGCAAATpromoterGCCTTCTTGGGAAGAAGGATTAGAGCGTTTTTTTATAGAAACCAAAAG(B. thuringiensisAlTCATTAACAATTTTAAGTTAATGACTTTTTTGTTTGCCTTTAAGAGGTTHakam)TTATGTTACTATAATTATAGTATCAGGTACTAATAACAAGTATAAGTA(SEQ ID NO: 103)TTTCTGGGAGGATATATCA In the promoter sequences listed in Table 2 above, the locations of the sigma-K sporulation-specific polymerase promoter sequences are indicated by bold and underlined text. The Cry1A promoter (B. thuringiensisHD-73; SEQ ID NO: 90) has a total of four sigma-K sequences, two of which overlap with one another, as indicated by the double underlining in Table 2. Preferred high-expression sporulation promoters for use in expressing the fusion proteins in aBacillus cereusfamily member include the BetA promoter (B. anthracisSterne; SEQ ID NO: 86), the BclA promoter (B. anthracisSterne; SEQ ID NO: 85), the BclA cluster glycosyl transferase operons 1 and 2 promoters (B. anthracisSterne; SEQ ID NOS: 101 and 102), and the YVTN β-propeller protein promoter (B. weihenstephensisKBAB 4; SEQ ID NO: 89). In any of the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells described herein, the fusion protein can be expressed under the control of a sporulation promoter comprising a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identity with a nucleic acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 85-103. When the sporulation promoter comprising a nucleic acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identity with a nucleic acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOS: 85-103, the sigma-K sporulation-specific polymerase promoter sequence or sequences preferably have 100% identity with the corresponding nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, or 103. For example, as illustrated in Table 2 above, the BclA promoter ofB. anthracisSterne (SEQ ID NO: 85) has sigma-K sporulation-specific polymerase promoter sequences at nucleotides 24-32, 35-43, and 129-137. Thus, if the sporulation promoter comprises a sequence having at least 90% identity with the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 85, it is preferred that the nucleotides of the sporulation promoter corresponding to nucleotides 24-32, 35-43, and 129-137 of SEQ ID NO: 85 have 100% identity with nucleotides 24-32, 35-43, and 129-137 of SEQ ID NO: 85. In any of the methods described herein for stimulating plant growth, plants grown in the plant growth medium comprising the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells and at least one insecticide selected from the particular insecticides disclosed herein exhibit increased growth as compared to the growth of plants in the identical plant growth medium that does not contain the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells. In any of the compositions and methods described herein for stimulating plant growth, the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells can comprise any of the recombinant plant-growth promoting strains of bacteria described above. In any of the compositions or methods for stimulating plant growth disclosed herein, the fusion protein can be expressed under the control of any of the promoters described above. Insecticides “Insecticides” as well as the term “insecticidal” refers to the ability of a substance to increase mortality or inhibit growth rate of insects. As used herein, the term “insects” includes all organisms in the class “Insecta”. The term “pre-adult” insects refers to any form of an organism prior to the adult stage, including, for example, eggs, larvae, and nymphs. As used herein, the terms “insecticide” and “insecticidal” also encompass “nematicide” and “nematicidal” and “acaricide” and “acaricidal.” “Nematicides” and “nematicidal” refers to the ability of a substance to increase mortality or inhibit the growth rate of nematodes. In general, the term “nematode” comprises eggs, larvae, juvenile and mature forms of said organism. “Acaricide” and “acaricidal” refers to the ability of a substance to increase mortality or inhibit growth rate of ectoparasites belonging to the class Arachnida, sub-class Acari. The active ingredients specified herein by their “common name” are known and described, for example, in the pesticide handbook (“The Pesticide Manual,” 16th Ed., British Crop Protection Council 2012) or can be found on the Internet (e.g. http://www.alanwood.net/pesticides). In some embodiments, the insecticide is selected from the group consisting of acetamiprid, aldicarb, amitraz, beta-cyfluthrin, carbaryl, clothianidin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, endosulfan, ethion, ethiprole, ethoprophos, fenamiphos, fenobucarb, fenthion, fipronil, flubendiamide, fluopyram, flupyradifurone, formetanate, heptanophos, imidacloprid, methamidophos, methiocarb, methomyl, niclosamide, oxydemeton-methyl, phosalone, silafluofen, spirodiclofen, spiromesifen, spirotetramat, thiacloprid, thiodicarb, tralomethrin, triazophos, triflumuron, vamidothion, 1-{2-fluoro-4-methyl-5-[(R)-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)sulphinyl]phenyl}-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-amine, 1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-N-[4-cyano-2-methyl-6-(methylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-3-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-tetrazol-2-yl]methyl}-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide and pesticidal terpene mixtures comprising the three terpenes α-terpinene, p-cymene and limonene, and optionally minor terpene ingredients, including simulated natural pesticides comprising a mixture of three terpenes, i.e. α-terpinene, p-cymene and limonene sold as REQUIEM®. According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention the insecticide is selected from the group consisting of clothianidin, cypermethrin, ethiprole, fipronil, fluopyram, flupyradifurone, imidacloprid, methiocarb, and thiodicarb. Compositions According to the Present Invention According to the present invention the composition comprises a) recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells that express a fusion protein comprising: (i) at least one plant growth stimulating protein or peptide selected from the group consisting of an enzyme involved in the production or activation of a plant growth stimulating compound; an enzyme that degrades or modifies a bacterial, fungal, or plant nutrient source; and a protein or peptide that protects a plant from a pathogen; and (ii) a targeting sequence that localizes the fusion protein to the exosporium of theBacilluscells; and b) at least one particular insecticide disclosed herein in a synergistically effective amount. A “synergistically effective amount” according to the present invention represents a quantity of a combination of a recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells that express a fusion protein and at least one insecticide as described herein that is more effective against insects, mites, nematodes and/or phytopathogens than a recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells that express a fusion protein or the insecticide alone. A “synergistically effective amount” according to the present invention also represents a quantity of a combination of a recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells that expresses a fusion protein and at least one particular insecticide disclosed herein that is more effective at enhancing plant growth and/or promoting plant health than the a recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells that express a fusion protein or the insecticide alone. The present invention comprises each and every combination of each of the particular insecticides disclosed herein with the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells. In a highly preferred embodiment the present invention relates to a composition comprising: a) recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells that express a fusion protein comprising: (i) at least one plant growth stimulating protein or peptide selected from the group consisting of an enzyme involved in the production or activation of a plant growth stimulating compound; an enzyme that degrades or modifies a bacterial, fungal, or plant nutrient source; and a protein or peptide that protects a plant from a pathogen or pest; and (ii) a targeting sequence that localizes the fusion protein to the exosporium of theBacilluscells; and b) at least one particular insecticide disclosed herein in a synergistically effective amount and the at least one insecticide is selected from the group consisting of acetamiprid, aldicarb, amitraz, beta-cyfluthrin, carbaryl, clothianidin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, endosulfan, ethion, ethiprole, ethoprophos, fenamiphos, fenobucarb, fenthion, fipronil, flubendiamide, fluopyram, flupyradifurone, formetanate, heptanophos, imidacloprid, methamidophos, methiocarb, methomyl, niclosamide, oxydemeton-methyl, phosalone, silafluofen, spirodiclofen, spiromesifen, spirotetramat, thiacloprid, thiodicarb, tralomethrin, triazophos, triflumuron, vamidothion, 1-{2-fluoro-4-methyl-5-[(R)-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)sulphinyl]phenyl}-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-amine, and 1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-N-[4-cyano-2-methyl-6-(methylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-3-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-tetrazol-2-yl]methyl}-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide in a synergistically effective amount. In a preferred embodiment the composition according to the present invention further comprises at least one fungicide. In general, “fungicidal” means the ability of a substance to increase mortality or inhibit the growth rate of fungi. The term “fungus” or “fungi” includes a wide variety of nucleated sporebearing organisms that are devoid of chlorophyll. Examples of fungi include yeasts, molds, mildews, rusts, and mushrooms. Further Additives One aspect of the present invention is to provide a composition as described above additionally comprising at least one auxiliary selected from the group consisting of extenders, solvents, spontaneity promoters, carriers, emulsifiers, dispersants, frost protectants, thickeners and adjuvants. Those compositions are referred to as formulations. Accordingly, in one aspect of the present invention such formulations, and application forms prepared from them, are provided as crop protection agents and/or pesticidal agents, such as drench, drip and spray liquors, comprising the composition of the invention. The application forms may comprise further crop protection agents and/or pesticidal agents, and/or activity-enhancing adjuvants such as penetrants, examples being vegetable oils such as, for example, rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, mineral oils such as, for example, liquid paraffins, alkyl esters of vegetable fatty acids, such as rapeseed oil or soybean oil methyl esters, or alkanol alkoxylates, and/or spreaders such as, for example, alkylsiloxanes and/or salts, examples being organic or inorganic ammonium or phosphonium salts, examples being ammonium sulphate or diammonium hydrogen phosphate, and/or retention promoters such as dioctyl sulphosuccinate or hydroxypropylguar polymers and/or humectants such as glycerol and/or fertilizers such as ammonium, potassium or phosphorous fertilizers, for example. Examples of typical formulations include water-soluble liquids (SL), emulsifiable concentrates (EC), emulsions in water (EW), suspension concentrates (SC, SE, FS, OD), water-dispersible granules (WG), granules (GR) and capsule concentrates (CS); these and other possible types of formulation are described, for example, by Crop Life International and in Pesticide Specifications, Manual on Development and Use of FAO and WHO Specifications for Pesticides, FAO Plant Production and Protection Papers—173, prepared by the FAO/WHO Joint Meeting on Pesticide Specifications, 2004, ISBN: 9251048576. The formulations may comprise active agrochemical compounds other than one or more active compounds of the invention. The formulations or application forms in question preferably comprise auxiliaries, such as extenders, solvents, spontaneity promoters, carriers, emulsifiers, dispersants, frost protectants, biocides, thickeners and/or other auxiliaries, such as adjuvants, for example. An adjuvant in this context is a component which enhances the biological effect of the formulation, without the component itself having a biological effect. Examples of adjuvants are agents which promote the retention, spreading, attachment to the leaf surface, or penetration. These formulations are produced in a known manner, for example by mixing the active compounds with auxiliaries such as, for example, extenders, solvents and/or solid carriers and/or further auxiliaries, such as, for example, surfactants. The formulations are prepared either in suitable plants or else before or during the application. Suitable for use as auxiliaries are substances which are suitable for imparting to the formulation of the active compound or the application forms prepared from these formulations (such as, e.g., usable crop protection agents, such as spray liquors or seed dressings) particular properties such as certain physical, technical and/or biological properties. Suitable extenders are, for example, water, polar and nonpolar organic chemical liquids, for example from the classes of the aromatic and non-aromatic hydrocarbons (such as paraffins, alkylbenzenes, alkylnaphthalenes, chlorobenzenes), the alcohols and polyols (which, if appropriate, may also be substituted, etherified and/or esterified), the ketones (such as acetone, cyclohexanone), esters (including fats and oils) and (poly)ethers, the unsubstituted and substituted amines, amides, lactams (such as N-alkylpyrrolidones) and lactones, the sulphones and sulphoxides (such as dimethyl sulphoxide). If the extender used is water, it is also possible to employ, for example, organic solvents as auxiliary solvents. Essentially, suitable liquid solvents are: aromatics such as xylene, toluene or alkylnaphthalenes, chlorinated aromatics and chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as chlorobenzenes, chloroethylenes or methylene chloride, aliphatic hydrocarbons such as cyclohexane or paraffins, for example petroleum fractions, mineral and vegetable oils, alcohols such as butanol or glycol and also their ethers and esters, ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone or cyclohexanone, strongly polar solvents such as dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulphoxide, and also water. In principle it is possible to use all suitable solvents. Suitable solvents are, for example, aromatic hydrocarbons, such as xylene, toluene or alkylnaphthalenes, for example, chlorinated aromatic or aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as chlorobenzene, chloroethylene or methylene chloride, for example, aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as cyclohexane, for example, paraffins, petroleum fractions, mineral and vegetable oils, alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol or glycol, for example, and also their ethers and esters, ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone or cyclohexanone, for example, strongly polar solvents, such as dimethyl sulphoxide, and water. All suitable carriers may in principle be used. Suitable carriers are in particular: for example, ammonium salts and ground natural minerals such as kaolins, clays, talc, chalk, quartz, attapulgite, montmorillonite or diatomaceous earth, and ground synthetic minerals, such as finely divided silica, alumina and natural or synthetic silicates, resins, waxes and/or solid fertilizers. Mixtures of such carriers may likewise be used. Carriers suitable for granules include the following: for example, crushed and fractionated natural minerals such as calcite, marble, pumice, sepiolite, dolomite, and also synthetic granules of inorganic and organic meals, and also granules of organic material such as sawdust, paper, coconut shells, maize cobs and tobacco stalks. Liquefied gaseous extenders or solvents may also be used. Particularly suitable are those extenders or carriers which at standard temperature and under standard pressure are gaseous, examples being aerosol propellants, such as halogenated hydrocarbons, and also butane, propane, nitrogen and carbon dioxide. Examples of emulsifiers and/or foam-formers, dispersants or wetting agents having ionic or nonionic properties, or mixtures of these surface-active substances, are salts of polyacrylic acid, salts of lignosulphonic acid, salts of phenolsulphonic acid or naphthalenesulphonic acid, polycondensates of ethylene oxide with fatty alcohols or with fatty acids or with fatty amines, with substituted phenols (preferably alkylphenols or arylphenols), salts of sulphosuccinic esters, taurine derivatives (preferably alkyltaurates), phosphoric esters of polyethoxylated alcohols or phenols, fatty acid esters of polyols, and derivatives of the compounds containing sulphates, sulphonates and phosphates, examples being alkylaryl polyglycol ethers, alkylsulphonates, alkyl sulphates, arylsulphonates, protein hydrolysates, lignin-sulphite waste liquors and methylcellulose. The presence of a surface-active substance is advantageous if one of the active compounds and/or one of the inert carriers is not soluble in water and if application takes place in water. Further auxiliaries that may be present in the formulations and in the application forms derived from them include colorants such as inorganic pigments, examples being iron oxide, titanium oxide, Prussian Blue, and organic dyes, such as alizarin dyes, azo dyes and metal phthalocyanine dyes, and nutrients and trace nutrients, such as salts of iron, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt, molybdenum and zinc. Stabilizers, such as low-temperature stabilizers, preservatives, antioxidants, light stabilizers or other agents which improve chemical and/or physical stability may also be present. Additionally present may be foam-formers or defoamers. Furthermore, the formulations and application forms derived from them may also comprise, as additional auxiliaries, stickers such as carboxymethylcellulose, natural and synthetic polymers in powder, granule or latex form, such as gum arabic, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, and also natural phospholipids, such as cephalins and lecithins, and synthetic phospholipids. Further possible auxiliaries include mineral and vegetable oils. There may possibly be further auxiliaries present in the formulations and the application forms derived from them. Examples of such additives include fragrances, protective colloids, binders, adhesives, thickeners, thixotropic substances, penetrants, retention promoters, stabilizers, sequestrants, complexing agents, humectants and spreaders. Generally speaking, the active compounds may be combined with any solid or liquid additive commonly used for formulation purposes. Suitable retention promoters include all those substances which reduce the dynamic surface tension, such as dioctyl sulphosuccinate, or increase the viscoelasticity, such as hydroxypropylguar polymers, for example. Suitable penetrants in the present context include all those substances which are typically used in order to enhance the penetration of active agrochemical compounds into plants. Penetrants in this context are defined in that, from the (generally aqueous) application liquor and/or from the spray coating, they are able to penetrate the cuticle of the plant and thereby increase the mobility of the active compounds in the cuticle. This property can be determined using the method described in the literature (Baur, et al., 1997, Pesticide Science, 51, 131-152). Examples include alcohol alkoxylates such as coconut fatty ethoxylate (10) or isotridecyl ethoxylate (12), fatty acid esters such as rapeseed or soybean oil methyl esters, fatty amine alkoxylates such as tallowamine ethoxylate (15), or ammonium and/or phosphonium salts such as ammonium sulphate or diammonium hydrogen phosphate, for example. The formulations preferably comprise between 0.0001% and 98% by weight of active compound or, with particular preference, between 0.01% and 95% by weight of active compound, more preferably between 0.5% and 90% by weight of active compound, based on the weight of the formulation. The content of the active compound is defined as the sum of the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells and the at least one particular insecticide disclosed herein. The active compound content of the application forms (crop protection products) prepared from the formulations may vary within wide ranges. The active compound concentration of the application forms may be situated typically between 0.0001% and 95% by weight of active compound, preferably between 0.0001% and 1% by weight, based on the weight of the application form. Application takes place in a customary manner adapted to the application forms. Furthermore, in one aspect of the present invention a kit of parts is provided comprising a recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells and at least one particular insecticide disclosed herein in a synergistically effective amount in a spatially separated arrangement. In a further embodiment of the present invention the above-mentioned kit of parts further comprises at least one additional fungicide and/or at least one particular insecticide disclosed herein. The fungicide and/or the insecticide can be present either in the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells component of the kit of parts or in the insecticide component of the kit of parts being spatially separated or in both of these components. Preferably, the fungicide and/or the insecticide are present in the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells component. Moreover, the kit of parts according to the present invention can additionally comprise at least one auxiliary selected from the group consisting of extenders, solvents, spontaneity promoters, carriers, emulsifiers, dispersants, frost protectants, thickeners and adjuvants as mentioned below. This at least one auxiliary can be present either in the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells component of the kit of parts or in the insecticide component of the kit of parts being spatially separated or in both of these components. In another aspect of the present invention the composition as described above is used for reducing overall damage of plants and plant parts as well as losses in harvested fruits or vegetables caused by insects, mites, nematodes and/or phytopathogens. Furthermore, in another aspect of the present invention the composition as described above increases the overall plant health. The term “plant health” generally comprises various sorts of improvements of plants that are not connected to the control of pests. For example, advantageous properties that may be mentioned are improved crop characteristics including: emergence, crop yields, protein content, oil content, starch content, more developed root system, improved root growth, improved root size maintenance, improved root effectiveness, improved stress tolerance (e.g., against drought, heat, salt, UV, water, cold), reduced ethylene (reduced production and/or inhibition of reception), tillering increase, increase in plant height, bigger leaf blade, less dead basal leaves, stronger tillers, greener leaf color, pigment content, photosynthetic activity, less input needed (such as fertilizers or water), less seeds needed, more productive tillers, earlier flowering, early grain maturity, less plant verse (lodging), increased shoot growth, enhanced plant vigor, increased plant stand and early and better germination. With regard to the use according to the present invention, improved plant health preferably refers to improved plant characteristics including: crop yield, more developed root system (improved root growth), improved root size maintenance, improved root effectiveness, tillering increase, increase in plant height, bigger leaf blade, less dead basal leaves, stronger tillers, greener leaf color, photosynthetic activity, more productive tillers, enhanced plant vigor, and increased plant stand. With regard to the present invention, improved plant health preferably especially refers to improved plant properties selected from crop yield, more developed root system, improved root growth, improved root size maintenance, improved root effectiveness, tillering increase, and increase in plant height. The effect of a composition according to the present invention on plant health as defined herein can be determined by comparing plants which are grown under the same environmental conditions, whereby a part of said plants is treated with a composition according to the present invention and another part of said plants is not treated with a composition according to the present invention. Instead, said other part is not treated at all or treated with a placebo (i.e., an application without a composition according to the invention such as an application without all active ingredients (i.e., without the recombinant exosporium-producingBacillus cereusfamily member-based biological control agent as described herein and without an insecticide as described herein), or an application without the recombinant exosporium-producingBacillus cereusfamily member-based biological control agent as described herein, or an application without an insecticide as described herein. The composition according to the present invention may be applied in any desired manner, such as in the form of a seed coating, soil drench, and/or directly in-furrow and/or as a foliar spray and applied either pre-emergence, post-emergence or both. In other words, the composition can be applied to the seed, the plant or to harvested fruits and vegetables or to the soil wherein the plant is growing or wherein it is desired to grow (plant's locus of growth). Reducing the overall damage of plants and plant parts often results in healthier plants and/or in an increase in plant vigor and yield. Preferably, the composition according to the present invention is used for treating conventional or transgenic plants or seed thereof. The present invention also relates to methods for stimulating plant growth using any of the compositions described above comprising recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells that express a fusion protein and at least one particular insecticide disclosed herein. The method for stimulating plant growth comprises applying to a plant, a plant part, to the locus surrounding the plant or in which the plant will be planted (e.g., soil or other growth medium) a composition comprising recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells that express a fusion protein comprising: (i) at least one plant growth stimulating protein or peptide; and (ii) a targeting sequence, exosporium protein, or exosporium protein fragment, and at least one further particular insecticide disclosed herein in a synergistically effective amount. In another aspect of the present invention a method for reducing overall damage of plants and plant parts as well as losses in harvested fruits or vegetables caused by insects, mites, nematodes and/or phytopathogens is provided comprising the step of simultaneously or sequentially applying the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells and at least one particular insecticide disclosed herein in a synergistically effective amount. In another embodiment of the present invention, the composition comprises at least one fungicide and/or at least one insecticide in addition to the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells and the particular insecticide disclosed herein. In one embodiment, the at least one fungicide is a synthetic fungicide. The method of the present invention includes the following application methods, namely both of the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells and the at least one particular insecticide disclosed herein may be formulated into a single, stable composition with an agriculturally acceptable shelf life (so called “solo-formulation”), or being combined before or at the time of use (so called “combined-formulations”). If not mentioned otherwise, the expression “combination” stands for the various combinations of the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells and the at least insecticide, and optionally the at least one fungicide, in a solo-formulation, in a single “ready-mix” form, in a combined spray mixture composed from solo-formulations, such as a “tank-mix”, and especially in a combined use of the single active ingredients when applied in a sequential manner, i.e., one after the other within a reasonably short period, such as a few hours or days, e.g., 2 hours to 7 days. The order of applying the composition according to the present invention is not essential for working the present invention. Accordingly, the term “combination” also encompasses the presence of the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells and the at least one particular insecticide disclosed herein, and optionally the at least one fungicide on or in a plant to be treated or its surrounding, habitat or storage space, e.g., after simultaneously or consecutively applying the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells and the at least one particular insecticide disclosed herein, and optionally the at least one fungicide to a plant its surrounding, habitat or storage space. If the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells and the at least one particular insecticide disclosed herein, and optionally the at least one fungicide are employed or used in a sequential manner, it is preferred to treat the plants or plant parts (which includes seeds and plants emerging from the seed), harvested fruits and vegetables according to the following method: Firstly applying the at least one particular insecticide disclosed herein and optionally the at least one fungicide and/or the at least one additional insecticide on the plant or plant parts, and secondly applying the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells to the same plant or plant parts. By this application manner the amount of residues of insecticides/fungicides on the plant upon harvesting is as low as possible. The time periods between the first and the second application within a (crop) growing cycle may vary and depend on the effect to be achieved. For example, the first application is done to prevent an infestation of the plant or plant parts with insects, mites, nematodes and/or phytopathogens (this is particularly the case when treating seeds) or to combat the infestation with insects, mites, nematodes and/or phytopathogens (this is particularly the case when treating plants and plant parts) and the second application is done to prevent or control the infestation with insects, mites, nematodes and/or phytopathogens and/or to promote plant growth. Control in this context means that the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells are not able to fully exterminate the pests or phytopathogenic fungi but are able to keep the infestation on an acceptable level. The present invention also provides methods of enhancing the killing, inhibiting, preventative and/or repelling activity of the compositions of the present invention by multiple applications. In some other embodiments, the compositions of the present invention are applied to a plant and/or plant part for two times, during any desired development stages or under any predetermined pest pressure, at an interval of about 1 hour, about 5 hours, about 10 hours, about 24 hours, about two days, about 3 days, about 4 days, about 5 days, about 1 week, about 10 days, about two weeks, about three weeks, about 1 month or more. Still in some embodiments, the compositions of the present invention are applied to a plant and/or plant part for more than two times, for example, 3 times, 4 times, 5 times, 6 times, 7 times, 8 times, 9 times, 10 times, or more, during any desired development stages or under any predetermined pest pressure, at an interval of about 1 hour, about 5 hours, about 10 hours, about 24 hours, about two days, about 3 days, about 4 days, about 5 days, about 1 week, about 10 days, about two weeks, about three weeks, about 1 month or more. The intervals between each application can vary if it is desired. One skilled in the art will be able to determine the application times and length of interval depending on plant species, plant pest species, and other factors. By following the before mentioned steps, a very low level of residues of the at least one fungicide and/or at least one particular insecticide disclosed herein and/or additional insecticide on the treated plant, plant parts, and the harvested fruits and vegetables can be achieved. If not mentioned otherwise the treatment of plants or plant parts (which includes seeds and plants emerging from the seed), harvested fruits and vegetables with the composition according to the invention is carried out directly or by action on their surroundings, habitat or storage space using customary treatment methods, for example dipping, spraying, atomizing, irrigating, evaporating, dusting, fogging, broadcasting, foaming, painting, spreading-on, watering (drenching), drip irrigating. It is furthermore possible to apply the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells, the at least one particular insecticide disclosed herein, and optionally the at least one fungicide as solo-formulation or combined-formulations by the ultra-low volume method, or to inject the composition according to the present invention as a composition or as sole-formulations into the soil (in-furrow). The term “plant to be treated” encompasses every part of a plant including its root system and the material—e.g., soil or nutrition medium—which is in a radius of at least 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm around the caulis or bole of a plant to be treated or which is at least 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm around the root system of said plant to be treated, respectively. The amount of the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells which is used or employed in combination with at least one particular insecticide disclosed herein, optionally in the presence of at least one fungicide, depends on the final formulation as well as size or type of the plant, plant parts, seeds, harvested fruits and vegetables to be treated. Usually, the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells to be employed or used according to the invention is present in about 1% to about 80% (w/w), preferably in about 1% to about 60% (w/w), more preferably about 10% to about 50% (w/w) of its solo-formulation or combined-formulation with the at least one particular insecticide disclosed herein, and optionally the fungicide. Also the amount of the at least one particular insecticide disclosed herein which is used or employed in combination with the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells, optionally in the presence of at least one fungicide, depends on the final formulation as well as size or type of the plant, plant parts, seeds, harvested fruit or vegetable to be treated. Usually, the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells to be employed or used according to the invention is present in about 0.1% to about 80% (w/w), preferably 1% to about 60% (w/w), more preferably about 10% to about 50% (w/w) of its solo-formulation or combined-formulation with the at least one particular insecticide disclosed herein, and optionally the at least one fungicide. Application of the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells may be effected as a foliar spray, as a soil treatment, and/or as a seed treatment/dressing. When used as a foliar treatment, in one embodiment, about 1/16 to about 5 gallons of whole broth are applied per acre. When used as a soil treatment, in one embodiment, about 1 to about 5 gallons of whole broth are applied per acre. When used for seed treatment about 1/32 to about ¼ gallons of whole broth are applied per acre. For seed treatment, the end-use formulation contains 1×104, at least 1×105, at least 1×106, 1×107, at least 1×108, at least 1×109, or at least 1×1010colony forming units per gram. The recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells and at least one particular insecticide disclosed herein, and if present preferably also the fungicide are used or employed in a synergistic weight ratio. The skilled person is able to find out the synergistic weight ratios for the present invention by routine methods. The skilled person understands that these ratios refer to the ratio within a combined-formulation as well as to the calculative ratio of the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells described herein and the at least one particular insecticide disclosed herein when both components are applied as mono-formulations to a plant to be treated. The skilled person can calculate this ratio by simple mathematics since the volume and the amount of the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells and the at least one particular insecticide disclosed herein, respectively, in a mono-formulation is known to the skilled person. The ratio can be calculated based on the amount of the at least one particular insecticide disclosed herein, at the time point of applying said component of a combination according to the invention to a plant or plant part and the amount of recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells shortly prior (e.g., 48 h, 24 h, 12 h, 6 h, 2 h, 1 h) or at the time point of applying said component of a combination according to the invention to a plant or plant part. The application of the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells and the at least one particular insecticide disclosed herein to a plant or a plant part can take place simultaneously or at different times as long as both components are present on or in the plant after the application(s). In cases where the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells and insecticide are applied at different times and insecticide is applied noticeable prior to the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells, the skilled person can determine the concentration of insecticide on/in a plant by chemical analysis known in the art, at the time point or shortly before the time point of applying the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells. Vice versa, when the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells are applied to a plant first, the concentration of the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells can be determined using tests which are also known in the art, at the time point or shortly before the time point of applying the insecticide. In particular, in one embodiment the synergistic weight ratio of the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells and the at least one particular insecticide disclosed herein lies in the range of 1:1000 to 1000:1, preferably in the range of 1:500 to 500:1, more preferably in the range of 1:300 to 500:1. Especially preferred ratios are between 20:1 and 1:20, such as 10:1, 5:1 or 2:1. It has to be noted that these ratio ranges refer to the recombinantBacillus cereusfamily member-based biological control agent (to be combined with at least one particular insecticide or a preparation of at least one particular insecticide disclosed herein). For example, a ratio of 100:1 means 100 weight parts of a spore preparation of the recombinant exosporium-producingBacillus-based biological control agent and 1 weight part of insecticide are combined (either as a solo formulation, a combined formulation or by separate applications to plants so that the combination is formed on the plant). In one aspect of this embodiment, the spore preparation of the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells is a dried spore preparation containing at least about 1×104cfu/g, at least about 1×105cfu/g, at least about 1×106cfu/g at least about 1×107cfu/g, at least about 1×108cfu/g, at least about 1×109cfu/g, at least about 1×1010cfu/g, or at least about 1×1011cfu/g. In another embodiment, the synergistic weight ratio of the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells and the at least one particular insecticide disclosed herein is in the range of 1:100 to 20,000:1, preferably in the range of 1:50 to 10,000:1 or even in the range of 1:50 to 1000:1. In one embodiment of the present invention, the concentration of the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells after dispersal is at least 50 g/ha, such as 50—7500 g/ha, 50—2500 g/ha, 50—1500 g/ha; at least 250 g/ha (hectare), at least 500 g/ha or at least 800 g/ha. The application rate of composition to be employed or used according to the present invention may vary. The skilled person is able to find the appropriate application rate by way of routine experiments. In another aspect of the present invention a seed treated with the composition as described above is provided. The control of insects, mites, nematodes and/or phytopathogens by treating the seed of plants has been known for a long time and is a subject of continual improvements. Nevertheless, the treatment of seed entails a series of problems which cannot always be solved in a satisfactory manner. Thus, it is desirable to develop methods for protecting the seed and the germinating plant that remove the need for, or at least significantly reduce, the additional delivery of crop protection compositions in the course of storage, after sowing or after the emergence of the plants. It is desirable, furthermore, to optimize the amount of active ingredient employed in such a way as to provide the best-possible protection to the seed and the germinating plant from attack by insects, mites, nematodes and/or phytopathogens, but without causing damage to the plant itself by the active ingredient employed. In particular, methods for treating seed ought also to take into consideration the intrinsic insecticidal and/or nematicidal properties of pest-resistant or pest-tolerant transgenic plants, in order to achieve optimum protection of the seed and of the germinating plant with a minimal use of crop protection compositions. The present invention therefore also relates in particular to a method for protecting seed and germinating plants from attack by pests, by treating the seed with the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells as defined above and at least one particular insecticide disclosed herein in a synergistically effective amount. The method of the invention for protecting seed and germinating plants from attack by pests encompasses a method in which the seed is treated simultaneously in one operation with the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells and the at least one particular insecticide disclosed herein, and optionally the at least one fungicide. It also encompasses a method in which the seed is treated at different times with the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells and the at least one particular insecticide disclosed herein, and optionally the at least one fungicide. The invention likewise relates to the use of the composition of the invention for treating seed for the purpose of protecting the seed and the resultant plant against insects, mites, nematodes and/or phytopathogens. The invention also relates to seed which at the same time has been treated with a recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells and at least one particular insecticide disclosed herein, and optionally at least one fungicide. The invention further relates to seed which has been treated at different times with the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells and the at least one particular insecticide disclosed herein and optionally the at least one fungicide and/or the at least one insecticide. In the case of seed which has been treated at different times with the recombinant exosporium-producingBacilluscells and the at least one particular insecticide disclosed herein, and optionally the at least one fungicide, the individual active ingredients in the composition of the invention may be present in different layers on the seed. Furthermore, the invention relates to seed which, following treatment with the composition of the invention, is subjected to a film-coating process in order to prevent dust abrasion of the seed. One of the advantages of the present invention is that, owing to the particular systemic properties of the compositions of the invention, the treatment of the seed with these compositions provides protection from insects, mites, nematodes and/or phytopathogens not only to the seed itself but also to the plants originating from the seed, after they have emerged. In this way, it may not be necessary to treat the crop directly at the time of sowing or shortly thereafter. A further advantage is to be seen in the fact that, through the treatment of the seed with composition of the invention, germination and emergence of the treated seed may be promoted. It is likewise considered to be advantageous composition of the invention may also be used, in particular, on transgenic seed. It is also stated that the composition of the invention may be used in combination with agents of the signalling technology, as a result of which, for example, colonization with symbionts is improved, such as rhizobia, mycorrhiza and/or endophytic bacteria, for example, is enhanced, and/or nitrogen fixation is optimized. The compositions of the invention are suitable for protecting seed of any variety of plant which is used in agriculture, in greenhouses, in forestry or in horticulture. More particularly, the seed in question is that of cereals (e.g., wheat, barley, rye, oats and millet), maize, cotton, soybeans, rice, potatoes, sunflower, coffee, tobacco, canola, oilseed rape, beets (e.g., sugar beet and fodder beet), peanuts, vegetables (e.g., tomato, cucumber, bean, brassicas, onions and lettuce), fruit plants, lawns and ornamentals. Particularly important is the treatment of the seed of cereals (such as wheat, barley, rye and oats) maize, soybeans, cotton, canola, oilseed rape and rice. As already mentioned above, the treatment of transgenic seed with the composition of the invention is particularly important. The seed in question here is that of plants which generally contain at least one heterologous gene that controls the expression of a polypeptide having, in particular, insecticidal and/or nematicidal properties. These heterologous genes in transgenic seed may come from microorganisms such asBacillus, Rhizobium, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Trichoderma, Clavibacter, GlomusorGliocladium. The present invention is particularly suitable for the treatment of transgenic seed which contains at least one heterologous gene fromBacillussp. With particular preference, the heterologous gene in question comes fromBacillus thuringiensis. For the purposes of the present invention, the composition of the invention is applied alone or in a suitable formulation to the seed. The seed is preferably treated in a condition in which its stability is such that no damage occurs in the course of the treatment. Generally speaking, the seed may be treated at any point in time between harvesting and sowing. Typically, seed is used which has been separated from the plant and has had cobs, hulls, stems, husks, hair or pulp removed. Thus, for example, seed may be used that has been harvested, cleaned and dried to a moisture content of less than 15% by weight. Alternatively, seed can also be used that after drying has been treated with water, for example, and then dried again. When treating seed it is necessary, generally speaking, to ensure that the amount of the composition of the invention, and/or of other additives, that is applied to the seed is selected such that the germination of the seed is not adversely affected, and/or that the plant which emerges from the seed is not damaged. This is the case in particular with active ingredients which may exhibit phytotoxic effects at certain application rates. The compositions of the invention can be applied directly, in other words without comprising further components and without having been diluted. As a general rule, it is preferable to apply the compositions in the form of a suitable formulation to the seed. Suitable formulations and methods for seed treatment are known to the skilled person and are described in, for example, the following documents: U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,272,417 A; 4,245,432 A; 4,808,430 A; 5,876,739 A; U.S. Patent Publication No. 2003/0176428 A1; WO 2002/080675 A1; WO 2002/028186 A2. The combinations which can be used in accordance with the invention may be converted into the customary seed-dressing formulations, such as solutions, emulsions, suspensions, powders, foams, slurries or other coating compositions for seed, and also ULV formulations. These formulations are prepared in a known manner, by mixing composition with customary adjuvants, such as, for example, customary extenders and also solvents or diluents, colorants, wetters, dispersants, emulsifiers, antifoams, preservatives, secondary thickeners, stickers, gibberellins, and also water. Colorants which may be present in the seed-dressing formulations which can be used in accordance with the invention include all colorants which are customary for such purposes. In this context it is possible to use not only pigments, which are of low solubility in water, but also water-soluble dyes. Examples include the colorants known under the designations Rhodamin B, C.I. Pigment Red 112 and C.I. Solvent Red 1. Wetters which may be present in the seed-dressing formulations which can be used in accordance with the invention include all of the substances which promote wetting and which are customary in the formulation of active agrochemical ingredients. Use may be made preferably of alkylnaphthalenesulphonates, such as diisopropyl- or diisobutyl-naphthalenesulphonates. Dispersants and/or emulsifiers which may be present in the seed-dressing formulations which can be used in accordance with the invention include all of the nonionic, anionic and cationic dispersants that are customary in the formulation of active agrochemical ingredients. Use may be made preferably of nonionic or anionic dispersants or of mixtures of nonionic or anionic dispersants. Suitable nonionic dispersants are, in particular, ethylene oxide-propylene oxide block polymers, alkylphenol polyglycol ethers and also tristryrylphenol polyglycol ethers, and the phosphated or sulphated derivatives of these. Suitable anionic dispersants are, in particular, lignosulphonates, salts of polyacrylic acid, and arylsulphonate-formaldehyde condensates. Antifoams which may be present in the seed-dressing formulations which can be used in accordance with the invention include all of the foam inhibitors that are customary in the formulation of active agrochemical ingredients. Use may be made preferably of silicone antifoams and magnesium stearate. Preservatives which may be present in the seed-dressing formulations which can be used in accordance with the invention include all of the substances which can be employed for such purposes in agrochemical compositions. Examples include dichlorophen and benzyl alcohol hemiformal. Secondary thickeners which may be present in the seed-dressing formulations which can be used in accordance with the invention include all substances which can be used for such purposes in agrochemical compositions. Those contemplated with preference include cellulose derivatives, acrylic acid derivatives, xanthan, modified clays and highly disperse silica. Stickers which may be present in the seed-dressing formulations which can be used in accordance with the invention include all customary binders which can be used in seed-dressing products. Preferred mention may be made of polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol and tylose. Gibberellins which may be present in the seed-dressing formulations which can be used in accordance with the invention include preferably the gibberellins A1, A3 (=gibberellic acid), A4 and A7, with gibberellic acid being used with particular preference. The gibberellins are known (cf. R. Wegler, “Chemie der Pflanzenschutz- and Schädlingsbekämpfungsmittel”, Volume 2, Springer Verlag, 1970, pp. 401-412). The seed-dressing formulations which can be used in accordance with the invention may be used, either directly or after prior dilution with water, to treat seed of any of a wide variety of types. Accordingly, the concentrates or the preparations obtainable from them by dilution with water may be employed to dress the seed of cereals, such as wheat, barley, rye, oats and triticale, and also the seed of maize, rice, oilseed rape, peas, beans, cotton, sunflowers and beets, or else the seed of any of a very wide variety of vegetables. The seed-dressing formulations which can be used in accordance with the invention, or their diluted preparations, may also be used to dress seed of transgenic plants. In that case, additional synergistic effects may occur in interaction with the substances formed through expression. For the treatment of seed with the seed-dressing formulations which can be used in accordance with the invention, or with the preparations produced from them by addition of water, suitable mixing equipment includes all such equipment which can typically be employed for seed dressing. More particularly, the procedure when carrying out seed dressing is to place the seed in a mixer, to add the particular desired amount of seed-dressing formulations, either as such or following dilution with water beforehand, and to carry out mixing until the distribution of the formulation on the seed is uniform. This may be followed by a drying operation. The application rate of the seed-dressing formulations which can be used in accordance with the invention may be varied within a relatively wide range. It is guided by the particular amount of the recombinant exosporium-producingBacillus cereusfamily member-based biological control agent and the at least one particular insecticide disclosed herein in the formulations, and by the seed. The application rates in the case of the composition are situated generally at between 0.001 and 50 g per kilogram of seed, preferably between 0.01 and 15 g per kilogram of seed. The compositions according to the invention, in case they exhibit insecticidal and miticidal and/or nematicidal activity, in combination with good plant tolerance and favourable toxicity to warm-blooded animals and being tolerated well by the environment, are suitable for protecting plants and plant organs, for increasing harvest yields, for improving the quality of the harvested material and for controlling animal pests, in particular insects, mites, arachnids, helminths, nematodes and molluscs, which are encountered in agriculture, in horticulture, in animal husbandry, in forests, in gardens and leisure facilities, in protection of stored products and of materials, and in the hygiene sector. They can be preferably employed as plant protection agents. In particular, the present invention relates to the use of the composition according to the invention as insecticide and/or fungicide. They are active against normally sensitive and resistant species and against all or some stages of development. The abovementioned pests include:pests from the phylum Arthropoda, especially from the class Arachnida, for example,Acarusspp.,Aceria sheldoni, Aculopsspp.,Aculusspp.,Amblyommaspp.,Amphitetranychus viennensis, Argasspp.,Boophilusspp.,Brevipalpusspp.,Bryobia graminum, Bryobia praetiosa, Centruroidesspp.,Chorioptesspp.,Dermanyssus gallinae, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinae, Dermacentorspp.,Eotetranychusspp.,Epitrimerus pyri, Eutetranychusspp.,Eriophyesspp.,Glycyphagus domesticus, Halotydeus destructor, Hemitarsonemusspp.,Hyalommaspp.,Ixodesspp.,Latrodectusspp.,Loxoscelesspp.,Metatetranychusspp.,Neutrombicula autumnalis, Nuphersaspp.,Oligonychusspp.,Ornithodorusspp.,Ornithonyssusspp.,Panonychusspp.,Phyllocoptruta oleivora, Polyphagotarsonemus latus, Psoroptesspp.,Rhipicephalusspp.,Rhizoglyphusspp.,Sarcoptesspp.,Scorpio maurus, Steneotarsonemusspp.,Steneotarsonemus spinki, Tarsonemusspp.,Tetranychusspp.,Trombicula alfreddugesi, Vaejovisspp.,Vasates lycopersici;in particular clover mite, brown mite, hazelnut spider mite, asparagus spider mite, brown wheat mite, legume mite, oxalis mite, boxwood mite, Texas citrus mite, Oriental red mite, citrus red mite, European red mite, yellow spider mite, fig spider mite, Lewis spider mite, six-spotted spider mite, Willamette mite Yuma spider mite, web-spinning mite, pineapple mite, citrus green mite, honey-locust spider mite, tea red spider mite, southern red mite, avocado brown mite, spruce spider mite, avocado red mite, Banks grass mite, carmine spider mite, desert spider mite, vegetable spider mite, tumid spider mite, strawberry spider mite, two-spotted spider mite, McDaniel mite, Pacific spider mite, hawthorn spider mite, four-spotted spider mite, Schoenei spider mite, Chilean false spider mite, citrus flat mite, privet mite, flat scarlet mite, white-tailed mite, pineapple tarsonemid mite, West Indian sugar cane mite, bulb scale mite, cyclamen mite, broad mite, winter grain mite, red-legged earth mite, filbert big-bud mite, grape erineum mite, pear blister leaf mite, apple leaf edgeroller mite, peach mosaic vector mite, alder bead gall mite, Perian walnut leaf gall mite, pecan leaf edgeroll mite, fig bud mite, olive bud mite, citrus bud mite, litchi erineum mite, wheat curl mite, coconut flower and nut mite, sugar cane blister mite, buffalo grass mite, bermuda grass mite, carrot bud mite, sweet potato leaf gall mite, pomegranate leaf curl mite, ash sprangle gall mite, maple bladder gall mite, alder erineum mite, redberry mite, cotton blister mite, blueberry bud mite, pink tea rust mite, ribbed tea mite, grey citrus mite, sweet potato rust mite, horse chestnut rust mite, citrus rust mite, apple rust mite, grape rust mite, pear rust mite, flat needle sheath pine mite, wild rose bud and fruit mite, dryberry mite, mango rust mite, azalea rust mite, plum rust mite, peach silver mite, apple rust mite, tomato russet mite, pink citrus rust mite, cereal rust mite, rice rust mite;from the class Chilopoda, for example,Geophilusspp.,Scutigeraspp.;from the order or the class Collembola, for example,Onychiurus armatus;from the class Diplopoda, for example,Blaniulus guttulatus;from the class Insecta, e.g., from the order Blattodea, for example,Blattella asahinai, Blattella germanica, Blatta orientalis, Leucophaea maderae, Panchloraspp.,Parcoblattaspp.,Periplanetaspp.,Supella longipalpa;from the order Coleoptera, for example,Acalymma vittatum, Acanthoscelides obtectus, Adoretusspp.,Agelastica alni, Agriotesspp.,Alphitobius diaperinus, Amphimallon solstitialis, Anobium punctatum, Anoplophoraspp.,Anthonomusspp.,Anthrenusspp.,Apionspp.,Apogoniaspp.,Atomariaspp.,Attagenusspp.,Bruchidius obtectus, Bruchusspp.,Cassidaspp.,Cerotoma trifurcata, Ceutorrhynchusspp.,Chaetocnemaspp.,Cleonus mendicus, Conoderusspp.,Cosmopolitesspp.,Costelytra zealandica, Cteniceraspp.,Curculiospp.,Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Cryptorhynchus lapathi, Cylindrocopturusspp.,Dermestesspp.,Diabroticaspp.,Dichocrocisspp.,Dicladispa armigera, Diloboderusspp.,Epilachnaspp.,Epitrixspp.,Faustinusspp.,Gibbium psylloides, Gnathocerus cornutus, Hellula undalis, Heteronychus arator, Heteronyxspp.,Hylamorpha elegans, Hylotrupes bajulus, Hypera postica, Hypomeces squamosus, Hypothenemusspp.,Lachnosterna consanguinea, Lasioderma serricorne, Latheticus oryzae, Lathridiusspp.,Lemaspp.,Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Leucopteraspp.,Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus, Lixusspp.,Luperodesspp.,Lyctusspp.,Megascelisspp.,Melanotusspp.,Meligethes aeneus, Melolonthaspp.,Migdolusspp.,Monochamusspp.,Naupactus xanthographus, Necrobiaspp.,Niptus hololeucus, Oryctes rhinoceros, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Oryzaphagus oryzae, Otiorrhynchusspp.,Oxycetonia jucunda, Phaedon cochleariae, Phyllophagaspp.,Phyllophaga helleri, Phyllotretaspp.,Popillia japonica, Premnotrypesspp.,Prostephanus truncatus, Psylliodesspp.,Ptinusspp.,Rhizobius ventralis, Rhizopertha dominica, Sitophilusspp.,Sitophilus oryzae, Sphenophorusspp.,Stegobium paniceum, Sternechusspp.,Symphyletesspp.,Tanymecusspp.,Tenebrio molitor, Tenebrioides mauretanicus, Triboliumspp.,Trogodermaspp.,Tychiusspp.,Xylotrechusspp.,Zabrusspp.;preferably from Banded cucumber beetle (Diabrotica balteata), Northern corn rootworm (Diabrotica barberi), Southern corn rootworm (Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi), Western cucumber beetle (Diabrotica undecimpunctata tenella), Western spotted cucumber beetle (Diabrotica undecimpunctata undecimpunctata), Western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera), Mexican corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera zeae)from the order Diptera, for example,Aedesspp.,Agromyzaspp.,Anastrephaspp.,Anophelesspp.,Asphondyliaspp.,Bactroceraspp.,Bibio hortulanus, Calliphora erythrocephala, Calliphora vicina, Ceratitis capitata, Chironomusspp.,Chrysomyiaspp.,Chrysopsspp.,Chrysozona pluvialis, Cochliomyiaspp.,Contariniaspp.,Cordylobia anthropophaga, Cricotopus sylvestris, Culexspp.,Culicoidesspp.,Culisetaspp.,Cuterebraspp.,Dacus oleae, Dasyneuraspp.,Deliaspp.,Dermatobia hominis, Drosophilaspp.,Echinocnemusspp.,Fanniaspp.,Gasterophilusspp.,Glossinaspp.,Haematopotaspp.,Hydrelliaspp.,Hydrellia griseola, Hylemyaspp.,Hippoboscaspp.,Hypodermaspp.,Liriomyzaspp.,Luciliaspp.,Lutzomyiaspp.,Mansoniaspp.,Muscaspp.,Oestrusspp.,Oscinella frit, Paratanytarsusspp.,Paralauterborniella subcincta, Pegomyiaspp.,Phlebotomusspp.,Phorbiaspp.,Phormiaspp.,Piophila casei, Prodiplosisspp.,Psila rosae, Rhagoletisspp.,Sarcophagaspp.,Simuliumspp.,Stomoxysspp.,Tabanusspp.,Tetanopsspp.,Tipulaspp.;from the order Heteroptera, for example,Anasa tristis, Antestiopsisspp.,Boiseaspp.,Blissusspp.,Calocorisspp.,Campylomma livida, Caveleriusspp.,Cimexspp.,Collariaspp.,Creontiades dilutus, Dasynus piperis, Dichelops furcatus, Diconocoris hewetti, Dysdercusspp.,Euschistusspp.,Eurygasterspp.,Heliopeltisspp.,Horcias nobilellus, Leptocorisaspp.,Leptocorisa varicornis, Leptoglossus phyllopus, Lygusspp.,Macropes excavatus, Miridae, Monalonion atratum, Nezaraspp.,Oebalusspp.,Pentomidae, Piesma quadrata, Piezodorusspp.,Psallusspp.,Pseudacysta persea, Rhodniusspp.,Sahlbergella singularis, Scaptocoris castanea, Scotinophoraspp.,Stephanitis nashi, Tibracaspp.,Triatomaspp;from the order Homoptera, for example,Acizzia acaciaebaileyanae, Acizzia dodonaeae, Acizzia uncatoides, Acrida turrita, Acyrthosiponspp.,Acrogoniaspp.,Aeneolamiaspp.,Agonoscenaspp.,Aleyrodes proletella, Aleurolobus barodensis, Aleurothrixus floccosus, Allocaridara malayensis, Amrascaspp.,Anuraphis cardui, Aonidiellaspp.,Aphanostigma piri, Aphisspp.,Arboridia apicalis, Arytainillaspp.,Aspidiellaspp.,Aspidiotusspp.,Atanusspp.,Aulacorthum solani, Bemisia tabaci, Blastopsylla occidentalis, Boreioglycaspis melaleucae, Brachycaudus helichrysi, Brachycolusspp.,Brevicoryne brassicae, Cacopsyllaspp.,Calligypona marginata, Carneocephala fulgida, Ceratovacuna lanigera, Cercopidae, Ceroplastesspp.,Chaetosiphon fragaefolii, Chionaspis tegalensis, Chlorita onukii, Chondracris rosea, Chromaphis juglandicola, Chrysomphalus ficus, Cicadulina mbila, Coccomytilus halli, Coccusspp.,Cryptomyzus ribis, Cryptoneossaspp.,Ctenarytainaspp.,Dalbulusspp.,Dialeurodes citri, Diaphorina citri, Diaspisspp.,Drosichaspp.,Dysaphisspp.,Dysmicoccusspp.,Empoascaspp.,Eriosomaspp.,Erythroneuraspp.,Eucalyptolymaspp.,Euphylluraspp.,Euscelis bilobatus, Ferrisiaspp.,Geococcus coffeae, Glycaspisspp.,Heteropsylla cubana, Heteropsylla spinulosa, Homalodisca coagulata, Hyalopterus arundinis, Iceryaspp.,Idiocerusspp.,Idioscopusspp.,Laodelphax striatellus, Lecaniumspp.,Lepidosaphesspp.,Lipaphis erysimi, Macrosiphumspp.,Macrosteles facifrons, Mahanarvaspp.,Melanaphis sacchari, Metcalfiellaspp.,Metopolophium dirhodum, Monellia costalis, Monelliopsis pecanis, Myzusspp.,Nasonovia ribisnigri, Nephotettixspp.,Nettigoniclla spectra, Nilaparvata lugens, Oncometopiaspp.,Orthezia praelonga, Oxya chinensis, Pachypsyllaspp.,Parabemisia myricae, Paratriozaspp.,Parlatoriaspp.,Pemphigusspp.,Peregrinus maidis, Phenacoccusspp.,Phloeomyzus passerinii, Phorodon humuli, Phylloxeraspp.,Pinnaspis aspidistrae, Planococcusspp.,Prosopidopsylla flava, Protopulvinaria pyriformis, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona, Pseudococcusspp.,Psyllopsisspp.,Psyllaspp.,Pteromalusspp.,Pyrillaspp.,Quadraspidiotusspp.,Quesada gigas, Rastrococcusspp.,Rhopalosiphumspp.,Saissetiaspp.,Scaphoideus titanus, Schizaphis graminum, Selenaspidus articulatus, Sogataspp.,Sogatella furcifera, Sogatodesspp.,Stictocephala festina, Siphoninus phillyreae, Tenalaphara malayensis, Tetragonocephelaspp.,Tinocallis caryaefoliae, Tomaspisspp.,Toxopteraspp.,Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Triozaspp.,Typhlocybaspp.,Unaspisspp.,Viteus vitifolii, Zyginaspp.;from the order Hymenoptera, for example,Acromyrmexspp.,Athaliaspp.,Attaspp.,Diprionspp.,Hoplocampaspp.,Lasiusspp.,Monomorium pharaonis, Sirexspp.,Solenopsis invicta, Tapinomaspp.,Urocerusspp.,Vespaspp.,Xerisspp.;from the order Isopoda, for example,Armadillidium vulgare, Oniscus asellus, Porcellio scaber;from the order Isoptera, for example,Coptotermesspp.,Cornitermes cumulans, Cryptotermesspp.,Incisitermesspp.,Microtermes obesi, Odontotermesspp.,Reticulitermesspp.;from the order Lepidoptera, for example,Achroia grisella, Acronicta major, Adoxophyesspp.,Aedia leucomelas, Agrotisspp.,Alabamaspp.,Amyelois transitella, Anarsiaspp.,Anticarsiaspp.,Argyroplocespp.,Barathra brassicae, Borbo cinnara, Bucculatrix thurberiella, Bupalus piniarius, Busseolaspp.,Cacoeciaspp.,Caloptilia theivora, Capua reticulana, Carpocapsa pomonella, Carposina niponensis, Cheimatobia brumata, Chilospp.,Choristoneuraspp.,Clysia ambiguella, Cnaphalocerusspp.,Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Cnephasiaspp.,Conopomorphaspp.,Conotrachelusspp.,Copitarsiaspp.,Cydiaspp.,Dalaca noctuides, Diaphaniaspp.,Diatraea saccharalis, Eariasspp.,Ecdytolopha aurantium, Elasmopalpus lignosellus, Eldana saccharina, Ephestiaspp.,Epinotiaspp.,Epiphyas postvittana, Etiellaspp.,Euliaspp.,Eupoecilia ambiguella, Euproctisspp.,Euxoaspp.,Feltiaspp.,Galleria mellonella, Gracillariaspp.,Grapholithaspp.,Hedyleptaspp.,Helicoverpaspp.,Heliothisspp.,Hofmannophila pseudospretella, Homoeosomaspp.,Homonaspp.,Hyponomeuta padella, Kakivoria flavofasciata, Laphygmaspp.,Laspeyresia molesta, Leucinodes orbonalis, Leucopteraspp.,Lithocolletisspp.,Lithophane antennata, Lobesiaspp.,Loxagrotis albicosta, Lymantriaspp.,Lyonetiaspp.,Malacosoma neustria, Maruca testulalis, Mamstra brassicae, Melanitis leda, Mocisspp.,Monopis obviella, Mythimna separata, Nemapogon cloacellus, Nymphulaspp.,Oiketicusspp.,Oriaspp.,Orthagaspp.,Ostriniaspp.,Oulema oryzae, Panolis flammea, Parnaraspp.,Pectinophoraspp.,Perileucopteraspp.,Phthorimaeaspp.,Phyllocnistis citrella, Phyllonorycterspp.,Pierisspp.,Platynota stultana, Plodia interpunctella, Plusiaspp.,Plutella xylostella, Praysspp.,Prodeniaspp.,Protoparcespp.,Pseudaletiaspp.,Pseudaletia unipuncta, Pseudoplusia includens, Pyrausta nubilalis, Rachiplusia nu, Schoenobiusspp.,Scirpophagaspp.,Scirpophaga innotata, Scotia segetum, Sesamiaspp.,Sesamia inferens, Sparganothisspp.,Spodopteraspp.,Spodoptera praefica, Stathmopodaspp.,Stomopteryx subsecivella, Synanthedonspp.,Tecia solanivora, Thermesia gemmatalis, Tinea cloacella, Tinea pellionella, Tineola bisselliella, Tortrixspp.,Trichophaga tapetzella, Trichoplusiaspp.,Tryporyza incertulas, Tuta absoluta, Viracholaspp.;from the order Orthoptera or Saltatoria, for example,Acheta domesticus, Dichroplusspp.,Gryllotalpaspp.,Hieroglyphusspp.,Locustaspp.,Melanoplusspp.,Schistocerca gregaria;from the order Phthiraptera, for example,Damaliniaspp.,Haematopinusspp.,Linognathusspp.,Pediculusspp.,Ptirus pubis, Trichodectesspp.;from the order Psocoptera for exampleLepinatusspp.,Liposcelisspp.;from the order Siphonaptera, for example,Ceratophyllusspp.,Ctenocephalidesspp.,Pulex irritans, Tunga penetrans, Xenopsylla cheopsis;from the order Thysanoptera, for example,Anaphothrips obscurus, Baliothrips biformis, Drepanothrips reuteri, Enneothrips flavens, Frankliniellaspp.,Heliothripsspp.,Hercinothrips femoralis, Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus, Scirtothripsspp.,Taeniothrips cardamomi, Thripsspp.;from the order Zygentoma (=Thysanura), for example,Ctenolepismaspp.,Lepisma saccharina, Lepismodes inquilinus, Thermobia domestica;from the class Symphyla, for example,Scutigerellaspp.;pests from the phylum Mollusca, especially from the class Bivalvia, for example,Dreissenaspp., and from the class Gastropoda, for example,Arionspp.,Biomphalariaspp.,Bulinusspp.,Derocerasspp.,Galbaspp.,Lymnaeaspp.,Oncomelaniaspp.,Pomaceaspp.,Succineaspp.;animal pests from the phylums Plathelminthes and Nematoda, for example,Ancylostoma duodenale, Ancylostoma ceylanicum, Acylostoma braziliensis, Ancylostomaspp.,Ascarisspp.,Brugia malayi, Brugia timori, Bunostomumspp.,Chabertiaspp.,Clonorchisspp.,Cooperiaspp.,Dicrocoeliumspp.,Dictyocaulus filaria, Diphyllobothrium latum, Dracunculus medinensis, Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis, Enterobius vermicularis, Faciolaspp.,Haemonchusspp.,Heterakisspp.,Hymenolepis nana, Hyostrongulusspp.,Loa Loa, Nematodirusspp.,Oesophagostomumspp.,Opisthorchisspp.,Onchocerca volvulus, Ostertagiaspp.,Paragonimusspp.,Schistosomenspp.,Strongyloides fuelleborni, Strongyloides stercoralis, Stronyloidesspp.,Taenia saginata, Taenia solium, Trichinella spiralis, Trichinella nativa, Trichinella britovi, Trichinella nelsoni, Trichinella pseudopsiralis, Trichostrongulusspp.,Trichuris trichuria, Wuchereria bancrofti;phytoparasitic pests from the phylum Nematoda, for example,Aphelenchoidesspp.,Bursaphelenchusspp.,Ditylenchusspp.,Globoderaspp.,Heteroderaspp.,Longidorusspp.,Meloidogynespp.,Pratylenchusspp.,Radopholusspp.,Trichodorusspp.,Tylenchulusspp.,Xiphinemaspp.,Helicotylenchusspp.,Tylenchorhynchusspp.,Scutellonemaspp.,Paratrichodorusspp.,Meloinemaspp.,Paraphelenchusspp.,Aglenchusspp.,Belonolaimusspp.,Nacobbusspp.,Rotylenchulusspp.,Rotylenchusspp.,Neotylenchusspp.,Paraphelenchusspp.,Dolichodorusspp.,Hoplolaimusspp.,Punctoderaspp.,Criconemellaspp.,Quinisulciusspp.,Hemicycliophoraspp.,Anguinaspp.,Subanguinaspp.,Hemicriconemoidesspp.,Psilenchusspp.,Pseudohalenchusspp.,Criconemoidesspp.,Cacopaurusspp.,Hirschmaniellaspp,Tetylenchusspp. The fact that the composition is well tolerated by plants at the concentrations required for controlling plant diseases and pests allows the treatment of above-ground parts of plants, of propagation stock and seeds, and of the soil. According to the invention all plants and plant parts can be treated. By plants is meant all plants and plant populations such as desirable and undesirable wild plants, cultivars and plant varieties (whether or not protectable by plant variety or plant breeder's rights). Cultivars and plant varieties can be plants obtained by conventional propagation and breeding methods which can be assisted or supplemented by one or more biotechnological methods such as by use of double haploids, protoplast fusion, random and directed mutagenesis, molecular or genetic markers or by bioengineering and genetic engineering methods. By plant parts is meant all above ground and below ground parts and organs of plants such as shoot, leaf, blossom and root, whereby for example leaves, needles, stems, branches, blossoms, fruiting bodies, fruits and seed as well as roots, corms and rhizomes are listed. Crops and vegetative and generative propagating material, for example cuttings, corms, rhizomes, runners and seeds also belong to plant parts. The inventive composition, when it is well tolerated by plants, has favourable homeotherm toxicity and is well tolerated by the environment, is suitable for protecting plants and plant organs, for enhancing harvest yields, for improving the quality of the harvested material. It can preferably be used as crop protection composition. It is active against normally sensitive and resistant species and against all or some stages of development. Plants which can be treated in accordance with the invention include the following main crop plants: maize, soya bean, alfalfa, cotton, sunflower,Brassicaoil seeds such asBrassica napus(e.g., canola, rapeseed),Brassica rapa, B. juncea(e.g., (field) mustard) andBrassica carinata, Arecaceae sp. (e.g., oilpalm, coconut), rice, wheat, sugar beet, sugar cane, oats, rye, barley, millet and sorghum, triticale, flax, nuts, grapes and vine and various fruit and vegetables from various botanic taxa, e.g., Rosaceae sp. (e.g., pome fruits such as apples and pears, but also stone fruits such as apricots, cherries, almonds, plums and peaches, and berry fruits such as strawberries, raspberries, red and black currant and gooseberry), Ribesioidae sp., Juglandaceae sp., Betulaceae sp., Anacardiaceae sp., Fagaceae sp., Moraceae sp., Oleaceae sp. (e.g., olive tree), Actinidaceae sp., Lauraceae sp. (e.g., avocado, cinnamon, camphor), Musaceae sp. (e.g., banana trees and plantations), Rubiaceae sp. (e.g., coffee), Theaceae sp. (e.g., tea), Sterculiceae sp., Rutaceae sp. (e.g., lemons, oranges, mandarins and grapefruit); Solanaceae sp. (e.g., tomatoes, potatoes, peppers, capsicum, aubergines, tobacco), Liliaceae sp., Compositae sp. (e.g., lettuce, artichokes and chicory—including root chicory, endive or common chicory), Umbelliferae sp. (e.g., carrots, parsley, celery and celeriac), Cucurbitaceae sp. (e.g., cucumbers—including gherkins, pumpkins, watermelons, calabashes and melons), Alliaceae sp. (e.g., leeks and onions), Cruciferae sp. (e.g., white cabbage, red cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, pak choi, kohlrabi, radishes, horseradish, cress and chinese cabbage), Legurninosae sp. (e.g., peanuts, peas, lentils and beans—e.g., common beans and broad beans), Chenopodiaceae sp. (e.g., Swiss chard, fodder beet, spinach, beetroot), Linaceae sp. (e.g., hemp), Cannabeacea sp. (e.g., cannabis), Malvaceae sp. (e.g., okra, cocoa), Papaveraceae (e.g., poppy), Asparagaceae (e.g., asparagus); useful plants and ornamental plants in the garden and woods including turf, lawn, grass andStevia rebaudiana; and in each case genetically modified types of these plants. Depending on the plant species or plant cultivars, their location and growth conditions (soils, climate, vegetation period, diet), using or employing the composition according to the present invention the treatment according to the invention may also result in super-additive (“synergistic”) effects. Thus, for example, by using or employing inventive composition in the treatment according to the invention, reduced application rates and/or a widening of the activity spectrum and/or an increase in the activity better plant growth, increased tolerance to high or low temperatures, increased tolerance to drought or to water or soil salt content, increased flowering performance, easier harvesting, accelerated maturation, higher harvest yields, bigger fruits, larger plant height, greener leaf color, earlier flowering, higher quality and/or a higher nutritional value of the harvested products, higher sugar concentration within the fruits, better storage stability and/or processability of the harvested products are possible, which exceed the effects which were actually to be expected. At certain application rates of the inventive composition in the treatment according to the invention may also have a strengthening effect in plants. The defense system of the plant against attack by unwanted phytopathogenic fungi and/or microorganisms and/or viruses is mobilized. Plant-strengthening (resistance-inducing) substances are to be understood as meaning, in the present context, those substances or combinations of substances which are capable of stimulating the defense system of plants in such a way that, when subsequently inoculated with unwanted phytopathogenic fungi and/or microorganisms and/or viruses, the treated plants display a substantial degree of resistance to these phytopathogenic fungi and/or microorganisms and/or viruses. Thus, by using or employing composition according to the present invention in the treatment according to the invention, plants can be protected against attack by the abovementioned pathogens within a certain period of time after the treatment. The period of time within which protection is effected generally extends from 1 to 10 days, preferably 1 to 7 days, after the treatment of the plants with the active compounds. Plants and plant cultivars which are also preferably to be treated according to the invention are resistant against one or more biotic stresses, i.e., said plants show a better defense against animal and microbial pests, such as against nematodes, insects, mites, phytopathogenic fungi, bacteria, viruses and/or viroids. Plants and plant cultivars which may also be treated according to the invention are those plants which are resistant to one or more abiotic stresses, i.e., that already exhibit an increased plant health with respect to stress tolerance. Abiotic stress conditions may include, for example, drought, cold temperature exposure, heat exposure, osmotic stress, flooding, increased soil salinity, increased mineral exposure, ozone exposure, high light exposure, limited availability of nitrogen nutrients, limited availability of phosphorus nutrients, shade avoidance. Preferably, the treatment of these plants and cultivars with the composition of the present invention additionally increases the overall plant health (cf. above). Plants and plant cultivars which may also be treated according to the invention, are those plants characterized by enhanced yield characteristics, i.e., that already exhibit an increased plant health with respect to this feature. Increased yield in said plants can be the result of, for example, improved plant physiology, growth and development, such as water use efficiency, water retention efficiency, improved nitrogen use, enhanced carbon assimilation, improved photosynthesis, increased germination efficiency and accelerated maturation. Yield can furthermore be affected by improved plant architecture (under stress and non-stress conditions), including but not limited to, early flowering, flowering control for hybrid seed production, seedling vigor, plant size, internode number and distance, root growth, seed size, fruit size, pod size, pod or ear number, seed number per pod or ear, seed mass, enhanced seed filling, reduced seed dispersal, reduced pod dehiscence and lodging resistance. Further yield traits include seed composition, such as carbohydrate content, protein content, oil content and composition, nutritional value, reduction in anti-nutritional compounds, improved processability and better storage stability. Preferably, the treatment of these plants and cultivars with the composition of the present invention additionally increases the overall plant health (cf. above). Plants that may be treated according to the invention are hybrid plants that already express the characteristic of heterosis or hybrid vigor which results in generally higher yield, vigor, health and resistance towards biotic and abiotic stress factors. Such plants are typically made by crossing an inbred male-sterile parent line (the female parent) with another inbred male-fertile parent line (the male parent). Hybrid seed is typically harvested from the male sterile plants and sold to growers. Male sterile plants can sometimes (e.g., in corn) be produced by detasseling, i.e., the mechanical removal of the male reproductive organs (or males flowers) but, more typically, male sterility is the result of genetic determinants in the plant genome. In that case, and especially when seed is the desired product to be harvested from the hybrid plants it is typically useful to ensure that male fertility in the hybrid plants is fully restored. This can be accomplished by ensuring that the male parents have appropriate fertility restorer genes which are capable of restoring the male fertility in hybrid plants that contain the genetic determinants responsible for male-sterility. Genetic determinants for male sterility may be located in the cytoplasm. Examples of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) were for instance described inBrassicaspecies. However, genetic determinants for male sterility can also be located in the nuclear genome. Male sterile plants can also be obtained by plant biotechnology methods such as genetic engineering. A particularly useful means of obtaining male-sterile plants is described in WO 89/10396 in which, for example, a ribonuclease such as barnase is selectively expressed in the tapetum cells in the stamens. Fertility can then be restored by expression in the tapetum cells of a ribonuclease inhibitor such as barstar. Plants or plant cultivars (obtained by plant biotechnology methods such as genetic engineering) which may be treated according to the invention are herbicide-tolerant plants, i.e., plants made tolerant to one or more given herbicides. Such plants can be obtained either by genetic transformation, or by selection of plants containing a mutation imparting such herbicide tolerance. EXAMPLES Example 1 Formula for the Efficacy of the Combination of Multiple Active Ingredients A synergistic effect of active ingredients is present when the activity of the active ingredient combinations exceeds the total of the activities of the active ingredients when applied individually. The expected activity for a given combination of two active ingredients can be calculated as follows (cf. Colby, S. R., “Calculating Synergistic and Antagonistic Responses of Herbicide Combinations,” Weeds, 1967, 15, 20-22): IfX is the efficacy when active ingredient A is applied at an application rate of m ppm (or g/ha),Y is the efficacy when active ingredient B is applied at an application rate of n ppm (or g/ha),E is the efficacy when the active ingredients A and B are applied at application rates of m and n ppm (or g/ha), respectively, andthen E=X+Y-X·Y100 If the actual activity exceeds the calculated value, then the activity of the combination is superadditive, i.e., a synergistic effect exists. In this case, the efficacy which was actually observed must be greater than the value for the expected efficacy (E) calculated from the above-mentioned formula. For instance, the formula and analysis can be applied to an evaluation of plant growth promotion. Such an assay is evaluated several days after the applications to plants. 100% means plant weight which corresponds to that of the untreated control plant. Efficacy means in this case the additional % of plant weight in comparison to that of the untreated control. For example, a treatment that resulted in plant weights that were 120% compared to the untreated control plant would have an efficacy of 20%. If the plant growth promotion effect for the combination (i.e., the observed efficacy for % plant weights of plants treated with the combination) exceeds the calculated value, then the activity of the combination is superadditive, i.e., a synergistic effect exists. The formula and analysis can also be used to evaluate synergy in disease control assays. The degree of efficacy expressed in % is denoted. 0% means an efficacy which corresponds to that of the control while an efficacy of 100% means that no disease is observed. If the actual insecticidal or fungicidal activity exceeds the calculated value, then the activity of the combination is superadditive, i.e., a synergistic effect exists. In this case, the efficacy which is actually observed must be greater than the value for the expected efficacy (E) calculated from the above-mentioned formula. A further way of demonstrating a synergistic effect is the method of Tammes (cf. “Isoboles, A Graphic Representation of Synergism in Pesticides” inNeth. J. Plant Path.,1964, 70, 73-80). Example 2 Plant Growth Promotion with Flupyradifurone and RecombinantBacillus thuringiensisCells Experiments were conducted to analyze efficacy of a combination of flupyradifurone and a fermentation product of recombinantBacillus thuringiensiscells expressing phospholipase C (“BEPC”). Maize seeds were grown in sterile mixture of synthetic media and sand in small three-inch square pots on light racks in a plant growth room at 25-28° C. and 50% humidity for about 14 days. Two seeds were planted in each pot. At planting, the growing media in each pot was drenched with the treatments described below. After 14 days, plants were measured for whole plant biomass. In the tables below, UTC refers to untreated control. “Calculated” refers to the expected effect calculated using the above-described Colby equation and “Efficacy” refers to the actual effect observed. The SIVANTO® product, which contains flupyradifurone as its active ingredient (17.09% flupyradifurone), was diluted in 50 mL water and the diluted solution was used to drench the growing media. The application rate shown below refers to the amount of active ingredient (i.e., flupyradifurone) applied to the growing media. A recombinantBacillus cereusfamily member (Bacillus thuringiensisBT013A) expressing phospholipase C on its exosporium (BEPC) was generated as follows. To generate plasmids for expression of fusion proteins inBacillus cereusfamily members, PCR fragments were generated that encoded the BclA promoter (SEQ ID NO: 85), a methionine start codon, and amino acids 20-35 of BclA (SEQ ID NO:1) followed by a six alanine linker sequence fused in frame toBacillus thuringiensisBT013A phospholipase (SEQ ID NO: 108). These PCR fragments were digested with XhoI and ligated into the SalI site of the pSUPER plasmid to generate the plasmids pSUPER-BclA 20-35-Phospholipase. The pSUPER plasmid was generated through fusion of the pUC57 plasmid (containing an ampicillin resistance cassette) with the pBC16-1 plasmid fromBacillus(containing a tetracycline resistance). This 5.5 kbp plasmid can replicate in bothE. coliandBacillusspp. The pSUPER-BclA 20-35-Phospholipase plasmids were transformed into and propagated in dam methylase negativeE. colistrains and finally were transformed intoBacillus thuringiensisBT013A. To obtain whole broth cultures of BEPC, 15 mL conicals containing brain heart infusion media (BHI) were inoculated with BEPC and grown for 7-8 hours at around 30° C. at a shaker setting of 300 rpm. The next day, 250 μL aliquots from each flask were inoculated into 250 mL flasks containing 50 mL of a yeast extract-based media and grown at about 30° C. After approximately 2 days of incubation, when sporulation was at least 95% completed, the culture broth was harvested and colony forming units calculated. The fermentation broth was diluted to 5% in 50 mL water and the following colony forming units applied to each pot. TABLE 3WholePlantApplicationBiomassFoundEfficacyCalculatedTreatmentRate(g)%%%UTC3.39100Flupyradifurone1.363.501033mg/potBEPC 5%7 × 1083.8311313CFU/potFlupyradifurone1.364.151222215.61+ BEPC 5%mg/pot +7 × 108CFU/pot Results indicate a superadditive plant yield effect when combining flupyradifurone and BEPC. Example 3 Plant Growth Promotion with Clothianidin and RecombinantBacillus thuringiensisCells Maize seeds will be grown in loamy sand in the greenhouse at 20° C. and 70% humidity for about 11 days. After about 11 days from the time of treatment the seedlings will be cut off above the soil and the fresh weight will be determined. RecombinantBacillus thuringiensiscells expressing an endoglucanase encoded by SEQ ID NO: 107 or a phospholipase C encoded by SEQ ID NO: 108 and prepared as described above will be applied at about 50 μg/kernel. Clothianidin will also be applied at about 250 μg/kernel. It is expected that the maize plants treated with the recombinantBacillus thuringiensisin combination with the clothianidin will have % shoot weights that exceed the calculated value based on the % shoot weights from the maize plants treated with the two active ingredients alone, i.e., a synergistic effect will be observed.

11856957

DETAILED DESCRIPTION This specification broadly relates to insecticidal compositions and methods of using the same. The compositions and methods are effective and selective in killing insects. This invention describes the use ofperillaoil, its components, or other related compounds to synergize the activity of non-perilla-oil-related insecticides. Accordingly, for the purposes of this specification, an insecticide refers to a compound having insecticidal activity, other thanperillaoil, one of its components, a perillaldehyde analog, or the other related synergists described in this specification. In some embodiments, an active agent comprisesperillaoil, one of its components, or a perillaldehyde analog.Perillaoil,perillaoil components, and perillaldehyde analogs can be extracted from plant sources or can be synthesized. Parts of the plant used to extract these compounds include, but are not limited to, at least one of the flower, stem, leaf, seed, fruit, or fruit peel of the plant. Plant sources may include plants of the genusPerilla, including, but not limited to, green varieties—Perilla frutescens(L.) Britt. var.crispa, var.arguta, var.arcuta, var.stricta, Perilla ocymoidesL. andPerilla crispavar.ocymoides—and the purple leaf varieties—Perilla frutescensvar.acuta, var.typica, var.stricta, var.crisp, var.atropurpurea, var.crispa, var.nankinensis, var.olifera, var.japonica, var.citriodora, Perilla crispa(Thunb.), andPerilla nankinensis(Lour.). Perillaoil can be extracted from a plant by any means known in the art, including, but not limited to, at least one of pressing, grinding, mashing, distillation such as steam distillation, cold pressure extraction, chromatography, a suitable solvent extraction such as liquid CO2extraction, and methanol extraction of a part or combination of parts of the plant source. Perillaoil components and certain perillaldehyde analogs may be derived or isolated (e.g., extracted) fromperillaoil or from a plant source, as described above. Perillaldehyde, a component ofperillaoil, can also be extracted from other plant sources outside of the genusPerillaincluding, but not limited to,Sium latifolium, Citrus reticulata(e.g., the peels of the fruit),Limnophila geoffrayi, Laser tribolium, Limnophiliz aromatica, Laserpitium siler, Conyza Cuminum cyminum, andPlectranthus marruboides. (R)-carvone can be extracted fromperillaoil and other plant sources including artemisa fergamensis, bergamot, cassis, chamomile moroccan wild, clove oil,eucalyptus globulus, gingergrass, grapefruit, juniperberry, lavender, lemon, mandarin, marjorum, scotch spearmint (Mentha cardiaca),menthalongifolio, garden mint (Mentha spicata), common spearmint (Mentha viridis), orange, andtagetes. (S)-carvone can be extracted fromperillaoil and other plant sources including Indian dill, dill, artemisa fergamensis, caraway,Eucalyptus globulus, gingergrass, lavender,Litsea guatemaleusis, andMentha arvensis. Perillyl alcohol, also referred to asperillaalcohol, can be extracted fromperillaoil and other plant sources includingAmomum testaceumfruit oil,angelicaroot oil, bergamot plant, caraway seed oil, gingergrass, lavandin, mandarin oil, orange peel oil,perilla, rose oil otto Bulgaria, savin, turmeric root oil, and wormseed oil. (−)-Myrtenal can also be extracted from other plant sources including amomum testaceum ridl. fruit oil (Malaysia),Artemisia campestrisspp., Glutoinosa flower oil (Italy),Artemisia variabilisflower oil (Italy), boldo leaf oil (Italy), chamomile oil, cistus oil, coriander seed oil (Cuba), cumin seed, cypress cone oil (Egypt), cypress oil,eucalyptus, eucalyptus globuluspseudoglobulus oil, labdanum leaf oil, labdanum oil, laurel leaf oil (Turkey), layana oil (Kenya), lemonverbenaoil (Morocco), mint,nepeta betonicifoliac.a. meyer oil (Turkey),nepetadenudate benth. oil (Iran), parsley leaf oil, pepper, petitgrain sweet oil,peucedanumpetriolare boiss oil (Iran), Pteronia oil,SantolinaOil,Satureja vimineaI. oil (Costa Rica), Tansy oil (Morocco), wormwood oil, yarrow leaf oil, and yarrow oil. Perillic acid is also a byproduct of limonene metabolism. Limonene is a chiral molecule and is found in biological sources such as citrus fruits as D-limonene (also refered to as (+)-limonene), which is the (R)-enantiomer. Racemic limonene is known as dipentene.Perillaoil components and perillaldehyde analogs can be isolated by any means known in the art including, but not limited to, distillation such as steam distillation, cold pressure extraction, chromatography, solvent extraction such as liquid CO2extraction or methanol extraction, or a combination thereof.Perillaoil components and perillaldehyde analogs can be chemically synthesized by means known in the art.Perillaoil components and perillaldehyde analogs can be purchased from various vendors, for example, Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) or City Chemical (West Haven, CT). In some embodiments, an active agent comprises at least one isolated or synthesizedperillaoil component.Perillaoil components are known in the art and include, but are not limited to, those set forth in Table A.Perillaoil components include, but are not limited to, farnesene, perillaldehyde, linolenic acid, caryophyllene (including β-caryphyollene), limonene (including D-limonene), perillyl alcohol (including (S)-(−)-perillyl alcohol), perillic acid, carvone (including (R)-carvone and (S)-carvone), pinene (including pinene alpha and pinene beta), linalool, germacrene, bergamotene, and spathulenol. TABLE AVaporSolubilityMeltingBoilingPressureViscosity(in waterCAS #PointPoint(@ 25° C.)(@ 25° C.)@ 25° C.)Pinene Alpha80-56-8(−) 62°C.155.5°C.4.75mmHg2.49mg/LPinene Beta127-91-3(−) 61°C.166°C.2.93mmHg2.62mg/L(+)-(R)-Limonene5989-27-5(−) 40.8°C.178°C.1.541mmHg13.8mg/LLinalool78-70-6(−) 11.39°C.198°C.0.16mmHg4.4 mPa1590mg/LPerilla Aldehyde2111-75-3(−) 4.83°C.218.2°C.0.0463mmHg160.7mg/LPerillyl Alcohol (racemic)536-59-411.1°C.244°C.0.00478mmHg471mg/LCaryophyllene Beta87-44-543.4°C.256.8°C.0.031mmHg0.05mg/LCaryophyllene AlphaGermacrene D23986-74-515.8°C.262.9°C.0.023mmHg0.013mg/LBergamotene Trans13474-59-433.7°C.255.4°C.0.028mmHg0.030mg/LAlphaFarnesene Alpha502-61-4(−) 17.2°C.261.1°C.0.025mmHg0.011mg/LSpathulenol6750-60-374.9°C.284.6°C.1.2 × 10−4mmHg12.4mg/LCaryophyllene Oxide-Beta1139-30-663°C.263.5°C.0.01mmHg2.21mg/L In some embodiments, an active agent comprises at least one of certain perillaldehyde analogs that have a structure similar to perillaldehyde but differ from perillaldehyde by a single element or group. In particular, for the purposes of this specification, perillaldehyde analogs are limonene (including D-limonene), perillyl alcohol (including (S)-(−)-perillyl alcohol), perillic acid (including (S)-(−)-perillic acid), myrtenal (including (1R)-(−)-myrtenal), 3-methyl-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde, and any other analog of perillaldehyde that includes substituents on the perillaldehyde cyclohexene ring that do not eliminate the ability of the analog to act as a synergist with the insecticides described in this specification. In some embodiments, an active agent comprises a perillaldehyde analog of Formula (A): wherein:R1is selected from the group consisting of —CH2OH, —CHO, and —COORa;R2is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and alkenyl;R3is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl;R4is hydrogen, or R4and R2are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form an optionally substituted ring; andRais selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl. The term “alkyl” refers to a straight or branched saturated hydrocarbon chain. Alkyl groups may include a specified number of carbon atoms. For example, C1-C12alkyl indicates that the alkyl group may have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 carbon atoms. An alkyl group may be, e.g., a C1-C12alkyl group, a C1-C10alkyl group, a C1-C8alkyl group, a C1-C6alkyl group, or a C1-C4alkyl group. For example, exemplary C1-C4alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl and tert-butyl groups. An alkyl group may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents. The term “alkenyl” refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain having one or more double bonds. Alkenyl groups may include a specified number of carbon atoms. For example, C2-C12alkenyl indicates that the alkenyl group may have 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 carbon atoms. An alkenyl group may be, e.g., a C2-C12alkenyl group, a C2-C10alkenyl group, a C2-C8alkenyl group, a C2-C6alkenyl group, or a C2-C4alkenyl group. Examples of alkenyl groups include but are not limited to allyl, propenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-hexenyl, and 3-octenyl groups. One of the double bond carbons may optionally be the point of attachment of the alkenyl substituent. An alkenyl group may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents. Substituents may include hydroxy, alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, and pentoxy), aryloxy groups (e.g., phenoxy, chlorophenoxy, tolyloxy, methoxyphenoxy, benzyloxy, alkyloxycarbonylphenoxy, and acyloxyphenoxy), acyloxy groups (e.g., propionyloxy, benzoyloxy, and acetoxy), carbamoyloxy groups, carboxy groups, mercapto groups, alkylthio groups, acylthio groups, arylthio groups (e.g., phenylthio, chlorophenylthio, alkylphenylthio, alkoxyphenylthio, benzylthio, and alkyloxycarbonylphenylthio), halogen atoms, cyano groups, monovalent hydrocarbon groups, substituted monovalent hydrocarbon groups, heterogeneous groups, aromatic groups (e.g., phenyl and tolyl), substituted aromatic groups (e.g., alkoxphenyl, alkoxycarbonylphenyl, and halophenyl), heterocyclic groups, heteroaromatic groups, and amino groups (e.g., amino, mono- and di-alkylamino having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, methylphenylamino, methylbenzylamino, alkanylamido groups of 1 to 3 carbon atoms, carbamamido, ureido, and guanidino), or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, an active agent comprises at least one of certain carvone analogs that have a structure similar to carvone. These analogs retain at least some of the activity of carvone. It is known in the art that structural modifications can be made to carvone to affect the physical properties of carvone, such as to reduce its volatility. See, e.g., Olof Smitt, Thesis entitled Syntheses of Allelochemicals for Insect Control (2002), Mid Sweden University, ISSN 1100-7974, ISBN 91-7283-277-0, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated into this specification by reference. Indeed, the modifications made to the structure of carvone can in some cases enhance the biological activity of the analog in the composition as compared to carvone. Carvone analogs are shown below in Formulas B-K and include epoxycarvone, hydroxydihydrocarvone, and carvone diols. In some embodiments, an active agent comprises a synergist which has a modified cyclohexene ring containing a substituted or unsubstituted methyl group and other substituents on the ring. Examples of synergists having such a modified cyclohexene ring include, but are not limited to, isophorone, 1-methyl-1-cyclohexene, 1-tert-butyl-1-cyclohexene, 3,5-dimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one, 4-methycyclohexene, 7,8-dihydro-α-ionone, 2,4-dimethyl-3-cyclohexenecarboxaldehyde, trivertal, 3-cyclohexene-1-methanol, and terpinolene. In some embodiments, the insecticide includes, but is not limited to, pyrethrum, pyrethrins, pyrethroids, spinosad, neonicotinoids, sulfoxoflor, carbamates, organophosphates, and organochlorines. The insecticide can be present in an amount of at least about 0.005%, at least about 0.01%, at least about 0.05%, at least about 0.1%, at least about 0.5%, at least about 1%, at least about 2%, or at least about 3%, at least about 4%, at least about 6%, at least about 8%, at least about 10%, at least about 12%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 50% or at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, and less than about 95%, less than about 90%, less than about 80%, less than about 75%, less than about 70%, less than about 65%, less than about 60%, less than about 55%, less than about 50%, less than about 45%, less than about 35%, less than about 30%, less than about 25%, less than about 20%, less than about 15%, less than about 10%, less than about 5%, less than about 2.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 1%, less than about 0.5%, or less than about 0.1% by weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the composition comprises an insecticide and active agent as described in this specification, and is substantially free of, or excludes any amount of, any other insecticide synergist such as piperonyl butoxide (PBO), N-octyl bicycloheptene dicarboximide (MGK-264), piprotal, propyl isome, sesamex, sesamolin, or sulfoxide. The composition may be substantially free of, or exclude any amount of, one or more of piperonyl butoxide (PBO), N-octyl bicycloheptene dicarboximide (MGK-264), piprotal, propyl isome, sesamex, sesamolin, or sulfoxide in any combination. As used in this specification, the term “pyrethrum” refers to a crude extract composition that is derived fromchrysanthemum-like flowers primarily grown in Kenya, Tanzania, and Australia (e.g.,T. cinerariaefolium, C. cinerariaefolium, andC. coccineum) and comprises a mixture of the naturally occurring insecticidal ester compounds known as the “pyrethrins,” as further detailed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/175,405, filed Jul. 1, 2011, which is incorporated into this specification by reference in its entirety. “Pyrethrins” is used in this specification as a collective term given to any combination of the six ester compounds (including refined pyrethrum) having the general Formula L and detailed in Table 1. TABLE 1Naturally Occurring Pyrethrin Esters.Common NameCAS NumberR1R2Pyrethrins IJasmolin-I4466-14-2CH3CH2CH3Cinerin-I25402-06-6CH3CH3Pyrethrin-I121-21-1CH3CH═CH2Pyrethrins IIJasmolin-II1172-63-0CH3OC(O)CH2CH3Cinerin-II121-20-0CH3OC(O)CH3Pyrethrin-II121-29-9CH3OC(O)CH═CH2 The term “pyrethrin ester” or “pyrethrin” is used in this specification to refer to one or a combination of two or more of the naturally occurring compounds defined in Table 1. While the terms “pyrethrins” and “pyrethrum” are sometimes used interchangeably, “pyrethrum” should be understood here to encompass crude extracts that contain pyrethrins. The pyrethrins in any given pyrethrum extract vary in relative amount, depending on factors such as the plant variety, where it is grown, and the time of harvest. Because it is not currently commercially advantageous to separate and isolate individual pyrethrin esters from each other, the pyrethrins content in pyrethrum extract is typically analyzed for total content of pyrethrins. While variable, the current state of the art typically allows for the total pyrethrins (i.e., pyrethrins I and pyrethrins II) to constitute about 45 to 55% (by weight) of a pyrethrum extract. Besides the pesticidially active esters mentioned above, many plant components may be present in the pyrethrum extract. This extract is typically a high boiling, viscous liquid that is prone to oxidation in air, might be difficult to store for extended periods of time, and can be readily diluted in a vegetable-based oil carrier to provide a Manufacturing Use Product (MUP) containing about 20% pyrethrins. This provides for a longer shelf life and has the added advantage of being NOSB (National Organic Standards Board) compliant. Therefore, pyrethrins are approved for use in organic production operations. Pyrethrins are commercially available from several sources throughout the world and, in the United States, are available from several sources including the product sold under the trade name Pyganic® MUP 20 by MGK (Minneapolis, MN). Pyganic® MUP 20 contains about 20% pyrethrins by weight. When the term “MUP 20” is used in this specification it refers to a MUP comprising about 20% pyrethrins by weight and includes, but is not limited to, Pyganic® MUP 20. The term “pyrethroid” is understood in the art to mean one or more synthetic compounds that act as an insecticide and are adapted from the chemical structure of Formula L. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has established two general classes of pyrethroids. Pyrethroids that include an α-cyano group (C—CN) bonded to the ester oxygen (see Formula L) are referred to as Type II pyrethroids, while pyrethroids lacking an α-cyano group are referred to as Type I pyrethroids. See, e.g., EPA Office of Pesticide Programs Memorandum “Pyrethroids: Evaluation of Data from Developmental Neurotoxicity Studies and Consideration of Comparison Sensitivity” (Jan. 20, 2010). Non-limiting examples of pyrethroids include acrinathrin, allethrin, benfluthrin, benzylnorthrin, bioallethrin, bioethanomethrin, bioresmethrin, bifenthrin, cyclethin, cycloprothrin, cyfluthrin, beta-cyfluthrin, gamma-cyhalothrin, lamdba-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, beta-cypermethrin, zeta-cypermethrin, cyphenothrin, deltamethrin, empenthrin, esbiothrin, esfenvalerate, etofenprox, fenfluthrin, fenpropathrin, fenvalerate, flucythrinate, flumethrin, imiprothin, isopyrethrin I, kadethrin, metofluthrin, permethrin, 1RS cis-permethrin, phenothrin, prallethrin, resmethrin, silafluofen, sumithrin (d-phenothrin), tau-fluvalinate, tefluthrin, tetramethrin, tralomethrin, transfluthrin, and isomers of these compounds. Etofenprox, a recently registered pyrethroid, contains an ether bond as its central linkage rather than an ester bond. In certain embodiments, the pyrethroid comprises at least one of permethrin, sumithrin, prallethrin, resmethrin, etofenprox, allethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, bifenthrin beta-cypermethrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, esfenvalerate, etofenprox, lamdba-cyhalothrin, and zeta-cypermethrin, which may be used with, for example,perillaoil, perillaldehyde or carvone. Additional information regarding pyrethrum, pyrethrins, and pyrethroids can be found in various references, reviews, and fact sheets, for example, Pyrethrum Flowers: Production, Chemistry, Toxicology, and Uses. John E. Casida and Gary B. Quistad (eds.), Oxford University Press, 1995; and “Pyrethrins & Pyrethroids” 1998 Fact Sheet published by the National Pesticide Telecommunications Network (NPTN) at Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. Spinosad is an insecticide derived from Saccharopolysporaspinosa. S. spinosaoccurs in over 20 natural forms, and over 200 synthetic forms (spinosoids). As used in this specification, spinosad includes at least one of Spinosyn A, Spinosyn D, or a combination thereof. Neonicotinoids are insecticides that act on the central nervous system of insects. Neonicotinoids include, but are not limited to, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, nitenpyram, thiacloprid, and thiamethoxam. Carbamates are organic compounds derived from carbamic acid (NH2COOH) and feature the carbamate ester functional group. Carbamates include, but are not limited to, aldicarb, alanycarb, bendiocarb, benfuracarb, butocarboxim, butoxycarboxim, carbaryl, carbofuran, carbosulfan, ethiofencarb, fenobucarb, formetanate, furathiocarb, isoprocarb, methiocarb, methomyl, metolcarb, oxamyl, pirimicarb, propoxur, thiodicarb, thiofanox, trimethacarb, XMC, xylylcarb, and triazamate. Organophosphates are esters of phosphoric acid which act on the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Organophosphates include, but are not limited to, acephate, azamethiphos, azinphos-ethyl, azinphos-methyl, chlorethoxyfos, chlorfenvinphos, chlormephos, chlorpyrifos, methyl chlorpyrifos, coumaphos, cyanophos, demeton-S-methyl, diazinon, dichlorvos/DDVP, dicrotophos, dimethoate, dimethylvinphos, disulfoton, EPN, ethion, ethoprophos, famphur, fenamiphos, fenitrothion, fenthion, flupyrazophos, fosthiazate, heptenophos, isoxathion, malathion, mecarbam, methamidophos, methidathion, mevinphos, monocrotophos, omethoate, oxydemeton-methyl, parathion, methyl parathion, phenthoate, phorate, phosalone, phosmet, phosphamidon, phoxim, pirimiphos-methyl, profenofos, propetamphos, prothiofos, pyraclofos, pyridaphenthion, quinalphos, sulfotep, tebupirimfos, temephos, terbufos, tetrachlorvinphos, thiometon, triazophos, trichlorfon, and vamidothion. Organochlorines are organic compounds containing at least one covalently bonded chlorine atom. Organochlorines include, but are not limited to, phthalimides, sulfamides, and chloronitriles, including, but not limited to, anilazine, captan, chlorothalonil, captafol, chlordane, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), dicofol, dichlofluanid, dichlorophen, endosulfan, flusulfamide, folpet, hexachlorobenzene, heptachlor, pentachlorphenol and its salts, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, mirex, phthalide, and tolylfluanid, N-(4-chloro-2-nitro-phenyl)-N-ethyl-4-methyl-benzenesulfonamide. Compositions Compositions described in this specification may comprise at least one active agent synergist and at least one insecticide. The active agent may consist of at least one ofperillaoil, one of its components, a perillaldehyde or carvone analog, or other related synergist described in this specification and can be present in an amount of at least about 0.01%, at least about 0.1%, at least about 0.5%, at least about 1%, at least about 2%, or at least about 3%, at least about 4%, at least about 6%, or at least about 8%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, and less than about 99.99%, less than about 99.9%, less than about 99%, less than about 95%, less than about 90%, less than about 80%, less than about 70%, less than about 60%, less than about 50%, less than about 40%, less than about 30%, less than about 25%, less than about 20%, less than about 15%, less than about 14%, less than about 12%, or less than about 10% by weight of the composition. The compositions may comprise at least one ofperillaoil, one of its components, a perillaldehyde or carvone analog, or other synergist described in this specification and may be present in an amount of about 1% to about 15%, about 2% to about 14%, about 6% to about 12%, or about 8% to about 10% by weight of the composition. Compositions may comprise an active agent that consists of at least one ofperillaoil, one of its components, a perillaldehyde or carvone analog, or other synergist described in this specification in an amount of less than about 100%, less than about 99%, less than about 98%, less than about 97%, less than about 96%, or less than about 95% by weight of the composition. The compositions may comprise an active agent that consists ofperillaoil, one of its components, a perillaldehyde or carvone analog, or other synergist described in this specification in an amount of about 1% to about 100%, about 1% to about 99%, about 2% to about 99%, or about 3% to about 98% by weight of the composition. For example, in some embodiments, compositions may comprise up to about 100%perillaoil. In some embodiments, compositions may comprise 15% perillaldehyde. In some embodiments, compositions may comprise 2% perillaldehyde analog. In some embodiments, compositions may comprise 30% perillaldehyde and 30% permethrin. In addition to a first active agent that consists ofperillaoil or one of its components or a perillaldehyde or carvone analog or other synergist described in this specification in an amount described above, and depending on the amount of the first active agent, compositions may comprise a second active agent, such as a differentperillaoil component, perillaldehyde or carvone analog, or synergist in the amounts described in the preceding paragraph. In some embodiments, compositions may comprise at least one insecticide selected from the group consisting of pyrethrum, pyrethrins, pyrethroids, spinosad, neonicotinoids, sulfoxoflor, carbamates, organophosphates, and organochlorines. The insecticide can be present in an amount of at least about 1%, at least about 2%, at least about 4%, at least about 6%, or at least about 8%, less than about 15%, less than about 14%, less than about 12%, or less than about 10% by weight of the composition. The compositions may comprise an insecticide in an amount of about 1% to about 15%, about 2% to about 14%, about 6% to about 12%, or about 8% to about 10% by weight of the composition. In addition to a first active agent that consists ofperillaoil or one of its components or a perillaldehyde or carvone analog or other synergist described in this specification in an amount described above, at least one insecticide, such as at least one selected from the group consisting of pyrethrum, pyrethrins, pyrethroids, spinosad, neonicotinoids, sulfoxoflor carbamates, organophosphates, and organochlorines in an amount described above, and an optional second active agent comprising a differentperillaoil component, depending on the amount of the first and second active agents, compositions may comprise a third active agent consisting of a differentperillaoil component or a different insecticide selected from the group consisting of pyrethrum, pyrethrins, pyrethroids, spinosad, neonicotinoids, sulfoxoflor, carbamates, organophosphates, and organochlorines in an amount of at least about 1%, at least about 2%, at least about 4%, at least about 6%, or at least about 8%, less than about 15%, less than about 14%, less than about 12%, less than about 10% by weight of the composition. The compositions may comprise a third active agent in an amount of at least about 1%, at least about 2%, at least about 3%, at least about 4%, at least about 5%, at least about 6%, at least about 7%, at least about 8%, at least about 9%, or at least about 10%, and less than about 99.9%, less than about 99%, less than about 95%, less than about 75%, less than about 50%, less than about 40%, less than about 35%, less than about 25%, less than about 20%, less than about 15%, less than about 14%, less than about 12%, or less than about 10% by weight of the composition. The compositions may comprise a third active agent that consists ofperillaoil or one of its components in an amount of about 1% to about 100%, about 1% to about 99%, about 2% to about 99%, or about 3% to about 98% by weight of the composition. Compositions may further comprise a viscosity modifier such as one or more of mineral oil or glycerol. “Mineral oil” as used in this specification relates to the commonly known product of the same name, which is a by-product of the distillation of petroleum (crude oil) to make gasoline and other products. Mineral oil is typically transparent and colorless and comprises complex mixtures of long chain aliphatic compounds often ranging in size from C15-C40. Depending on the refining process and source of crude oil, mineral oils can also include paraffinic, naphthenic, and aromatic compounds in varying weight percentages. Synonymous names for mineral oil can include “paraffin oil” or “white mineral oil” among other common names. Mineral oil is available from any number of commercial distributors (e.g., Brenntag, ProChem, Inc.). Non-limiting examples of “mineral oil” include those identified by CAS registry numbers: 8012-95-1, 8020-83-5, 8042-47-5, 72623-84-8, 72623-86-0, 72623-87-1, 64741-88-4, 64741-89-5, 64742-54-7, 64742-55-8, 64742-56-9, and 64742-65-0. The compositions may comprise a viscosity modifier, such as mineral oil glycerol, or any combination of viscosity modifiers, in an amount of at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, or at least about 70% by weight of the composition. The compositions may comprise a viscosity modifier, such as mineral oil, glycerol, or any combination of viscosity modifiers, in an amount of less than about 99%, less than about 95%, less than about 90%, less than about 85%, or less than about 80% by weight of the composition. The compositions may comprise a viscosity modifier, such as mineral oil, glycerol, or a combination of viscosity modifiers, in an amount of about 10% to about 99%, about 15% to about 99%, about 20% to about 99%, about 25% to about 99%, about 30% to about 99%, about 35% to about 99%, about 40% to about 99%, about 45% to about 99%, about 50% to about 99%, about 55% to about 99%, about 60% to about 99%, about 65% to about 99%, about 70% to about 99%, about 70% to about 95%, about 70% to about 90%, about 60% to about 90%, about 50% to about 90%, about 40% to about 90%, about 30% to about 90%, about 20% to about 90%, about 10% to about 90%, about 70% to about 85%, or about 70% to about 80% by weight of the composition. In some embodiments, a composition can include one or more carriers and/or diluents such as, for example, any solid or liquid carrier or diluent that is commonly used in pesticidal, agricultural, or horticultural compositions. Suitably, any included additional carrier or diluent will not reduce the insecticidal efficacy of the composition, relative to the efficacy of the composition in the absence of the additional component. Carriers and diluents can include, for example, solvents (e.g., water, alcohols, petroleum distillates, acids, and esters); vegetable (including, but not limited to, methylated vegetable) and/or plant-based oils as well as ester derivatives thereof (e.g., wintergreen oil, cedarwood oil, rosemary oil, peppermint oil, geraniol, rose oil, palmarosa oil, citronella oil, citrus oils (e.g., lemon, lime, and orange), dillweed oil, corn oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, palm oil, vegetable oil, olive oil, peanut oil, and canola oil). The composition can include varying amounts of other components such as, for example, surfactants (e.g., non-ionic, anionic, cationic, and zwitterionic surfactants); fatty acids and fatty acid esters of plant oils (e.g., methyl palmitate/oleate/linoleate); and other auxiliary ingredients such as, for example, emulsifiers, dispersants, stabilizers, suspending agents, penetrants, coloring agents/dyes, UV-absorbing agents, and fragrances, as necessary or desired. The compositions may comprise carrier or diluent in an amount of at least about 5% or at least about 10% by weight of the composition. The compositions may comprise carrier or diluent in an amount of less than about 90% or less than about 80% by weight of the composition. The compositions may comprise carrier or diluent in an amount of about 5% to about 90%, or about 10% to about 80% by weight of the composition. Components other than active agent(s) can be included in the compositions in any amount as long as the composition has some amount of insecticidal efficacy. Components of a composition can have a synergistic or additive effect on insecticidal activity. Components have an additive effect when the effect of the combination is equal to the sum of the effects of each individual component. In contrast, components have a synergistic effect when the effect of the combination exceeds the sum of the effects of the components when applied individually. The effect (E) of a combination of two compounds may be calculated using the Colby formula (1) (S. R. Colby, “Calculating Synergistic and Antagonistic Responses of Herbicide Combinations”,Weeds1967, 15, 20-22): wherein X is the kill rate, expressed as a percentage of the untreated control, when employing active compound X′ at an application rate of m g/ha or in a concentration of m ppm, μg, or other appropriate unit; wherein Y is the kill rate, expressed as a percentage of the untreated control, when employing active compound Y′ at an application rate of n g/ha or in a concentration of n ppm, μg, or other appropriate unit; wherein E is the kill rate, expressed as a percentage of the untreated control, when employing active compounds X′ and Y′ at application rates of m and n g/ha or in a concentration of m and n ppm. If the actual insecticidal kill rate is the calculated value (E), then the action of the combination is additive. If the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value (E), then the action of the combination is super-additive, that is, a synergistic effect is present. If the insecticidal kill rate is lower than the calculated value (E), then the action of the combination is considered antagonistic. As shown in the Examples,perillaoil and some of its components, a perillaldehyde or carvone analog, or other synergist can have synergistic activity with insecticides such as pyrethrum, pyrethrins, pyrethroids, spinosad, neonicotinoids, sulfoxoflor, carbamates, organophosphates, and organochlorines. The nature of the synergistic activity is unknown; however, without being limited to theory, it is postulated thatperillaoil, its components or a perillaldehyde or carvone analog or other related synergist may be preventing the degradation of insecticides by blocking detoxifying enzymes such as the oxidases (P450's), esterases (COE's), and transferases (GST's), all of which have been implicated in rendering exogenous toxins such as insecticides inactive. As an example, compositions may comprise aperillaoil component, such as carvone, or a perillaldehyde or carvone analog, and an insecticide, such as a neonicotinoid, wherein theperillaoil component or perillaldehyde or carvone analog acts as a synergist to increase the efficacy or activity of the insecticide. Theperillaoil component may be present in the composition with the insecticide. Embodiments include commercially useful formulations or “ready-to-use” application forms. In such formulations, the composition can be suitably provided as a mixture with other active compounds, for example, various additional insecticides, pesticides, fungicides, anti-microbials, and/or herbicides, as well as plant growth regulators, insect repellents, attractants, fertilizers, and/or fragrances, to expand the applicability of the insecticidal composition described in this specification. Embodiments provide for the compositions manufactured as formulations that are useful for insect control. In some embodiments, the composition can be formulated as an emulsion, a liquid concentrate, a sol (flowable agent), an aerosol (e.g., fogger), a liquid for ultra low volume (ULV) application, a mist, a spray, a vapor, a surface contact treatment, or incorporated into fibers or other materials such as a bednet, or the like, by any standard or conventional methods for mixing and manufacturing such formulations such as, for example, admixing active agent and an amount of mineral oil, glycerol, other viscosity modifier, or combination thereof, and optionally with one or more of any suitable additional inert ingredient that is used as a carrier, solvent, diluent, emulsifier, dispersant, stabilizers, suspending agent, or penetrant. The addition of these materials would depend on the active ingredient and the type of formulation and how it is intended to be applied. Compositions suitable for a particular application type can be formulated by those of skill in the art based on standard and conventional methods using guidance provided in this specification. In some embodiments, the composition can be formulated for application or delivery as an aerosol or a fog wherein the composition allows for the formation of droplets having an average diameter of about 1 μm to about 30 μm. Suitable compositions for such a formulation typically should have a viscosity that allows for the composition to atomize, but not be so thick as to clog the nozzle. Such viscosities can vary and be readily determined by one of skill in the art; however, a non-limiting common minimum viscosity is about 70 centistokes (cts). Plants or plant cells that have been modified to produce aperillaoil component, perillaldehyde or carvone analog, or synergist described in this specification are also provided. In certain embodiments, the plants or plant cells are modified to contain or express polynucleotides and/or polypeptides that facilitate the synthesis of, or increase the synthesis of, aperillaoil component or perillaldehyde analog or synergist in the plant. In certain embodiments, the plants are further modified to produce a pesticide in the plant, in addition to aperillaoil component, perillaldehyde analog, or combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the modified plants exhibit enhanced or increased resistance to insect or pest attack when compared with control plants or plant cells. In certain embodiments, the modified plants or plant cells exhibit enhanced growth, yield or a combination thereof relative to control plants. Modified plants may include vegetable, herb, spice, or fruit crops, as well as plants or crops producing cotton, flax, tobacco, hemp, rubber, nuts, and nursery stock and ornamental plant parts. Modified plants may include crops such as soybeans, corn, canola, oilseed rape, cotton, sugar beet, alfalfa, peanuts, wheat, barley, rye, oats, millet, and rice. Transgenic plants and methods of producing transgenic plants are provided. Such transgenic plants are produced, in certain embodiments, by introducing into a plant or plant cell one or more polynucleotides encoding one or more polypeptides that are involved in the synthesis of aperillaoil component or perillaldehyde analog, such that the polynucleotide is heterologously expressed and theperillaoil component or perillaldehyde analog is produced. In certain embodiments, expression of such polynucleotides or polypeptides may be down regulated, for example, by antisense, RNAi, micro RNAs, or sense suppression. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide is provided as a construct in which a promoter is operably linked to the polynucleotide. The synthesis pathways and enzymes responsible for producing manyperillaoil components and perillaldehyde analogs are known to those of skill in the art. For example, the isoprenyl synthesis pathway is well understood. Polypeptide enzymes that may be modified include, but are not limited to, monoterpene synthase, limonene-6-hydroxylase, (+)-trans-carveol dehydrogenase, mevalonate kinases, acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, 3-hydroxy 3-methylgluteryl-CoA transferase, prenyl transferases, terpene synthases, transketolases. One of skill in the art would understand how to manipulate de novo, enhanced or reduced expression and activity of such polypeptides, such that production of aperillaoil component or perillaldehyde analog is effected, increased or decreased in the plant. Accordingly, the transgenic plant can be modified to express one or more of farnesene, perillaldehyde, linolenic acid, caryophyllene, limonene, carvone, perillyl alcohol, pinene, linalool, germacrene, bergamotene, and spathulenol wherein the active agent has a synergistic effect on insecticidal activity. In certain embodiments, methods for controlling insect pests on a transgenic plant are provided in which a transgenic plant expressing aperillaoil component or perillaldehyde analog is contacted with an insecticide using one or more methods of application described in this specification for the compositions of the invention. Theperillaoil component or perillaldehyde analog is expressed in the plant in an amount effective to have a synergistic effect on the insecticide. As used in this specification, a “control plant” is a plant that is substantially equivalent to a test plant or modified plant in all parameters with the exception of the test parameters. For example, when referring to a plant into which a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide involved in the synthesis of aperillaoil component or perillaldehyde analog, in certain embodiments, a control plant is an equivalent plant into which either no such polynucleotide has been introduced. In certain embodiments, a control plant is an equivalent plant into which a control polynucleotide has been introduced. In such instances, the control polynucleotide is one that is expected to result in little or no phenotypic effect on the plant. The polynucleotides encoding polypeptides involved in the synthesis of aperillaoil component or perillaldehyde analog may be introduced into a plant cell to produce a transgenic plant. As used in this specification, “introduced into a plant” with respect to polynucleotides encompasses the delivery of a polynucleotide into a plant, plant tissue, or plant cell using any suitable polynucleotide delivery method. Methods suitable for introducing polynucleotides into a plant useful in the practice of the present invention include, but are not limited to, freeze-thaw method, microparticle bombardment, direct DNA uptake, whisker-mediated transformation, electroporation, sonication, microinjection, plant virus-mediated, andAgrobacterium-mediated transfer to the plant. Any suitableAgrobacteriumstrain, vector, or vector system for transforming the plant may be employed according to the present invention. In some embodiments, a plant may be regenerated or grown from the plant, plant tissue or plant cell. Any suitable methods for regenerating or growing a plant from a plant cell or plant tissue can be used, such as, without limitation, tissue culture or regeneration from protoplasts. Plants may be regenerated by growing transformed plant cells on callus induction media, shoot induction media and/or root induction media. The polynucleotides to be introduced into the plant can be operably linked to a promoter sequence and can be provided as a construct. As used in this specification, a polynucleotide is “operably linked” when it is placed into a functional relationship with a second polynucleotide sequence. For instance, a promoter is operably linked to a coding sequence if the promoter is connected to the coding sequence such that it may effect transcription of the coding sequence. In various embodiments, the polynucleotides may be operably linked to at least one, at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, or at least ten promoters. Promoters useful in the practice of the present invention include, but are not limited to, constitutive, inducible, temporally-regulated, developmentally regulated, chemically regulated, tissue-preferred and tissue-specific promoters. Suitably, the promoter causes sufficient expression in the plant to produce the phenotypes described in this specification. Suitable promoters include, but are not limited to, the 35S promoter of the cauliflower mosaic virus, ubiquitine, tCUP cryptic constitutive promoter, the Rsyn7 promoter, pathogen-inducible promoters, the maize In2-2 promoter, the tobacco PR-1a promoter, glucocorticoid-inducible promoters, and tetracycline-inducible and tetracycline-repressible promoters. The modified plant producing theperillaoil component or perillaldehyde analog component may have a composition comprising an insecticide, as described in this specification, applied such that the insecticide contacts the plant. Upon application of the insecticide, theperillaoil component is expressed or produced by the plant in an amount effective to act as a synergist to increase the efficacy or activity of the insecticide against an insect pest, such as those described in this specification. In plants modified to produce a pesticide and aperillaoil component or perillaldehyde, enhanced resistance to insect pests described in this specification may be achieved without application of a pesticide. Methods for Making Compositions The compositions can be generally prepared by any appropriate manufacturing processes and using any appropriate manufacturing equipment such as is known in the art. Suitably, the compositions can be prepared by combining the various components in an appropriate vessel (considering vessel size, amount of composition to be made and reactivity of components) with mixing (e.g., stirring) until a uniform or homogeneous composition is achieved. The various composition components can be added sequentially, with stirring between each addition to ensure dissolution and/or dispersion of the previous component. This may be followed by addition of one or more additional components (e.g., solvents, diluents, and carriers) with stirring to provide a homogeneous composition. Methods In some aspects, the disclosure provides methods for insect control comprising contacting an insect with an amount of any of the compositions described in this specification. As used in this specification, insects may include, but are not limited to, mosquitoes. “Mosquito” is understood to refer to any species of the approximately 3,500 species of the insect that is commonly associated with and given the common name, “mosquito.” Mosquitoes span 41 insect genera, including the non-limiting examples ofAedes, Culex, Anopheles(carrier of malaria),Coquillettidia, andOchierotatus. In embodiments described in this specification, a mosquito can refer to an adult mosquito or a larval mosquito or both. Thus, some embodiments describe methods or compositions wherein the insecticidal activity is referred to as mosquito “adulticide” or alternatively a mosquito “larvacide.” Insects may further include agronomic pests including, but not limited to, insects of the orders Lepidoptera (moths), Coleoptera (beetles), and Hemiptera (sucking insects, true bugs). Contacting an insect with a composition includes, but is not limited to, exposing an insect or a population of insects either by direct contact using any method described in this specification or known in the art, such as by topical application, or by indirect contact such as by inhalation of a vapor, spray, mist, aerosol or fog or by ingestion of the composition by the insect. Perillaoil, theperillaoil components, the perillaldehyde and carvone analogs, and the synergists having a cyclohexene ring described in this specification also have a synergistic effect with insecticides, such as pyrethrum, pyrethrins, pyrethroids, neonicotinoids, carbamates, organophosphates and organochlorines when used to control agronomonic pests. Agronomic pests include larvae of the order Lepidoptera, such as armyworms, (e.g., beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua)), cutworms, loopers, (e.g., cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni)) and heliothines in the family Noctuidae (e.g., fall armyworm (Spodoptera fugiperdaJ. E. Smith), beet armyworm (Spodoptera exiguaHubner), black cutworm (Agrotis ipsilonHufnagel), and tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescensFabricius)); borers, casebearers, webworms, coneworms, cabbageworms and skeletonizers from the family Pyralidae (e.g., European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalisHubner), navel orangeworm (Amyelois transitellaWalker), corn root webworm (Crambus caliginosellusClemens), and sod webworms (Pyralidae: Crambinae) such as sod webworm (Herpetogramma licarsisalisWalker)); leafrollers, budworms, seed worms, and fruit worms in the family Tortricidae (e.g., codling moth (Cydia pomonellaLinnaeus), grape berry moth (Endopiza viteanaClemens), and oriental fruit moth (Grapholita molestaBusck)); and many other economically important Lepidoptera (e.g., diamondback moth (Plutella xylostellaLinnaeus), pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiellaSaunders), silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia argentifolii), and gypsy moth (Lymantria disparLinnaeus)); foliar feeding larvae and adults of the order Coleoptera including weevils from the families Anthribidae, Bruchidae, and Curculionidae (e.g., boll weevil (Anthonomus grandisBoheman), rice water weevil (Lissorhoptrus oryzophilusKuschel), granary weevil (Sitophilus granariusLinnaeus), rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzaeLinnaeus), annual bluegrass weevil (Listronotus maculicollisDietz), bluegrass billbug (Sphenophorus parvulusGyllenhal), hunting billbug (Sphenophorus venatus vestitus), and Denver billbug (Sphenophorus cicatristriatusFahraeus)); flea beetles, cucumber beetles, rootworms, leaf beetles, potato beetles, and leafminers in the family Chrysomelidae (e.g., Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineataSay)); western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgiferaLeConte); western flower thrip (Frankliniella occidentalis)); chafers and other beetles from the family Scaribaeidae (e.g., Japanese beetle (Popillia japonicaNewman), oriental beetle (Anomala orientalisWaterhouse), northern masked chafer (Cyclocephala borealisArrow), southern masked chafer (Cyclocephala immaculataOlivier), black turfgrassataenius(Ataenius spretulusHaldeman), green June beetle (Cotinis nitidaLinnaeus), Asiatic garden beetle (Maladera castaneaArrow), May/June beetles (Phyllophagaspp.) and European chafer (Rhizotrogus majalisRazoumowsky)); carpet beetles from the family Dermestidae; wireworms from the family Elateridae; bark beetles from the family Scolytidae; flour beetles from the family Tenebrionidae; leafhoppers (e.g.,Empoascaspp.) from the family Cicadellidae; planthoppers from the families Fulgoroidae and Delphacidae (e.g., corn plant hopper (Peregrinus maidis)); treehoppers from the family Membracidae; psyllids from the family Psyllidae; whiteflies from the family Aleyrodidae; aphids from the family Aphididae, such asAphis gossypii(cotton melon aphid),Acyrthisiphon pisumHarris (pea aphid),Aphis craccivoraKoch (cowpea aphid),Aphis fabaeScopoli (black bean aphid),Aphis gossypiiGlover (cotton aphid, melon aphid),Aphis pomiDe Geer (apple aphid),Aphis spiraecolaPatch (spirea aphid),Aulacorthum solaniKaltenbach (foxglove aphid),Chaetosiphon fragaefoliiCockerell (strawberry aphid),Diuraphis noxiaKurdjumov/Mordvilko (Russian wheat aphid),Dysaphis plantagineaPaaserini (rosy apple aphid),EriosomalanigerumHausmann (woolly apple aphid),Hyalopterus pruniGeoffroy (mealy plum aphid),Lipaphis erysimiKaltenbach (turnip aphid),Metopolophium dirrhodumWalker (cereal aphid),Macrosipum euphorbiaeThomas (potato aphid),Myzus persicaeSulzer (peach-potato aphid, green peach aphid),Nasonovia ribisnigriMosley (lettuce aphid),Pemphigusspp. (root aphids and gall aphids),Rhopalosiphum maidisFitch (corn leaf aphid),Rhopalosiphum padiLinnaeus (bird cherry-oat aphid),Schizaphis graminumRondani (greenbug),Sitobion avenaeFabricius (English grain aphid),Therioaphis maculataBuckton (spotted alfalfa aphid),Toxoptera aurantiiBoyer de Fonscolombe (black citrus aphid),Toxoptera citricidaKirkaldy (brown citrus aphid) and green peach aphid (Myzus persicae);phylloxerafrom the family Phylloxeridae; mealybugs from the family Pseudococcidae; scales from the families Coccidae, Diaspididae, and Margarodidae; lace bugs from the family Tingidae; stink bugs from the family Pentatomidae; flat mites in the family Tenuipalpidae (e.g., citrus flat mite (Brevipalpus lewisiMcGregor)); rust and bud mites in the family Eriophyidae and other foliar feeding mites; chinch bugs (e.g., hairy chinch bug (Blissus leucopterus hirtusMontandon) and southern chinch bug (Blissus insularisBarber) and other seed bugs from the family Lygaeidae); spittlebugs from the family Cercopidae; squash bugs from the family Coreidae; red bugs and cotton stainers from the family Pyrrhocoridae; and adults and immatures of the order Orthoptera including grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets (e.g., migratory grasshoppers (e.g.,Melanoplus sanguinipesFabricius,M. differentialisThomas)), American grasshoppers (e.g.,Schistocerca americanaDrury), desert locust (Schistocerca gregariaForskal), migratory locust (Locusta migratoriaLinnaeus), bush locust (Zonocerusspp.); adults and immatures of the order Diptera including leafminers, midges, fruit flies (Tephritidae), frit flies (e.g.,Oscinella fritLinnaeus), soil maggots, adults and nymphs of the orders Hemiptera and Homoptera such as plant bugs from the family Miridae; adults and immatures of the order Thysanoptera including onionthrips(Thrips tabaciLindeman), flowerthrips(Frankliniellaspp.), and other foliar feedingthrips; and cicadas from the family Cicadidae. Agronomic pests also include Classes Nematoda, Cestoda, Trematoda, and Acanthocephala including economically important members of the orders Strongylida, Ascaridida, Oxyurida, Rhabditida, Spirurida, and Enoplida such as economically important agricultural pests (e.g., root knot nematodes in the genusMeloidogyne, lesion nematodes in the genusPratylenchus, and stubby root nematodes in the genusTrichodorus). Perillaoil, theperillaoil components, the perillaldehyde and carvone analogs, and the synergists having a cyclohexene ring described in this specification also have a synergistic effect with insecticides, such as pyrethrum, pyrethrins, pyrethroids, neonicotinoids, carbamates, organophosphates and organochlorines when used to control agronomonic pests. Agronomic and non-agronomic pests include nymphs and adults of the order Blattodea including cockroaches from the families Blattellidae and Blattidae (e.g., oriental cockroach (Blatta orientalisLinnaeus), Asian cockroach (Blatella asahinaiMizukubo), German cockroach (Blattella germanicaLinnaeus), brownbanded cockroach (Supella longipalpaFabricius), American cockroach (Periplaneta americanaLinnaeus), brown cockroach (Periplaneta brunneaBurmeister), Madeira cockroach (Leucophaea maderaeFiabricius), smoky brown cockroach (Periplaneta fuliginosaService), Australian Cockroach (Periplaneta australasiaeFabr.), lobster cockroach (Nauphoeta cinereaOlivier) and smooth cockroach (Symploce pallensStephens)); adults and larvae of the order Dermaptera including earwigs from the family Forficulidae (e.g., European earwig (Forficula auriculariaLinnaeus), and black earwig (Chelisoches morioFabricius)). Also included are adults and larvae of the order Acari (mites) such as spider mites and red mites in the family Tetranychidae (e.g., European red mite (Panonychus ulmiKoch), two spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticaeKoch), and McDaniel mite (Tetranychus mcdanieliMcGregor)); mites important in human and animal health (e.g., dust mites in the family Epidermoptidae, follicle mites in the family Demodicidae, and grain mites in the family Glycyphagidae); ticks in the order Ixodidae (e.g., deer tick (Ixodes scapularisSay), Australian paralysis tick (Ixodes holocyclusNeumann), American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilisSay), and lone star tick (Amblyomma americanumLinnaeus)); scab and itch mites in the families Psoroptidae, Pyemotidae, and Sarcoptidae; crickets such as house cricket (Acheta domesticusLinnaeus), mole crickets (e.g., tawny mole cricket (Scapteriscus vicinusScudder), and southern mole cricket (Scapteriscus borelliiGiglio-Tos)); flies including house flies (e.g.,Musca domesticaLinnaeus), lesser house flies (e.g.,Fannia canicularisLinnaeus,F. femoralisStein), stable flies (e.g.,Stomoxys calcitransLinnaeus), face flies, horn flies, blow flies (e.g.,Chrysomyaspp.,Phormiaspp.), and other muscoid fly pests, horse flies (e.g.,Tabanusspp.), bot flies (e.g.,Gastrophilusspp.,Oestrusspp.), cattle grubs (e.g.,Hypodermaspp.), deer flies (e.g.,Chrysopsspp.), keds (e.g.,Melophagus ovinusLinnaeus) and other Brachycera; mosquitoes (e.g.,Aedesspp.,Anophelesspp.,Culexspp.), black flies (e.g.,Prosimuliumspp.,Simuliumspp.), biting midges, sand flies, sciarids, and other Nematocera; insect pests of the order Hymenoptera including ants (e.g., red carpenter ant (Camponotus ferrugineusFabricius), black carpenter ant (Camponotus pennsylvanicusDe Geer), Pharaoh ant (Monomorium pharaonisLinnaeus), little fire ant (Wasmannia auropunctataRoger), fire ant (Solenopsis geminataFabricius), red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invictaBuren), Argentine ant (Iridomyrmex humilisMayr), crazy ant (Paratrechina longicornisLatreille), pavement ant (Tetramorium caespitumLinnaeus), cornfield ant (Lasius alienusForster), odorous house ant (Tapinoma sessileSay)); insect pests of the Family Formicidae including the Florida carpenter ant (Camponotus floridanusBuckley), white-footed ant (Technomyrmex albipesfr. Smith), big headed ants (Pheidolespp.), and ghost ant (Tapinoma melanocephalumFabricius); bees (including carpenter bees), hornets, yellow jackets, wasps, and sawflies (Neodiprionspp.;Cephusspp.); insect pests of the order Isoptera including termites in the Termitidae (ex.Macrotermessp.), Kalotermitidae (ex.Cryptotermessp.), and Rhinotermitidae (ex.Reticulitermesspp.,Coptotermesspp.), families the eastern subterranean termite (Reticulitermes flavipesKollar), western subterranean termite (Reticulitermes hesperusBanks), Formosan subterranean termite (Coptotermes formosanusShiraki), West Indian drywood termite (Incisitermes immigransSnyder), powder post termite (Cryptotermes brevisWalker), drywood termite (Incisitermes snyderiLight), southeastern subterranean termite (Reticulitermes virginicusBanks), western drywood termite (Incisitermes minorHagen), arboreal termites such asNasutitermessp. and other termites of economic importance; insect pests of the order Thysanura such as silverfish (Lepisma saccharinaLinnaeus) and firebrat (Thermobia domesticaPackard); insect pests of the order Mallophaga and including the head louse (Pediculus humanuscapitis De Geer), body louse (Pediculus humanus humanusLinnaeus), chicken body louse (Menacanthus stramineusNitszch), dog biting louse (Trichodectes canisDe Geer), fluff louse (Goniocotes gallinaeDe Geer), sheep body louse (Bovicola ovisSchrank), short-nosed cattle louse (Haematopinus eurysternusNitzsch); long-nosed cattle louse (Linognathus vituliLinnaeus) and other sucking and chewing parasitic lice that attack man and animals; insect pests of the order Siphonoptera including the oriental rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopisRothschild), cat flea (Ctenocephalides felisBouche), dog flea (Ctenocephalides canisCurtis), hen flea (Ceratophyllus gallinaeSchrank), sticktight flea (Echidnophaga gallinaceaWestwood), human flea (Pulex irritansLinnaeus) and other fleas afflicting mammals and birds. Arthropod pests also include spiders in the order Araneae such as the brown recluse spider (Loxosceles reclusaGertsch & Mulaik) and the black widow spider (Latrodectus mactansFabricius), and centipedes in the order Scutigeromorpha such as the house centipede (Scutigera coleoptrataLinnaeus). In some embodiments, the method comprises contacting an insect with an amount of any of the compositions described in this specification effective to control at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, less than about 100%, less than about 90%, less than about 80%, less than about 70%, or less than about 60% of the contacted adult insect population. In some embodiments, the method comprises contacting an insect with an amount of any of the compositions described here effective to provide about 95% insect mortality. In some embodiments, the compositions provided in this specification comprise an amount (e.g., weight %) of at least one active agent that is suitably in a range that allows for at least some degree of insecticidal efficacy (e.g., more than 0%, but less that 95% insect mortality rate) when the composition is used, while not necessarily meeting the EPA requirements for a registered insecticide. For a composition to be registered and marketed as a “pesticide” within the United States for some uses (e.g., public health uses and pest control in residential structures) the EPA requires that a composition exhibits a 95% insect mortality at the lowest labeled rate. The EPA also regulates the upper limits of active agent(s) that can be used in practice in the environment. In some embodiments, methods for insect control or controlling insects comprise contacting an insect with an amount of any of the compositions described in this specification. Control or controlling includes killing, knocking down, or a combination thereof, of at least a portion of a population of insects. A population includes at least two insects. Insect knockdown does not necessarily correlate to insect death, as insects can recover after the initial knockdown. In some embodiments, the composition is applied in an amount effective to knockdown at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 98% of the contacted insect population. In some embodiments, the composition is applied in an amount effective to kill at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 98% of the contacted insect population. In some embodiments, the methods described here can comprise any known route, apparatus, and/or mechanism for the delivery or application of the compositions and formulations. In some embodiments, compositions may be applied as an aerosol, mist, fog, vapor, or ULV spray. In some embodiments, compositions may be applied as a surface contact treatment. A surface contact treatment includes surfaces that have been contacted with the composition, such as by painting, rolling, coating, dip coating or spraying the surface, or the compositions may be incorporated into fibers or other materials, such as, for example, a bednet to produce a material comprising a surface contact treatment. In some embodiments, the method comprises a sprayer. Traditional pesticide sprayers in the pest control markets are typically operated manually or electrically or are gas-controlled and use maximum pressures ranging from 15 to 500 psi generating flow rates from 5 gpm to 40 gpm. In other embodiments, the methods disclosed here comprise the use of the compositions and/or formulations in combination with any low volume environmental pest control device(s) such as, for example, ultra low volume (ULV) machines. Such combinations are useful in methods for mosquito control as well as other flying insects (e.g., flies, gnats, and flying ants) wherein contacting the insect with a low volume of the composition is possible and/or desirable. ULV machines suitably use low volume of material, for example at rates of about one gallon per hour (or ounces per minute), and typically utilize artificial wind velocities such as from, for example, an air source (e.g., pump or compressor) to break down and distribute the composition/formulation into a cold fog (suitably having average droplet particle sizes of about 1-30 μm). Any standard ground ULV equipment used for insect control such as, for example, a system including a (CETI) Grizzly aerosol generator can be used in the methods described here. A general ULV system includes a tank for the composition (e.g., insecticide), a transport system (e.g., a pump or pressurized tank), a flow control device, and a nozzle that atomizes the composition. Typically, ULV machines do not compress droplets. Rather, they often use a venture siphoning system, and can induce an artificial energizing of the droplets by adding an electrical current to the liquid (e.g., through the use an electrode located at the application tip). See U.S. Pat. No. 3,516,608 (Bowen et al.) incorporated here by reference. It is to be understood that any numerical range recited in this specification includes all values from the lower value to the upper value. For example, if a concentration range is stated as 1% to 50%, it is intended that values such as 2% to 40%, 10% to 30%, or 1% to 3%, etc., are expressly enumerated in this specification. It is also to be understood that any numerical range recited in this specification includes all values from at least the lower value without an upper limit, and all values up to the upper value without a lower limit. These are only examples of what is specifically intended, and all possible combinations of numerical values between and including the lowest value and the highest value enumerated are to be considered to be expressly stated in this application. It also is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of components set forth in the description. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology used in this specification is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. The use of the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar referents in the context of describing the invention are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated in this specification or clearly contradicted by context. The terms “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and “containing” are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning “including but not limited to”) unless otherwise noted. All methods described in this specification can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated in this specification or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. Patent applications, patents and literature references cited here are specifically and completely incorporated by reference in their entirety. Where inconsistent interpretations are possible, the present disclosure controls. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided here, is intended merely to illustrate aspects and embodiments of the disclosure and does not limit the scope of the claims. EXAMPLES Example 1: Materials and Methods Reagents. Pyrethrins were supplied as a 20% Manufacturing Use Product or “MUP” (PyGanic® MUP 20, MGK (Minneapolis, MN). Mineral oil was supplied by Brenntag Great Lakes, LLC. Diluents were supplied by Stepan Company, Procter & Gamble Chemicals, and Vertec Biosolvents. Insecticides were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Essential oils or botanicals were purchased from The Good Scents Company, The Lebermuth Company, and Takasago International Corporation.Perillaoil components and insecticides were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) or City Chemical (West Haven, CT). Topical Bioassay Method. Adult mosquitoes were reared on 10% sucrose solution in an insectary maintained at 27° C., 45% RH and 12/12 hr light/dark photoperiod. Adult femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes were segregated in 18″×18″ screen cages based on date of eclosion, therefore the exact age of the mosquitoes were known for bioassays. Ten female mosquitoes, aged four to six days after eclosion, were aspirated out of their respective cage and into a small glass jar. The mosquitoes were then anesthetized with CO2gas for 30 seconds. After the adults were anesthetized, they were quickly placed on a plastic platform for treatment application. Treatments were serially diluted (using a BrandTech Scientific Transferpette S pipette (100-1000 μL), labeled centrifuge tubes, and a vortex mixer) from stocks of insecticides using reagent grade acetone as the diluent to concentrations as indicated for each treatment solution. A treatment solution may contain additional ingredients as indicated for each study. Using a Hamilton PB00-1 Repeating Dispenser with a Hamilton 25 Microliter Syringe, 0.5 μL of each treatment solution was applied to the thorax of each mosquito. Immediately following the application of the treatment, the mosquitoes were gently transferred into a clean paper cup and covered with screen. The mesh screen prevented the mosquitoes from escaping and allowed the specimens to be viewed for ratings. A cotton ball soaked with 10% sucrose solution was inserted into a side hole of each cup for hydration and nourishment. Each treatment variable in the study was replicated three times using separate cups for each replication. In each study, an untreated control and an acetone treated control was included to ensure that the CO2gas and the acetone diluent had no lethal effect on the mosquitoes. The untreated controls treatments were anesthetized for 30 seconds and gently transferred to the paper cups. The acetone treated control was treated exactly as described above except that the solution applied to each mosquito was undiluted acetone. The condition of the mosquitoes in each cup was recorded at one hour and 24 hours after initial treatment. The condition classifications used were (1) alive and flying, (2) alive and unable to fly, or (3) dead. The percent mortality for each treatment was calculated by summing the mortalities of each replicate then calculating the percent dead from the total number of mosquitoes. Statistical Analysis. Where indicated, the mortality data were subjected to probit analysis using the Statistical Analysis System Version 9.1 program PROC PROBIT (SAS Institute (2003) PROC user's manual, version 9.1. SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina). This analysis estimates an LD50value or the dose necessary to achieve 50% mortality. In all cases the likelihood ratio (L.R.) or Pearson chi-square goodness-of-fit values indicated that the data adequately conformed to the probit model (ibid). Mosquito Stocks for Field Trials. TheCulexandAedesadult mosquitoes for the field trial were reared from pupae shipped overnight from the Clarke Technical Center Insectary to the Florida Research Laboratory. Mosquitoes were fed a 10% sugar water solution upon emergence and were maintained on 10% sugar water throughout the field trials. For laboratory experiments and assays, the desired number of adult mosquitoes (typically about 3-7 days old) were isolated and maintained on 10% sugar water solution. Example 2 Perillaleaf oil was tested for efficacy against 3- to 5-day old adultAedes aegypti. Solutions tested includedPerillaoil at 1%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%. At 1 hour we obtained 0%, 37%, 97%, 93%, 100%, and 100% knockdown, respectively. At 24 hours we obtained 0%, 20%, 83%, 93%, 100%, and 100% mortality, respectively. The CO2control and acetone standard both had 0% knockdown at 1 hour, and 0% mortality at 24 hours. These data suggest thatperillaleaf oil exposure by contact leads toAedes aegyptimortality. Example 3 Perillaleaf oil at concentrations of 1%, 5%, and 10% was tested for efficacy against 1- to 2-day old adultCulex quinquefasciatus. At 1 hour we obtained 17%, 100%, and 100% knockdown, respectively. At 24 hours we obtained 10%, 100%, and 100% mortality, respectively. The CO2control had 0% knockdown at 1 hour, and 0% mortality at 24 hours. The acetone standard had 17% knockdown at 1 hour, and 20% mean mortality at 24 hours. These data suggest thatperillaleaf oil exposure by contact leads toCulex quinquefasciatusmortality. Example 4 Perillaseed oil at concentrations of 1%, 5%, 10%, and 20% was tested for efficacy against 4- to 6-day old adultAedes aegypti. At 1 hour we obtained 7%, 77%, 83%, and 87% knockdown, respectively. At 24 hours we obtained 0%, 23%, 30%, and 77% mortality, respectively. The CO2control and acetone standard both had 0% knockdown at 1 hour, and 0% mortality at 24 hours. These data suggest that relatively high rates ofperillaseed oil exposure by contact, leads to mosquito mortality. Example 5 Perillaseed oil at concentrations of 1%, 5%, 10%, and 20% was again tested for efficacy against 4- to 6-day old adultAedes aegypti. At 1 hour we obtained 0%, 63%, 87%, and 93% knockdown, respectively. At 24 hours we obtained 0%, 20%, 77%, and 90% mortality, respectively. The CO2control had 0% knockdown at 1 hour, and 0% mortality at 24 hours. The acetone standard had 7% knockdown at 1 hour, and 7% mean mortality at 24 hours. These data suggest that relatively high rates ofperillaseed oil exposure by contact, leads to mosquito mortality. Example 6 Linolenic acid at concentrations of 1%, 5%, 10%, and 20% was tested for efficacy against 4- to 6-day old adultAedes aegypti. At 1 hour we obtained 0%, 27%, 40%, and 93% knockdown, respectively. At 24 hours we obtained 3%, 33%, 83%, and 93% mortality, respectively. The CO2control had 0% knockdown at 1 hour, and 7% mortality at 24 hours. The acetone standard had 0% knockdown at 1 hour, and 0% mortality at 24 hours. These data suggest that relatively high rates of linolenic acid exposure by contact, leads to mosquito mortality. Example 7 (S)-(−)-Perillaldehyde at concentrations of 1%, 5%, 10%, and 20% was tested for efficacy against 4- to 6-day old adultAedes aegypti. At 1 hour we obtained 3%, 93%, 100%, and 97% knockdown, respectively. At 24 hours we obtained 7%, 93%, 100%, and 100% mortality, respectively. The CO2control had 0% knockdown at 1 hour, and 7% mortality at 24 hours. The acetone standard had 0% knockdown at 1 hour, and 0% mortality at 24 hours. These data suggest that perillaldehyde exposure by contact leads to mosquito mortality. Example 8 Farnesene at concentrations of 1%, 5%, 10%, and 20% was tested for efficacy against 4- to 6-day old adultAedes aegypti. At 1 hour we obtained 0%, 0%, 87%, and 100% knockdown, respectively. At 24 hours we obtained 3%, 13%, 70%, and 100% mortality, respectively. The CO2control had 0% knockdown at 1 hour, and 7% mortality at 24 hours. The acetone standard had 0% knockdown at 1 hour, and 0% mortality at 24 hours. These data suggest that relatively high rates of farnesene exposure by contact leads to mosquito mortality. Example 9 β-Caryophyllene at concentrations of 1%, 5%, 10%, and 20% was tested for efficacy against 4- to 6-day old adultAedes aegypti. At 1 hour we obtained 0%, 10%, 57%, and 93% knockdown, respectively. At 24 hours we obtained 0%, 17%, 40%, and 83% mortality, respectively. The CO2control had 0% knockdown at 1 hour, and 7% mortality at 24 hours. The acetone standard had 0% knockdown at 1 hour, and 0% mortality at 24 hours. These data suggest that β-caryophyllene exposure by contact, leads to mosquito mortality. Example 10 Dinotefuran andperillaoil were tested for efficacy against 5- to 7-day old adultAedes aegypti. Solutions tested included Solution 1 (0.06 μg/mosquito of dinotefuran), Solution 2 (3%perillaoil), and Solution 3 (0.06 μg/mosquito of dinotefuran with 3%perillaoil). At 1 hour we obtained 37%, 83%, and 97% knockdown for Solutions 1, 2, and 3, respectively. At 24 hours we obtained 57%, 73%, and 97% mortality respectively. The CO2control and acetone standard both had 0% knockdown at 1 hour, and 0% mortality at 24 hours. Results are shown in Table 2. TABLE 2Efficacy of perilla oil, dinotefuran, and a combination of both against adult, virgin,femaleAedesaegyptimosquitoes.ACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATION% MORTALITY AFTER 24 HRSPERILLA OIL3%57DINOTEFURAN0.06 μg73OBS.*CALC.**PERILLA OIL +DINOTEFURAN3% + 0.06 μg97‡88.39*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. Example 11 Dinotefuran andperillaoil were tested for efficacy against 4- to 6-day old adultAedes aegypti. Solutions tested included Solution 1 (2%perillaoil), Solution 2 (0.004 μg/mosquito dinotefuran with 2%perillaoil), Solution 3 (0.006 μg/mosquito dinotefuran with 2%perillaoil), and Solution 4 (0.008 μg/mosquito of dinotefuran with 2%perillaoil). At 1 hour we obtained 13%, 87%, 80%, and 90% knockdown for Solutions 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. At 24 hours we obtained 0%, 77%, 77%, and 90% mortality respectively. The CO2control and acetone standard both had 0% knockdown at 1 hour and 0% mortality at 24 hours. Dinotefuran was tested at discriminating doses 7.5 to 15 times lower that the LD50of 0.06 μg/mosquito. These data suggest that the application of dinotefuran andperillaoil together leads to an increase in mortality over the application ofperillaoil alone. Example 12 Dinotefuran andperillaoil were tested individually and in combination for efficacy against 3- to 5-day old adultAedes aegyptiwhere dinotefuran was tested at discriminating doses 7.5 to 15 times lower than the LD50of 0.06 μg/mosquito. Results are shown in Table 3 and Table 4. TABLE 3Efficacy data for dinotefuran and perilla oil testedindividually and in combination.1 hour24 hourTreatmentknockdownmortalityCO2Control0%0%Acetone Standard0%0%3% Perilla oil40%60%0.004 μg/mosquito dinotefuran0%0%0.006 μg/mosquito dinotefuran0%0%0.008 μg/mosquito dinotefuran17%0%0.004 μg/mosquito dinotefuran + 3% Perilla Oil100%90%0.006 μg/mosquito dinotefuran + 3% Perilla Oil100%97%0.008 μg/mosquito dinotefuran + 3% Perilla Oil100%93% TABLE 4Efficacy of perilla oil, dinotefuran, and a combination of both against adult, virgin,femaleAedesaegyptimosquitoes.ACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATION% MORTALITY AFTER 24 HRSPERILLA OIL3%T60DINOTEFURAN0.004 μg0OBS.*CALC.**PERILLA OIL + DINOTEFURAN3% + 0.004 μg90‡60PERILLA OIL3%60DINOTEFURAN0.006 μg0OBS.*CALC.**PERILLA OIL + DINOTEFURAN3% + 0.006 μg97‡60PERILLA OIL3%60DINOTEFURAN0.008 μg0OBS.*CALC.**PERILLA OIL + DINOTEFURAN3% + 0.008 μg93‡60T3% efficacy was derived from data that underwent probit analysis to predict lethal dose values from topical application bioassay.*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. Example 13 Solution 1 (2% of perillaldehyde), Solution 2 (0.008 μg/mosquito of dinotefuran), and Solution 3 (0.008 μg/mosquito of dinotefuran with 2% of perillaldehyde) were tested for efficacy against 3- to 5-day old adultCulex quinquefasciatus. At 1 hour we obtained 33%, 10%, and 100% knockdown for Solutions 1, 2, and 3, respectively. At 24 hours we obtained 13%, 77%, and 100% mortality for Solutions 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The CO2control and acetone standard both had 0% knockdown at 1 hour, and 0% mortality at 24 hours. Results are shown in Table 5. TABLE 5Efficacy of perillaldehyde, dinotefuran, and a combination of both against adult, virgin,femaleCulexquinquefasciatusmosquitoes.ACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATION% MORTALITY AFTER 24 HRSPERILLALDEHYDE2%13DINOTEFURAN0.008 μg77OBS.*CALC.**PERILLALDEHYDE + DINOTEFURAN2% + 0.008 μg100‡79.99*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. Example 14 In support of example 2, Solution 1 (0.008 μg/mosquito of dinotefuran) and Solution 2 (0.008 μg/mosquito of dinotefuran with 2% of perillaldehyde) were tested for efficacy against 3- to 5-day old adultCulex quinquefasciatus. At 1 hour we obtained 10% and 90% knockdown for Solution 1 and 2, respectively. At 24 hours we obtained 73% and 90% mortality for Solution 1 and 2, respectively. The CO2control and acetone standard both had 0% knockdown at 1 hour, and 0% mortality at 24 hours. Example 15 In support of examples 2 and 3, Solution 1 (0.008 μg/mosquito of dinotefuran with 3% of perillaldehyde) was tested for efficacy against 4- to 6-day old adultCulex quinquefasciatus. At 1 hour we obtained 100% knockdown; and at 24 hours we obtained 100% mortality. The CO2control and acetone standard both had 0% knockdown at 1 hour, and 0% mortality at 24 hours. Example 16 Dinotefuran and perillaldehyde were tested individually and in combination for efficacy against 3- to 5-day old adultAedes aegyptiwhere dinotefuran was tested at discriminating doses 7.5 to 15 times lower than the LD50of 0.06 μg/mosquito. Results are shown in Table 6 and Table 7. TABLE 6Efficacy data for dinotefuran and perillaldehyde testedindividually and in combination.1 hour24 hourTreatmentknockdownmortalityCO2Control0%0%Acetone Standard0%0%3% Perillaldehyde53%43%0.004 μg/mosquito dinotefuran0%0%0.006 μg/mosquito dinotefuran3%3%0.008 μg/mosquito dinotefuran3%13%0.06 μg/mosquito dinotefuran77%53%0.004 μg/mosquito dinotefuran + 3%100%93%Perillaldehyde0.006 μg/mosquito dinotefuran + 3%100%97%Perillaldehyde0.008 μg/mosquito dinotefuran + 3%93%93%Perillaldehyde0.06 μg/mosquito dinotefuran + 3% Perillaldehyde100%100% TABLE 7Efficacy of perillaldehyde, dinotefuran, and a combination of both against adult, virgin,femaleAedesaegyptimosquitoes.ACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONPERCENT EFFICACY AFTER 24 HRSPERILLALDEHYDE3%43DINOTEFURAN0.06 μg53OBS.*CALC.**PERILLALDEHYDE + DINOTEFURAN3% + 0.06 μg100‡73.21PERILLALDEHYDE3%43DINOTEFURAN0.004 μg0OBS.*CALC.**PERILLALDEHYDE + DINOTEFURAN3% + 0.004 μg93‡43PERILLALDEHYDE3%43DINOTEFURAN0.006 μg3OBS.*CALC.**PERILLALDEHYDE + DINOTEFURAN3% + 0.006 μg97‡44.71PERILLALDEHYDE3%43DINOTEFURAN0.008 μg13OBS.*CALC.**PERILLALDEHYDE + DINOTEFURAN3% + 0.008 μg93‡50.41*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. Example 17 Dinotefuran and linolenic acid were tested for efficacy against 4- to 6-day old adultAedes aegypti. For the following concentrations 3% linolenic acid, 0.06 μg/mosquito of dinotefuran, and 0.06 μg/mosquito of dinotefuran with 3% linolenic acid, at 1 hour we obtained 17%, 50%, and 100% knockdown respectively. At 24 hours we obtained 3%, 47%, and 100% mortality respectively. The CO2control and acetone standard both had 0% knockdown at 1 hour, and 0% mortality at 24 hours. Results are shown in Table 8. TABLE 8Efficacy of linolenic acid, dinotefuran, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSLINOLENIC ACID3%3DINOTEFURAN0.06 μg47OBS.*CALC.**LINOLENIC ACID +3% + 0.06 μg100‡48.59DINOTEFURAN*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. Example 18 Dinotefuran and β-caryophyllene were tested for efficacy against 4- to 6-day old adultAedes aegypti. For the following concentrations 3% β-caryophyllene, 0.06 μg/mosquito of dinotefuran, and 0.06 μg/mosquito of dinotefuran with 3% β-caryophyllene, at 1 hour we obtained 3%, 50%, and 100% knockdown respectively. At 24 hours we obtained 3%, 47%, and 100% mortality respectively. The CO2control and acetone standard both had 0% knockdown at 1 hour, and 0% mortality at 24 hours. Results are shown in Table 9. TABLE 9Efficacy of β-caryophyllene, dinotefuran, and a combination ofboth against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSβ-CARYOPHYLLENE3%3DINOTEFURAN0.06 μg47OBS.*CALC.**β-CARYOPHYLLENE +3% + 0.06 μg100‡48.59DINOTEFURAN*Obs.= observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. Example 19 Dinotefuran and farnesene were tested for efficacy against 4- to 6-day old adultAedes aegypti. For the following concentrations 3% farnesene, 0.06 μg/mosquito of dinotefuran, and 0.06 μg/mosquito of dinotefuran with 3% farnesene, at 1 hour we obtained 3%, 50%, and 97% knockdown respectively. At 24 hours we obtained 7%, 47%, and 97% mean mortality respectively. The CO2control and acetone standard both had 0% knockdown at 1 hour, and 0% mean mortality at 24 hours. Results are shown in Table 10. TABLE 10Efficacy of farnesene, dinotefuran, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSFARNESENE3%7DINOTEFURAN0.06 μg47OBS.*CALC.**FARNESENE +3% + 0.06 μg97‡50.71DINOTEFURAN*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. Example 20 Permethrin and perillaldehyde were tested for efficacy against 4- to 6-day old adultAedes aegypti. For the following concentrations 3% perillaldehyde, 0.0004 μg/mosquito of permethrin, and 0.0004 μg/mosquito of permethrin with 3% perillaldehyde, at 1 hour we obtained 10%, 93%, and 100% knockdown respectively. At 24 hours we obtained 10%, 70%, and 100% mortality respectively. The CO2control had 0% knockdown at 1 hour, and 0% mortality at 24 hours. The acetone standard had 3% knockdown at 1 hour, and 7% mortality at 24 hours. Results are shown in Table 11. TABLE 11Efficacy of perillaldehyde, permethrin, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSPERILLALDEHYDE3%10PERMETHRIN0.0004 μg70OBS.*CALC.**PERILLALDEHYDE +3% + 0.0004 μg100‡79.30PERMETHRIN*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. Example 21 Permethrin and farnesene were tested for efficacy against 4- to 6-day old adultAedes aegypti. For the following concentrations 3% farnesene, 0.0004 μg/mosquito of permethrin, and 0.0004 μg/mosquito of permethrin with 3% farnesene, at 1 hour we obtained 0%, 93%, and 20% knockdown respectively. At 24 hours we obtained 0%, 70%, and 47% mortality respectively. The CO2control had 0% knockdown at 1 hour, and 0% mortality at 24 hours. The acetone standard had 3% knockdown at 1 hour, and 7% mortality at 24 hours. Results are shown in Table 12. TABLE 12Efficacy of farnesene, permethrin, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSFARNESENE3%0PERMETHRIN0.0004 μg70OBS.*CALC.**FARNESENE +3% + 0.0004 μg47‡70PERMETHRIN*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the calculated insecticidal kill rate exceeds the observed value, then the action of the combination is antagonistic. Example 22 Permethrin and linolenic acid were tested for efficacy against 4- to 6-day old adultAedes aegypti. For the following concentrations 3% linolenic acid, 0.0004 μg/mosquito of permethrin, and 0.0004 μg/mosquito of permethrin with 3% linolenic acid, at 1 hour we obtained 7%, 93%, and 77% knockdown respectively. At 24 hours we obtained 60%, 70%, and 63% mortality respectively. The CO2control had 0% knockdown at 1 hour, and 0% mortality at 24 hours. The acetone standard had 3% knockdown at 1 hour, and 7% mortality at 24 hours. Results are shown in Table 13. TABLE 13Efficacy of linolenic acid, permethrin, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSLINOLENIC ACID3%60PERMETHRIN0.0004 μg70OBS.*CALC.**LINOLENIC ACID +3% + 0.0004 μg63‡88PERMETHRIN*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the calculated insecticidal kill rate exceeds the observed value, then the action of the combination is antagonistic. Example 23 Permethrin and β-caryophyllene were tested for efficacy against 4- to 6-day old adultAedes aegypti. For the following concentrations 3% β-caryophyllene, 0.0004 μg/mosquito of permethrin, and 0.0004 μg/mosquito of permethrin with 3% β-caryophyllene, at 1 hour we obtained 0%, 93%, and 43% knockdown respectively. At 24 hours we obtained 10%, 70%, and 43% mean mortality respectively. The CO2control had 0% knockdown at 1 hour, and 0% mean mortality at 24 hours. The acetone standard had 3% knockdown at 1 hour, and 7% mean mortality at 24 hours. Results are shown in Table 14. TABLE 14Efficacy of β-caryophyllene, permethrin, and a combination ofboth against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSβ-CARYOPHYLLENE3%10PERMETHRIN0.0004 μg70OBS.*CALC.**β-CARYOPHYLLENE +3% + 0.0004 μg43‡79.40PERMETHRIN*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the calculated insecticidal kill rate exceeds the observed value, then the action of the combination is antagonistic. Example 24 Pyrethrin andperillaoil were tested for efficacy against 3- to 5-day old adultAedes aegypti. Solutions tested included Solution 1 (0.0001 μg/mosquito of pyrethrin with 1%perillaoil), Solution 2 (0.0001 μg/mosquito of pyrethrin with 5%perillaoil), Solution 3 (0.0001 μg/mosquito of pyrethrin with 10%perillaoil), Solution 4 (0.001 μg/mosquito of pyrethrin with 1%perillaoil), Solution 5 (0.001 μg/mosquito of pyrethrin with 5%perillaoil), and Solution 6 (0.001 μg/mosquito of pyrethrin with 10%perillaoil). At 1 hour we obtained 0%, 100%, 100%, 70%, 93% and 97% knockdown for Solutions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, respectively. At 24 hours we obtained 3%, 93%, 97%, 57%, 87%, and 93% mortality, respectively. The CO2control and acetone standard both had 0% knockdown at 1 hour, and 0% mortality at 24 hours. These data suggest that increased rates of both pyrethrin andperillaoil, applied together, results in greater mortality. Example 25 Pyrethrin and β-caryophyllene were tested for efficacy against 4- to 6-day old adultAedes aegypti. For the following concentrations 3% β-caryophyllene, 0.002 μg/mosquito of pyrethrin, and 0.002 μg/mosquito of pyrethrin with 3% β-caryophyllene, at 1 hour we obtained 0%, 90%, and 100% knockdown respectively. At 24 hours we obtained 20%, 57%, and 97% mortality respectively. The CO2control and acetone standard both had 0% knockdown at 1 hour, and 0% mortality at 24 hours. Results are shown in Table 15. TABLE 15Efficacy of β-caryophyllene, pyrethrin, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSβ-CARYOPHYLLENE3%20PYRETHRIN0.002 μg57OBS.*CALC.**β-CARYOPHYLLENE +3% + 0.002 μg97‡65.60PYRETHRIN*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. Example 26 Pyrethrin and farnesene were tested for efficacy against 4- to 6-day old adultAedes aegypti. For the following concentrations 3% farnesene, 0.002 μg/mosquito of pyrethrin, and 0.002 μg/mosquito of pyrethrin with 3% farnesene, at 1 hour we obtained 0%, 90%, and 83% knockdown respectively. At 24 hours we obtained 0%, 57%, and 73% mortality respectively. The CO2control and acetone standard both had 0% knockdown at 1 hour, and 0% mortality at 24 hours. Results are shown in Table 16. TABLE 16Efficacy of farnesene, pyrethrin, and a combination of both againstadult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSFARNESENE3%0PYRETHRIN0.002 μg57OBS.*CALC.**FARNESENE + PYRETHRIN3% + 0.002 μg73‡57*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. Example 27 We tested pyrethrin+linolenic acid for efficacy against 4- to 6-day old adultAedes aegypti. For the following concentrations 3% linolenic acid, 0.002 μg/mosquito of pyrethrin, and 0.002 μg/mosquito of pyrethrin with 3% linolenic acid, at 1 hour we obtained 17%, 90%, and 50% knockdown respectively. At 24 hours we obtained 7%, 57%, and 37% mean mortality respectively. The CO2control and acetone standard both had 0% knockdown at 1 hour, and 0% mean mortality at 24 hours. Results are shown in Table 17. TABLE 17Efficacy of linolenic acid, pyrethrin, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSLINOLENIC ACID3%7PYRETHRIN0.002 μg57OBS.*CALC.**LINOLENIC ACID +3% + 0.002 μg37‡60.01PYRETHRIN*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the calculated insecticidal kill rate exceeds the observed value, then the action of the combination is antagonistic. Example 28 We tested pyrethrin+perillaldehyde for efficacy against 3- to 5-day old adultCulex quinquefasciatus. For the concentration, 2% of perillaldehyde, and 0.001 μg/mosquito of pyrethrin, and 0.001 μg/mosquito of pyrethrin with 2% of perillaldehyde, at 1 hour we obtained 33%, 10%, and 80% knockdown respectively. At 24 hours we obtained 13%, 7%, and 33% mean mortality respectively. The CO2control and acetone standard both had 0% knockdown at 1 hour, and 0% mean mortality at 24 hours. Results are shown in Table 18. TABLE 18Efficacy of perillaldehyde, pyrethrin, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleCulex quinquefasciatusmosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSPERILLALDEHYDE3%13PYRETHRIN0.001 μg7OBS.*CALC.**PERILLALDEHYDE +3% + 0.001 μg33‡19.09PYRETHRIN*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. Example 29 Etofenprox andperillaoil were tested for efficacy against 5- to 7-day old adultAedes aegypti. Solutions tested included Solution 1 (0.001 μg/mosquito of etofenprox), Solution 2 (3%perillaoil), and Solution 3 (0.001 μg/mosquito of etofenprox with 3%perillaoil). At 1 hour we obtained 73%, 83%, and 87% knockdown respectively. At 24 hours we obtained 40%, 73%, and 87% mortality respectively. The CO2control and acetone standard both had 0% knockdown at 1 hour, and 0% mortality at 24 hours. Results are shown in Table 19. TABLE 19Efficacy of perilla oil, etofenprox, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSPERILLA OIL3%73ETOFENPROX0.001 μg40OBS.*CALC.**PERILLA OIL +3% + 0.001 μg87‡83.8ETOFENPROX*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. Example 30 Etofenprox and perillaldehyde were tested for efficacy against 3- to 5-day old adultAedes aegypti. For the following concentrations 3% perillaldehyde, 0.002 μg/mosquito of etofenprox, and 0.002 μg/mosquito of etofenprox with 3% perillaldehyde, at 1 hour we obtained 90%, 83%, and 93% knockdown respectively. At 24 hours we obtained 77%, 53%, and 93% mortality respectively. The CO2control and acetone standard both had 0% knockdown at 1 hour, and 0% mortality at 24 hours. Results are shown in Table 20. TABLE 20Efficacy of perillaldehyde, etofenprox, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSPERILLALDEHYDE3%77ETOFENPROX0.002 μg53OBS.*CALC.**PERILLALDEHYDE +3% + 0.002 μg93‡89.19ETOFENPROX* Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. Example 31 Etofenprox and farnesene were tested for efficacy against 3- to 5-day old adultAedes aegypti. For the following concentrations 3% farnesene, 0.002 μg/mosquito of etofenprox, and 0.002 μg/mosquito of etofenprox with 3% farnesene, at 1 hour we obtained 7%, 83%, and 60% knockdown respectively. At 24 hours we obtained 13%, 53%, and 50% mortality respectively. The CO2control and acetone standard both had 0% knockdown at 1 hour, and 0% mortality at 24 hours. Results are shown in Table 21. TABLE 21Efficacy of farnesene, etofenprox, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSFARNESENE3%13ETOFENPROX0.002 μg53OBS.*CALC.**FARNESENE +3% + 0.002 μg50‡59.11ETOFENPROX*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the calculated insecticidal kill rate exceeds the observed value, then the action of the combination is antagonistic. Example 32 Etofenprox and β-caryophyllene were tested for efficacy against 3- to 5-day old adultAedes aegypti. For the following concentrations 3% β-caryophyllene, 0.002 μg/mosquito of etofenprox, and 0.002 μg/mosquito of etofenprox with 3% β-caryophyllene, at 1 hour we obtained 13%, 83%, and 87% knockdown respectively. At 24 hours we obtained 3%, 53%, and 77% mortality respectively. The CO2control and acetone standard both had 0% knockdown at 1 hour, and 0% mortality at 24 hours. Results are shown in Table 22. TABLE 22Efficacy of β-caryophyllene, etofenprox, and a combination ofboth against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSβ-CARYOPHYLLENE3%77ETOFENPROX0.002 μg53OBS.*CALC.**β-CARYOPHYLLENE +3% + 0.002 μg93‡89.19ETOFENPROX*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. Example 33 We tested etofenprox+linolenic acid for efficacy against 3- to 5-day old adultAedes aegypti. For the following concentrations 3% linolenic acid, 0.002 μg/mosquito of etofenprox, and 0.002 μg/mosquito of etofenprox with 3% linolenic acid, at 1 hour we obtained 0%, 83%, and 0% knockdown respectively. At 24 hours we obtained 3%, 53%, and 7% mean mortality respectively. The CO2control and acetone standard both had 0% knockdown at 1 hour, and 0% mean mortality at 24 hours. Results are shown in Table 23. TABLE 23Efficacy of linolenic acid, etofenprox, and a combination ofboth against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSLINOLENIC ACID3%3ETOFENPROX0.002 μg53OBS.*CALC.**LINOLENIC ACID +3% + 0.002 μg7‡54.41ETOFENPROX*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the calculated insecticidal kill rate exceeds the observed value, then the action of the combination is antagonistic. Example 34 Ethiprole andperillaoil were tested individually and in combination for efficacy against 4- to 6-day old adultAedes aegypti. Solutions tested included Solution 1 (0.0005 μg/mosquito of ethiprole), Solution 2 (2%perillaoil), and Solution 3 (0.0005 μg/mosquito of ethiprole with 2%perillaoil). At 1 hour we obtained 0%, 13%, and 40% knockdown, respectively. At 24 hours we obtained 97%, 0%, and 47% mean mortality, respectively. The CO2control and acetone standard both had 0% knockdown at 1 hour, and 0% mean mortality at 24 hours. Results are shown in Table 24. TABLE 24Efficacy of perilla oil, etofenprox, a combination of both againstadult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSPERILLA OIL2%0ETOFENPROX0.0005 μg97OBS.*CALC.**PERILLA OIL + ETOFENPROX2% + 0.0005 μg47‡97*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the calculated insecticidal kill rate exceeds the observed value, then the action of the combination is antagonistic. Example 35 Variousperillaoil components, perillaldehyde analogs, and insecticides were tested for efficacy against mosquitoes as detailed in Reference Example 1 with results shown in Tables 25-35. TABLE 25Efficacy of perilla oil, clothianidin, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSPerilla Oil1%3Clothianidin0.005 μg7OBS.*CALC.**Perilla Oil + Clothianidin1% + 0.005 μg77‡9.79*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 26Efficacy of perillaldehyde, clothianidin, and a combination ofboth against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSPerillaldehyde2%30Clothianidin0.025 μg40OBS.*CALC.**Perillaldehyde + Clothianidin2% + 0.025 μg97‡58*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 27Efficacy of β-caryophyllene, clothianidin, and a combination ofboth against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSβ-caryophyllene3%10Clothianidin0.01 μg50OBS.*CALC.**β-caryophyllene + Clothianidin3% + 0.01 μg90‡55*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 28Efficacy of farnesene, clothianidin, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSFarnesene3%3Clothianidin0.01 μg43OBS.*CALC.**Farnesene + Clothianidin3% + 0.01 μg93‡44.71*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 29Efficacy of linolenic acid, clothianidin, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSLinolenic Acid3%13Clothianidin0.01 μg43OBS.*CALC.**Linolenic Acid + Clothianidin3% + 0.01 μg80‡49.11*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 30Efficacy of limonene, clothianidin, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSLimonene5%27Clothianidin0.025 μg20OBS.*CALC.**Limonene + Clothianidin5% + 0.025 μg‡10041.6*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 31Efficacy of (R)-(−)-carvone, clothianidin, and a combination ofboth against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS(R)-(−)-carvone3%7Clothianidin0.025 μg20OBS.*CALC.**(R)-(−)-carvone + Clothianidin3% + 0.025 μg‡10025.6*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 32Efficacy of (S)-(+)-carvone, clothianidin, and a combination ofboth against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS(S)-(+)-carvone3%13Clothianidin0.025 μg20OBS.*CALC.**(S)-(+)-carvone + Clothianidin3% + 0.025 μg‡9730.4*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 33Efficacy of (1R)-(−)-myrtenal, clothianidin, and a combination ofboth against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS(1R)-(−)-myrtenal2%10Clothianidin0.025 μg20OBS.*CALC.**(1R)-(−)-myrtenal + Clothianidin2% + 0.025 μg‡9328*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 34Efficacy of (S)-(−)-perillyl alcohol, clothianidin, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS(S)-(−)-perillyl alcohol2%70Clothianidin0.025 μg20OBS.*CALC.**(S)-(−)-perillyl alcohol + Clothianidin2% + 0.025 μg‡10076*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 35Efficacy of (S)-(−)-Perillic acid, clothianidin, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS(S)-(−)-Perillic acid1%7Clothianidin0.025 μg20OBS.*CALC.**(S)-(−)-Perillic acid + Clothianidin1% + 0.025 μg‡5725.6*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. Example 36 Variousperillaoil components, perillaldehyde analogs, and insecticides were tested for efficacy against mosquitoes as detailed in Reference Example 1 with results shown in Tables 36-46. TABLE 36Efficacy of D-limonene, Dinotefuran, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSD-limonene5%13Dinotefuran0.06 μg60OBS.*CALC.**D-limonene + Dinotefuran5% + 0.06 μg97‡65.2*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 37Efficacy of (S)-(+)-Carvone, Dinotefuran, and a combination ofboth against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS(S)-(+)-Carvone3%33Dinotefuran0.06 μg60OBS.*CALC.**(S)-(+)-Carvone + Dinotefuran3% + 0.06 μg100‡73.2*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 38Efficacy of (S)-(+)-Carvone, Dinotefuran, and a combination ofboth against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS(S)-(+)-Carvone3%37Dinotefuran0.01 μg3OBS.*CALC.**(S)-(+)-Carvone + Dinotefuran3% + 0.01 μg100‡38.89*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 39Efficacy of (R)-(−)-Carvone, Dinotefuran, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS(R)-(−)-Carvone3%33Dinotefuran0.01 μg3OBS.*CALC.**(R)-(−)-Carvone + Dinotefuran3% + 0.01 μg93‡35.01*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 40Efficacy of (1R)-(−)-Myrtenal, Dinotefuran, and a combination ofboth against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS(1R)-(−)-Myrtenal2%57Dinotefuran0.06 μg60OBS.*CALC.**(1R)-(−)-Myrtenal + Dinotefuran2% + 0.06 μg97‡82.8*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 41Efficacy of (1R)-(−)-Myrtenal, Dinotefuran, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS(1R)-(−)-Myrtenal2%23Dinotefuran0.01 μg3OBS.*CALC.**(1R)-(−)-Myrtenal + Dinotefuran2% + 0.01 μg70‡25.31*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 42Efficacy of (S)-(−)-Perillyl alcohol, Dinotefuran, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS(S)-(−)-Perillyl alcohol2%83Dinotefuran0.06 μg60OBS.*CALC.**(S)-(−)-Perillyl alcohol + Dinotefuran2% + 0.06 μg100‡93.2*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 43Efficacy of (S)-(−)-Perillyl alcohol, Dinotefuran, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSS)-(−)-Perillyl alcohol1%0Dinotefuran0.01 μg0OBS.*CALC.**(S)-(−)-Perillyl alcohol + Dinotefuran1% + 0.01 μg83‡0*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 44Efficacy of (S)-(−)-Perillic acid, Dinotefuran, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS(S)-(−)-Perillic acid1%10Dinotefuran0.06 μg60OBS.*CALC.**(S)-(−)-Perillic acid + Dinotefuran1% + 0.06 μg93‡64*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 45Efficacy of 3-methyl-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde (3-methyl),Dinotefuran, and a combination of both against adult, virgin,femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS3-methyl2%17Dinotefuran0.06 μg60OBS.*CALC.**3-methyl + Dinotefuran2% + 0.06 μg100‡66.8*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 46Efficacy of 3-methyl-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde (3-methyl),Dinotefuran, and a combination of both against adult, virgin,femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS3-methyl2%0Dinotefuran0.01 μg0OBS.*CALC.**3-methyl + Dinotefuran2% + 0.01 μg100‡0*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. Example 37 Variousperillaoil components, perillaldehyde analogs, and insecticides were tested for efficacy against mosquitoes as detailed in Reference Example 1 with results shown in Tables 47-58. TABLE 47Efficacy of Perilla oil, Thiamethoxam, and a combination ofboth against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSPerilla oil2%23Thiamethoxam0.0075 μg27OBS.*CALC.**Perilla oil + Thiamethoxam2% + 0.0075 μg100‡43.79*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 48Efficacy of Perilla oil, Thiamethoxam, and a combination ofboth against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSPerilla oil2%23Thiamethoxam0.0025 μg3OBS.*CALC.**Perilla oil + Thiamethoxam2% + 0.0025 μg90‡25.31*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 49Efficacy of Farnasene, Thiamethoxam, and a combination ofboth against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSFarnasene3%3Thiamethoxam0.0075 μg37OBS.*CALC.**Farnasene + Thiamethoxam3% + 0.0075 μg100‡38.89*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 50Efficacy of (S)-(−)-Perillaldehyde ((S)-Perillaldehyde), Thiamethoxam,and a combination of both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS(S)-Perillaldehyde2%30Thiamethoxam0.0075 μg43OBS.*CALC.**(S)-Perillaldehyde + Thiamethoxam2% + 0.0075 μg97‡60.1*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 51Efficacy of Linolenic acid, Thiamethoxam, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSLinolenic acid3%13Thiamethoxam0.0075 μg37OBS.*CALC.**Linolenic acid + Thiamethoxam3% + 0.0075 μg100‡45.19*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 52Efficacy of β-Caryophyllene, Thiamethoxam, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSβ-Caryophyllene3%10Thiamethoxam0.0075 μg30OBS.*CALC.**β-Caryophyllene + Thiamethoxam3% + 0.0075 μg90‡37*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 53Efficacy of D-limonene, Thiamethoxam, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSD-limonene5%0Thiamethoxam0.0075 μg23OBS.*CALC.**D-limonene + Thiamethoxam5% + 0.0075 μg87‡23*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 54Efficacy of (R)-(−)-Carvone, Thiamethoxam, and a combination ofboth against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS(R)-(-)-Carvone3%0Thiamethoxam0.0075 μg23OBS.*CALC.**(R)-(−)-Carvone +3% + 0.0075 μg57‡23Thiamethoxam* Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 55Efficacy of (S)-(+)-Carvone, Thiamethoxam, and a combination ofboth against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS(S)-(+)-Carvone3%3Thiamethoxam0.0075 μg23OBS.*CALC.**(S)-(+)-Carvone +3% + 0.0075 μg97‡25.31Thiamethoxam* Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 56Efficacy of (1R)-(−)-Myrtenal, Thiamethoxam, and a combination ofboth against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS(1R)-(−)-Myrtenal2%0Thiamethoxam0.0075 μg23OBS.*CALC.**(1R)-(−)-Myrtenal +2% + 0.0075 μg77‡23Thiamethoxam* Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 57Efficacy of (S)-(−)-Perillyl alcohol ((S)-Perillyl alcohol), Thiamethoxam,and a combination of both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS(S)-Perillyl alcohol2%33Thiamethoxam0.0075 μg3OBS.*CALC.**(S)-Perillyl alcohol +2% + 0.0075 μg77‡35.01Thiamethoxam*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 58Efficacy of (S)-(−)-Perillic acid, Thiamethoxam, and a combination ofboth against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS(S)-(−)-Perillic acid1%13Thiamethoxam0.0075 μg3OBS.*CALC.**(S)-(−)-Perillic acid +1% + 0.0075 μg20‡15.61Thiamethoxam*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. Example 38 Variousperillaoil components, perillaldehyde analogs, and insecticides were tested for efficacy against mosquitoes as detailed in Reference Example 1 with results shown in Tables 59-68. TABLE 59Efficacy of perilla oil, imidacloprid, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSPerilla Oil1% †3Imidacloprid0.005 μg60OBS.*CALC.**Perilla Oil + Imidacloprid1% + 0.005 μg87‡61.2Perilla Oil2%3Imidacloprid0.005 μg60OBS.*CALC.**Perilla Oil + Imidacloprid2% + 0.005 μg100‡61.2† 3% efficacy was derived from data that underwent probit analysis to predict lethal dose values from topical application bioassay.*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 60Efficacy of β-caryophyllene, imidacloprid, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSβ-caryophyllene3%50Imidacloprid0.005 μg50OBS.*CALC.**β-caryophyllene + Imidacloprid3% + 0.005 μg100‡75*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 61Efficacy of farnesene, imidacloprid, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSFarnesene3%7Imidacloprid0.005 μg53OBS.*CALC.**Farnesene + Imidacloprid3% + 0.005 μg100‡56.29*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 62Efficacy of linolenic acid, imidacloprid, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSLinolenic Acid3%13Imidacloprid0.005 μg53OBS.*CALC.**Linolenic Acid + Imidacloprid3% + 0.005 μg100‡59.11* Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 63Efficacy of D-limonene, Imidacloprid, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSD-limonene5%23Imidacloprid0.005 μg43OBS.*CALC.**D-limonene + Imidacloprid5% + 0.005 μg97‡56.11*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 64Efficacy of (R)-(−)-Carvone, Imidacloprid, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS(R)-(−)-Carvone3%23Imidacloprid0.005 μg43OBS.*CALC.**(R)-(−)-Carvone + Imidacloprid3% + 0.005 μg93‡56.11*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 65Efficacy of (S)-(+)-Carvone, Imidacloprid, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS(S)-(+)-Carvone3%20Imidacloprid0.005 μg53OBS.*CALC.**(S)-(+)-Carvone + Imidacloprid3% + 0.005 μg100‡62.4*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 66Efficacy of (1R)-(−)-Myrtenal, Imidacloprid, and a combination ofboth against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS(1R)-(−)-Myrtenal2%47Imidacloprid0.005 μg53OBS.*CALC.**(1R)-(−)-Myrtenal +2% + 0.005 μg90‡75.09Imidacloprid*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 67Efficacy of (S)-(−)-Perillyl alcohol, Imidacloprid, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS(S)-(−)-Perillyl alcohol2%47Imidacloprid0.005 μg53OBS.*CALC.**(S)-(−)-Perillyl alcohol +2% + 0.005 μg97‡75.09Imidacloprid*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 68Efficacy of (S)-(−)-Perillic acid, Imidacloprid, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS(S)-(−)-Perillic acid1%13Imidacloprid0.005 μg53OBS.*CALC.**(S)-(−)-Perillic acid + Imidacloprid1% + 0.005 μg83‡59.11*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. Example 39 Perillaoil and variousperillaoil components, various perillaldehyde analogs, and insecticides were tested against mosquitoes as detailed in Reference Example 1 with results show in Tables 69-75. TABLE 69Efficacy of Perilla oil, Permethrin, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSPerilla oil2%3Permethrin0.0003 μg27OBS.*CALC.**Perilla oil + Permethrin2% + 0.0003 μg53‡29.19*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 70Efficacy of D-limonene, Permethrin, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSD-limonene5%47Permethrin0.0003 μg17OBS.*CALC.**D-limonene + Permethrin5% + 0.0003 μg53‡56.01*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate does not exceed the calculated value, then the action of the combination is not super-additive or synergistic. TABLE 71Efficacy of (R)-(−)-Carvone, Permethrin, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS(R)-(−)-Carvone3%33Permethrin0.0003 μg17OBS.*CALC.**(R)-(−)-Carvone + Permethrin3% + 0.0003 μg60‡44.39*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 72Efficacy of (S)-(+)-Carvone, Permethrin, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS(S)-(+)-Carvone3%20Permethrin0.0003 μg17OBS.*CALC.**(S)-(+)-Carvone + Permethrin3% + 0.0003 μg67‡33.6*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 73Efficacy of (1R)-(−)-Myrtenal, Permethrin, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS(1R)-(−)-Myrtenal2%47Permethrin0.0003 μg17OBS.*CALC.**(1R)-(−)-Myrtenal + Permethrin2% + 0.0003 μg43‡56.01*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate does not exceed the calculated value, then the action of the combination is not super-additive or synergistic. TABLE 74Efficacy of (S)-(−)-Perillyl alcohol, Permethrin, and a combination ofboth against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS(S)-(−)-Perillyl alcohol2%47Permethrin0.0003 μg17OBS.*CALC.**(S)-(−)-Perillyl alcohol + Permethrin2% + 0.0003 μg50‡56.01*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate does not exceed the calculated value, then the action of the combination is not super-additive or synergistic. TABLE 75Efficacy of (S)-(−)-Perillic acid, Permethrin, and a combination ofboth against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS(S)-(−)-Perillic acid1%13Permethrin0.0003 μg17OBS.*CALC.**(S)-(−)-Perillic acid + Permethrin1% + 0.0003 μg100‡27.79*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. Example 40 Perillaoil and variousperillaoil components, various perillaldehyde analogs, and insecticides were tested against mosquitoes as detailed in Reference Example 1 with results show in Tables 76-86. TABLE 76Efficacy of Perilla oil, Sumithrin, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSPerilla oil3%20Sumithrin0.0007 μg27OBS.*CALC.**Perilla oil + Sumithrin3% + 0.0007 μg57‡41.6Perilla oil4%17Sumithrin0.0007 μg27OBS.*CALC.**Perilla oil + Sumithrin4% + 0.0007 μg80‡39.41Perilla oil5%37Sumithrin0.0007 μg27OBS.*CALC.**Perilla oil + Sumithrin5% + 0.0007 μg77‡54.01Perilla oil6%50Sumithrin0.0007 μg27OBS.*CALC.**Perilla oil + Sumithrin6% + 0.0007 μg93‡63.5*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 77Efficacy of Perillaldehyde, Sumithrin, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSPerillaldehyde2%57Sumithrin0.0007 μg40OBS.*CALC.**Perillaldehyde + Sumithrin2% + 0.0007 μg70‡74.2*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate does not exceed the calculated value, then the action of the combination is not super-additive or synergistic. TABLE 78Efficacy of Farnesene, Sumithrin, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSFarnesene3%7Sumithrin0.0007 μg40OBS.*CALC.**Perillaldehyde + Sumithrin3% + 0.0007 μg80‡44.2*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 79Efficacy of Linolenic acid, Sumithrin, and a combination ofboth against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSLinolenic acid3%0Sumithrin0.0007 μg40OBS.*CALC.**Linolenic acid + Sumithrin3% + 0.0007 μg13‡40*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate does not exceed the calculated value, then the action of the combination is not super-additive or synergistic. TABLE 80Efficacy of β-Caryophyllene, Sumithrin, and a combination ofboth against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSβ-Caryophyllene3%0Sumithrin0.0007 μg40OBS.*CALC.**β-Caryophyllene + Sumithrin3% + 0.0007 μg83‡40*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 81Efficacy of D-limonene, Sumithrin, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSD-limonene5%57Sumithrin0.0007 μg40OBS.*CALC.**D-limonene + Sumithrin5% + 0.0007 μg93‡74.2*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 82Efficacy of (R)-(−)-Carvone, Sumithrin, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS(R)-(−)-Carvone3%20Sumithrin0.0007 μg40OBS.*CALC.**(R)-(−)-Carvone + Sumithrin3% + 0.0007 μg73‡52*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 83Efficacy of (S)-(+)-Carvone, Sumithrin, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS(S)-(+)-Carvone3%10Sumithrin0.0007 μg40OBS.*CALC.**(S)-(+)-Carvone + Sumithrin3% + 0.0007 μg97‡46*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 84Efficacy of (1R)-(−)-Myrtenal, Sumithrin, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS(1R)-(−)-Myrtenal2%3Sumithrin0.0007 μg40OBS.*CALC.**(1R)-(−)-Myrtenal + Sumithrin2% + 0.0007 μg67‡41.8*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 85Efficacy of (S)-(−)-Perillyl alcohol, Sumithrin, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS(S)-(−)-Perillyl alcohol2%70Sumithrin0.0007 μg40OBS.*CALC.**(S)-(−)-Perillyl alcohol +2% + 0.0007 μg77‡82Sumithrin*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate does not exceed the calculated value, then the action of the combination is not super-additive or synergistic. TABLE 86Efficacy of (S)-(−)-Perillic acid, Sumithrin, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS(S)-(−)-Perillic acid1%87Sumithrin0.0007 μg40OBS.*CALC.**(S)-(−)-Perillic acid + Sumithrin1% + 0.0007 μg27‡92.2*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate does not exceed the calculated value, then the action of the combination is not super-additive or synergistic. Example 41 Perillaoil and variousperillaoil components, various perillaldehyde analogs, and insecticides were tested against mosquitoes as detailed in Reference Example 1 with results show in Tables 87-97. TABLE 87Efficacy of Perilla oil, Prallethrin, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSPerilla oil1%3Prallethrin0.00075 μg37OBS.*CALC.**Perilla oil + Prallethrin1% + 0.00075 μg97‡38.89Perilla oil2%13Prallethrin0.00075 μg37OBS.*CALC.**Perilla oil + Prallethrin2% + 0.00075 μg100‡45.19Perilla oil3%13Prallethrin0.00075 μg37OBS.*CALC.**Perilla oil + Prallethrin3% + 0.00075 μg100‡45.19Perilla oil4%40Prallethrin0.00075 μg37OBS.*CALC.**Perilla oil + Prallethrin4% + 0.00075 μg100‡62.2Perilla oil5%63Prallethrin0.00075 μg37OBS.*CALC.**Perilla oil + Prallethrin5% + 0.00075 μg100‡76.69*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 88Efficacy of Perillaldehyde, Prallethrin, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSPerillaldehyde1%3Prallethrin0.00075 μg37OBS.*CALC.**Perillaldehyde + Prallethrin1% + 0.00075 μg47‡38.89Perillaldehyde2%60Prallethrin0.00075 μg37OBS.*CALC.**Perillaldehyde + Prallethrin2% + 0.00075 μg77‡74.8Perillaldehyde3%97Prallethrin0.00075 μg37OBS.*CALC.**Perillaldehyde + Prallethrin3% + 0.00075 μg90§98.11*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present.§Since the actual insecticidal kill rate does not exceed the calculated value, then the action of the combination is not super-additive or synergistic. TABLE 89Efficacy of Farnasene, Prallethrin, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSFarnasene3%7Prallethrin0.00075 μg20OBS.*CALC.**Farnasene + Prallethrin3% + 0.00075 μg90‡25.6*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 90Efficacy of Linolenic acid, Prallethrin, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSLinolenic acid3%0Prallethrin0.00075 μg20OBS.*CALC.**Linolenic acid + Prallethrin3% + 0.00075 μg7‡20*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate does not exceed the calculated value, then the action of the combination is not super-additive or synergistic. TABLE 91Efficacy of β-Caryophyllene, Prallethrin, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSβ-Caryophyllene3%0Prallethrin0.00075 μg20OBS.*CALC.**β-Caryophyllene + Prallethrin3% + 0.00075 μg33‡20*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 92Efficacy of D-limonene, Prallethrin, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSD-limonene5%7Prallethrin0.00075 μg20OBS.*CALC.**D-limonene + Prallethrin5% + 0.00075 μg77‡25.6*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 93Efficacy of (R)-(−)-Carvone, Prallethrin, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS(R)-(−)-Carvone3%3Prallethrin0.00075 μg20OBS.*CALC.**(R)-(−)-Carvone + Prallethrin3% + 0.00075 μg70‡22.4*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 94Efficacy of (S)-(+)-Carvone, Prallethrin, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS(S)-(+)-Carvone3%10Prallethrin0.00075 μg20OBS.*CALC.**(S)-(+)-Carvone + Prallethrin3% + 0.00075 μg73‡28*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 95Efficacy of (1R)-(−)-Myrtenal, Prallethrin, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS(1R)-(−)-Myrtenal2%0Prallethrin0.00075 μg20OBS.*CALC.**(1R)-(−)-Myrtenal + Prallethrin2% + 0.00075 μg3‡20*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate does not exceed the calculated value, then the action of the combination is not super-additive or synergistic. TABLE 96Efficacy of (S)-(−)-Perillyl alcohol, Prallethrin, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS(S)-(−)-Perillyl alcohol2%3Prallethrin0.00075 μg20OBS.*CALC.**(S)-(−)-Perillyl alcohol +2% + 0.00075 μg87‡22.4Prallethrin*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 97Efficacy of (S)-(−)-Perillic acid, Prallethrin, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS(S)-(−)-Perillic acid1%7Prallethrin0.00075 μg20OBS.*CALC.**(S)-(−)-Perillic acid +1% + 0.00075 μg93‡25.6Prallethrin*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. Example 42 Various perillaldehyde analogs, and insecticides were tested against mosquitoes as detailed in Reference Example 1 with results show in Tables 98-103. TABLE 98Efficacy of D-limonene, Etofenprox, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSD-limonene5%13Etofenprox0.002 μg37OBS.*CALC.**D-limonene + Etofenprox5% + 0.002 μg93‡45.19*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 99Efficacy of (R)-(−)-Carvone, Etofenprox, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS(R)-(−)-Carvone3%13Etofenprox0.002 μg37OBS.*CALC.**(R)-(−)-Carvone + Etofenprox3% + 0.002 μg90‡45.19*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 100Efficacy of (S)-(+)-Carvone, Etofenprox, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS(S)-(+)-Carvone3%7Etofenprox0.002 μg37OBS.*CALC.**(S)-(+)-Carvone + Etofenprox3% + 0.002 μg70‡41.41*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 101Efficacy of (1R)-(−)-Myrtenal, Etofenprox, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS(1R)-(−)-Myrtenal2%43Etofenprox0.002 μg37OBS.*CALC.**(1R)-(−)-Myrtenal + Etofenprox2% + 0.002 μg97‡64.09*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 102Efficacy of (S)-(−)-Perillyl alcohol, Etofenprox, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS(S)-(−)-Perillyl alcohol2%80Etofenprox0.002 μg37OBS.*CALC.**(S)-(−)-Perillyl alcohol +2% + 0.002 μg100‡87.4Etofenprox*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 103Efficacy of (S)-(−)-Perillic acid, Etofenprox, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS(S)-(−)-Perillic acid1%63Etofenprox0.002 μg37OBS.*CALC.**(S)-(−)-Perillic acid +1% + 0.002 μg93‡76.69Etofenprox*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. Example 43 Perillaoil and various perillaldehyde analogs, and insecticides were tested against mosquitoes as detailed in Reference Example 1 with results show in Tables 104-110. TABLE 104Efficacy of Perilla oil, Pyrethrins, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSPerilla oil1%3Pyrethrins0.0015 μg30OBS.*CALC.**Perilla oil + Pyrethrins1% + 0.0015 μg60‡32.1Perilla oil2%10Pyrethrins0.0015 μg30OBS.*CALC.**Perilla oil + Pyrethrins2% + 0.0015 μg83‡37Perilla oil3%23Pyrethrins0.0015 μg30OBS.*CALC.**Perilla oil + Pyrethrins3% + 0.0015 μg83‡46.1Perilla oil4%53Pyrethrins0.0015 μg30OBS.*CALC.**Perilla oil + Pyrethrins4% + 0.0015 μg90‡67.1Perilla oil5%70Pyrethrins0.0015 μg30OBS.*CALC.**Perilla oil + Pyrethrins5% + 0.0015 μg93‡79*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡ Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 105Efficacy of D-limonene, Pyrethrins, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSD-limonene5%50Pyrethrins0.0015 μg53OBS.*CALC.**D-limonene + Pyrethrins5% + 0.0015 μg100‡76.5*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 106Efficacy of (R)-(−)-Carvone, Pyrethrins, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS(R)-(−)-Carvone3%10Pyrethrins0.0015 μg53OBS.*CALC.**(R)-(−)-Carvone + Pyrethrins3% + 0.0015 μg83‡57.7*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 107Efficacy of (S)-(+)-Carvone, Pyrethrins, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS(S)-(+)-Carvone3%17Pyrethrins0.0015 μg53OBS.*CALC.**(S)-(+)-Carvone + Pyrethrins3% + 0.0015 μg70‡60.99*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 108Efficacy of (1R)-(−)-Myrtenal, Pyrethrins, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS(1R)-(−)-Myrtenal2%10Pyrethrins0.0015 μg53OBS.*CALC.**(1R)-(−)-Myrtenal + Pyrethrins2% + 0.0015 μg77‡57.7*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 109Efficacy of (S)-(−)-Perillyl alcohol, Pyrethrins, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS(S)-(−)-Perillyl alcohol2%67Pyrethrins0.0015 μg53OBS.*CALC.**(S)-(−)-Perillyl alcohol +2% + 0.0015 μg93‡84.49Pyrethrins*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 110Efficacy of (S)-(−)-Perillic acid, Pyrethrins, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS(S)-(−)-Perillic acid1%20Pyrethrins0.0015 μg53OBS.*CALC.**(S)-(−)-Perillic acid + Pyrethrins1% + 0.0015 μg93‡62.4*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. Example 44 The insecticide spinosad was tested withperillaoil and various perillaldehyde analogs against mosquitoes as detailed in Reference Example 1 with results show in Tables 111-115. TABLE 111Efficacy of Perilla oil, Spinosad, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSPerilla oil2%3Spinosad0.02 μg33OBS.*CALC.**Perilla oil + Spinosad2% + 0.02 μg43‡35.01Perilla oil3%7Spinosad0.02 μg33OBS.*CALC.**Perilla oil + Spinosad3% + 0.02 μg93‡37.69Perilla oil4%3Spinosad0.02 μg33OBS.*CALC.**Perilla oil + Spinosad4% + 0.02 μg93‡35.01Perilla oil5%40Spinosad0.02 μg33OBS.*CALC.**Perilla oil + Spinosad5% + 0.02 μg97‡59.8*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 112Efficacy of Perillaldehyde, Spinosad, and a combination ofboth against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSPerillaldehyde1%0Spinosad0.02 μg33OBS.*CALC.**Perillaldehyde + Spinosad1% + 0.02 μg7‡33Perillaldehyde2%10Spinosad0.02 μg33OBS.*CALC.**Perillaldehyde + Spinosad2% + 0.02 μg20‡39.7Perillaldehyde3%73Spinosad0.02 μg33OBS.*CALC.**Perillaldehyde + Spinosad3% + 0.02 μg63‡81.91*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 113Efficacy of Farnasene, Spinosad, and a combination of both against adult,virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSFarnasene3%7Spinosad0.02 μg33OBS.*CALC.**Farnasene + Spinosad3% + 0.02 μg40‡37.69*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 114Efficacy of Linolenic acid, Spinosad, and a combination of both againstadult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSLinolenic acid3%10Spinosad0.02 μg33OBS.*CALC.**Linolenic acid + Spinosad3% + 0.02 μg43‡39.7*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 115Efficacy of β-Caryophyllene, Spinosad, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSβ-Caryophyllene3%7Spinosad0.02 μg33OBS.*CALC.**β-Caryophyllene + Spinosad3% + 0.02 μg77‡37.69*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. Example 45 The insecticide dinotefuran was tested withperillaoil analogs against mosquitoes as detailed in Reference Example 1 with results show in Tables 116-126. TABLE 116Efficacy of Isophorone, Dinotefuran, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSIsophorone3%30Dinotefuran0.06 μg37OBS.*CALC.**Isophorone + Dinotefuran3% + 0.06 μg97‡55.90*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 117Efficacy of 1-Methyl-1-cyclohexene, Dinotefuran, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS1-Methyl-1-cyclohexene3%10Dinotefuran0.06 μg37OBS.*CALC.**1-Methyl-1-cyclohexene +3% + 0.06 μg97‡43.30Dinotefuran*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 118Efficacy of 1-tert-Butyl-1-cyclohexene, Dinotefuran, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS1-tert-Butyl . . .3%17Dinotefuran0.06 μg37OBS.*CALC.**1-tert-Butyl . . . + Dinotefuran3% + 0.06 μg37‡47.71*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 119Efficacy of 3,5-Dimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one, Dinotefuran, and acombination of both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS3,5-Dimethyl . . .3%10Dinotefuran0.06 μg37OBS.*CALC.**3,5-Dimethyl . . . + Dinotefuran3% + 0.06 μg87‡43.30*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 120Efficacy of 4-Methylcyclohexene, Dinotefuran, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS4-Methylcyclohexene3%0Dinotefuran0.06 μg37OBS.*CALC.**4-Methylcyclohexene +3% + 0.06 μg57‡37.00Dinotefuran*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 121Efficacy of 7,8-Dihydo-α-ionone, Dinotefuran, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS7,8-Dihydo-α-ionone3%50Dinotefuran0.06 μg10OBS.*CALC.**7,8-Dihydo-α-ionone +3% + 0.06 μg100‡55.00Dinotefuran*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 122Efficacy of 2,4-Dimethyl-3-cyclohexenecarboxaldehyde, Dinotefuran,and a combination of both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS2,4-Dimethyl . . .3%37Dinotefuran0.06 μg10OBS.*CALC.**2,4-Dimethyl . . . + Dinotefuran3% + 0.06 μg100‡43.30*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 123Efficacy of Trivertal, Dinotefuran, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSTrivertal3%13Dinotefuran0.06 μg10OBS.*CALC.**Trivertal + Dinotefuran3% + 0.06 μg100‡21.70*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 124Efficacy of 3-Cyclohexene-1-methanol, Dinotefuran, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS3-Cyclohexene-1-m . . .3%23Dinotefuran0.06 μg37OBS.*CALC.**3-Cyclohexene-1-m . . . +3% + 0.06 μg100‡51.49Dinotefuran*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 125Efficacy of Terpinolene, Dinotefuran, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSTerpinolene3%13Dinotefuran0.06 μg37OBS.*CALC.**Terpinolene + Dinotefuran3% + 0.06 μg87‡45.19*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 126Efficacy of Piperonyl Butoxide, Dinotefuran, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSPiperonyl Butoxide1%17Dinotefuran0.06 μg57OBS.*CALC.**Piperonyl Butoxide +1% + 0.06 μg100‡64.31Dinotefuran*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. Example 46 The insecticide thiamethoxam was tested withperillaoil analogs against mosquitoes as detailed in Reference Example 1 with results show in Tables 127-137. TABLE 127Efficacy of Isophorone, Thiamethoxam, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSIsophorone3%33Thiamethoxam0.01 μg7OBS.*CALC.**Isophorone + Thiamethoxam3% + 0.01 μg67‡37.69*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 128Efficacy of 1-Methyl-1-cyclohexene, Thiamethoxam, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS1-Methyl-1 . . .3%3Thiamethoxam0.02 μg47OBS.*CALC.**1-Methyl-1 . . . + Thiamethoxam3% + 0.02 μg67‡48.59*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 129Efficacy of 1-tert-Butyl-1-cyclohexene, Thiamethoxam, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS1-tert-Butyl . . .3%40Thiamethoxam0.02 μg47OBS.*CALC.**1-tert-Butyl . . . + Thiamethoxam3% + 0.02 μg87‡68.2*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 130Efficacy of 3,5-Dimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one, Thiamethoxam, anda combination of both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS3,5-Dimethyl . . .3%37Thiamethoxam0.02 μg47OBS.*CALC.**3,5-Dimethyl . . . +3% + 0.02 μg97‡66.61Thiamethoxam*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 131Efficacy of 4-Methylcyclohexene, Thiamethoxam, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS4-Methylcyclohexene3%0Thiamethoxam0.02 μg47OBS.*CALC.**4-Methylcyclohexene +3% + 0.02 μg57‡47.00Thiamethoxam*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 132Efficacy of 7,8-Dihydro-α-ionone, Thiamethoxam, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS7,8-Dihydro-α-ionone3%53Thiamethoxam0.0075 μg23OBS.*CALC.**7,8-Dihydro-α-ionone +3% + 0.0075 μg87‡63.81Thiamethoxam*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 133Efficacy of 2,4-Dimethyl-3-cyclohexenecarboxaldehyde, Thiamethoxam,and a combination of both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS2,4-Dimethyl . . .3%10Thiamethoxam0.0075 μg23OBS.*CALC.**2,4-Dimethyl . . . +3% + 0.0075 μg100‡30.70Thiamethoxam*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 134Efficacy of Trivertal, Thiamethoxam, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSTrivertal3%17Thiamethoxam0.0075 μg23OBS.*CALC.**Trivertal + Thiamethoxam3% + 0.0075 μg90‡36.09*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 135Efficacy of 3-Cyclohexene-1-methanol, Thiamethoxam, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS3-Cyclohexene-1-m . . .3%70Thiamethoxam0.02 μg57OBS.*CALC.**3-Cyclohexene-1-m . . . +3% + 0.02 μg100‡87.1Thiamethoxam*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 136Efficacy of Terpinolene, Thiamethoxam, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSTerpinolene3%40Thiamethoxam0.02 μg57OBS.*CALC.**Terpinolene + Thiamethoxam3% + 0.02 μg100‡74.2*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 137Efficacy of Pipeonyl Butoxide, Thiamethoxam, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSPiperonyl Butoxide1%67Thiamethoxam0.02 μg87OBS.*CALC.**Piperonyl Butoxide +1% + 0.02 μg97‡95.71Thiamethoxam*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. Example 47 The insecticide clothianidin was tested withperillaoil analogs against mosquitoes as detailed in Reference Example 1 with results show in Tables 138-148. TABLE 138Efficacy of Isophorone, Clothianidin, and a combination of both againstadult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSIsophorone3%60Clothianidin0.02 μg43OBS.*CALC.**Isophorone + Clothianidin3% + 0.02 μg‡ 10077.2*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡ Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 139Efficacy of 1-Methyl-1-cyclohexene, Clothianidin, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS1-Methyl-1-cyclohexene3%0Clothianidin0.02 μg43OBS.*CALC.**1-Methyl-1-cyclohexene +3% + 0.02 μg‡ 9043Clothianidin*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡ Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 140Efficacy of 1-tert-Butyl-1-cyclohexene, Clothianidin, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS1-tert-Butyl . . .3%10Clothianidin0.02 μg43OBS.*CALC.**1-tert-Butyl . . . + Clothianidin3% + 0.02 μg‡ 7348.7*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡ Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 141Efficacy of 3,5-Dimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one, Clothianidin, and acombination of both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS3,5-Dimethyl . . .3%37Clothianidin0.02 μg43OBS.*CALC.**3,5-Dimethyl . . . +3% + 0.02 μg‡ 9764.09Clothianidin*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡ Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 142Efficacy of 4-Methylcyclohexene, Clothianidin, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS4-Methylcyclohexene3%0Clothianidin0.02 μg43OBS.*CALC.**4-Methylcyclohexene +3% + 0.02 μg‡ 8343Clothianidin*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡ Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 143Efficacy of 7,8-Dihydro-α-ionone, Clothianidin, and a combination of both againstadult, virgin, femaleAedesaegyptimosquitoes.ACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATION% MORTALITY AFTER 24 HRS7,8-Dihydro-α-ionone3%20Clothianidin0.02 μg50OBS.*CALC.**7,8-Dihydro-α-ionone + Clothianidin3% + 0.02 μg‡ 10060*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡ Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 144Efficacy of 2,4-Dimethy1-3-cyclohexenecarboxaldehyde, Clothianidin, and acombination of both against adult, virgin, femaleAedesaegyptimosquitoes.ACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATION% MORTALITY AFTER 24 HRS2,4-Dimethyl . . .3%27Clothianidin0.02 μg50OBS.*CALC.**2,4-Dimethyl . . . + Clothianidin3% + 0.02 μg‡ 9363.5*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡ Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 145Efficacy of Trivertal, Clothianidin, and a combination of both against adult, virgin,femaleAedesaegyptimosquitoes.ACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATION% MORTALITY AFTER 24 HRSTrivertal3%10Clothianidin0.02 μg50OBS.*CALC.**Trivertal + Clothianidin3% + 0.02 μg‡ 6755*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡ Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 146Efficacy of 3-Cyclohexene-1-methanol, Clothianidin, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedesaegyptimosquitoes.ACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATION% MORTALITY AFTER 24 HRS3-Cyclohexene-1-m . . .3%40Clothianidin0.015 μg0OBS.*CALC.**3-Cyclohexene-1-m . . . + Clothianidin3% + 0.015 μg‡ 10040*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡ Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 147Efficacy of Terpinolene, Clothianidin, and a combination of both against adult, virgin,femaleAedesaegyptimosquitoes.ACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATION% MORTALITY AFTER 24 HRSTerpinolene3%37Clothianidin0.015 μg0OBS.*CALC.**Terpinolene + Clothianidin3% + 0.015 μg‡ 10037*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡ Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 148Efficacy of Piperonyl Butoxide, Clothianidin, and a combination of both against adult,virgin, femaleAedesaegyptimosquitoes.ACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATION% MORTALITY AFTER 24 HRSPiperonyl Butoxide1%63Clothianidin0.01 μg47OBS.*CALC.**Piperonyl Butoxide + Clothianidin1% + 0.01 μg‡ 9780.39*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡ Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. Example 48 The insecticide imidacloprid was tested with perillaldehyde against mosquitoes as detailed in Reference Example 1 with results show in Table 149. TABLE 149Efficacy of perillaldehyde, imidacloprid, and a combination of both against adult,virgin, femaleAedesaegyptimosquitoes.ACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATION% MORTALITY AFTER 24 HRSPerillaldehyde2%30Imidacloprid0.0025 μg83OBS.*CALC.**Perillaldehyde + Imidacloprid2% + 0.0025 μg73‡88.1*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate does not exceed the calculated value, then the action of the combination is not super-additive or synergistic. Example 49 The insecticide imidacloprid was tested withperilla-oil analogs against mosquitoes as detailed in Reference Example 1 with results show in Tables 150-160. TABLE 150Efficacy of Isophorone, Imidacloprid, and a combination of both against adult, virgin,femaleAedesaegyptimosquitoes.ACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATION% MORTALITY AFTER 24 HRSIsophorone3%37Imidacloprid0.005 μg30OBS.*CALC.**Isophorone + Imidacloprid3% + 0.005 μg67‡55.9*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 151Efficacy of 1-Methyl-1-cyclohexene, Imidacloprid, and a combination of both againstadult, virgin, femaleAedesaegyptimosquitoes.ACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATION% MORTALITY AFTER 24 HRS1-Methyl-1-cyclohexene3%0Imidacloprid0.005 μg30OBS.*CALC.**1-Methyl-1-cyclohexene + Imidacloprid3% + 0.005 μg27‡30*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 152Efficacy of 1-tert-Butyl-1-cyclohexene, Imidacloprid, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedesaegyptimosquitoes.ACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATION% MORTALITY AFTER 24 HRS1-tert-Butyl . . .3%40Imidacloprid0.005 μg30OBS.*CALC.**1-tert-Butyl . . . + Imidacloprid3% + 0.005 μg80‡58*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 153Efficacy of 3,5-Dimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one, Imidacloprid, and a combination ofboth against adult, virgin, femaleAedesaegyptimosquitoes.ACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATION% MORTALITY AFTER 24 HRS3,5-Dimethyl . . .3%40Imidacloprid0.005 μg30OBS.*CALC.**3,5-Dimethyl . . . + Imidacloprid3% + 0.005 μg57‡58*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 154Efficacy of 4-Methylcyclohexene, Imidacloprid, and a combination of both againstadult, virgin, femaleAedesaegyptimosquitoes.ACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATION% MORTALITY AFTER 24 HRS4-Methylcyclohexene3%0Imidacloprid0.005 μg30OBS.*CALC.**4-Methylcyclohexene + Imidacloprid3% + 0.005 μg53‡30*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 155Efficacy of 7,8-Dihydro-α-ionone, Imidacloprid, and a combination of both againstadult, virgin, femaleAedesaegyptimosquitoes.ACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATION% MORTALITY AFTER 24 HRS7,8-Dihydro-α-ionone3%3Imidacloprid0.005 μg30OBS.*CALC.**7,8-Dihydro-α-ionone + Imidacloprid3% + 0.005 μg13‡32.1*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 156Efficacy of 2,4-Dimethyl-3-cyclohexenecarboxaldehyde, Imidacloprid, and acombination of both against adult, virgin, femaleAedesaegyptimosquitoes.ACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATION% MORTALITY AFTER 24 HRS2,4-Dimethyl . . .3%33Imidacloprid0.005 μg30OBS.*CALC.**2,4-Dimethyl . . . + Imidacloprid3% + 0.005 μg90‡53.1*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 157Efficacy of Trivertal, Imidacloprid, and a combination of both against adult, virgin,femaleAedesaegyptimosquitoes.ACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATION% MORTALITY AFTER 24 HRSTrivertal3%23Imidacloprid0.005 μg30OBS.*CALC.**Trivertal + Imidacloprid3% + 0.005 μg87‡46.1*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 158Efficacy of 3-Cyclohexene-1-methanol, Imidacloprid, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.ACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATION% MORTALITY AFTER 24 HRS3-Cyclohexene-1-m . . .3%77Imidacloprid0.005 μg40OBS.*CALC.**3-Cyclohexene-1-m . . . +3% + 0.005 μg97‡86.2Imidacloprid*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 159Efficacy of Terpinolene, Imidacloprid, and a combination of both against adult, virgin,femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.ACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATION% MORTALITY AFTER 24 HRSTerpinolene3%23Imidacloprid0.005 μg40OBS.*CALC.**Terpinolene + Imidacloprid3% + 0.005 μg70‡53.8*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 160Efficacy of Piperonyl Butoxide, Imidacloprid, and a combination of both againstadult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.ACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATION% MORTALITY AFTER 24 HRSPiperonyl Butoxide1%17Imidacloprid0.003 μg23OBS.*CALC.**Piperonyl Butoxide + Imidacloprid1% + 0.003 μg100‡36.09*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. Example 50 The insecticide nitenpyram was tested withperillaoil and various perillaldehyde analogs against mosquitoes as detailed in Reference Example 1 with results show in Tables 161-164. TABLE 161Efficacy of Perilla oil, Nitenpyram, and a combination of both against adult, virgin,femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.ACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATION% MORTALITY AFTER 24 HRSPerilla oil1%0Nitenpyram0.008 μg53OBS.*CALC.**Perilla oil + Nitenpyram1% + 0.008 μg97‡53Perilla oil2%17Nitenpyram0.008 μg53OBS.*CALC.**Perilla oil + Nitenpyram2% + 0.008 μg97‡60.99Perilla oil3%60Nitenpyram0.008 μg53OBS.*CALC.**Perilla oil + Nitenpyram3% + 0.008 μg100‡81.2*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 162Efficacy of Farnasene, Nitenpyram, and a combination of both against adult, virgin,femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.ACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATION% MORTALITY AFTER 24 HRSFarnasene3%7Nitenpyram0.008 μg3OBS.*CALC.**Farnasene + Nitenpyram3% + 0.008 μg93‡9.79*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 163Efficacy of Linolenic acid, Nitenpyram, and a combination of both against adult,virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.ACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATION% MORTALITY AFTER 24 HRSLinolenic acid3%13Nitenpyram0.008 μg3OBS.*CALC.**Linolenic acid + Nitenpyram3% + 0.008 μg93‡15.61*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 164Efficacy of β-Caryophyllene, Nitenpyram, and a combination of both against adult,virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.ACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATION% MORTALITY AFTER 24 HRSβ-Caryophyllene3%10Nitenpyram0.008 μg53OBS.*CALC.**β-Caryophyllene + Nitenpyram3% + 0.008 μg83‡57.7*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. Example 51 The pyrethrins were tested withperillaoil analogs against mosquitoes as detailed in Reference Example 1 with results show in Tables 165-174. TABLE 165Efficacy of Isophorone, Pyrethrins, and a combination of both against adult, virgin,femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.ACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATION% MORTALITY AFTER 24 HRSIsophorone3%67Pyrethrins0.001 μg30OBS.*CALC.**Isophorone + Pyrethrins3% + 0.001 μg83‡76.9*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 166Efficacy of 1-Methyl-1-cyclohexene, Pyrethrins, and a combination of both againstadult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.ACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATION% MORTALITY AFTER 24 HRS1-Methyl-1-cyclohexene3%27Pyrethrins0.001 μg30OBS.*CALC.**1-Methyl-1-cyclohexene + Pyrethrins3% + 0.001 μg80‡48.9*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 167Efficacy of 1-tert-Butyl-1-cyclohexene, Pyrethrins, and a combination of both againstadult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.ACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATION% MORTALITY AFTER 24 HRS1-tert-Butyl . . .3%3Pyrethrins0.001 μg30OBS.*CALC.**1-tert-Butyl . . . +3% + 0.001 μg87‡32.1Pyrethrins*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 168Efficacy of 3,5-Dimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one, Pyrethrins, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.ACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATION% MORTALITY AFTER 24 HRS3,5-Dimethyl . . .3%70Pyrethrins0.001 μg63OBS.*CALC.**3,5-Dimethyl . . . +3% + 0.001 μg97‡88.9Pyrethrins*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 169Efficacy of 4-Methylcyclohexene, Pyrethrins, and a combination of both againstadult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.ACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATION% MORTALITY AFTER 24 HRS4-Methylcyclohexene3%3Pyrethrins0.001 μg63OBS.*CALC.**4-Methylcyclohexene + Pyrethrins3% + 0.001 μg80‡64.11*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 170Efficacy of 7,8-Dihydro-α-ionone, Pyrethrins, and a combination of both againstadult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.ACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATION% MORTALITY AFTER 24 HRS7,8-Dihydro-α-ionone3%63Pyrethrins0.001 pg67OBS.*CALC.**7,8-Dihydro-α-ionone + Pyrethrins3% + 0.001 pg77‡87.79*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 171Efficacy of 2,4-Dimethy1-3-cyclohexenecarboxaldehyde, Pyrethrins, and acombination of both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.ACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATION% MORTALITY AFTER 24 HRS2,4-Dimethyl . . .3%30Pyrethrins0.001 μg67OBS.*CALC.**2,4-Dimethyl . . . +3% + 0.001 μg93‡76.9Pyrethrins*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 172Efficacy of Trivertal, Pyrethrins, and a combination of both against adult, virgin,femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.ACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATION% MORTALITY AFTER 24 HRSTrivertal3%43Pyrethrins0.001 μg67OBS.*CALC.**Trivertal + Pyrethrins3% + 0.001 μg90‡81.19*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 173Efficacy of 3-Cyclohexene-1-methanol, Pyrethrins, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS3-Cyclohexene-1-m . . .3%47Pyrethrins0.001 μg37OBS.*CALC.**3-Cyclohexene-1-m . . . +3% + 0.001 μg87‡66.61Pyrethrins*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 174Efficacy of Terpinolene, Pyrethrins, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSTerpinolene3%37Pyrethrins0.001 μg37OBS.*CALC.**Terpinolene + Pyrethrins3% + 0.001 μg97‡60.31*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. Example 52 The insecticide permethrin was tested withperillaoil analogs against mosquitoes as detailed in Reference Example 1 with results shown in Tables 175-184 TABLE 175Efficacy of Isophorone, Permethrin, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSIsophorone3%60Permethrin0.0004 μg47OBS.*CALC.**Isophorone + Permethrin3% + 0.0004 μg80‡78.8*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 176Efficacy of 1-Methyl-1-cyclohexene, Permethrin, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS1-Methyl-1-cyclohexene3%10Permethrin0.0004 μg47OBS.*CALC.**1-Methyl-1-cyclohexene +3% + 0.0004 μg80‡52.3Permethrin*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 177Efficacy of 1-tert-Butyl-1-cyclohexene, Permethrin, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS1-tert-Butyl . . .3%47Permethrin0.0004 μg47OBS.*CALC.**1-tert-Butyl . . . + Permethrin3% + 0.0004 μg93‡71.91*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 178Efficacy of 3,5-Dimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one, Permethrin, and acombination of both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS3,5-Dimethyl . . .3%57Permethrin0.0004 μg53OBS.*CALC.**3,5-Dimethyl . . . + Permethrin3% + 0.0004 μg87‡79.79*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 179Efficacy of 4-Methylcyclohexene, Permethrin, and a combination ofboth against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS4-Methylcyclohexene3%3Permethrin0.0004 μg47OBS.*CALC.**4-Methylcyclohexene + Permethrin3% + 0.0004 μg57‡48.59*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 180Efficacy of 7,8-Dihydro-α-ionone, Permethrin, and a combination ofboth against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS7,8-Dihydro-α-ionone3%37Permethrin0.0004 μg53OBS.*CALC.**7,8-Dihydro-α-ionone + Permethrin3% + 0.0004 μg60‡70.39*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 181Efficacy of 2,4-Dimethyl-3-cyclohexenecarboxaldehyde, Permethrin,and a combination of both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS2,4-Dimethyl . . .3%47Permethrin0.0004 μg53OBS.*CALC.**2,4-Dimethyl . . . + Permethrin3% + 0.0004 μg83‡75.09*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 182Efficacy of Trivertal, Permethrin, and a combination of both againstadult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSTrivertal3%20Permethrin0.0004 μg53OBS.*CALC.**Trivertal + Permethrin3% + 0.0004 μg60‡62.4*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 183Efficacy of 3-Cyclohexene-1-methanol, Permethrin, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS3-Cyclohexene-1-methanol3%57Permethrin0.0003 μg37OBS.*CALC.**3-Cyclohexene-1-methanol +3% + 0.0003 μg100‡72.91Permethrin*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 184Efficacy of Terpinolene, Permethrin, and a combination of both againstadult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSTerpinolene3%17Permethrin0.0003 μg37OBS.*CALC.**Terpinolene + Permethrin3% + 0.0003 μg97‡47.71*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. Example 53 The insecticide etofenprox was tested withperillaoil against mosquitoes as detailed in Reference Example 1 with results show in Table 185. TABLE 185Efficacy of Perilla oil, Etofenprox, and a combination of both againstadult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSPerilla oil2%0Etofenprox0.001 μg27OBS.*CALC.**Perilla oil + Etofenprox2% + 0.001 μg43‡27Perilla oil3%73Etofenprox0.001 μg40OBS.*CALC.**Perilla oil + Etofenprox3% + 0.001 μg87‡83.8*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. Example 54 The insecticide etofenprox was tested withperillaoil analogs against mosquitoes as detailed in Reference Example 1 with results show in Tables 186-195. TABLE 186Efficacy of Isophorone, Etofenprox, and a combination of both againstadult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSIsophorone3%57Etofenprox0.0007 μg10OBS.*CALC.**Isophorone + Etofenprox3% + 0.0007 μg97‡61.3*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 187Efficacy of 1-Methyl-1-cyclohexane, Etofenprox, and a combination ofboth against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.CONCEN-% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS1-Methyl-1-cyclohexane3%3Etofenprox0.0007 μg10OBS.*CALC.**1-Methyl-1-cyclohexane +3% + 0.0007 μg53‡12.7Etofenprox*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 188Efficacy of 1-tert-Butyl-1-cyclohexene, Etofenprox, and acombination of both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.ACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATION% MORTALITY AFTER 24 HRS1-tert-Butyl . . .3%7Etofenprox0.0007 μg10OBS.*CALC.**1-tert-Butyl . . . + Etofenprox3% + 0.0007 μg60‡16.3*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 189Efficacy of 3,5-Dimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one, Etofenprox, and acombination of both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.ACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATION% MORTALITY AFTER 24 HRS3,5-Dimethyl . . .3%33Etofenprox0.0007 μg10OBS.*CALC.**3,5-Dimethyl . . . + Etofenprox3% + 0.0007 μg87‡39.7*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 190Efficacy of 4-Methylcyclohexene, Etofenprox, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.ACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATION% MORTALITY AFTER 24 HRS4-Methylcyclohexene3%3Etofenprox0.0007 μg10OBS.*CALC.**4-Methylcyclohexene + Etofenprox3% + 0.0007 μg53‡12.7*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 191Efficacy of 7,8-Dihydro-α-ionone, Etofenprox, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.ACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATION% MORTALITY AFTER 24 HRS7,8-Dihydro-α-ionone3%33Etofenprox0.0007 μg10OBS.*CALC.**7,8-Dihydro-α-ionone + Etofenprox3% + 0.0007 μg73‡39.7*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 192Efficacy of 2,4-Dimethyl-3-cyclohexenecarboxaldehyde, Etofenprox,and a combination of both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.ACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATION% MORTALITY AFTER 24 HRS2,4-Dimethyl . . .3%23Etofenprox0.0007 μg10OBS.*CALC.**2,4-Dimethyl . . . + Etofenprox3% + 0.0007 μg17‡30.7*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 193Efficacy of Trivertal, Etofenprox, and a combination ofboth against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSTrivertal3%20Etofenprox0.0007 μg10OBS.*CALC.**Trivertal + Etofenprox3% + 0.0007 μg70‡28*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 194Efficacy of 3-Cyclohexene-1-methanol, Etofenprox, and acombination of both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.ACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATION% MORTALITY AFTER 24 HRS3-Cyclohexene-1-m . . .3%47Etofenprox0.0007 μg3OBS.*CALC.**3-Cyclohexene-1-m . . . + Etofenprox3% + 0.0007 μg93‡48.59*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 195Efficacy of Terpinolene, Etofenprox, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSTerpinolene3%37Etofenprox0.0007 μg3OBS.*CALC.**Terpinolene + Etofenprox3% + 0.0007 μg77‡38.89*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. Example 55 The insecticide sumithrin was tested withperillaoil against mosquitoes as detailed in Reference Example 1 with results show in Table 196. TABLE 196Efficacy of Perilla oil, Sumithrin, and a combination ofboth against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSPerilla oil3%20Sumithrin0.0007 μg27OBS.*CALC.**Perilla oil + Sumithrin3% + 0.0007 μg57‡41.6Perilla oil4%17Sumithrin0.0007 μg27OBS.*CALC.**Perilla oil + Sumithrin4% + 0.0007 μg80‡39.41Perilla oil5%37Sumithrin0.0007 μg27OBS.*CALC.**Perilla oil + Sumithrin5% + 0.0007 μg77‡54.01Perilla oil6%50Sumithrin0.0007 μg27OBS.*CALC.**Perilla oil + Sumithrin6% + 0.0007 μg93‡63.5*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. Example 56 The insecticide sumithrin was tested withperillaoil analogs against mosquitoes as detailed in Reference Example 1 with results show in Tables 197-206. TABLE 197Efficacy of Isophorone, Sumithrin, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSIsophorone3%30Sumithrin0.0007 μg43OBS.*CALC.**Isophorone acid + Sumithrin3% + 0.0007 μg90‡60.1*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is uper-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 198Efficacy of 1-Methyl-1-cyclohexene, Sumithrin, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.ACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATION% MORTALITY AFTER 24 HRS1-Methyl-1-cyclohexene3%7Sumithrin0.0007 μg43OBS.*CALC.**1-Methyl-1-cyclohexene + Sumithrin3% + 0.0007 μg83‡46.99*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 199Efficacy of 1-tert-Butyl-1-cyclohexene, Sumithrin, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS1-tert-Butyl . . .3%47Sumithrin0.0007 μg43OBS.*CALC.**1-tert-Butyl . . . + Sumithrin3% + 0.0007 μg87‡69.79*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 200Efficacy of 3,5-Dimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one, Sumithrin, and acombination of both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.ACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATION% MORTALITY AFTER 24 HRS3,5-Dimethyl . . .3%63Sumithrin0.0007 μg43OBS.*CALC.**3,5-Dimethyl . . . + Sumithrin3% + 0.0007 μg93‡78.91*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 201Efficacy of 4-Methylcyclohexene, Sumithrin, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.ACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATION% MORTALITY AFTER 24 HRS4-Methylcyclohexene3%0Sumithrin0.0007 μg43OBS.*CALC.**4-Methylcyclohexene + Sumithrin3% + 0.0007 μg67‡43*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 202Efficacy of 7,8-Dihydro-α-ionone, Sumithrin, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.ACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATION% MORTALITY AFTER 24 HRS7,8-Dihydro-α-ionone3%3Sumithrin0.0007 μg43OBS.*CALC.**7,8-Dihydro-α-ionone + Sumithrin3% + 0.0007 μg97‡44.71*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 203Efficacy of 2,4-Dimethyl-3-cyclohexenecarboxaldehyde,Sumithrin, and a combination of both againstadult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS2,4-Dimethyl . . .3%47Sumithrin0.0007 μg43OBS.*CALC.**2,4-Dimethyl . . . + Sumithrin3% + 0.0007 μg47‡69.79*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate does not exceed the calculated value, then the action of the combination is not super-additive or synergistic. TABLE 204Efficacy of Trivertal, Sumithrin, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSTrivertal3%40Sumithrin0.0007 μg43OBS.*CALC.**Trivertal + Sumithrin3% + 0.0007 μg37‡65.8*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate does not exceed the calculated value, then the action of the combination is not super-additive or synergistic. TABLE 205Efficacy of 3-Cyclohexene-1-methanol, Sumithrin, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS3-Cyclohexene-1-methanol3%50Sumithrin0.0003 μg27OBS.*CALC.**3-Cyclohexene-1-methanol +3% + 0.0003 μg90‡63.5Sumithrin*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 206Efficacy of Terpinolene, Sumithrin, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSTerpinolene3%20Sumithrin0.0003 μg27OBS.*CALC.**Terpinolene + Sumithrin3% + 0.0003 μg67‡41.6*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present.. Example 57 The insecticide prallethrin was tested withperillaoil analogs against mosquitoes as detailed in Reference Example 1 with results show in Tables 207-216. TABLE 207Efficacy of Isophorone, Prallethrin, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSIsophorone3%57Prallethrin0.0005 μg37OBS.*CALC.**Isophorone + Prallethrin3% + 0.0005 μg97‡72.91*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 208Efficacy of 1-Methyl-1-cyclohexene, Prallethrin, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS1-Methyl-1-cyclohexene3%40Prallethrin0.0005 μg37OBS.*CALC.**1-Methyl-1-cyclohexene +3% + 0.0005 μg97‡62.2Prallethrin*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 209Efficacy of 1-tert-Butyl-1-cyclohexene, Prallethrin, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS1-tert-Butyl . . .3%30Prallethrin0.0005 μg37OBS.*CALC.**1-tert-Butyl . . . + Prallethrin3% + 0.0005 μg77‡55.9*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 210Efficacy of 3,5-Dimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1one, Prallethrin, and a combination of bothagainst adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS3.5-Dimethyl . . .3%30Prallethrin0.0005 μg37OBS.*CALC.**3,5-Dimethyl . . . + Prallethrin3% + 0.0005 μg90‡55.9*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 211Efficacy of 4-Methylcyclohexene, Prallethrin, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS4-Methylcyclohexene3%0Prallethrin0.0005 μg37OBS.*CALC.**4-Methylcyclohexene +3% + 0.0005 μg57‡37Prallethrin*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 212Efficacy of 7,8-Dihydro-α-ionone, Prallethrin, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS7,8-Dihydro-α-ionone3%47Prallethrin0.0005 μg37OBS.*CALC.**7,8-Dihydro-α-ionone +3% + 0.0005 μg97‡66.61Prallethrin*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 213Efficacy of 2,4-Dimethyl-3-cyclohexenecarboxaldehyde, Prallethrin, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS2,4-Dimethyl . . .3%13Prallethrin0.0005 μg60OBS.*CALC.**2,4-Dimethyl . . . + Prallethrin3% + 0.0005 μg77‡65.2*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 214Efficacy of Trivertal, Prallethrin, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSTrivertal3%0Prallethrin0.0005 μg60OBS.*CALC.**Trivertal + Prallethrin3% + 0.0005 μg90‡60*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 215Efficacy of 3-Cyclohexene-1-methanol, Prallethrin, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRS3-Cyclohexene-1-methanol3%7Prallethrin0.0004 μg40OBS.*CALC.**3-Cyclohexene-1-methanol +3% + 0.0004 μg87‡44.2Prallethrin*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. TABLE 216Efficacy of Terpinolene, Prallethrin, and a combinationof both against adult, virgin, femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes.% MORTALITYACTIVE INGREDIENTCONCENTRATIONAFTER 24 HRSTerpinolene3%20Prallethrin0.0003 μg7OBS.*CALC.**Terpinolene + Prallethrin3% + 0.0003 μg93‡25.6*Obs. = observed efficacy**Calc. = efficacy calculated using Colby (1967) formula‡Since the actual insecticidal kill rate exceeds the calculated value, then the action of the combination is super-additive or a synergistic effect is present. Example 58: Open Field Caged Mosquito Efficacy Study A formulation including 5% pyrethrin, 7%perillaoil, and 67% Mineral oil was tested to determine the potential efficacy against adult female mosquitoes in an open field caged study. Spray cages were placed on 5-foot stakes, 1 cage per stake, and at an angle parallel to the spray line. Stakes were placed at 100, 200 and 300 feet down-wind at a 90 angle from the spray line. Cages were placed in three rows 100 feet apart. SeeFIG.1. A total of 10 spray cages (9 treated and 1 untreated control) were used in each replicate. 20-25 adult femaleAedes aegyptimosquitoes were placed in the cylindrical spray cages. The formulation was applied at an application rate of 0.53 oz/acre to the area. Two replicate experiments were conducted. For each replicate, Droplet VMDs were 13-15 microns, Drop Densities at all distances were +300/cm2, the air temperature was 79° F., and the winds were consistent from the East at 6-8 mph. After 1 h, 12 h, and 24 h, the knockdown or mortality was calculated as a percent of the total number of mosquitoes for that replicate and distance. Results are shown in Table 217. TABLE 2171 h12 h24 hDistance from spray lineknockdownknockdownMortalityReplicate 1100 feet100%100%100%200 feet100%100%100%300 feet100%100%100%Replicate 2100 feet98%99%99.9%200 feet100%100%99%300 feet100%100%99.9% Example 59: P450 Activity Assay Cytochrome P450 enzyme solution was prepared by homogenizing 15, 3 to 5 day old,A. aegyptifemales and centrifuging the mixture at 10,000 g for 1 minute. The pellet was discarded, and the supernatant was used as the P450 enzyme stock solution. 10 μL of this P450 enzyme stock and 90 μL of 7-ethoxycoumarin solution (0.526 mM of 7-ethoxycoumarin, 1.11 mM NADPH, 0.05 mM phosphate buffer) was added to each well of the micropipette plate to begin the reaction. During the reaction, the micropipette plate was covered with aluminum foil to prevent photo-bleaching. The reaction was incubated at 30° C. for 4 hours. The reaction was stopped by adding 30 μL of stop solution (0.1 mM glycine, pH 10.4, 50% ethanol). The micropipette plate was then analyzed by measuring the fluorescence (Emission=460 nM, Excitation=360 nM) of each well. High fluorescence was directly related to product, and thus indicated a high level of P450 activity. Conversely, low fluorescence indicated less product and suggested low P450 activity (inhibition). Measurement of cytochrome P450 enzyme (P450) activity with and without inhibitors are shown inFIG.2. The control treatment contained acetone. PBO, a known cytochrome p450 inhibitor served as a positive control. Both PBO and perillaldehyde when added to the assay acted as inhibitors.FIG.2shows that perillaldehyde at 1% is as potent an inhibitor of P450 as PBO at 2%. Perillaldehyde at 10% is a more potent inhibitor of P450 than PBO at 2%. Thus, the disclosure provides, among other things, insecticidal compositions.

11856958

ELEMENT REFERENCE sending and cutting station20, stuffing injection station30, shaping station40, discharge station50, rotation assembly100, sending and cutting part200, stuffing injection part300, pressing and shaping part400, discharge part500, framework600,rotation disc101, base102, guiding plate103, first guiding rail104, second guiding rail105, opening106, rotation sleeve107, worm wheel108, worm screw109, shaping mold1001, first roller1002, second roller1003, catch plate1004, molding cup1005,guiding pillar201, cylinder sleeve202, cutter holding plate203, cutter204, connecting rod205, eccentric wheel206, cutting plate207, cutter hole208, dough wrapper supporter209, dough feeding roller210, auxiliary roller211, supporting pillar212, groove213, driven roller214, drive belt215,supporting frame301, hopper302, rotating base303, rotating valve304, stuffing inlet pipe305, stuffing outlet pipe306, transverse injecting tube307, transverse injecting rod308, longitude injecting tube309, gear rack driving mechanism310, eccentric wheel driving mechanism311, worm driving mechanism312, longitude injecting rod313, L-shaped tunnel314, screw conveyor315,supporting pillar401, pressing mold402, gear403, pressing block404, rotating plate405. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Embodiment 1 A method for forming stuffed food is provided, comprising steps of:step 1: sending and cutting dough wrappers; wherein shaping molds1001on a rotation disc101are arranged below a sending and cutting station20; the dough wrappers are cut into pre-set shapes before dropping in the shaping molds1001; unused dough enters an opening106on the rotation disc101and is transported downwardly, so as to be collected; andstep 2: filling the dough wrappers with stuffing; wherein the shaping molds1001transport the dough wrappers to a stuffing injection station30where the stuffing is injected onto the dough wrappers. Embodiment 2 A method for forming stuffed food is provided, comprising steps of:step 1: sending and cutting dough wrappers; wherein shaping molds1001on a rotation disc101are arranged below a sending and cutting station20; the dough wrappers are cut into pre-set shapes before dropping in the shaping molds1001; unused dough enters an opening106on the rotation disc101and is transported downwardly, so as to be collected; andstep 2: filling the dough wrappers with stuffing; wherein the shaping molds1001transport the dough wrappers to a stuffing injection station30where the stuffing is injected onto the dough wrappers. The method further comprises steps of:step 3: pressing and shaping; wherein the shaping molds1001are transported by the rotation disc101to a shaping station40where the dough wrappers are pressed and shaped; andstep 4: outputting final products; wherein the shaping molds1001are transported to a discharge station50, so as to output the final products. Embodiment 3 A method for forming stuffed food is provided, comprising steps of:step 1: sending and cutting dough wrappers; wherein shaping molds1001on a rotation disc101are arranged below a sending and cutting station20; the dough wrappers are cut into pre-set shapes before dropping in the shaping molds1001; unused dough enters an opening106on the rotation disc101and is transported downwardly, so as to be collected; andstep 2: filling the dough wrappers with stuffing; wherein the shaping molds1001transport the dough wrappers to a stuffing injection station30where the stuffing is injected onto the dough wrappers. The method further comprises steps of:step 3: pressing and shaping; wherein the shaping molds1001are transported by the rotation disc101to a shaping station40where the dough wrappers are pressed and shaped; andstep 4: outputting final products; wherein the shaping molds1001are transported to a discharge station50, so as to output the final products. To achieve the above method, the present invention provides a forming machine for the stuffed food, which comprises a framework and a rotation assembly on the framework; wherein at least the sending and cutting station20and the stuffing injection station30are arranged around the rotation assembly100; the rotation assembly100has the opening106for collecting the unused dough from the sending and cutting station20; a distance between an internal side of the shaping molds1001and a center of the rotation assembly100is larger than a distance between an internal side of the opening106and the center of the rotation assembly100. The stuffed food processed in the present invention comprises all kinds of stuffed foods such as dumplings, Tang-yuan, buns and Shao-mai. Taking the process of making dumpling as an example, the dough wrappers before the cutting process is called a dumpling dough belt, and wrappers obtained according to a shape of the cutter after the cutting process is called dough wrappers. During the cutting process, the remaining dough is called unused dough. When a distance between an internal side of the shaping molds1001and a center of the rotation assembly100is larger than a distance between an internal side of the opening106and the center of the rotation assembly100, the unused dough can easily drop into the opening106, so as to be collected. A sending and cutting part200is set on a sending and cutting station20. A stuffing injection part300is set on a stuffing injection station30. The sending and cutting part200and the stuffing injection part300adopt conventional structures. The sending and cutting station20and stuffing injection station30are set around the rotation assembly100while other processing stations can be set inside a rotation disc or positions other than the rotation assembly. Around the rotation assembly100, the shaping station40and the discharge station50are arranged in sequence beside the stuffing injection station30; a pressing and shaping part400is provided on the shaping station40, and a discharge part500is provided on the discharge station50. The pressing and shaping part400and the discharge part500can be conventional ones. According to the present invention, the opening106on the rotation assembly100collects the unused dough and takes full advantage of the space below the rotation assembly100. A recycling bin is placed below the opening100to collect the unused dough, or a processing mechanism is settled below the opening100to process the unused dough for reuse. The recycling bin or the processing mechanism does not increase the size of the machine and requires no extra space. The present invention replaces the conventional complicated driving mechanism driven by a single motor with separate motors for different parts. The improvement simplifies the driving mechanism and further reduces the space occupied by the conventional driving mechanism. As a result, the size of the present invention is further reduced. The size of the unused dough collecting mechanism is able to be enlarged accordingly for better performances. The rotation assembly100comprises the rotation disc101; the shaping molds1001are evenly distributed on the rotation disc101; the rotation disc101has the opening106for collecting the unused dough; wherein a distance between the internal side of the shaping molds1001and a center of the rotation disc101is larger than a distance between the internal side of the opening106and the center of the rotation disc101. The opening106is a through hole penetrating the rotation disc101. When a distance between an internal side of the shaping molds1001and a center of the rotation assembly100is larger than a distance between an internal side of the opening106and the center of the rotation assembly100, the unused dough can easily drop into the opening106, so as to be collected. A structure of the opening106is continuously arranged on the rotation disc101. Being continuously arranged means the opening106is provided as a whole without break, which guarantees smooth collection of the unused dough while the rotation disc101is rotating. The structure of the opening106must be continuously arranged to collect the unused dough while the rotation disc101is rotating. The opening106is a circular, which is set at the center of the rotation disc101. The opening106is loop-shaped, which is set on the center or center-outward position of the rotation disc101. The opening106penetrates an upper surface and a lower surface of the rotation disc101. Relative positions of the shaping molds1001and the opening106are as follows. Top surfaces of the shaping molds1001lie above the opening106, and the shaping molds1001are arranged outside the opening106. Top surfaces of the shaping molds1001lie above the opening106, and projection of the shaping modes1001in a vertical direction partially or completely falls within the structure of the opening106. Structure of a loop body of the rotation disc101is as follows. A shape of the rotation disc101is a rectangle, a circle or an irregular shape. A bottom of the rotation disc101is connected to a rotation sleeve107; the rotation sleeve107is connected to a worm wheel108; the worm wheel108is connected to a worm screw109; and the worm screw109is connected to a motor. A base102is arranged under the rotation disc101; a guiding plate103between the base102and the rotation disc101is a cylinder; a first guiding rail104is provided on an external surface of the cylinder; wherein the first guiding rail104matches a first roller1002of a catch plate1004on the shaping molds1001, so as to move the catch plate1004up and down. The guiding plate103is a continuous cylinder. A disconnected portion is provided on a cylinder of the guiding plate103; the disconnected portion is partly or entirely disconnected. The guiding plate103is provided to stations where structures of the shaping molds1001move up and down. The guiding plate103is not needed for stations where height will not be adjusted. There is at least one disconnected portion. A second guiding rail105is provided on an edge of the base102, wherein the second guiding rail105matches a second roller1003of the molding cups1005on the shaping molds1001, so as to move the molding cups1005up and down. The motor drives the rotation disc101to rotate the shaping molds1001which is connected to the rotation disc101; the unused dough after cutting enters the opening106on the rotation disc101, so as to be collected; a base102and a guiding plate103under the rotation disc101is independent thereto, which are static during working; guiding rails are provided on both the base102and the guiding plate103; guiding rollers on the shaping molds1001are guided by the guiding rails to drive the catch plate1004and the molds to move up and down respectively. According to the present invention, the opening106is able to be in any shape, as long as it is convenient for collection of the unused dough. When the distance between an internal side of the shaping molds1001and a center of the rotation assembly100is larger than the distance between an internal side of the opening106and the center of the rotation assembly100, no matter the shaping molds are arranged outside the opening106or projection of the shaping modes1001in a vertical direction partially or completely falls within the structure of the opening106, the unused dough is able to conveniently fall into the opening106without guiding. 4. The present invention adopts worm screw109and worm wheel108to drive the rotation sleeve107and the rotation disc101. The separate driving structure replaces the complicated cam mechanism and solves the problem of redundant driving structures required by a single motor. More space is able to be used for collection and processing of the unused dough. Specifically, the shaping molds1001are conventional. Each of the shaping molds1001comprises a catch plate1004and a molding cup1005settled in the catch plate1004; wherein a bottom of the catch plate1004is connected to a first roller1002through a first connecting rod, and a bottom of the molding cup1005is connected to a second roller1003through a second connecting rod; since the shaping molds1001rotates with the rotating disc101while the guiding plate103and the base102remain still, the catch plate1004moves up and down along a wave-shaped track in the first guiding rail104on the external surface of the guiding plate103with the first roller1002; the second guiding rail105cooperates with the second roller1003to move molding cups1005up and down; as a result, different parts of the shaping molds1001move up and down at different stations. The guiding plate103cooperates with the base102to move the catch plate1004and molding cups1005up and down between different positions. Disconnected portions may be provided on both the first guiding rail104on the guiding plate103and the second guiding rail105on the base102, which means the first guiding rail104and second guiding rail105are only applied to stations whose structure height needs to be adjusted. Non-continuously arranged guiding rails reduce cost in material and are simple in structure. The sending and cutting part200comprises a guiding pillar201and a cylinder sleeve202which is sleeved on the guiding pillar201; the cylinder sleeve202is connected to a cutter holding plate203; a cutter204is mounted at a bottom of the cutter holding plate203; the cutter holding plate203is connected to an eccentric wheel206through a connecting rod205; a motor drives the eccentric wheel206directly; a cutting plate207is arranged under the cutter204, and a cutter hole208is set on the cutting plate207corresponding to the cutter204. The cutter hole208cooperates with the cutter204to cut the dough wrappers. The forming machine further comprises two dough wrapper supporters209which are laterally arranged, wherein two dough feeding rollers210are placed on the two dough wrapper supporters209in sequence, and multiple auxiliary rollers211are arranged between the two dough feeding rollers210; the cutting plate207is mounted between the auxiliary rollers211. The present invention does not require a conveyor belt which is essential to the conventional machines. A supporting pillar212is provided on an external side of each of the dough wrapper supporters209; the guiding pillar201is on a top of the supporting pillar212. Grooves213for containing dough belt rollers are provided on external ends of the two dough wrapper supporters209. The dough belt is wound to rolls by the dough belt rollers which are placed in the grooves213. A driven roller214is set above the dough feeding rollers210. The dough feeding rollers210are driven directly by the motor. The two dough feeding rollers210are connected by a drive belt215, so as to roll synchronized. The dough wrappers are driven by the dough feeding rollers210and move toward the cutter204; when the dough wrappers are under the cutter204, the motor drives the eccentric wheel206to rotate, in such a manner that the connecting rod205rotates with the eccentric wheel206; the cutter holding plate203is connected to and driven by the connecting rod205and the cylinder sleeve202to move up and down along the guiding pillar201; and the cutter204moves up and down with the cutter holding plate203and cooperates with the cutter hole208on the cutting plate207, so as to cut the dough wrapper. Compared to conventional machines, the sending and cutting part200of the present invention omits an internal pushing device inside the cutter204, a conveyor belt and a scraper. The eccentric wheel structure drives the cutter204to cut the dough wrappers, which is steadier. The structure is also simplified to save space. The dough feeding rollers210cooperates with the auxiliary rollers211to transport the dough belt without the conveyor belt. Furthermore, with the driven roller214above the dough feeding rollers210, more frictions are provided to the dough belt, thereby smoothly moving of the dough belt and avoiding sliding. The stuffing injection part300comprises a supporting frame301, a hopper302and a rotating base303which are both arranged on the supporting frame; a rotating valve304is provided inside the rotating base303; the hopper302is connected to a top of rotating base303through a stuffing inlet pipe305, and a stuffing outlet pipe306is arranged below the rotating base303; a transverse injecting tube307is on a side of the rotating base303, and a transverse injecting rod308is provided inside the transverse injecting tube307, and a longitude injecting tube309is provided at an outlet of the stuffing outlet pipe306; the longitude injecting tube309is driven by a gear rack driving mechanism310to move up and down; the transverse injecting rod308is driven by an eccentric wheel driving mechanism311to move horizontally; a screw conveyor315inside the hopper302is driven by a worm driving mechanism312to rotate; and the rotating valve304is driven directly by a motor to rotate. A longitude injecting rod313is provided inside the longitude injecting tube309; the longitude injecting rod313is driven by the gear rack driving mechanism310to move up and down inside the longitude injecting tube309. The injecting rods push the stuffing downwardly from the outlet of the stuffing outlet pipe306. The gear rack driving mechanism310, the eccentric wheel driving mechanism311and the worm driving mechanism312are driven separately by different motors, which means each driving mechanism is driven by a different motor. The gear rack driving mechanism310is inside the supporting frame301. An L-shaped tunnel314is provided inside the rotating valve304. The motor drives a worm screw wheel to rotate, and the worm screw wheel drives the screw conveyor315inside the hopper302to stir stuffing; the stuffing is conveyed to the rotating valve304after being stirred by the screw conveyor315; the motor drives the rotating valve304to rotate by 90 degrees counter-clockwise after the rotating valve304is filled with the stuffing; then the motor drives the eccentric wheel driving mechanism311to drive the transverse injecting rod308to move horizontally, so as to push the stuffing out from a bottom of the rotating valve304and move the stuffing to an outlet of the stuffing outlet pipe306; the motor drives the gear rack driving mechanism310, and the gear rack driving mechanism310drives the longitude injecting rod313to move up and down to discharge the stuffing from the outlet of the stuffing outlet pipe306; meanwhile, the motor drives the gear rack driving mechanism310, and the gear rack driving mechanism310drives the longitude injecting tube309to move down to push the stuffing into the dough wrappers. Each part of the present invention is driven by an individual driving mechanism and an individual motor, which avoids complicated linkage structures, simplifies the whole structure and reduces the size of the machine. The gear rack driving mechanism310, the eccentric wheel driving mechanism311and the worm driving mechanism312provide smooth transmission to connected structures, which improves stability. The pressing and shaping part400comprises a supporting pillar401and a pair of pressing molds402which are fixed on the supporting pillar401; a gear403is provided on a top of each of the pressing molds402; pressing blocks404are provided on bottoms of the pressing molds402; gears403of the pressing molds402are engaged with each other; the pressing blocks404of the pressing molds402are opposite to each other; a top of at least one of the pressing molds402is connected to a motor. Pressing surfaces of the pressing blocks404are curved. One of the pressing blocks404is laterally concave while the other of the pressing blocks404is laterally convex. The gear403is provided on each of the semicircle rotating plates405; and curved surfaces of the two rotating plates405are opposite to each other. The motor drives the top of one of the pressing molds402to rotate; since the gear403on the top of each of the pressing molds402is engaged with each other, the top of the other of the pressing molds402is driven to rotate, in such a manner that the pressing blocks404below press each other; the pressing surfaces of the pressing blocks404are curved, so as to form wave shapes at sealed edges of the dough wrappers when pressing. The pressing molds402of the present invention adopt engaged gears403to pressing dough wrapper edges from above. The present invention improves the conventional structures and prevents squeeze on other part of the dumplings due to the conventional horizontal pressing or pressing from below, so as to maintain appearance of the dumplings. The motor drives the pressing molds402to rotate directly, which simplifies the structure and ensures the forming results. A method for shaping the stuffed food comprises following steps of:step 1: starting a sending motor to send the dough belt; starting a stirring motor to continuously stir the stuffing;step 2: starting a sucking and pushing motor to suck material when the dough belt is moved forward by the sending motor with a dumpling wrapper's length;step 3: starting a cutter to cut the dough belt, and rotating a rotating valve304with a rotating valve motor by 90 degrees counter-clockwise;step 4: starting the sucking and pushing motor again to push the material; and rotating a rotation disc with a rotation disc motor by 90 degrees;step 5: resetting the rotating valve304with the rotating valve motor; starting an external cylinder motor and an internal cylinder motor to respectively move an external cylinder and an internal cylinder downwardly, so as to push the stuffing into the dough wrappers;step 6: after pushing the stuffing into the dough wrappers, resetting the external cylinder motor and the internal cylinder motor;step 7: rotating the rotation disc101with the rotation disc motor by 90 degrees;step 8: using a pressing motor to press and fold the dumplings for a while before releasing;step 9: rotating the rotation disc101with the rotation disc motor by 90 degrees;step 10: moving the dumplings to a discharge station by a discharge motor, staring a clamping motor to clamp;step 11: resetting the discharge motor and the clamping motor, and storing the dumplings;step 12: rotating the rotation disc101with the rotation disc motor by 90 degrees, so as to finish a whole process; andstep 13: backing to the step 1, and repeating. The sending motor drives the dough feeding rollers210of the sending and cutting part200. The stirring motor drives the screw conveyor315inside the hopper302of the stuffing injection part300. The sucking and pushing motor drives the transverse injecting rod308of the stuffing injection part300to move horizontally. The cutting motor drives the cutter204of the sending and cutting part200to move up and down, so as to cut the dough wrappers. The rotating valve motor drives the rotating valve304of the stuffing injection part300to rotate. The rotation disc motor drives the rotation disc101of the rotation assembly100to rotate. The external cylinder motor drives the longitude injecting tube309of the stuffing injection part300to move up and down. The internal motor drives the longitude injecting rod313of the stuffing injection part300to move up and down. The pressing motor drives the pressing mold402of the pressing and shaping part400to press and release. The discharge motor drives a clamping structure of the discharge part500to move. The clamping motor drives the clamping structure of the discharge part500to clamp and release. The above-mentioned motors are servo motors.

11856959

EXAMPLE 1 6 kg of wheat grains were weighed in a bucket made from food-grade PP (where PP stands for polypropylene). 30 litres of tap water at 15° C. was added and then left to rest at ambient temperature for 30 minutes. Washing the wheat grains: the grains, which were submerged in water, were then rubbed between the hands by friction for 10 minutes, after which the water was drained off. 30 litres of tap water at 15° C. is added again, and the grains are once again rubbed by friction between the hands (this operation is repeated five times in succession). Rinsing the wheat grains: 30 litres of tap water at 25° C. is poured over the wheat grains and the grains are then drained by pressing manually through a conical stainless steel strainer. The water is then discarded and the grains are kept (this operation is repeated 15 times in succession). Final drainage of the grains by pressing manually through a conical stainless steel strainer. Only the grains are kept. The 6 kg of washed and drained wheat grains are placed in a bucket made from food-grade PP. 24 kg of tap water at 25° C. is added. The bucket is placed in a drying oven at 25° C. for 67 hours. The preparation is drained by pressing manually through a conical stainless steel strainer to separate the liquid phase (liquor) from the grains. Only the liquid phase is kept. 13 kg of liquor is weighed and placed in a stainless steel fermenter. 13 kg of wheat flour is added. The mixture is homogenised with a rotor-stator agitator at 1,500 rpm for 10 minutes. The preparation is kept at 25° C. for 24 hours. The DM in the fermented preparation amounted to 47.5% and the temperature was 25° C. 24 kg of the preparation is kept. 6 kg of wheat flour and 6 kg of tap water at 25° C. are added. The mixture is homogenised with a rotor-stator at 1,500 rpm for 10 minutes. The preparation is kept at 25° C. for 24 hours. The DM in the fermented preparation amounted to 42.5% and the temperature was 24.9° C. 30 kg of the preparation is kept. 2.94 kg of wheat flour and 12.06 kg of tap water at 25° C. are added. The mixture is homogenised with a rotor-stator agitator at 1,500 rpm for 10 minutes. The preparation is then kept at 25° C. for 48 hours. The DM in the fermented preparation amounted to 34.4% and the temperature was 26.8° C. 40 kg of the preparation is kept. 16.3 kg of wheat flour and 23.7 kg of tap water, first cooled to 6° C., are added. The mixture is homogenised with a rotor-stator agitator at 1,500 rpm for 15 minutes. The preparation is then allowed to ferment for 96 hours at 15° C. with central agitation at 250 rpm and counter-rotation agitation (scraper) at 30 rpm, with continuous aeration by injecting dry compressed oil-free air via a sparger at the bottom of the bowl at a pressure of 6 bar and with a flow rate of 100 Nl/min (Nl/min: air held under Standard Reference Atmosphere conditions). The DM in the fermented preparation amounted to 33.51%. 40 kg of the preparation is kept. 16.6 kg of wheat flour and 23.4 kg of tap water, first cooled to 6° C., are added. The mixture is homogenised with a rotor-stator agitator at 1,500 rpm for 15 minutes. The preparation is then allowed to ferment for 24 hours at 15° C. with central agitation at 250 rpm and counter-rotation agitation (scraper) at 30 rpm, with continuous aeration by injecting dry compressed oil-free air via a sparger at the bottom of the bowl at a pressure of 6 bar and with a flow rate of 100 Nl/min. The DM in the fermented preparation amounted to 34.85% and the temperature was 16.2° C. 40 kg of the preparation is kept. 16.1 kg of wheat flour and 23.9 kg of tap water, first cooled to 6° C., are added. The mixture is homogenised with a rotor-stator agitator at 1,500 rpm for 15 minutes. The preparation is then allowed to ferment for 24 hours at 15° C. with central agitation at 250 rpm and counter-rotation agitation (scraper) at 30 rpm, with continuous aeration by injecting dry compressed oil-free air via a sparger at the bottom of the bowl at a pressure of 6 bar and with a flow rate of 100 Nl/min. The DM in the fermented preparation amounted to 34.09% and the temperature was 17.3° C. 40 kg of the preparation is kept. 16.1 kg of wheat flour and 23.9 kg of tap water, first cooled to 6° C., are added. The mixture is homogenised with a rotor-stator agitator at 1,500 rpm for 15 minutes. The preparation is then allowed to ferment for 96 hours at 15° C. with central agitation at 250 rpm and counter-rotation agitation (scraper) at 30 rpm, with continuous aeration by injecting dry compressed oil-free air via a sparger at the bottom of the bowl at a pressure of 6 bar and with a flow rate of 100 Nl/min. The DM in the fermented preparation amounted to 35.8% and the temperature was 17.3° C. The preparation is cooled to 4° C. and kept at 4° C. This sourdough will subsequently be used for bread, brioche and panettone applications, the results of which will be shown. COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1 1 kg of wheat grains were weighed in a bucket made from food-grade PP. 5 litres of tap water at 15° C. was added and then left to rest at ambient temperature for 30 minutes. Washing the wheat grains: the grains, which were submerged in water, were then rubbed between the hands by friction for 10 minutes, after which the water was drained off. 5 litres of tap water at 15° C. is added again, and the grains are once again rubbed by friction between the hands (this operation is repeated five times in succession). Rinsing the wheat grains: 5 litres of tap water at 25° C. is poured over the wheat grains and the grains are then drained by pressing manually through a conical stainless steel strainer. The water is then discarded and the grains are kept (this operation is repeated 15 times in succession). Final drainage of the grains by pressing manually through a conical stainless steel strainer. Only the grains are kept. The kilogram of washed and drained wheat grains are placed in a bucket made from food-grade PP. 4 kg of tap water at 25° C. is added. The bucket is placed in a drying oven at 25° C. for 67 hours. The preparation is drained by pressing manually through a conical stainless steel strainer to separate the liquid phase (liquor) from the grains. Only the liquid phase is kept. 1,750 g of liquor is weighed in a bucket made from food-grade PP. 1,750 g of wheat flour is added. The mixture is homogenised manually using a kitchen whisk for 5 minutes. The preparation is then placed in a drying oven at 25° C. for 24 hours. The DM in the fermented preparation amounted to 47.5% and the temperature was 25° C. 3,300 g of preparation is weighed in a bucket made from food-grade PP. 825 g of wheat flour and 825 g of tap water at 25° C. are added. The mixture is homogenised manually using a kitchen whisk for 5 minutes. The preparation is then placed in a drying oven at 25° C. for 24 hours. The DM in the fermented preparation amounted to 42.5% and the temperature was 24.9° C. 4,800 g of preparation is weighed in a bucket made from food-grade PP. 470 g of wheat flour and 1,930 g of tap water at 25° C. are added. The mixture is homogenised manually using a kitchen whisk for 5 minutes. The preparation is then placed in a drying oven at 25° C. for 48 hours. The DM in the fermented preparation amounted to 34.4% and the temperature was 26.8° C. 500 g of preparation is weighed in a bucket made from food-grade PP. 650 g of wheat (no added water). The mixture is homogenised using a Kitchenaid 5KSM45 stand mixer with a paddle attachment at speed 1 for 2 minutes. The preparation is then placed in a drying oven at 15° C. for 96 hours. The DM in the fermented preparation amounted to 65.44%. 500 g of preparation is weighed in a bucket made from food-grade PP. 425 g of wheat flour and 75 g of tap water, first cooled to 6° C., are added. The mixture is homogenised using a Kitchenaid 5KSM45 stand mixer with a paddle attachment at speed 1 for 2 minutes. The preparation is then placed in a drying oven at 15° C. for 24 hours. The DM in the fermented preparation amounted to 70.26% and the temperature was 15.2° C. 500 g of preparation is weighed in a bucket made from food-grade PP. 400 g of wheat flour and 100 g of tap water, first cooled to 6° C., are added. The DM in the fermented preparation amounted to 47.5% and the temperature was 25° C. The mixture is homogenised using a Kitchenaid 5KSM45 stand mixer with a paddle attachment at speed 1 for 2 minutes. The preparation is then placed in a drying oven at 15° C. for 24 hours. The DM in the fermented preparation amounted to 71.14% and the temperature was 15.4° C. 500 g of preparation is weighed in a bucket made from food-grade PP. 400 g of wheat flour and 100 g of tap water, first cooled to 6° C., are added. The mixture is homogenised using a Kitchenaid 5KSM45 stand mixer with a paddle attachment at speed 1 for 2 minutes. The preparation is then placed in a drying oven at 15° C. for 96 hours. The DM in the fermented preparation amounted to 70.9% and the temperature was 14.6° C. The preparation is placed in a climatic chamber at 4° C. to be chilled and kept at 4° C. This sourdough will subsequently be used for bread, brioche and panettone applications. COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 2 1 kg of wheat grains were weighed in a bucket made from food-grade PP. 5 litres of tap water at 15° C. was added and then left to rest at ambient temperature for 30 minutes. Washing the wheat grains: the grains, which were submerged in water, were then rubbed between the hands by friction for 10 minutes, after which the water was drained off. 5 litres of tap water at 15° C. is added again, then the grains are once again rubbed between the hands by friction (this operation is repeated five times in succession). Rinsing the wheat grains: 5 litres of tap water at 25° C. is poured over the wheat grains and the grains are then drained by pressing manually through a conical stainless steel strainer. The water is then discarded and the grains are kept (this operation is repeated 15 times in succession). Final drainage of the grains by pressing manually through a conical stainless steel strainer. Only the grains are kept. The kilogram of washed and drained wheat grains are placed in a bucket made from food-grade PP. 4 kg of tap water at 25° C. is added. The bucket is placed in a drying oven at 25° C. for 67 hours. The preparation is drained by pressing manually through a conical stainless steel strainer to separate the liquid phase (liquor) from the grains. Only the liquid phase is kept. 1,750 g of liquor is weighed in a bucket made from food-grade PP. 1,750 g of wheat flour is added. The mixture is homogenised manually using a kitchen whisk for 5 minutes. The preparation is then placed in a drying oven at 25° C. for 24 hours. The DM in the fermented preparation amounted to 43.2% and the temperature was 25° C. 3,300 g of preparation is weighed in a bucket made from food-grade PP. 829 g of wheat flour and 825 g of tap water at 25° C. are added. The mixture is homogenised manually using a kitchen whisk for 5 minutes. The preparation is then placed in a drying oven at 25° C. for 24 hours. The DM in the fermented preparation amounted to 43.9% and the temperature was 25° C. 4,800 g of preparation is weighed in a bucket made from food-grade PP. 1,200 g of wheat flour and 1,200 g of tap water at 25° C. are added. The mixture is homogenised manually using a kitchen whisk for 5 minutes. The preparation is then placed in a drying oven at 25° C. for 48 hours. The DM in the fermented preparation amounted to 42.7% and the temperature was 26.2° C. 1,000 g of preparation is weighed in a bucket made from food-grade PP. 311.66 g of wheat flour and 593.33 g of tap water at 25° C. are added. The mixture is homogenised manually using a kitchen whisk for 5 minutes. The preparation is then placed in a drying oven at 25° C. for 96 hours. The DM in the fermented preparation amounted to 33.3%. 1,000 g of preparation is weighed in a bucket made from food-grade PP. 420 g of wheat flour and 580 g of tap water at 25° C. are added. The mixture is homogenised manually using a kitchen whisk for 5 minutes. The preparation is then placed in a drying oven at 25° C. for 24 hours. The DM in the fermented preparation amounted to 34.99% and the temperature was 25° C. 1,000 g of preparation is weighed in a bucket made from food-grade PP. 400 g of wheat flour and 600 g of tap water at 25° C. are added. The mixture is homogenised manually using a kitchen whisk for 5 minutes. The preparation is then placed in a drying oven at 25° C. for 24 hours. The DM in the fermented preparation amounted to 34.53% and the temperature was 24.8° C. 1,000 g of preparation is weighed in a bucket made from food-grade PP. 400 g of wheat flour and 600 g of tap water at 25° C. are added. The mixture is homogenised manually using a kitchen whisk for 5 minutes. The preparation is then placed in a drying oven at 25° C. for 96 hours. The DM in the fermented preparation amounted to 34.30% and the temperature was 25.1° C. The preparation is placed in a climatic chamber at 4° C. to be chilled and kept at 4° C. This sourdough will subsequently be used for bread, brioche and panettone applications. COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 3 1.5 kg of wheat grains were weighed in a bucket made from food-grade PP. 5 litres of tap water at 15° C. was added and then left to rest at ambient temperature for 30 minutes. Washing the wheat grains: the grains, which were submerged in water, were then rubbed between the hands by friction for 10 minutes, after which the water was drained off. 5 litres of tap water at 15° C. is added again, then the grains are once again rubbed between the hands by friction (this operation is repeated five times in succession). Rinsing the wheat grains: 5 litres of tap water at 25° C. is poured over the wheat grains, then the grains are drained by pressing manually through a conical stainless steel strainer. The water is then discarded and the grains are kept (this operation is repeated 15 times in succession). Final drainage of the grains by pressing manually through a conical stainless steel strainer. Only the grains are kept. The 1.5 kg of washed and drained wheat grains are placed in a bucket made from food-grade PP. 6 kg of tap water at 25° C. is added. The bucket is placed in a drying oven at 25° C. for 67 hours. The preparation is drained by pressing manually through a conical stainless steel strainer to separate the liquid phase (liquor) from the grains. Only the liquid phase is kept. 5,000 g of liquor is weighed in a bucket made from food-grade PP. 5,000 g of wheat flour is added. The mixture is homogenised manually using a kitchen whisk for 5 minutes. The preparation is then placed in a drying oven at 25° C. for 24 hours. The DM in the fermented preparation amounted to 44.8% and the temperature was 26.1° C. 4,500 g of preparation is weighed in a bucket made from food-grade PP. 1,125 g of wheat flour and 1,125 g of tap water at 25° C. are added. The mixture is homogenised manually using a kitchen whisk for 5 minutes. The preparation is then placed in a drying oven at 25° C. for 24 hours. 4,000 g of preparation is weighed in a bucket made from food-grade PP. 1,000 g of wheat flour and 1,000 g of tap water at 25° C. are added. The mixture is homogenised manually using a kitchen whisk for 5 minutes. The preparation is then placed in a drying oven at 25° C. for 48 hours. The DM in the fermented preparation amounted to 44.6% and the temperature was 25.6° C. 2,000 g of preparation is weighed in a bucket made from food-grade PP. 600 g of wheat flour and 1,400 g of tap water, first cooled to 6° C., are added. The mixture is homogenised manually using a kitchen whisk for 5 minutes. The preparation is then placed in a drying oven at 8° C. for 96 hours. The DM in the fermented preparation amounted to 35.18% and the temperature was 8.2° C. 2,000 g of preparation is weighed in a bucket made from food-grade PP. 800 g of wheat flour and 1,200 g of tap water, first cooled to 6° C., are added. The mixture is homogenised manually using a kitchen whisk for 5 minutes. The preparation is then placed in a drying oven at 8° C. for 24 hours. The DM in the fermented preparation amounted to 35.1% and the temperature was 7.8° C. 2,000 g of preparation is weighed in a bucket made from food-grade PP. 800 g of wheat flour and 1,200 g of tap water, first cooled to 6° C., are added. The mixture is homogenised manually using a kitchen whisk for 5 minutes. The preparation is then placed in a drying oven at 8° C. for 24 hours. The DM in the fermented preparation amounted to 35.06% and the temperature was 8.2° C. 2,000 g of preparation is weighed in a bucket made from food-grade PP. 800 g of wheat flour and 1,200 g of tap water, first cooled to 6° C., are added. The mixture is homogenised manually using a kitchen whisk for 5 minutes. The preparation is then placed in a drying oven at 8° C. for 24 hours. The DM in the fermented preparation amounted to 35.42% and the temperature was 8° C. 2,000 g of preparation is weighed in a bucket made from food-grade PP. 800 g of wheat flour and 1,200 g of tap water, first cooled to 6° C., are added. The mixture is homogenised manually using a kitchen whisk for 5 minutes. The preparation is then placed in a drying oven at 8° C. for 24 hours. The DM in the fermented preparation amounted to 36.64% and the temperature was 8.2° C. The preparation is placed in a climatic chamber at 4° C. to be chilled and kept at 4° C. This sourdough will subsequently be used for bread, brioche and panettone applications. To obtain the results in Table I, bread, brioche and panettone were produced respectively by the following processes using the VMISPI11 spiral dough mixer. Speed 1: 70 rpm for the arm; 10 rpm for the bowl. Speed 2: 160 rpm for the arm; 18 rpm for the bowl. Manufacturing Process for Ordinary Bread Using Sourdough without the Addition of Baker's Yeast in Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 TABLE IOrder ofsteps tobeobservedFlour typeTraditional French flour1Weight of waterThe quantity of water added is adjustedaccording to the consistency of the sourdough(more or less liquid) to obtain dough with anequivalent consistency to ensure optimumfermentation.Example 1: 1,275 g is added to the dough mixerComparative example 1: 1,425 gComparative example 2: 1,275 gComparative example 3: 1,275 gComparative example 4: 1,200 gComparative example 5: 1,200 g2Weight of flour2,000 g is added to the dough mixer3Weight of200 g is added to the dough mixersourdough4KneadingSpiral dough mixer5 min at speed 1, then 3 min at Speed 25Weight of salt40 g is added to the dough mixer6Kneading3 min at Speed 27T ° of the25-27° C.dough afterkneading8First1 hour in the fermentation chamber at 25° C.fermentationwith a relative humidity of 75%9DivisionManually divided into pieces weighing 350 gand pre-formed into oval balls10Resting20 minutes in the fermentation chamber at 25° C.with a relative humidity of 75%11ShapingBaguette or short baguette (batard) with theseam underneath12Second4 to 5 hours in the fermentation chamber atfermentation25° C. with a relative humidity of 75%13Baking20 minutes at 240° C. with steam injected whenplaced in the oven Manufacturing Process for Brioche without the Addition of Baker's Yeast, Using the Sourdough from Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1, 2, 3, 4 TABLE IIOrder ofsteps toobservedFlour mixtureTraditional French flour + cold Phil bread improver + oatmeal flour1Weight of eggThe amount of egg added is adjusted accordingto the consistency of the sourdough (more orless liquid) to obtain dough with anequivalent consistency to ensure optimumfermentation.Example 1: 900 g is added to the dough mixerComparative example 1: 1,050gComparative example 2: 900 gComparative example 3: 900 gComparative example 4: 700 g2Weight of300 g is added to the dough mixersugar3Weight of salt30 g is added to the dough mixer4Weight of990 g of traditional French flour + 10 g offlourcold Phil improver + 500 g of oatmeal flourare added to the dough mixer5Weight of300 g is added to the dough mixersourdough6KneadingSpiral dough mixer5 min at speed 1, then 15 min at Speed 27Weight of600 g is added to the dough mixerbutter8KneadingSpiral dough mixer5 min at speed 1, then 7 min at Speed 29T° of the25-28° C.dough after kneading10First1 hour 30 in the fermentation chamber at 25° C.fermentationwith a relative humidity of 75%11DivisionManually divided into pieces weighing 300 gand pre-formed into oval balls12Resting15 minutes in the fermentation chamber at 25° C.with a relative humidity of 75%13ShapingIn cardboard moulds14Growth16 hours in the fermentation chamber at 22° C.with a relativehumidity of 75%15Baking18 minutes at 160° C. with steam injected whenplaced in the oven, oven ventilated Manufacturing Process for Panettone without the Addition of Baker's Yeast, Using the Sourdough from Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1, 2 and 4 TABLE IIIOrder ofsteps tobeobservedFlour typePanettone mix1Weight of waterThe quantity of water added is adjustedaccording to the consistency of thesourdough (more or less liquid) to obtaindough with an equivalent consistency toensure optimum fermentation.Example 1: 450 g is added to the doughmixerComparative example 1: 550 gComparative example 2: 450 gComparative example 4: 375 g2Weight of flour1,000 g of panettone mix3Weight of200 g is added to the dough mixersourdough4KneadingSpiral dough mixer5 min at speed 1, then 10 min at Speed 25Weight of butter300 g is added to the dough mixer6KneadingSpiral dough mixer5 min at Speed 17Weight of fruit460 g is added to the dough mixer8KneadingSpiral dough mixer1 min at Speed 19T° of the dough24-26° C.after kneading10First fermentation1 hour 30 in the fermentation chamber at25° C. with a relative humidity of 75%11DivisionManually divided into pieces weighing 700 gand pre-formed into oval balls12Resting20 minutes in the fermentation chamber at25° C. with a relative humidity of 75%13ShapingManual, into balls14Growth16 hours in the fermentation chamber at24° C. with a relative humidity of 75%15Baking45 minutes at 150° C. with steam injectedwhen placed in the oven, oven ventilated Process for Manufacturing Sourdough Bread Using Sourdough from Comparative Example 6 TABLE IVOrder ofsteps tobeobservedFlour typeTraditional French flour + T170 rye flour1Weight ofThe quantity of water added is adjustedwateraccording to the consistency of thesourdough (more or less liquid) to obtaindough with an equivalent consistency toensure optimum fermentation.1,180g of water is added to the doughmixer if using sourdough according to theinvention1,100g for commercial sourdough2Weigh tof salt36 g is added to the dough mixer3Weight of1,800 g of traditional French flour +flour200 g of T170 rye flour are placed in thedough mixerFor sourdough according to the invention:4Weight ofsourdough20 g is added to the dough mixerFor commercial sourdough: 100 g is addedto the dough mixer5KneadingSpiral dough mixer5 min at speed 1, then 30 seconds atSpeed 26T° of the25-27° C.dough afterkneading7First14 hours in the fermentation chamber atfermentation23° C. with a relative humidity of 75%8DivisionManually divided into pieces weighing1,000 g and 350 g, pre-formed into ovalballs9Resting20 minutes in the fermentation chamber at25° C. with a relative humidity of 75%10ShapingBalls11Second3 hours in the fermentation chamber atfermentation25° C. with a relative humidity of 75%12Baking50 minutes at 230° C./240° C. with steaminjected when placed in the oven COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 4 AND 5 Bread was prepared using the recipe in Table I with two commercial sourdoughs claiming to produce bread without the need to add yeast. This led to the results shown in Table V. COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 6 Sourdough bread was prepared with 1% by weight compared with the weight of flour of a sourdough according to the invention and 5% by weight compared with the weight of flour of a commercial sourdough claiming to produce sourdough bread without the addition of yeast. The results obtained complied with French legislation (Decree No. 93-1074 of 13 Sep. 1993). TABLE VLacticMeasurement carried outacidonly on bread doughYeastsbacteriavolumevolumevolumeAceticLacticloglogGrowthGrowthGrowthDMpHTTAacidacid(CFU)/g(CFU)/g2 hrs3 hrs4 hrsExample 135.85.8928708.819.601.51.82.4Comparative70.94.039.51,0325,6406.898.59111.1example 1Comparative34.33.56147347,6625.909.081.11.21.4example 2Comparative36.644.345.23052,9424.858.56111example 3Comparative16.654.2122.46,45217,8097.118.201.21.21.2example 4Comparative29.213.7514.1232729255.767.52111example 5Measurement carried outonly on bread doughvolumevolumeSpecific volumesGrowthGrowthof bread5 hrs6 hrsResultsBreadBriochePanettoneExample 133.5Successful3.935.093.87Comparative1.31.5Failed2.673.553.09example 1Comparative1.51.6Failed1.891.061.76example 2Comparative11Failed1.861.45—example 3Comparative1.2—Failed2.141.962.18example 4Comparative1—Failed1.94——example 5Parameter units:DM: %Acetic acid: ppmLactic acid: ppmYeasts: log(CFU)/gLactic acid bacteria: log(CFU)/gSpecific volume: cm3/g COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 7 (AIR BLOWN IN TOO EARLY) The procedure is as follows: TABLE VID0Step 110 kg of organically cultivated wheat grains were weighed in a bucket made from food-grade PP.30 liters of tap water at 15° C. was added and then left to rest at ambient temperature for 30 minutes.Washing the wheat grains: the grains submerged in water were then rubbed between the hands by friction for 10minutes, after which the water is drained off.30 liters of tap water at 15° C. is added again, and the grains are once again rubbed between the hands byfriction. This operation is repeated five times in succession.Rinsing the wheat grains: 30 liters of tap water at 25° C. is poured over the wheat grains, then the grains aredrained by pressing manually through a conical stainless steel strainer. The water is then discarded while thegrains are kept. This operation is repeated 15 times in succession.Step 2Final drainage of the grains by pressing manually through a conical stainless steel strainer. Only the grainsare kept.Step 310 kg of washed and drained organic wheat grains are placed in a stainless steel Goavec (brand name) fermenter.40 kg of tap water at 25° C. is added.Step 4The prepariation is kept at 25° C. for 72 hours.The preparation undergoes central agitation at 150 rpm and counter-rotation agitation (scraper) at 50 rpm, withcontinuous aeration by injecting dry compressed oil-free air via a sparger at the bottom of the bowl at apressure of 6 bar and with a flow rate of 60 Nl/min.(Nl/min: air held under Standart Reference Atmosphere conditions).D3Step 5The temperature of preparation is 26.4° C.The preparation is taken out of the stainless steel fermenter (liquor + grains). Only the liquid phase (liquor)is kept.Step 630 kg of liquor is weighed and placed in a Goavec (brand name) stainless steel fermenter.30 kg of T80 whear flour is added.The mixture is homogenised with a rotor-stator agitator at 1,500 rpm for 10 minutes.The preparation is kept 25° C. for 24 hours.The preparation undergoes central agitation at 150 rpm and counter-rotation agitation (scrape) at 50 rpm, withpressure of 6 bar and with a flow of 60 Nl/min.D4Step 7The DM in fermented preparation smounts to 45.25% and the temperaure is 25.64° C.39.6 kg of the preparation is kept.9.9 kg of T80 wheat flour and 9.9 kg of tap water at 25° C. are added.The mixture is homogenised with a rotor-stator agitator at 1,500 rpm for 10 minutes.The preparation is kept 25° C. for 24 hours.The preparation undergoes central agitation at 150 rpm and counter-rotation agitation (scraper) at 50 rpm, withcontinuous aeration by injecting dry compressed oil-free air via a sparger at the bottom of the bowl at apressure of 6 bar and with a flow rate of 60 Nl/min.D5Step 8The DM in the fermented preparation amounts to 45.02% and the temperature is 26° C.40 kg of the preparation is kept.3.918 kg of T80 wheat flour and 16.1 kg of tap water at 25° C. are added.The mixture is homogenised with a rotor-stator agitator at 1,500 rpm for 10 minutes.The preparation is then kept 25° C. for 48 hours.The preparation undergoes central agitation at 200 rpm and counter-rotation agitation (scraper) at 50 rpm,with continuous aeration by injecting dry compressed oil-free air via a sparger at the bottom of the bowlat a pressure of 6 bar and with a flow rate of 60 Nl/min.D7Step 9The DM in the fermented preparation amounts to 43.26% and the temperature is 24.81° C.24 kg of the preparation is kept.9.776 kg of T80 wheat flour and 14.2 kg of tap water at 25° C. are added.The mixture is homogenised with a rotor-stator agitator at 1,500 rpm for 15 minutes.The preparation then undergoes fermentation at 25° C. for 72 hours.The preparation undergoes central agitation at 200 rpm and counter-rotation agitation (scraper) at 50 rpm, withcontinuous aeration by injecting dry compressed oil-free air via a sparger at the bottom of the bowlat a pressure of 6 bar and with a flow rate of 60 Nl/min (Nl/min: air held under Standart Reference Atmosphereconditions).D10Step 10The DM in the fermented preparation amounts to 33.16% and the temperature is 26.64° C.24 kg of the preparation is kept.10.4 kg of T80 wheat flour and 14.6 kg of tap water at 15° C. are added.The mixture is homogenised with a rotor-stator agitator at 1,500 rpm for 15 minutes.The preparation then undergoes fermentation at 15° C. for 96 hours.The preparation undergoes central agitation at 250 rpm and counter-rotation agitation (scraper) at 15 rpm,with continuous aeration by injecting dry compressed oil-free air via a sparger at the bottom of the bowlat a pressure of 6 bar and with a flow rate of 60 Nl/min.D14Step 11The DM in the fermented preparation amounts to 45.02% and the temperature is 15.37° C.25 kg of the preparation is kept.10 kg of T80 wheat flour and 15 kg of tap water at 15° C. are added.The mixture is homogenised with a rotor-stator agitator at 1,500 rpm for 15 minutes.The preparation then undergoes fermentation at 15° C. for 24 hours.The preparation undergoes central agitation at 250 rpm and counter-rotation agitation (scraper) at 15 rpm,with continuous aeration by injecting dry compressed oil-free air via a sparger at the bottom of the bowlat a pressure of 6 bar and with a flow rate of 60 Nl/min.Ferment-The temperature of the preparation is 16° C.ationThe preparation is cooled to 4° C. and kept at 4° C.stoppedThis sourdough is tested for bread, brioche, panettone, and sourdough bread applications. COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 8 (IMPROVED SOURDOUGH) The procedure is as follows: TABLE VIID0Step 16 kg of organically farmed wheat grains were weighed in a bucket made from food-grade PP.30 liters of tap water at 15° C. was added and then left to rest at ambient temperature for 30 minutes.Washing the wheat grains: the grains submerged in water were then rubbed between the hands by friction for10 minutes, after which the water is drained off. 30 liters of tap water at 15° C. is added again, and thegrains are once again rubbed between the hands by friction. This operation is repeated five times insuccession.Rinsing the wheat grains: 30 liters of tap water at 25° C. is poured over the wheat grains, then the grains aredrained by pressing manually through a conical stainless steel strainer. The water is then discarded while thegrains are kept. This operation is repeated 15 times in succession.Step 2Final drainage of the grains by pressing manually through a conical stainless steel strainer. Only thegrains are kept.Step 3The 6 kg of washed and drained organic wheat grains are placed in a bucket made from food-grade PP.24 kg of tap water at 25° C. is added.Step 4THe bucket is placed in a drying oven at 25° C. for 67 hours.D3Step 5The preparation is drained by pressing manually through a conical stainless steel strainer to separate theliquid phase (liquor) from the grains. Only the liquid is kept.Step 620 Kg of liquor is weighed and placed in a Goavec (brand name) stainless steel fermenter.20 Kg of T80 wheat flour is added.The mixture is homogenised with a rotor-stator agitator at 1,500 rpm for 10 minutes.The preparation is kept at 25° C. for 24 hours with a low level of central agitation at 80 rpm and counter-rotation agitation (scraper) at 15 rpm.D4Step 7The DM in the fermented preparation amounts to 43.7% and the temperature is 24.9° C.40 kg of the preparation is kept.10 kg of T80 wheat flour and 10 kg of tap water at 25° C. are added.The mixture is homogenised with a rotor-stator agitator at 1,500 rpm for 10 minutes.The preparation is kept at 25° C. for 24 hours with a low level of central agitation at 80 rpm andcounter-rotation agitation (scraper) at 15 rpm.D5Step 8The DM in the fermented preparation amounts to 43.2% and the temperature is 25.8° C.40 kg of the preparation is kept.10 kg of T80 wheat flour and 10 kg of tap water at 25° C. are added.The mixture is homogenised with a rotor-stator agitator at 1,500 rpm for 10 minutes.The preparation is kept at 25° C. for 48 hours with a low level of central agitation at 80 rpm andcounter-rotation agitation (scraper) at 15 rpm.D7Step 9The DM in the fermented preparation amounts to 42.3% and the temperature is 25.5° C.30 kg of the preparation is kept.15 kg of T80 wheat flour and 15 kg of tap water, first cooled to 6° C., are added.The mixture is homogenised with a rotor-stator agitator at 1,500 rpm for 15 minutes.The preparation is then allowed to ferment for 7 days at 11° C. with central agitation at 250 rpm andcounter-rotation agitation (scraper) at 30 rpm, with continuous aeration by injecting dry compressedoil-free air via a sparger at the bottom of the bowl at a pressure of 6 bar and with a flow rate of100 Nl/min. (Nl/min: air held under Standart Reference Atmosphere conditions).D14Step 10The DM in the fermented preparation amounts to 41.8% and the temperature is 11.5° C.30 kg of the preparation is kept.14.8 kg of T80 wheat flour and 15.2 kg of tap water, first cooled to 6° C., are added.The mixture is homogenised with a rotor-stator agitator at 1,500 rpm for 15 minutes.The preparation is then allowed to ferment for 48 hours at 11° C. with central agitation at 250 rpm andcounter-rotation agitation (scraper) at 30 rpm, with continuous aeration by injecting dry compressedoil-free air via a sparger at the bottom of the bowl at a pressure of 6 bar and with a flow rate of100 Nl/min.D16Step 11The DM in the fermented preparation amounts to 42.1% and the temperature is 12.5° C.30 kg of the preparation is kept.14.8 kg of T80 wheat flour and 15.2 kg of tap water, first cooled to 6° C., are added.The mixture is homogenised with a rotor-stator agitator at 1,500 rpm for 15 minutes.The preparation is then allowed to ferment for 48 hours at 11° C. with central agitation at 250 rpm andcounter-rotation agitation (scraper) at 30 rpm, with continuous aeration by injecting dry compressedoil-free air via a sparger at the bottom of the bowl at a pressure of 6 bar and with a flow rate of100 Nl/min.D18Step 12The DM in the fermented preparation amounts to 41.1% and the temperature is 11.6° C.30 kg of the preparation is kept.17.7 kg of T80 wheat flour and 12.3 kg of tap water, first cooled to 6° C., are added.The mixture is homogenised with a rotor-stator agitator at 1,500 rpm for 15 minutes.The preparation is then allowed to ferment for 48 hours at 11° C. with central agitation at 250 rpm andcounter-rotation agitation (scraper) at 30 rpm, with continuous aeration by injecting dry compressedoil-free air via a sparger at the bottom of the bowl at a pressure of 6 bar and with a flow rate of100 Nl/min.D20Step 13The DM in the fermented preparation amounts to 45.6% and the temperature is 14.5° C.(Step 12 is30 kg of the preparation is kept.repeated)17.3 kg of T80 wheat flour and 12.7 kg of tap water, first cooled to 6° C., are added.The mixture is homogenised with a rotor-stator agitator at 1,500 rpm for 15 minutes.The preparation is then allowed to ferment for 48 hours at 11° C. with central agitation at 250 rpm andcounter-rotation agitation (scraper) at 30 rpm, with continuous aeration by injecting dry compressedoil-free air via a sparger at the bottom of the bowl at a pressure of 6 bar and with a flow rate of 100Nl/min.D22Step 14The DM in the fermented preparation amounts to 45.6% and the temperature is 13.4° C.(Step 13 is30 kg of the preparation is kept.repeated)17.3 kg of T80 wheat flour and 12.7 kg of tap water, first cooled to 6° C., are added.The mixture is homogenised with a rotor-stator agitator at 1,500 rpm for 15 minutes.The preparation is then allowed to ferment for 48 hours at 11° C. with central agitation at 250 rpm andcounter-rotation agitation (scraper) at 30 rpm, with continuous aeration by injecting dry compressedoil-free air via a sparger at the bottom of the bowl at a pressure of 6 bar and with a flow rate of 100Nl/min.D24Step 15The DM in the fermented preparation amounts to 45.6% and the temperature is 13.6° C.(Step 13 is30 kg of the preparation is kept.repeated)17.3 kg of T80 wheat flour and 12.7 kg of tap water, first cooled to 6° C., are added.The mixture is homogenised with a rotor-stator agitator at 1,500 rpm for 15 minutes.The preparation is then allowed to ferment for 48 hours at 11° C. with central agitation at 250 rpm andcounter-rotation agitation (scraper) at 30 rpm, with continuous aeration by injecting dry compressedoil-free air via a sparger at the bottom of the bowl at a pressure of 6 bar and with a flow rate of 100Nl/min.D26Step 16The DM in the fermented preparation amounts to 45.6% and the temperature is 13.3° C.(Step 13 is30 kg of the preparation is kept.repeated)17.3 kg of T80 wheat flour and 12.7 kg of tap water, first cooled to 6° C., are added.The mixture is homogenised with a rotor-stator agitator at 1,500 rpm for 15 minutes.The preparation is then allowed to ferment for 48 hours at 11° C. with central agitation at 250 rpm andcounter-rotation agitation (scraper) at 30 rpm, with continuous aeration by injecting dry compressedoil-free air via a sparger at the bottom of the bowl at a pressure of 6 bar and with a flow rate of 100Nl/min.D28Step 17The DM in the fermented preparation amounts to 47.1% and the temperature is 13° C.(Step 13 is30 kg of the preparation is kept.repeated)17.3 kg of T80 wheat flour and 12.7 kg of tap water, first cooled to 6° C. are addd.The mixture is homogenised with a rotor-stator agitator at 1,500 rpm for 15 minutes.The preparation is then allowed to ferment for 48 hours at 11° C. with central agitation at 250 rpm andcounter-rotation agitation (scraper) at 30 rpm, with continuous aeration by injecting dry compressedoil-free air via a sparger at the bottom of the bowl at a pressure of 6 bar and with a flow rate of 100Nl/min.D30Ferment-The DM in the fermented preparation amounts to 47.1% and the temperature is 13.9° C.ationThe preaparation is cooled to 4° C. and kept at 44° C.stoppedThis sourdough is tested for bread, brioche, panettone, and sourdough bread applications. TABLE VIIOrder of steps to be observedFlour typeTraditional Frenchflour + T170 rye flourBasic65° C.temperature1WeightThe quantity of water added is adjusted according towaterthe consistency of the sourdough (more or less liquid)to obtain dough with an equivalent consistency toensure optimum fermentation.Example D2 isara d + 15: 1,140 gExample Spicher v3: 1,140 gExample according to the invention, improved: 1,140 g2Weight of36 g is added to the dough mixersalt3Weight of1,800 g of traditional French flour + 200 g of T170 ryeflourflour are placed in the dough mixer4Weight of40 g is added to the dough mixersourdough5KneadingSpiral dough mixer5 min at speed 1, then 30 seconds at Speed 26Temperature25 to 27° C.of thedough afterkneading7First14 hours in the fermentation chamber at 23° C. with afermentationrelative humidity of 75%8DivisionManually divided into pieces weighing 1,000 and350 g, which are formed into oval balls.9Resting20 minutes in the fermentation chamber at 25° C. withrelativea humidity of 75%10ShapingBalls11Second3 hours in the fermentation chamber at 25° C. with afermentationrelative humidity of 75%12Baking50 min at 230/240° C. with steam injected when placedin the oven for pieces weighing 1 kg and 25 minutes forpieces weighing 350 g. The sourdough bread production test is carried out as specified in the operating instructions described in Table VIII using “Spicher” sourdoughs, as in comparative example 7, and in comparative example 8. The results obtained are summarised in Table IX. TABLE IXLacticMeasurements only carriedacidout on bread doughYeastbacteriaGrowthGrowthGrowthAce-loglogafterafterafterDMpHTTAtatesLactates(CFU)/g(CFU)/g2 hrs3 hrs4 hrsCompar-34.963.7412.72,5174,2069.239.401.21.61.8ativeexample 7Spicher*43.163.9315.38196,9047.488.641.31.31.4Compar-47.243.9211.14255,3347.649.301.41.62ativeexample 8Measurements only carriedApplication forout on bread doughsourdough breadGrowthGrowthSpecific volumes in cm3/gBreadafterafterSourdoughBreadacetate5 hrs6 hrsBreadBriochePanettonebreadpH(ppm)Compar-22.22.813.862.831.853.91650ativeexample 7Spicher*1.41.72.882.262.522.504.02148Compar-2.234.304.792.692.483.92910ativeexample 8*Spicher is the sourdough prepared according to Spicher G et al, “Untersuchungen zur Charakterisierung und Bewertung einer Spontansauers.” (Experiments to analyse and assess a spontaneous sourdough.) Einfluss der Fuehrungabedingengen auf den Verlauf der spontanen Gaering Geheide Mehl und BrotBochum DE vol 4 No. 12 andUntersuchung zur Charakterisierung und Bewertung verschiedener Verfahren zur Bereitung eines Spontansauers(Influence of management conditions on the course of spontaneous fermentation. Cereal, flour and bread, Bochum DE, Vol. 4 No. 12 and Experiments to analyse and assess various methods for preparing a spontaneous sourdough) 1st reportVergieich verschiedener Nr-5497 der Bundes Forschung Anstalt fur Getreide und Kartoffalverarbeitung. Detmold p 18-122 (Comparison of various No. 5497 by the Federal German Research Institute for Cereals and Potato Processing).The sourdough in comparative example 7, in which air was blown in from step a) gives an excessively high acetate content and insufficient growth after five hours and six hours, and an inadequate bread volume.The Spicher sourdough gives inaduquate growth after 5 hours and 6 hours and an inadequate acetate content in the sourdough bread according to the requirements of the legislation. Measuring the pH, Acetates and Lactates in Bread: When manufacturing sourdough bread, the endogenous production of organic acids is assessed on the raw bread dough. Cooked sourdough is only analysed on the basis of its crumb. A 25 g sample of crumb or dough is taken, after which precisely 225 ml of water treated by reverse osmosis is added. The mixture is homogenised for five minutes using an ultra-turrax disperser (IKA (brand name) DI 25 basic) at 20,000 rpm. The pH of this mixture is measured while agitating using a Mettler Toledo ph-meter (brand name), model G20. The mixture is first centrifuged at 12,000 g for 20 minutes to measure acetic acid and lactic acid. The supernatant is removed for sampling. The analysis is carried out on this sample using an enzymatic method by means of ENZYTEC™ D-/L lactic acid and ENTYTEC™ acetic acid kits (Scil Diagnostic GmbH, Germany). The results are expressed in ppm (parts per million=mg/kg of bread or dough). TABLE XEndogenous production of acetic acid when producingsourdough bread.ImprovedSpichersourdoughsourdoughFor phAfter kneading6.276.25On shaping4.004.12Before baking3.894.03Bread crumb3.924.02Specific volume of2.482.50thesourdough breadFor acetateAfter kneading425On shaping716100Before baking867122Bread crumb910148For lactateAfter kneading808785On shaping5,0254,393Before baking5,4524,760Bread crumb5,6554,786 This table shows the monitoring process for the production of endogenous acids during production of sourdough bread. Endogenous production of the two main acids in sourdough is observed. In terms of acidity (pH and bread acetate content) only the improved sourdough complies with the statutory criteria.

11856960

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Referring now toFIG.1a diagrammatic representation in a cross sectional format is shown of a system known as a Chilled Beef Rapid Separation System (CBRSS) which is arranged to enable the separation of beef components comprising lean beef, connective tissue and beef fat. A cryogenic freezing tunnel4is arranged to reduce the temperature of a continuous stream of size-reduced beef particles3having a size of not more than about 1 inch across. The particles3contain both lean beef and beef fat in varying proportions. The particles3are cut from larger pieces of beef, such as primals, or can be the leftovers or trimmings after the harvesting the primal cuts of beef. The particles3are transferred in the direction shown by arrow2through space6on a conveyor8having a controlled speed. Preferably, liquid nitrogen can be provided within space6so as to make direct contact with the beef particles3in such a manner so as to consistently reduce the temperature of the beef particles3to a controlled value. The speed of conveyor8and the quantity of liquid nitrogen provided into space6is controlled such that the finished temperature of the beef particles is as follows. After transfer through the temperature-reducing cryogenic tunnel4, the temperature of lean beef is about 10° F. to 26° F. and is significantly higher than the temperature of the beef fat which is about −5° F. to 2° F. The difference in temperature is believe to arise from the differences in the heat transfer coefficient between the two materials. In this way, the beef fat will crumble while the lean remains flexible when subjected to a crushing force. In some embodiments of the cooling step, freezing of the lean completely is avoided, and the fat is preferentially, rigidly frozen and is friable, but lean meat is not frozen rigidly and remains flexible. In some embodiments of the cooling step, the lean meat-containing material is chilled while avoiding freezing the core or center of the lean meat component; while the surface of the lean meat is non-frozen. In some embodiments of the cooling step, the temperature of the diced beef pieces is lowered to a first reduced temperature for the fat at which the fat is friable while simultaneously achieving a second reduced temperature for the lean at which the lean is not frozen solid thereby remaining partly flexible. The stream of beef particles3drops in the form of a “waterfall” in the direction shown by arrow10vertically downward and directly into a gap9arranged between two steel rollers22and20. Steel cylindrical rollers22and20are arranged parallel and at the same level having a common centerline19and rotating in opposing directions shown by arrows16and18. Roller20rotates counterclockwise in the figure, and roller22rotates clockwise in the figure. The surface speed of the rollers22and20is greater than the velocity of the particles which are gathering speed as they fall downward and into the gap9between the rollers22and20. The gap can be between about 1/32″ to ⅓″ wide, but most preferably 1/16″ wide. In one embodiment, the shape of the rollers20and22is shown inFIGS.8and9.FIG.8shows a crushing device800with rollers802and804. The rollers802and804have intermeshing teeth on the outer perimeter, but, still leave a gap806between the rollers802and804at the point of the closest approach. That is, one roller is not driving the other roller through contact of the teeth. The teeth can be arranged in a straight line or in a helical along the length of each roller. InFIG.9, a close up of the rollers'802and804teeth are shown if the surface of the rollers is made straight. A repeating curving wave pattern (with no sharp edges) is shown for both teeth of roller802and804. The roller802has teeth of radius R1 and the roller804has teeth of radius R2. In an embodiment, radius R1 is the same as radius R2. In an embodiment, radius R1 is not the same as radius R2. Also shown more clearly inFIG.9is the gap806showing that the teeth do not make contact. Returning toFIG.1, in some embodiments, the crumbling of the beef pieces will result in particles that comprise predominantly fat, and the leftover pieces from which the fat has been broken off comprise predominantly lean. In some embodiments, the rollers crush the beef pieces to liberate the fat without fracturing the lean thereby creating fat particles and lean particles. Significant heat is instantly generated within and at the core of the beef particles by friction resulting from the crushing force applied to the beef particles by the steel rollers22and20such that the average temperature of the processed beef particles is significantly higher than it is prior to crushing. The average beef particle temperature may be in the order of 20° F. after passing between rollers22and20, or in the range of 10° F. to 30° F., or 15° F. to 25° F. Directly below the pair of steel rollers22and20is a cone shaped vessel24arranged with a large open top close to the underside of the rollers22and20. The purpose of the vessel24is to combine the fat and lean particles with a fluid. In some embodiments, the density of the fluid is greater than the density of a majority of the fat particles and lower than the density of a majority of the lean particles. In this manner, the mostly fat particles will rise or float in the fluid and the mostly lean particles will sink or settle in the fluid. The density of the fluid can be controlled by temperature, by combining with other agents, such as carbon dioxide, or by microbiocidal agents. In some embodiments, the fluid can include water with one or more microbiocidal agents. In some embodiments, the microbiocidal agents can include one or more of hypochlorous acid, hydrochloric acid, bromine, fluorine, any halogen, sulphuric acid, lactic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, ozone, carbonic acid, carbon dioxide, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, acidified sodium chlorite, a chlorine compound, a chlorine compound and water, an aqueous alkaline solution of sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide or any other suitable alkaline solution or acid, or water with carbon dioxide. In some embodiments, any of the foregoing microbiocidal compounds can optionally be combined with water. The cone shaped vessel has inclined interior walls which taper down to a smaller diameter tube section17. This configuration thereby provides a “vortex” vessel24, into which a stream of fluid is transferred via pipe5in the direction shown by arrow7. Such stream of fluid can be introduced at a tangent to the interior of the vessel24. An interior space26is therefore defined and provided by the walls of the “vortex” vessel24such that size reduced beef particles are directed into the open “vortex”/vessel top above space26and into space26. The pipe5is arranged tangentially relative to the circular wall of vessel24terminating at an opening which enters space26and therefore forming a volute through which pressurized fluid is transferred. The stream of fluid entering space26is provided therein at such a mass flow and velocity so as to cause the stream to follow close to the inner vortex walls, spinning there around and gradually descending toward the pipe section17at the lower end of the vortex24. The fluid stream descends, gradually gathering speed as the vortex narrows toward pipe section17. In this way, the stream of fat and lean particles is directed into the vortex thereby rapidly mixing with the fluid. The fluid transferred into the vortex space26via pipe5in the direction shown by arrow7comprises either water or an aqueous alkaline solution or an aqueous acidic solution but most preferably will have been treated to contain nanobubbles of air, oxygen, chlorine, chlorine dioxide or carbon dioxide and having a paramagnetic quality and a particle size of between 50 nm to 100 nm. In some embodiments, nanobubbles will be smaller than 50 nm. In some embodiments, nanobubbles will be larger than 100 nm. In the size range of about 50 nm to 100 nm, the nanobubbles will not immediately rise to the surface, but, instead will drift in the fluid for extended periods of time. In some embodiments, a nanobubble size of about 40 nm to about 300 nm can be stable and can last in the range of days to months. Fluids with nanobubbles and agents have greater pathogen deactivation qualities, and when optimally applied can reduce any pathogens attached to the beef particles to undetectable populations. The effect of “nanobubbles” made with a paramagnetic gas, such as O2, is to reduce surface tension which in turn substantially improves the efficacy of the sanitation materials dissolved in the water (e.g. ClO2—which is paramagnetic but decomposes easily, which itself is 10 times more soluble than Cl2). Thus, with only the normal quantities of chlorine as is typically dissolved in tap/drinking water, when the water is a nanobubble (air) suspension. Other agents may be used, such as hypochlorous acid, carbonic acid or any other suitable microbiocidal agent as either listed in this disclosure or elsewhere. A nanobubble solution of carbonic acid at a pH of 4 may be effective so as to avoid the need for high pressure and lower pH. The paramagnetic effect of the atmospheric oxygen in nanobubbles (made with air) is believed to be responsible for reducing surface tension of the water in which the nanobubbles of air are suspended. In the case of ozone (O3), because O3is a diamagnetic and not a paramagnetic gas, there would appear to be no benefit using ozone in the nanobubbles but if dissolved in the water, the efficacy of ozone should be significantly improved. Thus, the level of dissolved ozone could be reduced to a low level as to avoid the issue of rancidity while having adequate pathogen deactivation effect. Also, water with suspended nanobubbles made from air may destroy biofilm and inhibit or prevent biofilm formation, for example by pathogens.FIGS.5and6show an embodiment of a vessel to create nanobubbles.FIG.5shows a vessel600with a top inlet and a bottom inlet. The vessel includes internal partial baffles602and604. The baffles602and604can be described as semispherical or semicircular meaning they comprise a greater part of a sphere. In one embodiment, the baffles602are placed directly opposite of baffles604.FIG.6shows an embodiment of a baffle604that is semicircular in shape, but, has a segment606missing that is defined by the chord line extending between two points on the circumference of the vessel. The baffle604generally encompasses a majority of the area, so the chord line defining the missing segment generally will not pass through the center608. In an embodiment, the baffles602and604are placed directly opposite so the missing segments are directly opposite from baffle to baffle. However, in other embodiments, the missing segments can be arranged in a helical pattern as baffles are placed along the length of the vessel. The diameter and length of the vessel will be determined by the amount of flow rate desired. The pressure of the fluid at the entrance should be high enough to create cavitation that leads to nanobubble creation. The amount and size of nanobubbles can be measured by taking samples at the outlet of vessel600. When the amount of the nanobubbles needs to be increased, the inlet pressure to the vessel600can be increased to create more cavitation. The mass flow of beef comprising the stream of beef particles can be transferred at any suitable flow rate but preferably at a rate of about 16,000 lbs per hour and the volume of fluid may be transferred via volute/pipe5would correspondingly be in the order of 300 to 400 gallons per minute (gpm). The ratio of beef solids, including fat and lean, to fluid is therefore on the order of 1 lb of beef particles to about 8 lbs to 12 lbs of fluid or more. It has been demonstrated that if insufficient fluid is provided, separation cannot be readily achieved and a ratio of at least 1:8 beef versus fluid can provide efficient separation. In some embodiments, in addition to adding turbulence in the vessel to expose surfaces of meat to the microbiocidal fluid, the amount of fluid is also calculated to supply an amount of water that is lost during processing to result in a predetermined proportion of water in the meat. As water can be lost during the cooling step, the addition of the fluid can replenish the water that is lost through evaporation. This will allow packaging the meat containing a predetermined proportion of water in a container. In other embodiments, the amount of water that is to be removed in a centrifuge can be calculated and controlled. The temperature of the fluid when introduced into vortex vessel24is preferably above 34° F. and even greater than 40° F. while the average temperature of the beef particles can be below 32° F. and when combined such that the resultant average temperature of the combined beef particles and fluid is on the order of 37° F. to 40° F. In order to prevent the vortex24from overflowing due to an accumulation of too much fluid and beef particles or alternatively allow air to be transferred into pipe30due to an inadequate accumulation of fluid and beef solids in the vortex24, the following arrangement can be provided. A sinusoidal (“sine”) pump28assembly, including the sine pump drive motor and any integrated gearbox with the vortex24(complete sine pump assembly) and pipe connection17may be most preferably mounted on load-cells with flexible connections between the pump28to pipe30and inlet pipe5to the vortex24. The complete sine pump assembly is mounted on load cells in such a way to enable and make available a value representing the weight or mass of the complete pump assembly including the accumulated fluid with solids in the complete assembly at any time during operation, continuously. In this way, the weight value can be used to control the sine pump28speed. For example, if the accumulation of fluid and beef solids (the vortex24accumulated level) is tending to overfill the vortex24, the speed and corresponding sine pump mass flow can be correspondingly elevated such that the level of accumulated fluid and solids vortex24will be lowered a controlled amount. Alternatively, if the transfer of fluids and solids into the vortex24is inadequate such that the accumulated level drops, the sine pump28speed can be reduced so as to allow a greater accumulation of fluids and solids in the vortex24. Accordingly, the overfilling or under-filling of the vortex can be monitored continuously so as to prevent overflow or the transfer of air/gas into pipe30. A large sine pump28is located directly below pipe section17and connected thereto so that the mixture or suspension of beef particles and fluid can be pumped at elevated pressure directly into enclosed pipe section30in the direction shown by arrow11. The mass flow of beef particles and fluid transferred via pump28must not be excessive. The supply of beef solids and fluid (suspension) transferred into pipe section17must not be less than the amount pumped therefrom via sine pump28so as to avoid the transfer of any gas or air (other than the air of gas contained in a nanobubble condition as described above) with the fluid suspension into pipe section30.FIG.11shows an embodiment of a sine pump arrangement to prevent air or gas or both from entering the sine pump28and separation manifold38. The vortex vessel1036is connected to the sine pump1032via a vertical pipe1010. The vertical pipe1010includes a transparent pipe section1018to act as a sight glass which will allow manual speed control of the sine pump1032to adjust the level1034of the fluid and beef particle in the pipe above the sine pump1032and below the vortex vessel1036. The sine pump1032rests on one or more load cells1030which enables sine pump speed adjustment to maintain fluid level with the pipe1014to prevent air from entering the sine pump and the separation manifold. The vortex vessel1036is connected to a fresh fluid inlet pipe1004via a flexible pipe section1006to allow unrestricted “floating” of the sine pump on the load cell. Similarly, the outlet pipe1024at the discharge of the sine pump includes a flexible pipe section1022. Thus, the level1034in the inlet pipe1014substantially prevent any air from entering the sine pump and the separation manifold downstream. A sufficient level1034is maintained by weight measurement using the load cell1030. Alternatively, the sine pump speed can be manually adjusted by visually checking the level in the sight glass1018. The suspension is then transferred into vertical pipe section34via space32in the direction shown by arrow13. Additional temperature controlled fluid which preferably contains nanobubbles of air, chlorine or a chlorine compound (such as chlorine or chlorine dioxide) or carbon dioxide can be transferred via pipe section35in the direction shown by arrow36and/or fluid of any temperature controlled selection can be transferred via pipe14in the direction shown by arrow12. The mixture of beef solids and selected fluid are then transferred with any optionally added fluids into horizontal separation manifold section38. In some embodiments, the manifold38or separator is used in separating particles at different elevations, wherein the particles having a density greater than the fluid will collect at a lower elevation, and the particles that have a density less than the fluid will collect at a relatively higher elevation. In some embodiments, the suspended beef solids and fluid will stratify according to their density while flowing along the horizontal manifold38wherein the smaller beef fat particles flow in the direction shown by arrow37and in close proximity to the upper, inner surface40of the manifold38while the larger lean particles sink and flow in the direction shown by arrow37along the lower, inner surface48of conduit38. Other particles which may be relatively very few when expressed as a proportion of the solids in the fluid and that comprise a combination of partly beef fat and/or lean and/or connective tissue may remain suspended in the liquid and flowing in the direction of arrow37along the central region of the manifold38between the upper and lower inner surfaces of the manifold38. A first lower port41or outlet is located at the conjunction of the underside of manifold38and pipe33is conveniently located to facilitate the extraction of lean beef particles with a minimized quantity of fluid via pipe33. A pump42, which is most preferably a sine pump, is connected directly to the lower end of pipe33so as to enable the mass flow controlled extraction of fluid with suspended lean beef particles through pipe33in the direction shown by46and to then transfer the mixture into pipe sections44and50and into decanter centrifuge66which is described more fully in connection withFIG.2. A second lower port43or outlet located at the conjunction of manifold38and pipe section57is arranged to facilitate extraction of limited fluid and lean beef particles in the direction shown by arrow54by way of mass flow controlling pump52which most preferably is a sine pump. The fluid and solids extracted via pipe33and the fluid and solids extracted via pipe57are thereby combined, in this configuration at the confluence of pipes50and56. However, the number of lower outlet ports is not limited to what is shown in the figure, and can include one to more than one. The combined quantity of fluid and solids is then transferred in pipe60in the direction shown by arrow58into decanter centrifuge66. Optionally, a continuous stream of any selected fluid can be added to the stream of materials transferred in the direction shown by arrow58by transfer through pipe57in the direction shown by arrow61. The combined stream of materials transferred into centrifuge66via pipe60is then treated generally according to the treatment as described in association withFIG.2wherein a combined stream of fluid and some suspended solids are separated, transferred into pipe62in the direction shown by arrow64and onto further processing (not shown) or into storage vessels (not shown), whereas lean beef particles are separated from the fluid and transferred via a conduit represented by member72in the direction shown by arrow74and then onto a conveyor to further processing or packaging. Substantially all lean beef (as in the red muscle content) is separated via the first and second lower outlet ports41and43such that beef fat particles including connective tissue and the remaining fluid is preferably transferred along the full length of manifold38and then upwardly via pipe section76and downwardly via pipe section80in the direction shown by arrow82. Optionally a pump99is connected to the lower end of pipe80wherein the pump99is preferably a sine pump which can be used to create back pressure in the space32and along the full length of manifold38and pipes76and80. A flow regulator75can be optionally located in a pipe78with an open end77so as to provide a means of controlling pressure in the separation manifold38. Most preferably the “separation time” for the separated lean beef stream3from the fluid is minimized. The “separation time” is the period of time between the instant of combining the beef solids3together with the fluid stream transferred via pipe5in the direction of arrow7, together in space26and separation of the lean beef particles stream transferred via pipe72in the direction shown by arrow74. The “separation time” period should be not more than 3 minutes but preferably less than 90 seconds, however the “separation time” period may be less than 30 minutes, or less than 20 minutes or less than 5 minutes. The minimized period of “separation time” can ensure that no beef micro-nutrients are separated or removed from the lean beef particles which may otherwise occur. In an alternative embodiment, two (or more) centrifuges may be employed in place of centrifuge66(as described above), wherein pipe44is connected directly to a first decanter centrifuge and pipe56is connected directly to a second centrifuge. In this way, the first stream of lean beef extracted via port41comprises a greater proportion of red muscle lean beef with a lesser proportion of connective tissue than lean beef extracted via port43which comprises a lesser proportion of red muscle lean beef with a greater proportion of connective tissue. In place of a single vortex vessel24as disclosed in connection withFIG.1, multiple vortex vessels can be arranged whereby the single stream of size reduced beef particles can be divided into a series of streams wherein one stream per vortex vessel is created, with a single set of downstream separation equipment connected to each vortex vessel. After separation of lean beef and fluid via ports41and43, the remaining stream of matter flowing along manifold38comprises a mixture of beef fat, connective tissue and fluid. The remaining stream is then transferred from the manifold via an upper outlet76to a flotation tank (separator) via the open end of a conduit83in the direction shown by arrow84. The flotation tank (FIG.3) enables separation of the beef fat which is then transferred by way of a suitable pump (preferably a Moyno style progressive cavity displacement pump) through a suitable heat exchanger having sufficient capacity to elevate the temperature of the beef fat stream to a pasteurizing temperature preferably at above 170° F. or alternatively to a selected temperature of less than 108° F. and then via a very high “G” force decanter centrifuge (10,000G) wherein beef tallow and any free or bound water is separated from the solids to provide three streams comprising a first stream of liquid beef tallow, a second stream of water and a third stream of connective tissue. The “bound” as well as any “free” water that may have been present is separated from the stream of heated beef fat then combined with the fluid water separated from the beef fat particles and connective tissue in the fat flotation tank. The combined stream of fluid is then transferred via a second high “G” force centrifuge wherein creatine, blood components and other health supplement raw materials are separated from the fluid stream and then dewatered. Referring now toFIG.3, a cross section through an open topped flotation vessel200(also referred to as a separator) is shown and interfaced with other items of equipment all controlled by PLC (programmable logic controller) to operate in sequence according to a specially written program and capable of separating a single input material stream of suspended solid beef fat particles304and366and particles of lean beef and connective tissue324, suspended in the fluid311, into several streams including a first stream of fluid, a second stream of beef fat366including some connective tissue and a third stream of lean beef and beef connective tissue324. In some embodiments, the floatation vessel200allows for combining the material comprising a separable fat component with a fluid comprising aqueous carbonic acid, liquid carbon dioxide and water, an aqueous alkaline solution with nanobubbles, or an aqueous acid with nanobubbles, or any other microbiocidal agent listed herein with nanobubbles, such that the density of the fluid is greater than the density of the fat component of the material, allowing the fat component from the material to separate from the material and to stratify forming a first stratum in the fluid, thereby leaving a reduced fat component of the material, and allowing the reduced fat component to stratify forming a second stratum in the fluid; and collecting the second stratum comprising reduced fat component. The open topped vessel200comprises an enclosure having a rectangular plan view profile with three flat vertical sides and one flat side371disposed at outwardly angled, all as shown inFIG.3, with lateral, rigid baffles such as310,308,330and326fixed across vessel200and between two opposing vertical vessel sidewalls. The bottom of vessel200is enclosed with a base having a corrugated profile and comprising a series of peaks and troughs such as peak303and troughs such as301wherein each peak303and trough301is connected by two flat sides such as306with each side being disposed at suitable angle as shown (at about 60°) thereby creating “V” shaped corrugations across the bottom section of the vessel200. All of the corrugated peaks have a common height and are level at the same altitude with lower troughs such as301which are arranged with bases at a similar level across the base of the vessel200. In this way, each trough collects an accumulated quantity of dense beef particle sediment324as the particles are allowed to settle after transfer into vessel200via pipe374. The vessel200with profiled bottom can be filled with the fluid suspension311to a level shown by broken line312. Fluid311with beef particles such as324,307and304substantially fills the open topped vessel200to level312in such a manner that light phase beef fat particles307are able to float at the fluid311surface level312. The vessel200is supported on legs such as382arranged to carry the weight of the vessel200when filled with fluid311. The upper level312is adjustable by adjusting the height of baffle plate202which is fixed in position after any adjustment to provide a suitable fluid level312. The fluid suspension311with beef particles307,304and324is transferred by pumping in a continuous stream from the end of pipe section83shown inFIG.1directly into space372of inlet pipe374in the direction shown by arrow376. The fluid rate of mass flow can be any convenient rate of flow but most suitable would be in the range of 200 gpm to 400 gpm or more. The velocity of the fluid suspension transferred into vessel200via pipe374slows substantially after it has entered the vessel which is aided by lateral baffles330,326and308. This facilitates beef particle stratification such that the less dense fat particles shown as307steadily float upward while sedimentation of the more dense beef particles such as324facilitates accumulation in the corrugated troughs301at the bottom of vessel200. A paddle assembly comprising a rigid frame362enclosing conveyor belt348, which is held taught and captive by end rollers314and358such that conveyor belt348is tensioned by support rollers320,342, and346. The conveyor belt348has a series of paddles such as364and344fixed thereto and spaced apart equally. Conveyor assembly with frame362is mounted horizontally above the open topped vessel200such that paddles344can travel with the conveyor belt348which can be driven by a variable speed electric motor (not shown) at a suitably steady rate. Paddles344are profiled with a suitable curve and the entire assembly is arranged so that the lower lengthwise edge of the paddles344penetrate the fluid surface312illustrated by paddle member336. The fluid311surface level312with beef fat particles307floating at surface fills the vessel200up to a suitable elevation such that surface level312intersects a ramp member350which extends above the fluid level312. The conveyor belt348with paddles344can be driven in the direction shown by arrows316,318and354such that the paddles336sequentially penetrate the fluid surface as each paddle travels around end roller314at the left hand end of vessel200then moving toward the ramp member350which is rigidly fixed at the right hand end of vessel200. Ramp member350extends the width of the vessel200. Paddles represented by344and336extend lengthwise, with a vertical disposition, across the width of vessel200so that as the paddles344travel from left to right in the direction shown by arrows316,318and354, each paddle carries or pushes a quantity of floating fat particles such as307toward the ramp member350. The quantity of beef fat particles carried by each paddle will therefore steadily increase as the paddles are driven across the fluid surface312in the direction shown. The continuous conveyor belt348is held taught and follows a fixed path dictated by the retaining rollers314,358,320,342and346and in this way the section of conveyor belt356held taught between rollers346and358can be maintained parallel to the ramp section350. This configuration ensures that the lower paddle edge as shown at336of each paddle344does not collide with or contact the flat ramp section350, however the configuration allows a close proximity of edge336to the flat upper surface of ramp member350as the paddles are driven up the ramp350, each transferring a quantity of beef fat upward following the ramp350and lifting the beef fat away from the fluid311. It can therefore be readily understood that beef fat particles such as366can be separated from the fluid such as311in the manner described herein above. A retaining member368is arranged at a convenient location adjacent to the outer edge and underside of ramp350, so as to conveniently provide a guiding effect to the continuous “waterfall style stream” of the beef fat particles366as the stream drops over the ramp edge downwardly and then onto sieve member392. The gravity-fed sieve member392comprises a sheet of perforated stainless steel having a curved profile and is disposed at a relatively steep angle such that beef particles366and400are impeded but not held as the beef fat particle stream falls in the direction shown by arrows370,396,398and402. This configuration facilitates a contacting of the beef particles with the perforated member392but does not stop movement of the particles. In this way, excess fluid390which may be carried with beef particles366up ramp350can be separated without allowing the beef particles to fill the perforations which could otherwise quickly block the perforations and in so doing prevent continuous separation of the excess fluid390which, with this arrangement, can penetrate the perforations and fall in the direction shown by arrow394into trough member406. The fluid collected in trough member406can be transferred via pipe434in the direction shown by arrow436and either discarded or combined with fluid extracted via pipe207in the direction shown by arrow208. The stream of beef fat solids400is collected in a retaining member408and then transferred, under elevated pressure, via a Seepex “Moyno” style positive displacement (“PD”) pump410directly into pipe412in the direction shown by arrow404, through a suitable heat exchanger414where the temperature of the beef fat particles400stream is elevated to not more than 108° F. or greater than 160° F. depending upon it's intended use, and then the stream is transferred directly into centrifuge420via pipe416in the direction shown by arrow418. The stream of temperature elevated beef fat is then divided into 3 streams comprising a first stream of liquid beef tallow which is extracted via a pipe424in the direction shown by arrow422, a second stream of water via pipe428in the direction shown by arrow426and a third stream of lean beef solids comprising substantially all connective tissue via pipe417in the direction shown by arrow415. Referring again toFIG.3, a series of vertically disposed pipes282,284,286,288,290,292,294, and296are each connected via open ports directly to each trough of the vessel corrugated bottom and most preferably at the lowermost level of each trough. Valves234,244,250,256,262,268,274,280, and386respectively are arranged to open or close such that fluid with accumulated beef solids such as324can be extracted from each trough separately and individually such as from trough301. Each pipe282,284,286,288,290,292,294, and296then connects to a common manifold pipe232running longitudinally along the bottom of the vessel200. The outlet pipe207discharges fluid from a section on the vessel provided with a trap204that dips below the inlet to pipe207to collect any particulate matter to avoid carrying over the particulate matter in the fluid leaving the vessel200through pipe207. The trap204is made from an upright baffle206that extends below the lower edge of the pipe207. The bottom section214of the trap206is emptied through pipe220in the direction of arrow212. The pipe220has an upper section216connected to a lower pipe section222via a valve218. The lower pipe section222in turn connects to the pipe section232and forms a combined pipe226. A suitably sized variable speed sine pump230is connected directly to the end of pipe section226and arranged to pump fluid with accumulated solids from pipe section232and pipe section220in the direction shown by arrow430. As can be appreciated, the pump230can be used to pump fluid and solids extracted from any one or more of the troughs and the trap. The (either open or closed) valves234,244,250,256,262,268,274,280,386and218can be arranged to be normally closed and sequenced such that only one valve is open at any given time for an adjustable period, preferably about 15 seconds. The valve opening sequence can be programmed into a PLC controller used to control the valve opening and closing such that during every 150 second period each valve is open while all other valves are closed. In this way the full available pumping force of pump230is applied to the extraction of fluid and solids such as301individually from each trough section of the corrugated bottom of vessel200. All excess fluid remaining after separation of substantially all solids have been separated and extracted via ramp350or any of the10valves is extracted via space210via pipe207in the direction shown by arrow208and transferred for filtering via transfer through a high “G” force centrifuge(s) and then further processed via the nanobubbles process wherein chorine gas, chlorine dioxide or carbon dioxide is provided in nanobubble condition into the fluid prior to recycling and generally as described herein above prior to temperature reduction (or temperature elevation according the required fluid temperature) and re-cycling through any of the pipes shown as5,14or35inFIG.1. Referring now toFIG.2, a cross section through a decanter style, centrifuge sub-assembly comprising the bowl142, scroll140with flights146,132and118, feed tube130and drive members100and129is shown. The scroll140comprises left hand and right hand screw flights such as118,132shown at the left hand end of the scroll140while flights113and149of an opposite hand are located at the opposite end of the scroll140. The flights are ribbon-shaped, such that the outer ribbon edge is in close proximity to the bowl surface111. The ribbon is connected to the scroll140in a manner to create openings between the ribbon and the scroll such that material that is not at the bowl surface that is suspended in the liquid can travel between the openings through the ribbon to the opposite end of the centrifuge. During the centrifuge separation process, heaver solids120are at the surface of the bowl and are carried up the ramp116, while less dense and suspended solids106not at the bowl surface are transferred through the openings in the ribbon and are expelled at the opposite end of the bowl142through opening105,141. The centrifuge sub assembly is shown without a main frame, mounting fixtures, independent drives, controls and typical guarding so as to facilitate a clear view of the centrifuge separation mechanism. Typically, when a decanter centrifuge is used to separate beef trim into its components comprising beef fat (tallow) and lean beef, the beef trim is ground and then heated to a suitable temperature of about 108° F. prior to transfer into the decanter centrifuge. In this way the beef fat or tallow is liquefied while the lean beef and connective tissue components remain in a solid condition and the liquid fat can be readily separated from the beef solids in a decanter style centrifuge. However, the present invention does not include the sequence of heating the beef trim prior to centrifuging. In fact, the beef trim is cut into particles, frozen and crushed to separate beef fat particles from lean beef and connective tissue particles. The beef particles are then combined with a selected fluid also at low temperature. Accordingly, the purpose of this particular embodiment (i.e., wherein a scroll having left hand and right hand scroll flights is incorporated in the separation mechanism) is to enable the separation of a low temperature suspension comprising a mixture including a fluid135and112such as water or an acid solution or alkaline solution with solid beef particles120wherein a first, predominant portion of the solid beef particles comprises beef fat, a second proportionately lesser quantity comprises lean beef particles and/or connective tissue particles and a third lesser portion of beef particles106comprises any combination of fat and lean or fat, lean and connective tissue or fat and connective tissue. The centrifuge enables the separation of the suspension112into particles106and120which is transferred into the centrifuge assembly via static tube130through space126, into two streams wherein a first stream comprises lean beef (including a proportion of connective tissue)120and a second stream of fluid112and135combined with particles106comprising any combination of fat, fat and lean or fat, lean and connective tissue or fat and connective tissue. The quantity of the particles106separated with the fluid112and135may be substantially less in volume than the quantity of lean particles120. The equilibrated temperature of the second stream of fluid after processing via equipment described herein in association withFIG.1including suspended particles106as well as the first stream of lean particles120is less than 44° F. and most preferably the fluid will contain nanobubbles otherwise known as paramagnetic bubbles. The bowl142is mounted on suitable bearings and rigidly attached to drive member100. Scroll140is also mounted on suitable bearings and rigidly attached to drive member129. In this way the bowl assembly142and100as well as the scroll assembly140and129can spin freely and independently. A cone shaped ramp104is arranged at the inner, end region of the bowl at an end thereof and a cone shaped ramp116comprises a section of the bowl and rigidly fixed thereto at the opposite end of the bowl to ramp104. The density of lean beef particles120is about 66 lbs/cu′, the density of the fluid112and135is about 62.4 lbs/cu′ while the density of the suspended particles106is about the same as the fluid112and135or slightly more or less. During operation of the decanter style centrifuge, the bowl142is preferably driven at about 2,000 rpm while the scroll140is preferably driven at about 2025 rpm, thereby providing a speed differential of 25 rpm such that the scroll is preferably rotating at 25 rpm greater than the bowl, however, the speed of the independently driven bowl142and scroll140can most preferably be varied as can be the differential speed between the bowl142and scroll140. The lean particle stream is transferred via ports137and123. A gas such as air or carbon dioxide is provided to fill the space110,114and145closest to the scroll140. The gas can pass through ports137and123. The centrifuge ofFIG.2can be used for centrifugally spinning a mixture of meat components, a fluid with or without nanobubbles, and optionally, including at least a microbiocidal agent such as, one or more of the microbiocidal agents can include one or more of hypochlorous acid, hydrochloric acid, bromine, fluorine, any halogen, sulphuric acid, lactic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, ozone, carbonic acid, carbon dioxide, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, acidified sodium chlorite, a chlorine compound, a chlorine compound and water, an aqueous alkaline solution of sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide or any other suitable alkaline solution or acid, or water with carbon dioxide, to separate meat components in concentric zones according to density, wherein denser components accumulate farther away from the axis of rotation and less dense components accumulate closer to the axis of rotation; and then transferring denser components towards a first cone-shaped section of the centrifuge via a first screw action and transferring less dense components towards a second cone-shaped section of the centrifuge via a second screw action, wherein gas can accumulate at zones in the proximity of the cone-shaped sections so as to impede the fluid from exiting with the meat components. In other embodiments, after separating the majority of the fat solids in the manifold38, and transferring fluid and solids removed via the lower outlets, the centrifuge ofFIG.2can be used to centrifugally spin the fluid to individually separate the lean meat solids and the fluid with some fat particles, wherein the lean meat solids, and the fluid with some fat solids are separated in the same centrifuge. During operation of the decanter centrifuge shown inFIG.2, a suspension comprising fluid (as described above) with solids is transferred via static tube130through space126in the direction shown by arrows128and134and into chamber144which is rotating at the same speed as the scroll140. Centrifugal force causes transfer of the suspension through passageway138in the direction shown by arrow136and into space114,145and110. The bowl142and scroll140preferably both rotate in the same direction while the scroll rotates at a speed equal to about 25 rpm greater than the speed of the bowl. In this way the fluid with beef particles rapidly occupies a space closest to the inner surface111and147of the bowl142thereby creating a pool112with a surface108parallel to the inner surface147and111of bowl142. As the fluid with suspended beef particles is continuously forced against the inner surface111and147of the bowl142, the gravitational force being applied causes the more dense lean beef particles120to quickly occupy space closest to the bowl142inner surface111and147, while the fluid occupies the space shown by112and surface108, and the remaining beef particles106which comprise more fat occupy locations between the inner fluid surface108and the bowl inner surface111and147, while the fluid flows in the direction shown by arrows141and109. The depth of the fluid is controlled by the location of ports shown as139and105which are preferably a group of concentrically arranged round ports positioned in an annular pattern centered around the centerline99with the distance between the inner surface of the bowl111and147and a circular line profile (108) which tangentially contacts the closest point of each port closest to the centerline99equal to the fluid pool112depth. Fluid therefore exits via ports105and139and is inhibited from exiting ports123and137by gas occupying space110and cone shaped ramp114. Lean beef particles120are carried, in the direction shown by arrows133and124up the incline provided by cone shaped ramp116and then in the directions shown by arrows131and122after exiting the ports137and123caused by the action of flights such as118and132of scroll140which preferably rotates at 25 rpm greater than bowl142. However, both suspended and floating particles106are carried with the fluid112which flows toward apertures105and139. The floating and suspended particles106are then carried up the ramp104by the action of the flights149and113. In the absence of suitably profiled and handed flights149and113, the particles106can create a porous dam which progressively builds while allowing fluid to flow, because the adhesion to the ramp104caused by the centrifugal force cannot be overcome by the force provided by the flow of the fluid. FIG.4shows one embodiment of a method for separating lean and fat from meat, beef, or proteinaceous material. Block502is a step for cutting, dicing, grinding, or otherwise reducing the size of beef, meat, or other proteinaceous material that has fat and lean. After cutting, dicing, or grinding, the average size of the pieces of meat are in the order of about 1 inch across. However, there can be variation in the average size of from 0.1 inch up to 3 inches or more. From block502, the method enters block504. Block504is a step for cooling, chilling, freezing, or otherwise reducing the temperature of the pieces of meat coming from block502. The apparatus for cooling is described as cooling or quick freeze tunnel (item4inFIG.1). Rapid cooling and different heat capacities for lean and fat result in a difference in temperatures of the fat and lean within each piece. By adjusting the exposure time to a chilling cryogenic gas or the temperature of the chilling gas or both time and temperature, it is desired that the temperature of lean be about 10° F. to 26° F. and the temperature of the fat be about −5° F. to 2° F. At these temperatures, the fat will crumble while the lean remains flexible when subjected to a crushing force. From block504, the method enters block506. Block506is a step for crushing the cooled pieces of meat coming from the cooling tunnel. The crusher (items20and21inFIG.1) uses two rotating rollers separated by a gap of from 1/32″ to 1.00″ inches but most preferably about 1/16″. The cooled pieces of meat with fat and lean at the temperatures described above pass in between the rollers to be crushed, thus, liberating most or some of the fat from the lean, resulting is particles of fat that are mostly or predominantly fat and particles of lean that are mostly or predominantly lean. From block506the method enters block508. Block508is step for mixing the particle of fat, particle of lean, with a fluid. In one embodiment, the mixing uses a cone-shaped vessel (item24inFIG.1) capable of creating a vortex with a fluid, block428, injected tangentially to the wall to create a vortex. The fluid is the fluid described in association with element5inFIG.1and can be an aqueous fluid with a microbiocidal agent, and further include nanobubbles filled with a paramagnetic gas such as oxygen contained in air. From block508the method enters block510. Block510is a step for a first separation of lean particles from the fat particles and fluid. In one embodiment, the apparatus used is a manifold (item38inFIG.1or item700inFIG.7). The manifold is generally a pipe having a vertical section and a horizontal section. In an embodiment, the manifold38has outlets on the underside of the horizontal section. In the manifold700ofFIG.7, the outlets702are placed on the top side of the manifold and there are no outlets on the underside of manifold38ofFIG.1. The outlets702on the top side are used to collect the fat, which is sent to the flotation tank separator (item200inFIG.3). In the manifold700, the lean particles travel with fluid along the horizontal section and are then fed to a centrifuge for separation of the fluid from the lean particles. Either type of manifold may also include one or more inlets for injecting additional fluid for temperature control and achieving a suitably selected solids to fluid ratio for good separation. Preceding with the manifold38ofFIG.1, the lean particles being denser than the fluid will settle and be collected by the outlets provided underneath the horizontal section of the manifold. Suspended particles and fluid continue to travel horizontally along the manifold. At this point, the solids in the manifold are mostly fat. The fluid with fat particles is transferred to a floatation tank, block522. The flotation tank (FIG.3) separates the fat from the fluid by allowing the fat to float to the surface of the fluid and then skimming the surface to collect the fat. In the floatation vessel, any lean that happens to collect will also be recovered. The fluid is likewise recovered, block534, and can be processed for re-use. From block522, the method enters block524. Block524is step for rendering the fat by the application of heat in a heater (item414inFIG.3). The heat is able to render down the fat into three main constituent components, including tallow, solids, and water. After block524, the method enters block526. Block526is a step for centrifugally spinning the materials rendered from the fat using a decanter centrifuge (item420inFIG.3), for example. The decanter centrifuge is able to separate tallow and any free or bound water from the solids to provide three streams comprising a first stream of liquid beef tallow, a second stream of water and a third stream of connective tissue. Alternatively, water and solids may be separated together in a first stream with the liquidized tallow separated in a second stream. Referring back to block510, the lean particles that are recovered with some amount of fluid are transferred to block520. Block520is a step for centrifugally spinning the lean particles and fluid in a decanter centrifuge (FIG.2). The decanter centrifuge is able to separate two streams of lean and fluid containing any matter that is suspended in the fluid. Fluid, block532, may be introduced into the decanter centrifuge to achieve the required level of separation. In an embodiment, fluid recovered from centrifuges, blocks520and526, can also be re-use. InFIG.4, the fluid blocks528,530, and532, can originate from the same source, or alternatively each can have a different source. The fluid of block528,530, and532can be any fluid described herein, with or without nanobubbles, and optionally including one or more microbiocidal agents such as one or more of hypochlorous acid, hydrochloric acid, bromine, fluorine, any halogen, sulphuric acid, lactic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, ozone, carbonic acid, carbon dioxide, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, acidified sodium chlorite, a chlorine compound, a chlorine compound and water, an aqueous alkaline solution of sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide or any other suitable alkaline solution or acid, or water with carbon dioxide. Fluid that can be recovered can be re-used in the system after treatment. Make-up potable water, block542, can be combined with the recovered fluid. To prepare the anti-microbial fluid used in the CBRS, the potable water, block542, is combined with a quantity of carbon dioxide, block536. The carbon dioxide dissolves in the potable water sufficient to adjust (typically reduce) the pH of the water to a value within the range of 4.0 to 5.5. Then, the pH adjusted fluid is transferred through a nanobubble generating device, block536. In an embodiment, the nanobubble generating device is the tower illustrated and described with reference toFIGS.5and6. However, other embodiments of a nanobubble generating device are contemplated. The pH-reduced fluid with the nanobubbles is then combined with hypochlorous acid (or a quantity of chlorine gas), block538, such that the resultant free chlorine content of the fluid that comes into contact with the beef particles is within the range of 3 ppm to 50 ppm. After treatment and processing of the make-up water, the water can be combined with the recycled fluid and pumped to the various users, including the vortex vessel and manifold, for example. Referring toFIG.10, a system is illustrated similar to the system illustrated inFIG.4. In general, the two systems are similar in many respects. InFIG.10, a system for separating fat from lean includes at the front end a combo dumper902, a main grinder904, an inclined conveyor906leading to a nitrogen cooling tunnel908. As explained above, the nitrogen cooling tunnel cools the pieces of meat, which then feed into the bond breaker or crusher910. The bond breaker910breaks the fat apart from the meat, but, leaves the lean meat largely intact. From the bond breaker, the fat and lean enter a vortex, where the fat and lean is mixed with a fluid. The fluid includes recycled fluid and make-up fluid that is treated to contain nanobubbles and has an acidic pH and chlorine958. Make-up fluid comprising fresh water914is pumped with the recycled fluid, and the combined fluids are injected into the vortex912. After the vortex912, the sine pump916controls the liquid level to prevent air from entering the system of the open top vortex vessel912. The sine pump916pumps the fluid mixture into separation manifold 1 (920) and a second sine pump918pumps the fluid mixture into separation manifold 2 (922). Two or more separation manifolds are placed in parallel to increase capacity. As described, the manifolds can be either item38ofFIG.1with bottom side outlet ports or item700ofFIG.7with top side outlet ports. The combined collected material from manifolds920and922are pumped via pumps924,926,928, and930into a balance tank932for mixing. InFIG.10, the lean particles collected from the dual manifolds are combined in a balance tank with the solids that settle in the troughs at the bottom of the flotation vessel (FIG.3). From the balance tank932, the solids are sent to the decanter centrifuge932where the lean is separated and the fluid is sent back to the flotation vessel942(item200ofFIG.3). The lean collected from the decanter centrifuge936is conveyed via conveyor940and stored in a combo dumper948. The fat and fluid from the dual manifolds920and922is sent to the flotation tank942, where the fat is collected in the manner described in association withFIG.3. Thereafter, the fat can simply be collected in a combo dumper946. The fluid from the flotation tank942is pumped via pump950through a series of heat exchangers952,956to cool the fluid. From the heat exchangers, the fluid can be combined with the make-up fresh water914. As described, the fresh water is treated to adjust the pH, to contain nanobubbles, and with chlorine. Referring toFIG.7again, manifold700with outlets702on top to remove fat is further shown incorporated into a system. The manifold700transfers the fluid with lean particles and any remaining fat particles into a vessel704. Then, the fluid and particle mixture is pumped via pump706into a two-cone decanter centrifuge708. The decanter centrifuge separations the lean particles as a separate stream. The decanter centrifuge separates the fluid and fat particles as s separate stream, which then enters the gravity flow screen filter714to separate the fluid from the fat particles. Then, both the lean particles and the remaining fat particles are loaded on a conveyor710and transferred to a collection bin712. An embodiment of a gravity flow screen separator is illustrated inFIG.12. As shown, the gravity flow screen separator has a screen716with a steep angle which gradually declines with lowering elevation. As the fluid and fat mixture is deposited on the top of the screen, the fluid passes through the perforations made in the screen714, while the solid particles do not pass through the perforations and slide down the screen and are collected separately from the fluid. Referring toFIG.13, an enclosure cabinet12218is located on along the path of travel of carcasses, such as carcass12212, wherein carcass12212can be made to pass into enclosure12218and be enclosed within the cabinet12218while still suspended from a rail. Cabinet12218includes vertically disposed sides12218arranged in relative close proximity to the carcasses as they are transferred along rail2208and in such a manner so as to substantially retain any gas or liquid that may be sprayed within said enclosure. In an embodiment, “air curtains”12220and12222supplied by blowers or vacuums are mounted at each upper end of the enclosure and arranged to minimize escape of any gas or substances that may be sprayed within the enclosure12218. A lower side cover12228with a drain mounted therein is located along the lower section of the enclosure12218and nozzles12224are provided in the side12218. Nozzles12224can be used to inject fluids with microbiocidal agents, such as hypochlorous acid, hydrochloric acid, bromine, fluorine, halogen, chlorine, sulphuric acid, lactic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, ozone, carbonic acid, carbon dioxide, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, acidified sodium chlorite, a chlorine compound, a chlorine compound and water, an aqueous alkaline solution of sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide or any other suitable alkaline solution or acid, or water with carbon dioxide. In an embodiment, the nozzles12224are used to spray a fluid containing nanobubbles and a chlorine content in the range of 3 ppm to 50 ppm. A vent12226is mounted at the upper side of the enclosure12218and a powered extractor fan or impeller can be provided in such a manner so as to cause the extraction of any gases or vapors from within the enclosure12218as may be required. A drain may be used for disposing of the fluid or alternatively collecting the fluid after use then recycling the reclaimed fluid after removing all solids and pasteurizing the fluid by firstly elevating the fluid temperature to greater than 160° F. followed by chilling the fluid to a temperature below 160° F. prior to reuse in the make-up fluid or pressurizing the fluid to a pressure greater than 80,000 psi. As can be appreciated high levels of purification of lean meat and tallow can be achieved. The lean meat and tallow can be used in a number of products. The lean meat can be combined with other meats, such as ground beef, and packaged. Additionally, control of the water content is practiced so that the packaged meats contain the appropriate amount of water or does not exceed the mandated amount of added water. An advantage of the fluid is to provide a process that is free of reduced populations of microbes or pathogens. Based on the foregoing disclosure, representative embodiments include, but are not limited to the following. In an embodiment, a method for separating lean meat from lean meat-containing material comprises providing lean meat-containing material having lean meat and fat; chilling the lean meat-containing material such that the fat is rigidly frozen and is friable but lean meat and remains flexible; reducing the lean meat-containing material into particles, wherein the particles include particles that have a majority of lean meat and generally smaller particles that have a majority of fat; combining the particles with a fluid, wherein the fluid includes nanobubbles, and the fluid includes water and one or more microbiocidal agents selected from hypochlorous acid, hydrochloric acid, bromine, fluorine, halogen, chlorine, sulphuric acid, lactic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, ozone, carbonic acid, carbon dioxide, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, acidified sodium chlorite, a chlorine compound, a chlorine compound and water, an aqueous alkaline solution of sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide or any other suitable alkaline solution or acid, or water with carbon dioxide; generating the nanobubbles in a tower having semispherical baffles arranged along a length of the tower; and collecting particles that float in the fluid or collecting particles that sink in the fluid. In an embodiment, the method further comprises transferring a majority of the fluid with the particles that were not collected and separating the majority of the fluid. In an embodiment, a method for separating lean meat from lean meat-containing material comprises providing lean meat-containing material having lean meat and fat; chilling the lean meat-containing material so as to rigidly freeze the fat while the lean meat remains flexible; reducing the lean meat-containing material into particles, wherein the particles include particles that have a majority of lean meat and particles that have a majority of fat; generating gas nanobubbles in a fluid by passing the fluid through a tower having semispherical baffles arranged along a length of the tower; combining the particles with the fluid containing the gas nanobubbles; and collecting particles that float in the fluid or collecting particles that sink in the fluid. In an embodiment, the method further comprises transferring a majority of the fluid with the particles that were not collected and separating the majority of the fluid. In an embodiment, a method for separating fat particles from lean particles, comprises providing beef pieces, wherein the beef pieces comprise fat and lean; lowering the temperature of the diced beef pieces, wherein the fat is reduced to a first temperature at which the fat is rigid and friable while simultaneously achieving a second condition for the lean at which the lean is less rigid and substantially flexible; crushing the beef pieces to liberate the fat into small separated particles without substantially fracturing lean and creating fat particles and lean particles; generating gas nanobubbles in a fluid by passing the fluid through a tower having semispherical baffles arranged along a length of the tower; combining the fat particles and the lean particles with the fluid containing gas nanobubbles to provide a mixture; and collecting particles that float in the fluid or collecting particles that sink in the fluid. In an embodiment, the method further comprises transferring a majority of the fluid with the particles that were not collected and separating the majority of the fluid. In an embodiment, a method for separating lean meat from lean meat-containing material comprises providing lean meat-containing material having lean meat and fat; chilling the lean meat-containing material while avoiding completely freezing the lean meat; such that the fat is rigidly frozen and is friable but lean meat is not frozen rigidly and remains substantially flexible when transferred between crushing rollers; reducing the lean meat-containing material into particles, wherein the particles include particles that have a majority of lean meat and particles that have a majority of fat; combining the particles with a fluid, wherein the fluid includes water and one or more microbiocidal agents selected from hypochlorous acid, hydrochloric acid, bromine, fluorine, halogen, chlorine, sulphuric acid, lactic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, ozone, carbonic acid, carbon dioxide, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, acidified sodium chlorite, a chlorine compound, a chlorine compound and water, an aqueous alkaline solution of sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide or any other suitable alkaline solution or acid, or water with carbon dioxide; transferring the fluid and particles through an elongated vessel aligned horizontally; collecting particles that float in the fluid from the top of the vessel; continuing to transfer a majority of the fluid with the particles that were not collected; and separating the majority of the fluid. In an embodiment, a method for separating lean meat from lean meat-containing material comprises providing lean meat-containing material having lean meat and fat; chilling the lean meat-containing material such that the fat becomes rigidly frozen while the lean meat remains flexible and does not shatter when subjected to a crushing force; reducing the lean meat-containing material into particles, wherein the particles include particles that have a majority of lean meat and particles that have a majority of fat; combining the particles with a fluid; transferring the fluid and particles through an elongated vessel aligned horizontally; collecting particles that float in the fluid from the top of the vessel; continuing to transfer a majority of the fluid with the particles that were not collected; and separating the majority of the fluid. In an embodiment, a method for separating fat particles from lean particles, comprises providing beef pieces, wherein the beef pieces comprise fat and lean; lowering the temperature of the beef pieces, wherein the fat is reduced to a first temperature at which the fat is friable while simultaneously achieving a second temperature for the lean at which the lean is flexible; crushing the beef pieces to liberate the fat without fracturing lean and creating fat particles and lean particles; combining the fat particles and the lean particles with a fluid to provide a mixture; transferring the mixture through an elongated vessel aligned horizontally; collecting particles that float in the fluid from the top of the vessel; continuing to transfer a majority of the fluid with the particles that were not collected; and separating the majority of the fluid. In an embodiment, a method for separating lean meat from lean meat-containing material comprises providing lean meat-containing material having lean meat and fat; chilling the lean meat-containing material while avoiding completely freezing the lean meat; while the fat is rigidly frozen, is friable and fractures when subjected to a crushing force but lean meat remains flexible and is not substantially size reduced when subjected to the same crushing force as the fat; reducing the lean meat-containing material into particles, wherein the particles include particles that have a majority of lean meat and smaller particles that have a majority of fat; combining the particles with a fluid in a vortex vessel, wherein the fluid includes water and one or more microbiocidal agents selected from hypochlorous acid, hydrochloric acid, bromine, fluorine, halogen, chlorine, sulphuric acid, lactic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, ozone, carbonic acid, carbon dioxide, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, acidified sodium chlorite, a chlorine compound, a chlorine compound and water, an aqueous alkaline solution of sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide or any other suitable alkaline solution or acid, or water with carbon dioxide; discharging the fluid and particles from the vortex vessel into a conduit, wherein the conduit is connected to an outlet of the vortex vessel; controlling a level of fluid in the conduit to prevent the introduction of air; transferring the fluid and particles through an elongated separation vessel aligned horizontally which may have slightly upward path so that any air in the elongated separation vessel will move in a direction away from the vortex; and collecting particles that float in the fluid from the top of the separation vessel or collecting particles that sink in the fluid from the bottom of the separation vessel. In an embodiment, a method for separating lean meat from lean meat-containing material comprises providing lean meat-containing material having lean meat and fat; chilling the lean meat-containing material while such that the fat becomes rigid and the lean meat is flexible; reducing the lean meat-containing material into particles, wherein the particles include particles that have a majority of lean meat and smaller particles that have a majority of fat; combining the particles with a fluid in a vortex vessel; discharging the fluid and particles from the vortex vessel into a conduit, wherein the conduit is connected to an outlet of the vortex vessel; controlling a level of fluid in the conduit to prevent the introduction of air; transferring the fluid and particles through an elongated separation vessel aligned horizontally; and collecting particles that float in the fluid from the top of the separation vessel or collecting particles that sink in the fluid from the bottom of the separation vessel. In an embodiment, a method for separating fat particles from lean particles comprises providing beef pieces, wherein the beef pieces comprise fat and lean; lowering the temperature of the diced beef pieces, wherein the fat is reduced to a first temperature at which the fat is friable while simultaneously achieving a second temperature for the lean at which the lean is flexible; crushing the beef pieces to liberate the fat without fracturing lean and creating fat particles and lean particles; combining the fat particles and the lean particles with a fluid in a vortex vessel to provide a mixture; discharging the mixture from the vortex vessel into a conduit, wherein the conduit is connected to an outlet of the vortex vessel; controlling the level of fluid in the conduit to prevent the introduction of air; transferring the fluid and particles through an elongated separation vessel aligned horizontally; and collecting particles that float in the fluid from the top of the separation vessel or collecting particles that sink in the fluid from the bottom of the separation vessel. In an embodiment, a method for separating lean meat from lean meat-containing material comprises providing lean meat-containing material having lean meat and fat; chilling the lean meat-containing material while avoiding completely freezing the lean meat; while the fat is rigidly frozen and is friable but lean meat remains flexible; crushing the chilled lean meat-containing material between a first and second roller to produce particles that have a majority of lean meat and particles that have a majority of fat, wherein the first and second rollers have teeth on a periphery, wherein the teeth have a repeating curving wave pattern; combining the particles with a fluid, wherein the fluid includes water and one or more microbiocidal agents selected from hypochlorous acid, hydrochloric acid, bromine, fluorine, halogen, chlorine, sulphuric acid, lactic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, ozone, carbonic acid, carbon dioxide, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, acidified sodium chlorite, a chlorine compound, a chlorine compound and water, an aqueous alkaline solution of sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide or any other suitable alkaline solution or acid, or water with carbon dioxide; transferring the fluid and particles through an elongated separation vessel aligned horizontally; and collecting particles that float in the fluid from the top of the separation vessel or collecting particles that sink in the fluid from the bottom of the separation vessel. In an embodiment, a method for separating lean meat from lean meat-containing material comprises providing lean meat-containing material having lean meat and fat; chilling the lean meat-containing material while such that the fat becomes rigid and friable but the lean meat remains flexible; crushing the chilled lean meat-containing material between a first and second roller to produce particles that have a majority of lean meat and particles that have a majority of fat, wherein the lean particles are larger than the fat particles and the first and second rollers have teeth on a periphery, wherein the teeth have a repeating curving wave pattern; combining the particles with a fluid; transferring the fluid and particles through an elongated separation vessel aligned horizontally; and collecting particles that float in the fluid from the top of the separation vessel or collecting particles that sink in the fluid from the bottom of the separation vessel. In an embodiment, a method for separating fat particles from lean particles, comprises providing beef pieces, wherein the beef pieces comprise fat and lean and are size reduced; lowering the temperature of the beef pieces, wherein the fat is reduced to a first temperature at which the fat is friable while simultaneously achieving a second temperature for the lean at which the lean is flexible; crushing the chilled beef pieces between a first and second roller to liberate the fat without fracturing lean and creating fat particles and lean particles, wherein the first and second rollers have teeth on a periphery, wherein the teeth have a repeating curving wave pattern; combining the fat particles and the lean particles with a fluid to provide a mixture; transferring the mixture through an elongated separation vessel aligned horizontally; and collecting particles that float in the fluid from the top of the separation vessel or collecting particles that sink in the fluid from the bottom of the separation vessel. In an embodiment, a method for separating lean meat from lean meat-containing material comprises providing lean meat-containing material having lean meat and fat; chilling the lean meat-containing material while avoiding completely freezing the lean meat; while the fat is rigidly frozen and is friable but lean meat is not frozen rigidly and remains flexible; reducing the chilled lean meat-containing material into particles that have a majority of lean meat and particles that have a majority of fat; preparing a make-up fluid comprising water by adjusting pH from 4.0 to 5.5, by mixing the fluid with a measured quantity of carbon dioxide gas, then transferring the fluid through a conduit within which cavitation is provided to create nanobubbles in the fluid, and adding chlorine to a level of 3 ppm to 50 ppm; combining the particles with the fluid, wherein the fluid includes water and one or more microbiocidal agents selected from hypochlorous acid, hydrochloric acid, bromine, fluorine, halogen, chlorine, sulphuric acid, lactic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, ozone, carbonic acid, carbon dioxide, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, acidified sodium chlorite, a chlorine compound, a chlorine compound and water, an aqueous alkaline solution of sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide or any other suitable alkaline solution or acid, or water with carbon dioxide; transferring the fluid and particles through an elongated separation vessel aligned horizontally; and collecting particles that float in the fluid from the top of the separation vessel or collecting particles that sink in the fluid from the bottom of the separation vessel. In an embodiment, a method for separating lean meat from lean meat-containing material comprises providing lean meat-containing material having lean meat and fat; chilling the lean meat-containing material so that the fat becomes rigid and friable while the lean meat is flexible; reducing the chilled lean meat-containing material into particles that have a majority of lean meat and particles that have a majority of fat; preparing a make-up fluid comprising water by adjusting pH from 4.0 to 5.5, adding nanobubbles, and adding chlorine to a level of 3 ppm to 50 ppm; combining the particles with the fluid; transferring the fluid and particles through an elongated separation vessel aligned horizontally; and collecting particles that float in the fluid from the top of the separation vessel or collecting particles that sink in the fluid from the bottom of the separation vessel. In an embodiment, a method for separating fat particles from lean particles, comprises providing beef pieces, wherein the beef pieces comprise fat and lean; lowering the temperature of the diced beef pieces, wherein the fat is reduced to a first temperature at which the fat is friable while simultaneously achieving a second temperature for the lean at which the lean is flexible; crushing the chilled beef pieces to liberate the fat without fracturing lean and creating smaller fat particles and lean particles which are larger than the fat particles; preparing a make-up fluid comprising water by adjusting pH from 4.0 to 5.5, creating nanobubbles in the fluid, and adding chlorine to a level of 3 ppm to 50 ppm; combining the fat particles and the lean particles with the fluid to provide a mixture; transferring the mixture through an elongated separation vessel aligned horizontally; and collecting particles that float in the fluid from the top of the separation vessel or collecting particles that sink in the fluid from the bottom of the separation vessel. In an embodiment, a method for reducing pathogen populations such asE. Coli0157:H7 that may be present on the surface of meat pieces comprises providing meat pieces comprising lean meat and fat; chilling the meat pieces; preparing a make-up fluid comprising water by adjusting pH from 4.0 to 5.5, by mixing the fluid with a measured quantity of carbon dioxide gas then transferring the fluid through a sealed, modified conduit at such a rate and pressure causing cavitation to create nanobubbles in the fluid, and adding chlorine to a level of 3 ppm to 50 ppm; immersing the meat pieces in the make-up fluid with gentle agitation to ensure all meat piece surfaces are exposed to the fluid, wherein the make-up fluid includes water and one or more microbiocidal agents selected from hypochlorous acid, hydrochloric acid, bromine, fluorine, halogen, chlorine, sulphuric acid, lactic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, ozone, carbonic acid, carbon dioxide, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, acidified sodium chlorite, a chlorine compound, a chlorine compound and water, an aqueous alkaline solution of sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide or any other suitable alkaline solution or acid, or water with carbon dioxide; removing the meat pieces from the make-up fluid in a manner that results in no more than 0.5% added water to the meat pieces. In an embodiment, a method for reducing pathogen populations such asE. Coli0157:H7; other STEC's (Shiga toxin-producingE. Coli) andsalmonellathat may be present on the surface of beef carcasses following animal slaughter, prior to chilling and carcass disassembly; the method comprising providing freshly slaughtered beef carcasses suspended from a meat rail; providing a cabinet arranged to open and enclose around a suspended beef carcass; providing a series of fluid jets arranged around the inner walls of the cabinet and pointing inward; preparing a make-up fluid comprising water by adjusting pH from 4.0 to 5.5, by mixing the fluid with a measured quantity of carbon dioxide gas then transferring the fluid through a sealed, modified conduit at such a rate and pressure to cause cavitation and thereby generate nanobubbles in the fluid, and adding chlorine to a level of 3 ppm to 50 ppm; enclosing each carcass in the cabinet while still suspended from a meat rail; processing the carcass by transferring the make-up fluid under elevated pressure through the jets arranged inside the cabinet to direct the pressurized fluid onto the surface of the carcass, wherein the pressure of the fluid is sufficient to remove fecal matter, micro-organisms and all undesirable matter from the carcass surface, wherein the make-up fluid includes water and one or more microbiocidal agents selected from hypochlorous acid, hydrochloric acid, bromine, fluorine, halogen, chlorine, sulphuric acid, lactic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, ozone, carbonic acid, carbon dioxide, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, acidified sodium chlorite, a chlorine compound, a chlorine compound and water, an aqueous alkaline solution of sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide or any other suitable alkaline solution or acid, or water with carbon dioxide; following thorough processing within the cabinet, opening the cabinet to allow removal of the carcass and transfer of the carcass to a chiller; disposing of the fluid or alternatively collecting the fluid after use then recycling the reclaimed fluid after removing all solids and pasteurizing the fluid by firstly elevating the fluid temperature to greater than 160° F. followed by chilling the fluid to a temperature below 160° F. prior to reuse in the make-up fluid or pressurizing the fluid to a pressure greater than 80,000 psi. In some embodiments, a method for separating lean meat from lean meat-containing material comprises reducing meat into particles; cooling the particles; after cooling, crushing the particles to break apart fat from the particles; mixing the particles and fat with a fluid spun into a vortex; transporting the mixture through a manifold and removing particles that sink from the bottom of the manifold, and transporting remaining mixture to a settling vessel; and transporting the particles that sink to a decanter centrifuge. In some embodiments, the fluid is an aqueous fluid comprising water, a microbiocidal agent, and nanobubbles having a size of less than 100 nm. In some embodiments, the pathogen deactivating microbiocidal agent is dissolved in the water, and is not contained in the nanobubbles. In some embodiments, the microbiocidal agents include one or more of hypochlorous acid, hydrochloric acid, bromine, fluorine, any halogen, sulphuric acid, lactic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, ozone, carbonic acid, carbon dioxide, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, acidified sodium chlorite, a chlorine compound, a chlorine compound and water, an aqueous alkaline solution of sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide or any other suitable alkaline solution or acid, or water with carbon dioxide. In some embodiments, the method further comprises, in the settling vessel, individually separating fluid, fat and connective tissue. In some embodiments, the method further comprises rendering the fat into a liquid by heating, and centrifugally spinning the liquid to individually separate liquid beef tallow, water, and beef solids. In some embodiments, the method further comprises combining the particles that sink with fluid and then centrifugally spinning the fluid and particles in decanter centrifuge to separate lean from the fluid. In some embodiments, the method further comprises spinning an inner scroll of the centrifuge at a higher rpm than an outer bowl of a centrifuge, and expelling lean beef particles at one end of the centrifuge, while expelling fluid and suspended or floating matter at an opposite end of the centrifuge. In some embodiments, the scroll has left hand and right hand flights. In some embodiments, in the vortex mixing step, the ratio of fluid to solids, including particles and fat, is at least 8 parts fluid to 1 part solids by weight or volume. In some embodiments, the decanter centrifuge separates lean from the fluid and a separation time from mixing the fluid in a vortex vessel to separating the fluid from the lean in the decanter centrifuge is less than 3 minutes, or less than 90 seconds. In some embodiments, the step of mixing the particles and fat with a fluid spun into a vortex further comprises measuring a weight to control a depth of the fluid/solids suspension. In some embodiments, a method for separating lean meat from lean meat-containing material comprises providing lean meat-containing material having lean meat and fat; before reducing the lean meat-containing material into particles, chilling the lean meat-containing material while avoiding completely freezing the lean meat; while the fat is rigidly frozen and is friable but lean meat is not frozen rigidly and remains flexible; reducing the lean meat-containing material into particles, wherein the particles include particles that have a majority of lean meat and particles that have a majority of fat; combining the particles with a fluid, wherein the fluid with or without nanobubbles includes water and one or more microbiocidal agents selected from hypochlorous acid, hydrochloric acid, bromine, fluorine, any halogen, sulphuric acid, lactic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, ozone, carbonic acid, carbon dioxide, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, acidified sodium chlorite, a chlorine compound, a chlorine compound and water, an aqueous alkaline solution of sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide or any other suitable alkaline solution or acid, or water with carbon dioxide; introducing the particles and the fluid into a centrifuge after separating a majority of the fat particles; in the centrifuge, separating a first stream comprising the particles that have a majority of lean meat and a second stream comprising the fluid with a quantity of fat particles; separating the fat particles from the fluid and sanitizing the fluid and recycling the sanitized fluid; and treating the first stream comprising the particles that have a majority of lean meat to reduce pathogens via a method that does not result in raising the temperature above 109.degree. F. In some embodiments, a method for separating lean meat from lean meat-containing material comprises providing lean meat-containing material having lean meat and fat; before reducing the lean meat-containing material into particles, chilling the lean meat-containing material while avoiding freezing the surface of the lean meat while the surface of the lean meat is non-frozen; reducing the lean meat-containing material into particles, wherein the particles include particles that have a majority of lean meat and particles that have a majority of fat; combining the particles with a first fluid, wherein the first fluid includes water and gas nanobubbles; introducing the particles and the first fluid into a centrifuge after separating a majority of the fat particles; in the centrifuge, separating a first stream comprising the particles that have a majority of lean meat and a second stream comprising some fat particles and the first fluid; sanitizing the first fluid and recycling the sanitized first fluid; and treating with a second fluid containing nanobubbles, the first stream comprising the particles that have a majority of lean meat to reduce pathogens via a method that does not result in raising the temperature above 44 degree. F. In some embodiments, a method for separating meat components comprises combining fat solids and lean meat solids with a fluid comprising water and removing the majority of fat particles; after separating the majority of the fat solids centrifugally spinning the fluid by centrifuge; individually separating the lean meat solids and the fluid with some fat particles, wherein the lean meat solids, and the fluid with some fat solids are separated in the same centrifuge; controlling the temperature of the lean meat solids before separating; and controlling the temperature of separated fluid, and dividing the fat particles into a first stream of beef tallow and a second stream comprising substantially connective tissue. In some embodiments, a method for separating fat particles from lean particles comprises providing diced beef pieces, wherein the diced beef pieces comprise fat and lean; lowering the temperature of the diced beef pieces to a first reduced temperature for the fat at which the fat is friable while simultaneously achieving a second reduced temperature for the lean at which the lean is flexible; crushing the beef pieces to liberate the fat without fracturing lean and creating fat particles and lean particles; combining the fat particles and the lean particles with a fluid containing gas nanobubbles to provide a mixture; introducing the mixture to an inlet of a chamber, wherein the chamber has an upper outlet and a lower outlet; allowing particles less dense than the fluid to be carried out from the chamber through the upper outlet with fluid; allowing the particles more dense than the fluid to be carried out from the chamber through the lower outlet with fluid; transferring the fluid with particles from the upper outlet to a separator wherein the particles are separated from the fluid and transferring the fluid with particles from the lower outlet to a centrifuge wherein the particles are separated from the fluid. In some embodiments, a method for separating fat from beef comprises combining beef provided as small pieces with a fluid with or without nanobubbles comprising one or more microbiocidal agents selected from hypochlorous acid, hydrochloric acid, bromine, fluorine, any halogen, sulphuric acid, lactic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, ozone, carbonic acid, carbon dioxide, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, acidified sodium chlorite, a chlorine compound, a chlorine compound and water, an aqueous alkaline solution of sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide or any other suitable alkaline solution or acid, or water with carbon dioxide, in a separation manifold and creating turbulence in the manifold with the small beef pieces and the fluid allowing beef components comprising predominantly fat to rise to the top of the fluid in the manifold and beef components comprising predominantly lean beef to settle to the bottom of the fluid in the manifold; removing the beef components comprising predominantly fat from the fluid; and transferring the beef components comprising predominantly lean beef with fluid to a centrifuge. In some embodiments, a method of reducing the fat content of a material comprises combining a material comprising a separable fat component with a fluid comprising one or more microbiocidal agents selected from hypochlorous acid, hydrochloric acid, bromine, fluorine, any halogen, sulphuric acid, lactic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, ozone, carbonic acid, carbon dioxide, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, acidified sodium chlorite, a chlorine compound, a chlorine compound and water, an aqueous alkaline solution of sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide or any other suitable alkaline solution or acid, or water with carbon dioxide, with or without nanobubbles, wherein the density of the fluid is greater than the density of the fat component of the material; allowing the fat component from the material to separate from the material and to stratify forming a first stratum in the fluid, thereby leaving a reduced fat component of the material; allowing the reduced fat component to stratify forming a second stratum in the fluid; and collecting the second stratum comprising reduced fat component. In some embodiments, a method for separating fat from a material containing fat comprises combining a material with a fluid, with or without nanobubbles, comprising one or more microbiocidal agents selected from hypochlorous acid, hydrochloric acid, bromine, fluorine, any halogen, sulphuric acid, lactic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, ozone, carbonic acid, carbon dioxide, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, acidified sodium chlorite, a chlorine compound, a chlorine compound and water, an aqueous alkaline solution of sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide or any other suitable alkaline solution or acid, or water with carbon dioxide, wherein the material comprises components that comprise predominantly fat and components that comprise predominantly lean beef; transferring the material and fluid through a conduit, wherein the conduit comprises more than one outlet located along the length and at a lower section of the conduit; allowing the components that comprise predominantly fat to rise in the fluid as the fluid and material are transferred through the conduit; and removing the components that comprise predominantly lean beef that settle to the bottom of the conduit from at least one outlet at the lower section of the conduit as the fluid and material are transferred through the conduit, wherein components that are removed from the more than one outlet become higher in fat and connective tissue as the fluid progresses through the conduit. In some embodiments, a method for separating meat components comprises (a) centrifugally spinning a mixture of meat components, a fluid, with or without nanobubbles, including one or more microbiocidal agents selected from hypochlorous acid, hydrochloric acid, bromine, fluorine, any halogen, sulphuric acid, lactic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, ozone, carbonic acid, carbon dioxide, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, acidified sodium chlorite, a chlorine compound, a chlorine compound and water, an aqueous alkaline solution of sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide or any other suitable alkaline solution or acid, or water with carbon dioxide, or water with nanobubbles, within a centrifuge to separate meat components in concentric zones according to density, wherein denser components accumulate farther away from the axis of rotation and less dense components accumulate closer to the axis of rotation; and (b) transferring denser components towards a first cone-shaped section of the centrifuge via a first screw action and transferring less dense components towards a second cone-shaped section of the centrifuge via a second screw action, wherein gas can accumulate at zones in the proximity of the cone-shaped sections so as to impede the fluid from exiting with the meat components. In some embodiments, a method for separating fat comprises (a) combining particles comprising fat and lean meat or both fat and lean meat with a fluid; (b) introducing the particles and the fluid into an enclosed separator having one or more inclined or vertical surfaces; (c) separating particles at different elevations of the separator, wherein the particles having a density greater than the fluid will collect at a lower elevation, and the particles that have a density less than the fluid will collect at a relatively higher elevation; and (d) reducing the size of the particles that have a density less than the fluid, and separating lean meat from solid material via a centrifuge. In some embodiments, a separator manifold comprises (a) a first enclosed conduit disposed at an incline or perpendicular to the manifold; and (b) a second enclosed conduit disposed at an incline or perpendicular to the manifold wherein a lower side of the manifold is joined via a port to an end of the second conduit to allow connective tissue material that settles to the lower side of the manifold to be transferred into the second conduit. In some embodiments, a method for producing treated meat having a predetermined proportion of water comprises calculating changes of water content in meat during processing of the meat; placing meat in a vessel; introducing at an elevated pressure, a fluid, with or without nanobubbles, comprising an amount of water containing one or more microbiocidal agents selected from hypochlorous acid, hydrochloric acid, bromine, fluorine, any halogen, sulphuric acid, lactic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, ozone, carbonic acid, carbon dioxide, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, acidified sodium chlorite, a chlorine compound, a chlorine compound and water, an aqueous alkaline solution of sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide or any other suitable alkaline solution or acid, or water with carbon dioxide, or having a pH below 5 into the vessel and in contact with-the surfaces of the meat; providing turbulence in the vessel to expose surfaces of meat to the fluid: wherein said amount of water is a calculated amount of water that is lost during processing to result in a predetermined proportion of water in the meat; and packaging the meat containing a predetermined proportion of water in a container. In some embodiments, a method for producing treated meat having a predetermined proportion of water in a container comprises determining a proportion of water suitable for a packaged meat; placing meat in a vessel; introducing a bactericide and added water into the vessel, wherein the added water exceeds the predetermined proportion of water suitable for packaged meat; calculating an amount of water that is to be removed in a centrifuge; transferring the meat into a centrifuge and removing water in excess of the predetermined proportion of water in meat to produce treated meat having the predetermined proportion of water suitable for packaged meat; and packaging the meat containing a predetermined amount of water. In some embodiments, a method of processing perishable products comprises sealing a perishable product in an enclosure; calculating an amount of water to be removed from the perishable product; and transferring the perishable products with an amount of water into a centrifuge to remove said amount of water calculated to be the amount of water that is to be removed to result in a predetermined amount of water in the product when the product is packaged. In some embodiments, a method for separating beef comprises reducing beef into small beef components; combining the beef components with a liquid in a vessel, wherein the liquid is a blend of carbon dioxide and water or chlorine or chlorine compound and water, wherein the pH of the liquid is reduced; mixing the beef and liquid in the vessel; allowing beef components comprising predominantly fat to rise to the top of the liquid and beef components comprising predominantly lean beef to settle to the bottom of the liquid; removing the beef components comprising predominantly fat from the liquid; and removing the beef components comprising predominantly lean beef from the liquid. In some embodiments, a method for separating fat from a material comprises reducing a material to smaller material pieces, wherein the material pieces include components comprising predominantly fat and components comprising predominantly lean beef; adjusting the temperature of the material pieces to a range from about 24.degree. F. (−4.4.degree. C.) to about 110.degree. F. (43.3.degree. C.); combining the material pieces with a liquid in a vessel, wherein the density of the liquid is greater than or equal to the density of the components comprising predominantly fat and less than or equal to the density of the components comprising predominantly lean beef, wherein the liquid, with or without nanobubbles, includes one or more microbiocidal agents selected from hypochlorous acid, hydrochloric acid, bromine, fluorine, any halogen, sulphuric acid, lactic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, ozone, carbonic acid, carbon dioxide, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, acidified sodium chlorite, a chlorine compound, a chlorine compound and water, an aqueous alkaline solution of sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide or any other suitable alkaline solution or acid, or water with carbon dioxide, wherein the pH of the liquid is reduced; allowing the components comprising predominantly fat to rise in the liquid forming a first stratum in the liquid; allowing the components comprising predominantly lean beef to settle in the liquid forming a second stratum in the liquid; and collecting the second stratum comprising components comprising predominantly lean beef. While the preferred embodiment of the invention has been illustrated and described, it will be appreciated that various changes can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

11856961

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The preferred embodiments of the assembly according to the invention and of the apparatus will be described in greater detail with reference toFIG.1to16described hereinbelow. In order to avoid repetition, this description will also serve to explain the method according to the invention in greater detail. The method according to the invention will be discussed in greater detail only when the respective method steps are not analogous to the apparatus or assembly according to the invention. FIG.1is a perspective view of the assembly according to the invention. The assembly comprises an apparatus for the moving-along tool positioning of linearly conveyed articles. This apparatus according to the invention comprises a conveyor device10, which forms a conveying line. The articles—not shown inFIG.1—are conveyed in a conveying direction11. For this purpose, the conveyor device10has a plurality of receiving elements19—shown inFIG.2—which are adapted to hold the articles. By way of example, the receiving elements19shown inFIG.2are here in the form of receiving saddles for holding poultry carcasses. The apparatus according to the invention is of course not limited solely to the processing of poultry carcasses. The representation chosen inFIG.2serves merely for illustrative purposes and to explain the assembly according to the invention. In principle, the apparatus according to the invention is suitable for the processing of any articles, provided that the receiving elements19are in each case correspondingly adapted to those articles. Along the conveying line there is arranged at least one processing station12, which comprises processing tools13adapted to process the articles. In the drawing, a processing station12with three processing tools13is shown by way of example. The number of processing stations12can in principle be chosen freely as required. The processing station12has a positioning unit14adapted to position the at least one processing tool13. The positioning unit14comprises a longitudinal slide15. The longitudinal slide is arranged on a carrier element16so as to be slidable in and contrary to the conveying direction11. The carrier element16is formed by two side parts17and at least two drive elements61. The longitudinal slide15is guided in the conveying direction11by means of the drive elements61. The drive elements61form with the side parts17the carrier element16, which is thus of frame-like form. FIG.2shows a transverse slide18, which is arranged on the longitudinal slide15so as to be slidable transverse to the conveying direction11. In this manner, it is possible to position the transverse slide transverse to the conveying direction11, that is to say in the y-direction, and the longitudinal slide in the conveying direction, that is to say in the x-direction. The longitudinal slide15is driven in an oscillating manner such that the longitudinal slide15on the one hand, in a work cycle, moves along asynchronously with the receiving elements19in the conveying direction11from a starting position20—shown inFIG.12—into an end position21—shown inFIG.6. Furthermore, the drive—not shown in the drawing—is configured such that the longitudinal slide15, in a return cycle, moves contrary to the conveying direction from the end position21back into the starting position20. FIG.6to12show a stationarily arranged link guide22, into which a guiding element23of the transverse slide18engages. The link guide22is therefore configured to move the transverse slide18, during the work cycle, transverse to the conveying direction11from a standby position towards the receiving elements19into a working position60and from the working position60back into the standby position. The sequence is shown indirectly inFIG.6to12by means of the respective positions of the guiding element23. Furthermore, the link guide22is adapted to guide the transverse slide18, during the return cycle, transverse to the conveying direction11without deflection. This movement sequence is again shown indirectly and schematically inFIG.9to12by means of the positions of the guiding element23. As is shown inFIG.6to12, the link guide22preferably comprises at least a work cycle guiding path24and a return guiding path25. The return guiding path25is oriented parallel to the conveying line and extends linearly parallel thereto. The work cycle guiding path24extends, starting from the return guiding path25, from the starting position20and the end position21to the working position60of the longitudinal slide. In other words, the work cycle guiding path25is so configured that it leads towards its centre in the direction of the receiving elements19transverse to the conveying direction11in order to effect the deflection of the transverse slide18. Particularly preferably, the work cycle guiding path24is in the form of a cam track27. For example, the cam track27, as shown in the drawing, is in the form of a double S-curve, the maximum deflection of which in the direction transverse to the conveying direction11is at the centre of the cam track27. In particular, the cam track27is free of steps. The cam track27therefore does not have any points of discontinuity. The cam track27is consequently free of jump points. The guiding element23is preferably in the form of a guiding wheel26. The guiding wheel26is thus guided by means of the cam track27with as little friction as possible. In particular, the guiding wheel26has ball bearings or is in the form of a ball bearing. The work cycle guiding path24and the return guiding path25of the link guide are each in the form of guiding recesses28and are configured to guide the guiding element23or guiding wheel26. Preferably, the guiding recesses28of the work cycle guiding path24and of the return guiding path25merge into one another and thus form a closed guiding path. Preferably, the guiding recesses28have a predetermined excess relative to the guiding wheel26at the respective transition regions29between the work cycle guiding path24and the return guiding path25. This has the advantage that the guiding wheel26is not mechanically limited in the respective guiding recess28in particular at the reversal points of the to and fro movement of the longitudinal slide15and at the reversal points of the to and fro movement of the transverse slide18. Thus, abrupt slowing of the movement sequence and mechanical loads which would otherwise be high and act in a pulse-like manner are avoided and, overall, a low-vibration movement sequence is made possible. Advantageously, a first pivotable guide element30and a second pivotable guide element31are each arranged on the guiding recesses28. The first guide element30is arranged on the starting position side in the region of the transition32from the return guiding path25to the work cycle guiding path24. The second guide element31is arranged on the end position side in the region of the transition33from the work cycle guiding path24to the return guiding path25. In other words, the guide elements30,31are each arranged at the end of the path. The first and second guide elements30,31are each arranged so that they can be pivoted out of and into the path plane of the guiding recesses28. The guide elements30,31are thus arranged such that they project into the guiding recess28and at least—in the pivoted-in state—extend at least over part of the height of the guiding recesses28, for example as shown inFIGS.9,10and12. As is shown inFIGS.7,8and11, the guide elements30,31—as described in detail hereinbelow—can be pivoted out of the mentioned path plane so that the guiding recess28becomes free at the respective guide element position for the passage of the guiding element23or guiding wheel26. In this manner, the first and second guide elements30,31each form a switch element which is adapted to ensure reliable transfer of the guiding element23from the return guiding path25into the work cycle guiding path24and vice versa. Advantageously, the first guide element30comprises a return guiding path blocking element which is configured and adapted to allow the guiding element23or guiding wheel26to pass during the return cycle by pivoting out of the path plane of the return guiding path25. This operation is shown inFIG.11. After the guiding element23has passed, the return guiding path25is blocked for passage of the guiding element23during the work cycle by pivoting of at least the return guiding path blocking element34into the path plane of the guiding recess28of the return guiding path25. This is illustrated inFIG.12. The guiding element23has already passed the return guiding path blocking element34, wherein the return guiding path blocking element34has been pivoted out of the path plane during passage of the guiding element23. After it has pivoted back into the path plane, the return guiding path blocking element34prevents the guiding element23from entering and guides it into the work cycle guiding path24, so that the guiding element is guided—as shown inFIG.6—in the work cycle guiding path24. Preferably, the return guiding path blocking element34comprises a first guiding element sensing part35and a work cycle guiding path part36. The first guiding element sensing part35is preferably of ramp-like form with a width that increases contrary to the conveying direction11. The width of the guiding element sensing part35extends in the vertical direction of the guiding recess28. The work cycle guiding path part36is adapted such that it forms at least a first wall section37of the work cycle guiding path24. The functioning of the guiding element sensing part35and of the work cycle guiding path part36with its first wall section37is apparent in particular fromFIGS.11and12.FIG.11shows the passage of the guiding wheel26, in which it slides over and beyond the ramp-like guiding element sensing part35, wherein the guiding element sensing part is pivoted out of the path plane—downwards in the drawing. The first guide element30then returns to the starting position automatically. This state is shown inFIG.12. The first wall section37then forms part of the work cycle guiding path24. Further preferably, the second guide element31comprises a work cycle guiding path blocking element38which is configured and adapted to allow the guiding element23to pass during the work cycle by pivoting out of the path plane of the work cycle guiding path24, as is shown by way of example inFIGS.7and8. After the guiding element23has passed, the work cycle guiding path blocking element38pivots into the path plane of the guiding recess28of the work cycle guiding path24, so that the work cycle guiding path24is blocked for passage of the guiding element23during the return cycle, as is shown by way of example inFIG.9. The work cycle guiding path blocking element38comprises a second guiding element sensing part39and a return guiding path part40. The second guiding element sensing part39is preferably of ramp-like form with a width that increases in the conveying direction11relative to its height in the guiding recess28, while the return guiding path part40forms at least a second wall section41of the return guiding path25. The fundamental mode of functioning is shown inFIG.6to9. The guiding wheel26is guided in the work cycle guiding path24(FIG.6). InFIGS.7and8, it is shown by way of example how the guiding wheel26comes into contact with the guiding element sensing part39and slides over and beyond it, while the guiding element sensing part pivots out of the path plane—downwards in the drawing. The passage for the guiding wheel26is thus free. After the guiding element sensing part39has been passed, it pivots back into the path plane, as is shown by way of example inFIG.9. The return guiding path part41then forms, with its second wall section40, a barrier which reliably prevents the guiding element23or guiding wheel26from entering the work cycle guiding path24contrary to the conveying direction11and guides it into the return guide path25. FIG.6to12show a further advantageous embodiment of the invention. A further, third guide element42is optionally shown in the return guiding path25. This guide element42is likewise adapted to be pivotable out of the path plane. In contrast to the first and second guide elements30,31, however, this guide element is mechanically coupled with the second guide element31such that, when the second guide element31is pivoted out of the path plane, the third guide element33is pivoted into the path plane. In this pivoted-in state, as is shown by way of example inFIGS.7and8, the guide element33forms a third wall section43of the work cycle guiding path24. After the guiding element23or guiding wheel26has passed and the second guide element31has pivoted back into the path plane, the third guide element42—as is shown by way of example inFIG.9—is at the same time pivoted out of the path plane of the return guiding path25by the mechanical coupling, so that the guiding recess28becomes free for the passage of the guiding element23or guiding wheel26. Preferably, the first guide element30and the second guide element31are configured such that they pivot back into the path plane automatically. According to the preferred embodiment with the third guide element42, this likewise affects the mechanical coupling of the second guide element31with the third guide element42. In this case, the second guide element31is so adapted that it pivots back into the path plane automatically, while the third guide element42is pivoted out of the path plane. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, restoring means—not shown in the drawing—are arranged on the first guide element30, the second guide element31and/or the third guide element42and are adapted to pivot the guide elements back into the path plane automatically. There are used as restoring means, for example, tension or compression springs or pneumatic cylinders. Preferably, the conveyor device10comprises a conveyor chain—not shown in the drawing—on which the receiving elements19are arranged. The conveyor device10further comprises a drive—not shown in the drawing—which is adapted to drive the conveyor chain. This drive comprises at least one continuously circulating belt drive or chain drive with which the longitudinal slide15is coupled by means of a coupling rod. Thus, on the one hand rigid synchronisation of the movement of the longitudinal slide movement is achieved and at the same time the oscillating to and fro movement of the longitudinal slide15in and contrary to the conveying direction11is effected. As is shown inFIG.13, the positioning unit14comprises a longitudinal slide spring unit44. The longitudinal slide spring unit44is configured to be spring-pretensioned between the longitudinal slide15and the carrier element16when a predefined return position of the longitudinal slide15during a return cycle is reached.FIG.13shows by way of example how the longitudinal slide spring unit44is already partially pretensioned. Particularly preferably, the predefined return position is located at approximately ⅓ of the total return distance. In this first third of the distance, the longitudinal slide spring unit44is not in engagement with the longitudinal slide15. Thereafter, the longitudinal slide spring unit44is spring-pretensioned in a sliding manner. An enlarged detail view of the longitudinal slide spring unit44shown inFIG.13is shown inFIG.14. As is shown by way of example inFIG.13, the longitudinal slide spring unit44comprises at least one longitudinal spring element45. The longitudinal spring element45is optionally—not shown in the drawing—arranged on one side on the carrier element16. A free longitudinal spring element side46is adapted to come into mechanical contact with a longitudinal counter-surface element47arranged on the longitudinal slide15when the predefined return position is reached. Optionally, the longitudinal slide spring unit44—as is shown inFIG.13—comprises at least the one longitudinal spring element45which is arranged on one side on the longitudinal slide15and the free longitudinal spring element side46of which is adapted to come into mechanical contact with the longitudinal counter-surface element47arranged on the carrier element16when the predefined return position is reached. As is shown in the drawing, the at least one longitudinal spring element45is in the form of a compression spring. Alternatively, the longitudinal spring element45is in the form of a tension spring. FIG.15shows the positioning unit14, which comprises a transverse slide spring unit48. This is configured and adapted to be spring-pretensioned between the transverse slide18and the longitudinal slide15when a predefined deflected position of the transverse slide18is reached during a work cycle. FIG.16shows an enlarged detail view of the transverse slide spring unit48shown inFIG.15. Preferably, the transverse slide spring unit48comprises at least one transverse spring element49, in particular two of the transverse spring elements49. The at least one transverse spring element49is arranged on one side on the longitudinal slide15. Its one free transverse spring element side50is adapted to come into mechanical contact with a transverse counter-surface element—not visible in the drawing—arranged on the transverse slide18when the predefined deflected position is reached. The functioning of the transverse slide spring unit48is identical with that of the longitudinal slide spring unit44. The advantages and modes of functioning mentioned there also apply to the transverse slide spring unit48according to the invention. Preferably, the transverse slide18is arranged inclined relative to the horizontal such that a movement of the transverse slide18towards the processing tools13is adapted to be assisted by gravity. In other words, the transverse slide18is arranged so that it is inclined downwards towards the processing tools13. Alternatively, the at least one transverse spring element49is arranged on one side on the transverse slide18. Its one free transverse spring element side is adapted to come into mechanical contact with the transverse counter-surface element arranged on the longitudinal slide15when the predefined deflected position is reached. Preferably, the transverse spring element(s)49—as shown in the drawing—is/are in the form of compression spring(s). It is, however, also possible to configure them as tension springs. The articulation of the transverse spring element49is then to be adapted accordingly. Preferably, the carrier element16is adapted to be adjusted in terms of its position transverse to the conveying direction11. In this manner, the zero position of the processing tools13relative to the receiving elements19can be adjusted optimally. The carrier element16has for this purpose, for example, threaded bores—not shown in the drawing—through which stationarily arranged threaded rods are guided. The position adjustment takes place by turning the threaded rods. The present invention is suitable in particular for removing the wishbone from poultry carcasses. The present invention therefore also includes an assembly for removing the wishbone from poultry carcasses. This assembly comprises the above-described apparatus according to the invention, wherein the articles are poultry carcasses, the receiving elements19are adapted to hold in each case one of the poultry carcasses with its neck side facing the processing station12, and the at least one processing tool13is in the form of a wishbone removal unit51. FIG.3shows a perspective view of such a wishbone removal unit51. On a supporting frame52there are slidably arranged two outer separating elements53and a double separating element54with two cutting edges55which is located therebetween. FIG.4shows the separating elements53and the double separating element54in a standby position, in which they are at the greatest possible distance from the receiving elements19and thus from the poultry carcasses—not shown in the drawing—to be processed. For detaching and/or removing the wishbone, the separating elements are displaced, as shown inFIG.5, in a separating position by means of an actuator56transverse to the conveying direction11, that is to say in the direction towards the receiving elements19, namely in an infeed direction57. The separating elements53are each arranged inclined relative to the infeed direction57such that, in the separating position, their free ends58meet or nearly meet, in particular at an acute angle. The double separating element54is of arrow-like form and the separating elements53thereof are each oriented substantially parallel or parallel to the separating elements53. Optional fillet guiding elements59serve to keep flesh regions away from the cutting path, in particular in order to displace the outer fillets to the side in the shoulder region so that the separating elements52can optimally remove the wishbone without coming into contact or colliding with the mentioned flesh regions. As described hereinbefore, at least one of the above-described wishbone removal devices51, as a processing tool13, is part of the positioning device14according to the invention. The positioning device14is configured on the one hand to move all the wishbone removal devices51in the conveying direction11with the poultry carcasses to be processed and on the other hand, during the work cycle, to guide them transverse to the conveying direction11in the direction towards the receiving elements19to the poultry carcasses to be processed. By means of a control device—not shown in the drawing—the actuator56, once the maximum deflection of the transverse slide18has been reached, is made to displace the separating elements53and the double separating element54from the standby position shown inFIG.3into the separating position. The positioning unit14according to the invention is therefore configured to pre-position the at least one wishbone removal device51by means of a general movement and thus bring it as close as possible to the poultry carcasses to be processed. The wishbone removal device51therefore has to perform only a comparatively small movement, namely bring the separating elements53and the double separating element54out of the standby position into the separating position. Owing to the above-mentioned advantages of the positioning unit14according to the invention, the wishbone removal devices51are thus pre-positioned with great speed and precision. The wishbone removal devices51themselves scarcely perform any infeed movement towards the receiving elements19. Advantageously, the number of poultry carcasses that can be processed per unit of time can thus be increased significantly.

11856962

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE SUBJECT DISCLOSURE The present subject disclosure addresses the shortcomings of serving food on cold serveware (plates, platters, containers, etc.) which quickly drop the temperature of the hot prepared food placed thereon. Further, the present subject disclosure provides energy-free solutions to maintaining the temperature of a meal by providing heated serveware on which the meal is served, and/or adding smoke flavor to meals. The present disclosure does not require its own source of energy, and therefore is a green technology solution to addressing existing shortcomings with conventional methods of maintaining hot food temperatures. For example, the present subject disclosure does not require additional energy, such as heat lamps, over what is already being used and is durable because it does not require a power source or electricity or components for light to heat conversion (photocells, etc.). This allows for warming plates, smoking, or heating of food without having to place a plate on a burner, or opening the main smoker, causing heat loss from the interior. FIGS.1and2show an exemplary embodiment of a combination heater/smoker device100, according to the present subject disclosure. The device100is designed to be versatile, modular, and adaptable to virtually any heat and/or smoke source. The device100includes a substantially flat base120and a bottom chamber160. The bottom chamber160may be attached to the base120at its top side through permanent (welding, gluing, etc.) or semi-permanent (bolts, clips, etc.) mechanisms. The bottom chamber160has a substantially flat bottom side with a large opening165, which is adapted to fit over a heating/smoking source, such as the smoker330shown inFIG.8, as will be described in detail below. The chamber160is shown in the examples as an oval cylinder but it may be any shape that is able to allow the device100to function as described in the present disclosure. The base120extends over the top portion of the chamber160. Heat and/or smoke is directed from the underneath the chamber to chamber160through opening165(FIGS.5-7), and then through opening125of the base120onto serveware (e.g., plates) or food placed thereon. Alternatively heat and/or smoke may be directed from inside the chamber160(FIG.8) up and through the opening125of the base120, onto plates or foods placed thereon. The base120includes one or more stop walls121,122,123, including a top stop wall121, and two side stop walls122,123. Each stop wall serves as a stop point for a plate or the mesh screen140placed on the base120. In the examples shown, U-shaped stop walls121,122,123are shown which allows the plate or mesh screen140to be secured in place atop the base120while preventing the possibility of the plate or mesh flipping upwards or over. As shown inFIG.2, base120includes a top stop wall121, and two stop walls122and123. This allows a plate or mesh140to be slid onto the top surface of the base120, and to be secured in position in the concave cavities129formed underneath the U-shaped stop walls121,122,123. The plate or mesh140is inserted and removed from the lower side of the base120, as seen from the top view shown inFIG.2. In this embodiment, the two stop walls122and123are angled downwards so that any plate or mesh140placed therein can more easily be accommodated within the concave cavities129. Alternatively, the angles of the side stop walls122and123may be movable or adjustable, as desired, to accommodate different types of plates and meshes. The adjustment of the stop walls121,122,123may be accomplished by bending the walls as needed. This may be done by constructing the walls121,122, and123of bendable, heat-resistant metal. The base120has further apertures, including a top side aperture126and a bottom side aperture127, which aid in preventing the sealing of a plate placed upon the base120surface, and also with draining of water or other fluids from spilled on the base120surface. The chamber160has a shelf, smaller internal chamber, or pocket161positioned within the chamber160, and may contain scenting and/or smoking materials162, such as mesquite chips and the like. As heat or smoke enters the chamber160, it interacts with the material162to release scents or flavors which enhance the taste of foods placed upon the base120. A thermometer or temperature gauge163positioned on the wall of the chamber160may also be helpful when certain desired temperatures are needed for the heating and/or smoking of certain types of foods which may be more sensitive to heat. The thermometer163is also helpful to indicate how hot the chamber160is, and therefore how hot a plate placed on the base120may be, or what temperature any food placed on the screen mesh140may be exposed to. This will aid in preventing burns to the hand by indicating that a plate may be too hot to touch directly. It also aids in informing the cook that the temperature of the heater/smoker may be too high for the foods placed thereon, which may affect the quality of the food placed on the mesh screen140. The mesh screen140may be composed of metal, ceramic, plastic, or other material which is capable of withstanding high temperature and which does not easily melt, chip, or fracture, so that food may be placed thereon while the mesh140is on the base120. The mesh140contains a series of vertical141and horizontal metallic rods or wires, which together form a surface on which food may be placed.FIGS.10-11show the placement of the mesh screen140atop the base120, as will be described in more detail below. The base120, chamber160, and mesh screen140may be composed of metal, heat-resistant plastic or some combination thereof, as appreciated by one having ordinary skill in the art after consideration of the present disclosure. FIGS.3and4show another exemplary embodiment of a combination heater/smoker device200, according to the present subject disclosure. The exemplary device200shown and described inFIGS.2-3is substantially the same as the exemplary device100shown and described inFIGS.102, but for the positioning of the side stop walls. For sake of completeness, the features and functions of the exemplary embodiment ofFIGS.2-3will be described in detail. The device200is designed to be versatile, modular, and adaptable to virtually any heat and/or smoke source. The device200includes a substantially flat base220and a bottom chamber260. The bottom chamber260is attached to the base220at its top side through permanent (welding, gluing, etc.) or semi-permanent (bolts, clips, etc.) mechanisms. The bottom chamber260has a substantially flat bottom side with a large opening265, which is adapted to fit over a heating/smoking source, such as the smoker330shown inFIG.8, as will be described in detail below. The base220extends over the top portion of the chamber260. Heat and/or smoke is directed from underneath the chamber260through opening265(FIGS.5-7) to chamber260, and then through opening225of the base220onto plates or food placed thereon. Alternatively heat or smoke may be directed from inside the chamber260(FIG.8) up and through the opening225of the base220, onto plates or foods placed thereon. The base220includes one or more stop walls221,222,223, including a top stop wall221, and two side stop walls222,223. Each stop wall serves as a stop point for a plate or the mesh screen240placed on the base220. In the examples shown, U-shaped stop walls221,222,223are shown which allows the plate or mesh screen240to be secured in place atop the base220while preventing the possibility of the plate or mesh from flipping upwards or over. As shown inFIG.4, base220includes a top stop wall221, and two stop walls222and223. This allows a plate or mesh240to be slid onto the top surface of the base220, and be secured in position in the concave cavities229formed underneath the U-shaped stop walls221,222,223. The plate or mesh240is inserted and removed from the lower side of the base220, as seen from the top view shown inFIG.4. In this embodiment, the two stop walls222and223are parallel with each other so that any plate or mesh240placed therein would be secured tightly within the concave cavities229. The base220has further apertures, including a top side aperture226and a bottom side aperture227, which aid in preventing the sealing of a plate placed upon the base220surface, and also with draining of water or other fluids from the base surface, such as when it rains or when condensation or other fluid is spilled on the base220surface. The chamber260has a shelf, small chamber, or pocket261positioned within the chamber260, and may contain scenting and/or smoking materials262, such as mesquite chips or the like. As heat or smoke enters the chamber260, it interacts with the material262to release scents or flavors which enhance the taste of foods placed upon the base220. A thermometer or temperature gauge263positioned on the wall of the chamber260may also be helpful when certain desired temperatures are needed for the heating or smoking of certain types of foods which may be more sensitive to heat. The thermometer263is also helpful to indicate how hot the chamber260is, and therefore how hot a plate placed on the base220may be, or what temperature any food placed on the screen mesh240may be exposed to. The mesh screen240may be composed of metal, ceramic, plastic, or other material which is capable of withstanding high temperature and which does not easily melt, chip, or fracture, so that food may be placed thereon while the mesh240is on the base220. The mesh240contains a series of vertical241and horizontal metallic rods or wires, which together form a surface on which food may be placed.FIGS.10-11show and describe the placement of the mesh screen240atop the base220in more detail below. The base220, chamber260, and mesh screen240may be composed of metal, heat-resistant plastic, other materials, or some combination thereof, as appreciated by one having ordinary skill in the art after consideration of the present disclosure. One of the many novel and unique aspects of the present subject disclosure is its versatility. Virtually any source of heat or smoke may be used to generate heat and/or smoke to food or plates placed thereon.FIGS.5-8present merely four non-limiting examples of the use of the present subject disclosure in conjunction with various sources of heat and/or smoke. FIG.5shows the use of a device100according to the present subject disclosure with a conventional grill300. A conventional grill300typically has a cover301with a handle302, which is used to open and close the cover301. A cooking surface303is where food is typically placed. In the present example, the device100is placed directly on the cooking surface. The grill may be gas, charcoal, wood, other, or some combination thereof. In use, the grill300is heated up so that the surface303gets hot enough to cook food thereon. The heat and/or smoke generated from heating up the grill is then directed through opening165into the chamber160, and then through opening125of the base120, and onto a plate or mesh screen140placed on the top surface of the base120. This results in the heating and/or smoking of serveware or food placed on the base120. FIG.6shows the use of a device100according to the present subject disclosure with a conventional stove310. A conventional stove310typically has one or more burners311,312, which generate heat to cook. The burners may be gas, electric, induction, etc. In the present example, the device100is placed directly on a burner311, as will be shown and described in detail inFIGS.10-11. In use, the stove310is heated up so that the burner311generates heat, enough to cook food placed thereon. The heat generated from heating up the stove310is then directed through opening165into the chamber160, and then through opening125of the base120, and onto a plate or mesh screen140placed on the top surface of the base120. This results in the heating and/or smoking of serveware or food placed on the base120. FIG.7shows the use of a device100according to the present subject disclosure with an open flame321, such as in a camping environment, outdoor fire pit, fireplace, or the like. In the example of a campfire, a typical fire is made by gathering and lighting a pile of wood320and leaves, and by using the heat and flame321to generate heat and smoke. In use, the campfire321is heated up so that it generates heat, enough to cook food thereon. The heat generated from the campfire321is then directed through opening165into the chamber160, and then through opening125of the base120, and onto a plate or mesh screen140placed on the top surface of the base120. This results in the heating and/or smoking of serveware or food placed on the base120. FIG.8shows the use of a device100according to the present subject disclosure with an oval or egg-shaped smoker330. The smoker330typically has a cover331with a handle332, which is used to open and close the cover331. The device100is designed to attach to a top smoke discharge port333, which acts as a chimney to the smoker330, as shown inFIG.9. The chimney332typically has a controller334which allows adjustment of the rate of smoke discharge from the interior of the smoker330. The controller334is also able to completely cover the discharge port333so that little to no smoke exits the smoker330. It would be appreciated by one having ordinary skill in the art, after consideration of the present disclosure, that the smoker330does not have to be oval or egg-shaped, but may be any other shape including, but not limited to square, rectangular, circular, etc. Further, the discharge port333may not be centrally located on a given smoker330, as is shown inFIGS.8-9, but may be positioned on a side or corner of the top of the smoker330. In any variation, one of ordinary skill in the art would know to position the device100over the discharge port333, and place further braces or brackets as needed to stabilize the position of the device100over the discharge port to allow full capture of the smoke being discharged from the discharge port333. The smoker330has a cooking surface (not shown), similar to cooking surface303of grill300inFIG.5, where food is typically placed. However, in the present configuration, the device100is placed on top of the closed smoker330, while interacting with the discharge port333. The smoker330may be gas, charcoal, wood, other, or some combination thereof. In use, the smoker330is heated up so that the heat and/or smoke generated is then directed through opening chimney333(and optionally, controller334) into the chamber160, and then through opening125of the base120, and onto a plate or mesh screen140placed on the top surface of the base120. Since the bottom portion of device100has opening165(seeFIGS.1and3), the device100may be placed atop the chimney333so that the chimney333discharge opening coincides with the opening125in the base120. This will be shown in more detail inFIGS.10-11. A further optional opening cover130having a handle131may be placed atop opening125to prevent rain or debris to enter into the opening125or chamber160when the device100is not in use. The opening cover130and handle131is usable in all of the configurations shown in the examples presented herein. FIGS.10-11show a top view of the device100when in use. Specially, inFIG.10, base120is shown having been placed atop a heat/smoke source350so that the heat/smoke source is visible through opening125in base120. Heat/smoke source350could be, for example, a grill filament (FIG.5), a burner311(FIG.6), a flame321(FIG.7), a chimney333or controller334(FIG.9), or other source. If the user of the device100desires to warm up a plate or other serveware, then the mesh140is kept separate from the base120, as shown inFIG.10. If the user of the device100desires to keep certain foods warm or to smoke the foods, then mesh140is slipped into the concave cavity129underneath the stop walls121,122, and123, as shown inFIG.11. The mesh140then sits atop the base120surface and can accommodate food placed thereon. Any smoke or heat which moves up from heat/smoke source350and through opening125is then directly in contact with the food placed upon mesh140. This allows for warming plates, smoking, or heating of food without having to place a plate on a burner, or opening the main smoker, causing heat loss from the interior. FIG.12shows another exemplary embodiment of the present subject disclosure. In this example, the base420has a complete mesh top composed of vertical441and horizontal442bars, typically metallic. The mesh top has an opening425, similar to the opening125ofFIG.1. In this example, the base420may accommodate serveware for heating, but may need a separate mesh140, like that shown inFIG.2, in order to smoke foods, because there's not enough space on the mesh surface120to place food. FIG.13shows yet another exemplary embodiment of the present subject disclosure. In this example, the base520has a complete mesh top composed of vertical541and horizontal542bars, typically metallic. The mesh top covers the entire base surface. In this example, the base520may accommodate serveware for heating, and foods for heating or smoking, without the need for a separate mesh14, like that shown inFIG.2. It should be noted that the optional surface tops420(FIG.12) and520(FIG.13) may be substituted for any of the other bases120/220of the devices100/200shown and presented inFIGS.1-11. The foregoing disclosure of the exemplary embodiments of the present subject disclosure has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the subject disclosure to the precise forms disclosed. Many variations and modifications of the embodiments described herein will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art in light of the above disclosure. The scope of the subject disclosure is to be defined only by the claims appended hereto, and by their equivalents. Further, in describing representative embodiments of the present subject disclosure, the specification may have presented the method and/or process of the present subject disclosure as a particular sequence of steps. However, to the extent that the method or process does not rely on the particular order of steps set forth herein, the method or process should not be limited to the particular sequence of steps described. As one of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate, other sequences of steps may be possible. Therefore, the particular order of the steps set forth in the specification should not be construed as limitations on the claims. In addition, the claims directed to the method and/or process of the present subject disclosure should not be limited to the performance of their steps in the order written, and one skilled in the art can readily appreciate that the sequences may be varied and still remain within the spirit and scope of the present subject disclosure.

11856963

DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS Implementations of the present disclosure will be further described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and taking specific embodiments as examples. FIG.1illustrates an embodiment of a compounding device for compounded ice glaze of the present disclosure, andFIG.2illustrates an embodiment of a compounding process for compounded ice glaze of the present disclosure. As shown inFIG.1, the device of the present disclosure includes a frame portion, a mother liquid preparation portion, an ice glaze preparation portion, an ice glaze post-processing portion and a controller system. The frame portion includes a shell1, a base2, and a thermal insulation partition3. The mother liquid preparation portion comprises a main water inlet pipe4, a water storage tank water inlet electromagnetic valve5, a water storage tank6, a first mother liquid tank7, a second mother liquid tank8, a third mother liquid tank9, and a fourth mother liquid tank10, each of the mother liquid tanks configured with a blending mechanism and a water feeding mechanism. The ice glaze preparation portion includes a homogenizing tank20, a homogenizing tank inlet pipe42, a homogenizing tank inlet electromagnetic valve28, a waste cylinder inlet electromagnetic valve29, a homogenizing tank blending blade32; the ice glaze post-processing portion includes a reception cylinder25, a waste cylinder24, a liquid reception inlet flowmeter30, and a reception cylinder electromagnetic valve31. The water storage tank6is mounted with the water storage tank water inlet electromagnetic valve5. The mother liquid tank water inlet mechanism may include the mother liquid tank water inlet pipe, a mother liquid tank inlet flowmeter18and a mother liquid tank inlet electromagnetic valve26. Each of the mother liquid tanks that are connected in parallel is connected to the water storage tank6through one mother liquid tank water inlet pipe respectively, and each mother liquid tank water inlet pipe is mounted with the mother liquid tank inlet flowmeter18and the mother liquid tank inlet electromagnetic valve26. Each of the mother liquid tanks that are connected in parallel is connected to the homogenizing tank20through one homogenizing tank inlet pipe respectively, and each homogenizing tank inlet pipe is mounted with a homogenizing tank inlet flowmeter27and a homogenizing tank inlet electromagnetic valve28. Each of the mother liquid tanks that are connected in parallel is connected to the waster cylinder by connecting to a sewage pipe (23) through one waste cylinder inlet pipe, and each waste cylinder inlet pipe is provided with one waste cylinder electromagnetic valve (29). The homogenizing tank has a left side provided with a power supply apparatus21, a right side provided with a controller system22, and a lower part provided with the reception cylinder25; each of the mother liquid tanks is connected to the sewage pipe23through one waste cylinder inlet pipe, so as to discharge a waste solution to the waste cylinder24. The homogenizing tank20is connected to the sewage pipe23through the homogenizing tank discharging pipe, and the homogenizing tank discharging pipe is provided with a homogenizing tank discharging electromagnetic valve34. The homogenizing tank has an intake pipe which supplies the fluid in the mother liquid tanks to the homogenizing tank. The electromagnetic valves are controlled by the controller system22through flow and liquid level signals, so as to open or close respective water inlet pipes and inlet pipes. A bottom of the mother liquid tank is provided with a temperature control system19, and the temperature control system19is controlled by the controller system22. The shell1is above the base2, and divided into a four-layer space to form different chambers by the thermal insulation baffles from bottom to top, wherein a top-layer middle chamber comprises the water storage tank6built inside, with a lower part connected to the mother liquid tank water inlet pipe. A second-layer chamber has left and right sides respectively distributed with two thermal insulation chambers, which are stored respectively with the first mother liquid tank7, the second mother liquid tank8, the third mother liquid tank9and the fourth mother liquid tank10that are connected in parallel and are connected below the water storage tank through one water inlet pipe respectively; each of the chambers where the mother liquid tanks are located has an inner wall provided with thermal insulation material, and the controller system22keeps a temperature of the chamber constant according to a set value of the temperature. The chamber above the mother liquid tanks is correspondingly mounted with the blending mechanism; the blending mechanism comprises a fixed bracket11, a lifting gear mechanism12, a driving motor13, a blending link and a blending blade14; a mother liquid tank cover15is fixedly mounted under the blending mechanism, as shown, mounted below the blending link and above the blending blade, the telescopic hose16penetrates through the mother liquid tank cover; the telescopic hose is connected to the water storage tank6through the water delivery pipe17. The blending mechanism is disposed above the mother liquid tank and the homogenizing tank, wherein the blending mechanism is controlled by the controller system. The blending mechanism above the mother liquid tank may perform vertical movement by the lifting gear mechanism, as shown, and the blending link may perform a lifting movement in a vertical direction under the action of the lifting gear mechanism to drive the blending mechanism to perform lifting movement in the vertical direction; a length of the telescopic hose is determined according to a movement amplitude of the blending mechanism. The mother liquid tank cover is fixedly connected to the blending link, with a lifting controlled by the lifting of the blending mechanism. The chambers where the mother liquid tank is located have a front surface provided with a movable door, and the movable door is controlled by the controller system. The waste cylinder and the reception cylinder are made of glass, and the chambers in which the waste cylinder and the reception cylinder are located are open for accessing at any time. The mother liquid tank, the water storage tank, the water inlet pipe, the inlet pipe, and the water delivery pipe are made of PPR. The water storage tank6is provided with a liquid level sensor33, and the controller system may automatically open the electromagnetic valve5to replenish the amount of water when detecting that a water level in the water storage tank is below a minimum level. When a liquid level of the mother liquid in the mother liquid tank is lower than the minimum level, the system will automatically alarm and prompt, then the mother liquid is re-prepared as required. After the ice glaze is prepared, a cleaning program is initiated to clean the mother liquid tank with the water in the water storage tank, and discharge into the waste cylinder through the water delivery pipe. The following uses tuna ice glaze as an example to describe the use of the compounding device for ice glaze provided by the present disclosure. According to literature analysis, the use of rosemary glazing emulsion, sodium lactate glazing emulsion and bamboo leaf antioxidant glazing emulsion is determined, and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose is used as a thickener to prevent glazing from cracking. Based on pre-experimental analysis, rosemary ice glaze (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%), sodium lactate solution (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%) and bamboo leaf antioxidant (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%) are prepared respectively for single glazing test. 1% thickener is added for each group. As shown inFIG.2, the preparation is performed by steps of: (1) setting type, concentration, and volume of mother liquids of ice glaze, and calculating, by a system, the amount of reagents to be added; (2) setting type, concentration, and time for uniformly mixing of a compounded ice glaze; (3) matching a mother liquid tank for the mother liquids of ice glaze, setting bleeding speed and temperature of the mother liquid tank; (3) initiating the lifting gear mechanism to raise the mother liquid tank cover upward, adding reagents with corresponding amount to the respective mother liquid tanks, and then initiating the lifting gear mechanism to lower the mother liquid tank cover down ward after the reagents are added; (4) opening the mother liquid tank water inlet pipe according to the set type, the set concentration, and the set volume of the mother liquid for starting preparation of the mother liquid of the ice glaze in the mother liquid tank; (5) opening the homogenizing tank inlet pipe according to the set type and the set concentration of the compounded ice glaze after the mother liquid is prepared to compound the compounded ice glaze in the homogenizing tank, and then receiving the compounded ice glaze, by the reception cylinder, after the compounded ice glaze is prepared; (6) after the test is completed, initiating the cleaning program, and opening the mother liquid tank water inlet pipe, the homogenizing tank inlet pipe, the homogenizing tank discharging pipe and the waste tank inlet pip, to clean the device. According to the results of the single factor test, the mass fractions of rosemary acid ice glaze, sodium lactate ice glaze, and bamboo leaf antioxidant ice glaze are taken as the independent variables, and total scores of water holding capacity, color difference value, and salt-soluble protein are used as response values, to perform a three-factor three-level response surface test, and verify the test results. According to the results of the single factor test, the principle of Box-Behnken Design is used, the three-factor three-level response surface methodology is employed to design the test, and Design-Expert 10.0.7 is used to generate a total of 17 test points, that is, 17 compounding test solutions. First, 17 groups of compounded ice-coating liquids are prepared according to the steps of: (1) setting type, concentration, and volume of mother liquids of ice glaze, and calculating, by a system, the amount of reagents to be added; (2) setting type, concentration, and time for uniformly mixing of a compounded ice-coating liquid; (3) matching a mother liquid tank for the mother liquids of ice glaze, setting bleeding speed and temperature of the mother liquid tank; (3) initiating a lifting gear mechanism to raise the cover of mother liquid tank upward, adding reagents with corresponding amount to the respective mother liquid tanks, and then initiating the lifting gear mechanism to lower the cover of the mother liquid tank down ward after the reagents are added; (4) opening the mother liquid tank water inlet pipe according to the set type, the set concentration, and the set volume of the ice glaze for starting preparation of the mother liquid of the ice glaze in the mother liquid tank; (5) opening each of the homogenizing tank inlet pipes according to the set type and the set concentration of the compounded ice glaze after the mother liquid is prepared to compound the compounded ice glaze in the homogenizing tank, and then receiving the compounded ice glaze, by the reception cylinder, after the compounded ice glaze is prepared, thereby completing one group of compounded ice glaze; (6) controlling each of the homogenizing tank inlet pipes to repeat the step (5) according to the set type and the set concentration of the compounded ice glaze, for completing next group of compounded ice glaze until 17 groups of compounded ice glazes are completed; (7) after the compounding process is completed, initiating the cleaning program, and opening the mother liquid tank water inlet pipe, the homogenizing tank inlet pipe, the homogenizing tank discharging pipe and the waste tank inlet pipe, to clean the device. A prepared concentration of the mother liquid of ice glaze should be higher than a concentration of the component in the compounded ice glaze; The mother liquids of ice glaze should have stable properties and are non-corrosive to the mother liquid tank. The reagent added to the mother liquid tank should be accurately weighed according to calculation results of the system. Through the analysis of the test, the optimal ratio of compounded ice glaze is: rosemary (0.3%), sodium lactate (3.4%), bamboo leaf antioxidants (0.12%) and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (1%), and then the tuna compounded glazing has the best effect, with a predicted score of 21.19 points. It can be seen from the above description of the specific embodiments of the present disclosure that the simple structure and effective method of the present disclosure may meet the requirements for the compounded ice glazes with different concentrations and components, and improve the efficiency of the compounding. Currently, there is no compounding device for ice glaze. The above-mentioned embodiments only express several implementation manners of the present disclosure, and their descriptions are more specific and detailed, but they cannot be understood as limiting the scope of the patent of the present disclosure. It should be pointed out those of ordinary skill in the art may further make a plurality of variations and improvements without departing from the concept of the present invention, and these all pertain to the protection scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the claims shall prevail as the protection scope of the present invention.

11856964

DETAILED DESCRIPTION The present disclosure will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to example embodiments thereof with reference to the drawings in which like reference numerals designate identical or corresponding elements in each of the several views. These example embodiments are described so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art. Features from one embodiment or aspect can be combined with features from any other embodiment or aspect in any appropriate combination. For example, any individual or collective features of method aspects or embodiments can be applied to apparatus, product, or component aspects or embodiments and vice versa. The disclosure may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will satisfy applicable legal requirements. As used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” “the,” and the like include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. In addition, while reference may be made herein to quantitative measures, values, geometric relationships or the like, unless otherwise stated, any one or more if not all of these may be absolute or approximate to account for acceptable variations that may occur, such as those due to manufacturing tolerances or engineering tolerances or the like. Referring now toFIGS.1-6, a method of producing a flash brewed coffee concentrate that has an extended shelf-life that allows for packing, storing, and transporting of the flash brewed coffee concentrate is disclosed herein and generally referred to as method100. The flash brewed coffee concentrate that is produced from the method100is formed from a high-quality coffee that is quickly brewed with hot water and quickly chilled to stop the brewing process such that the brightness and complexity of the coffee is captured in the coffee extract. As used herein, the term “extract” refers to a product or essence removed from a larger whole. Further, as used herein, the term “coffee concentrate” refers to a brewed and concentrated coffee product that requires further processing before being considered ready-to-serve or ready-to-drink. A coffee concentrate, as described herein, may be ultra-high-temperature (UHT) or aseptically packed before being distributed for use. In addition, a coffee concentrate, as described herein may be processed by further dilution before being distributed. For example, a coffee concentrate may be at 15° Brix such that it is a 1+7 dilution (1-part concentrate+7 parts water, milk, or non-dairy beverage) to make a ready to drink product and be processed by diluting the coffee concentrate to 9° Brix and distributed as a 1+3 dilution. Initially, the method100includes roasting the coffee beans (Step120). With particular reference toFIG.2, before the coffee beans are roasted (Step120), green coffee beans10(FIG.6) are selected, procured, or received (Step112). Once the green coffee beans are received (Step112), the green coffee beans are cleaned (Step114). Cleaning the green coffee beans (Step114) may include the use of screens12(FIG.6) and magnets14(FIG.6) to remove impurities from the green coffee beans. Once the green coffee beans are cleaned (Step114), the green coffee beans may be blended (Step116). For example, the green coffee beans may be blended using a thru blend scale16(FIG.6). In some embodiments, green coffee beans from specific regions may be blended to achieve a desired flavor profile in the extract ultimately produced from the method100. Once the green coffee beans are cleaned and blended, the green coffee beans are roasted (Step120). The green coffee beans may be roasted in a coffee roaster20(FIG.6) until the beans are at or below 66 on the Agtron degree of roast scale. For example, the green coffee beans may be roasted in a range of 25 to 60 on the Agtron degree of roast scale. To achieve the desired roast, the green coffee beans may be roasted at a minimum temperature of 388° F. for a minimum 7 minutes. The roasting time may vary depending on the degree of roast desired. Referring now toFIG.3, once the coffee beans are roasted (Step120), the roasted coffee beans are ground (Step130). The roasted coffee beans may be coarsely ground, e.g., a chunky grind, in a coffee grinder30(FIG.6). Between roasting (Step120) and grinding (Step130), the roasted coffee beans may pass through several quality control and/or safety steps such as destoning (Step122) or passing the roasted coffee beans past magnets, e.g., rare earth magnets32(FIG.6). The steps122may remove impurities from the roasted coffee beans before grinding. Removing impurities from the roasted coffee beans may prevent impurities in the extract ultimately produced from method100and/or prevent damage to equipment used to grind the coffee beans and equipment downstream thereof. In addition, after the roasted coffee beans are ground (Step130), the ground coffee may be screened (Step132) to ensure that the ground coffee is satisfactorily ground. The screening (Step132) may also remove small granules of coffee from the grinding process and/or impurities from the ground coffee. For example, the screening (Step132) may have a first screen34(FIG.6) that requires the ground coffee to pass through and a second screen36(FIG.6), having a finer mesh, that prevents the desired ground coffee from passing through. The screening subsequent to grinding (Step132) may ensure a relative uniformity of the ground coffee. With reference toFIG.4, the ground coffee is then flash brewed (Step140) to bring out the brightness/acidity and complexity of the coffee without drawing out bitter/astringent notes of the coffee. The flash brewing process (Step140) may use a single-wall stainless steel vessel40(FIG.6) with an open top that is covered by a separate stainless-steel cover42(FIG.6). In some embodiments, the flash brewing process (Step140) occurs at atmospheric pressure such that the brewer is not a pressurized brewer. The ground coffee may be placed into a nylon filter bag that is inserted into a stainless-steel perforated brew basket44(FIG.6) of the brewer (Step142). With the ground coffee in the nylon filter bag, hot water is added to the brewer (Step144). The hot water may be in a range of 165° F. to 205° F. and more specifically in a range of 180° F. to 185° F. Once the hot water is added to the brewer (Step144), the ground coffee is contacted with or exposed to the hot water (Step146). The contacting or exposing of the ground coffee to the hot water is done in a manner to promote even saturation of the ground coffee with the hot water. The ground coffee may steep in the hot water for a range of 5 minutes to 25 minutes, e.g., 20 minutes. In some embodiments, the ground coffee is plunged into the hot water. Plunging may include plunging the coffee in the nylon filter bag into the hot water using a hand device. Additionally or alternatively, contacting or exposing the ground coffee with the hot water may include mixing or submerging the ground coffee in hot water to saturate the ground coffee in the hot water or circulating the hot water over the ground coffee. After the ground coffee is contacted by or exposed to the hot water (Step146) and during the steeping, the ground coffee may be agitated in the hot water (Step147) one or more subsequent times to aid in contact of the hot water with the ground coffee. The agitation of the ground coffee in the hot water (Step147) occurs before removal of the entire brew basket from the hot water. The agitation of the ground coffee in the hot water in the brewer (Step147) may occur at one or more predetermined times or intervals during the steeping of the ground coffee, e.g., 5, 10, or 15 minutes. Agitation may include re-plunging or stirring ground coffee within the hot water or shifting the position of a nylon bag or brew basket within the hot water. Additionally or alternatively, it may include circulating hot water over the ground coffee. The short brew time at a high temperature can be referred to as a “flash hot brew”. It will be appreciated that the short steeping or brewing time in hot water may be optimal to bring out the brightness/acidity and complexity of the ground coffee without drawing out bitter/astringent notes of the ground coffee. Further, the short brew time may prevent over-steeping and thus over-extraction from the ground coffee. Further, the short brew time may minimize oxidation of the brewed hot coffee extract by reducing exposure to air during the brewing process. After the flash brewing process (Step140) is complete, e.g., reached the desired steeping time, the brew basket is removed (Step148) from hot coffee liquid extract within the brewer to stop the brewing process and to separate the ground coffee from the hot coffee extract. Specifically, the brew basket including the coffee grounds in the nylon filter bag is lifted or hoisted from the out of the brewer. The brew basket may be allowed to drain over the brewer for a predetermined time to allow additional hot coffee extract to drain from the ground coffee grounds in the brew basket into the hot coffee extract within the brewer. The brew basket may be allowed to drain in a range of 5 minutes to 20 minutes, e.g., in a range of 10 minutes to 15 minutes. During the brewing process, from the contacting of the ground coffee with the hot water (Step146) to the removal of the brew basket (Step148) the temperature of the hot coffee extract in the brewer may drop below 180° F. while remaining above 145° F. After flash brewing (Step140), the hot coffee extract in the brewer has a concentration less than 15° Brix, e.g., in a range of 3° Brix to 12° Brix. Other flash brewing processes are contemplated to produce a hot coffee extract having a desired concentration less than 15° Brix. For example, a “continuous” brewing processes can be used to produce a hot coffee extract having a desired concentration less than 15° Brix. Referring now toFIG.5, when the hot coffee extract in the brewer has a concentration within a desired range and/or the desired steep time of the flash brew process is complete (Step140) and the hot coffee extract has been separated from the brewer (Step148), the hot coffee extract is rapidly chilled (Step160). To rapidly chill the hot coffee extract to below 130° F. (Step160), frozen concentrated coffee extract50(FIG.6) that has been previously roasted, processed, and frozen is thawed to a temperature suitable for pumping or flowing the frozen concentrated coffee extract into a mixing kettle (Step152). The frozen concentrated coffee extract may be thawed to a temperature less than or equal to 41° F. In some embodiments, the frozen concentrated coffee extract is thawed to a temperature in a range of 18° F. to 38° F., e.g., 25° F. The thawed frozen concentrated coffee extract is then pumped or added to a mixing kettle (Step154). The thawed frozen concentrated coffee extract may be added in the form of a slurry with some portions of the frozen concentrated coffee extract being in a solid, frozen phase and other portions being in a liquid phase. The frozen concentrated coffee extract may be pumped or added to the mixing kettle60(FIG.6) with minimal agitation to the frozen concentrated coffee extract. The frozen concentrated coffee extract may be pumped or added to the mixing kettle (Step154) prior to, during, or after the flash brewing process (Step140) of the hot coffee extract. The frozen concentrated coffee extract may have a concentration in a range of 18° Brix to 45° Brix. The frozen concentrated coffee extract within the mixing kettle may include an antifoam agent. In some embodiments, the antifoam agent may be added to the frozen concentrated coffee extract after the frozen concentrated coffee extract is in the mixing kettle, may be added as the frozen concentrated coffee extract is being pumped into the mixing kettle, may be included in the frozen concentrated coffee extract, or may be included in hot coffee extract. The frozen concentrated coffee extract is concentrated without heating of a coffee extract used to form the frozen concentrated coffee extract. For example, the frozen concentrated coffee extract may be formed from freezing a brewed coffee to remove water from the brewed coffee to increase a concentration of the brewed coffee. With the hot coffee extract brewed and separated by removing the brew basket from the hot coffee extract (Step148) and the frozen concentrated coffee extract in the mixing kettle (Step154), the hot coffee extract is pumped from the brewer into the mixing kettle (Step156). As the hot coffee extract is pumped from the brewer into the mixing kettle (Step156), the hot coffee extract may be filtered (Step158). The filtering of the hot coffee extract may remove particulates including, but not limited to, ground coffee from the hot coffee extract, e.g., coffee fines. The filtering of the hot coffee extract (Step158) may include passing the hot coffee extract through a dual stage micron filter bank48(FIG.6). As the hot coffee extract is pumped into the mixing kettle (Step156), the hot coffee extract is mixed with and chilled by the frozen concentrated coffee extract within the mixing kettle to form a flash brewed coffee concentrate (Step160). As the hot coffee extract is pumped into the mixing kettle, the frozen concentrated coffee extract rapidly chills the hot coffee extract to a temperature less than 130° F. while increasing the concentration of the hot coffee extract such that the flash brewed coffee concentrate within the mixing kettle has a concentration greater than 15° Brix. In some embodiments, the frozen concentrated coffee extract may rapidly chill the hot coffee extract to a temperature in a range of 75° F. to 110° F. and more particularly, in a range of 85° F. to 95° F. The rapid chilling of the hot coffee extract (Step160) stops any further heat exposure and stops oxidation of the hot coffee extract as the hot coffee extract is mixed with the frozen concentrated coffee extract to produce the flash brewed coffee concentrate. Referring back toFIG.1, after the flash brewed coffee concentrate is mixed (Step160), the flash brewed coffee concentrate may be briefly heated to a temperature less than 190° F., e.g., in a range of 110° F. to 185° F., to a temperature of less than 175° F., e.g., in a range of 160° F. to 170° F., or to a temperature of less than 135° F., e.g., in a range of 110° F. to 130° F., for a predetermined time to ensure that the frozen concentrated coffee extract is fully melted and that any coffee solids within the flash brewed coffee concentrate are evenly distributed within the flash brewed coffee concentrate (Step170). During the brief heating of the flash brewed coffee concentrate (Step170), the flash brewed coffee concentrate may be agitated. For example, the flash brewed coffee concentrate may be agitated in the mixing kettle at a rate of 30% to 50%. The heating of the flash brewed coffee concentrate and/or agitation of the flash brewed coffee concentrate may occur for 2 minutes to 5 minutes, e.g., 3 minutes. It will be appreciated that keeping the temperature to less than 190° F. may prevent the flavor development from being affected by the heating and agitating of the flash brewed coffee concentrate (Step170). A heat exchanger may be used to circulate flash brewed coffee concentrate to and from the mixing kettle until the desired temperature is reach or the mixing kettle60may include a water or steam jacket62(FIG.6) that allows for controlled heating of the mixing kettle60. Before, during, or after the heating and agitating of the flash brewed coffee concentrate (Step170), a sensory evaluation of the flash brewed coffee concentrate may be conducted (Step172). The sensory evaluation may include, but not be limited to, taste, smell, opacity, or color evaluation. After the heating and agitating of the flash brewed coffee concentrate (Step170), the flash brewed coffee concentrate is chilled to a temperature less than 45° F. (Step180). The chilling of the flash brewed coffee concentrate (Step180) may be completed by pumping the flash brewed coffee concentrate from the mixing kettle and through a heat exchanger to chill the flash brewed coffee concentrate. The chilled flash brewed coffee concentrate may be filtered to remove any remaining undesirable materials from the chilled flash brewed coffee concentrate (Step182), e.g., coffee fines or foreign materials. While remaining at a temperature less than 45° F., the flash brewed coffee concentrate is a refrigerated finished product that may be stored or packed for shipping. For example, the flash brewed coffee concentrate may be packed in 275 gallon totes70(FIG.6), 55 gallon drums, or other suitable food-grade containers. The flash brewed coffee concentrate may have a shelf-life of at least three months when kept sealed at a temperature less than 45° F. The flash brewed coffee concentrate, described herein, may be intended to be shipped refrigerated in bulk form for further diluting with water, dairy, or non-dairy solution. In some embodiments, the flash brewed coffee concentrate may be processed and packaged into smaller containers used in food service or retail applications including, but not limited to, pints, quarts, gallon PET or HDPE bottles, or 3 liter to 3 gallon bags-in-box (BIBs). The processing of the flash brewed coffee concentrate may include UHT processing or aseptic packaging. In some embodiments, the processing of the flash brewed coffee concentrate includes diluting the flash brewed coffee concentrate to a predetermined concentration, e.g., 1+7 dilution or 1+3 dilution. The flash brewed coffee concentrate may be prepared as a ready-to-serve flash brew coffee beverage by mixing one-part flash brewed coffee concentrate with one or more parts liquid solution, such as water, milk, or non-dairy solution. This mixing may occur automatically in a dispenser or can be mixed and placed in a dispenser or pitcher at the establishment or in a home. It is contemplated that a ready-to-serve flash brew coffee beverage may be a shelf-stable beverage or a refrigerated beverage that has been premixed at a processor with water, milk, or other non-dairy solution e.g., almond milk. In some embodiments, a ready-to-serve flash brew coffee beverage may be premixed and packaged by a processor into single serve containers, pints, quarts, gallon PET or HDPE bottles, or 3 liter to 3 gallon bags-in-box (BIBs). While several embodiments of the disclosure have been shown in the drawings, it is not intended that the disclosure be limited thereto, as it is intended that the disclosure be as broad in scope as the art will allow and that the specification be read likewise. Any combination of the above embodiments is also envisioned and is within the scope of the appended claims. Therefore, the above description should not be construed as limiting, but merely as exemplifications of particular embodiments. Those skilled in the art will envision other modifications within the scope of the claims appended hereto.

11856965

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS In an embodiment, a food product includes an air-stable edible solid foam that disintegrates in the presence of an aqueous liquid. The air-stable edible foam includes at least one proteinaceous whipping agent derived from a plant source and at least one sweetener. In another embodiment, a food product includes an air-stable edible solid foam that disintegrates in the presence of an aqueous liquid. The air-stable edible solid foam includes a sweetener including sugar in an amorphous state and at least one flavoring agent. The air-stable edible solid foam is free of a whipping agent. In another embodiment, a method of making an air-stable edible solid foam product includes whipping a foamable mixture including at least one proteinaceous whipping agent derived from a plant source, at least one sweetener, and at least one flavoring agent to form a foamed mixture, and baking the foamed mixture to form the air-stable edible solid foam product. In another embodiment, a method of making an air-stable edible solid foam product includes mixing and heating a composition including a sweetener including sugar, water, and at least one flavoring agent to form an expandable mixture. The method also includes pulling the expandable mixture to incorporate air into the expandable mixture, vacuum expanding the expandable mixture at a temperature above a glass transition temperature of the expandable mixture to form the edible solid foam product, and cooling the air-stable edible solid foam product to below the glass transition temperature and then releasing a vacuum on the edible solid foam product. In another embodiment, a method of enhancing a beverage includes contacting a solid foam beverage enhancer including at least one sweetener and at least one flavoring agent to the beverage and disintegrating the solid foam beverage enhancer in the beverage within a predetermined period of time. In some embodiments, a foamable mixture includes a proteinaceous whipping agent derived from a plant source, a sweetener, a flavoring agent, and, optionally, a coloring agent. The whipping agent allows the mixture to be whipped or foamed into a stable solid foam. The sweetener and the flavoring agent provide an improved taste to an enhanced beverage relative to the unenhanced beverage. The optional coloring agent provides the enhanced beverage with a predetermined color after the foam beverage enhancer disintegrates in the beverage. As used herein, “disintegration” refers to the breakup of the macroscopic structure of a product after contact with an aqueous liquid. In other words, disintegration is complete upon the earlier of when the product has either completely dissolved in the liquid or the original macrostructure has been substantially completely compromised. As such for a solid foam product, disintegration time refers to the amount of time it takes for the solid foam product to become essentially foam-free, as a result of breaking up of the structure into foam-free particles and/or dissolving in the aqueous liquid, after contact with the aqueous liquid. The whipping agent, the sweetener, the flavoring agent, and the optional coloring agent, when present, are preferably selected to provide a stable foam beverage enhancer that rapidly disintegrates in a liquid water-based beverage. The liquid water-based beverage may have a temperature anywhere in the range of cold (below room temperature down to a freezing temperature) to around room temperature to hot (above room temperature up to a boiling temperature) at the time at which the stable foam beverage enhancer is added to the beverage. In some embodiments, a cold beverage is in the range of about 33° F. to about 50° F. (1° C. to about 10° C.), alternatively about 36° F. to about 45° F. (about 2° C. to about 7° C.), alternatively about 36° F. to about 41° F. (about 3° C. to about 5° C.), or any range or sub-range therebetween. In some embodiments, a room-temperature beverage is in the range of about 60° F. to about 80° F. (about 16° C. to about 27° C.), alternatively about 65° F. to about 75° F. (about 18° C. to about 24° C.), or any range or sub-range therebetween. In some embodiments, a hot beverage is in the range of about 140° F. to about 212° F. (about 60° C. to about 100° C.), alternatively about 149° F. to about 194° F. (about 65° C. to about 90° C.), alternatively about 158° F. to about 176° F. (about 70° C. to about 80° C.), or any range or sub-range therebetween. Liquid water-based beverages for use with a foam beverage enhancer may include, but are not limited to, water, milk, coffee, tea, acid-based beverages, carbonated beverages, non-alcoholic blended beverages, or juices. Foams are an already diluted system (diluted with a gas) and solid components of the foam become even further diluted upon disintegration in a beverage. As a result, a relatively high concentration of sweetener and flavoring components may be required in the foamable mixture to achieve the desired level of enhancement, particularly for use in cold beverages. A challenge overcome in accordance with exemplary embodiments is providing a stable foam beverage enhancer that provides the components of the foam in sufficient amounts to achieve the desired effect to the enhanced beverage while still being able to form and subsequently maintain a stable foam structure. In some embodiments, stable, fast disintegrating solid foams consist of a foamable mixture containing only the whipping agent and sucrose. The presence of a coloring agent, a flavoring agent, and/or additional sweeteners may be added to help provide the desired enhancement to the enhanced beverage. However, these ingredients may tend to decrease the quality, stability, and disintegration rate of the produced solid foam and may be formulated for addition separate from the foam. Foams in accordance with exemplary embodiments disintegrate in a target beverage quickly, preferably in about 60 seconds or less, more preferably in about 30 second or less, and preferably leaving behind no residue. Because the rate of disintegration increases with increasing temperature of the beverage, stable solid foam beverage enhancers disintegrate much more quickly when the target beverage is a hot beverage, such as hot water, coffee, or tea, than when the target beverage is a cold beverage, such as cold water or cold milk. Exemplary embodiments still achieve rapid disintegration even in cold beverages. In some embodiments, all of the constituents of the beverage enhancer are combined and provided as part of a stable solid foam, with the stable solid foam having at least a predetermined minimum disintegration rate in a target beverage. In other situations, it is not practical to achieve a predetermined minimum disintegration rate with all of the constituents being provided in a stable solid foam. In such embodiments, the predetermined minimum disintegration rate is achieved by leaving at least some or at least a portion of any foam-destabilizing or disintegration-slowing constituents out of the pre-foam mixture. In such embodiments, the desired remainder of the foam-destabilizing or disintegration-slowing constituents may be added to the target beverage as a separate component or may be provided as a coating on part or all of the stable solid foam. The separate component is preferably either a powder or a liquid but may have an alternative solid form, such as a pill or tablet. The fast-disintegrating stable solid foam and the separate disintegration-slowing constituents may be added at separate times or at the same time to the beverage to achieve at least a predetermined minimum disintegration rate. The components may remain separate or be present in a combined state as a single unit including both the foam and the disintegration-slowing constituents, which may include the coloring agent, the flavoring agent, or both. The predetermined minimum disintegration rate preferably causes the stable solid foam and the separate component, if present, to disintegrate within 60 seconds in the target beverage. In some embodiments, the stable solid foam has a predetermined shape. In some embodiments, the predetermined shape has a high surface area-to-volume ratio and/or a low density to maximize the disintegration rate of the stable solid foam in the beverage. In some embodiments, the surface of the solid foam is textured, such as with openings or holes, to increase the surface area-to-volume ratio of the solid foam. In some embodiments, the predetermined shape is provided by placing the foam in a mold prior to baking the foam, such that the stable solid foam takes the shape of the mold. In some embodiments, the predetermined shape is the shape of a product logo, company logo, or the shape of another object associated with the foam product, the beverage, or the company providing the beverage or the solid foam beverage enhancer. Foam beverage enhancers preferably include ingredient combinations and amounts that include one or more selected proteins derived from a natural source as a whipping agent. The optional flavoring and/or coloring, when present, are preferably also derived from natural sources. In some embodiments, a water-soluble natural flavoring component of a flavor that is typically fat-soluble may be developed and used as the flavoring agent in a water-soluble foam product. The whipping agent preferably includes an aqueous protein-containing extract of one or more cooked legumes. In some embodiments, the aqueous protein extract is the liquid from commercially canned legumes. In some embodiments, the aqueous protein extract is obtained by rapidly boiling or simmering the legumes in water. The legumes may be soaked in the water prior to heating to reduce the heating time to obtain the aqueous protein extract. The optimal legume-to-water ratio for extraction may depend on the type of legume, how much water is allowed to boil off during extraction, and the desired concentration of the extract. While increasing the relative amount of water increases the yield of extracted proteins, it also leads to a more dilute protein extract, so there is a balance between extraction efficiency and extract concentration in selecting a legume-to-water ratio. When starting with a dry legume, the legume-to-water ratio by weight for protein extraction may be in the range of about 25:75 to about 75:25, alternatively in the range of about 25:75 to about 50:50, alternatively in the range of about 50:50 to about 75:25, or any range or sub-range therebetween. In some embodiments, the legume-to-water ratio and extraction conditions are selected such that the moisture content of the aqueous protein extract by weight is in the range of about 80% to about 99%, alternatively about 85% to about 95%, alternatively about 90% to about 95%, or any range or sub-range therebetween. While the aqueous protein extract of chickpeas (“aquafaba”) was found to produce the most rapidly disintegrating stable solid foams, the aqueous protein extract of other legumes, such as lentils, also produced soluble stable solid foams. Other legumes may also provide an extract that is useful to create foam structures. Other legumes as aqueous protein extract sources may include, but are not limited to, alfalfa, asparagus beans, asparagus peas, baby lima beans, black beans, black-eyed peas, black turtle beans, Boston beans, Boston navy beans, broad beans, Cannellini beans, chili beans, cranberry beans, dwarf beans, Egyptian beans, Egyptian white broad beans, English beans, fava beans, field peas, French green beans, great northern beans, green beans, green and yellow peas, kidney beans, licorice, lima beans, Madagascar beans, Mexican black beans, Mexican red beans, molasses face beans, mung beans, mung peas, mungo beans, navy beans, pea beans, peanuts, Peruvian beans, pinto beans, red beans, red clovers, red eye beans, red kidney beans, rice beans, runner beans, scarlet runner beans, small red beans, snow peas, southern peas, sugar snap peas, soybeans, wax beans, white clovers, white kidney beans, and white pea beans. In some embodiments, a non-legume-based aqueous protein extract may be used as a whipping agent. An aqueous protein extract of potatoes performed well as a whipping agent but the resulting foam did not disintegrate as rapidly as desired in an aqueous beverage. Samples of aquafaba and a lentil extract were tested to determine their water content, protein content, protein molecular weight (by sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis), and amino acid profile. Aquafaba, as used herein, refers to any aqueous protein extract of chickpeas. The aquafaba sample was about 90.4% water and about 1.62% protein, by weight, whereas the lentil extract sample was about 96.6% water and about 0.95% protein, by weight. Although the lentil protein extract and the aquafaba both served as good whipping agents and both produced a water-soluble stable solid foam, the lentil foam was observed to disintegrate more slowly than the aquafaba foam in aqueous beverages under the same conditions. Aggregated high-molecular-weight proteins that form due to inter-molecular disulphide bonds after the process of heating may lose their functionality, because their solubility is decreased in aqueous systems. The molecular weight of aquafaba proteins ranged from about 9 kDa to about 74 kDa, which is relatively small for proteins, and the reduced sample showed a similar molecular weight profile to the non-reduced sample. The lentil protein extract showed some high-molecular-weight protein constituents in the non-reduced lentil extract sample that were significantly less prevalent in the reduced lentil extract sample. Without wishing to be bound by theory, these high-molecular-weight protein constituents are likely the result of protein aggregation caused by disulfide bond formation during heating, and the relatively low amounts of these in legume protein extracts may be the reason for the observed foaming ability and water solubility of legume protein extracts, helping to create foams that can be baked and still be soluble in aqueous beverages. Further, the substantial lack of these constituents in aquafaba may be the reason for the observed rapid solubility of aquafaba-based solid foam products in aqueous beverages. The amino acid composition analysis of the aquafaba sample showed a functional protein extract that was rich in electrically-charged amino acids (arginine, glutamic acid, lysine, and aspartic acid). Heating the legumes in water selectively extracts these proteins high in this class of amino acids, which are functional for foaming and rapid disintegration after the heat treatment. Legumes tend to have proteins that are lower in sulfur-containing amino acids than other sources. Sulfur-containing proteins aggregate upon heating, decrease in their solubility and foaming capacity. For example, meringue made from egg whites is not soluble in water, because the albumin denatures upon baking and forms aggregates due to the high amounts of sulfur-containing amino acids in albumin. Whipping may be performed by agitation of a whippable composition in an unlimited amount of air. Alternatively, whipping may be performed by injecting a predetermined amount of air in a given amount of a whippable composition. In some embodiments, the sweetener includes at least one sugar. Sugar is preferably added to provide body and skeleton to the foam. In some embodiments, the sugar is sucrose. Other sweeteners, which may be natural or artificial sweeteners, may optionally alternatively be added or alternatively be added to further increase the sweetness of the enhanced beverage. These other sweeteners may include, but are not limited to, sucralose, stevia, aspartame, saccharin, acesulfame potassium, or combinations thereof. Such sweeteners may include one or more high-intensity sweeteners. These high-intensity sweeteners may include, but are not limited to, saccharin, aspartame, acesulfame potassium, sucralose, neotame, advantame, or combinations thereof. Coloring agents and flavoring agents may optionally also be incorporated. In some embodiments, the coloring agents and flavoring agents are preferably obtained from natural sources. The flavoring agents are preferably selected to be non-fat based and to have a minimum negative effect on the foam structure. Foams are preferably formed and then dried in an oven at a low temperature to create stable solid foamed structures and textures. These dried foams, when brought into contact with aqueous liquids, quickly disintegrate in the aqueous liquid to form a drinkable beverage. The foamable mixture preferably includes a whipping agent and a sweetener in a weight ratio in the range of 55:45 to 70:30, alternatively in the range of 60:40 to 65:35, or alternatively at a ratio of about 70:40 based on the whipping agent being about 90% moisture and about 2% protein, by weight. The ratio may be different if a more concentrated or less concentrated whipping agent is used. The whipping agent is preferably an aqueous protein-containing extract. In some embodiments, the sweetener is a sugar. In some embodiments, the sugar is sucrose. In other embodiments, a quickly-disintegrating material may be used in place of the sugar. The foamable mixture may also or alternatively include one or more high intensity sweeteners in a total amount in the range of about 0.5% wt % to about 1.5 wt %, alternatively in a total amount in the range of about 1.0 wt % to about 1.2 wt %, alternatively in a total amount of about 1 wt % or more, or alternatively in a total amount of about 1 wt %. In some embodiments, the alternative or additional sweetener is sucralose, stevia, aspartame, saccharin, acesulfame potassium, or a combination of two or more of these. The foamable mixture may also include one or more flavoring agents in a total amount in the range of about 0.1 wt % to about 3 wt %, alternatively in a total amount in the range of about 2.3 wt % to about 2.7 wt %, alternatively in a total amount of about 2.5 wt % or more, or alternatively in a total amount of about 2.5 wt %. The foamable mixture may optionally also include one or more coloring agents in a total amount in the range of about 0.5 wt % to about 1.5 wt %, alternatively in a total amount in the range of about 1.0 wt % to about 1.2 wt %, alternatively in a total amount of about 1 wt % or more, or alternatively in a total amount of about 1 wt %. These amounts, however, may vary based on the concentration of the flavoring agent or coloring agent being used, with a desired outcome being an enhanced beverage with a predetermined flavor enhancement or a predetermined color provided by the solid foam product. As previously discussed, the ability to obtain a stable foam containing such relatively high amounts of sweetener and flavoring, as well as coloring agents, desired to impart an adequate level of enhancement, particularly to cold beverages, was unexpected and surprising. In some embodiments, no modified proteins or artificially-designed whipping agents are used. In some embodiments, vacuum expansion is used to produce an edible solid foam without a whipping agent. Vacuum expansion provides greater ingredient flexibility in terms of type and amount of flavoring agent and coloring agent, as there is no need to maintain a solid foam from a whipping stage through a baking stage. The vacuum expansion process provides an amorphous sugar structure with increased surface area that disintegrates quickly in a liquid beverage. In some embodiments, a vacuum-expandable composition includes no ingredients other than one or more sweeteners, a small amount of water, one or more coloring agents, and one or more flavoring agents. In some embodiments, an edible solid foam contains no flour, no starch, and no fat beyond any amounts that may be in the coloring agents or the flavoring agents. In some embodiments, the vacuum expansion process includes the following steps. At least one sweetener is mixed with water and the mixture is heated to a temperature in the range of about 290° F. to about 300° F. (about 143° C. to about 149° C.), alternatively about 295° F. (about 146° C.), preferably in an open kettle. The at least one sweetener preferably includes sucrose and at least one sugar syrup and may also include at least one high-intensity sweetener. Sugar syrups include, but are not limited to, corn syrup, rice syrup, tapioca syrup, potato syrup, and combinations thereof. A coloring agent may be added before or during heating, and a flavoring agent is preferably added during heating. After all of the ingredients have been heated and mixed together, the heating preferably continues until the mixture reaches a predetermined moisture content or consistency. The open kettle allows incorporation of some air and/or water vapor in the mixture during heating. The liquid mixture is then cooled while optionally worked until a predetermined texture and viscosity is reached where the mixture is still semi-soft and not too sticky. In some embodiments the liquid mixture may be cooled and/or worked on a tempering table having a controlled surface temperature, such as about 160° F. (about 71° C.). Additional air is then preferably incorporated into the mixture, either by hand or with an automated candy puller. In some embodiments, the mixture is pulled for a predetermined amount of pulling time by an automated candy puller. In some embodiments, an amount of pulling is selected to achieve at least a predetermined disintegration rate of the solid foam product in a predetermined beverage. In some embodiments, a predetermined amount of pulling time to achieve at least a predetermined disintegration rate in the solid foam product is in the range of about 10 to about 45 seconds, alternatively about 10 to about 25 seconds, alternatively about 10 to about 20 seconds, alternatively about 15 to about 20 seconds, alternatively about 13 to about 17 seconds, alternatively about 10 seconds, alternatively about 15 seconds, alternatively about 20 seconds, or any value, range, or sub-range therebetween. The molten mass is then formed into a rope shape and passed through a die chain or drop-rolled to form a predetermined desired shape. In some embodiments, the desired shape is a spherical ball. The spherical balls preferably have a diameter of about half an inch (about 1.3 cm). The spherical balls are directed to a vacuum oven set in the range of about 130° F. to about 190° F. (about 54° C. to about 88° C.), alternatively about 140 to about 170° F. (about 60° C. to about 77° C.), alternatively about 150° F. to about 160° F. (about 66° C. to about 71° C.), alternatively at about 155° F. (about 68° C.), or any value, range, or sub-range therebetween depending on the composition of the spherical balls, for about 10 minutes, at which time a vacuum is applied until a predetermined size or moisture content is achieved, typically after about 10 minutes. The temperature is decreased to below the glass transition temperature, which is typically about 110° F. (about 43° C.), and then the vacuum is slowly released until atmospheric pressure is reached. The resulting edible solid foam has a diameter about twice the diameter and about eight times the volume of the spherical balls prior to vacuum expansion. In some embodiments, the ingredients for the vacuum-expandable mixture include at least one sweetener in the range of about 85% to about 99% by weight, water in the range of about 0.1% to about 8% by weight, at least one flavoring agent in the range of about 0.5% to about 2% by weight, and optionally at least one coloring agent in the range of 0 to about 5% by weight. In some embodiments, the at least one sweetener includes sucrose in the range of about 48% to about 65% by weight, a second sweetener in the range of about 30% to about 35% by weight, and optionally a high-intensity sweetener in the range of about 0 to about 2% by weight. In some embodiments, the second sweetener is corn syrup. In some embodiments, the high-intensity sweetener is stevia. These amounts, however, may vary based on the concentration of the flavoring agent or coloring agent being used, with a desired outcome being an enhanced beverage with a predetermined flavor enhancement or a predetermined color provided by the solid foam product. In some embodiments, the ingredients for the vacuum-expandable mixture include at least one sweetener in the range of about 65% to about 90%, alternatively about 75% to about 85%, alternatively about 77% to about 83%, by weight, water in the range of about 5% to about 15%, alternatively about 7% to about 12%, by weight, at least one cocoa in the range of about 5% to about 15%, alternatively about 8% to about 12%, by weight, and optionally chocolate flavoring in the range of 0 to about 5%, alternatively about 1% to about 4%, alternatively about 2% to about 4%, alternatively about 2.5% to about 3.5%, by weight. In some embodiments, the at least one sweetener includes sucrose in the range of about 40% to about 55%, alternatively about 45% to about 55%, alternatively about 47% to about 52%, by weight, a second sweetener in the range of about 25% to about 35%, alternatively about 28% to about 33%, by weight, and optionally a high-intensity sweetener in the range of about 0 to about 2%, alternatively about 0.25% to about 1%, by weight. In some embodiments, the second sweetener is corn syrup or another liquid syrup. In some embodiments, the high-intensity sweetener is stevia. These amounts, however, may vary, with a desired outcome being an enhanced beverage with a predetermined flavor enhancement or a predetermined color provided by the solid foam product. In some embodiments, the predetermined disintegration rate is achieved by delivering the solid foam beverage enhancer to the beverage without stirring. In some embodiments, stirring or another form of mixing is used to increase the disintegration rate of the solid foam beverage enhancer in the beverage. In some embodiments, one or more edible solid foam products including at least one proteinaceous whipping agent derived from a plant source are used in combination with one or more edible solid foam product with no whipping agent to enhance a beverage. The edible solid foam product may have any shape, including, but not limited to, spherical, substantially spherical, oblong, cubical, substantially cubical, rectangular, or irregular. In some embodiments, the shape may be provided in part or in whole by a mold or by removing portions of the edible solid foam product after it is formed. The edible solid foam product preferably has at least one dimension that is about 1 cm (about 0.4 in) or greater, alternatively about 1 cm to about 5 cm (about 0.4 in to about 2 in), alternatively about 1 cm to about 3 cm (about 0.4 in to about 1.2 in), alternatively about 1.5 cm to about 2.5 cm (about 0.6 in to about 1 in), or any value, range, or sub-range therebetween. Although the edible solid foams have mostly been described as beverage enhancers, such edible solid foams may alternatively be applied to other moisture-containing products and may be ingested in other manners as well. Such alternatives may include, but are not limited to, eating them incorporated as part of a solid food, such as a cookie or a crisp, or eating them by themselves, such as by allowing them to disintegrate in the mouth to provide a sensory pleasure. In some embodiments, the edible solid foams are added to cake batter or cookie batter to add a flavor to the batter before baking. The foam may be added in an amount based on the flavor or color intensity desired. This leads to cookies and cakes with different flavors and colors. In other embodiments, an oral delivery foam includes an optional whipping agent, a sweetener, an oral agent, an optional flavoring agent, and an optional coloring agent. The oral delivery foam rapidly disintegrates in the mouth to deliver the oral agent to the mouth. The oral agent may be any component desirably delivered to the oral cavity, including, but not limited to, a breath freshener, a dental treatment such as a fluoride composition, or a pharmaceutical drug such as an anesthetic, an antihistamine, or an analgesic. EXAMPLES The invention is further described in the context of the following examples which are presented by way of illustration, not of limitation. In Examples 1-8, the ingredients were added to a commercial mixer (Hobart Corporation, Troy, OH) and then mixed with a spatula to disintegrate the sucrose and coloring agent. The mixture was then whipped in the commercial mixer on speed 3 for about 10 minutes or until stiff peak was reached. The foam was then piped onto a sheet tray lined with parchment paper. The foam was baked on the parchment paper in an oven set at 200° F. (93° C.) until completely dried, generally taking in the range of about 30 minutes to about 2 hours. Example 1 Example 1 was made by combining 70 g of aquafaba (61% by weight), 40 g of sucrose (35% by weight), 1.2 g sucralose (1% by weight), 1.3 g of vegetable juice liquid color (1% by weight), and 2.9 g natural strawberry flavoring (3% by weight). The aquafaba contained about 90% water and about 2% protein, by weight. The combined ingredients were whipped to form a foam. The foam was piped onto a tray and baked to form a reddish, stable, baked solid foam. The solid foam was added to 250-mL milk at a refrigerated temperature of about 40° F. to about 32° F. (about 4° C. to about 0° C.). The foam disintegrated quickly to form a strawberry-flavored beverage. Example 2 Example 2 was made by combining 70 g of aquafaba (61% by weight), 40 g of sucrose (35% by weight), 1.2 g sucralose (1% by weight), 1 g riboflavin phosphate (1% by weight), and 2.9 g natural pineapple flavoring (3% by weight). The aquafaba contained about 90% water and about 2% protein, by weight. The combined ingredients were whipped to form a foam. The foam was piped onto a tray and baked to form a stable, baked solid foam. The solid foam was added to 250-mL milk at a refrigerated temperature of about 40° F. to about 32° F. (about 4° C. to about 0° C.). The foam disintegrated quickly to form a yellowish, pineapple-flavored beverage. Example 3 Example 3 was made by combining 70 g of aquafaba (61% by weight), 40 g of sucrose (35% by weight), 1.2 g sucralose (1% by weight), 1.3 g vegetable juice liquid color (1% by weight), and 2.9 g natural mixed berry flavoring (3% by weight). The aquafaba contained about 90% water and about 2% protein, by weight. The combined ingredients were whipped to form a foam. The foam was piped onto a tray and baked to form a stable, baked solid foam. The solid foam was added to 250-mL milk at a refrigerated temperature of about 40° F. to about 32° F. (about 4° C. to about 0° C.). The foam disintegrated quickly to form a purplish, mixed berry-flavored beverage. Example 4 Example 4 was made by combining 70 g of aquafaba (61% by weight), 40 g of sucrose (35% by weight), 1.2 g sucralose (1% by weight), coloring agent, and 2.9 g natural blood orange flavoring (3% by weight). The aquafaba contained about 90% water and about 2% protein, by weight. The combined ingredients were whipped to form a foam. The foam was piped onto a tray and baked to form a stable, baked solid foam. The solid foam was added to 250-mL milk at a refrigerated temperature of about 40° F. to about 32° F. (about 4° C. to about 0° C.). The foam disintegrated quickly to form an orange-tinged, orange-flavored beverage. Most commercially-available chocolate flavor is fat-soluble and, therefore, is difficult to incorporate in foam applications, as fat-soluble components may collapse the foam. Accordingly, water-soluble natural chocolate flavors were used for Examples 5-8 and which did not collapse the foam. Example 5 Example 5 was made by combining 70 g of aquafaba (61% by weight), 40 g of sucrose (35% by weight), 1.2 g sucralose (1% by weight), coloring agent, and 2.9 g natural chocolate flavoring (3% by weight). The aquafaba contained about 90% water and about 2% protein, by weight. The combined ingredients were whipped to form a foam. The foam was piped onto a tray and baked to form a stable, baked solid foam. The solid foam was added to 250-mL milk at a refrigerated temperature of about 40° F. to about 32° F. (about 4° C. to about 0° C.). The foam disintegrated quickly to form a brownish, chocolate-flavored beverage. Example 6 Example 6 was made by combining 70 g of aquafaba (62% by weight), 40 g of sucrose (36% by weight), 1.0 g Tasteva® (Tate & Lyle LLC, London, UK) stevia sweetener (0.9% by weight), caramel coloring agent 1 g (0.9% by weight), and 0.2 g liquid chocolate flavoring (0.2% by weight). The aquafaba contained about 90% water and about 2% protein, by weight. The combined ingredients were whipped to form a foam. The foam was piped onto a tray and baked to form a stable, baked solid foam. The solid foam was added to a 250-mL beverage and disintegrated in both milk and water in less than 90 seconds to form a brownish, slightly chocolate-flavored beverage. The milk and the water were at a refrigerated temperature of about 40° F. to about 32° F. (about 4° C. to about 0° C. Example 7 Example 7 was made by combining 70 g of aquafaba (62% by weight), 40 g of sucrose (36% by weight), 1.0 g Tasteva® (Tate & Lyle LLC, London, UK) stevia sweetener (0.9% by weight), caramel coloring agent 1 g (0.9% by weight), and 0.2 g chocolate cake flavoring (0.2% by weight). The aquafaba contained about 90% water and about 2% protein, by weight. The combined ingredients were whipped to form a foam. The foam was piped onto a tray and baked to form a stable, baked solid foam. The solid foam was added to a 250-mL beverage and disintegrated in milk in less than 60 seconds and water in less than 90 seconds to form a brownish, chocolate-flavored beverage. The milk and the water were at a refrigerated temperature of about 40° F. to about 32° F. (about 4° C. to about 0° C.). Example 8 Example 8 was made by combining 70 g of aquafaba (62% by weight), 40 g of sucrose (36% by weight), 1.0 g Tasteva® (Tate & Lyle LLC, London, UK) stevia sweetener (0.9% by weight), caramel coloring agent 1 g (0.9% by weight), and 0.6 g chocolate cake flavoring (0.5% by weight). The aquafaba contained about 90% water and about 2% protein, by weight. The combined ingredients were whipped to form a foam. The foam was piped onto a tray and baked to form a stable, baked solid foam. The solid foam was added to a 250-mL beverage and disintegrated in water at a refrigerated temperature of about 40° F. to about 32° F. (about 4° C. to about 0° C.) in less than 90 seconds to form a brownish, chocolate-flavored beverage. In Examples 9-11, all of the ingredients were mixed together and cooked to about 295° F. (146° C.) on a stovetop. No acid was included in the ingredients, but acid may be added to provide a tart flavor and inhibit sugar crystallization, which decreases disintegration time. A drop roller was then used to form ball-shaped pieces of a desired size for hard candy. The ball-shaped hard candy pieces were then placed an oven for vacuum expansion. The candy was heated and expanded in the oven set at 155° F. (68.3° C.) for about 10 minutes on pans lined with crinkled aluminum foil. The edible solid foams of Examples 9-11 had a density in the range of 0.23 to 0.36 g/cm3(0.13 to 0.21 oz/in3). Example 9 Example 9 was made by combining 541.46 g (54.15% by weight) sucrose, 332.7 g (33.3% by weight) corn syrup, 105.39 (10.5% by weight) water, 5.37 g (0.54% by weight) brown food coloring, 5.00 g (0.50% by weight) liquid chocolate flavoring, and 10.07 g (1.01% by weight) stevia. Example 9 was an amorphous solid that disintegrated in less than one minute in milk at a refrigerated temperature of about 40° F. to about 32° F. (about 4° C. to about 0° C.). Example 10 Example 10 was made by combining 533.04 g (53.27%) sucrose, 332.7 g (33.2%) corn syrup, 105.39 (10.5% by weight) water, 5.37 g (0.54%) brown food coloring, 13.42 g (0.50%) powder chocolate flavoring, 10.07 g (1.01%) stevia, and 0.7 g (0.07%) vanilla. Example 10 was an amorphous solid that disintegrated in less than one minute in milk at a refrigerated temperature of about 40° F. to about 32° F. (about 4° C. to about 0° C.). Example 11 Example 11 was made by combining 540.82 g (54.08%) sucrose, 332.7 g (33.3%) corn syrup, 105.39 (10.5% by weight) water, 5.37 g (0.54%) brown food coloring, 10.0 g (1.0%) liquid chocolate flavoring, 5.01 g (0.50%) stevia, and 0.7 g (0.07%) vanilla. Example 11 was an amorphous solid that disintegrated in less than one minute in milk at a refrigerated temperature of about 40° F. to about 32° F. (about 4° C. to about 0° C.). Example 12 Equal amounts by weight of sucrose and high maltose corn syrup were mixed with water and cooked at about 295° F. (146° C.), followed by cooling on a tempering table set at 160° F. (71° C.), followed by an optional pulling with an automated puller, followed by drop rolling, followed by vacuum expansion. No acid was included in the ingredients. The candy was heated and vacuum expanded in the vacuum oven set at 155° F. (68° C.) for about 10 minutes on pans lined with crinkled aluminum foil. To determine the effect of open kettle cooking on the disintegration time of the vacuum-expanded product, cooking occurred either under vacuum or in an open kettle. No pulling was used with vacuum-cooked samples. To determine the effect of pulling on the disintegration time of the vacuum-expanded product, open kettle cooked samples were either not pulled at all, pulled for 15 seconds, or pulled for 45 seconds. Average values of certain properties of the resulting samples are shown below in Table 1. For each sample type, the values shown in Table 1 reflect an average of ten samples. Vacuum cooked samples with no vacuum expansion (VC), open kettle cooked samples with no pulling and no vacuum expansion (OKC), open kettle cooked samples with 15 seconds of pulling and no vacuum expansion (OKC15), and open kettle cooked samples with 45 seconds of pulling and no vacuum expansion (OKC45) were tested for density and diameter. Vacuum cooked and vacuum expanded samples (VCE), open kettle cooked and vacuum expanded samples with no pulling (OKCE), open kettle cooked and vacuum expanded samples with 15 seconds of pulling (OKC15), and open kettle cooked and vacuum expanded samples with 45 seconds of pulling (OKC45) were tested for density, diameter, disintegration time (DT) in water at room temperature of about 68° F. to about 77° F. (about 20° C. to about 25° C.), and disintegration time in milk at room temperature of about 68° F. to about 77° F. (about 20° C. to about 25° C.). The specific density was calculated as the ratio of the density of the vacuum-expanded sample to the density of the sample prior to vacuum expansion. The expansion ratio was calculated as the ratio of the volume of the vacuum-expanded sample to the volume of the sample prior to vacuum expansion. TABLE 1Properties of Test SamplesDensitySpecificExpansionDiameterDT inDT inSample(g/mL)densityratio (V/V)(mm)water (s)milk (s)VC1.6813.44VCE1.600.951.0213.6313803300OKC1.6513.17OKCE0.420.253.7124.4756.648.1OKC151.6113.31OKC15E0.260.165.5423.193.95.7OKC451.3513.21OKC45E0.220.164.6221.9318.094.6 Vacuum cooking produced virtually no air incorporation into the sample, as indicated by the high density of the sample (VC) prior to vacuum expansion and the very little amount of expansion by vacuum expansion (VCE). Open kettle cooking produced a lower density of the sample prior to vacuum expansion (OKC), which further reduced the density with increased pulling times (OKC15, OKC45). The vacuum-cooked vacuum-expanded samples (VCE) had much longer disintegration times relative to the open kettle-cooked vacuum-expanded samples (OKCE, OKC15E, OKC45E). Fifteen seconds of pull time (OKC15E) unexpectedly significantly decreased the disintegration time of the sample in both water and milk relative to no pulling (OKCE) and to 45 seconds of pulling (OKC45E). Fifteen seconds of pulling provided disintegration times of 3.9 seconds in water and 5.7 seconds in milk, compared to 56.6 seconds in water and 48.1 seconds in milk with no pulling and 18.0 seconds in water and 94.6 seconds in milk with 45 seconds of pulling. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that both the amount of incorporated air and the average pore size of the incorporated air in a solid foam product affect the disintegration rate of the solid foam product. It is also believed that as the pulling time is increased, although the amount of incorporated air increases, promoting faster disintegration, the size of the incorporated air bubbles decreases, reducing the rate at which the aqueous liquid enters the pores and leading to slower disintegration. Furthermore, it is believed that optimal channels of an optimal dimension were formed at an intermediate pull time (between 0 and 45 seconds in Example 12) due to partial air bubble coalescence, which enhanced the uptake of the aqueous medium into the matrix through capillary action. Example 13 Twelve formulations using various syrups or cocoa powders were used to form a vacuum expanded hard candy beverage enhancer. The ingredients and amounts are listed in Table 2 for each of eight syrup formulations and four cocoa formulations. The syrup ingredients were high maltose (HM) corn syrup (S1), tapioca syrup (S2), brown rice syrup (S3), agave syrup (S4), inverted sugar syrup (S5), honey (S6), coconut sugar (S7), and date sugar (S8). The cocoa ingredients were agglomerate cocoa-powder (C1), lecithinated cocoa (C2), natural cocoa (C3), and alkalized cocoa powder (C4). For each formulation, all of the ingredients in Table 3 were mixed and cooked to about 295° F. (about 146° C.). A drop roller was used to created spherical pieces that were then vacuum-expanded in an oven. For the vacuum expansion, the candy was placed on pans lined with crumpled aluminum foil and was heated and expanded for about 10 minutes at an oven temperature of about 155° F. (about 68° C.). TABLE 2Syrup/Cocoa Hard Candy Beverage Enhancer Ingredients (wt %)FormulationS1-S6S7S8C1-C4Syrup or Cocoa33.751.446.210.0Sucrose55.13.63.149.5High maltose Corn Syrup—33.830.830.6Water10.710.719.49.6Stevia0.50.50.50.5 Out of the syrups tested, HM corn syrup (S1), tapioca syrup (S2) and brown rice syrup (S3) produced the best results and cooked and formed a vacuum expanded hard candy with a fast disintegration rate. The agave (S4), inverted sugar (S5), and honey (S6) formulation experienced slight deflation during expansion. The date sugar (S8) was unsuccessful and resisted dissolving while being cooked, instead forming a grainy mass in the pot. All cocoa powder (C1-C4) formulations were successful at delivering a good chocolate taste and pigment to milk. Example 14 Six formulations including alkalized cocoa powder were tested in a vacuum expanded hard candy beverage enhancer. All formulations had the same amounts of sucrose, high-maltose (HM) corn syrup, and stevia, as shown in Table 3. The amounts of water and alkalized cocoa powder or chocolate flavoring varied. For each formulation, all of the ingredients in Table 3 except for the stevia were mixed and cooked on a stovetop to about 295° F. (about 146° C.). The stevia was then added while gradually decreasing the temperature. The resulting hard candy was pulled for 15 seconds; Formulas A-E were mechanically pulled and Formula F was manually pulled. A drop roller was used to created spherical pieces of the hard candy. The spherical pieces were then vacuum-expanded in an oven. For the vacuum expansion, the candy was placed on pans lined with crumpled aluminum foil and was heated and expanded for about 10 minutes at an oven temperature of about 155° F. (about 68° C.). The disintegration times in Table 3 are for disintegration in milk at a refrigerated temperature of about 40° F. to about 32° F. (about 4° C. to about 0° C.). TABLE 3Hard Candy Beverage Enhancer Ingredients (wt %) andDisintegration Time (sec)FormulationABCDEFSucrose49.449.449.449.449.449.4HM Corn Syrup30.230.230.230.230.230.2Alkalized Cocoa Powder5.010.015.010.010.010.0Chocolate flavoring0001.03.05.0Water15.010.05.09.07.05.0Stevia0.40.40.40.40.40.4Disintegration Time2630>60>603025 While the foregoing specification illustrates and describes exemplary embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this invention, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.

11856966

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT The following description is disclosed to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use the present invention. Preferred embodiments are provided in the following description only as examples and modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The general principles defined in the following description would be applied to other embodiments, alternatives, modifications, equivalents, and applications without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. The present invention provides a carbonated beverage apparatus, as shown inFIG.1AtoFIG.7, which is controlled by a chilling system to make frozen beverage. As shown inFIGS.1A and1B, the frozen beverage mixing arrangement comprises a freezing cylinder10and a stirring pusher20disposed inside the freezing cylinder10to push and mix a mixture30from an inlet11to an outlet12in an inner spiral manner. Furthermore, the stirring pusher20is driven by a motor200to be rotated in the freezing cylinder10along a driving axis201of the stirring pusher20which is the same as the centerline axis of the freezing cylinder10. When the stirring pusher20is rotating, the mixture30is being pushed to move from the inlet11to the outlet12. And as the outlet12is opened, the mixture30is served as frozen beverage flowing out of the mixing arrangement. Furthermore, the freezing cylinder10is firstly fed with ingredients of the mixture30which is flowed inside the freezing cylinder10with being mixed into the mixture30. The freezing cylinder10has an inner wall110contacted or touched by the stirring pusher20. As the mixture30is chilled and tends to attach on the inner wall110, which is willing to get frost on the inner wall110, the mixture30is capable of being moved from the inner wall110back into the freezing cylinder10. So the stirring pusher20pushes the mixture30to move forwards and inwards in the freezing cylinder10. As shown inFIGS.1A and1B, the stirring pusher20further comprises a beater device21and a baffle22positioned surrounded by the beater device21. The mixture30injected from the inlet11is pushed to move in the inner spiral manner by beater device21. The mixture30moves along the freezing cylinder10while being chilled from the inlet11to the outlet12and along the direction of from the inner wall110to the baffle22inside the beater device21. So the mixture30is moving along an inner spiral line pushed by the beater device21, and the baffle22is blocked the flowing path of the mixture30to evenly mix and smash to make the frozen beverage. Accordingly, the beater device21is arranged to radially stir and move the mixture30from a peripheral portion of the freezing cylinder10to a center portion thereof, while the baffle22is arranged to stir the mixture30within the center portion of the freezing cylinder10. What is more, the beater device21further comprises a supporting frame211, a helical paddle212and a scraper blade213, wherein the helical paddle212is fixed on the supporting frame211in order to be rotated to push the mixture30moving, wherein the scraper blade213is detachable mounted on the supporting frame211. The helical paddle212is rotated with the supporting frame211to generate a pushing force to the mixture30inside the freezing cylinder10. It is worth to mention that the helical paddle212of the beater device21is not contact or touch the inner wall110of the freezing cylinder10. The scraper blade213contacts or touches the inner wall110so that the helical paddle212hardly wear out against the freezing cylinder10. And the mixture30is flowing between the helical paddle212and the inner wall110and into the inside helical paddle212to the baffle22. As shown inFIG.2, the scraper blade213is supported to touch the inner wall110of the freezing cylinder10. When the supporting frame211is rotated, the scraper blade213is moved to press against the inner wall110so that the mixture30attached on the inner wall110is capable of being removed. Not only the mixture30attached on the inner wall110, the mixture30around the inner wall110is capable of being radially moved to inside of the freezing cylinder10and to the baffle22inside the beater device21, as shown inFIGS.4A to4C. Furthermore, the supporting frame211further comprises at least two elongated rods or members2112extended parallelly in the freezing cylinder10, at least one arched connector2113fixed between the elongated rods2112, and a driven end2111formed on one of the end of the elongated rod2112. The driven end2111is connected to the motor200to drive the elongated rods2112. The arched connector2113is connected one of the elongated rod2112to another elongated rod2112so that the elongated rods2112is secured with each other while rotating. And the arched connector2113is adapted to enhance the position between the elongated rods2112and decrease retention of the mixture30. Since the arched connector2113and elongated rods2112have continuous surfaces, the mixture30is hardly to be stocked inside the supporting frame211. As shown inFIG.3, the supporting frame211further comprises a scarper gripper2115formed on the arched connector2113to hold the scraper blade213to be rotated with the supporting frame211. The scraper gripper2115is preferably integrally formed on the arched connector2113. The scraper gripper2115further comprises a gripping slot21151and a projection21152protruded from the gripping slot21151. The gripping slot21151is adapted to receive the scraper blade213inside and hold the scraper blade213securely. The scraper blade213has a mounting hole2130through the scraper blade213and is respective to the projection21152of the scrapper gripper2115so that the scraper blade213is positioned by the projection21152. The scraper blade213is mounted on the scraper gripper2115with the projection21152inserted in the mounting hole2130so that the scraper blade213is securely supported in the gripping slot21151. It is easy to mount or detach the scraper gripper2114with inserting the projection21152or pulling out the projection21152off the mounting hole2130. It is worth mentioning that the gripping slot21151is adapted to hold one of ends of the scraper blade213when rotating with the supporting frame211. And the other end of the scraper blade213is pressed against the inner wall110to remove the mixture30back to the center of the freezing cylinder10, as shown inFIG.4AtoFIG.4C. As the supporting frame211is driven by the motor200from the driven end2111, the scraper blade213is moved along and pressed against the inner wall110. The mixture30attached on the inner wall30is likely to be frosted with ice on the inner wall110. The scraper blade213is rotated to press on the whole inner wall110in a circle. The scraper blade213may not remove the mixture30once a time, and may slightly adjust the angle between the scraper blade213and the gripping slot21151. When the scarper blade213is rotated to shave a little of the frost mixture30in a rotating circle, the scarper blade213is continued to be rotated. When the scraper blade213is rotated to push the mixture30around and around, the mixture30will be removed from the inner wall110. So if the mixture30attached on the inner wall110is a large one, the scraper blade213is capable of gradually removing the mixture30with the scraper blade213hold in the gripping slot21151. The frosted mixture30may be shaved little by little or be shaken around by around. It is worth to mention that the scraper blade213is retained in the gripping slot21151with the mounting hole2130inserted with the projection21152. The gripping slot21151provides adjustable movement for the scraper blade213with the projection21152positioning the scraper blade213. The scraper blade213is adjustably pivoted around the projection21152in the embodiment to have different angles in the gripping slot21151. It is also easy to mount the scraper blade213into the gripping slot21151by looping in the projection21152. The radius of scraping circle of the scraper blade213is fine-tuning while rotating against the inner wall110to scrap the frosted mixture30. The beater device21is moving the mixture30from the inlet11to the outlet12by the helical paddle212and from the inner wall110to the center of the freezing cylinder10by the scraper blade213. Especially, the beater device21is forced on mixing and pushing the mixture30in the freezing cylinder10. The baffle22inside the beater device21is blocked the flowing path of the mixture30so as to smash the ingredients of mixture30into pieces and stir the ingredients of mixture30back again to evenly mix the mixture30. Thus, the mixture30is moving along the inner spiral line pushed by the beater device21and bumped into the baffle22. The baffle22has a first end221and a second end222, as shown inFIG.5, wherein the first end221is received in one end of the freezing cylinder10, wherein the second end222is statically disposed on the supporting frame211respectively. In other words, the baffle22is stationary while the beater device21is rotated. When the supporting frame211is rotated driven by the motor200, the baffle22is static respective to the supporting frame211. In order words, the supporting frame211is rotated around the baffle22, and the first end221and the second end222of the baffle222is retained static against the freezing cylinder10. The beater device21is connected to the driving axis201rotatably powered by the motor200while the baffle22is independent from the driving axis201that the baffle22is not connected to the driving axis201. The supporting frame211further comprises a holder2114connected between the elongated rods2112. The second end222of the baffle is disposed in the holder2114, which is indirectly connected to the motor200. Thus the baffle22is less suffered friction with the motor200to sustain long life-time. The holder2114provides relatively static with the supporting frame211when rotating. Furthermore, the holder2114comprises a holding frame21141and a bearing21142, wherein the holding frame21141is connected the bearing21142with the elongated rods2112so as to support the bearing21142and the second end222near the driven end2111of the supporting frame211. The second end222of the baffle22is holding in the center of the bearing21142, and the whole bearing21142is supported by the holding frame21141. As the supporting frame211is rotating along the driving axis201, the second end222of the baffle22is kept static in the bearing21142of the holder2114. In order words, the bearing21142transforms rotation from the holding frame21141, the supporting frame211or the motor200into satiation of the second end222of the baffle22. Therefore, the mixture30is moved in the inner spiral manner to be crashed on the baffle22for evenly mixing. The mixture30is pushed inside to bumped into the baffle22to be smaller pieces, and be flushed out of the baffle22, and be pushed by the beater device21back to the baffle22, which is a flowing cycle of the mixture30. After several flowing cycles around the baffle22, the mixture30is pushed from the inlet11to the outlet12to be prepared as frozen beverage. An alternative mode of the stirring pusher20′ of frozen beverage mixing arrangement according to the above preferred embodiment of the present invention is illustrated as inFIG.6. The stirring pusher20′ comprises a beater device21′ which is similar with the beater device21according to above embodiment, and a baffle22′ arranged inside the beater device21′. The baffle21′ is shaped differently from the above embodiment, which is formed by at least two latticed units223′, wherein each of the latticed unit223′ is circled by at least two bumped arms224′. Each of the latticed units223′ has two radial windows225′ framed by the bumped arms224′. The bumped arms224′ are static during stirring the mixture30′ which is pushed to flow in the inner spiral manner and has to be crashed into the bumped arm224′ inside the beater device21′. According to the embodiment, the bumped arm224′ is preferably shaped into plate board which provides large surface to be bumped so that the mixture30′ has more chances to be crashed. And the adjacent two latticed units223′ are orthogonal with each other so that the mixture30′ is passed through at least two of the latticed units233′ while flowing from the inlet11′ to the outlet12′. The mixture30′ is smashed into pieces by the baffle22′ and fairly well-distributed to be increasingly thick. The baffle22′ has a first end221′ received in one end of the freezing cylinder10′ and a second end222′ disposed on the supporting frame211′. When the supporting frame211′ is rotated driven by the motor200′, the second end222′ is retained statically respective to the supporting frame211′. The second end222′ has a groove to connect to the supporting frame211′. And the supporting frame211′ is rotated in the groove of the second end222′ without rotating the baffle22′. Therefore, the baffle22′ is indirectly connected to the motor200′ to decrease friction and abrasion against the motor200′. Furthermore, the bumped arm224′ of the baffle22′ is similarly shaped as ladder for better stability to the supporting frame211′. Even if the baffle22′ is not connected with the supporting frame211′, the baffle22′ is capable of being supported inside the beater device21′. Another alternative mode of the baffle21″ is illustrated inFIG.7. The bumped arms224″ are C-shaped to form the radial windows225′″ in D-shaped to be at least four latticed units223″. The corner of the windows225″ is rounded to avoid being filled with the mixture30″. It is worth to mention that the baffle21″ is also static against the rotating beater device21″ while the stirring pusher20′″ is rotating to push the mixture30″ from the inlet11″ to the outlet12″. According to the embodiment, the baffle21″ has six windows225″ radially opened for flowing through the mixture30″. The mixture30″ is crashed into the bumped arms224″, then passed through the radial windows225″. The mixture30″ become more smooth and in smaller pieces in inner spiral flowing path. One skilled in the art will understand that the embodiment of the present invention as shown in the drawings and described above is exemplary only and not intended to be limiting. It will thus be seen that the objects of the present invention have been fully and effectively accomplished. The embodiments have been shown and described for the purposes of illustrating the functional and structural principles of the present invention and is subject to change without departure from such principles. Therefore, this invention includes all modifications encompassed within the spirit and scope of the following claims.

11856967

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS With reference to the accompanying drawing, the numeral100denotes an apparatus, that is, a machine, for implementing the method according to the invention. The machine100is a crushed-ice drink maker of the pasteurizing type. The machine100is illustrated purely by way of an example, as the method could also be actuated in machines of a different type. Irrespective of the machine100, the method for making a liquid and semi-liquid product of the fermented milk type (preferably natural or with toppings) comprises, according to this invention, the following steps:a) placing a milk-based mixture (known hereinafter also as the basic mixture) inside a container3(preferably a tank);b) subjecting the basic mixture to a heating thermal treatment;c) adding lactic bacterial strains to the basic mixture according to a concentration of at least 10{circumflex over ( )}8 CFU (microbial cells)/ml of basic mixture, and subjecting the basic mixture to which bacterial strains were added to a predetermined thermal treatment for a predetermined time;d) stirring the mixture to which lactic bacterial strains were added in order to break the coagulated mass which formed in the mixture to which lactic bacterial strains were added, thereby making the liquid and semi-liquid product of the fermented milk type. Preferably, the step c) comprises adding to the basic mixture lactic bacterial strains according to a concentration equal to or greater than 10{circumflex over ( )}9 CFU/ml of basic mixture. Still more preferably, the lactic bacterial strains comprise a mixture ofLactobacillus bulgaricusandStreptococcus thermophilusif yogurt-style fermented milk is to be produced. It should be noted that it has been found by experimentation that a concentration of lactic bacterial strains greater than 10{circumflex over ( )}8 CFU/ml of milk-based mixture means that the production time of the fermented milk product is drastically reduced, whilst at the same time maintaining a high quality of the end product. More specifically, experimental tests have shown times of less than 3 hours (that is, less than half that of prior art processes) for making fermented milk. Advantageously, this translates into an immediate increase in productivity, with a consequent reduction in costs for the point of sale operator. According to one aspect, the step c) of adding lactic bacterial strains to the basic mixture may comprise the following steps:extracting a portion of the basic mixture from the container3;adding the lactic bacterial strains to the portion of basic mixture extracted;stirring the portion of mixture to which lactic bacterial strains were added;putting the portion of mixture to which lactic bacterial strains were added back into the container3. It should be noted that, preferably, the container3is provided with a stirrer2and with thermal treatment means (not illustrated), configured for thermally treating the mixture inside (preferably by the transmission of heat through the lateral walls of the container3or through the lateral walls of a heat exchanger positioned inside the container3). Preferably, the container3is a tank. It should be noted that inside the tank3there is a cylinder, on the surface of which there is the stirrer3. The cylinder is associated with a heat exchanger of a refrigerating system, the coils of which are positioned inside the cylinder so as to exchange heat through the walls of the cylinder. According to another aspect, the method comprises a further step of adding sugar (preferably saccharose). Preferably, according to this aspect, the method comprises a step of adding a quantity of sugar. The quantity of sugar added can be varied by the operator based on the particular flavors. Preferably, the percentage of sugar in the mixture is less than 70% (by weight). More preferably, the percentage of sugar is between 20% and 30% by weight of the milk-based mixture. It should be noted that, preferably, after the step of adding sugar there is a step of mixing and cooling the finished product, inside a machine for the production of soft ice cream (not illustrated). This step is implemented in particular inside the mixing and cooling cylinder of a machine for the production of soft ice cream, which is equipped with a device for stirring and with thermal treatment means. This additional step makes it possible to stabilize further the product and to increase the quality of the product from the organoleptic point of view. With particular reference to the above-mentioned step b) of subjecting the basic mixture to a heating thermal treatment, the method comprises a step of heating the basic mixture to a temperature value of between 38° C. and 45° C. (even more preferably to a temperature value of between 41° C. and 43° C.). Preferably, the step b) comprises stirring the basic mixture. Still more preferably, after the step b) there is a step of keeping the basic mixture stationary, that is, without stirring and thermal treatment (preferably at the temperature reached in step b), for a predetermined time. Moreover, the step c) comprises a step E) of keeping the basic mixture at a temperature value of between 38° C. and 45° C. (even more preferably at a temperature value of between 41° C. and 43° C.) for a predetermined time. The step E) of keeping the basic mixture at a temperature value of between 38° C. and 45° C. comprises two sub-steps:E1) a first sub-step in which the milk-based mixture to which lactic bacterial strains were added is subjected to stirring;E2) a second sub-step in which the milk-based mixture to which lactic bacterial strains were added is kept stationary, that is to say without stirring. It should be noted that the first sub-step E1 precedes the second sub-step E2. Preferably, the first sub-step has a duration of less than 10 minutes (more preferably it is less than 5 minutes). Preferably, the second sub-step E2 has a duration less than or equal to 3 hours. It should be noted that, for example, but without restricting the scope of the invention, step E) comprises an intermittent activation of a thermal treatment system which allows the set temperature to be maintained. Purely by way of an example, the thermal system is activated in this step E) for a percentage of time of between 25% and 50%—still more preferably between 30% and 40%—and turned off for the remaining time. The coagulated mass which forms naturally in the mixture is broken in step d), to obtain a homogeneous and creamy structure. It should be noted that the coagulated mass is broken by stirring the basic mixture to which lactic bacterial strains were added in the container3. According to this process, the coagulation of the fermented milk occurs in the container3. Further, after the step d), the method comprises a step of cooling the product to a temperature for storage of the product of between 0° C. and 5° C. (preferably equal to 4° C.). According to this aspect, the method comprises a step of stirring the product intermittently (that is, according to on-off cycles) or continuously during the cooling: this prevents the formation of ice inside the container during the cooling (which would cause a degradation of the quality of the product). It should be noted that the method also comprises a step for dispensing the product from the container3, for its storage or distribution. It should be noted that the sequence of steps described above makes it possible to obtain large quantities of fermented milk in an extremely short time the (a few hours), increasing the overall productivity of the sales outlets. Further, according to another aspect, the fermented milk is subjected to a subsequent step of simultaneous cooling and stirring, that is, of subjecting the fermented milk to mixing and cooling. In this way, the fermented milk is subjected to mixing and cooling, to obtain a finished product (for example ice cream) which has an increased volume due to the effect of incorporating air during the simultaneous cooling and stirring. Preferably, the fermented milk is subjected to mixing and cooling after sugar has been added to it. The mixing and cooling step occurs inside a machine for the production of soft ice cream.

11856968

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Surprisingly, it has been found that aqueous solutions containing amino acids and/or peptides in dissolved form disconnect the cohesive attachments that proteins form with each other and with other constituents, thereby enabling detachment of proteins from other constituents of a plant-based starting material that was present in a composite/compacted form. Then the various constituents of the starting material are present in a decompacted individual and pure form. Surprisingly, it has been found that in addition to the disconnection/detachment of proteins from their matrix and their decomposition into subunits, there is complete hydration of the proteins in the aqueous solutions used for the unlocking process according to the invention. This causes considerable expansion and water binding of the proteins dissolved with the aqueous solutions containing dissolved cationic amino acids and/or peptides, whereby they remain in suspension in the aqueous medium used for unlocking in isolated form, with a low specific density. Thus, the strong turbidity of an aqueous solution used for unlocking according to the invention, which had been obtained after treating a rapeseed press cake with an aqueous solution used for unlocking, remained consistently turbid over the course of more than 6 weeks. Upon subsequent aggregation/condensation of the dissolved proteins, the solution used for unlocking could be completely clarified; the resulting condensates consisted of >90% by weight of proteins. It has been found that aqueous solutions containing dissolved amino acids and/or peptides cause a rapid disintegration of press residues or flours into their constituents, which was not the case with pure water, an alkali or an acidic solution. These effects were particularly pronounced when cationic amino acids and/or peptides containing cationic amino acids were present in the solutions used for unlocking. It has been shown that the disconnection of the constituents of the plant-based starting material takes place at the interfaces/surface boundaries of the constituents of the starting material, since there were virtually no adhesions at the surfaces of the solid constituents, such as those of fiber-materials, shell fractions or complex carbohydrate compounds. Thus the highly effective disconnection/detachment process is already achievable at room temperature. Such a residue-free detachment of surface adhesions from the solid constituents of the starting materials could not be achieved by other solutions or not under the same conditions. The effectiveness of the method was documented for both, the use of aqueous solutions of individual dissolved cationic amino acids and of dissolved peptides and peptides containing said amino acids or functionalities of these amino acids, as well as for combinations of different dissolved amino acids and of dissolved peptides with cationic amino acids and/or peptides present in the aqueous solutions. The cause for this surprising effect, of a disconnection/detachment of the constituents at their interfaces, remained unclear. Preference is given to a process for the separation of organic constituents of plant-based starting materials, in which a disconnection/detachment of the constituents by an aqueous solution containing dissolved amino acids and/or peptides, is achieved. Particularly preferred is an embodiment of the method in which the dissolved amino acids and/or peptides are dissolved cationic amino acids and/or peptides. The inventive method can be carried out with one or different dissolved amino acids and/or dissolved oligo- or polypeptides having a different amino acid sequence or different dissolved oligo- or polypeptides, which are each oligo- or polypeptides of an amino acid, as long as these are soluble in an aqueous medium. It has thus been possible to demonstrate that hydrophobic amino acids are also suitable for carrying out the disconnection/detachment of proteins according to the invention, provided that they were dissolved, for example phenylalanine in an oligopeptide with lysine. In this respect, it is necessary that the amino acids and/or peptides are present in a form that is completely dissolved in water and can be added to the organic material to be unlocked or can be brought into contact with this material in a dissolved form in water. Particularly suitable are the amino acids arginine, lysine, histidine and phenylalanine. But other alpha-carboxylic acids are also suitable. Also suitable are di-, tri- or oligopeptides and polypeptides composed of one, two or more amino acids. Preference is given to short-chain peptides, e. g. RDG. Particularly preferred are peptides which consist of amino acids which have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic side groups, such as (letters according to amino acid nomenclature) GLK, QHM, KSF, ACG, HML, SPR, EHP or SFA. Furthermore, particularly preferred are peptides which have both hydrophobic and cationic and/or anionic side groups, such as RDG, BCAA, NCR, HIS, SPR, EHP or SFA. Further examples with 4 amino acids are NCQA, SIHC, DCGA, TSVR, HIMS or RNIF or with 5 amino acids are HHGQC, STYHK, DCQHR, HHKSS, TSSHH, NSRR. Particularly preferred are RDG, SKH or RRC. Particularly preferred are di, tri- or oligopeptides and polypeptides containing at least one cationic amino acid or di, tri- or oligopeptides and polypeptides containing a functionality that is characteristic of a cationic amino acid. When cationic amino acids are used, the term “peptide”, which is then used without further specification, means that a peptide consists of 2-50, preferably 2-20, and more preferably 2-10 amino acids, preferably proteinogenic amino acids, wherein the peptide consists of at least 20% of the amino acids, preferably at least 30% of the amino acids, more preferably at least 50% of the amino acids, even more preferably at least 80% of the amino acids and most preferably 100% of the amino acids from cationic amino acids, in particular Lys, His and Arg. Thus, the present invention also relates to a process for economic disconnection/detachment of all constituents comprisingwater-soluble and dissolved compounds comprising proteins and carbohydrates and/or flavorings and/or coloring agents and/or fats and/or toxins;optionally water-soluble and undissolved compounds comprising starch;solid matter comprising cellulose-based fibers and/or lignin-rich shells; of a protein-containing biogenic starting material, where the method comprises the steps of:1) providing the protein-containing biogenic starting material,2a) combining of the starting material of step 1) with an aqueous solution having a pH between 7.5 and 13.5, containing at least one dissolved cationic amino acid with a molar mass of less than 400 g/mol and a solubility of at least 35 g/L in water at 20° C. and/or peptides with 2 to 50, preferably 2 to 10 of these amino acids, preferably at least one dissolved proteinogenic cationic amino acid and/or peptides with 2 to 50, preferably 2 to 10 of these proteinogenic cationic amino acids, until complete impregnation/wetting of the constituents of the protein-containing biogenic starting material, for obtaining complete hydration of the constituents of the protein-containing biogenic starting material until obtainment of hydrated soluble compounds and decompaction of the solid matter,2b) adding an aqueous dispensing volume having a weight ratio to the dry mass of the protein-containing biogenic starting material of 5:1 to 500:1 and mixing to obtain a dispensing mixture of the disconnected/detached constituents from step 2a) to obtain dissolved soluble compounds, and decompacted solid matter,3) separation of the decompacted solid matter and optionally the undissolved water-soluble compounds from the dispensing mixture of step 2b) to obtain an aqueous solution of the water-soluble and dissolved compounds without solid matter and without the optional water-soluble and undissolved compounds,4) adding an aggregating/condensing agent comprising an aqueous solution containing at least one organic acid and aggregating the water-soluble and dissolved compounds comprising proteins and/or carbohydrates of the aqueous solution of step 3) until obtaining a suspension of the aggregated compounds comprising the proteins and if present the carbohydrates and an aqueous phase containing the non-aggregated, water-soluble and dissolved compounds,5) separation of the suspension of step 4) and dehydration of the aggregated compounds by separation of water and obtaining dehydrated aggregated compounds and a clarified aqueous phase, and optionally purification of the clarified aqueous phase,6) adding the clarified aqueous phase from step 5) as an aqueous solution to step 2a) and/or as an aqueous dispensing volume to step 2b), or using the clarified aqueous phase from step 5) to purify the separated solid matter from step 3), or use of the clarified aqueous phase from step 5) to purify the separated solid matter from step 3) to receive an aqueous rinsing phase and add the aqueous rinsing phase as an aqueous solution to step 2a) and/or as aqueous dispensing volume to step 2b). Preferably, the protein-containing biogenic starting material is non-woody plant-based material. However, the use of sulfur-containing amino acids can lead to sensorially undesirable effects and to structural and functional changes to the proteins and cellulose-based fibers. Thus, in the first step of the process according to CN 106 720 920 A, an aqueous solution containing cysteine with a pH of the solution of 6-7 is provided. Since cysteine has an isoelectric point at 5.3, it is not sufficiently possible to hydrate proteins, in particular hydration of compounds enclosed by solids, such as cellulose-based fibers, can not be effected. The description of the Chinese patent application shows that in step 1, the pH is adjusted to 6-7 with an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. Thus, cysteine was present in the form of an acidic solution and had to be neutralized with caustic soda. Thus, hydration of the proteins by cysteine did not occur. Effective hydration of proteins bound in/to fibers can not be achieved under these conditions as known in the art and as disclosed in the Chinese application. Furthermore, initially, a large volume is added for hydration, which is very impractical when an expensive ingredient in a certain and relevant concentration must be present therein. In this disclosure the minimum required amount of water with the least amount of compounds contained that is required for the hydration process is used, which can be applied means of a soaking-through or wetting process which is also referred as to be an impregnation according to the present application. Furthermore, cysteine interacts chemically with proteins; for example, gluten (protein fraction of flour) is modified by depolymerizing the molecules of the gluten fraction by thiol disulfide exchange with the intermolecular disulfide bonds, which means that cysteine breaks the bonds that holds the long chain molecules together. As a result, the dough becomes more elastic and develops faster, which is not always desired and often presents a problem. In US patent application US 2004/009263 A1, a method for zein extraction from corn meal is disclosed. Sulfur-containing compounds and in particular sulfur-containing amino acids are used in order to specifically crosslink them with sulfur compounds of proteins. In both cases, proteins are chemically altered, which is a problem if the natural proteins are to be recovered. During extraction, a maximum pH of 7 is allowed. For extraction, an alcohol is used. The protein particles are larger than 10 μm. In a particularly preferred method, the aqueous solution with a pH between 7.5 and 13.5 does not contain any amino acids apart from the at least one cationic amino acid and/or peptides with 2 to 50 of these amino acids. The at least one dissolved amino acid according to step 2a) preferably has a molar mass in the range from 75 g/mol to 350 g/mol, more preferably from 100 g/mol to 320 g/mol, more preferably from 140 g/mol to 300 g/mol and/or a solubility of at least 75 g/L in water at 20° C., preferably of at least 100 g/L in water at 20° C. and more preferably of at least 140 g/L in water at 20° C. and/or it is an α-, β- or γ-amino acid and/or proteinogenic and/or non-proteinogenic amino acids. The use of amino acids is particularly advantageous because they are physiological constituents of proteins and can remain in a protein fraction to be obtained. In a particularly advantageous manner, it is possible to select amino acids which are present in the protein fraction that can be incompletely separated off such that these can be supplied in a targeted manner with the obtained product for human or animal nutrition. In principle the same applies to the use of oligo- and polypeptides, as long as they have no allergenic or toxic potential. Preference is given to an aqueous solution in which the dissolved amino acids and/or peptides according to the invention automatically adjust the pH of the solution without further additives. In further preferred embodiments, the pH of the aqueous solution containing dissolved amino acids and/or peptides, is adjusted by the addition of a base or an acid. This can be done, for example, to increase the solubility of one or more of the amino acid (s)/peptide (s). In particular, cationic amino acids such as arginine, lysine or histidine are suitable for this purpose. Also suitable for this purpose are hydroxide ions, but also tertiary or quaternary amines, such as triethylamine or ammonia. The selection and usable concentration depends on the application (e.g. production of a food ingredient), the effects on the organic constituents to be dissolved (e.g. induction of hydrolysis or denaturation) and the dischargeability from the product and from the process liquid (if disturbing). The selection of a suitable acid and the selection of a suitable concentration depends in an analogous manner on the application and the possibility of remaining in a product. Suitable acids include, e.g. organic acids such as lactate, pyruvate, citric acid, oxalic acid, phosphoric acid, ascorbic acid, acetylic acid, EDTA and inorganic acids such as phosphoric acid or sulfuric acid. The selection criteria for a suitable base or acid are known to those skilled in the art. However, it is also possible to carry out a solubilization with ternary systems, which means with the help of co-solvents. Suitable co-solvents are, for example, alcohols, such as isopropyl alcohol, ethanol or methanol, furthermore ethoxylates, ethers, esters, DMSO, betaines, sulfobetaines or imidazolines, but also other solvents can be used. The use of only low concentrations is preferred. Suitable co-solvents may also be organic compounds with little or no polarity. For example, carboxylic acids can be added, such as hexanoic or octanoic acid. On the other hand, alkyl compounds such as hexane or octane but also methyl esters of fatty acids and triglycerides can be used, such as rapeseed or sunflower oil. Preferred are combinations of various low to non-polar organic solvents. The use of a low concentration in relation to the concentration of the dissolved amino acids and/or peptides used is preferred. The use of less polar or apolar compounds is particularly advantageous if amphiphilic or nonpolar compounds are present in the organic agglomerates to be dissolved. As a result of the low- to non-polar organic compounds added, the amphiphilic to nonpolar compounds to be separated can be more easily combined in a forming lipid phase and thus be separated more easily from an aqueous phase in which proteins and other hydrophilic compounds are contained. Preferred nonpolar compounds are neutral fats, such as triglycerides, alkanes, or fatty acid methyl esters. Preference is given to a process for the separation of organic constituents of plant-based starting materials, in which low to non-polar organic solvents are used for the separation of amphiphilic or nonpolar compounds. Still more unexpected was the effect of using a solution of dissolved cationic amino acids and/or peptides on the solubility properties of the proteins hydrated by the methods. It is known from the literature that aqueous dissolved plant proteins have a solubility minimum at a pH between 2.5 and 4.5 and can be coagulated/precipitated by addition of acids or corresponding buffer systems in this pH range, whereas this is not the case at a pH range that is above 5. Coagulation/precipitation causes the proteins to unfold, resulting in complete loss of the tertiary structure and, depending on the pH, loss of the secondary structure. This significantly changes the physico-chemical properties of such degenerated proteins. Among other things, the water binding capacity is greatly reduced. But other properties, such as the crosslinkability are also lost. The degree of denaturation is inversely correlated with the pH during coagulation with an acid. Depending on the degree of degeneration, coagulated/precipitated proteins can no longer or only to a limited extent be dissolved in water. Surprisingly, there was a very rapid and complete aggregation/condensation of proteins which had been disconnected/detached with dissolved cationic amino acids and/or peptides dissolved in the aqueous medium, already after the addition of minimal amounts of acids. It was found that complete aggregation/condensation of the dissolved proteins occurred at a neutral pH, that means pH 7, or in an approximately neutral pH range, that means at a pH of 5.5 to 8. Such aggregates/condensates can be dispersed into the finest particles by strong agitation. Particularly preferred is a method wherein in step 4) the pH of the aqueous solution of step 3) is adjusted to a pH in the range between 5.5 and 8. Thus, it has surprisingly been found that with the method, the solubility minimum of dissolved proteins can be shifted to a neutral or approximately neutral pH range. Surprisingly, a rapid reduction of the pH of the solution containing the separated and dissolved proteins according to the invention to a pH of <5 only resulted in a low aggregation of the dissolved proteins; the aggregation rate was further reduced with decreasing pH and was in a milk-like form. Even when the pH was lowered to values below 3, there was no coagulation/precipitation of the dissolved proteins. Thus, in a surprising and extremely advantageous manner with the method according to the invention, the solubility minimum of dissolved proteins can be shifted to a pH range which is greater than 5. It was further surprising that no loss of the tertiary structure occurred in the aggregates; thus, the physicochemical properties of the protein aggregates obtained were preserved in contrast to protein coagulates/precipitates in which the tertiary structure was lost. In addition, it could be shown that the once initiated, the aggregation process continues on its own, without the need for the addition of any of the aggregation agents listed herein. Thereby, a complete spontaneous aggregation/condensation of non-denatured proteins can be achieved without relevant inclusion of compounds added to initiate the aggregation/condensation reaction. This is particularly advantageous since a purification process of the protein mass obtained that is customary in the prior art can be dispensed with. Furthermore, only small amounts of aggregation/condensing agents are needed. Furthermore, consuming purification steps of the process solution, e.g. a neutralization of an acidic process solution, can be dispensed with. Furthermore, the process solution, as further illustrated below, is immediately available for reuse in another process step. In addition, it was possible to document that the obtainable protein products, as a result of the preservation of their physicochemical properties, have improved product properties compared to protein preparations from the prior art. Thus, with the method according to the invention a separation of proteins at a neutral pH is possible, whereby the functional properties of the separated proteins can be significantly improved, as demonstrated below. Therefore, a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention is the dissolution of proteins in/with a cationic amino acid and/or peptide solution to shift the solubility minimum of the dissolved proteins to a pH range of preferably >5, more preferably >5.5, more preferably >6 and more preferably of 7. Further preferred is the preparation of a solubility minimum of the solubilized proteins that is at a pH of <13, more preferably <12, even more preferably <11, and even more preferably <10. Particularly preferred is a shift of the solubility minimum of the dissolved proteins to pH 7. Preference is given to a process in which an increase in the solubility minimum of dissolved proteins is achieved. Preference is given to a process in which the solubility minimum of dissolved proteins is shifted to a pH range between 5.5 and 8. Preference is given to a process for aggregating/condensing and obtaining non- or almost non-degenerated proteins by aggregating/condensing dissolved proteins in an aqueous solution containing dissolved amino acids and/or peptides by means of an aggregation/condensing agent. Particularly preferred is an embodiment of the method in which the dissolved amino acids and/or peptides are dissolved cationic amino acids and/or peptides. Preference is given to proteins which are not or almost not degeneratively modified, which can be obtained by condensation of dissolved proteins. Preferred is a method in which the solubility minimum is shifted to a pH range between 5.5 and 8 by a solution of dissolved amino acids and/or peptides and the dissolved proteins can be condensed and separated/obtained by adjusting the pH of the solution to a value between 5.5 and 8. Particularly preferred is an embodiment of the method in which the dissolved amino acids and/or peptides are dissolved cationic amino acids and/or peptides. It has been shown that when the same proteins, in which an increase in the solubility minimum has been achieved with the method according to the invention, for example, those from a rapeseed or soy press cake, had been preparatively extracted from the starting material, the solubility minimum would have been in the pH range of 2.8 to 4.2. Furthermore, it has surprisingly been found that in the proteins in which, due to the dissolved cationic amino acids and/or peptides, the solubility minimum has been shifted into a neutral or approximately neutral range, the dissolved and hydrated proteins can also be aggregated/condensed with a variety of ionic or nonionic compounds. Thus, for example, with a pH-neutral CaCl2) solution, but also solutions containing silicate and/or carbonate anions, an aggregation/condensation according to the invention can be achieved. The protein condensates are characterized in that they form very voluminous spatial structures, which have only a slight tendency for sedimentation, due to a large hydration shell. In contrast to coagulates prepared by acid precipitation of protein isolates of plant proteins with acids at a pH between 2.5 and 4.5, the aggregates/condensates or the dehydrated mass of condensates were rapidly soluble when resuspended in a water, which was not the case or only to a small extent with the acid-coagulated proteins. Such coagulated proteins also had significantly smaller volumes and a significantly lower proportion of bound water. Therefore, in the aggregated/condensed proteins according to the invention, in contrast to coagulated proteins, a hydration shell is obtained which allows rapid hydration of condensed, and/or condensed and dehydrated proteins. Surprisingly, it has been found that precisely these properties have a decisive influence on further processing steps of the condensed, and/or condensed and dehydrated proteins. In particular, due to an easier hydratability, for example, purification, conditioning, functionalization or attachment/contacting with other compounds is significantly improved. Surprisingly, it has been found that dissolved cationic amino acids and/or dissolved peptides containing cationic amino acids or having a total positive charge are particularly suitable for increasing the solubility minimum of dissolved proteins according to the invention. Particular preference is therefore given to dissolved cationic amino acids and/or dissolved peptides which contain cationic amino acids or have a positive charge. Particularly preferred are arginine, lysine, histidine, and their derivatives. Preference is given to a process in which an increase in the solubility minimum of dissolved proteins is achieved by dissolved cationic amino acids and/or dissolved peptides containing cationic amino acids. Furthermore, it was surprising that the proteins were completely or almost completely odorless and tasteless and also contained no or almost no colorant agents that can be dissolved out by an aqueous medium, when those proteins were obtained after the solubility minimum had been shifted into a neutral pH range by means of the amino acid and/or peptide solutions according to the invention and after the dissolved proteins had been condensed and separated from the aqueous medium by a pH adjustment in this area. Further, the obtained protein fraction had a neutral pH. Proteins obtained in this manner could easily be dissolved when resuspended in water. Surprisingly, it was found that, in particular, cationic amino acids and/or peptides which were added in solution to such a suspension caused, already at very low concentrations, hydration of the proteins, which led to the above mentioned hydrated and condensed proteins to have a very high water-binding capacity. This was determined by condensing the hydrated proteins and removing free water with a filter (sieve size 10 μm) under vacuum. The no longer flowable residue was weighed and then dried in an oven to determine the dry weight. Based on the weight difference in relation to the dry weight, the water binding capacity was calculated. This was between 430 and 850% by weight for such resuspended proteins. Furthermore, it was shown that proteins from a conventional extractive preparation method which have a solubility minimum in a pH range between 2.5 and 4.5 have a solubility minimum between pH 6.5 and 8.5 after being suspended in an amino acid and/or peptide solution prepared according to the invention, which can then be condensed, dehydrated and separated with the compounds listed herein. It was then found that the water binding capacity of the same proteins obtained from the starting materials by means of an extraction process and having a solubility minimum at a pH between 2.8 and 4.2, after resuspending in water for 10 hours, was between 140 and 220 wt %, while the water binding capacity of the same proteins, when suspended or resuspended in a solution of dissolved cationic amino acids and/or peptides, increased to between 450 and 650 wt %. Therefore, in a preferred method embodiment, coagulated proteins are suspended and/or resuspended and hydrated by means of an amino acid and/or peptide solution, thereby obtaining a water binding capacity of preferably >400% by weight, more preferably >500% by weight, more preferably >600% by weight % and even more preferably >700% by weight. Preferred is a method of hydrating coagulated proteins by suspending them in a solution of dissolved amino acids and/or peptides. Particularly preferred is an embodiment of the method in which the dissolved amino acids and/or peptides are dissolved cationic amino acids and/or peptides. Preferred are cationic amino acids and/or peptides. The preferred concentration of the cationic amino acids and/or peptides present in the suspension of proteins to be hydrated is between 10 μmol and 3 mol/l, more preferably between 10 μmol and 1 mol/l, more preferably between 1 mmol and 0.5 mol/l. The temperature at which the hydration of proteins according to the invention takes place is preferably between 5° and 90° C., more preferably between 10° and 60° C. and more preferably between 15° and 45° C. The pH of the solution in which the hydration of proteins according to the invention is carried out is preferably between 7.5 and 13.5, more preferably between 7.5 and 12.5 and more preferably between 7.5 and 11.5. Preferably, the solution is agitated with the proteins to be hydrated, preferably by the use of a propeller mixer. The duration required for complete hydration of the proteins depends on the other process parameters and must therefore be determined individually. Preferred is a duration between 5 minutes and 5 days, more preferably between 10 minutes and 1 day and more preferably between 15 minutes and 1 hour. Preference is given to a process in which hydration of proteins is achieved by means of amino acid and/or peptide solutions. Particularly preferred is an embodiment of the method in which the dissolved amino acids and/or peptides are dissolved cationic amino acids and/or peptides. Preferred is a method for suspension and/or resuspension and hydration of condensed/aggregated/complexed proteins with amino acid and/or peptide solutions. Particularly preferred is an embodiment of the method in which the dissolved amino acids and/or peptides are dissolved cationic amino acids and/or peptides. Preferred is a method for increasing the water-binding capacity of proteins by dissolved cationic amino acids and/or peptides. Disconnection/Detachment Process. It is known from the prior art that proteins which are bound or complexed with other compounds have only a low water absorption and water binding capacity. This explains why, even after mechanical disintegration and mechanical disruption, seeds, grains or kernels can only be penetrated slowly and incompletely by water. It has been shown that prior art bases and acids are not suitable for achieving complete degradation of plant-based starting material into its major constituents, even after mechanical disintegration. Investigations into the separation of constituents of plant-based starting materials in aqueous solutions showed that alkaline aqueous solutions which had been prepared by alkaline earth metals did not result in complete solvation of the solid aggregates of press residues. Surprisingly, however, aqueous solutions of highly water-soluble amino acids initially allowed a very strong swelling of the starting materials, which then spontaneously disintegrate. By gentle stirring, the major constituents were identifiable in the water phase and could be separated. It has then been shown that incorporation of the starting materials into aqueous solutions in which the amino acids and/or peptides are present in dissolved form also results in rapid and complete dissolution/solvation of the constituents of the starting materials, which can be singulated/isolated herein. This was especially the case in the presence of cationic amino acids or peptides containing cationic amino acid. In a preferred method embodiment, mechanically disintegrated plant-based starting materials are introduced into an aqueous solution containing one or more amino acids and/or peptides in dissolved form and left until complete disconnection/detachment of the major constituents of the starting materials has been achieved and which are then present herein in isolated, dissolved or suspended form. The weight ratio between the starting material and the aqueous solution is preferably between 1:5 and 1:500, more preferably between 1:10 and 1:150 and more preferably between 1:15 and 1:50. The temperature at which this can be achieved is arbitrary; preferred is a temperature between 10° and 120° C., more preferred between 15° and 90° C. and more preferred between 20° and 60° C. Preferably, continuous or discontinuous mixing is carried out. The duration of the process step in which a disconnection/detachment and dispensing of the constituents of the starting material in a water volume is performed simultaneously depends on the process parameters and must be determined individually. Such a test can be carried out, for example, by removing a representative sample from the agitated solution mixture and filtering with a sieve (sieve mesh size 100 μm). If no more agglomerates of the various constituents of the starting materials are recognizable in the sieve residue and the constituents can be easily separated, the process is complete. Preferred is a method in which disconnection/detachment of the constituents of mechanically disintegrated seeds, grains or kernels is achieved by placing the seeds, grains or kernels in a solution containing dissolved amino acids and/or peptides until the constituents are easily separable. Surprisingly, it was then found that by impregnating/wetting the plant-based starting materials with aqueous solutions in which amino acids and/or peptides were present in dissolved form, complete penetration of the aqueous solution through the plant-based starting material occurs very rapidly, which swells easily. Subsequent addition of water then allowed complete dissolution/solvation of the constituents of the starting material. This was especially the case in the presence of cationic amino acids or peptides with cationic amino acids. It was found that even low concentrations of dissolved cationic amino acids and/or peptides, such as arginine or its derivatives, are sufficient to achieve such disconnection/detachment of the composite structures of the starting materials. On the other hand, the solution process could be accelerated by using high concentrations of dissolved amino acids and/or peptides. It has been shown that disintegration of the plant-based starting material is achieved due and/or during the process method, yielding separation of the major constituents of the plant-based material. It has been found that by dispensing a fully impregnated/wetted plant-based starting material in a sufficiently large volume of water, there is an immediate and complete dispension of the constituents of the starting material so that the various constituents are already directly present in isolated/singulated form. It has been found that by this method, in contrast to loading the starting materials into an aqueous solution in which a disconnection/detachment process and a dispensing of the unlocked constituents of the starting material is accomplished simultaneously, the amount of dissolved amino acids and/or peptides required to completely dissolve/hydrate the constituents can be significantly reduced. For example, it could be demonstrated that a solution of arginine at a concentration of 10 mmol/l resulted in complete disconnection/detachment of the constituents of the starting material within 1 hour, after inserting of the starting material into the solution in a weight ratio of 1:20. This weight ratio was sufficient to allow separation/singularization of the constituents. If the plant-based starting material was completely wetted with the same solution which was achieved at a mass to weight ratio of 1:1.2 which was allowed to penetrate for 4 hours and then the wetted/impregnated mass was suspended/dissolved and dispensed in water at the mass ratio that corresponded to that of the previous investigation (1:20), there was an according immediate complete separation/singularization of the constituents of the starting material. It has thus been shown that impregnation of the plant-based starting material with an aqueous solution of amino acids and/or peptides dissolved herein causes that the constituents of the plant-based starting material get unlocked, whereby a dispension of the constituents in a sufficiently large volume of water is possible without further addition of the inventive substances. The process implementation thus allows a considerable saving of amino acids and/or peptides, which are required for a separation of the constituents of the starting materials according to the invention. In a preferred method embodiment, a disconnection/detachment phase is maintained in which the plant-based starting material is contacted with an aqueous solution of amino acids and/or peptides present therein in dissolved form such that complete penetration/wetting of the protein-containing plant-based starting material with the aqueous solution is obtained. The presence of a complete wetting/impregnation can be tested, for example, by mechanically finely dividing the wetted/impregnated starting material and determining the completeness of a moisture penetration (moisturization) visually or by analytical methods. Preference is given to a process for the separation of constituents of plant-based starting materials, in which disconnection/detachment of the constituents of the plant-based starting material is achieved by impregnation of the plant-based starting material with an aqueous solution containing dissolved amino acids and/or peptides. Particularly preferred is an embodiment of the method in which the dissolved amino acids and/or peptides are dissolved cationic amino acids and/or peptides. In a preferred method embodiment, a process step is performed in which the mechanically disintegrated plant-based starting material is applied in a suitable container with one of the aqueous solutions according to the invention, containing dissolved amino acids and/or peptides, in order to impregnate it herewith. Impregnation means that in a finely divided wetted/impregnated material this is completely moist (moisture content >20% by weight). The presence of moisturing (wetting) of the starting material can be detected, for example visually, by a change in color, or analytically, e.g. by a change in the electrical conductivity. The term “wettend” does not mean that the starting material is soaking wet or dripping wet; centrifugation of the wetted/impregnated starting material at 2,000*g does not separate any free liquid. Application of the aqueous solutions may be carried out by prior art methods. Suitable for this purpose, for example, is a stirred tank, which allows complete contacting of the mixed material and in which the aqueous solution is added until a complete wetting/impregnation is found in a representative sample. In another process embodiment, the plant-based starting material is spread on a conveyor belt or a conveyor sieve belt and the spread out starting material is sprayed with the aqueous solution. Preference is given to impregnate the plant-based starting material with a volume of the aqueous solution containing dissolved amino acids and/or peptides and in particular cationic amino acids or cationic amino acid peptides in a mass ratio of 1:0.5 to 1:10, more preferably between 1:1 and 1:8 and more preferably between 1:1.2 and 1:4. The temperature at which the impregnation can be carried out is arbitrary, preferred is a temperature between 6° and 90° C., more preferably between 10° and 60° C. and more preferably between 18° and 40°. The impregnated plant-based starting material may remain in the container or filled into another container after documentation of completion of impregnation in a resting or further agitated state, until the next process step is carried out. Transfer can be accomplished by means of known conveying techniques, for example with a conveyor belt. In a further preferred embodiment, a complete swelling of the plant-based starting material is carried out with the disconnection/detachment process according to the invention. The volume of aqueous solutions required for complete swelling of the starting material, containing dissolved amino acids and/or peptides, is greater than that required for complete wetting/impregnation of the starting material. This can be particularly advantageous when the reaction mixture of this process step is to be transported to another container with a pumping device; the swollen material can be easily removed by prior art pumping devices, e.g. through a pipeline. It could be shown that after a swelling of the mechanically disintegrated starting material, which does not increase further with a further addition of water, the disconnection/detachment process is complete and the constituents can then be completely separated from each other by water and without further addition of dissolved amino acids or peptides or other compounds. In contrast to wetted/impregnated starting materials, the completely swollen starting material is to be described as soaking wet. For example, complete swelling can be recognized by the fact that the swollen material can no longer bind more water, recognizable by the fact that a further addition of water does not lead to any further increase in volume of the swollen homogeneous material and with centrifugation (2,000*g) only a minimal free liquid phase separated. A test of whether further water binding is possible can be carried out by adding a 0.3 molar solution of the amino acid and/or peptide solution in small volume units to a sample of the swollen material whose mass is known. If a free water phase forms, the swelling process is complete, otherwise the addition of the amino acid and/or peptide solution used for the mixture is to continue. The addition volume of aqueous solutions containing dissolved amino acids and/or peptides naturally varies greatly depending on which starting material is used and in what form it is present. The mass ratio of the starting material with the aqueous solutions containing dissolved amino acids and/or peptides is preferably between 1:4 and 1:20, more preferably between 1:5 and 1:15 and more preferably between 1:6 and 1:10. The temperature at which the impregnation can be carried out is arbitrary, preferably a temperature between 6° and 90° C., more preferably between 10° and 60° C. and more preferably between 18° and 40° C. The completely swollen plant-based starting material may remain in the container in a resting or further agitated state or be filled into another container until the next process step is carried out. Transfer can be accomplished by known conveying techniques, such as a screw pump that allows for passage through a pipeline. Preference is given to a process for the separation of constituents of plant-based starting materials, in which a disconnection/detachment of the constituents of the plant-based starting material is achieved by a swelling of the plant-based starting material with an aqueous solution containing dissolved amino acids and/or peptides. Particularly preferred is an embodiment of the method in which the dissolved amino acids and/or peptides are dissolved cationic amino acids and/or peptides. In a preferred method embodiment, the process step of disconnection/detachment of the plant-based starting material, which is processed by means of a wetting or swelling process, aqueous solutions containing amino acids and/or peptides present in dissolved form are added wherein the concentration of the amino acids and/or peptides is preferably between 1 mmol/l and 5 mol/l, more preferably between 50 mmol/l and 1 mol/l and more preferably between 100 mmol/l and 400 mmol/l. The addition of the aqueous solution can be carried out once, repeatedly or continuously and as needed. The process for unlocking is preferably carried out at ambient temperatures, or in the previously indicated temperature ranges. In further process embodiments, it may be advantageous to carry out the disconnection/detachment process at a lowered or elevated temperature. A lower temperature is advantageous if, for example, a thermosensitive compound is to be obtained as a product from the mixture of substances, and an elevated temperature is advantageous if, for example, a simultaneous reduction in bacterial load (incl. germs and spores) is desired. In order to achieve complete disconnection/detachment of the constituents of the plant-based starting material, it is preferred to maintain a residence time between complete impregnation or complete swelling and performance of the next process step, which is preferably between 5 minutes and 24 hours, more preferably between 10 minutes and 12 hours and more preferably between 20 minutes and 6 hours. It is not necessary to agitate the mixture after wetting or swelling. However, to prevent settling of ingredients, agitation, e.g. by means of a stirrer, can be performed. The temperature of the mixture during the storage/transport period until the next process step can be chosen freely, preferred is a temperature between 6° and 90° C., more preferred between 10° and 60° C. and more preferred between 18° and 40° C. A simple test procedure can be used to determine whether a mixture of this process step is suitable for feeding to the next process step. For this purpose, a representative sample is taken from the mixture and placed in water (25° C.), in a mass ratio of 1:20 and is agitated for 2 minutes at 200 rpm. Subsequently, the entire suspension is filtered (sieve mesh size 100 μm). The screen residue is examined visually and/or microscopically for the presence of aggregates/agglomerates of constituents of the plant-based starting material. If no aggregates/agglomerates are present, sufficient disconnection/detachment of the constituents of the starting material has been achieved and the process step has been completed. Dispensing Method In a preferred embodiment, a dispensing and separation of the constituents of the plant-based starting material is carried out after the process step in which a disconnection/detachment of the constituents of the plant-based starting material has taken place. Due to the complete detachment/release of the proteins from other constituents, a great water-binding capacity is achieved. Therefore, a large aqueous dispensing volume is required for spatial separation of the constituents. Surprisingly, it has been found that the separation of constituents of plant-based starting material according to the invention is made possible in a particularly advantageous form by providing a sufficiently large volume of water for dispensing and separation of the solid matter and soluble dissolved constituents of the starting material, whereby particularly pure fractions are obtained directly. It has been found that if a sufficiently large volume of water is not provided in the dispensing phase, the solid constituents of the plant-based starting material obtainable by filtration techniques are not separable and have attachments/adhesions of soluble constituents of the starting material. Therefore, a decisive criterion for dispensing and separating the solid constituents of the starting material according to the invention is the provision of a sufficiently large dispensing volume. Furthermore, it was possible to show that the condensation and/or aggregation and/or complexing of dissolved compounds according to the invention by condensing agents does not take place or only proceeds incompletely if the dissolved soluble compounds are not dissolved in a sufficiently large aqueous dispensing volume. It has been shown that the required volume of water depends in particular on the composition, type and concentration of the soluble constituents of the starting material and therefore the required amount of a water volume that is required to carry out the method step according to the invention must be determined individually. The determination of a sufficiently large volume of water, which allows both for the separation of the solid constituents of the starting material, as well as for a complete or almost complete execution/achievement of condensation and/or aggregation and/or complexing of the soluble compounds dissolved herein with the condensing agents according to the invention, can be easily carried out by the examination methods described below, by a person skilled in the art. In a preferred embodiment, the disconnection/detachment mixture is dissolved in water. For this purpose, clarified process water of subsequent process steps can be used or deionized or not further treated city or well water. Preferably, the determination of a sufficiently large volume of water of the dispensing phase is made by preparing a dilution series with a sample from the previous process step (the disconnection/detachment mixture) (e.g., 10 g). After a stirring for 3 minutes, the suspension is filtered (sieve mesh size 100 μm). The filter residue is analyzed (visually or microscopically) for adhesions/attachments of soluble and water-rinsable compounds. The filtrate is admixed with a suitable solution of a condensing agent in an increasing dosage. A sufficiently large dispensing volume is present when there are no adhesions/attachments to the solid constituents of the starting material present in the filter residue, as well as complete condensation and/or aggregation and/or when complexation of the dissolved soluble compounds present in the dispensing mixture has been achieved. Preference is given to a process for the separation of constituents of plant-based starting materials, in which a disconnection/detachment of the constituents of the plant-based starting material by means of an aqueous solution containing dissolved amino acids and/or peptides is achieved, and subsequently a sufficiently large volume of water to dispense the constituents is provided. Particularly preferred is an execution of the method with dissolved cationic amino acids and/or peptides. Preferred is a method for determining a volume of water sufficient to separate solid constituents of a plant-based starting material without adhesion and to completely or almost completely condense soluble compounds of the starting material which are in dissolved form with a condensing agent to obtain condensation/aggregation/complexation thereof. The volume of water required to carry out the following process step according to the invention is provided in a suitable container. In a preferred embodiment, the determination of the water volume of this process step, or the mass ratio between the disconnection/detachment mixture of the previous process step and the water phase of the dispensing process step, is based on empirical or standard values. Naturally, such ranges of values may be above or below the value determined from a determination of a sufficiently large volume of water required for optimal further process performance. Preferred in this process embodiment is a ratio of the water volume to the dry mass of the starting material between 5:1 and 500:1, more preferably between 10:1 and 150:1 and more preferably between 15:1 and 50:1. The type of introduction or contacting of the disconnection/detachment mixture and the water phase of this process step is arbitrary. Preference is given to an admixture which is carried out by means of a high-performance shear mixer or another intensive mixer, together with the water phase. This is therefore particularly advantageous because this results in direct separation of the constituents of the starting material in the water phase and thus an immediate further processing of the dispensing mixture for material separation can be made. In principle, all known methods for mixing solutions and suspensions for this process step can be used. The dispensing process can be continuous or discontinuous. The dispensing process can be carried out at any temperature, preferred is a temperature range of the aqueous suspension between 6° and 90° C., more preferred between 10° and 6° C. and more preferably between 18° and 40° C. The duration of the dispensing process is arbitrary, preferred is a duration of between 1 minute and 24 hours, more preferred from 5 minutes to 5 hours and more preferably from 10 minutes to 1 hour. In one embodiment of the method described herein, the mixing to obtain a dispensing mixture of the disconnected and/or detached constituents from step 2a) is performed by means of an intensive mixer. The dispensing process is sufficient and complete when a representative sample, which is taken from the dispensing mixture and then is filtered using a coarse (1 mm mesh size) sieve and thereafter a fine sieve (mesh size 100 μm), and no aggregates/agglomerates of different constituents of the plant-based starting materials are recognizable to the naked eye in the residues. The successful dispensing of the constituents of the starting material can also be recognized by the fact that a sample of the dispensing mixture is filled into a measuring cylinder and within a short time 3 phases separate or in the presence of lipids 4 phases are easily distinguishable from one another. The time required for this should not exceed 4 hours. The lowest phase is characterized by a high proportion of lignin-rich fiber materials, if they are present. In the layer above there is a high proportion of cellulose-based fiber materials and complex carbohydrates. In the aqueous phase above are the dissolved soluble compounds, especially the dissolved proteins and dissolved soluble carbohydrates as well as other soluble compounds. In the presence of lipids, these are above the aqueous solution. The compositions and the ratios of the other dissolved compounds vary considerably with the possible applications with the method. These may be compounds, such as sugars, vitamins, amino acids, carboxylic acids, polyphenols, colorants, odor- and flavoring-agents, which are present in dissolved form in the aqueous dispensing volume. Thus, if the investigation for the completeness of the dispensing process has revealed a sufficient separation of the constituents of the starting material, a subsequent residue-free separation of the dissolved organic compounds and solid matter is possible. Preference is given to a process for the separation of constituents of plant-based starting materials in which, following a disconnection/detachment of the constituents of the plant-based starting material by means of an aqueous solution containing dissolved amino acids and/or peptides, a dispensing of the constituents of the starting material in a water phase is performed. Particularly preferred is an embodiment of the method in which the dissolved amino acids and/or peptides are dissolved cationic amino acids and/or peptides. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the concentration of the dissolved amino acids and/or peptides present in the dispensing mixture following the dispensing process is not diluted in water to be less than 10 mmol/l, more preferably not <30 mmol/l and more preferred not <50 mmol/l. The presence of a particular concentration of the amino acids and/or peptides according to the invention can be adjusted in a further preferred embodiment of the method by a further addition of dissolved amino acids and/or peptides. This can be done by a single intensive mixing process or by continuous mixing. It is advantageous to avoid air entrapment or bubble formation, as this can lead to foaming. In this respect, the use of a mixing process which causes a laminar flow is advantageous. Foaming can be counteracted by known techniques. Furthermore, controlling and optional adjustment of the pH of the dispensing solution according to the invention is possible. This can be done with base or acids from the prior art, preferred acids are HCl or formic acid, preferred bases are NaOH or urea. The dispensing solution preferably has a pH between 7.5 and 13, more preferably between 8.0 and 12.5, and even more preferably between 8.5 and 11. In further preferred embodiments, additives/auxiliaries can be added to the dispensing mixtures to achieve further particularly advantageous results and effects. Such effects relate, for example, to a surface conditioning of cellulose-based fibers which are expanded in this process step with the process water. Such conditioning can, for example, result in an increase in the water-binding capacity, as a result of which the cellulose-based fibers can, on the one hand, be separated more easily in the subsequent process steps and can, on the other hand, improve product properties of the cellulose-based fibers. Further, for example, by the addition of adsorbents, a removal of colorant agents or toxins or electrolytes, etc., can be achieved. The selection of one or more additives to add to the dispensing volume of this process step depends on the specific application and the starting material and can be decided by a person skilled in the art. Examples of possible additives include: urea, DMSO, zeolites, ion exchange resins. In a further preferred embodiment, separation of the solid matter from the aqueous dispensing mixture is carried out in a further method step, in which in one embodiment the solid matter is essentially represented by the fiber materials and complex carbohydrates. The separation is particularly advantageous, since the fiber materials which are present after disconnection/detachment according to the inventive method in an aqueous dispensing volume have a very high water binding capacity and thereby entrap dissolved proteins, but also other dissolved soluble compounds present in the aqueous solution in the spatial structures formed by these fibrous structures. If in such a suspension condensation/aggregation/complexation of the dissolved organic compounds is initiated, the dissolved organic compounds present within the fiber material are thus lost to recovery, or such loaded fiber material are aggregated or complexed with the forming condensates, causing them to be introduced in the obtainable fraction of condensed organic compounds. Thus, the separation of the fiber mass with recovery of the bound water content is a particularly preferred embodiment of the method. It has also been found that this is a crucial criterion for obtaining fractions of condensed soluble compounds that are completely or nearly completely odorless and/or tasteless. It has also been found that aromas and/or flavoring agents, but also other compounds, such as coloring agents, which are not desirable in a food, are present especially in the water phase that is enclosed in/bound to the fibrous materials and in particular by the cellulose-based fibers. Thus, if condensates of organic compounds include the expanded cellulose-based fibers containing the dissolved aromas/flavor-agents and/or coloring agents, and thus remain herein, those cellulose-based fibers are essentially responsible for an undesirable taste/smell and/or color even after a dehydration of the condensates. Therefore, a key criterion for obtaining a fraction of condensed and dehydrated soluble constituents of the starting material that is free of off-odors and off-tastes is complete or nearly complete separation of solid matter. It could be shown that this criterion is fulfilled if, after expansion/hydration of soluble compounds and of the fiber materials and after swelling of complex carbohydrates, the suspension of the dissolved soluble compounds can be freely passed through a filter with a screen size of 10 μm. Such solutions/suspensions are fiber-free or nearly fiber-free. Nearly means >98% by weight. Surprisingly, it has been shown that complete or nearly complete separation of solid matter that is present in the aqueous dispensing mixture is possible by the use of filters having a significantly larger sieve mesh size than the spatial diameters determined for the particles and fibers present in the dispensing mixture. The term solid mater as used here describes corpuscular structures that do not pass through a filter with a screen mesh size of 10 microns. Thereby, a very simple process technology can be provided, with which all or nearly all solid matter is selectively separated from the dispensing mixture in which the dissolved proteins as well as other soluble and dissolved compounds remain. The surprising and particularly advantageous effect resulting from the process according to the invention is that an aqueous phase is obtained, in which major constituents of the plant-based starting material, which represent the fraction of solid matter, are no longer present herein and which contains virtually all of the soluble proteins present in the starting material in a dissolved and hydrated form. Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the method of the invention is practiced in that way that after dispensing of the constituents in an aqueous dispensing volume an aqueous solution is obtained by means of a filtration process, containing dissolved and hydrated proteins, which are free of solid matter. Preference is given to a process for the separation of constituents of plant-based starting materials, in which a disconnection/detachment of the constituents of the plant-based starting material is achieved by means of an aqueous solution containing dissolved amino acids and/or peptides, so that the solid matter is completely or nearly completely removed from dissolved proteins present in an aqueous dispensing phase by means of filtration separation techniques. Particularly preferred is an embodiment of the method in which the dissolved amino acids and/or peptides are dissolved cationic amino acids and/or peptides. Preference is given to a process for the separation of constituents of plant-based starting materials, in which a disconnection/detachment of the constituents of the plant-based starting material is achieved by means of an aqueous solution containing dissolved amino acids and/or peptides, and following a dispensing of the constituents in an aqueous dispensing volume, an aqueous solution containing dissolved and hydrated proteins is obtained after a filtration process, which is free or nearly free of solid matter. Particularly preferred is an embodiment of the method in which the dissolved amino acids and/or peptides are dissolved cationic amino acids and/or peptides. Suitable sieving devices are known in the art. Particularly suitable for this purpose are sieve devices which, at the same time, agitate the dewatered material/screen residue, such as, vibrating or tumbling sieves, since the sieve residue which builds up greatly impairs/restricts the passage of the water phase. Other particularly suitable filtration techniques are, for example, curved screens, band filters or sieve decanters. However, it is also possible to use centrifugal separation processes, such as decanters, centrifuges or separators. A disadvantage of a centrifugal separation is, that also higher molecular weight proteins can be discharged/separated in the gravitational field together with the solid matter and a further purification of the solid mass obtained has to be performed, in order to separate the discharged dissolved soluble compounds from the solid matter, which in turn is preferably performed by means of a suitable filtration technology. The sieve size that is required to obtain a filtrate of the aqueous distribution solution that, after passing one or more sieves, has a content solid matter of <2% by weight, more preferably <1% by weight and more preferably <0.1 wt %, is to be determined for the individual application. Preferred is a screen mesh size of one of the filters is >50 μm, more preferably >80 μm and more preferably >100 μm. The advantage of using a sieve with a larger screen mesh size is that a significantly larger volume of the dispensing solution per time unit can be filtered, which effects significantly lower material and process costs. In a preferred embodiment, a fractionated separation of solid constituents of the plant-based starting material is performed, which can preferably be carried out in one process step. For example, complex carbohydrates (e.g., starch granules), which may have dimensions of 0.5 to 2 mm, are selectively separated by means of a preliminary sieve, since depending on the starting material, the cellulose-based fibers completely pass such a preliminary sieve when present in the flowing water volume. Therefore, the method is also suitable for selective separation of complex carbohydrates, such as starch granules. Preference is given to a process for the separation of constituents of plant-based starting materials, in which a disconnection/detachment of the constituents of the plant-based starting material by means of an aqueous solution containing dissolved amino acids and/or peptides is performed, and where after a dispensing of the constituents in an aqueous dispensing volume complex carbohydrates are selectively separated by filtration. Particularly preferred is an embodiment of the method in which the dissolved amino acids and/or peptides are dissolved cationic amino acids and/or peptides. In a particularly advantageous embodiment, the obtained filter residue of this process step is dewatered. Methods for this are known in the art. Particularly suitable are screen presses or screw presses or centrifugal processes, such as centrifuges or decanters. As a result, the moister content of the sieve residue can be reduced to a residual moisture content of preferably <80% by weight, more preferably <60% by weight and more preferably <40% by weight. In a preferred embodiment of the method, the recoverable filtrate liquid is supplied to the filtrate liquid of the previously performed filtration process. This advantageously allows almost no loss of the process liquid from the dispensing phase and the dissolved compounds contained therein. On the other hand, the solid constituents thus obtained, which are almost free from soluble constituents of the plant-based starting material, can be obtained in a highly condensed and thus transportable form. Furthermore, the further processing of the solid constituents is significantly simplified. Surprisingly, it could be shown that upon receipt of both of the following conditions: a dispensing solution in which solid matter is not agglomerated with soluble constituents, and a filtrate in which particles >10 μm do not occur, the aggregated and condensed soluble constituents that are obtained from the filtrate solution do not contain the odorants (aromas)/flavorings and/or colorants which have been present in the dispensing mixture phase. With this process step, a fiber-free solution is obtained which preferably contains >98% by weight, more preferably >99% by weight and most preferably >99.5% by weight of the mass of proteins originally present in the starting material. The remaining process conditions can be freely selected. The filtrate and the screen or press residue are collected or introduced in separate and suitable containers. In a further preferred embodiment, condensation and/or aggregation and/or complexing of the dissolved proteins and/or other dissolved compounds of the filtrate of the preceding process step is performed in a further process step. The aim of this condensation process is to bring about an aggregation of dissolved or hydrated proteins and/or other dissolved compounds, which makes it possible to form a protein mass or product mass which can be separated by known separation techniques and if possible can be obtained with as little process water as possible. Surprisingly, this goal can be achieved already at low concentrations of the condensing agents listed here in dissolved form. Particularly suitable condensing agents are, for example, acids, preferably organic acids, such as citric acid or lactic acid, furthermore salts, such as NaCl, and also complexing agents, such as EDTA, but also adsorbents. Furthermore, soluble divalent cations are preferred, such as aluminum, calcium and magnesium salts. Furthermore, ammonium compounds, such as ammonium sulfate, and betaines, sulfobetaines, imidazolines. Furthermore, surface-active compounds such as DMSO or DDT. Furthermore, silicates and carbonates. Furthermore, combinations of the condensing agents listed herein are advantageous, such as a combination of citric acid and aluminum chloride. Preference is given to the use of aqueous solutions of the condensing agents. The temperature at which condensation and/or aggregation and/or complexing can be performed can in principle be chosen freely. Preferred is a temperature between 6° and 90° C., more preferred between 10° and 60° C. and more preferred between 18° and 40° C. Preference is given to the setting of a specific pH range, the optimum results from the selection or combination of the condensing agent(s). The optimum pH range can be determined by the method described above. The pH of the aqueous solution containing dissolved compounds, in which the condensation and/or aggregation and/or complexing of the dissolved proteins and/or other dissolved compounds according to the invention is carried out, is preferably >5.5, more preferably >6 and more preferably of 7. Further preferred is the preparation of solubilized proteins that have a minimum solubility at a pH of <13, more preferably of <12, even more preferably of <11 and more preferably of <10. Surprisingly, the addition of carbonates led to the formation of condensates which predominantly contained proteins but also other compounds such as soluble carbohydrates. Solutions of sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, or sodium hydrogen carbonate added to the fiber-free filtrate solution containing dissolved compounds were more time-efficient in the condensation of dissolved compounds than when these compounds were added as a solid to the process solution. Surprisingly, a similar formation of condensates, which contained predominantly proteins, was also possible with silicate compounds. Particularly suitable are compounds, such as sodium-metasilicate, sodium-orthosilicate. Particularly suitable are aqueous solutions of these compounds. Furthermore, it was surprising that a combination of carbonate and silicate compounds increased the aggregation effect of the individual compounds, so that in a combination of the compound classes, the amount of condensing agent used was lower while achieving the same separation result as was the case with the amount required for this when using only one of the compounds. Preference is given to a process in which condensation/aggregation/complexing of a protein-containing aqueous phase is achieved by means of carbonates and/or silicates. Preference is given to a process for the separation of constituents of plant-based starting materials, in which a disconnection/detachment of the constituents of the plant-based starting material by means of an aqueous solution containing dissolved amino acids and/or peptides, is followed by a dispensing of the constituents in an aqueous distribution volume, and in which after separation of solid constituents, a condensation of dissolved compounds is achieved by means of carbonates and/or silicates. Particularly preferred is an embodiment of the method in which the dissolved amino acids and/or peptides are dissolved cationic amino acids and/or peptides. The suitability of the various possible condensing agents must be selected individually for each application. The suitability can be very easily recognized by the person skilled in the art by adding and admixing different condensing agents in increasing concentrations to samples of the fiber-free solution of dissolved compounds and in particular of the dissolved proteins herein. Condensation can be detected after a short residence time with the naked eye. The selection of the appropriate concentration may be made by centrifuging a sample solution that has undergone condensation and treating the supernatant again with condensing agents. If no visible condensates/aggregates/complexes can be formed and/or separated off, the solution contains <6% by weight, preferably <4% by weight and most preferably <2% by weight of the dissolved compounds or dissolved proteins to be condensed. The amount to be added which is determined with this test method can be used for process execution and process control. On the other hand, the process can also be controlled by these test methods in that, in the case of formation of condensate/aggregates/complexes by addition of the one or more further condensing agents according to the invention to the supernatant of the process solution in which the condensation process has already taken place and after centrifuging the process liquid, the corresponding condensing agent (s) may still be added to the process liquid and mixed with it. In other words, the required amount of condensing agent (s) has been added to the process liquid when no condensation of hydrated proteins occurs in a supernatant of a sample of the process liquid obtained by centrifugation, to which a condensing agent was added. Surprisingly, this goal can be achieved already by low concentrations of the condensing agents listed herein. Particularly suitable condensing agents are, for example, acids, among them preferably organic acids, such as citric acid or lactic acid, furthermore salts, such as NaCl, and also complexing agents, such as EDTA, but also adsorbents. Furthermore, soluble divalent cations are preferred, such as aluminum, calcium and magnesium salts. Furthermore, combinations of the condensing agents listed herein are advantageous, such as a combination of citric acid and aluminum chloride. The preferred condensing agents are preferably completely dissolved in an aqueous medium. It is also according to the invention to prepare two or more of the condensing agents according to the invention together in a solution and to add them to the solution with dissolved compounds. It is possible, for example, to adjust the pH of the solution containing condensing agent by adding a buffer. The appropriate concentrations can be readily determined by one skilled in the art and are determined by the process conditions. The influence of other process parameters can also be studied with the described techniques. The preferably one or more dissolved condensing agents added together and/or consecutively to the solution containing dissolved compounds may be added in continuous and/or discontinuous form, as a jet or drop by drop. When applied as a solid, it is preferred to add the condensing agent (s) in a powdered form. In a preferred process embodiment the condensing agent (s) are added to the process liquid under gentle agitation of the mixture. It is important to ensure thorough mixing. The duration of the mixing process is in principle freely selectable. In a preferred method embodiment, this can be carried out only over the duration of the addition of one or more condensing agent (s) or for a duration of between 10 seconds and 5 minutes, more preferably between 20 seconds and 2 minutes. Surprisingly, it has been found that after admixing of the condensing agents according to the invention, condensation and/or aggregation and/or complexing of previously dissolved compounds occurs in the course of a few seconds to a few minutes, which is recognizable with the naked eye as spatial (3-dimensional) formations, while the previously turbid aqueous solution clarifies at the same time. It has been shown that the process flow can also be controlled on the basis of the visual assessment and the onset of clarification of the process solution. The resulting condensates increase in size, even without further addition of condensing agents, and begin to sediment over the course of a few minutes to a few hours, whereby they are very easily separated as a fraction from the water phase that is then clarified and which can be further condensed. It has been found that the condensation process by the addition of an amount of condensing agent, which is greater than the amount required for complete condensation, the amount of obtainable condensed organic compounds is decreased considerably. This is especially the case when the pH of the reaction solution is lowered by a condensing agent to below 5.0. In a preferred method embodiment, therefore, the pH of the reaction mixture is monitored and controlled continuously or discontinuously during the addition of condensing agents. Furthermore, it is preferable to monitor and control the process such that the pH value does not fall below a given value. It is preferred that the pH does not fall below 4.5, more preferably not below 5.0, even more preferably not below 5.5, and even more preferably not below 6.0. In a preferred embodiment of the process described herein, the pH of the aqueous solutions during the process does not fall below the value of 5. An innovation of the process described herein for the separation of the proteins is that the pH is not decreased to values below 4.5, and optimally not below <5 and that voluminous aggregates/condensates of dissolved proteins are formed, which are suspended and which spontaneously sediment, even at a neutral pH. In contrast to a protein precipitate, the protein aggregates/protein condensates obtainable by the method described herein are completely soluble in neutral water and then give a milky suspension which can pass completely through a 10 μm sieve; in contrast, a protein precipitates not readily soluble in water. For this reason, hydrolysis must be carried out in CN 106 720 920 A in step 5 and homogenization of the protein fraction is performed in step 8 in order to obtain a protein isolate, since in step 2 a precipitation is carried out at a pH of 4.5. It is known in the art that proteins which have undergone a pH in the range below 4 have altered physicochemical properties and that proteins altered in this manner are virtually no longer foamable. As in other methods of obtaining proteins described in the prior art, which involve separation of dissolved proteins from an aqueous phase by means of precipitation (acid and/or solvent precipitation), it was not considered here, that other compounds are also present in the aqueous suspension, such as soluble carbohydrates, colorant agents, flavors, phenols, anti-nutritive compounds or toxins, which are included in a forming precipitate and can not be washed out by a simple rinse of the precipitate phase. This represents the decisive difference in the process engineering of the present application, as the completely dissolved proteins aggregate in a physiological form while retaining the hydrated shell, thereby largely blocking the adherence of other compounds, which are solubilized by the amino acids/peptides present in the solution. In addition, the aggregated and condensed proteins can be rinsed with water to remove residues of impurities present in the bound water phase. Therefore, the protein fractions obtainable by this process step are also directly usable as a product, e.g. for human consumption, and contain no sensorial detectable flavorings or anti-nutritive compounds. In particular, deodorization of the resulting protein fraction, as proposed in CN 106720920 A, is not required in the process technology proposed herein, which is of particular importance for the process economy. In particular, dissolved and hydrated pectins may be incorporated into a protein precipitate phase by acid treatment. The technique described herein enables the non-protein compounds dissolved by the amino acid/peptide solution to be selectively aggregated and selectively separated. This can be done after by changing the pH of the solution and/or adding other aggregating agents, thus following aggregation/complexation of the proteins and their separation. Furthermore, it is known in the art that protein precipitates which are obtainable by means of an acid and/or an organic solvent essentially lose their water-binding capacity. This is also evident in CN 106720920 A in which, after acid precipitation, the moisture content of the available protein fraction is less than or equal to 55%. The low water content of this protein phase indicates that coagulation has taken place; these proteins have essentially lost their water-binding capacity, which is associated with a loss of functional properties of proteins, such as the foaming behavior and the rheological properties (thickening effect), which should be present especially with protein concentrates. As an example of the methods according to the state of the art, CN 106 720 920 A discloses the dilemma resulting from a technique of solubilization with an alkali metal hydroxide and precipitation with an acid, as well as the need for subsequent neutralization (again by means of an alkali solution). Hereby a salt is produced which, when using the process water phases in subsequent process repetitions, has a negative effect on the process and necessitates removal thereof or addition of fresh water. This has a significant impact on the process economy. Thus, in CN 106 720 920 A, subsequent to precipitation, neutralization is accomplished by adding a caustic solution to the acidic precipitate to adjust the pH of the protein slurry to between 6 and 8. The disadvantage of this step is that the therefore required solution volume is 3-5 times of the weight of the protein phase and thus the energy for drying the protein phase is significantly increased. Therefore, it is desirable to avoid neutralization so that the protein phase can either be dried or used directly after dehydration. By way of example, it is shown in CN 106 720 920 A that flavors and astringents can not be sufficiently removed from the protein precipitate by the proposed aqueous process; therefore, in a further step, steam deodorization must be carried out in order to achieve a low-aroma final product. This further worsens the process economy. Also exemplified in the prior art, CN 106 720 920 A discloses the need for a spray-drying process step to achieve an at least partial solubility of the protein preparation. With the method described herein, spray drying which has a very high energy consumption is not required. Furthermore, it has been found that sulfur-containing amino acids or peptides by the known reactivity with proteins lead to undesirable product properties of the obtainable proteins (see below), so that sulfur-containing amino acids or peptides should not be present or only to a minor proportion in one of the inventive aqueous solutions. European Patent Application EP 2 404 509 A1 discloses a method for extracting protein from fresh grape seeds. The use of a buffer containing glycine, soda and hydrogen chloride or sodium hydroxide is necessary to achieve a pH between 8.5 and 10.5. The minimum ratio between the extraction solution and the solid is 1:5, the minimum time for this step is 3 hours. Precipitation is achieved by an acid, with the pH being 3. A wetting/impregnation for achieving hydration in order to allow efficient process economy through a lower water volume ratio is not suggested. Furthermore, product properties of the proteins are not mentioned. Liu Rui-Lin et al. (Food Analytical Methods, Springer New York LLC, US, Vol. 10, No. 6, 21 Nov. 2016, pages 1169-1680) use an alcohol for precipitation. The process uses microwave heating and ultrasound and is energy intensive and thus is not aimed at an economic process. In a particularly preferred embodiment of the process according to this invention, step 4 of the process is carried out without the use of organic solvents. In a particularly preferred embodiment, a standing time is maintained following the addition of one or more condensing agents in which no or only minimal mixing of the mixture takes place. In an analogous manner, the required time of the condensation phase can be determined, which is preferably between 5 minutes and 10 hours, more preferably between 10 minutes and 5 hours and more preferably between 15 minutes and 2 hours. If the standing time is to be reduced to a minimum, the minimum duration of standing time after addition of the condensing agent can easily be determined on the basis of a sample which is centrifuged and in which, in a manner analogous to that described above, the completeness of condensation and/or aggregation and/or complexation achieved by the condensing agent (s) is checked. In a preferred method embodiment, the condensed/aggregated/complexed soluble compounds/proteins are made obtainable in the form of a sediment. The outlet of the sediment phase is preferably accomplished via a bottom outlet and is fed to a further process sequence. The condensation phase is preferably performed at ambient temperatures, preferred is a temperature range between 15° and 40° C. In further advantageous embodiments, this takes place at a lowered or elevated temperature. Preference is given to a temperature range between 5° and 15° C. on the one hand and between 40° and 80° C. on the other hand. The selection of a lowered temperature may be advantageous, for example, in the recovery of thermolabile compounds. The choice of a high temperature, e.g. 60° C., may be chosen, for example, to reduce the microbial loading of the starting material, e.g. in the form of a pasteurization. On the other hand, heating can also inactivate allergens and certain toxins and anti-nutritive compounds. Preferred is a method for obtaining a protein-containing sediment consisting of condensed/aggregated/complexed proteins. Surprisingly, it was found that aromas and flavoring-agents which are also dissolved by the unlocking process and are present in a dissolved form in the solution of the dispensing mixture are not adsorbed or complexed with protein-condensates/agglomerates/complexes while performing the inventive method for condensation/aggregation/complexation. Aromas- and flavoring-agents still present in the water fraction bound to or enclosed by the protein fraction can be separated from the condensates/aggregates/complexes of the protein fraction, together with the water in which they are dissolved by the methods described herein. If desired, the protein fraction produced may be rinsed by any of the side-stream process methods described herein. Furthermore, it was surprising that toxins and hazardous substances that may be present in plant-based press residues or milling products, such as the erucic acid, phorbol esters or synthetic pesticides, are separated from the proteins and are present in dissolved form in the dispensing solution. Under the process conditions according to the invention used for the condensation of the dissolved compounds/proteins, the solubility of dissolved compounds that do not correspond to a protein or a soluble carbohydrate or a phospholipid or a glycoglycerolipid persists. Thus if the condensing agent was selected according to the invention, there was no condensation/aggregation/complexation of toxins or health-endangering substances, which are also referred to below as hazardous substances, and there was no incorporation or binding of such compounds into the condensates/aggregates/complexes of condensed soluble compounds/protein fraction or into the obtainable protein fractions. In a preferred embodiment, the solubility of toxins and hazardous compounds contained in plant-based press residues or milling products can be maintained or increased, for example, by adding one or more classes of compounds such as alcohols, esters or ethers during this and/or other process steps. Preference is given to a method in which the solubility of toxins and hazardous substances in an aqueous protein solution is maintained or increased following a removal/separation of the constituents of the plant-based starting material by means of an aqueous solution containing dissolved amino acids and/or peptides. Particularly preferred is an embodiment of the method in which the dissolved amino acids and/or peptides are dissolved cationic amino acids and/or peptides. In a further preferred embodiment, in a further process step, dehydration of the condensed/aggregated/complexed soluble compounds/proteins is achieved by dewatering. This can be achieved by techniques known to those skilled in the art. Particularly suitable are centrifugal processes, particularly suitable is the use of a decanter. The removal of water makes it possible to obtain a dehydrated mass of the soluble compounds or to obtain a protein mass which is preferably free-flowing, it is further preferred to obtain a spreadable mass and it is particularly preferred to obtain a dimensionally stable mass of condensed and dehydrated soluble constituents of the starting material. Accordingly, preferred is a protein mass whose residual moisture content is <90% by weight, more preferably <80% by weight, more preferably <70% by weight and even more preferably <60% by weight and even more preferably <40% by weight. The desired residual moisture content may vary for the different applications, so the parameter setting of the separation device must be adjusted accordingly. In principle, the highest possible separation performance is sought for the separation process. When using a decanter, the separation is preferably carried out at >2,000*g, more preferably >3,000*g and more preferably >3,500*g. The dwell time in a decanter is preferably >10 seconds, more preferably >20 seconds and more preferably >30 seconds. Preference is given to a separation which is performed at ambient temperatures in a range between 15° and 40° C. In further advantageous embodiments, a lower or higher temperature can be selected, which is in the range between 5° and 15° C., or between 40° and 80° C. Surprisingly, it has been found that the compounds condensed with the process technology according to the invention and in particular condensed proteins form 3-dimensional structures which make it possible to carry out a dehydration by means of filtration techniques. The soluble and dissolved compounds, which were present prior to condensation/agglomeration/complexing, and which freely passed through a sieve of 10 μm sieve mesh size, had a volume in the condensed form at the end of the condensation process step that no longer permitted free passage through a filter having a sieve mesh size of 200 μm; the filtrate thereof contained virtually no proteins. Thus, in a most advantageous manner, dehydration of condensed soluble proteins and/or other condensed constituents can be accomplished by filtration, which results in no or nearly no loss of condensed soluble compounds/proteins. Furthermore, it has been shown that the proteins condensed according to the invention can be separated by means of a press which can be performed on or in a filter fabric, so that the previously specified residual moisture contents are maintained/achieved. Therefore, the process according to the invention is particularly suitable for obtaining a dehydrated protein phase having a residual moisture content of <90% by weight, more preferably <80% by weight, more preferably <70% by weight and still more preferably <60% by weight and still more preferably <40% by weight, obtainable by means of a filtration technique of condensed proteins. Filtration processes are known to the person skilled in the art. Preference is given to belt filters or chamber filters, or filter presses and chamber filter presses, as well as vacuum belt filters. Preference is given to a process for obtaining dehydrated proteins which, after disconnection/detachment of the constituents of the biogenic starting material by means of an aqueous solution containing dissolved amino acids and/or peptides, can be obtained by filtration of condensed proteins. Particularly preferred is an embodiment of the method in which the dissolved amino acids and/or peptides are dissolved cationic amino acids and/or peptides. Surprisingly, it has been found that dehydrated proteins obtained in this way are completely or almost completely odorless and/or tasteless and dissolve very rapidly in water and release no or virtually no colorants into the aqueous medium. Nearly complete means >98%. Preference is given to a process for obtaining dehydrated proteins which are obtained following disconnection/detachment of the constituents of the biogenic starting material by means of an aqueous solution containing dissolved amino acids and/or peptides and which are completely or almost completely odor- and/or taste-neutral and dissolve very quickly in water and give no or virtually no colorants to the aqueous medium. Particularly preferred is an embodiment of the method in which the dissolved amino acids and/or peptides are dissolved cationic amino acids and/or peptides. Furthermore, it has been found that such dehydrated proteins can be purified very simply and gently in the obtained dehydrated form. In a preferred embodiment, the dehydrated protein mass is applied to a filter belt/fabric with a certain layer thickness and a passage through this layer is performed, with or without a support of another filter, of a liquid and/or a vapor and/or a gas which enters from below or from above. The re-dewatering process can be done as before or with another method for dewatering/drying. In one embodiment, further processing of the dehydrated soluble constituents/proteins obtained is carried out in a side-stream process, which preferably involves purification. Preference is given to processing the condensed and dehydrated constituents in a side-stream process. Surprisingly, in a mass balance of the products obtained from biogenic starting materials, it was found that >95% by weight of the proteins contained herein were separated and obtained in dehydrated form. Therefore, a method is preferred in which preferably >95% by weight, more preferably >97% by weight and more preferably >98.5% by weight of the proteins present in a plant-based starting material are separated and dehydrated. Preference is given to a process in which >95% by weight of the proteins contained in a biogenic starting material are obtained in the form of dehydrated proteins, following disconnection/detachment of the constituents of the biogenic starting material by means of an aqueous solution containing dissolved amino acids and/or peptides. Particularly preferred is an embodiment of the method in which the dissolved amino acids and/or peptides are dissolved cationic amino acids and/or peptides. The obtainable dehydrated soluble constituents/proteins in the resulting form may be used directly for an application or stored or further processed. Storage, which takes place in suitable containers, is preferably carried out under refrigerated conditions. Surprisingly, it has been found that the protein condensates produced according to the invention have a very good storage stability. Thus, for example, no microbial colonization of a protein condensate obtained from a rapeseed press cake and having a residual moisture content of 50% by weight was observed after storage for 14 days at 6° C. Furthermore, it could be shown that there was no change in the initially existing taste and small neutrality. Furthermore, there was still a very good solubility of the dehydrated proteins in water. In a preferred embodiment of the method, the dehydrated proteins are subjected to a drying process in the form as obtained or after suspension in water or a liquid solution. Preference is given to spray drying and freeze drying. Advantageously, powdered protein mixtures, protein concentrates or protein isolates can be produced thereby. However, other prior art drying processes and techniques can be used. Preference is given to a process for the preparation of dehydrated proteins having a high storage stability, obtainable by a disconnection/detachment of the constituents of the biogenic starting material by means of an aqueous solution containing dissolved amino acids and/or peptides. Particularly preferred is an embodiment of the method in which the dissolved amino acids and/or peptides are dissolved cationic amino acids and/or peptides. Depending on the starting material used and the process execution, large quantities of the clarified process water phase of process step 5) are incurred, in particular in industrial large-scale production. Since there are still relevant amounts of the dissolved amino acids and/or peptides (some exceed more than 100 mmol/l) present in the clarified process water phases, a reuse of those phase for the implementation of a process-economic process is required. It has been found that the condensing agents also contained herein, which were not discharged with the product of process step 5), make the reusability of the clarified water phase of process step 5) in the process steps of the main process difficult to impossible, as it thereby leads to condensates, e.g. of proteins, in the process steps 2b) and 2), respectively, which were then present in the filter residue in process step 3) and thus resulted in product loss and a higher cleaning effort for the products obtainable from this process step. Surprisingly, it has been found that just the use of the clarified process water phase of process step 5) in a particularly advantageous manner provides depletion of dissolved soluble proteins which are still present in the bound water phase of the filter residue of the process step 3) of the obtainable cellulose-based fibers and lignin-rich shells. Thus, it has been shown that by flushing and purifying the separable solid matter of process step 3) with the clarified process water phase of process step 5), there is an extremely effective discharge of dissolved organic compounds still present herein, thereby reducing these organic compounds, which accumulate in the process water and remain there after separation of the solid matter. Surprisingly, the effectiveness of the depletion of dissolved compounds, which were still in the filter residue of process step 3), with the clarified process water phase of process step 5) was significantly higher than when flushing and cleaning (rinsing) the filter residue was carried out with a fresh water phase. Surprisingly, this also resulted in a significant reduction in the concentration of complexing agents present in the clarified process water phase of process step 5), whose concentration after rinsing and cleaning of the solid matter obtained from process step 3) was significantly lower than before. It was found that the remaining concentrations of condensing agents in the process water phase obtained after separation of the purified solid matter, when introduced (added) into the process steps 2a), 2b), and 2 of the main process, does not cause an aggregation of soluble organic compounds. In addition, it has been found that the concentration of the dissolved amino acids and/or peptides used to disconnect/detach the constituents of the starting material was higher in the process water phase of the side-stream step, which was obtained after flushing and cleaning (rinsing) the filter residues of process step 3), as was the case in the clarified process water phase of process step 5). As a result, in an advantageous manner compounds used for disconnection/detachment of the constituents of the starting material can be recovered and at the same time due to their presence a process water phase becomes available which is suitable for an application for disconnection/detachment of constituents of the starting material. Thus, a further usage of the process water phase, which is obtained from process step 5), via a side-stream process method for rinsing and cleaning of cellulose-based fibers and/or lignin-rich shells is a particularly preferred process execution, which enables a the highly efficient recycling of the compounds used for disconnection/detachment of constituents of the starting material and the condensing agent used, with optimal product production. Furthermore, this process execution can considerably reduce process costs in the side-stream process, which are incurred for rinsing and cleaning the cellulose-based fibers and/or lignin-rich shell portions. Thus, a process economics method of separating constituents of a starting material may be provided by recycling/further usage of the process water phases between/in a main process method and a side-stream process method. Preference is given to a process and a process execution for the process-economic separation of constituents of a plant-based starting material. If one of the side-stream processes according to the invention is not executed or does not take place immediately, in a further preferred embodiment a purification of the clarified aqueous process water phase (s) obtained after the separation of the condensates/aggregates/complexes of process step 5) and/or of the separated water phase, which is obtained in the dehydration of the condensed condensates/aggregates/complexes can be carried out in a further side-stream process step. It has been found that depletion of condensing agents which are still in the clarified process water phase of process step 5) can be carried out by various methods. Thus, for example, ionized calcium can be precipitated by titration with phosphoric acid and then removed by filtration from the aqueous medium. On the other hand, in the case of a change of the process water pH range to values <10, which was caused by the use of an acid as a condensing agent, the pH can be adjusted to the required pH level by addition of a suitable base, e.g. by means of urea, which does not hinder the process flow in a reuse of the purified process water. Still other compounds may be reduced or removed by adsorption or by means of a dialysis procedure, e.g. by electrodialysis. In a process implementation according to the invention, the obtainable clarified process water phases from process step 5) contain only small amounts of suspended matter and are already clear or almost clear. Suspended matter and/or turbid agents can be easily removed by methods of the prior art. Particularly suitable for this purpose are fine and ultra-fine filters from the prior art. As a result, a turbidity-free (without turbid agents) water phase can be obtained. Further, electrolytes dissolved therein such as sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, iron, copper and the like may be present in variable amounts. If necessary, these can be removed by methods known in the art, for example by electrodialysis or ion exchange compounds. Furthermore, toxins and/or harmful compounds may be present in the process solution. Methods are known from the prior art with which such, mostly organic, compounds can be removed from an aqueous medium. Among others, adsorptive process techniques are suitable for this purpose, such as column chromatography or activated carbon. In the event of thermolabile compounds having a hazard to human health, the process water phase may also be heated to a temperature and for a duration sufficient to inactivate or decompose those compounds. Advantageously, none of the dissolved amino acids and/or peptides present herein are removed by the aforementioned optional purification steps of the process water phase (s). With one or more of these process executions for purifying process water phases, which can be carried out sequentially or in parallel in any sequence, a purified process water phase containing dissolved amino acids and/or peptides suitable for disconnection/detachment of constituents of a biogenic starting material is obtained and which contain a low concentration of condensing agent that does not interfere with the reuse of the purified process water phase and in which a sufficient reduction or elimination of toxic and harmful compounds has been achieved. In a preferred embodiment, the process water phase obtained from the rinsing and cleaning of filter residues of process step 3 is subjected to one of the purification process steps in a side-stream process or to another method of the side-stream processes according to the invention. Thus, by a process-adaptive selection of one or more of the optional process steps of process step 6), the process water phase flow can be designed in an extremely advantageous manner so as to ensure optimum added value of the process and to guarantee the reusability of the process water phases. The individual optional process designs can be summarized in the following optional process method substeps:6.1) Provision of process water for a side-stream process6.2) Return and provision of the used process water phase from the side-stream method step 6.1)6.3) Purification of the process water phase, obtainable from step 5) and/or 6.2) and/or a side-stream process method step6.4) provision of a clarified and purified process water phase. This results in various possible combinations in the execution of the process step 6), which are characterized by the number and order of the optional process steps, such as: 6.1 then 6.2 then 6.3 then 6.4, or 6.3 then 6.4 or 6.3 then 6.1 then 6.2 then 6.4, or 6.2 then 6.3 then 6.1. The aqueous process water phases from different process steps of the main and/or side-stream processes may also be combined and fed to reuse in one of the process steps or to purification processes as listed herein for purification thereof. It is therefore particularly advantageous to supply the clarified and purified process water phase to one of the process steps for disconnection/detachment of constituents of plant-based starting materials during a subsequent process execution. Thus, the process water phase obtainable with this process step is suitable for reuse as a process water phase. Preference is given to a process for the separation of constituents of plant-based starting materials, in which a disconnection/detachment of the constituents of the biogenic starting material is performed by means of an aqueous solution containing dissolved amino acids and/or peptides, which is followed by a dispensing of the constituents in an aqueous dispensing volume and a subsequent separation of solid and condensed soluble constituents, and thereafter a clarified process water phase is obtained, which is purified and then reusable for one of the process steps. Particularly preferred is an embodiment of the method in which the dissolved amino acids and/or peptides are dissolved cationic amino acids and/or peptides. Preference is given to a process for the separation of constituents of plant-based starting materials, in which a disconnection/detachment of the constituents of the biogenic starting material is performed by means of an aqueous solution containing dissolved amino acids and/or peptides, which is followed by a dispensing of the constituents in an aqueous dispensing volume and after subsequent separation of solid and condensed soluble constituents a clarified process water phase is obtained, which is used in a side-stream process method for rinsing/cleaning and then is purified and then is used again in one of the main process steps. Particularly preferred is an embodiment of the method in which the dissolved amino acids and/or peptides are dissolved cationic amino acids and/or peptides. Preference is given to a process in which the clarified and purified process water phase is reused for execution of a disconnection/detachment of the constituents of a biogenic starting material by means of an aqueous solution containing dissolved amino acids and/or peptides. Particularly preferred is an embodiment of the method in which the dissolved amino acids and/or peptides are dissolved cationic amino acids and/or peptides. Preferably, <3% by weight, more preferably <1.5% by weight, and most preferably <0.5% by weight of organic compounds are present in the clarified and/or clarified and purified process water phase. Preferably, it is a clear solution that has no or only a minimal amount of suspended matter. The method preferably allows wastewater-free process control. Preferably, the clarified and/or clarified and purified process water phase is stored or temporarily stored in a suitable container or is directly reused. When stored, the establishment of suitable conditions is advantageous. In one embodiment, the clarified and/or clarified and purified process water phase is cooled during the storage period. Preference is given to cooling to <10° C., more preferably to <8° C., and more preferably to <6° C. The shelf life of the clarified and/or clarified and purified process water phase is preferably >7 days, more preferably >14 days and more preferably >4 weeks. Shelf life in this context means the absence of potentially harmful germs or pathogens or toxins, in a concentration that is harmful to health that exists or occurs during that time. In other words, a clarified and/or clarified and purified process water phase have a shelf time during which they are suitable for reuse and are safe for use in food production. The clarified process water phase can be returned to the process in the various process steps via a suitable pump and pipe system. In a preferred embodiment, a reuse of a clarified and/or clarified and purified process water phase, obtainable from process step 6), is executed. It has been shown that, especially when using the process water phase of process step 6) (providing a clarified and purified process water phase), the amount of amino acids and/or peptides used for the disconnection/detachment of constituents of the starting material can be reduced as compared to the use of a fresh water phase in the process steps 2a) and/or 2b), or 2). Thus, a very good dissolution of the soluble constituents of the starting material can be ascertained by the amino acids according to the invention and/or peptides which were present in both the clarified and the clarified and purified process water phase of the process step 6). Furthermore, there is an identical dispensing result when using the process water phase of process step 6) (recycling and provision of the used process water phase from the side-stream process), as when using an equal volume of a fresh water phase to dispense the disconnected/detached constituents of the starting material in the process steps 2b) or 2). It has also been shown that there is a greater amount (dry matter) of condensed/aggregated/complexed soluble constituents can be obtained than was the case by using fresh water for the same process step execution. This was the case in particular in the production of a protein fraction. Furthermore, there was a measurable difference in the products produced. Thus, there is excellent reusability of a clarified and/or clarified and purified process water phase for a separation and recovery of constituents of a starting material in one of the inventive steps. Preference is given to a process for the separation of organic constituents of plant-based starting materials, in which a clarified and/or clarified and purified process water phase of the main and/or side-stream process steps is used for re-processing. The preferred method is thus characterized by the following method steps:1) providing starting materials,2a) adding the starting material of step 1) with an aqueous solution containing dissolved amino acids and/or peptides for disconnection/detachment of the constituents of the starting material,2b) providing an aqueous dispensing volume and dispensing of the disconnected/detached constituents of the mixture from step 2a),3) separation of solid matter from the dispensing mixture of step 2b) thereby obtaining a fiber-free aqueous solution of dissolved constituents of the starting material,4) condensation/aggregation/complexation of the dissolved constituents of the aqueous solution of step 3) to obtain an aqueous phase containing condensed soluble constituents of the starting material,5) separation and dehydration of the condensed soluble constituents of the starting material of step 4) and obtaining a dehydrated condensate of step 4) and a clarified process water phase,6) using the clarified process water phase of step 5) for one or more of optional process steps:6.1) providing a process water phase for a side-stream process;6.2) return of the process water phase of step 6.1) available from a side-stream process and providing the used process water phase from a side-stream process6.3) purification of the process water phase obtainable from process steps 5) and/or 6.2)6.4) provision of a clarified and purified process water phase,7) Reuse of the clarified and/or clarified and purified process water phase wherein the clarified and/or clarified and purified process water phase of step 7) is obtained from one or more processes of step 6) and reused is performed in step 2a) and/or 2b) or a side-stream process. In a further process variant, the process steps 2a) and 2b) are performed in a single process step, the process step 2. For this purpose, the plant-based starting material of process step 1) is brought into direct contact with the volume of a solution which contains on the one hand a sufficient concentration of dissolved amino acids and/or peptides, the dissolved amino acids and/or peptides being dissolved, preferably are cationic amino acids and/or peptides, in order to ensure the disconnection/detachment of the constituents of the biogenic starting material according to the invention and on the other hand has a volume of the aqueous dispensing volume that is sufficiently large in order to dispense the constituents of the starting material according to the invention. The concentration of the dissolved amino acids and/or peptides, as well as the volume, or quantity ratio to the starting material, can be determined by the methods described herein. A concentration of the dissolved amino acids and/or peptides that is between 10 mmol and 800 mmol is advantageous. The other applicable process parameters apply analogously, as described in the individual process steps 2a) and 2b). Following process step 2), the process as described herein may be continued with process step 3). Thus, a method is also preferred which is characterized by the following method steps:1) providing plant-based starting materials,2) adding the plant-based starting material of step 1) with an aqueous solution, containing dissolved amino acids and/or peptides for disconnection/detachment of the constituents of the plant-based starting material and with an aqueous dispensing volume and dispensing of disconnected/detached constituents,3) separation of solid matter from the dispensing mixture of step 2) thereby obtaining a fiber-free aqueous solution of dissolved constituents of the starting material,4) condensation/aggregation/complexation of the dissolved constituents of the aqueous solution of step 3) to obtain an aqueous phase containing condensed soluble constituents of the starting material,5) separation and dehydration of the condensed soluble constituents of the starting material of step 4) and obtaining a dehydrated condensate of step 4) and a clarified process water phase,6) 6.1) providing a process water phase for a side-stream process;6.2) return of the process water phase of step 6.1) available from a side-stream process and providing the used process water phase from a side-stream process6.3) purification of the process water phase obtainable from process steps 5) and/or 6.2)6.4) provision of a clarified and purified process water phase,7) reuse of the clarified and/or clarified and purified process water phase wherein the clarified and/or clarified and purified process water phase of step 7) is obtained from one or more processes of step 6) and reused is performed in step 2a) and/or 2b) or a side-stream process. The method according to the invention additionally allows numerous variants of the method which enable further highly advantageous embodiments. Process Variants of Process Step 1 In a preferred method embodiment, the preparation of the plant-based starting material and in particular in the case of press residues or ground products of plant seeds is executed under special conditions. In one embodiment, the filling of the container (and possibly also in the following process steps) is performed under protective or inert gas conditions. As a result, for example, oxidative changes that occur under ambient air conditions can be prevented. This can be of decisive in particular for obtaining specific product properties. In the case of such a design, the containers of the subsequent process steps are to be equipped accordingly. In a further method embodiment, the container (s) of step 1 and the subsequent process steps are protected against explosions. Preference is given to a process for the separation of constituents of plant-based starting materials, in which the plant-based starting materials are provided in a suitable container. Preferred is a process for separating constituents of plant-based starting materials in which the plant-based starting materials are provided in a suitable container and apparatus by and with which a protective/inert gas atmosphere can be prepared and maintained. Process Variants of Process Steps 2), or 2a) and 2b) In one embodiment, before, during or after the biogenic starting material of step 1 is mixed with an aqueous solution containing dissolved amino acids and/or peptides, one or more further compound (s) are added. In a preferred embodiment, in particular lipophilic constituents of the biogenic starting material can hereby be separated from the amphiphilic and hydrophilic constituents of the biogenic starting material and then separated. Thus, for example, an alcohol may be added to dissolve and/or dissolve ingredients of the press residue or a ground product during subsequent process steps. Suitable alcohols are, for example, isopropyl alcohol, methanol or ethanol or octanol. The addition of a small volume fraction of one or more alcohols or alcohols is preferred. Preference is given to a volume fraction of 0.1 to 30% by volume, more from 0.5 to 20% by volume, moreover between 0.8 and 10% by volume and even more preferably between 1 and 8% by volume. Hereby, compounds, such as colorants, can be detached from other constituents of the starting material and/or kept in solution. In a preferred method embodiment, one or more alcohol (s) is/are added to the process mixture in an optional process step 2a1) and/or 2b1). In one process embodiment, oxidative processes which can take place in one of the aqueous media in which the dissolved constituents of the starting material, are reduced or prevented by antioxidants. Preferably, the optional process step (s) 2a2) and/or 2a2) in which one or more antioxidant/antioxidants are added to the process liquid is/are preferred. This is particularly advantageous for protecting, for example, polyphenols, vitamins or colorants from oxidation which may take place during the course of the process and for obtaining them in unoxidized form. Preference is given to a process in which one or more organic and/or inorganic compounds are added to process step 2a) and/or 2b) in the optional process steps 2a1) 2a2), 2b1) or 2b2) to form organic compounds of the starting material to dissolve, to keep soluble and/or to protect. Preferred is a method in which the at least one compound added in step 2a1), 2a2), 2b1) or 2b2) is an alcohol and/or an antioxidant. In a further preferred embodiment, the addition of lipophilic compounds and/or organic solvents is carried out in one or both optional process step (s) 2a3) and/or 2b3). This can be particularly advantageous in order to enable the formation of a separate organic phase/lipid phase in subsequent process steps and/or to facilitate removal, in particular of neutral lipids. Suitable solvents are, among others, hexane, pentane, octane, methyl ester, triglycerides, paraffins or silicone oils. Preference is given to thorough mixing of the added compounds and solutions with the reaction mixture. It has been shown that lipids, and in particular neutral lipids, do not bind to the hydrated constituents of the starting material which are present in the dispensing mixture and are liberated from hydrated compounds. This effect can be used in a particularly advantageous manner in order to selectively or non-selectively unify lipids and/or lipophilic compounds which are present in the dispensing mixture in a lipid phase. The lipid phase-forming lipids may have already been present in the biogenic starting materials and/or are added in one of the process steps. The use of lipid mixtures and/or combinations with organic solvents is advantageous. It is particularly preferred to use an already purified triglyceride phase which was obtained by pressing the starting material. Due to the formation of a lipid phase, micellar lipids and lipophilic compounds can be absorbed into the lipid phase in a particularly advantageous manner, whereby they can very easily be separated from the aqueous phase and, if necessary, can be used further. This applies, among others, to the extraction of sinapine, tocopherols, fat-soluble vitamins or colorant agents. The preferably spontaneously forming lipid phase separates on the surface of the aqueous medium and can be separated from the aqueous medium by known separation techniques such as a skimmer. In further preferred embodiments, in the optional process steps 2a3) and/or 2b3) lipophilic compounds can be added, which advantageously allow the formation of a lipid phase. It has been found that the addition of, for example, edible oil separates a lipid phase, which floats on the aqueous process phases. It was found that lipids which have been present as constituents in the biogenic starting material were present herein. Preference is given to a mixture of the aqueous process solution (s) with the lipophilic compounds. Separation of the lipophilic phase can be achieved by a settling method or a centrifugal method. The separation of a separate lipid phase is preferably performed at the end of the process step 2, i.e., before process step 3. Preference is given to a process for the separation of lipophilic constituents of plant-based starting materials, in which lipophilic compounds are added in the process step 2a3) and/or 2b3) and mixed with the process mixture. Preference is given to a process in which, in process step 2a3) and/or 2b3), a neutral lipid and/or organic lipophilic solvent is/are added and mixed with the aqueous mixture. Preferred is a method wherein a lipid phase is formed through which and with which the lipophilic compounds can be removed from the dispensing mixture and recovered. Preference is given to a method in which a lipid phase, which forms or can be formed during method step 2b) or 2), is removed from the aqueous dispensing solution before carrying out method step 3). Process Variants of Process Step 2b) In one embodiment of process step 2b), removal of hydrophilic and/or amphiphilic compounds from the dispensing mixture is achieved in process step 2b4). This can be done by adsorption/complexing/filtration/dialysis/hydrolysis methods. Thus, for example, colorant- and odorant-agents can be bound/immobilized to different adsorbents, such as activated carbon or zeolites. Furthermore, for example, enzymes can be used to deactivate, e.g., anti-nutritive compounds. Furthermore, toxins can be complexed by, e.g. chelates. Furthermore, dialysis methods can in particular be used to reduce ions and small molecule compounds, such as toxins. Preference is given to a process in which hydrophilic and/or amphiphilic compounds are removed from a dispensing mixture by means of adsorption/complexing/filtration/dialysis/hydrolysis processes. Preference is given to a method in which, in method step 2b4), adsorption/complexing/filtration/dialysis/hydrolysis of hydrophilic and/or amphiphilic compounds carried out. Process Variants of the Process Step 3 In one embodiment, differential filtration of the solid constituents of the starting material is performed. In a preferred embodiment of the method, filters with different sieve mesh size dimensions are used for this purpose, wherein first larger particles are filtered off and then smaller particles in one or more further filtration stages. For differential separation according to particle sizes, vibration or rotary vibrating screens are preferably used. In addition to the size-selective separation of the solid corpuscular constituents of the dispensing mixture, separation according to particle density is possible. For this purpose, methods are known from the prior art, such as the use of hydrocyclones. In a particularly advantageous manner, this allows the fiber materials, but also insoluble and complex carbohydrates to be separated into the individual fractions, which can then be recycled/obtained. The separation of the fiber materials or other solid corpuscular constituents which are present in the dispensing mixture, according to their size and/or their density (specific gravity) can be carried out in optional process step 3a) by means of sieving techniques and/or cyclone separation method, as described in more detail below. Preference is given to a method in which, in method step 3a), the solvated cellulose-based fibers and solid corpuscular constituents can be separated according to their size and/or their specific weight by means of differential sieving and/or cyclone separation method and subsequently used. In a preferred process variant of process step 3, a separation of micro-complexes/particles is achieved in process step 3b), following the separation of fiber materials. Micro-complexes/particles are understood as meaning aggregates having a size between 0.5 and 2 μm. Such aggregates consist to a large extent of carbohydrates or fibrous materials. These aggregates can be removed by centrifugal or filter techniques. If suitable process parameters are selected, the smallest complexes can be separated without loss of proteins. Preferred is a method in which in the process step 3b) micro-complexes/particles are separated without loss of dissolved proteins. Particularly preferred is a process, wherein in step 3) the solid matter is separated from the dispensing mixture of step 2b) by means of filtration or sedimentation. Process Variants of Process Step 4 In a preferred embodiment, in process step 4) compounds, comprising carbohydrates, phospholipids, glycolipids, glycoglycerolipids, antioxidants, vitamins are added to and/or are contained already in the aqueous solution of step 3), which are bound to the dissolved proteins and aggregated with the proteins. In a further preferred embodiment, the method according to the invention after step 4) and before step 5) comprises step 4a): Separation of the aggregated proteins and subsequent addition of one or more further aggregating agent (s) for aggregation of the dissolved carbohydrates according to step 3). In a further preferred embodiment, in step 4a) before, during or after the initiation of the condensation/aggregation/complexing of the dissolved soluble constituents, such as the proteins, one or more compound (s) of the fiber-free solution containing protein are added in order to bind/complex with the protein (s) and thus introduce them into the obtainable protein fraction. In a particularly preferred embodiment, in the process step 4a), compounds are added to the aqueous fiber-free solution containing proteins, which preferably comprise phospholipids, glycolipids, carboxylic acids, antioxidants, vitamins and/or carbohydrates. In a further particularly preferred embodiment, in the process step 4a) compounds, which are added to the aqueous fiber-free solution containing protein, preferably including phospholipids, glycolipids, carboxylic acids, antioxidants, vitamins and/or carbohydrates and/or which are already contained herein, are bound to the dissolved proteins and aggregated together with the proteins. In a process variant, this method step can also be carried out in method step 2 as method step 2b5). In a method embodiment, the dissolved compounds or classes of compounds present in the fiber-free aqueous solution of process step 4) are aggregated/complexed differentially with the dissolved proteins and/or other dissolved compounds. This can be done in step 4b) by adding one or more compounds before, during or after the initiation of the condensation/aggregation/complexing of the proteins and/or other dissolved compounds, to the fiber-free protein solution, which changes the solubility of compounds that are not proteins, which is, for example, hereby lowered. This can be done, for example, by adding carbonates to modify the solubility of glycolipids or by adding chelating agents to modify the solubility of phospholipids. But also other compounds can be used, such as Na2SO4, ammonium sulfate, CaCl2, MgCl2, acetates, tartrates or silicates. This ensures that the solubility of one or more dissolved compounds is lowered, as a result of which they adhere/complex with the proteins. This preferably takes place during the condensation/aggregation/complexing of the proteins in this process step. As a result, the compounds, of which the solubility is lowered in the reaction mixture, are taken up in the forming protein condensates/aggregates/complexes and made obtainable in this form. This process is preferably carried out in a neutral pH range, preferably a pH between 6 and 8. To influence the solubility, a suitable reaction temperature can be set, which may be different from the temperature that is preferred during the addition of consecutive condensing agents. Preferred is a method in which in process step 4a) one or more compound (s) is/are added to the aqueous process solution in order to bind them to dissolved and/or condensing/aggregating/complexing proteins and/or to bind and/or combine them to/with condensed/aggregated/complexed proteins, before, during or after the initiation of condensation/aggregation/complexation of the proteins. Preference is given to a process in which, in process step 4b), compounds which are dissolved in the aqueous process solution bind to the condensed proteins or condense/aggregate/complex with them by adding these compounds before, during or after the initiation of the condensation/aggregation/complexation of proteins. The complexed protein fraction can be condensed with centrifugal techniques, such as a decanter, to a dehydrated mass. Preference is given to a process in which in step 4b) compounds which are dissolved in the aqueous process solution are bound to the dissolved proteins by condensing/aggregating/complexing these compounds with the dissolved proteins. Preference is given to a process in which, in step 4b), compounds which are dissolved in the aqueous process solution are bound to the dissolved proteins by condensing/aggregating/complexing these compounds with the dissolved proteins. Particularly preferred is a process, wherein in step 5) the separation of the suspension of step 4) is carried out by a filtration process. Process Variants of Process Step 6): In a preferred embodiment, in process step 6), compounds which are still contained in the clarified water phase of process step 5) are reduced/removed by a purification of the process water phase. This can be accomplished by adsorption, aggregation, complexation or dialysis procedures. In this process step, one or more compounds or classes of compounds can be removed from the aqueous phase using methods from the prior art. Thus, for example, dissolved aromas- and flavors can be removed with clay minerals, such as Ca-bentonite, saponite or kerolith. Furthermore zeolites or activated charcoal preparations, activated carbon, silica gels, molecular sieves, clays, alumina, styrene polymers can also be used. Furthermore, colorants can be removed with suitable adsorbents, such as with activated carbon. The clarified process liquid of step 5) may also contain phospholipids and/or glycolipids. This can be controlled by the process execution of the previously performed process steps. In one embodiment, one or both of these classes of compounds are removed by adding precipitants to the process fluid. Suitable reagents include, among others, silicates, carbonates, oxides of magnesium, calcium, aluminum or copper compounds, such as copper chloride or Ca-carbonate. This effects aggregation/complexation of these compounds to produce agglomerates that can be detected by the naked eye. After a sufficient time and concentration of the precipitant, which is identified when no further aggregates form, they can be separated and recovered by means of centrifugal separation techniques. Also preferred are coagulants, such as (NH4)2SO4, CaSO4, MgSO4, Na2SO4or organic substances such as glucano-lactone. It is preferred to remove the resulting condensates/aggregates and complexes from the process water phase by a filter technique or by means of centrifugal processes. In a further advantageous method embodiment of the process step 6), the ionic and ionizable compounds present in the clarified process liquid, such as sodium, potassium, magnesium or calcium, are removed. For this purpose, known ion exchange resins, such as Amberlite XAD 16HP, XAD 7HP, XAD 1180NFPX 66 or Dowex 1×8 can be added to the process fluid or an electrodialysis of the process fluid can be performed. Preference is given to a process in which, in process step 6), the process water phase is purified in which dissolved organic and/or inorganic compounds present in the clarified water phase are reduced or removed by adsorption, aggregation, complexation or dialysis processes. In another preferred embodiment of the method, toxins or herbicides or pesticides or other harmful compounds are removed from the clarified water phase by suitable methods. Suitable methods are, for example, ultrafiltration or nanofiltration of the solution or adsorption of the toxins or hazardous substances. In a further preferred embodiment, dissolved compounds and/or microorganisms are inactivated and separated by a thermal treatment. The preferred temperature range for the thermal treatment is between 40° and 120° C. or between 18° and 0° C. The separation is thus achieved by changing the solubility of the compounds/microorganisms to be separated due to the thermal treatment and thereby condensing and/or complexing them, whereby the condensates/aggregates can be removed from the liquid by known separation techniques. Suitable separation processes are centrifugal processes as well as filtering and screening techniques. With this process step it is possible to separate compounds that belong to the substance class such as carbohydrates. Preference is given to a process in which, in process step 6), the process water phase is purified, by execution of a thermal treatment, by/in which dissolved compounds and/or microorganisms are condensed and/or complexed and subsequently separated. In a further particularly preferred method embodiment of process step 6), further purification steps are carried out in order to reuse of the clarified process water phase. Such include, among others, any reduction or removal of germs/spores if necessary. For this purpose, known methods, such as microfiltration (sterile filtration) or irradiation (UV or gamma rays) can be used. Preference is given to a process in which in process step 6) a method for reducing and/or removing germs and spores is carried out. Surprisingly, it has been shown that the water phases used can be completely recycled and reused in the process. Since process technology requires large amounts of process water, this is of considerable economic importance. The formation of wastewater from the separation process can be completely avoided. It could be shown that the continuous reuse of the process liquids has no negative influence on the quantity and quality of the product fractions. In a particularly preferred embodiment of the method, one or more side-stream process steps are executed in addition to the described main process steps. The execution of these process steps is optimal and can be independent of time and space. For process economization, however, it is advantageous and therefore preferable to connect the main process sequence and the side-stream process method 3-I with one another in terms of time and space. Preference is given to a process consisting of a main process sequence and a side-stream process for obtaining separated and purified constituents of plant-based starting materials in which the process water phases of the main process steps are used in side-stream process steps and vice versa for process economization. Side-Stream Process Method 3-I The process steps of the optional side-stream process method according to the invention make it possible, in a particularly advantageous and surprising manner, to obtain further highly advantageous effects in the use of the sieve residues obtainable in process step 3). The composition of the solid corpuscular organic constituents of the sieve residue is dependent on the constituents present in the starting material. In principle, the following main solid components can be found: cellulose-based fibers, lignin-based shells, complex carbohydrates, where the complex carbohydrates are predominantly present in the form of solid corpuscular fractions up to completely preserved starch granules. Microscopic analyzes have shown that the individual fractions are present in pure form, that means that they are not complexed with one another or with proteins or other organic compounds. Thus by using very simple mechanical separation process a further fractionation of these components can be achieved. In the optional process steps of the side-stream process method 3-I, the sieve residue or filter cake (optionally pre-fractionated by the process step 3a) or 3b)) obtained in the process step 3) is used. The material is mixed in process step 3-I.a with a water phase in a reaction vessel (R3 according to scheme 1). This is preferably a clarified process water phase, which was obtained e. g. after the process step 5) and is supplied from the storage tank V5a to this process step. But any other water phase and fresh water can also be used. The addition ratio of the amount of water in relation to the filter residue depends on the impurities still present, preferably the ratio is between (m:m) 1:1 and 500:1 wt %, more preferably between 2:1 and 200:1 wt % and more preferably between 3:1 and 100:1% by weight. Preferred is an intensive mixture procedure, for example with a high performance shear mixer or a colloid mill. For process execution, the process temperature can be increased, preferably to values between 35° and 70° C., more preferably at 40° to 60° C. The duration of the mixing depends on the process parameter settings and on the purity of the constituents that are to be obtained by fractionation. In the optional process step 3-I.b., first a separation of complex carbohydrate aggregates and insufficiently comminuted starting materials (for example grains, leaves) is performed. In a preferred method application, this is done by sieving the suspension from reaction container R3, which is done within a container filled with a liquid using a suitable sieve having a mesh size which allows >95% of the cellulose-based fibers and lignin-based shell components to pass through. The passing fibers and shell particles then sediment in the collecting container (A3) and are present together with the process liquid. In performing the sieving process, for example, the sieve is overflowed and/or a passage through is facilitated by a vibration of the sieve, wherein carbohydrate particles and large particles do not pass through the sieve. The retained complex carbohydrates or particles can then be removed from the screen and fed to product container P2. These products can be used for other applications. In a further preferred method step 3-Ic, the solid corpuscular fractions suspended in collecting vessel A3 are separated from each other according to their density by means of a cyclone separator (e.g. hydrocyclone); preferably the lighter cellulose-based fibers are separated in the volume flow via the upper outlet and the heavier lignin-based shell particles are separated through the lower outlet. In a further preferred process step of the method, the water phases of the upper and the lower drain from the hydrocyclone separation, a process for the separation of the solid corpuscular constituents, are fed to the process water phase. Preferably, the separation is carried out by means of filtration techniques, such as a vibrating screen or by centrifugal methods, such as centrifuges or decanters. The resulting fractions (cellulose-based fiber and lignin-rich shells) are then subjected to a drying process or fed to a further use. The process water phases obtained can be combined and, for example without further purification, be recycled to process steps 2a), 2b) or 3). Thus, in an extremely advantageous manner pure fractions of cellulose-based fibers and lignin-rich shell fractions can be obtained by this process method. Furthermore, the required process water for this can be recirculated to upstream process steps. Preferably, for this purpose, the process water of the side-stream process step 3-I.c is fed into the storage tank V5b. Preference is given to a process in which cellulose-based fibrous materials, lignin-rich shell fractions and/or complex/complexed carbohydrates originating from biogenic starting materials can be separated and used in pure form. Preference is given to pure fractions of cellulose-based fibrous materials, lignin-rich shell fractions and/or complex/complexed carbohydrates, obtainable in pure form by one of the processes according to the invention. Pure means that other organic constituents/compounds are present in a weight fraction of <10%. In the following, particularly advantageous procedural aspects will be disclosed. Extraction of Lipids from Biogenic Starting Materials. According to the prior art, in oil-containing biogenic starting materials, such as seeds of oil plants, e.g. rapeseed or soybeans, prior to recovery of proteins and/or carbohydrates from these, first a de-oiling process is performed, in which the seeds or grains are squeezed or extraction by means of organic solvents is carried out. This is necessary because lipophilic compounds, primarily triglycerides, are otherwise extracted together with the proteins or carbohydrates, thereby reducing product quality. Complete de-oiling of plant seeds or extracts is also required because of the aromas and flavors contained in the oil fraction. It is known from the literature that the remaining lipids accumulate in the protein fraction during the process of protein isolation and adversely affect the sensory properties (bitter, rancid taste and odor). This off-flavor is transferred to food when protein preparations are applied hereto and is therefore undesirable. For de-oiling, methods are proposed in the prior art in which nonpolar lipids were extracted from aqueous solutions/suspensions of comminuted plant seeds by contacting the plant material with organic solvents at room or elevated temperatures for an extended period of time. Subsequently, the neutral fats and dissolved toxins are in the solvent. Such applications require increased process cost and may result in organic solvents remaining in the products to be recovered. This is the case, in particular, when an alcohol is used as the solvent which can be removed from the aqueous phase only at great expense and therefore, in particular, considerably restricts the reusability of the aqueous extraction solution. In addition, valuable ingredients are irreversibly damaged by alcohols, such as polyphenols. In patent DE10101326 A1, a simplified method was presented in which supercritical CO2was added as a solvent to the crushed plant seeds and by means of a phase separation crude oil and a deoiled residue were obtained; the qualitative properties of obtainable protein factions is not disclosed. Such methods are associated with a significant expenditure of energy and are hardly suitable for large-scale application. In other methods, again, the extraction process of neutral lipids is carried out directly with organic solvents, such as hexane or pentane and high temperatures are usually used. In this case, amphiphilic compounds, such as free fatty acids, phospholipids or vitamins and polyphenols, are removed, whereby these compounds are lost or must be extracted from the effluents. On the other hand, it has been shown that lecithin-rich protein concentrates have excellent emulsifying properties and are therefore of high interest in the food industry. To achieve this, purified lecithin or crude lecithin is added to the isolated proteins according to the prior art, for example by using a spraying technique. Such a procedure requires a considerable technical and thus also economic effort to obtain protein isolates with exceptionally good emulsifying properties. In a study on qualitative differences of 2 protein fractions obtained from rapeseed press cake, one fraction was obtained after hexane de-oiling, followed by aqueous fractionation and acid precipitation and the other by aqueous fractionation and recovery of the protein fraction by ultracentrifugation, it was found that the water solubility of the protein fraction was only 24% in the first process at a pH of 7-9, whereas in the second process it was 50% (Yumiko Yoshie-Stark, Chemical composition, functional properties, and bioactivities of rapeseed protein isolates, Food Chemistry, Volume 107, 2008, pp. 32-39). It is known from the literature that the solubility of the globulins is influenced by the folding of the protein chain. If a physical modification takes place by pH shift and/or by thermal treatment that is above the denaturing temperature, the structure and charge distribution at the molecular surface changes. When non-polar amino acid residues reach the solvent interface, the solubility (in water) decreases significantly. Certain physical modifications of the structure, e.g. those that are pH induced are often reversible, whereas thermal denaturation usually leads to irreversible structural and property changes. Therefore, it is advantageous to use a method for de-oiling, in which neither an organic solvent is used, nor a heating takes place. Surprisingly, it has been found that by a process application according to the invention neither the presence of an organic solvent nor the use of an elevated temperature is required to separate neutral lipids from proteins and carbohydrates. In addition, it was possible to obtain protein fractions with the process variants according to the invention in which phospholipids were present in a proportion of 2 to 15% by weight. Furthermore, other so-called fat accompanying substances in protein or carbohydrate fractions could be found in addition to phospholipids, such as free fatty acids, carotenoids, isoflavonoids, tocopherols. Such amphiphilic ingredients of the biogenic starting materials have a high nutritional potential and may be desirable in protein and carbohydrate fractions. It has been shown that such amphiphilic compounds can be obtained in chemically and physically unchanged form together with the protein fractions obtainable from the process. In addition, the obtainable protein fractions had no off-flavor. Further, the protein fractions obtained showed very good physical properties, with a water solubility (NSI) which was >70%. Furthermore, a separation of neutral fats could be achieved with the process techniques according to the invention. Since these are usually in a micellar form together with phospholipids and/or glycoglycerolipids, their separation is considerably more difficult in an aqueous medium. Surprisingly, it has been found that it is possible under certain conditions during the process according to the invention to separate/liberate neutral lipids completely or almost completely from the other constituents of the biogenic starting material and to separate them. In a particularly preferred process embodiment, the temperature of the reaction mixture in step 2b) or 2) is raised, and/or before or during the feeding and mixing of the condensing agent in step 3). Preferred is to increase the temperature to between 50° and 95° C., more preferably to between 55° and 75° C. and more preferably to between 60° and 70° C. It has been found that by this means, bound neutral fats dissolve and depending on their specific gravity, float on the surface of the aqueous reaction mixture. Preferably, the condensing agents are added only after reaching the desired temperature under gentle agitation of the medium. It is particularly advantageous to carry out one or more of the method steps 2a1)-2a3) and/or 2b1)-2b3) separately or together before/during or after the increase of the temperature has been reached. Preference is given to obtain lipid phase which is formed and can be recovered, e.g. by medium skimming or overflow method. Preference is given to an aqueous process for de-oiling plant-based proteins which can be carried out at room temperature and/or elevated temperature. Preference is given to a process for the separation of organic constituents of plant-based starting materials, in which removal of neutral lipids is effected by an aqueous solution containing dissolved amino acids and/or peptides and a protein fraction having a water solubility of >70%. Particularly preferred is an embodiment of the method in which the dissolved amino acids and/or peptides are dissolved cationic amino acids and/or peptides. Preference is given to a process for the separation of organic constituents of plant-based starting materials, in which removal of neutral lipids and recovery of proteins is achieved by an aqueous solution containing dissolved amino acids and/or peptides without heating. Particularly preferred is an embodiment of the method in which the dissolved amino acids and/or peptides are dissolved cationic amino acids and/or peptides. No heating means that a temperature of 60° C. is not exceeded. Preference is given to a neutral fat-free protein fraction. Neutral weight-free means a mass fraction of <0.1% by weight. Surprisingly, in the aqueous unlocking process according to the invention, a spontaneous phase separation of the neutral lipids and the water phase results. These lipid phases showed only slight emulsion formation in the area of the phase boundary and were in part almost clear. Separation could be achieved by separately draining the phases. From samples taken from water phase that have been beneath the lipid phase no neutral lipids could be extracted by organic solvents. This process effect is therefore particularly advantageous since an additional process step for the removal of neutral lipids by solvents is omitted. The sedimentary separation process can be accelerated by centrifugal separation techniques. Furthermore, the lipid phase can skimmed off in various process steps. In a preferred method embodiment, the spontaneously separating lipid phase can be removed continuously or discontinuously in a container with a controllable discharge in the upper region, so that the lipid phase can be separated by discharged through the outlet either due to continuous filling of the container, or in the case of a discontinuous filling after formation of a lipid phase, before draining the water phase. In a preferred embodiment of the method, the lipid phase is skimmed off after process step 2b) or 2), wherein preferably the organic constituents have already completely dissolved. In a further preferred embodiment, the lipid phase is skimmed off following the separation of the solid matter in process step 3). In a further preferred method implementation, the skimming is performed after the pH of the aqueous solution is adjusted. This is especially advantageous when, for the separation of a condensed protein phase, the entire water phase is fractionated by means of a centrifugal field separator, whereby separation of the phases with a tricanter is particularly advantageous. This makes it possible in a particularly advantageous manner to separate the three phases that are present: solid matter, aqueous phase and lipid phase in one process step and to obtain them in a high degree of purity. If a neutral fat phase was added to the aqueous process solution during a process step, it can be removed again in the same or in one of the subsequent process steps using the abovementioned methods. The separation of the neutral fat phase is favored by a high dilution ratio of the water phase of the aqueous process mixture in relation to the solid matter content contained therein or by an elevated process temperature. Disintegration of Plant-Based Starting Material and Obtainable Products The inventive method is also directed to a complete recycling of all constituents of the plant-based starting material. In the prior art, for efficient fractionation of constituents, such as the protein fraction with a protein content of >80% by weight, it is necessary to perform a mechanical disintegration of the plant-based starting material in order to obtain a very fine flour or powder. This process is energy intensive and does not allow separation of all constituents from each other, so that no pure fractions of material are obtained. It has surprisingly been possible to demonstrate that the process steps according to the invention also make it possible to disintegrate the plant-based starting material and, as a result, to dispense with complex mechanical disintegration processes. At the same time, a complete usability of all constituents of the plant-based starting material, with a high degree of purity, can be achieved. It has thus been possible to show that it is not necessary to mechanically disrupt the plant-based starting material as finely as possible in order to ensure a high efficiency of separation of the constituents with the process according to the invention; finer mechanical fragmentation only reduced the duration of wetting/impregnation of the plant-based starting material with the aqueous solutions according to the invention and the product results did not differ if only the plant-based starting material has rough prepared, as with a meal or semolina compared to a fine flour. It has also been found that even large aggregates, which may also be on a centimeter scale, are completely permeated over time by the aqueous solutions according to the invention, which is not the case with aqueous solutions containing bases, acids or surfactants. However, the prerequisite is that there is a water permeability of the plant starting material to be unlocked. Therefore, in a preferred embodiment, first a disintegration of the plant casing/shell material, which forms a water-repellent and/or water-impermeable layer or layers, is carried out, so that the plant-based starting material can be penetrated by the aqueous solutions according to the invention at room temperature. With the methods as described herein, it is easily possible to decide whether sufficient disintegration of the plant-based starting material has been achieved and the constituents have separated from one another and thus can be separated in a dispensing volume. Thus, the inventive method is particularly suitable for a disintegration of not or only slightly mechanically disintegrated plant-based starting material, with simultaneous disconnection/detachment of the constituents of the plant-based starting material, which allows the recovery of the constituents in pure form. In this case, a mechanical disintegration is not necessary, in particular, if the aqueous solutions according to the invention containing dissolved amino acids and/or peptides can freely penetrate into the plant-based starting material. Preference is given to a process for disintegrating plant-based starting material by means of an aqueous solution containing dissolved amino acids and/or peptides, by means of which the constituents of the starting material can be obtained in pure form. Particularly preferred is an embodiment of the method in which the dissolved amino acids and/or peptides are dissolved cationic amino acids and/or peptides. Another aspect of the invention aims at a complete utilization of all constituents of plant seeds, kernels or grains. As a rule, processes from the prior art have the goal of making available only one fraction of the ingredients in a form that is as pure as possible; processes that allow constituents of the plant-based starting materials to be completely unlocked are not available. Surprisingly, it has it could be shown that it is now possible with the processes according to the invention to separate all constituents present in the plant-based starting materials from one another and to obtain them in a pure form for commercial use. This applies in particular to the main constituents of the plant-based starting material, such as proteins, carbohydrates, cellulose-based fibers and lignin-rich shell fractions and neutral lipids, but also minor components, such as phospholipids, glycolipids, glycoglycerolipids, colorants, antioxidants or vitamins and minerals. Preference is given to a process in which, without further pretreatment of starting plant-based products, complete recovery is accomplished by obtaining these in pure form by aqueous unlocking process of the main constituents. Thus, the invention relates to a process for the aqueous unlocking method resulting in complete disconnection/detachment of the constituents of plant-based starting materials for complete utilization of materials. The process according to the invention is furthermore particularly suitable for obtaining an unaltered form of thermolabile compounds which are present in the biogenic starting material and whose structure and/or function are destroyed by heating. The inventive method allows unlocking and recovery of ingredients/constituents at ambient temperatures. The temperature of the aqueous phases while performing the process steps is preferably between 1° and 60° C., more preferably between 5° and 40° C., more preferably between 10° and 40° C. and particularly preferably between 15° and 35° C. Obtainable Protein Fractions and Minor Fractions Another aspect of the invention relates to aromas and flavors which are contained in particular in plant seeds and are predominantly bound to the proteins contained therein. These compounds, such as ketones or aldehydes, are difficult to separate with techniques of the prior art. An aqueous process by which flavors or colorants of proteins can be detached (liberated) and separated is not known. Methods are known from the prior art, with which first a debittering is performed by treatment of the ground grain with acids, before an extraction of the other ingredients is carried out (DE 5 37 265). Such methods require a high process cost and have a limited efficiency. Surprisingly, it has now been found that by disconnecting/detaching the constituents of the biogenic starting materials with the aqueous solutions containing dissolved cationic amino acids and/or peptides, it is possible to also dissolve the aromas and flavors from their bonds and extract them into the aqueous dispensing solution. It can be assumed that the expansion of the proteins as a result of the hydratability achieved with the process promotes the detachment/liberation of the aromas and flavors and prevents re-deposition/adhesion. The clarified aqueous solutions obtained after separation of solid matter and the condensed/aggregated/complexed soluble constituents (proteins) contain the corresponding aromas and flavors to a great extent. As a result, the obtainable protein fractions are completely or almost completely odorless and tasteless. In obtaining a protein fraction by means of aqueous extraction, it could be shown in investigations conducted without the compounds of the present invention that the aromas and flavors (especially the bittering agents) remained associated with the protein fraction and were still present in a protein extract obtained by precipitation or centrifugal separation, leading to unwanted sensory and anti-nutritive effects. Thus, in one process embodiment, protein fractions can be obtained which are low or free of off-flavors. On the other hand, dissolved aromas- and flavor-agents, including the bitter substances, can be obtained separately. For this purpose, methods are known from the prior art. Preference is given to a process in which aromas and/or flavors and/or anti-nutritive compounds and/or endogenous or exogenous toxins are separated from the constituents. Preferred is a process for the recovery of biogenic aromas and flavoring substances. In one embodiment, the method steps according to the invention can also be used for purifying protein fractions. It has been shown that not only aromas and flavoring substances can be dissolved and separated from the constituents of the biogenic starting materials, but also other physiologically or non-physiologically occurring substances. Physiological substances include, among others, phytosterols, glycosides, alkaloids, inositols, polyphenols, flavinoids, vitamins, phytosterols, saponins, glucoinolates, phytoestrogens, monoterpenes and endogenous toxins such as phorbol esters or certain fatty acids, such as erucic acid or phytic acid. Non-physiological substances include, among others, pesticides, herbicides, fungicides or exogenous toxins, e.g. from fungi, such as aflatoxins, ochratoxins,alternariatoxins, alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), altenuen and tenuaconic acid, fumonisins,fusariumtoxins or ergot alkaloids. As previously stated, some of the physiologically occurring substances are responsible for anti-nutritive properties, such as alpha-glucosidases, trypsin inhibitors, phytic acid, tannins, or oxidized phenols. It could be shown that the protein fractions produced by the process according to the invention had virtually no measurable traces of anti-nutritional or toxic compounds, if these were originally present in the biogenic starting materials. Preference is given to a process for detaching/liberating and separating aromas and/or flavorings and/or anti-nutritive substances and/or endogenous or exogenous toxins. Preference is given to an off-flavor-poor protein fraction with no or minimal residual contents of anti-nutritive substances and/or toxins. It has also been found that already isolated fractions of the constituents present in biogenic starting materials can also be purified from accompanying substances/minor constituents by means of one of the methods according to the invention. It is particularly advantageous in this case that only protein fractions that have already been separated have to be treated with the aqueous solutions for unlocking disclosed herein. Thus it could be shown that in a protein concentrate from an algae culture with a high proportion of chlorophyll, neutral lipids and carboxylic acids, which was present in powdered form and used instead of the plant-based starting material in the process step 1) and treated with the consecutive process steps according to the invention, a virtually complete separation of chlorophyll, neutral lipids and carboxylic acids was achieved so that the protein concentrate obtained contained no or virtually no chlorophyll and no neutral lipids or carboxylic acids. Furthermore, a milk protein condensate in which a high content of neutral lipids, phospholipids and free fatty acids, but also soluble carbohydrates was treated with the process steps 2, 4 and 5. The protein mass obtained had a protein content (in terms of dry matter) which was 11% by weight higher than that of the starting material. Only a very low content of carbohydrates was found to be present in the protein fraction, free fatty acids were not present and neutral lipids and phospholipids were present in a range that was less than 1% by weight with respect to the protein mass. In a further study, a meal of animal carcasses of fish, with a proportion of solid matter of 32% by weight, a protein content of 51% by weight and a content of lipids of 12% by weight was used as starting material and treated with a method according to the invention. Step 2b) was carried out at a temperature of 60° C. At the end of the process step, a lipid fraction with a slight haze that floated top of the process fluid was skimmed off. The solid matter obtained in step 3 was free of attached soluble compounds. The protein mass obtained contained no solid matter and no free fatty acids or neutral lipids. If necessary to meet specific requirements on the purity, the protein fractions (P1) according to scheme 1) but also other protein fractions obtained from process step 5, again or for the first time, are completely dissolved in one of the solutions for unlocking in order to perform purification. The proportions and concentrations as well as the compositions of the solutions for unlocking are to be selected analogously to those of process step 2a. The same applies to the pH of the process solution, which is preferably adjusted to between 6.5 and 13, more preferably between 7 and 12 and more preferably between 8 and 12. To obtain a homogeneous solution or suspension, a shear mixer can be used. The process conditions and the residence time can also be carried out/chosen analogously to those of process step 2a. The recovery of the dissolved protein fraction then is performed according to process steps 4 and 5. All obtainable protein fractions of the described investigations were odorless and tasteless, whereby the starting products had a distinct intrinsic taste. When deactivation and/or removal of anti-nutritive and/or toxic substances from the obtainable protein fractions is desired or required, prior art methods may be used. Thus, for example, it is possible to homogenize the protein mass obtained with a suitable amount of water and to heat to a defined temperature at which deactivation, e. g. of enzymes, is achieved. It is known from the literature that enzymes, when present in a protein flour dissolved in water, are completely deactivated after just a few minutes at a temperature of 85-90° C. In contrast, such a deactivation in dry protein meal or in grains is not possible. Thus, the method allows proteins that include thermosensitive compounds, such as toxins or enzymes, to inactivate or alter thermosensitive compounds in an aqueous solution containing dissolved cationic amino acids and/or peptides by suspending the proteins, containing thermosensitive compounds, in the aqueous solution and heating the suspension. Preference is given to heating to a temperature between 50° and 140° C., more preferably between 60° and 121° C., more preferably between 70° and 90° C. The duration of the heat treatment depends on the compound to be deactivated and must be determined experimentally. Preferred is a method for deactivating enzymes and toxins in an aqueous dissolved protein fraction. The aqueous unlocking process separates the organic constituents of the starting material from each other in a particularly advantageous manner and thus makes them separable from each other. The cellulose-based fibers or particulate material that had been separated from the aqueous process mixture by a simple sieving and freed from residual/adhering water were practically pure, that means, no or only minimal amounts of soluble organic compounds could be separated off by further rinsing steps with aqueous solutions or organic solvents. By unlocking the constituents of the starting material, it is also possible to extract ingredients/constituents that interfere with the further processing and can be discharged into a product phase, which are already dissolved in the aqueous process mixture. This can be done by methods of the prior art. In an advantageous process embodiment, phenols and/or polyphenolic compounds are removed from the aqueous dispension mixture of process steps 2), 2b), 3) or 6.3) by binding them by means of adsorptive techniques. Suitable for this purpose are e.g. ion exchange resins, zeolites or activated carbon and clays. Further preferred process embodiments, in which a water-immiscible organic phase is mixed into the aqueous reaction mixtures in order to bind hereto/herewith amphiphilic and/or lipophilic compounds and to separate them by means of a phase separation, have already been described. Particularly suitable here are paraffinic oils, aliphatic or cyclic hydrocarbons, but also methyl esters of fatty acids or paraffin compounds. Preferably, then, thorough mixing or contacting of the phases is carried out. This type of process is particularly suitable for binding organic compounds which are lipophilic and/or amphiphilic in the organic phase, and are to be removed from the aqueous reaction mixture and separated with the organic phase. The separation of the organic phase is preferably carried out by a spontaneous phase separation; the phases can then be separated by one of the methods described herein. The organic compounds which can be removed by such a process include, among others, lipophilic colorants such as carotenoids or chlorophylls, lipophilic vitamins such as retinol, calciferol or tocopherol, phytosterols, polyphenols, saponins, glucoinolates, phytoestrogens or monoterpes. It has been shown that the amphiphilic or lipophilic compounds discharged into a lipid phase can be extracted from them using established techniques and be obtained for use. For example, chlorophylls with a purity of >80% or glycoglycerolipids with a purity of >70% could be extracted from the lipid phases. Furthermore, a circulation of the lipid extraction phase can also be established here. Preference is given to a process in which amphiphilic and/or lipophilic compounds are separated and made obtainable by mixing an organic substance mixture with an aqueous solution containing dissolved amino acids and/or peptides and then separating a lipid phase. Particularly preferred is an embodiment of the method in which the dissolved amino acids and/or peptides are dissolved cationic amino acids and/or peptides. Thus, the method also aims at obtaining a protein fraction which is odorless and low in taste. Low odor (aromas) and low in flavor in this context means that compared with the starting material, preferably >70%, more preferably >85% and more preferably >95% of the odorants/aromas and flavorings that can be perceived are reduced. In other words, a protein fraction can be obtained by one of the processes according to the invention which contains <30%, more preferably <15% and more preferably <5%, of sensorially perceived odorants/aromas or flavorings compared to the starting material. Furthermore, the method also aims to obtain a protein fraction which is free from off-flavors. Preferred is a process for producing protein fractions which are free from off-flavors. Preferred is a method for obtaining a protein fraction that is low in flavors and aromas. Preference is given to a protein fraction that is low in flavors and aromas. Surprisingly, toxins of the seeds, such as the erucic acid or phorbol esters and hazardous substances that were taken up by the seeds, such as pesticides, herbicides, fungicides could also be dissolved by the solution for unlocking. Such compounds were no longer bound to proteins in the dispensing phase. It turned out that the dissolved toxins or hazardous substances remained in solution in a similar way to the behavior of odorants/aromas and flavorings, and were present only in minimal amounts or not at all in the obtainable protein fraction. In this respect, the method aims to dissolute toxins and hazardous substances from the starting material. Dissolving in this context means that >70% by weight, more preferably >85% by weight and further >95% by weight of the toxins or hazardous substances present in the starting material are completely dissolved in the aqueous solution of the dispensing phase, i.e., are not bound to a protein. In other words, a low-toxin and low-hazard substance protein fraction can be obtained by any of the methods of the invention which contains <30%, more preferably <15% and more preferably <5% of the toxins or as compared to content of the starting material. Preference is given to a process for the preparation of protein fractions which are low in toxins and hazardous substances. Protein Isolation In studies on the isolation of dissolved proteins from aqueous solutions with other dissolved soluble constituents obtained by the disconnection/detachment method in the aqueous solution containing dissolved amino acids and/or peptides, it has been found that by the hydration of the proteins achievable by the method and selection of suitable process parameters a very pure fraction thereof can be obtained. Pure means that the protein fractions have a protein content of preferably >60% by weight, more preferably >70% by weight, more preferably >80% by weight and still more preferably >85% by weight and most preferably >90% by weight. This was the case in particular for the use of cationic amino acids and/or peptides. It has been found that such pure protein fractions can be produced in particular by a large dispensing volume after an unlocking process of the constituents according to the invention. Such dissolved proteins, for example, pass through a membrane filter with a pore permeability of at least 1 μm. This allows a size-selective separation of dissolved proteins. Furthermore, it has been found that precisely in this situation of optimal hydration of the dissolved proteins and the presence of a physiological pH range, a very rapid and pronounced interaction with the condensing agents listed here is achieved, resulting in an aggregation of the hydrated proteins with displacement or exclusion of the process water. This can be recognized, for example, by the fact that spatial structures visible to the naked eye are formed with partial or complete clarification of the process fluid, which sediments only very slowly after formation. The process fluid is then moderately to intensely colored and contains aroma- and flavor agents as well as soluble carbohydrates. Thus, the hydration and condensation process requires that the compounds previously released from the proteins remain in a dissolved state in the process water phase and do not combine with the condensing proteins or with the condensed proteins. The method also opens up the possibility of using very different compounds as condensing agents for the dissolved proteins, and, as a result of which, further very advantageous effects on the obtainable pure protein fractions can be achieved. Thus, for example, condensing agents which combine with the proteins and remain in the obtainable protein fraction can be used. In this way, for example, antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid or compounds with surface-active properties, such as glycoglycerolipids or calcium compounds, such as calcium carbonate, can be added in a targeted and metered manner and be taken up in different combinations into the obtainable protein fraction. Advantageously, the protein fractions obtained by the inventive processes retain the extremely good solubility properties. It has been found to be particularly advantageous that the protein fractions obtainable by these processes have a very homogeneous consistency and a pH of between 6.0 and 7.5. After a centrifugal separation of binding water, the obtainable paste-like mass remains homogeneous and can be easily dissolved in water again. This can be used in a particularly advantageous manner to completely dissolve the obtainable condensed protein fraction in a washing (rinsing) step with water or a protic solvent followed by separation by a renew centrifugation. However, it is also very easy to achieve a suspension in a slightly or completely non-polar solvent, which also allows strongly hydrophobic compounds to be extracted from the dissolved protein mass. Thus, by the process technology according to the invention a sequential leaching of organic compounds in the obtainable protein fractions can be ensured. Furthermore, it is also possible to remove polar compounds, for example electrolytes, which are contained in the remaining residual water content. Particularly suitable for this purpose is a process where a protein fraction which is obtained from the method according to the invention and which is preferably present in the form of a very dehydrated protein mass achieved by means of filter techniques is placed in a filter cloth and inserted into deionized water or the deionized water is passed through it. It has been found that virtually no relevant amounts of proteins are lost from the protein mass. Thus, with the process steps and techniques, high purity protein fractions which correspond to the product specifications of protein condensates, protein concentrates and protein isolates can be obtained. Preferred is a process for the preparation of protein condensates and/or protein concentrates and/or protein isolates from organic starting material by means of aqueous solutions containing dissolved amino acids and/or peptides. Particularly preferred is an embodiment of the method in which the dissolved amino acids and/or peptides are dissolved cationic amino acids and/or peptides. Further advantageous effects result from the consistency of the obtainable protein fractions, which can be adjusted by the process execution. Thus, protein fractions which are liquid, pasty, stable or friable can be obtained. It is also advantageous that thickened protein fractions can be very easily dissolved in water and can be supplied in a flowable form, for example a spray-drying process for producing a powder. Obtainable Carbohydrate Fractions Carbohydrates are present in plant seeds, kernels or grains predominantly in the form of amyoplasts, the so-called starch granules. They break down to a great extent during pressing and grinding, releasing glycogen. These, polysaccharides which are suitable for human nutrition, are predominantly present in a high molecular weight form as a starch. Starch consists of microscopically small, polymeric solid-state particles which, depending on the plant species or variety, have a characteristic size and shape as well as different proportions of amylose and amylopectin. Native starch granules are insoluble in water. They only swell reversibly in cold water by up to 28% by volume, with the free hydroxyl groups of the starch molecules forming hydrogen bonds. Above a certain temperature, which depends on the type of starch, the starch gelatinizes within a very small temperature range. This gelatinization is irreversible and is due to a softening of the amorphous starch structure with gradual absorption of water and the breaking of hydrogen bonds. With the method according to the invention dissolved and undissolved and insoluble carbohydrates can be solvated/dissolved and separated from other organic and inorganic compounds in a very advantageous manner in order to make them available for further use. In one embodiment, the process step 2), or 2a) and 2b) and 3) are performed under cold or cooled conditions (<10° C.). As a result, the time for degradation of complex carbohydrates, depending on the process time, can be adjusted to a required level, so that, for example, the release of amylopectins does not take place or only to a small extent. In addition, the swelling magnitude of complex carbohydrates is minimized, whereby the complex carbohydrates can be obtained in a largely unchanged state compared to the initial state, but freed from other constituents of the starting mixture. In a particularly advantageous manner, undissolved complex carbohydrates, which correspond, for example, to a starch granule or parts thereof, can be separated from the other solid matter and the soluble dissolved compounds by simple filtering techniques or a cyclone separation method. After drying, e.g. in a drying oven, they can be used, e.g. for production of a corn starch. Undissolved carbohydrates are present, for example, in the form of polysaccharides which, depending on the molecular weight, have a different sedimentation rate. It has been found that poly-saccharides which can not be removed by filtration from the process mixture of process step 2b) or 2) or 3) sediment only very slowly. Surprisingly, with the proper selection of a condensation agent for the condensation/aggregation/complexation of the proteins present in the mixture, these compounds are not included in or associated with the condensates/aggregates/complexes so that this carbohydrate fraction remains in the clarified process water when the condensed soluble proteins have been separated by means of a suitable filter material. It has been found that following the separation of the proteins or possibly other fractions, e.g. lipids or amphiphilic compounds, the higher molecular weight carbohydrates located in the process water can be separated by centrifugal techniques, such as a decanter or separator. The hereby solid material obtained can be further purified with a simple process technology. Surprisingly, it has been found that with the same aqueous solutions containing dissolved amino acids and/or peptides, a purification of the obtainable higher molecular weight carbohydrates is possible. Particularly suitable for this purpose were cationic amino acids/peptides. For this purpose, the carbohydrate fraction, which is preferably freed from free liquid, is added to and dissolved in a container with one of the aqueous solutions according to the invention containing dissolved amino acids and/or peptides in one of the concentrations given herein. After a residence time of preferably between 2 minutes and 3 days, more preferably between 5 minutes and 24 hours and more preferably between 15 minutes and 3 hours, a phase separation is preferably performed by means of filtration techniques or by centrifugal methods. The obtainable mass can be dried by prior art processes and processed into a flour that can be used immediately. It could be shown that a product with high purity is obtained. It has been shown that when centrifugal processes are used, a larger proportion of dissolved proteins is removed with the solid phase, therefore only filtrative methods or a cyclone separation method are suitable in order to allow the most complete possible separation of dissolved proteins from solids. This was not known in the prior art, as can be illustrated, for example, with reference to the Chinese application CN 106 720 920 A. It does not describe how the cellulose-based fibers are released from the proteins and are separated. In particular, it is unclear how a separation of the protein phase is achieved. On the other hand, it is possible with the methods of the invention to integrate specifically soluble carbohydrates in an obtainable protein fraction. It has been found that, under certain conditions, the dissolved carbohydrates can be taken up during the formation of condensates/agglomerates/complexes of proteins resulting in a very homogeneous combination product. Further advantages result from the possibility of heating the unlocking mixture and/or the dispensing mixture. As a result, complex carbohydrates can be completely or partially unlocked or hydrated, resulting in water-soluble carbohydrate fractions. Thus it is possible to produce soluble carbohydrates, e.g. pectins, which can then be incorporated into the recoverable protein fraction and separated with these together, but also can be separated separately. Preferred is a method in which the water-insoluble and/or undissolved carbohydrates are separated from organic components and can be used. Preferred is a method in which dissolved carbohydrates are condensed/agglomerated/complexed together with dissolved proteins, whereby protein-carbohydrates condensates/agglomerates/complexes are obtained. Preference is given to a process in which in step 4) dissolved carbohydrates and/or phospholipids and/or glycoglycerolipids are condensed/agglomerated/complexed together with dissolved proteins, whereby protein condensates/agglomerates/complexes containing carbohydrates and/or phospholipids and/or glycoglycerolipids are obtained. Preferred is a method in which insoluble carbohydrates are brought into a soluble form and are condensed/agglomerated/complexed with dissolved proteins, whereby a homogeneous mixture of proteins and carbohydrates is obtained. Another aspect of the invention relates to the separation of carbohydrates from ground products. It was found that in a coarse or fine-grained flour, which, e.g. emerged from an impact milling or grinding process and in which the starch granules remain mostly intact, soluble constituents and in particular the soluble proteins adhering to these can be removed virtually residue-free with the inventive method. As a result, the intact starch granules can be obtained in pure form and separated by means of a simple screening technique. Since these have a different sieve size compared to cellulose-based fibers and lignin-rich shell fractions, a virtually pure fraction of starch granules or carbohydrate aggregates can be obtained immediately. After drying, they can be processed further. It has been shown that the removal of proteins from the starch granules or complex carbohydrates has a very positive effect on the baking behavior of the flours obtained therefrom. Thus, it was shown that there is a greater volume when making dough and in the subsequent baking process, compared to making a dough with flour in which the protein content was not removed. Furthermore, there was less sticking to the baking surface. Furthermore, the obtainable flours of the complex carbohydrates were free from an off-flavor, or off-odor and/or bad taste. Preference is given to a process in which protein-free complex carbohydrates and/or starch granules are separable in pure form from plant press products or meal products. In one embodiment of the present invention, the methods described herein further include step 4a) after step 4) and before step 5): Separation of the aggregated proteins and subsequent addition of further aggregating agent to aggregate the carbohydrates according to step 3). Preference is given to a process in which protein-free flours are obtained from complex carbohydrates or starch granules which have improved baking properties compared with a flour having a protein fraction. Improved baking properties means, e.g. an increased volume during rising or less stickiness of a dough preparation or a fermentation product. Particularly preferred is a method wherein in step 3) after the separation of solid mater from the dispensing mixture of step 2b) to obtain a fiber-free aqueous solution of the water-soluble and dissolved compounds of the starting material, protein-free complex carbohydrates and/or starch granules are separated from the separated solid matter in step 3a). The present invention is also directed to protein free complex or complexed carbohydrates and/or starch granules obtainable by a method described herein. In a preferred embodiment, the protein-free complex or complexed carbohydrates and/or starch granules are obtainable by a process wherein in step 3) after the separation of solid matter from the dispensing mixture of step 2b) and thereby obtaining a fiber-free aqueous solution of the water-soluble and dissolved compounds of the starting material, protein-free complex carbohydrates and/or starch granules are separated from the separated solid matter in step 3a). In a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, in step 3) after the separation of solid matter from the dispensing mixture of step 2b) a fiber-free aqueous solution of the water-soluble and dissolved compounds of the starting material is obtained and in a step 3a″) decompacted cellulose-based fibers and/or decompacted lignin-rich shell, and/or complex/complexed carbohydrates, which are free of dissolved soluble compounds, are obtained from the separated solid matter. Furthermore, the present invention is directed to cellulose-based fibers having a water binding capacity of >200% by volume and/or lignin-rich shells having a fat binding capacity of >200% by weight, obtainable by a process described herein. Particular preference is given to cellulose-based fibers having a water binding capacity of >200% by volume and/or lignin-rich shells having a fat-binding capacity of >200% by weight, obtainable by a process, wherein in step 3) after the separation of solid matter from the dispensing mixture of step 2b) to obtain a fiber-free aqueous solution of the water-soluble and dissolved compounds of the starting material, decompacted cellulose-based fibers and/or decompacted lignin rich shells and/or complex/complexed carbohydrates that are free from dissolved soluble compounds are obtained from the separated solid matter in a step 3a″). Also particularly preferred is a process in which in step 4) dissolved carbohydrates and/or phospholipids and/or glycoglycerolipids are aggregated together with dissolved proteins, and after step 5), in a step 5a), protein aggregates containing carbohydrates and/or phospholipids and/or glycoglycerolipids are obtained. Therefore, the present invention is also directed to protein aggregates containing carbohydrates obtainable by a process according to the invention. Particularly preferred are protein aggregates containing carbohydrates obtainable by a process in which dissolved carbohydrates and/or phospholipids and/or glycoglyceolipids are aggregated together with dissolved proteins in step 4), and after step 5), in a step 5a), protein aggregates containing carbohydrates and/or phospholipids and/or glycoglycerolipids are obtained. Cellulose-Based Fibers and Lignin-Rich Shell Fractions The nature and composition of shell materials naturally varies depending on the type of plant-based starting material used. For the extraction of flours, the shells are usually separated before grinding, since these are usually not desirable in the obtained products. This usually succeeds only with a large process engineering effort and loss of grain/seed material due to mechanical fragmentation/segregation. Fiber material which are present as structural constituents in seeds, kernels and grains, but also in other plant-based starting, can not be separated or isolated without residues with prior art processes, since they are completely bonded/crosslinked to the ingredients, or compacted herewith. In particular, a mechanical separation of these fiber materials is not possible in the prior art. It was therefore completely surprising that both, the lignin-rich shell fraction, as well as the cellulose-based fibers of the plant-based starting materials can be separated and obtained in an immediately pure form. Thus, after the inventive removal of bound water fractions, no or almost no proteins, soluble carbohydrates, aromas or flavoring substances or other organic or inorganic detachable compounds could be detected. Microscopically, no attachments of other organic components were evident. The lignin-rich shells have a lignin content of 50 to 95% by weight. They are present as submillimeter-sized platelets or in amorphous form. After drying, they are in a free-flowing and pourable form. There is a significant water retention capacity that can be >40%. Microscopically, the cellulose-based fibers have a cotton-like 3-dimensional spatial structure with average diameters between 50 and 500 μm with an aspect ratio (length/diameter) of 1:1 to 100:1. These are isolated/discrete structures that are not interconnected and have a very low length weight of <70 mg/100 m. It has been found that such cellulose-based fibers differ significantly from cellulose fibers in chemical composition, secondary and tertiary structure, and physicochemical properties. Furthermore, it was found that both the obtainable cellulose-based fibers and the lignin-rich shells had a significant water binding capacity of more than 200 vol %. In addition, it has been found that both the lignin-rich shells and the cellulose-based fibers are free or nearly free of odorants/aromas or flavors or colorants that dissolve in an aqueous medium. Thus, the lignin-rich shell fraction and cellulose-based fibers obtainable by the process are readily usable for further processing in the form as they are obtained and prepared by the methods of the invention or after drying which may be accomplished by prior art techniques. Preference is given to a process in which pure lignin-rich shells and/or cellulose-based fibers are obtained from a biogenic starting material having a water binding capacity of >200 vol %. Surprisingly, dried lignin-rich shells in addition to a high water-binding capacity and high water retention capacity also have an extremely large binding capacity for oils and fats. In experiments on various lignin-based shell fractions this was between 250 and 550% by weight. Noteworthy was that, the hydrophobic interaction with the surfaces leads to a rapid transport of oils and fats along the outer surfaces of a granulate. As a result, oils and fats can be transported against a pressure gradient by means of capillary forces at the inner and outer surfaces of a poured lignin-rich shell granulate. The height of the saturated material in riser tests was more than 5 cm. Furthermore, it could be shown that the dried and powdered cellulose-based fibers also had a very high binding capacity for oils and fats, which was between 220 and 360% by weight. Preference is given to a process in which pure lignin-rich shells and/or cellulose-based fibers are obtained from a biogenic starting material having an oil and/or fat binding capacity of >200% by weight. Surprisingly, it has been found that the lignin-rich shell fractions and the cellulose-based fibers, which were in the filter residue of process step 3 in many of the investigated plant-based starting materials, such as rapeseed and jatropha press residues, could be easily separated from each other with prior art techniques. Preference is given to cyclone separation method, such as hydrocyclones, but also filter techniques can be used. It has been shown that this makes it possible to produce pure fractions of cellulose-based fibers on the one hand and lignin-rich shell fractions on the other hand, in which no or almost no proteins, soluble carbohydrates, odorants/aromas or flavorings, or other organic or inorganic dissolvable compounds or colorants which dissolve into an aqueous medium are obtained. The resulting shell or fiber fractions are preferably freed from still bound water by a pressing process. Alternatively, centrifugal processes can be used. The dewatered shell or fiber fractions can be used in the resulting form or completely dried. Drying processes are known in the art. Preferred is drying with hot air. Advantageously, the lignin-rich shell fractions obtainable after drying are present in a readily separable and free-flowing form. It has been found that the cellulose-based fibers produced, differ in their chemical composition in comparison with cellulose fibers and cellulose derivatives. While in cellulose fibers and cellulose derivatives virtually no further elements could be detected besides C, H and O, in cellulose-based fibers numerous elements such as N, S, P, Fe, Cl, Na, Ca, K, Ni, Cl, Cu, as well as other elements are present. Because of the binding properties found for the cellulose-based fibers, it is believed that these elements are at least in part associated with functional groups covalently linked either directly or indirectly to the polymeric framework structures. A covalent indirect connection may be present, e.g. via a sugar residue or a peptide. But it is also conceivable that non-covalently bound compounds are connected to the polymeric backbone via electrostatic exchange forces that have these functional groups or elements. The presence of functional groups on the surfaces of the cellulose-based fibers is responsible for many of the effects found so far. Surprisingly, it has been shown that the obtainable cellulose-based fibers are outstandingly suitable for various applications for humans and animals. For example, it has been shown that cellulose-based fibers are eminently suitable for incorporating, formulating, or transporting or storing substances/compounds or even microorganisms herein or herewith. In particular, for the formulation of proteins which are present in dry or water-soluble form, cellulose-based fibers are suitable. Furthermore, cellulose-based fibers can also be used as a substitute for carbohydrates or fats in food preparations. Furthermore, they are suitable as calorie-free dietary fiber and have stool-regulating effects. In addition, a weight reduction could be achieved with diets that incorporated the cellulose-based fibers produced according to the invention. In addition, it could be shown that there are still other positive effects, e.g. on the formulation of creams/lotions/ointments or pastes or on the reduction of off-flavors in foods or for the cultivation and activity of microorganisms such as yeasts or algae. Introduction of Compounds into Obtainable Products Another aspect of the invention relates to a method for the controlled introduction and/or contacting of compounds into/on the protein fraction/proteins obtainable by the methods according to the invention. This process variant is made possible by the advantageous solubilization of the compounds used for the aqueous disconnection/detachment method. It may be necessary to increase the concentration of this compound (s) in subsequent process steps. For example, free fatty acids, phospholipids, glycolipids, antioxidants or water-soluble vitamins can be dissolved in the aqueous process mixtures where they stay stable in dissolved form, for which purpose the compounds already present in the reaction mixture can be used or compounds can be added to the reaction mixture in suitable concentration. Preferably, this process step is performed before the condensation/aggregation/complexing of the proteins. In one embodiment, preferably by changing the solubility of one or more dissolved compounds, these compounds adhere to the dissolved proteins in a physiologically occurring spatial arrangement, e.g. via hydrophilic and/or hydrophobic molecule domains, thereby binding them. Preferably, a change in the solubility of one or more of these compounds is accomplished before condensation/aggregation/complexation of the dissolved proteins, whereby an adhesion of the one or more compounds onto the dissolved proteins preferably takes place. In a particularly advantageous manner, it is possible to assemble one or more compounds at a region of the protein which, due to the hydration strongly expanded proteins and the physiological conditions under which the condensation/aggregation/complexing of the dissolved proteins takes place, is also the physiologically preferred binding region of the protein. As a result, a “physiological loading” of the dissolved proteins is achieved, which leads to particularly advantageous functional effects of the obtainable protein fractions. However, preference is also given to a change in the solubility of the one or more compounds that are to be brought into contact with the dissolved proteins, which takes place during the initiation of a condensation/aggregation/complexing of the proteins. As a result, the incorporation into the resulting condensates/aggregates/complexes can be effected. Preferably, a change in the solubility of the one or more dissolved compounds is accomplished by adjusting the pH and/or salinity and/or temperature of the reaction mixture and/or introducing a gas and/or adding further compounds such as divalent cations. Thus, it could be shown that phospholipids, e.g. phosphotidylcholine or fatty acids, e.g. linoleic acid were bound to the proteins and were present with the obtainable protein fraction in a weight ratio of 0.2 to 1.6% by weight. The method is particularly advantageous because the loading of proteins with other organic compounds, which are preferably produced by electrostatic exchange forces by a self-assembly and thereby a physiological orientation and arrangement of the compounds is achieved, whereby a stable integration of the introduced compounds is made possible and at the same time the proteins can be stabilized. In this context, stabilize means that they, among others, have a higher stability to physical influences. Of particular note is that, for example, the formulability in an aqueous medium of such protein fractions produced by a self-assembly with phospholipids or glycolipids can be significantly improved. Furthermore, in protein fractions produced in this manner which have been loaded with free fatty acids, there was a significantly improved mouthfeel. Furthermore, oxidation-labile compounds can be homogeneously introduced and stabilized in protein fractions arranged in this way. Such properties could be documented in particular for free fatty acids that have been incorporated. Obtainable Products Surprisingly, protein fractions were obtained with the process types according to the invention that did not have off-flavors. Off-flavors mean odors/aromas and flavors that lead to a qualitative reduction of the product. It is furthermore advantageous that the obtainable protein fractions were virtually or completely free of any aroma and odor flavoring substances and thus a taste and odor-neutral protein product was obtained. Preference is given to a process in which a protein fraction is obtained which is free of off-flavors and/or is practically odorless and tasteless. An extremely advantageous aspect of this invention is the possibility to enrich the obtainable protein fractions with other compounds/groups of substances, thereby producing higher quality products. Higher product quality relates, for example, to a higher nutritive value that can be achieved here compared to a pure protein fraction. This is the case, for example, when a combination of proteins and soluble carbohydrates is present. Further possibilities for a higher nutritive value of a combination product are the inclusion of vitamins or antioxidants, which preferably originate from the related starting material itself, but can also be added before a condensation/aggregation/complexing of the solution with dissolved proteins. However, qualitatively higher value refers, among others, also to the achievable product properties. Thus, for example, with one of the embodiments according to the invention, phospholipids and/or glycolipids can adhere or aggregate to/with these in a condensation/aggregation/complexation of the dissolved proteins, so that a very homogeneous product of proteins and phospholipids and/or glycolipids is obtained. Such a product is characterized by very good protein solubility as well as excellent interface properties, resulting in improved quality, e.g. for forming and stabilizing of food foams and emulsions. Preference is given to a protein fraction in which the protein solubility index (PDI) is >80%. Further preferred is a protein fraction which ensures high foam stability. Preference is therefore given to low-odor and low-flavor and/or low-toxin and low-hazardous substances containing aggregated proteins obtainable according to step 5) by a method according to the invention having a protein solubility index (PDI)>80%. In addition, incorporation of one or more compounds can provide improved storage stability, e.g. that during storage there are no sensory changes. Another aspect of the invention is also directed to the preparation of a shelf-stable protein-containing food ingredient. It has thus been possible to show that a protein fraction obtained by condensation/aggregation/complexing of proteins and/or glycolipids and/or phospholipids and/or antioxidants and/or vitamins by means of one of the processes according to the invention has extremely advantageous storage stability. Storage stability in this context means that storage at room temperature does not result in a functional or sensory change from baseline over the course of 12 months. Surprisingly, it was possible to obtain cellulose-based fibers which are present in pure and isolated form in the submillimeter range for immediate use. The three-dimensional structure of the fibers results in a very large surface that has remarkable binding properties. In addition to the enormous water binding capacity, oleophilic compounds are adsorbed. Surprisingly, in particular, excellent coatability of the cellulose-based fibers with proteins, which had been obtained in the context of the extractions according to the invention, has been found. Hereby, the spatial structures of the cellulose-based fibers after their recovery by one of the processes described herein were completely filled with proteins, resulting in spherical, discrete particles with very good solubility. In contrast to a similar coating of cellulose fibers, which originated from husk or stem mass, with proteins, there was detachment of adherent proteins during the course of drying and after mechanical shearing, while this was not the case in the coated cellulose-based fibers. In baking experiments, excellent stabilization of doughs by the addition of cellulose-based fibers or the substitution of flour by them was documented. The cellulose-based fibers swell very quickly due to the large surface area, which is associated with a very pleasant mouthfeel when consumed. The cellulose-based fibers obtained and produced according to the invention are, after being incorporated into water, completely soft and not grainy, which was the case with cellulose fibers made from husk or stem mass, even if these had mean maximum diameters of <100 μm and therefore were significantly smaller than the cellulose-based fibers. Comparative studies in which extraction methods according to the prior art or alternative methods for extracting proteins from flours and press residues were carried out showed that the cellulose-based fibers which can be obtained and produced by the methods according to the invention and with the properties achievable by one of the methods according to the invention, can not be obtained by means of these methods. Due to the large surface area, cellulose-based fibers are very suitable as stabilizers or carriers for e.g. dissolved proteins, but also dissolved carbohydrates. Furthermore, a stabilization of the consistency in cheese production could be observed. In this respect, the use as a fat substitute is also possible. It has also been shown that cellulose-based fibers can be used excellently formulated as a fiber additive in food preparations. Furthermore, persons who consumed a high-fiber diet prepared with the cellulose-based fibers obtained and produced in accordance with the invention, lost weight. Preference is given to the use of cellulose-based fibers as low calorie dietary fiber for the human or animal diet. Preference is given to the use of cellulose-based fibers as a substitute for fats and/or thickening agents for food preparation. Because it is possible to separate proteins and carbohydrates, the obtainable cellulose-based fibers are of no caloric value for humans and can be used as energy-free dietary fiber due to their origin and approval as a food or foodstuff. Low-calorific plant cellulose fibers made according to the prior art from husks and stem material of various crops, such as corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, are used as dietary fiber and structuring or thickening agents in the food industry. For this purpose, fibers with a fiber length of 30 to 90 microns with a large length/width aspect ratio are produced by finely grinding structural plant cellulose which is associated with high energy costs. It is also necessary to ensure that compounds that had previously been externally applied to the starting material, such as pesticides, herbicides or fungicides are removed without residue. Corresponding to their origin as biopolymer, which is optimized for the supporting- and holding-functionality, cellulose fibers are fibers which consist of bundled fibrils and thus also differ completely morphologically from the cellulose-based fibers produced according to the invention. Furthermore, the cellulose-based fibers obtainable by the process according to the invention differ in their structural composition, the chemical constituents and their original physiological function. It can therefore be assumed that functional and sensory properties found in various edible preparations with the cellulose-based fibers which were produced according to the invention are significantly improved compared with those prepared from cellulose fibers which were produced from a grinding operation of husk and stem material, due to the differences in the spatial structure, but also due to the different surface properties. Thus, cellulose-based fibers that can be obtained and produced by the process of the present invention differ from cellulose fibers made from the milling of husk or stem materials, both in their structural and functional properties. The lignin-rich shells have, like the cellulose-based fibers, large inner surfaces, which are responsible for the enormous water binding capacity. As a result, they are particularly suitable for water binding and storage cultivation soils. When dried, they are easily stored and transported. There is optimal miscibility with all soil types studied (e.g., loam, humus). The water absorption index and water retention index of all investigated soils could be significantly increased by the addition of lignin-rich shells. Preference is given to the use of lignin-rich shells for improving the water-binding and holding capacity of cultivation soils. Lignin-rich shells in the dried state have an excellent oil and fat absorbing effect and are therefore very well suited for the absorption of oils and fats, e.g. from surfaces or from air/gas mixtures with oils and fats. The absorbed oils and fats do not spontaneously emerge from the lignin-based shells, but at the same time there is no “caking” of the material saturated with oil or grease, so that a very good transportability is maintained. It could also be shown that the adsorbed oils and fats could be completely removed from the lignin-rich shells using solvents and hereafter they had an unchanged uptake capacity for oils and fats. Lignin-rich shells have a low bulk density and air or a gas can be flowed through them without much resistance. It could be shown that this can be used to clean air or gas mixtures containing vapors of oils and fats, such as the exhaust air from deep fat fryers, almost completely from the oil or fat droplets. Thus, lignin-rich shell fractions are ideal as oil separators or oil adsorbers for applications on surfaces or for the up-take from air/gas mixtures. Preference is given to the use of lignin-rich shells for up-take and binding of oils and fats from surfaces and from air/gas mixtures. Reuse of Process Solutions and Process Execution In a particularly advantageous manner, the types of processes according to the invention enable a recovery, purification and reuse of the liquids used as well as of substances that were not consumed or which have been discharged with the product(s). As a result, wastewater streams and pollution of the environment with organic material can be completely avoided. The recycling can take place at different points in the process, both prior and after depletion of dissolve components and in partly unchanged manner and with a synergistic benefit in the respective process step. The reuse is also particularly resource-saving, since compounds and/or dissolved products still present in process solutions that are obtained after a separation process and, if this process water phase is reused, the compounds/products can be returned to and re-used in the process at the same or a different step or can be recovered as a product. This applies in particular to a reuse of the clarified process water phase after process step 5), which is obtained after the separation of the condensates/aggregates/complexes. It was found in investigations using this solution that dissolved amino acids and/or peptides, depending on the process execution, are still present in a concentration/amount which dissolute soluble constituents of the starting material. When this process water phase was reused without further purification, a renewed use with an identical starting material was possible. However, it may be necessary to change the pH of this recycled process water phase to ensure protonation and/or deprotonation of the compounds used. Surprisingly, it has been found that the clarified process water phase of process step 5) is very well suited to achieve complete depletion of dissolved compounds present in the water portion that is bound to the cellulose-based fibers and lignin-rich shell fractions if they are perfused with the clarified process water phase of step 5), whereby the soluble constituents are completely or almost completely separated with the water phase, which is obtained by dehydration of the rinsed cellulose-based fibers and lignin-rich shell fraction. In this way, on the one hand, a complete or almost complete removal of soluble constituents of the starting material can be achieved and, on the other hand, the leachable soluble constituents with the obtainable process water phase can be fed to one of the process steps in a subsequent process implementation, whereby the dissolved constituents can be recovered as a product. It was found that residues of the condensing agents, which were still contained in the clarified process water phase of process step 5), were no longer or almost no longer found in these clarified and reused process water phases, depending on the process control, when this process water phase is used for a rinsing the filter residue of process step 3) and after the separation of the process water from the cellulose-based fibers and/or lignin-rich shell fractions in process step 3-I. In a further preferred method embodiment, the clarified water phase that is used in process step 5) is first purified in process step 6). It has been shown that by using the clarified process water phase of process step 5) and the clarified and purified process water of process step 6) to rinse the cellulose-based fibers and/or lignin-rich shell fractions in side-stream process step 3-I), dissolved amino acids and/or peptides which are rinsed out of the bound water portion of the cellulose-based fibers and lignin-rich shells into the process water phase during the rinsing process are included in the process water phase, which is obtained after dehydration/dewatering of the cellulose-based fibers and/or lignin rich shells; thus, this process water phase has concentrations of the dissolved amino acids and/or peptides that are much higher than was the case in the clarified and/or clarified and purified process water phase used initially. Furthermore, small amounts of condensed proteins were contained in the process water phase obtained and the content of condensing agents was not measurable or only at a minimal concentration. This condensing agent-poor and amino acid/peptide-rich and protein-containing process liquid is preferably used in a subsequent process procedure in process steps 2a) and/or 2b) or 2) as the water phase. Through this procedure, a loss of obtainable products and in particular the constituents of the starting material and the dissolved amino acids and/or peptides used for carrying out the process and the condensing agent can be reduced to a minimum and wastewater streams which are contaminated with organic constituents can be avoided. The clarified and/or purified process water phases are stored in storage containers (V 5a and V 5b, as shown in Scheme 1) until their reuse under suitable conditions. Suitable conditions may include, for example: cooling, UV irradiation, exposure to an inert gas, or protection from light. Preferred is a process in which the process liquids are completely recycled and reused for process execution. It has been shown that the process water phases which are obtained, for example, after side-stream process method 3-III), can be reused without further purification in process steps 2a) and/or 2b), or 2) and/or 3) on the one hand and or in process method 3-I) by adding the clarified or clarified and purified process water phases to the reaction mixture(s) of this process step(s). Even with repeated reuse, there were no changes in the process parameters or the product qualities obtained. It is also advantageous that there are no costs for disposal of the process water. It is also advantageous that both the compounds used/substances for disconnection/detachment of constituents of the starting material and the condensing agents and possibly dissolved residues of proteins or other organic compounds still present can be fed back into the process and thus can be recovered or obtained in one of the process steps as a product. This contributes significantly to the economics of the process. The above methodologies can also remove compounds that fall under the generic term toxins and harmful/hazardous substances, such as pesticides, herbicides and insecticides. In a particularly advantageous embodiment, the compounds adsorbed or precipitated from the clarified process water phase can be used for further applications by separating them and, if necessary, further purifying them. Thus, for example, the precipitated glycolipids and/or phospholipids can be separated from the process water phase by centrifugal separation and then further purified or used immediately. In principle, all compounds obtainable from the process fluid can thus be made available for further use. In a preferred method embodiment, one or more process water phase (s) is nano-filtrated. Preferably, small molecular compounds, such as colorants or carbohydrates, are retained and thereby removed from the process water phase, which can then be reused. Advantages of the Manufacturable Products and the Process Technology With the method according to the invention, complete unlocking of plant-based starting materials can be carried out in a very advantageous manner to obtain the main constituents and minor fractions of these constituents with improved product properties compared to prior art products. The process steps according to the invention make it possible to obtain pure phases of the constituents, such as proteins, carbohydrates, fibers and shell components, in a low-energy cyclic process, in which the compounds used to make the products are almost completely recycled from the various process steps and are reused in the course of the same process or in a new application. This also applies to the process water phases used. In a particularly advantageous manner, pure products are obtained. The process can produce protein fractions with a high protein content, corresponding to that of a concentrate or isolate. Furthermore, functionalized proteins with improved product properties, such as, for example, a higher water solubility, a high foaming capacity or improved emulsifying properties, can be prepared by the processes according to the invention. In particular, hydrated proteins can be prepared which can be bound together with other compounds in a physiological pH range. Furthermore, the processing techniques allow the recovery of complex undissolved and dissolved carbohydrates, which can then be used immediately. Furthermore, the process techniques make it possible to obtain and separate cellulose-based fibers and lignin-rich shell components that contain no residues of other components, such as proteins or carbohydrates, and thereby have special product characteristics. Thus, for example, the obtainable cellulose-based fibers and lignin-rich shell components have a very high water and oil binding capacity. The latter, in particular, are therefore particularly suitable for improving the quality of cultivated soil. The obtainable cellulose-based fibers which can be obtained by one of the processes according to the invention can be used in many areas of life. Thus, they are particularly suitable as substitutes and/or supplements in nutrients or preparations, in particular as a substitute for sugar, flour/starch or fat/oils. Thus, there is a very broad applicability in food preparation and as a food additive. Furthermore, the obtainable cellulose-based fibers are suitable for formulation and stabilization in applications for skin and mucous membranes, and also for culturing and improving the production of microorganisms. Furthermore, the process according to the invention makes it possible to produce protein fractions that are of high quality. Thus, protein fractions are obtained which are tasteless and odorless or completely free from odorants or flavors. In particular, they do not contain any bitter substances or other compounds which are perceptible as off-flavors. Furthermore, toxins or harmful compounds present in the biogenic starting materials can be dissolved and discharged without being entering into the obtainable protein fraction. With the same method, a de-oiling of the starting material can be done with recovery of the separated oil fraction. Furthermore, the method allows recycling of compounds used for unlocking and the process water for repeated applications, so that economic process management is possible. Furthermore, compounds which are only present in a low concentration in the aqueous unlocking solution can be removed by the methods provided and can be used for other applications. Particular preference is therefore given to a process in which in step 2b) and/or 3) and/or 4) a separation of lipophilic constituents of the starting material is carried out by additionally adding one or more lipophilic compound (s) in step 2a) and/or 2b) to the reaction mixture and mixing it and/or a de-oiling of plant-based proteins takes place at room temperature and/or elevated temperature. It has been shown that the presence of soluble organic compounds in and on cellulose-based fibers significantly affects the obtainable product quality. Thus it was found that a protein content of >0.5% by weight causes a noticeable reduction of the water absorption after previous drying of the fiber mass. It is very likely that the surfaces of the cellulose-based fibers stick together due to the remaining proteins which, when dried, have hydrophobic properties. Depending on the amount of protein remaining in the fiber mass, the dried fibers were no longer swellable in water and had an unpleasant mouthfeel when consumed. This was usually not the case when the product phase 2 was post-treated with process water phase 1. It has been found that the protein content of the fiber mass can be significantly reduced by process water phase 1 to a much greater extent than with the addition of an identical volume of a fresh water phase. This result correlated with the reduction in residual protein content of the subsequently dewatered cellulose-based fibers. Thus, the use of process water phase 1 for a post-treatment of product phase 2 is particularly advantageous and at the same time allows the production of cellulose-based fibers with perfect sensory properties. It has additionally been found that the process water phase used for the post-treatment of product phase 2 during this treatment step is enriched with the proteins dissolved out of the fiber mass and the pH of the solution is raised to a neutral to slightly base range. Therefore, a neutralization of this process water phase before reuse in step 2a) and/or 2b) is not required. It has been found that over the course of 3 and more process cycles, reusing process water phase 1 after treatment of product phase 2 in process step 2a) means that the amount of amino acids that have to be used for preparing the solution for unlocking can be reduced because these substances become concentrated with the resuse of the process water phase. Thus, an improvement of the process economy of the process sequence according to the invention can also be achieved by reducing the demand of unlocking compounds to be added. Furthermore, it has been shown that process water phase 1 is suitable for dilution of the water phase in process step 4) after being used in the purification of product phase 2. A dilution of the water phase is particularly advantageous if in the previous process steps, a very small volume of water was used and a high protein concentration is present herein. The sedimentation of the organic compounds initiated by the aggregation compounds is then slow, as is the dehydration of the separated aggregate phase in step 5). By adding the process water phase that was obtainable after purification of product phase 2 in step 2b), the concentration of aggregation compounds can be adjusted so that optimal aggregation can be ensured by the aggregation compounds, without additional water and without the otherwise necessary addition of a basic compound and the aggregable organic compounds can also be recycled. This results in further advantageous effects on the process economy. Definitions Plant-Based Starting Materials By the term “starting materials” also referred as “biogenic starting material”, as used herein is meant all biogenic products containing one or more of the major constituents: proteins, carbohydrates, fiber material/shells or fats/oils. In principle, the starting materials may have any proportion of the main constituents as well as other constituents and compounds. The preferred starting materials are plant-based starting materials such as seeds, grains, kernels, nuts, legumes, bulbous plants, tubers, vegetables, fruits or roots. These may be in the form of unripe, ripening, ripened, overripe, aged or even damaged starting materials. The most preferred plant-based starting materials are non-lignified, that means that they contain a low level of lignin. In particular, the non-lignified plant-based materials referred to herein have a lignin content of <10% by weight. Also suitable are contaminated or spoiled plant-based starting materials. The term “non-woody” as used herein means a protein-containing biogenic starting material having a lignin content of less than 10% by weight. Lignification is the name given to lignin deposition in the cell walls of plants. The term “biogenic,” as used herein, is defined as follows: biological or organic origin, created by life or by living things. Preference is also given to press residues which are found, for example, in the recovery of juices (for example apple, tomato or carrot juice) or pomace, e.g. of grapes or apples or extracts, as obtained in the production of jellies or liqueurs (e.g., blackberry jelly, cassis). Further products of plant-based starting materials derived from a peeling, dehulling, or deseeding process may be used. Under this definition belong in particular all plant seeds, such as linseed, poppy seeds, chia, amaranth, chili, tomatoes, anise, berries; grains, e.g. of rapeseed, camelina, oats, hemp, wheat, buckwheat, rye, barley, maize, sunflowers, greens, jatropha; fruit seeds/pits, e.g. from apples, pears, grapes, oranges, cherries, plums, apricots, peaches, vetches, medlars, mirabelle plums, rowanberries, pumpkins, melons, avocados; legumes, such as soybeans, field beans, mat beans, mung beans or kidney beans, peas, lentils, e.g. Duckweed, lupins or sesame seeds; Vegetables such as cauliflower, broccoli, kohlrabi, celery, zucchini, paprika, artichokes or okra; bulbous plants, such as carrots or sugar beet; Fruits, such as apples, pears, quince, bananas, breadfruit, mango, kiwi, maracuja fruit, melons, passion fruit, figs, pumpkin, pineapple, avocado, olives, mango, chayote, guava, papaya, tamarillo, marmota apple, grape fruit, oranges, lemons or grapes; Berries such as rose hips, gooseberries, blueberries, blackberries, strawberries, elderberries, currants, cranberries, mulberries, chokeberries, raspberries, blackberries, sandorn; tuberous plants and roots, such as potatoes, beetroot, batata, turmeric, cassava, horseradish, celery, radishes, ginger, arakascha, taro, wasabi, yacon, salsify, asparagus, parsnip, mustard, Jerusalem artichokes, cattail, swede, Siberian angelica, yam root, yam, sunflower root, devil's claw or ginko; as well as cucumbers, such as salad or pickled cucumbers, as well as eggplant or zucchini; Nuts, such as almonds, hazelnuts, peanuts, walnuts, cashew nuts, Brazil nuts, pecans, pistachios, chestnuts, sweet chestnuts, dates or coconuts. Furthermore, sugarcane. Preference is given to dried starting products. Pre-shredding by a mechanical method is preferred. Preference is given to a GMO-free vegetable starting material for the production of GMO-free products. Proteins By the term “proteins” as used herein is meant macromolecules consisting of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. The proteins referred to herein have a number of >100 amino acids. They may be present in their primary structure, secondary structure or tertiary structure as well as in a functionally active form. In the case of the secondary structure, the spatial geometry can be in the form of an α-helix, β-sheet, β-loop, β-helix or can be present in random form as random-coil structures. Also included herein are supramolecular compounds of proteins, such as collagen, keratin, enzymes, ion channels, membrane receptors, genes, antibodies, toxins, hormones or coagulation factors. According to the ubiquitous occurrence in all life forms and areas of life, the proteins referred to herein may be macromolecular compounds in any of the stated forms, the physiological task of which has been, for example, shaping, supporting, transporting, or defending, or they serve for reproduction, energy production, or metabolism or to promote reactions/metabolism. By this is meant, in particular, the proteins as defined above which are extractable from the starting materials described herein. Carbohydrates The term “carbohydrates” as used herein includes all C3 to C6 sugar molecules as well as compounds composed thereof. This includes but is not limited to: monosaccharides, such as hexoses, including glucose or fructose, and pentoses, including ribose and ribulose, and trioses: glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone; furthermore, disaccharides such as maltose, sucrose, lactose, as well as polysaccharides such as dextrans, cyclodextrins, starch or cellulose. In starch, amylose and amylopectin are to be distinguished. While monosaccharides and disaccharides as well as some polysaccharides are water soluble, higher molecular weight carbohydrates are water insoluble. Higher molecular weight carbohydrates, which are preferably linked to each other alpha-1,4-glucosidically and/or alpha-1,6-glucosidically, are herein included among the complex carbohydrates. In addition to starch and cellulose, glycogen, chitin, callose, fructans, pectins, among others, belong to this group. This also means complex structures made of carbohydrate agglomerates, as is the case with a starch granule. Cellulose-Based Fibers As used herein, the term “cellulose-based fibers” encompasses all of the corpuscular (three-dimensional) structures of the plant-based starting materials consisting of a primary cellulose backbone having at least two of the following characteristics:originates from a plant-based starting materialan aspect ratio of one longitudinal and one transverse diameter of 1:1 to 1000:1a water binding capacity of >200% by weighta proportion of chemical compounds and functional groups of >2.5% by weight which do not correspond to the elements C, H or O. Lignin-Rich Shell Fractions As used herein, the term “lignin-rich shell fractions” encompasses all of the shell and support structures of the plant starting material having a lignin content of >30% by weight. The preferred lignin-rich shell portions have a weight fraction of lignin of >40% by weight, more preferably >50% by weight, more preferably >60% by weight and even more preferably >80% by weight. They have no specific outer shape, which can be flat and polymorphic to corpuscular and round. The dimensions depend on the manufacturing process and can be from a few microns to a few millimeters. Lignin-rich shell fractions are present, for example, in press residues of rapeseed or jatropha seeds in a weight fraction of 8 to 15% by weight. Oils/Fats The term “oils/fats” includes all lipid compounds present in the starting material. The preferred lipid compounds are arylglycerides, in particular mono-, di- and triglycerides, furthermore carboxylic acids, in particular free fatty acids and fatty acid compounds, such as fatty acid methyl esters, furthermore glycolipids and glycerol glycolipids, furthermore hydrocarbon compounds with a carbon number >5. Disintegration The term “disintegration” encompasses all processes which lead to permeability/separation of water-impermeable tissue or structures of the starting material, whereby the main constituents contained therein are completely wetted with an aqueous solution according to the invention containing compounds for unlocking. Thus, the definition includes all processes that result in the creation of cracks, voids or crevices of shells or shell materials of the plant starting material, to complete unlocking with exposure of the surfaces of the constituents of the plant-based starting material. It is crucial that the disintegration allows wetting of the surfaces of the constituents of the plant-based starting material with the dissolved compounds to achieve unlocking of the starting material. A disintegration by definition is therefore equivalent to the preparation of constituents of the starting material by wetting for aqueous unlocking and access to the compounds contained therein. Aqueous Unlocking Solution The term “aqueous unlocking solution” or “aqueous solution for unlocking” is understood herein to mean an aqueous solution of dissolved compounds for disconnection/detachment of constituents of the starting material. In a preferred method embodiment, the compounds for disconnection/detachment of constituents of the starting material are one or more amino acid (s) and/or peptide (s) present in water in a completely dissolved form. In a very particularly preferred embodiment, dissolved amino acids and/or peptides are dissolved cationic amino acids and/or peptides. The water may be clarified, clarified and purified process water, deionized, partially deionized, well or city water. The preferred compounds for to disconnection/detachment of the constituents of the starting material in a dissolved form are naturally occurring amino acids and/or peptides consisting of or containing these amino acids. The most preferred compounds for disconnection/detachment of the constituents of the starting material in a dissolved form are naturally occurring amino acids and/or peptides consisting of or containing these amino acids. The aqueous unlocking solutions according to the invention are preferably solutions of one, two or more amino acid (s) and/or peptide (s) which are present in the individual and/or total concentration in a range from 10 μmol/l to 3 mol/l, more preferably between 1 mmol/l and 1 mol/l and more preferably between 0.1 mol/and 0.5 mol/l. These may be L- or D-forms or racemates of the compounds. Preferred is the use of the L-form. Preferably, the amino acids are arginine, lysine and histidine. Further preferred are derivatives of the aforementioned amino acids. Particularly preferred are cationic amino acids and peptides with cationic groups. The peptides which can be used according to the invention may be di-, tri- and/or polypeptides. The peptides of the invention have at least one functional group that can bind a proton or bind a proton. The preferred molecular weight is less than 500 kDa, more preferably <250 kDa, more preferably <100 kDa and particularly preferably <1,000 Da. The preferred functional groups are in particular a gunanidine, amidine, amine, amide, hydrazino, hydrazono, hydroxyimino or nitro group. The amino acids may have a single functional group or contain several of the same class of compounds or one or more functional group (s) of different classes of compounds. The amino acids and peptides according to the invention preferably have at least one positively charged group or have a positive total charge. Particularly preferred peptides contain at least one of the amino acids arginine, lysine, histidine and glutamine in any number and sequential order. Particular preference is given to amino acids and/or derivatives of these which contain at least one guanidino and/or amidino group. The guanidino group is the chemical residue H2N—C(NH)—NH— and its cyclic forms, and the amidino group is the chemical residue H2N—C(NH)— and its cyclic forms. These guanidino compounds and amidino compounds preferably have a distribution coefficient Kowbetween n-octanol and water of no more than 6.3 (Kow<6.3). Particularly preferred are arginine derivatives. Arginine derivatives are defined as compounds having a guanidino group and a carboxylate group or an amidino group and a carboxylate group, wherein guanidino group and carboxylate group or amidino group and carboxylate group are separated from each other by at least one carbon atom, that means at least one of the following groups is located between the guanidino group or the amidino group and the carboxylate group: —CH2-, —CHR—, —CRR′—, wherein R and R′ independently represent any chemical residue. Of course, the distance between the guanidino group and the carboxylate group or the amidino group and the carboxylate group can also be more than one carbon atom, for example in the following groups —(CH2)n-, —(CHR)n-, —(CRR′)n-, where n=2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9, as it is the case, for example in amidinopropionic acid, amidinobutyric acid, guanidinopropionic acid or guanidinobutyric acid. Compounds having more than one guanidino group and more than one carboxylate group are, for example, oligoarginine and polyarginine. Other examples of compounds included in this definition are guanidinoacetic acid, creatine, glycocya mine. Preferred compounds have as a common feature the general formula (I) or (II) whereR, R′, R″, R′″ and R″″ independently from each other represent —H, —CH═CH2, —CH2—CH═CH2, —C(CH3)═CH2, —CH═CH—CH3, —C2H4—CH═CH2, —CH3, —C2H5, —C3H7, —CH(CH3)2, —C4H9, —CH2—CH(CH3)2, —CH(CH3)—C2H5, —C(CH3)3, —C5H11, —CH(CH3)—C3H7, —CH2—CH(CH3)—C2H5, —CH(CH3)—CH(CH3)2, —C(CH3)2—C2H5, —CH2—C(CH3)3, —CH(C2H5)2, —C2H4—CH(CH3)2, —C6H13, —C7H15, Cyclo-C3H5, cyclo-C4H7, cyclo-C5H9, Cyclo-C6H11, —C≡CH, —C≡C—CH3, —CH2—C≡CH, —C2H4—C≡CH, —CH2—C≡C—CH3,or R′ and R″ together form the residue —CH2—CH2—, —CO—CH2—, —CH2—CO—, —CH═CH—, —CO—CH═CH—, —CH═CH—CO—, —CO—CH2—CH2—, —CH2—CH2—CO—, —CH2—CO—CH2— or —CH2—CH2—CH2—;X represents —NH—, —NR″″—, or —CH2— or a substituted carbon atom; andL represents a C1to C8 linear or branched and saturated or unsaturated carbon chain having at least one substituent selected from the group comprising or consisting of—NH2, —OH, —PO3H2, —PO3H−, —PO32−, —OPO3H2, —OPO3H−, —OPO32−, —COOH, —COO−, —CO—NH2, —NH3+, —NH—CO—NH2, —N(CH3)3+, —N(C2H5)3+, —N(C3H2)3+, —NH(CH3)2+, —NH(C2H5)2+, —NH(C3H7)2+, —NHCH3, —NHC2H5, —NHC3H2, —NH2CH3+, —NH2C2H5+, —NH2C3H2+, —SO3H, —SO3−, —SO2NH2, —C(NH)—NH2, —NH—C(NH)—NH2, —NH—COOH, or It is preferred that the carbon chain L is in the range of C1to C7, more preferably in the range of C1to C6, still more preferably in the range of C1to C5, and most preferably in the range of C1to C4. Preferably L represents —CH(NH2)—COOH, —CH2—CH(NH2)—COOH, —CH2—CH2—CH(NH2)—COOH, —CH2—CH2—CH2—CH(NH2)—COOH, —CH2—CH2—CH2—CH2—CH(NH2)—COOH, or —CH2—CH2—CH2—CH2—CH2—CH(NH2)—COOH. Also preferred are compounds of general formula (III) as shown below: wherein the residues X and L have the meanings as disclosed herein. Unlocking solutions according to the invention may contain further compounds which are completely dissolved herein. These may be compounds for adjusting the pH of the solution, in particular an acid or base, such as urea or triethylamine or acetic acid or uric acid, or compounds having surface-active properties, such as, for example, DMSO or SDS. Also included herein are stabilizers such as antioxidants or reducing agents. Preference is furthermore given to compounds which permit disintegration of constituents of the starting material, preference being given to compounds from the group of sulfites and sulfates. These are preferably initially introduced in a concentration of between 0.01 and 30% by weight into the unlocking solution. Also suitable are di-, tri- or oligipeptides and polypeptides composed of one, two or more amino acids. Preference is given to short-chain peptides, e.g. RDG. Particularly preferred are peptides which consist of amino acids which have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic side groups, such as, for example (letters according to amino acid nomenclature) GLK, QHM, KSF, ACG, HML, SPR, EHP or SFA. Further particularly preferred are peptides which have both hydrophobic and cationic and/or anionic side groups, such as RDG, BCAA, NCR, HIS, SPR, EHP or SFA. Further examples with 4 amino acids are NCQA, SIHC, DCGA, TSVR, HIMS or RNIF or with 5 amino acids are HHGQC, STYHK, DCQHR, HHKSS, TSSHH, NSRR. Particularly preferred are RDG, SKH or RRC. Aqueous Process Mixture The term “aqueous process mixture” or the synonymously used terms “process mixture” or “reaction mixture” is understood herein to mean a mixture consisting of/comprising an aqueous solution, emulsion, suspension or solids with a water content of >20% by weight. The solids may be in a fully hydrated state to a barely wetted state. In particular, this means mixtures which are produced by an aqueous solution which is used during the course of the process, with the starting material and the intermediate and end products of the constituents and constituents separated therefrom during the course of the process. Reaction Vessel The term “reaction vessel” or “reaction container” is understood herein to mean vessels in which aqueous process mixtures/reaction mixtures are prepared by contacting, combining or mixing aqueous solutions used in the process with the starting material as well as those intermediate and end products obtained in the course of the process, thus, allowing separated constituents and components to be obtained and produced herein. Dispensing Solution The term “dispensing solution”, which is used synonymously with the term “dispensing volume” herein, is meant as a water phase which is added to a reaction mixture and which enables dispensing and separation of soluble dissolved, soluble solid and complex insoluble constituents of the starting material. In a dispensing volume according to the invention, these constituents are present in a readily separable form. The presence of a sufficiently large dispensing volume may be tested by sampling, in which the separability of the dissolved and suspended constituents is determined by the techniques and methods described herein. Condensation/Aggregation/Complexation The terms “condensation/aggregation/complexing” summarize all physical and/or chemical processes which result in identical and/or dissimilar organic and/or inorganic compounds being combined, thus, resulting in condensates or aggregates or complexes which can be separated from the water phase in the form of solid material and which can be separated from an aqueous process mixture by means of suitable separation processes. The term “condensate” is understood to mean a spatial approximation of macromolecular structures, which thereby form a measurable spatial structure. The binding forces are electrostatic due to hydrophobic or hydrophilic alternating forces. In general, “aggregation” means a clustering or accumulation of atoms or molecules and/or ions into a larger structure/unit, the aggregate. The clustering or accumulation is effected by van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonding, and/or other chemical or physicochemical bonding modes. By “complexes” herein is meant macroscopically visible formations that are joined together by condensates and/or aggregates to form a larger composite structure. In the condensates/aggregates and complexes, the individual compounds can be isolated easily from the composite structures, e. g. by a mixing process, due to the low binding energies, whereby they can be separated. In contrast, coagulates are spatial structures of small to macromolecular compounds that are formed by a chemical reaction in which covalent bonds between the molecular structures are formed and/or cleaved. In the case of a coagulate, the individual compounds can not be separated from one another or isolated only to a small extent by a solution/dispensing process in water. The condensation/aggregation/complexation referred to herein is different from coagulation that occurs in particular by a precipitation reaction with a (strong) acid which leads to a denaturation whereby at least the original tertiary structure of the proteins is partly or completely destroyed. This is evident, for example, from a lower water-binding capacity. Condensing Agents The term “condensing agent” or “aggregating agent” as used herein means one or more organic and/or inorganic compounds which initiate, maintain and/or accelerate the condensation/aggregation/complexing of constituents/compounds of an aqueous process mixture dissolved in water. A condensing agent can have, among others, a catalytic, destabilizing, displacing and/or releasing effect on constituents to be condensed/aggregated or complexed, which leads to an association of the constituents/compounds. A condensing agent may also cause this effect by a change in pH and/or salinity and/or be involved in the aggregation itself. Organic Compounds The term organic compounds includes all organic compounds of biogenic origin that can be dissolved/hydrated by one of the methods described herein from biogenic starting materials. According to the different origins, organic compounds of various groups of substances are found, which are present individually, but usually in different combinations and in different proportions. In the following, therefore, only the main groups of substances to which the organic compounds can be assigned, are listed, without being limited to them: waxes, wax acids, lignins, hydroxy and mycolic acid, fatty acids with cyclic hydrocarbon structures, such as shikimic acid or 2-hydroxy-11-cycloheptylic acid, mannosterylerythritol lipid, colorants such as carotenes and carotenoids, chlorophylls, and their degradation products, phenols, phytosterols, in particular β-sitosterol and campesterol and sigmasterol, sterols, sinapine, squalene. Phytoestrogens, e.g. isoflavones or lignans. Furthermore, steroids and their derivatives, such as saponins, furthermore glycolipids and glycoglycerolipids and glycerosphingolipids, furthermore rhamnolipids, sophrolipids, trehalose lipids, mannosterylerythritol lipids. Also polysaccharides, including pectins, such as rhamnogalacturonans and polygalacturonic acid esters, arabinans (homoglycans), galactans and arabinogalactans, as well as pectic acids and amidopectins. Furthermore, phospholipids, in particular phosphotidylinositol, phosphatides, such as phosphoinositol, furthermore long-chain or cyclic carbon compounds, furthermore fatty alcohols, hydroxy and epoxy fatty acids. Likewise glycosides, lipo-proteins, lignins, phytate or phytic acid as well as glucoinosilates. Proteins, including albumins, globulins, oleosins, vitamins, e.g. retinol, (vitamin A) and derivatives such as retinoic acid, riboflavin (vitamin B2), pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), biotin (vitamin B7), folic acid (vitamin B9), cobalamins (vitamin B12), calcitriol (vitamin D) and derivatives, tocopherols (vitamin E) and tocotrienols, phylloquinone (vitamin K) and menaquinone. Furthermore tannins, terpenoids, curcumanoids, xanthones. But also sugar compounds, amino acids, peptides, including polypeptides, and carbohydrates, such as glycogen. The likewise associated carboxylic acids, flavorings or odors and flavorings, dyes, phospholipids and glycolipids, waxes or wax acids and fatty alcohols. Aromas and Flavoring Agents The term aromas and flavoring agents is synonymous with the term flavors as used herein also. Organic compounds which lead to a sensory perception in the sense of a taste or an odor are present in virtually all organic mixtures of biogenic origin. There is an extremely large heterogeneity of the possible organic compounds. The structural composition of these carbon-based compounds are very different. Some typical classes of compounds are alkaloids, alcohols, aldehydes, amino acids, aromatic hydrocarbons, esters, lactones, cyclic ethers, furans, furanoids, free fatty acids, flavonols, glycosides, ketones, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, enamine ketones, ketopiperazines, isoprenoids, mono-terpenes, terpenes, cyclic terpenes, triterpenes, triterpenoids, tetraterpenes, sesquiterpenes, sequiterpenoids, sterols, phytosterols, purine derivatives, phenylpropanoids, phenols and/or hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives. These classes of compounds can occur both individually and in any combination. These are, in particular, 1,5-octadien-3-ol, butanal, hexanal, octanal, nonenal, nonadineal, decanal, dodecanal, piperonal, cysteine, cystine, methionine, phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, benzopyrene, 4-hydroxybutanoic acid, ethylhexanoate, coumarin, maltol, diacetylfuran, pentylfuran, perillen, rosefuran, caprylic acid, capric acid, hydroxyfatty acids, amygdalin, progoitrin, 2-heptanone, 2-nonanone, decatrienal, 1-octene-3-one, vinylamylketone, 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-butan-2-one), mycosporine, diketopiperazine, humulones and lupulones (bitter acids), mono-terpenes: myrcene, ocimene and cosme, linalool, myrcenol, ipsdienol, neral; citronellol and geranial, citronellal, myrcene, limonene, linalool, nerol, geraniol, terpinolene, terpinene and p-cymene, carvone and carvenone, thymol, dihydroxy-carveol, 2-pinene, α and β-pinene, limonene, phellandrene, menthane, camphor; fenchone, xanthophylline, bisabolane, germacrane, elemane and humulane, farnesene, rotundone, sterols, phytosterols; p-cresol, guaiacol, ferulic acid, lignin, sinapine, catechins, eugenol, vanillin, 3-butenyl isothiocyanate, 4-pentenyl isothocyanate, 4-pentenenitrile, 5-hexenitrile, camphene, dodecane, cinnamyl alcohol, fenchyl alcohol, 1R,2S,5R-isopulegol, 2-ethylfenchol, menthol, 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzyl alcohol, (R)-(−)-lavandulol, piperonyl alcohol, thujyl alcohol, 1,8-cineole, 4-ethyl guaiacol, N-[[(1R, 2S, 5R)-5-methyl 2-(1-methylethyl) cyclohexyl] carbonyl]-glycine ethyl ester, (1R, 2S, 5R)—N-cyclopropyl-5-methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxamide, L-alanine, aspartic acid, 2,4-dimethylthiazole, lenthionine, (+)-cedrol, 3-methylphenol, anisole, 1-methoxy-4-propylbenzene, 4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol, 2,6-dimethoxy-4-vinylphenol, ethyl 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl ether, vetiverol, 2-butylethyl ether, ethylgeranyl ether, carvacrol, 2-methylpropanal, cinnamaldehyde, p-tolualdehyde, 2-methylbutyraldehyde, salicylaldehyde, acetic acid, lactic acid, 3-methylbutyric acid, hexanoic acid, 1-malic acid and/or anethole. These compounds can occur both individually and in any combination. Plant Pigments and Colorants The term “colorants” or “colorant agents” as used herein synonymously, is taken to mean organic compounds which, in starting materials of biogenic origin, typically coexist in different quantities and compositions. By the term “plant colorant agents” herein are meant all compounds that have a color. The most dominant, and by far the largest, quantity in plant-based starting materials is the group of chlorophylls and their degradation products, such as pheophylline, chlorophyllide, pheophorbide, phyropheophytine, chlorine, rhodins and purpurins. In addition, however, there are also compounds that belong to the group of carotenes or carotenoids. However, other classes of compounds, such as flavonoids, curcumins, anthrocyans, betaines, xanthophylls, which include carotenes and lutein, and also indigo, camphorol and xanthophyllins, such as neoxanthine or zeaxanthin. These colorant agents may be present in different proportions in the lipid phases. Phospholipids The term “phospholipids” as used herein includes amphiphilic lipids containing a phosphate group and which belong either to the phosphoglycerides or the phosphosphingolipids. Furthermore, acidic glycoglycerolipids, such as sulfoquinovosyl-diacylglycerol or sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerin. “Phosphoglycerides” (also referred to as glycerophospholipids or phosphoglycerolipids) consist of a diacylglyceride whose remaining terminal hydroxy group is attached to a phosphate radical which is either not further modified (phosphatidic acid) or esterified with an alcohol. The most common members of the latter group are phosphatidylcholines (also called lecithins), phosphatidylethanolamines and phosphatidylserines. “Glycophosphatidylinositols” are compounds that are saccharide glycosidically linked to the inositol group of phosphatidylinositols. Glycolipids The term “glycolipid” as used herein means compounds in which one or more monosaccharide residues are linked (bound) via a glycosidic bond to a hydrophobic acyl residue. Glycoglycerolipids The term “glycoglycerolipids” herein includes both phosphoglycosphingolipids, as well as phosphonoglycosphingolipids, as well as glycosphingolipids, also sulfoglycosphingolipids, further sialoglycosphingolipids, and mono-, oligo-, and polyglycosylsphingoide and mono-, oligo-, and polyglycosylceramides. Further examples are rhamnolipids, sophor lipids, trehalose lipids and lipopolysaccharides. Residual Moisture Content The residual moisture content is calculated based on the differences in weight between the initial measurement and after complete drying in a vacuum oven. This value is set in relation to the initial weight and is expressed as a percentage. Alternatively, automated methods for determining the moisture content can be used. Clarified Water Phase A “clarified water phase” or “clarified process water phase” is understood herein to mean the water phase which is obtained after a condensation/aggregation/complexing of organic and/or inorganic constituents according to the invention and their separation. The term “clarified” stands for an optically clear solution in which there is no or only occasionally suspended matter. This is quantifiable, e.g. by a turbidity measurement, whereby a value of 20 FTU is not exceeded. However, the term “clarified” also includes removal of dissolved organic compounds. Methods for quantifying any organic compounds still present herein are e.g. the HPLC and/or MS. Purified Water Phase A “purified water phase” is defined herein as a clarified water phase or clarified process water phase, as defined above, in which a depletion of organic and/or inorganic compounds contained therein to <0.5% by weight has been achieved. This can be checked, for example, by elemental analysis (e.g. ICP) or atomic absorption spectroscopy of a dried residue. Process Economics The term “process economics” or “process economy”, as used herein, means that through a process setting/process execution, the process setting/process execution can be considered as to be economic, since results yield in quantifiable economic advantages over other process designs. The economic benefits may involve different areas of economics that overlap and add up to result in an overall process economics. The inventive process economy is ensured by one or more of the process steps concerning the utilization/recoverability of resources and/or the energy demand and/or the avoidance of environmental pollution and/or the process costs, and thus relates to the following economic sectors without being limited thereto: Starting material economics—for example, all constituents of the plant-based starting material can be obtained as valuable fractions with the inventive method. Energy economics—for example, the methods of the invention can be carried out at room temperature. Environmental economics—for example, with the process methods, the aqueous process phases can be completely reused in a particularly advantageous manner, so that the amount of fresh water and wastewater used in the various process steps is significantly (>50% by volume) lower and no waste water with organic loads is produced, which is the case when a process is not performed according to the invention. Production cost economics—for example, if a process is performed according to the invention, not only is the amount of required unlocking compounds less but the amount of fresh and waste water is lower compared to a process not performed according to the invention, thus reducing the total process costs by >15%. In addition, by reusing process water phases, the process ensures improved product quality of the obtainable products. For most of all, the process-economic advantages are, in particular, achieved through the process execution of reusing the clarified aqueous phase obtained—especially by the arbitrarily frequent reuse thereof. A particular aspect of “process economics” is that no effluents (waste streams), that means no aqueous phases as waste or no aqueous wastewater incurred, which brings a significant process advantage, especially in terms of cost and environmental impact which is especially relevant due if fairly large volume of aqueous solutions used during a process execution. Decompaction The term “decompaction” or “decompacting” is understood to mean an unlocking of compacted compounds which results in the easy separation of previously gap-free interconnected compounds from one another in an aqueous medium. Methods Method of Providing Plant-Based Starting Material. Depending on the different origin and the possibilities of preparation of the biogenic starting materials which can be used according to the invention, these can be present in different forms and states. For example, these may be whole/intact seeds, grains, kernels, nuts, vegetables, fruits, flowers, ovaries or roots and/or completely or partially disrupted, broken, comminuted, crushed, ground or pressed plant materials and/or plant-based materials which have partially or completely undergone a fermentative or disintegrative process, in particular by an autolysis/microbial degradation/chemical-physical reaction, and/or is a residue from agricultural production/food production or utilization. The broken, comminuted, crushed, powdered or liquidized or dissolved plant-based starting materials may be presented as continuous or discrete pieces or is compressed, e.g. as pellets or molded compound or in a loose composite, such as granules or bulk or in isolated form, such as a flour or powder or in the form of a suspension. The consistency, shape and size of the plant-based starting materials is in principle irrelevant, but preferred are comminuted plant-based starting materials that allow easier unlocking. Preferably, maximum diameters of the pieces/particles of the biogenic starting materials are between 100 μm and 100 cm, more preferably between 0.5 mm and 50 cm, more preferably between 1 mm and 20 cm, and more preferably between 2 mm and 5 cm. The shape of the suitable plant-based starting materials is arbitrary, as well as the consistency, which may be hard or soft, or they may be in a liquefied form. In this case, the starting material may have any desired temperature, preferred is a heated starting material, as obtained, for example, following a pressing process. Unless the plant-based starting material meets the appropriate properties/requirements for one of the process operations of the present invention, these conditions can be established by methods available from the prior art. These include, in particular, methods with which an inventive unlocking of the plant-based starting material can be facilitated and/or is facilitated. These include, in particular, mechanical processes with which the plant-based starting material can be comminuted. In this case, it may be necessary, in particular for process economization, first to comminute and dry, or dry a biogenic material and then to comminute it. In one process embodiment, the comminuted and then dried plant-based starting material is comminuted to a certain particle size before process step 1), preferable are particle sizes between 10 μm and 2 cm, more preferably between 30 μm and 5 mm. In one process embodiment, lignin-containing components of the plant-based starting materials are first removed. These may be, for example, shell materials of the plant-based starting materials, such as skins (peels), casings or shells, such as those of apple or grape seeds. For example, mechanical methods known from the prior art are known for this purpose. In a further preferred embodiment of the method, a method for degradation and/or liquefying lignin can be carried out before performing the process step 1). Such methods are known in the art, for example as a “Kraft method”. For example, degradation or liquefaction of lignin is achieved by boiling with a caustic solution. However, mechanical disintegration can also be carried out only during or after method step 2a). The use of shear mixers or colloid mills is advantageous. The starting materials are filled into a suitable container, which can preferably be filled from above and has a closable outlet at the bottom. Preference is therefore given to a process in which plant-based starting materials are provided in a container to which a liquid can be added. The container must comply with the regulatory requirements for product manufacture. This also applies to containers that are used subsequently, as well as for system components and piping systems. Preferred is a container design with a conically extending container bottom. Preferred is a mixing device for mixing the container contents. A cooling/heating device of the containers or of the contents of the container is preferred. Preferably, the unlocking solution is added to this container containing e.g. the pressed residues/ground products and mixed and stored herein for the required time. For use for the next process step, the discharge is carried out by draining through the floor drain. Methods for Preparation and Use of Unlocking Solutions The unlocking solutions according to the invention are prepared with the compounds according to the invention for the disconnection/detachment of constituents of the starting material, as defined herein. For this purpose, one or more of the compounds is/are completely dissolved in water, wherein the water may be a clarified or clarified and purified process water, a completely ion-free water or well and city water. For dissolution it may be necessary to increase the temperature and/or continue mixing for up to 2 days. Preferably, the amino acids or peptides solution self assembles in the pH range of 7.5 to 13.5, more preferably between 8 and 13, and more preferably between 8.5 and 12.5. This is especially true when using cationic amino acids/peptides. In one embodiment, the pH may be adjusted to any pH range between 7.5 and 13.5 by the addition of an acid or a base. In this case, acids and bases which are known in the art can be used. Additives can be added to the solutions which improve or accelerate the unlocking process and recovery of cellulose-based fibers or disintegrate and/or dissolve other constituents of the starting material. Such compounds include, but are not limited to, the following compounds, such as: urea, NH3, triethylamine; ionic or nonionic surfactants such as SDS or DMSO; Antioxidants or Na2SO3, sodium bisulite or Na2SO4. These compounds can be present individually or in combination, in a concentration of between 0.01% by weight and 50% by weight, in the unlocking solution. Furthermore, the unlocking solutions according to the invention can be combined with additives which in particular improve the solubility of certain compounds of the starting material, these include, among others, alcohols, fatty alcohols, fatty acid esters or lactones. The unlocking solutions can be prepared at any temperature and added to the starting material in process step 2a), or 2) and, if necessary, also in process step 2b). The application can be carried out in droplets, dropwise or streams, continuously or discontinuously to, into and/or onto the starting material. In a preferred embodiment, this is done under exclusion of air and/or under inert gas conditions. The application is carried out by feeding a prepared unlocking solution in a controlled manner from a reservoir via supply line to the starting material. Process for Disintegrating Starting Material To execute the disconnection/detachment of constituents of the starting material according to the invention, it is necessary that the compounds according to the invention for the disconnection/detachment of the constituents completely penetrate the starting material and that then the constituents are present in a hydrated state at least at the interfaces (boundary surfaces). For this purpose, it is required that the aqueous unlocking solution is able to thoroughly penetrate the starting material. In the case of insufficient penetrability, a mechanical and/or physico-chemical disintegration process can be used. While mechanical disintegration processes should preferably be carried out before or at the time of process step 1, in a preferred process embodiment the physico-chemical disintegration can be performed in process step 2a) or 2). Preferred here is a thermal disintegration. Preferred for this purpose is a temperature between 80° and 150° C., more preferably between 90° C. and 140° C., and more preferably between 99° C. and 121° C. Preferred is a pressurization, which takes place simultaneously with the heating, it is preferred to use an autoclave for simultaneous heating and pressurization. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the unlocking solutions used in steps 2a), 2b) and 2), respectively, are used for the disintegration of the starting material, preferred is the use of amino acid and/or peptide solutions for disintegration during a mechanical and/or physicochemical disintegration of the starting material. A solution containing dissolved cationic amino acids and/or derivatives containing at least one guanidino and/or amidino group is preferred for the physico-chemical disintegration of starting material. Particularly preferred is a solution containing arginine and/or arginine derivatives in dissolved form, for the thermal disintegration of starting materials. Further preferred is an unlocking solution which contains at least one compound comprising urea, NH3, triethylamine; ionic or non-ionic surfactants, such as SDS or DMSO, or sodium sulfite Na2SO3 or sodium bisulfite. Preferred is a disintegration of starting materials with a solution of dissolved amino acids and/or peptides. Particularly preferred is an embodiment of the method in which the dissolved amino acids and/or peptides are dissolved cationic amino acids and/or peptides. In principle, a thermal disintegration is advantageous if the plant-based starting material has a high water content, as in fresh fruits and vegetables. A mechanical disintegration is particularly advantageous if the plant-based starting materials have a low water content and/or are enclosed in sheaths/shells that are impermeable to water. Furthermore, a mechanical method is preferable when another fraction of the plant-based starting material, such as oil, should be removed first. In a preferred embodiment a disintegration of the starting material is carried out, by placing the completely or in parts mechanically comminuted material, in a water bath and heating it until the material is so soft that by applying a slight force, e.g. by pressing with the fingers, it decays to a mushy or liquid phase. This is particularly advantageous if, owing to the different degree of strength of different structures, following one of the abovementioned forms of disinterment, the different structures, such as, for example, the mesosperm and the shell-materials, can very easily be differentiated from one another as layers and mechanically separated. In a preferred embodiment, the heating takes place together with a pressure increase in an autoclave. In a preferred embodiment, plant shell materials are removed before and/or after disintegration of the plant-based starting material. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the plant-based starting material is disintegrated by placing it in one of the aqueous solutions according to the invention, comprising an aqueous unlocking solution according to the invention. In principle, the volume or weight ratio can be chosen freely, but it is advantageous if the plant-based starting material is completely wetted by the unlocking solution. The duration of exposure to the unlocking solution depends on the plant-based starting materials used. Preferred is a duration between 1 minute and 48 hours, more preferably between 10 minutes and 14 hours and more preferably between 20 minutes and 6 hours. The temperature at which the exposure of the plant starting material is carried out with the aqueous unlocking solutions is, in principle, freely selectable. Preferred is a temperature between 5° and 140° C., more preferably between 10° and 120° C. and more preferably between 15° and 90° C. Further preferred is a previous and/or simultaneous and/or subsequent treatment of the plant-based starting material with compounds which cause a disintegration or chemical reaction of/with lignin compounds. Preference is given to the use of sulfite and sulfate compounds. Particularly preferred is sodium bisulfite. Methods for Carrying Out Method Step 2a): Applying an aqueous solution containing dissolved amino acids and/or peptides for disconnection/detachment of the constituents of the starting material, to the plant-based starting material of Step 1. In this process step, the wetting of the surfaces of the constituents within the preferably biogenic starting material must be ensured. This means that the constituents present in a compacted composite have also to be wetted and hydrated. In the preferred economic process embodiment, the compounds used to disconnect/detach constituents of a dry starting material are applied by metering only the minimum required liquid amount of the unlocking solution which ensures complete wetting of the starting material. This can be checked, for example, by determining the moisture content, which is preferably >20% by weight in the case of complete penetration/wetting. Furthermore, a moistening can be detected visually, e.g. by a change of color or analytically, e.g. be changing the electrical conductivity. In another preferred embodiment, metering of a volume of the unlocking solution to the starting material, which accomplishes a complete swelling of the starting material is performed. For example, complete swelling can be recognized by the fact that the swollen material does not bind more water, recognizable by the fact that a further addition of water leads to no further increase in volume of the swollen homogeneous material and during centrifugation (2,000*g) only a minimal free liquid phase is separated. Whether further water binding is possible can be tested by adding a 0.3 molar solution of the amino acid and/or peptide solution in small volume units to a sample of the swollen material whose mass has been determined. If a free water phase forms, the swelling process is complete, otherwise the addition of the amino acid and/or peptide solution used for the mixture must be continued. The volume of aqueous solutions containing dissolved amino acids and/or peptides is added in a mass ratio between 0.5:1 and 10:1, more preferably between 1:1 and 8:1, and further preferably between 1.2:1 and 4:1 to the starting material. Preferred is a process execution at a temperature between 6° and 90° C., more preferably between 10° and 60° C. and more preferably between 18° and 40° C. Addition of the aqueous solutions may be carried out by prior art methods. Suitable containers in which the contacting of this process step is carried out are reaction containers that are open or closed or heated and preferably have a stirring or mixing device, such as a stirred tank, which allows complete circulation of the mixture. The addition of the aqueous unlocking solution is carried out continuously or discontinuously until complete saturation is documented in a representative sample. In another method embodiment, the starting material is distributed on a conveyor belt or a conveyor sieve belt and the distributed starting material is sprayed with the aqueous solution and is thereby impregnated/wetted. The duration of the penetration phase naturally depends on the nature and consistency of the starting material. Preferred is a duration between 5 minutes and 24 hours, more preferably between 10 minutes and 12 hours and more preferably between 20 minutes and 6 hours. A simple test procedure can be used to determine whether a mixture of this process step is suitable for feeding to the next process step. A representative sample is taken from the mixture and placed in water (25° C.) in a mass ratio of 1:20 and agitated for 2 minutes at 200 rpm. Subsequently, the entire suspension is filtered (sieve size 100 μm). The sieve residue is examined visually or microscopically for the presence of aggregates of constituents of the biogenic starting material. If no aggregates are present, sufficient disconnection/detachment of the constituents of the starting material has been achieved and the process step has been completed. In a variant of the method, the impregnation/wetting of the starting material with one of the unlocking solutions takes place during the addition of one of the disintegration methods or immediately afterwards. This process variant is particularly advantageous for starting materials with a high water content, such as raw vegetables, tubers or roots. In a process variant, impregnation/penetration is performed from the beginning together with compounds that facilitate/accelerate disintegration of the plant-based starting material. This may be the case even if, for example, the aqueous unlocking solution is used for disintegration in a thermal process. In the context of disintegration, impregnation/penetration of the plant material with the compounds of the unlocking solution is carried out here. In a preferred variant of the method, the disintegration and impregnation/penetration is performed under reduced pressure or overpressure conditions in a container suitable for this purpose. Preferred is application of a pressure from 1 mbar to 50 bar, more preferably from 10 mbar to 10 bar and more preferably from 100 mbar to 5 bar. In principle, the impregnation/penetration can take place at any temperature. Preference is given to simultaneous heating of the starting material in order to accelerate the wetting/soaking process. Therefore, it is preferred to carry out the process step at a temperature between 5° and 150° C., more preferably between 8° and 140° C., more preferably between 10° and 120° C. and more preferably between 15° and 90° C. It is preferred to carry out the process step with simultaneous increase in temperature and underpressure or overpressure. The preferred duration of the process step depends on the permeability and the degree of disintegration reached. Preferred is a duration between 10 seconds and 10 days, more preferably between 1 minute and 2 days, more preferably between 10 minutes and 24 hours, even more preferably between 15 minutes and 8 hours, and most preferably between 20 minutes and 4 hours. The completeness of disintegration and wetting/impregnation can be very easily checked by, for example, suspending a 1 ml sample of the plant material that had been unlocked in 1,000 ml of water and stirring with a magnetic stirrer for 10 minutes at a rotation frequency of 300/min. If after stopping the agitation visible fiber-structures are identifiable with the naked eye with a slow sedimentation tendency and at the same time the sieve residue of the suspension and, if present also lignin-rich-shell-fragments or other solid constituents, such as starch granules or fragments, does not exhibit any recognizable adhesions the duration of the disintegration and wetting/impregnation phase is sufficient. Preference is given to a process for the separation of constituents of a plant-based starting material, in which at the same time disintegration and wetting/penetration takes place with an aqueous unlocking solution. Methods for Execution of Method Step 2b): Provision of an aqueous dispensing volume and dispensing of the separated constituents from step 2a). In a preferred embodiment, the disconnection/detachment mixture of process step 2a) is dissolved in water to fully hydrate the separable soluble constituents, thereby being present in an individual form and without attachment of other constituents. For this purpose, clarified process water of several consecutive process steps can be used or deionized or not further treated city or well water. The determination of the water volume, which is sufficiently large to achieve complete hydration of the soluble constituents in the dispensing phase which ensures separability of the dissolved and insoluble constituents of the starting material is preferably carried out by using a sample of the previous process step (e.g. 10 g of a disconnection/detachment mixture) with which a dilution series is prepared. After a stirring phase of 3 minutes, filtration (sieve mesh size 100 μm) of the suspension is carried out. The filter residue is analyzed (visually or microscopically) for deposits/attachments of soluble and water-rinsable compounds. The filtrate is then admixed with a suitable solution of a condensing agent in increasing dosage. A sufficiently large dispensing volume exists when there are no adhesions/attachments on the solid constituent of the starting material that are in the filter residue, and there is complete condensation and/or aggregation and/or complexation of the dissolved soluble constituents present in the dispensing mixture. Preferred is a ratio of the water volume to the dry mass of the starting material of 5:1 to 500:1, more preferably from 10:1 to 150:1 and more preferably from 15:1 to 50:1. The manner in which the unlocking mixture and the dispensing water phase are combined or brought into contact is arbitrary. Preference is given to the addition which takes place by means of a high-performance shear mixer or another intensive mixer, together with the water phase. This is particularly advantageous because it allows direct hydration and separation. The separated fiber mass contains proteins in relevant amounts. To date, no method has been proposed for recovering the proteins contained in solid matter such as cellulose-based fibers and lignin-rich fibers. This is made possible by the method described herein, in which the dispensing step is carried out in step 2b) in which the proteins dissolved in the fiber-material and possibly present soluble carbohydrates are flushed out into the aqueous dispensing phase by means of an intensive mixing process. Therefore, this process step is of particular importance. Further preferred are stirring devices which cause turbulent flow, such as propeller or jet mixers. The dispensing process can be continuous or discontinuous and at any temperature, preferred is a temperature range of the aqueous suspension between 6° and 90° C., more preferably between 10° and 60° C. and more preferably between 18° and 40° C. The duration of the dispensing process is arbitrary, preferred is a duration from 1 minute to 24 hours, more preferably from 5 minutes to 5 hours and more preferably from 10 minutes to 1 hour. The dispensing process is sufficient and complete when in a representative sample taken from the dispensing mixture, which is filtered through a coarse (1 mm mesh size) and then through a fine sieve (sieve mesh size 100 μm), no aggregates of the constituents of the plant-based starting materials can be microscopically or visually detected in the filter residue. The successful dispensing of the constituents of the starting material can also be recognized by filling a sample of the dispensing mixture into a graduated cylinder where after a short time there is separation of 3 phases or in the case of the presence of lipids 4 well distinguishable phases. The time required for this should not exceed 4 hours. Further according to the invention is the testing and optional adjustment of the pH of the dispensing solution. This can be done with bases or acids from the prior art, preferred acids are HCl or formic acid, preferred bases are NaOH or urea. Preferably, the pH of the dispensing solution is between 6.5 and 13.5, more preferably between 7.0 and 12.5 and more preferably between 7.5 and 11. The volume of water required to carry out the following process steps according to the invention is provided in a suitable container. Methods for Execution of Process Step 2: In a preferred embodiment, the starting material to be treated with an unlocking process is brought into contact with a volume of the aqueous unlocking solution which at the same time contains sufficient a concentration of the unlocking compounds to ensure disconnection/detachment of the constituents of the starting material according to the invention and, on the other hand, the unlocking according to the invention of the dissolved constituents in the volume of water is ensured. A check as to whether this criterion is fulfilled can be carried out using the methods described above and below. The preferred ranges of process parameters in which the method is preferably carried out are otherwise identical to those described herein for performing method steps 2a) and 2b). Methods of carrying out process step 3: Separation of solid matter from the unlocking mixture of step 2b or 2 to obtain a fiber-free aqueous solution of dissolved constituents of the plant-based starting material. Methods for Execution of Process Step 3: In a particularly advantageous embodiment, a separation of solid matter from the unlocking mixture of process step 2b) or 2) is performed in process step 3). This can be done with known methods for solid/liquid separation. Preference is given to filter techniques which are particularly suitable for separating off high concentrations of small fibers with a high throughput volume. Particularly suitable for this purpose are screening devices which simultaneously agitate the filter medium and/or the separation mixture, which includes e.g. vibration of the sieve or a installing a rapid overflow of the sieve surface. It is preferred to carry out a two-stage or multi-stage screening process, since on the one hand different insoluble constituents which are present in the unlocking mixture can be separated from one another and on the other hand it can be ensured that no or practically no particles which are larger than the predefined size will be in the filtrate of this process step. Also suitable are bow sieve devices, belt filters or chamber filter presses, a sieve decanter, but also centrifugal techniques, such as centrifuges or decanters. It is therefore preferred to carry out a prescreening with a coarse sieve, a fine filtration with a fine sieve and a very fine filtration with a very fine sieve. A coarse screen preferably has a screen mesh size of 1.0 to 4.0 mm, more preferably 1.1 to 2.5 mm, and more preferably 1.2 to 2.0 mm. A preferred fine sieve has a sieve mesh size of 80 to 250 μm, more preferably 90 to 180 μm, and more preferably 100 to 160 μm. A very fine sieve preferably has a screen mesh size of from 5 to 80 μm, more preferably from 10 to 60 μm and more preferably from 15 to 30 μm. Depending on the consistency of the screen residue or the centrate in centrifugal processes, a residual amount of water contained herein can be further reduced, e. g. with a sieve-pressing device or screw press. The residual moisture content of the screen residue is preferably <80% by weight, more preferably <60% by weight and more preferably <40% by weight. The preferred process conditions according to the invention are fulfilled when the solid constituents obtained in a filter residue are free or nearly free from soluble constituents of the plant-based starting material and can easily be separated in water. Furthermore, according to the invention, the filtered solid constituents are obtained in a very condensed and thus transportable form. With this process step, a fiber-free or almost completely fiber-free solution is obtained which preferably contains >98% by weight, more preferably >99% by weight and most preferably >99.5% by weight of the mass of proteins originally present in the starting material. Almost completely fiber-free here means >98% by weight. This can be verified by, for example, a fiber through-flow meter (FiberLab, Valmet). As used herein, the term “solid matter” describes solid constituents that do not pass through a sieve filter with a mesh size of 10 μm. The other process conditions, such as temperature, duration of the separation, flow rate, etc., can be freely selected. The filtrate and the screen or press residue of the one or more residue fractions are collected in separate and suitable containers or introduced into those. Process for Execution of Process Step 4): condensation/aggregation/complexation of the dissolved constituents of the aqueous solution of step 3) to obtain an aqueous phase containing condensed soluble constituents of the starting material. In a preferred embodiment, this process step involves condensation and/or aggregation and/or complexing of the dissolved proteins and/or other dissolved organic and/or inorganic compounds of the filtrate of the preceding process step. The aim of this condensation process is to bring about a combination of dissolved or hydrated constituents and in particular of the proteins, with formation of a condensed phase/mass which can be separated by means of known separation techniques and can be obtained with as little water as possible. Preference is given to an addition of one or more suitable condensing agent (s). Suitable condensing agents are, for example, acids, among them preferably organic acids, such as, for example, acetic acid, ascorbic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, but also inorganic acids, such as phosphoric acid, furthermore salts, such as, for example, NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, CaCl2) or Na2SO4, AlCl3, and also complexing agents such as EDTA but also adsorbents such as calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, kaolin or other clay minerals. Also preferred are soluble divalent cations, preferably of aluminum, calcium and magnesium salts. Furthermore, combinations of the condensing agents listed herein are advantageous, such as a combination of citric acid and aluminum chloride. Further preferred are carbonates, such as sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate or calcium carbonate. Furthermore silicate compounds, especially sodium-metasilicate, sodium orthosilicate, as well as other soluble silicates. The pH of the aqueous solutions containing dissolved condensing agents can in principle be chosen freely and depends on the effectiveness of the condensation obtainable herewith. If required, the pH of the solution can be adjusts, e.g. with a buffer, which can also be added to a solution of condensing agents. Suitability can be readily appreciated by one skilled in the art by adding and mixing various condensing agents to samples of the non-fiber containing solution of process step 3, in increasing concentrations, and then a testing for completeness of condensation of the dissolved constituents is performed. For this purpose, to the supernatant after a centrifugal separation of the condensates one or more of the condensation solutions/condensing agent is/are added and mixed. If after sedimentation of at least 10 minutes upon renewed centrifugation no sediment forms and the water phase is clear or almost clear, a sufficient condensation of the constituents has achieved. In a further embodiment, the application of the condensing agent (s) is carried out as a solid, preference being given to the use of a powdered form which is added to the reaction mixture. Condensation can be detected after a short residence time with the naked eye. The selection of the appropriate concentration may be made by centrifuging a sample solution that has undergone condensation and treating the supernatant again with the same and/or different condensing agents. If this does not allow formation of any visible condensates/aggregates/complexes and/or separation off, the solution contains <6% by weight, preferably <4% by weight and most preferably <2% by weight of proteins. Preferably, the condensing agents are completely dissolved in water which is preferably ion-free or deionized. The concentration of the condensing agent depends on the process conditions and must be determined individually. Generally preferred is a concentration range from 1 mmol to 5 mol/l, more preferably between 100 mmol and 3 mol/l and more preferably between 200 mmol and 2 mol/l. The volume of the solution with one or more condensing agent (s) or, in the case where condensing agents are provided with different aqueous solutions, is carried out continuously or discontinuously, dropwise or by blasting. Preferably, an agitation of the reaction mixture, preferably the agitation is performed under slightly turbulent or laminar flow conditions, which avoids a disintegration of forming condensates/aggregates/complexes. Preferably, complete mixing of the reaction mixture is carried out. Preferably, a process control is carried out by a visual inspection of the condensation progress or a process monitoring by determining the degree of turbidity of the clarified water phase that is forming. The completeness of the condensation/aggregation/complexing of the dissolved compounds can be easily checked by the method described above and, if appropriate, one or more of the condensing agents can be added to the reaction solution. The duration of mixing is in principle freely selectable. In a preferred method embodiment, this is performed only over the duration of the addition of one or more condensing agent (s) or for a duration of between 10 seconds and 5 minutes, more preferably between 20 seconds and 2 minutes. The temperature at which condensation and/or aggregation and/or complexing takes place can in principle be chosen freely. Preferred is a temperature between 6° and 90° C., more preferably between 10° and 60° C. and more preferably between 18° and 40° C. Preference is given to the setting of a specific pH range, the optimum pH results from the selection of or combination with the condensing agent(s). The optimum pH range can be determined by the method described above. The pH of the aqueous solution containing dissolved compounds in which the condensation and/or aggregation and/or complexing of the dissolved proteins and/or other dissolved compounds according to the invention takes place is preferably in a range between 5.5 and 13, more preferably between 6 and 12, and more preferably between 6.5 and 11. In a particularly preferred embodiment, a service life is maintained following the addition of one or more condensing agents, in which no or only a minimum mixing of the mixture is carried out. In an analogous manner, as in the method described herein, the time required to carry out the condensation phase can be determined, which is preferably between 5 minutes and 10 hours, more preferably between 10 minutes and 5 hours and more preferably between 15 minutes and 2 hours. If the service life is to be reduced to a minimum, the sufficient minimum duration of service life after addition of the condensing agent can be determined easily, on the basis of a test result from a sample which is centrifuged and in which in an analogous manner, as described above, the achievement of completeness of condensation and/or aggregation and/or complexation by the condensing agent (s) is tested. The condensation phase is preferably carried out at ambient temperatures, preferred is a temperature ranging between 15° and 40° C. In further preferred embodiments, this takes place at a temperature between 5° and 15° C. on the one hand and between 40° and 90° C. on the other. The selection of a low temperature may be advantageous, for example, in the recovery of thermolabile compounds. The choice of a high temperature, e.g. 60° C., may be chosen, for example, to kill germs on microbial loading of the starting material, e.g. in the form of a pasteurization. On the other hand, heating can also inactivate allergens and certain toxins as well as anti-nutritive compounds. In a preferred method embodiment, the condensed/aggregated/complexed proteins are made recoverable in the form of a sediment. The outlet of the sediment phase preferably accomplished via a bottom outlet and is fed to a further process sequence. Process for Execution of Process Step 5): Separation of the condensed soluble plant-based starting materials of step 4) to obtain a dehydrated condensate of step 4) and a clarified process water phase. In a preferred process embodiment, the condensed/aggregated/complexed compounds of process step 4) are dehydrated to free them from bound process water, to purify, to condition, and/or to easily transport or to formulate them. Dehydrated in this context means that the organic compounds are partially freed from bound water. The sediment obtainable from process step 4) is preferably present as a suspension up to a viscous cream-like mass. Preferred is a dehydration which is carried out by means of filtration process techniques. Preferred is an application onto a belt filter. The preferred filters have a screen mesh size of 50 to 500 μm, more preferably from 80 to 350 μm and more preferably from 100 to 320 μm. Preferably, filter cloth made of polypropylene or other hydrophobic polymer threads are used. Preferred devices are belt filters, chamber filters or filter presses and chamber filter presses, as well as vacuum band filters. Also preferred are centrifugal processes, centrifuges or decanters are particularly suitable. The residual water content of the obtainable dehydrated condensate mass can be selected in a process-specific manner, so that e.g. a flowable or spreadable or dimensionally stable protein mass is obtained. In principle, a separation of the bound process water that is as complete as possible is desired. When using a decanter, the separation is preferably carried out at >2,000*g, more preferably >3,000*g and more preferably >3,500*g. The residence time in a decanter is preferably >10 seconds, more preferably >20 seconds and more preferably >30 seconds. Further preferred is a pressing process for removing bound process water. Preferably, dehydration is achieved using a filter device with a water-permeable filter fabric/material. Preferably, the condensed or already dehydrated mass which is located, for example, in a filter chamber, is placed under pressure, whereby the residual moisture content can be reduced to the desired level. It is preferred to carry out the process at ambient temperatures in a range between 15° and 40° C. In further advantageous embodiments, temperatures ranging between 5° and 15° C. and between 40° and 80° C. can be selected. Preference is given to obtaining a dehydrated mass having a residual moisture content of <90% by weight, more preferably <80% by weight, more preferably <70% by weight and even more preferably <60% by weight and even more preferably <40% by weight. In a preferred embodiment, one or more cleaning and/or conditioning and/or functionalization processes is/are carried out before, during and/or after dehydration, which is preferably carried out in a side-stream process. In a preferred embodiment, for this purpose, the condensed or dehydrated mass is applied onto a filter belt in a certain layer thickness and, with or without adding another filter onto this layer, a liquid and/or a vapor and/or a gas is flowed through it from below or from above. The re-drying can be done as before or with another drying method. The preferred liquid for this purpose may be water or an organic solvent. Preferred organic solvents are, for example, alcohols. The vapor may be water vapor or the vapor of a solvent. The preferred temperature range is between 40° and 250° C., more preferably between 50° and 180° C., and more preferably between 60° and 140° C. The preferred gas may be, for example, nitrogen or carbon dioxide. The preferred volume flow and the duration of the flow must be determined individually on the basis of the values of parameters that are to be achieved. In a further preferred embodiment, conditioning is carried out by adding one or more inorganic or organic compounds to the above-mentioned media, which flow through the condensed/dehydrated mass with the carrier stream. The obtainable dehydrated soluble constituents/protein fractions obtained can be directly used in/for an application or can be stored or further processed. Storage which takes place in suitable containers is preferably carried out under refrigerated conditions, preferably <10° C., more preferably <8° C. and more preferably <6° C. In a further preferred embodiment, a complete drying of the obtainable mass is carried out. This can be done for example in the form of a granulation under hot air or a vacuum, according to known methods. Preference is given to suspending the already dehydrated mass in water or a liquid solution having a solids content of preferably 10 to 40% by weight. The suspension is preferably spray dried or freeze-dried. Such methods are known to the person skilled in the art. As a result, powdered mixtures, concentrates or isolates are obtained. Preferably, the major component of these products are proteins. However, other prior art drying processes and techniques can be used. Method for Execution of Method Step 6): Method step 6) aims for, providing and/or purifying the clarified process water phase of process step 5), as for cleaning of the recycled process water phase of process step 6) and obtaining a clarified and purified process water phase, which is subsequently reused in the process as a process water phase, preferably in one or more of the process steps 2a) and/or 2b) or 2) or in a side-stream procedure. In a preferred embodiment, in this process step, a process water phase for a side-stream process method is provided from the clarified process water phase obtained from process step 5) and/or a side-stream process step. For this purpose, in this process step, preferably suspended matter and optionally very fine particles still present are removed from the process water. Preferably, prior art methods are used for this purpose. Particularly suitable for this purpose are fine and ultra-fine filters from the prior art. As a result, a turbidity-free water phase can be obtained. In the preferred process embodiment of process step 6), a process water phase of a side-stream process method is conveyed to a suitable container. In a further preferred embodiment, the process water phase of this process step is purified in process step 6). The respective process water phases are purified individually, but it is also possible to combine the different process water phases. In one embodiment, electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, iron, copper, etc. are removed, for example, by electrodialysis or ion exchange compounds. In a further embodiment, toxins and/or hazardous substances are removed by means of an adsorptive process technology, such as a column chromatography or passage through activated carbon. In a further embodiment, thermolabile compounds such as enzymes, proteins, lectins or microorganisms or spores are inactivated and/or denatured by heating the process water to be purified to preferably >60° C. The exact temperature and duration of the heating depend on the type and amount of compounds to be inactivated/denatured. In a further embodiment, a reduction or removal of one or more condensing agents from the process water phase to be purified is carried out. The methods that are possible to be used for this purpose are to be selected in each case for the respective compound. Among the possible and known methods from prior art are, for example, titration with an acid or a base, the addition of a complexing or neutralizing agent, the implementation of a dialysis process, in particular an electrodialysis or the use of an adsorptive process. Preferably, in this process step, inorganic and/or organic compounds are separated and thus, flavor, aromas, bitter substances, colorant agents, toxins and hazardous substances or organic compounds that belong to “organic compounds” as defined herein are removed and are obtainable. For this purpose, the above-described methods are applicable, in particular methods such as column chromatography, dialysis or the use of a complexing reaction. Preferably, during purification of one of the process water phases, no removal/reduction of the dissolved amino acids and/or peptides still present herein occurs. With this process step, a clarified and purified process water phase is obtained, which is free or nearly free of: suspended matter, turbidity, toxins, harmful compounds and microorganisms, including spores, and condensing agents and, if necessary, of electrolytes or colorant agents or organic compounds. Preferably, the clarified and purified process water phase does contain <3% by weight, preferably <1.5% by weight and most preferably <0.5% by weight of organic compounds, which do not correspond to any of the dissolved amino acids and/or peptides used according to the invention. The preferred clarified and purified process water phase contains dissolved amino acids and/or peptides usable in a new/further process application. Particularly preferred is an embodiment of the method in which the dissolved amino acids and/or peptides are dissolved cationic amino acids and/or peptides. Preferably, the clarified and/or clarified and purified process water phases obtainable with the process steps are stored in suitable containers, temporarily stored or directly reused. In one embodiment, the clarified and/or clarified and purified process water phase is cooled during the storage period. Preference is given to cooling to <10° C., more preferably to <8° C. and more preferably to <6° C. The shelf life of the clarified process water phase is preferably >7 days, more preferably >14 days and more preferably >4 weeks. Shelf life in this context means the absence of potentially harmful germs or pathogens or toxins in a concentration that is harmful to health. The clarified and clarified and purified process water phases suitable for reuse are safe for use in the production of food. The clarified process water phase can be returned to the process in the various process steps via a suitable pump and pipe system. Reuse of Clarified and/or Clarified and Purified Process Water Phases. In a preferred method embodiment, reuse of the process water phases is carried out in one of the process executions of process step 6). In a preferred method embodiment, the clarified process water phase of the process step 6) is fed to the reaction container/reaction mixture of the side-stream process step 3-I) in the process-specific quantity and temperature. In a further preferred embodiment, the clarified process water phase that was reused in a side-stream process method, which is obtained in process step 6), is fed without purification to one of the main process steps 2a), 2b), or 2) or 3). This can be done in any mixing ratio with a fresh water phase. In another preferred method embodiment, the clarified and purified process water phase of process step 6) is supplied to process step 2a) by providing the liquid for dissolving the amino acids and/or peptides according to the invention in a suitable container and mixing with the unlocking compounds until they are completely dissolved. In a further particularly preferred embodiment, the process water phase of the process step 6) alone or together with a fresh water phase is fed in the process step 2b) in the form of an aqueous dispensing volume. In the case of the alternative execution of process step 2), the process water phase of process step 6) can be used to dissolve the amino acids and/or peptides and to dispense disconnected/detached constituents of the starting materials. In a further preferred embodiment, the process water phase of process step 6) is added to one of the side-stream process procedures. Preference is given to an inlet/feed line to the side-stream process steps 3-I) and/or 4-I). The suitability for reuse in the various process steps can be demonstrated, for example, in that there are no qualitative and/or quantitative differences between the obtainable products of the process or the side-stream process as compared to the use of fresh water phases. Method for Carrying Out Side-Stream Process Methods With the process embodiments according to the invention, product fractions are obtained which can either be used directly for use or an added value of those products can be achieved by performing one of the side-stream process methods according to the invention for purification, or conditioning or functionalization, or for altering the composition, or attachment/incorporation of compounds thereof. Advantageously, the obtainable product fractions can in principle be treated with the same process methods/process steps and with the same production devices as are used in the main process methods. In the system chosen herein, classification is performed in the following way: the first number refers to the procedure step, the execution method is classified with a suffix e.g. “-I” and process sub-steps are alphabetically numbered. With the methods according to the invention, products obtained or obtainable from the main process methods are advantageously purified/refined and/or conditioned/functionalized/enriched with one or more compound (s) and/or separated/sorted, to make them accessible for further processing or direct application. The processes are carried out as an option and can be carried out simultaneously or independently with regard to the time to the main process procedure and with each other. In a preferred method embodiment, the following optional method steps may be performed: side-stream process step 3-I): a) purification, b) surface treatment, c) modification/incorporation of compounds of/into solid matter, obtained from process step 3) and side-stream process step 4-I): a) purification, b) surface treatment, c) modification/introduction of compounds of/into dehydrated organic material, obtained from process step 4). The solid matter of process step 3) is preferably a mixture of complex carbohydrates, cellulose-based fibers and lignin-rich shell fractions. The dehydrated organic mass of process step 4) is preferably dehydrated protein. The following process executions can be carried out together in each process step or separately and at different times. The specific process parameters can easily be adapted by a skilled person to the particular product to be treated/formulated. In one process embodiment, the organic matter is purified, preferably by being enclosed by a filter material and preferably inserted into a bath of a liquid cleaning medium. In a further preferred embodiment, the organic material, which is preferably located in or enclosed by a filter material, is rinsed with a cleaning medium. However, resuspension in the cleaning solution is also possible. The preferred cleaning medium is water, further one or more alcohols in any mixing ratio with water. The cleaning medium may contain inorganic and/or organic compounds, preferably in dissolved form, which facilitate the removal of inorganic and/or organic compounds still present in the bulk. In a further preferred embodiment, inorganic and/or organic compounds which condition the organic mass and/or functionalizes and/or in which these compounds are physico-chemically bound/combined with the organic mass are introduced. As a result, a multiplicity of advantageous effects on/at the solid constituents/organic mass can be achieved/produced. These include, but are not limited to: surface effects which may be classified as anti-static, hydrophilic, hydrophobic, oleophilic, amphiphilic, electrostatic with a positive and/or negative surface charge, hygroscopic and/or conductive. Multiple combinations of the aforementioned surface properties are also possible. The desired surface properties and the selection of the compounds which can be used for this purpose depend on the application of the products conditioned and/or functionalized therewith. The incorporation and/or attachment of the inorganic and/or organic compounds to achieve these effects is preferably accomplished by dissolving one or more compounds in a suitable liquid medium and the liquid brought into contact with or penetrated by the products in an analogous fashion to the foregoing methods for purifying the products. The residence time, concentrations and reaction conditions are dependent on the desired product properties and must be determined in each case. Preferred liquid media are water, an alcohol or mixtures thereof. Preferred compounds that can be used for conditioning/functionalization include, among others, amines, e.g. betaine, furthermore amides, imides, imidazoles, triazoles, melamine, creatine, creatinine, carnitine, furthermore organic acids, such as acetic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, gluconic acid, nitriloacetic acid, stearic or oleic acid, furthermore fatty acid esters, mono/diglycerides, phospholipids, glycolipids, glyceroglycolipids, amino acids (especially arginine, lysine and histidine), mono-, di- or polypeptides, such as the RDG peptide. Furthermore, sugar compounds, such as dextrose or fructose, but also macromolecular surface functionalizations are possible, for example with polysaccharides, such as polydextrins or starch. Furthermore, cellulose derivatives, such as methylcellulose. However, a surface functionalization can also be carried out by accumulation of reactive or reaction-promoting compounds in/onto the cellulose-based fibers/lignin-rich shells/compounds of the organic composition, for example with carbonates such as sodium bicarbonate or silicates such as sodium metasilicate. Further preferred is the attachment/incorporation of compounds in the form of micro-/nano-emulsions. Particularly preferred is the use of nano-emulsions of cationic amino acids or peptides, such as arginine or lysine, with organic acids such as linolenic acid or ascorbic acid. If desired, a pretreatment of the surfaces, for example to increase the reactivity, can be carried out using processes from the prior art, such as, for example, an alcohol, an oxidizing or reducing agent, such as, for example, an acid, an alkali or H2O2. The aforementioned wet-techniques can, among others, also include a vapor phase, in which the aforementioned or other compounds can be dissolved. If a wet-technique step has been carried out, one of the aforementioned techniques can be used to discharge/separate the liquid solution phase. Press filtration or vacuum filtration is preferred. If a formulation of the products obtained is desired, further processing can be performed. Thus, for example, drying can be accomplished by application of the product phases to a belt-drying device. Further, a suspension may be prepared with an appropriate volume of water, and a powdery solid may be obtained by means of spray-drying or granulation formation. Methods for Testing Product Properties The water retention capacity can be determined by methods of the prior art. In one of the methods, the water content of a 0.5 g sample is determined and this is suspended in a 100 ml Erlenmeyer flask in 50 ml of distilled water. After agitation for 1 hour at 20° C., the free water phase is removed by filtering through a G3 glass frit; then, together with the glass frit, the sample material is centrifuged at 2,000 g for 15 min. The amount of centrifuged liquid and the sample weight are determined. The water retention value (WRR) is calculated according to the following formula WRR⁢⁢(%)=Sample⁢⁢wett⁢⁢material⁢⁢mass-sample⁢⁢dry⁢⁢massSample⁢⁢dry⁢⁢mass×100 The oil retention capacity can be determined analogously using a liquid lipid phase, e.g. a paraffinic oil. The water solubility (NSI) of proteins is determined according to the standard method AOCS 1990, (Daun and DeClercq, 1994) Applications The process methods according to the invention can in principle be used with all biogenic starting materials. The preferred plant starting materials may be in the form of unripe, ripening, ripened, overripe, aged, or even damaged plant-based starting materials. Contaminated or spoiled plant starting materials may also be used for the recovery of main process and side-stream process products of the present invention, thereby yielding the main constituents of the starting material in pure form. The plant-based starting material may be in intact form, damaged, crushed, peeled, pressed, ground or otherwise disintegrated. In particular, groats or meal are suitable. In particular, also residues, resulting for example after a mechanical extraction of oils, so-called press cake, are suitable. Also suitable are plant-based starting materials which have previously been subjected to a thermal and/or liquid extraction process, e.g. with an alcohol or an organic solvent such as hexane. Also plant-based starting materials, in which a thermal treatment is carried out, are suitable. This also includes plant products that are obtainable from a digestion and/or fermentation process, in particular if they are residues, such as brewery residues (for example in the form of spent grains or grain flour) or pomace of apple cider production or olive pomace. In addition, residues of cocoa beans. Preference is also given to residues of press residues which result, for example, from the extraction of juices (for example apple, tomato or carrot juice) or pomace, e.g. of grapes or apples or extracts, as obtained in the production of jellies or liqueurs (e.g., blackberry jelly, cassis). Further, products resulting peeling, shelling or removal of cores of plant-based starting materials may be used. The plant-based starting materials that can be used for any of the methods of the invention therefore include all plant seeds, such as linseed, poppy seeds, chia, amaranth, chili, tomatoes, anise, pia; Grains such as rapeseed, camelina, oats, hemp, wheat, buckwheat, rye, barley, corn, sunflowers, greens, jatropha; Seeds/pits, e.g. apples, pears, grapes, oranges, cherries, plums, apricots, peaches, vetches, medlars, mirabelle plums, rowanberries, pumpkins, melons, avocados; Legumes such as soybeans, field beans, mats beans, mung beans or kindey beans, peas, lentils such as e.g. Duckweed lupins or sesame seeds; Vegetables such as cauliflower, broccoli, kohlrabi, celery, zucchini, paprika, artichokes or okra; Beet plants, such as carrots or sugar beet; Fruits, such as apples, pears, quince, bananas, breadfruit, mango, kiwi, passion fruit, melons, passion fruit, figs, pumpkin, pineapple, avocado, olives, mango, chayote, guava, papaya, tamarillo, marmota apple, grape fruit, oranges, lemons or grapes; Berries, such as rose hips, gooseberries, blueberries, blackberries, strawberries, elderberries, currants, cranberries, blackberries, mulberries, apples, raspberries, sandorn; tuberous plants and roots, such as potatoes, beetroot, batata, turmeric, cassava, horseradish, celery, radishes, ginger, arakascha, taro, wasabi, yacon, salsify, asparagus, parsnip, mustard, Jerusalem artichokes, cattail, swede, Siberian angelica, yam root, yam, sunflower root, devil's claw or ginko; as well as cucumbers, such as salad or gherkin, as well as eggplant or zucchini; Nuts, such as almonds, hazelnuts, peanuts, walnuts, cashew nuts, Brazil nuts, pecans, pistachios, chestnut, sweet chestnuts, dates. Furthermore, sugarcane. The products produced according to the invention can in principle be used in all areas of life as well as in industrial processes and process sequences. The obtainable protein fractions can be used, for example, as food or nutritional supplements. Further, they can be used as a formulating agent in food preparations. They are also suitable for animal nutrition. The process can also be used for the removal of aromas and/or flavors and in particular for debittering of the starting materials or constituents of the starting materials. Cellulose-based fibers obtained and produced by the process of the present invention are particularly suitable for human nutrition applications. In particular, it is suitable as a dietary food additive for calorie-reduced food preparations. In addition, cellulose-based fibers are suitable for dietary weight reduction. Additionally as a substitute or for the reduction of soluble carbohydrates, such as pectins or starch, in food preparations. Furthermore, as a substitute or for the reduction of oils or fats in food preparations. Cellulose-based fibers are suitable for regulating intestinal activity and altering/softening stool consistency. Further, they can be used as a dietary anti-oxidant. Cellulose-based fibers can also be used in animals for stool control and dietary weight reduction. Furthermore, cellulose-based fibers are suitable for the thickening and stabilization of liquid or flowable foods and food preparations. Cellulose-based fibers increase the water-binding and retention capacity of food preparations. As a result, cellulose-based fibers are also suitable for maintaining the water content in foods or food preparations or keeping them fresh and reducing the risk of dehydration for longer periods of time. Further, cellulose-based fibers can be used to incorporate and/or stabilize substances/compounds or microorganisms in foods or food preparations. This makes it possible, for example, to stabilize/distribute labile compounds, such as vitamins or antioxidants, in foods or preparations. Furthermore, microorganisms that exhibit increased metabolic activity, such as yeasts or lactic acid-splitting bacteria, can be introduced into foods. These properties of the cellulose-based fibers can also be used to cultivate algae or other microorganisms and use them to produce substances/compounds or gases with increased efficiency. Cellulose-based fibers produced according to the invention are particularly suitable for the preparation of lotions/creams/ointments or pastes for applications on skin or mucous membranes. They improve water retention on the surface of the skin and mucous membranes as well as improve emulsifiability of hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds as well as the incorporation of compounds such as antioxidants or sunscreen compounds and lead to improved smoothness of skin and mucosal areas. Furthermore, cellulose-based fibers are very well suited as separation agents for food products/food, which are cooked at high temperatures with direct or indirect heat, such as roasting, baking, grilling or deep-frying. Thus, cellulose-based fibers are applicable as a separation agent or as a substitute for breadings/breadcrumbs, for example in preparations of meat or fish, and meat- or fish-products, potato or dough preparations. Furthermore, cellulose-based fibers are suitable for formulating or preserving other nutrients or food ingredients. This is in particular the case in the production of protein products, such as protein concentrates or isolates. However, preparations with oils/fats and/or soluble or complexed carbohydrates or aromas and flavors can be prepared and/or formulated and/or stored with the cellulose-based fibers according to the invention. Furthermore, cellulose-based fibers are suitable for creating a long-lasting moisture sensation on mucous membranes. Therefore, cellulose-based fibers are particularly suitable for treating a dry oral mucosa. In addition, cellulose-based fibers are suitable for reducing odors/aromas; in particular they are suitable for reducing or preventing halitosis. Lignin-rich shell fractions, for example, are useful for adsorption and/or storage/transport of lipid phases. Furthermore, their use is preferred for improving the water binding capacity of soils, in particular cultivated soils. Furthermore, they are useful for formulating pet food products. Furthermore, lignin-rich shell fractions are obtained, which due to the high water-binding capacity and the natural degradability and biocompatibility can be used to improve soil quality, especially in crop cultivation. But they can also be used for oil up-take/separation due to their high oil binging and absorption capacity. The obtainable complex carbohydrates are preferably ground to raw materials for food in the form of a flour or starch. As such, they are suitable for the preparation of food preparations for humans and animals. These flours are also free of off-flavors. The process according to the invention makes it possible to obtain protein fractions from a very wide variety of starting materials in an odorless and taste-neutral form and that can be prepared as a concentrate or isolate, in liquid to dry and powdered consistency. Therefore, the obtainable protein products can be used in all areas of life, especially for the nutrition of humans and animals. Furthermore, combination products can be produced with improved product properties in relation to the production and formulation of foods or food preparations. Preference is given to the production of GMO-free products obtainable from vegetable GMO-free starting material. EXAMPLES Unless otherwise indicated, the following analytical procedures were used in the investigations: The crude protein content of the samples was determined in accordance with LMBG § 3 5 L 03.00-27 based on the nitrogen determination using the Dumas method. To convert the nitrogen content into the crude protein content of the samples, the factor 6.25 was used. The determination of nitrogen was carried out with the Leco system FP-528. The fat content of the samples was determined according to Caviezel® with the DGF unit method K-I 2c (00). Determination was carried out with a Buchi B-815 extraction unit and a Buchi B-820 fat estimator. The proportion of free fatty acids in the lipid phase was determined by methanolic KOH titration. Values are in % by weight (g/100 g). The pH was determined with a glass capillary electrode (Blue-Line, ProLab 2000, SI-Analytics, Germany). The concentration of benzo-a-pyrene was carried out according to the DGF method III 17a. Droplet or particle size determinations were made by non-invasive laser light backscatter analysis (DLS) (Zetasizer Nano S, Malvern, UK). For this purpose, 2 ml of a liquid to be analyzed was filled into a cuvette, which was then inserted into the measuring cell. The analysis on particles or phase boundary droplets is performed automatically. It covers a measuring range from 0.3 nm to 10 μm. Quantification of the turbidity (turbidimetry) of the water phases (aqueous emulsions) was also carried out by means of scattered light detection, in which the re-entry of a scattered beam at 90° is determined with a probe immersed in a sample volume of 10 ml (InPro 8200-measuring sensor, M800-1 transmitter, Mettler Toledo, Germany). The measuring range is 5 to 4000 FTU. Each sample was always tested in duplicate. The water binding capacity (WBC) of the protein products was determined at room temperature. The method was essentially based on AACC method 56-20. A 2 g sample was weighed to the nearest 0.01 g placed in a centrifuge tube and mixed with 40 ml demineralized water for one minute with a test tube shaker. After 5 min and after 10 min, the mixture was vigorously mixed with the test tube shaker for 30 seconds. It was then centrifuged at 1,000*g and 20° C. for 15 min. The supernatant was decanted. The centrifuge tube was back weighed. The weight of the water-saturated sample was determined. The fat binding capacity of the protein products was determined at room temperature. Aliquots of 3 g were dispersed in a graduated 25 ml centrifuge tube in 20 ml of oil (commercial corn oil). Subsequently, it was centrifuged at 700*g for 15 min. The volume of unbound oil was determined. The oil binding capacity is given in ml of oil/g protein. To determine protein solubility at a defined pH, the method according to C. V. Morr was used. Samples of 1 g were weighed and placed into a 100 ml beaker. With stirring, 40 ml of a 0.1 mol/l sodium chloride solution with defoamer was added. The pH was adjusted to the desired value with 0.1 mol/l hydrochloric acid or 0.1 mol/l sodium hydroxide solution. The solution was transferred to a 50 ml volumetric flask and made up to the defined volume with 0.1 mol/l sodium chloride solution. From the solution, 20 ml were pipetted into a centrifuge tube and centrifuged for 15 min at 20,000*g. The resulting supernatant was filtered through a Whatman No. 1 filter. In the filtered supernatant, the nitrogen was determined according to Dumas (system Leco FP 521). In the clarified process water phase after separation of the condensates, the amounts of 4-O-caffeoxylchin acid and ferulic acid were determined. To determine the emulsifiability of the protein fraction, 20 g of the dried protein mass was dissolved in deionized water (for this purpose, one part of protein is emulsified with 10 parts of water and oil (1:10:10) to determine the amount of oil that separates from the emulsion). After complete dissolution carried out at 25° C., a refined rapeseed oil (phosphorus content <0.5 mg/kg) in increments of 10 ml over 2 minutes was added. Thereafter, the emulsion was allowed to rest for 5 minutes and then checked to see if an oil phase was forming. The total amount of oil until phase separation was reached was calculated from the initial amount of protein dry mass. (Emulsifying activity index [EAI] according to Pearce and Kinessla (PEARCE, K. N., and KINSELLA, J. E.: Emulsifying properties of proteins: Evaluation of a turbidimetric technique J. Agric., Food Chem., 26, 716-723 (1978)) All investigations were carried out under normal pressure conditions (101.3 Pa) and at room temperature (25° C.), unless stated otherwise. Example 1 Studies on the Unlocking of Plant-Based Press and Ground Products. Samples of 500 g of rapeseed press cake (RPK) in the form of pellets with a residual oil content of 9% and 500 g of flour of dried lentils (LM) with a mean particle size of 200 μm, respectively, was filled into beakers. An investigation series was carried out in which the time course and the up-take of aqueous unlocking solutions were investigated. For this purpose, 250 ml of the aqueous solutions were initially added to the press cake pellets and the ground products, respectively, in test series A), and the contents of the beakers were slowly mixed with a kneading stirrer. Once no free water phase was visible, 25 ml of the corresponding aqueous solution was added. This procedure was carried out until a homogeneous slurry not containing a liquid phase had formed. The study was terminated after 6 hours, unless the study target had already been reached. The average amount of the aqueous solutions which was completely absorbed in each case in test series A was added directly to the press cake or flour series of tests (B), and mixed with the kneading stirrer for 15-minute intervals for a total duration of 6 hours. In the follow-up experiment B1), at the end of each time point in the test series B), 10 g of the mass was dissolved in 90 ml of water in a narrow graduated glass cylinder and the mixture was shaken well. Subsequently, the sedimentation behavior of the visible components was observed. In a further follow-up experiment B2) 10 g of the mixtures obtained as for B1) were dissolved in 90 ml of water by shaking and then passed through a vibrating sieve with a mesh size of 100 μm. The sieve residue was dried in a vacuum oven to complete dryness and then weighed. On the basis of the determined values, the time at which the lowest amount of solids was obtained was identified. The sieve residue of the repeat tests was examined by reflected light microscopy. It was assessed whether the particles are coherent and adhesions of organic compounds are recognizable; furthermore the morphology of the particles were evaluated. The following aqueous solutions were prepared and used: 1) deionized water, 2) 0.1 molar sodium hydroxide solution, 3) SDS 3% by weight, 4) arginine 300 mmol/l, 5) lysine 300 mmol/l, 6) histidine 300 mmol/l. Results: Upon exposure to water, the presscake disintegrated into large particles with virtually no dissolution of soluble components, thus, no complete dissolution of the particles took place during the investigation period. Therefore, the required liquid volume for complete solution could not be determined. However, for RPK and LM, which were unlocked with the unlocking solutions 2)-6) and were present as a homogeneous mushy mass, decomposition into soluble and insoluble corpuscular constituents in an aqueous dispensing volume was observed. In the case of the mixtures which had been prepared with unlocking solutions 2) and 3), a coarse-grained pulp was produced during the investigation period, whereby the maximum amount of liquid taken up was less than that obtained when using unlocking solutions 4)-6). With the dispensing step in experiment B1), the corpuscular constituents of RPK and LM rapidly sedimented in solutions 4)-6) to form a black solid layer at the bottom, followed by a layer of beige solids, which was covered by a homogeneous yellow overlying suspension. In the dispensing solutions of compounds 2) and 3) large particles quickly settled, while smaller aggregates sedimented more slowly, so that the sedimentation process was completed much later than was the case after unlocking with the compounds 3)-6). Furthermore, there was no layer formation of the differently colored particles in the sediment phase. In the B2 study series, the minimum achievable sieve residue mass was significantly less for samples treated with the unlocking compounds 4)-6) than for samples treated with solutions of compounds 2) and 3). Even after the maximum exposure time of the solutions 2) and 3), the recoverable sieve residue of the unlocking phases was significantly greater than that which had been achieved with the unlocking solutions 4)-6) after 30 minutes. In the microscopic analysis, coherent aggregates of numerous smaller particles were found at all time points in the specimens prepared with unlocking solutions 1)-3). Furthermore, the aggregates or particles were predominantly covered by an organic layer, the caking and amount of adhering material correlated with the determined dry weight of these samples. In contrast, after an unlocking time of between 10 (LM) and 30 (RPK) minutes in the samples treated with unlocking solutions 4)-6), no coherent aggregates of particles were present and the particles were isolated. Furthermore, attachments of organic material to the surfaces of the particles were only occasionally present. In these preparations, material with cotton-like or coral-like tissue-like structures was discovered, which was determined to be cellulose-based fibers in a later analysis. In addition, shell particles were identifiable, which were later analyzed to be lignin-rich shells. Furthermore, the lighter colored particles having different configurations were later identified as starch aggregates in a later analysis. Example 2 Investigation of Unlocking Conditions in Plant-Based Starting Materials. The following press residues in the form of pellets and milling products in the form of a flour with following contents of the main ingredients were investigated: soya press cake (SPK): proteins 38% by weight, carbohydrates 26% by weight, fibers 21% by weight, oil 11% by weight, other 4% by weight; Rapeseed press cake (RPK): proteins 35% by weight, carbohydrates 21% by weight, fibers 30% by weight, oil 9% by weight, other 5% by weight; jatropha press cake (JPK): proteins 32% by weight, carbohydrates 22% by weight, fibers 25% by weight, oil 13% by weight, other 8% by weight; oatmeal (HM): proteins 40% by weight, carbohydrates 30% by weight, fibers 18% by weight, oil 8% by weight, other 4% by weight; lentil flour (LM): proteins 33% by weight, carbohydrates 33% by weight, fibers 25% by weight, oil 6% by weight, other 3% by weight. First, the required time for unlocking was determined independently for 50 g of each starting material, which was placed in glass vessels containing 1,000 ml of solutions a) arginine 0.2 molar, b) histidine and lysine each 0.1 molar, c) poly-arginine 0.1 molar and glutamic acid 0.1 molar, d) NH3 0.2 molar, e) KOH, 0.2 molar, f) urea 0.3 molar, and mixed at frequency of 50/min. The time required until there were no more visible solid aggregates present in the forming suspension. The suspension was then passed through a vibrating screen with a screen mesh size of 100 μm and the filter residue was examined microscopically in accordance with Example 1. Then a test was carried out to determine the minimum volume required for complete impregnation/wetting and unlocking of the starting materials by adding to each 100 g of the starting materials, starting at a weight ratio of 1:1, whereby another 50 ml of the respective unlocking solution was admixed with slow rotation for the period of time determined in the preceding study that was required for complete unlocking for the respective unlocking solution. Samples were taken at the end of the respective minimum exposure duration and centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 3 minutes. The sufficient volume to produce a complete swelling was determined for the mass ratio between the starting material and the unlocking solution (Pref), in which after centrifugation of a sample, only a minimal free liquid layer was present as a supernatant. Then 10 g from each of the batches, with which the minimum required volume of the respective batches had set a maximum achievable swelling, was added to 90 ml of city water, dispensed by shaking and then passed through a vibrating sieve with a sieve mesh size of 100 μm. The eluate was passed through a 10 μm ultrafine screen. The respective filter residue was suspended in water and the particulate structures present therein were analyzed microscopically after an identically performed filtration (test procedure according to Example 1). The sieve residue was dried during a test repetition and the substance amount of the retained particles was determined. In a further study, 100 g of the mass of the mixture Prefwere mixed in 900 ml of water with a laminar rotary mixer for 5 minutes. The suspension was then passed through a vibrating screen. From the eluate (eluate 1), a 10 ml sample was taken for the determination of nitrogen content. The sieve residue was freed of bound water in a chamber filter press and the residual moisture content was determined. Then the press residue was suspended in a 0.5 molar NaOH solution and mixed for 1 hour. The suspension was again passed through the vibrating screen and the filter residue was dried with a chamber filter press. In the obtained eluate (eluate 2), the content of nitrogen-containing compounds was analyzed and the relative proportion to the amount of nitrogen-containing compounds contained in the eluate 1 was calculated. Furthermore, the mass ratio between the protein content determined in eluate 1 at the individual examination times and the protein content determined in eluate 1 at which maximum swelling (ZP Qmax) was determined. Eluate 1 of the various starting products was used to obtain a protein fraction. For this purpose, the following solutions were added dropwise to 10 ml each of the eluate 1:1) citric acid, 2) lactic acid, 3) aluminum chloride, 4) calcium chloride, in each case as a 10% solution by weight. The contents of the container were slightly agitated. As soon as clearly discernible cloudy or flake-like structures became visible after a batch-wise addition, an investigation was carried out on the completeness of the condensability of dissolved organic compounds before further metering. For this purpose, a sample (2 ml) was removed from the reaction mixture and centrifuged. To the supernatant a small amount (50 μl) of the condensing agent was added and mixed therewith. If there was no further formation of recognizable structures, sufficient dosing of the condensing agent was achieved and the addition of condensing agents was stopped. After a 15 minute standing time, centrifugation was carried out at 3000 rpm. The pH of the supernatant was determined and an examination of the degree of turbidity and of the presence of suspended matter was carried out. The resulting solid was separated and the dry weight determined. Subsequently, the protein content of the dry matter obtained was then determined (for the determination procedure see analysis method). The determined value was related to the protein content which had been determined in Pref. Results: Despite a significantly larger swelling volume which was present in an unlocking process with the solutions a)-c), compared to the solutions d)-f) (+160 to +240 wt % vs.+80 to +140 wt %) the duration to achieve this, was significantly shorter (8 to 20 minutes vs. 45 to 300 minutes). In the sieve residue (sieve mesh size 100 μm) obtained after dispensing of the samples of the unlocking mixtures at the time of maximum swelling in a dispensing volume which had been prepared by unlocking with the solutions a)-c), no aggregates of solid matter were found in the microscopic analysis which were virtually free of adhering organic residues. In contrast, in residue of an unlocking process with unlocking mixtures prepared with solutions d)-f) at ZP Qmax, numerous aggregates/conglomerates of solid matter were partially or completely enclosed by organic matter. In contrast to the sieve residues of the samples which had been obtained with solutions a)-c), in which large-volume and expanded cellulose-based fibers were present, these were only recognizable in isolated and slightly expanded form. On the very fine filter (sieve size 10 μm) of the eluate of the previously performed filtration, virtually no particulate structures were detectable after unlocking with the solutions a) to c), whereas the eluates resulting from an unlocking process with solutions d) to f) contained numerous solid particles partly covering the filter surface; these particles were predominantly cellulose-based fibers which had a high content of organic compounds. The dry weight of the sieve residues after unlocking and dispensing of the soluble and dissolved constituents was significantly greater for the samples obtained from unlocking with solutions d-f) than for those obtained by unlocking with the solutions a)-c) (+130 to +350% by weight). The protein content in eluate 1 at ZP Qmax(as well as at all other measurement time points) was significantly higher if the starting materials were unlocked with one of the solutions a)-c) (58 to 82% by weight), than after unlocking with the solutions d)-f) (49 to 56% by weight). By unlocking of the sieve residue with an alkali, which had been obtained after unlocking with the solutions a) to c), virtually no more proteins were released by the material, while in the sieve residue of the unlocking mixture obtained by approach with the solutions d) to f) further proteins were removed (between 8 and 22% by weight). With the condensing agents, in the protein-containing eluate 1, which had been obtained after unlocking with solutions a) to c), there was condensing and formation of large-volume cloud-like structures observed already after the addition of small volumes, thus, leading to a clarification of the previously strongly turbid water phases and resulting in formation of condensates which sedimented only very slowly. The volumes sufficient for complete condensation were between 2 and 12% by volume for solutions 1-4. In contrast to this, for the condensation of the eluates after unlocking with the solutions d)-f) significantly greater addition volumes were required or a clarification of the water phase was not possible/achievable (condensation solution 4 without effect, therefore without result) (addition volume between 15 and 26 (maximum permissible dosing volume) Vol %). The pH of the clarified water phases of the eluates obtained after unlocking with solutions a) to c) ranged between 6.8 and 7.5. In contrast, the pH ranged between 3.8 and 5.2 after addition of condensation solutions 1-3, in which condensation occurred, for the eluates prepared with unlocking solutions d) to f). Example 3 Investigation on Obtaining Protein Products. Non-pelleted sunflower seed press-cake (SPK) and a soybean meal (SM) were used for the investigations, with proportions of the main constituents of: proteins 36% by weight, carbohydrates 27% by weight, fibers 23% by weight, oil 9% by weight, others 5% by weight, and proteins 42% by weight, carbohydrates 25% by weight, fibers 21% by weight, oil 10% by weight, other 2% by weight, respectively. A study was carried out on the unlocking duration and the determination of the minimum volume of the unlocking solution according to Example 2 with the unlocking compounds a) histidine 0.2 molar, lysine 0.1 molar, valine-isoleucine peptide 0.2 molar; b) lysine 0.1 molar, glutamic acid 0.1 molar; c) arginine 0.2 molar, d) poly-lysine and histidine 0.2 molar. The least amount of time for complete unlocking in the presence of the largest swelling volume was given in SPK by unlocking solution c), a 7 minute period and a volume ratio of the unlocking solution to the SPK of 2.5:1 and in SM by solution d) for a time of 8 minutes and a volume ratio of the unlocking solution to the SM of 3:1. In each case, 5 kg of SPK and SM were unlocked with the abovementioned solutions and concentrations of the unlocking compounds and the adjustment parameters, performed at 25° C. in a container which allowed continuous mixing. Successful unlocking was tested according to the experiment described in Example 2, by shaking 50 g of the unlocking mass in 1,000 ml of water and then filtering it through a vibrating screen with a sieve mesh size of 100 μm. The unlocking process was complete when there were no aggregates of solid matter in the filter residue. The water volume addition ratio for the dispensing phase was determined by preparing a dilution series in which water was added in increasing proportion to 50 g of the unlocking mixture and after vigorous shaking dehydration was performed in a 2-stage filtration with a sieve size of 100 μm and 10 μm. By doing so, the water volume ratio which resulted in no adherence of organic material to the solid filter residue fractions and no discernible deposit on the 10 μm sieve by microscopic examination was determined. The total amount of water added to dispense the ingredients was set for SPK to a dry matter ratio of 8:1 and for SM to 12:1. Then 10% of the determined water volume was added to the unlocking mixture to produce a mushy mass which is flowable and pumpable. A convey was achieved to a piping system connected to an in-line rotor-stator shear mixer (LDF, Fluko, Germany). Connected to the piping system was an inlet for water from a reservoir, the supply and metering of the flow rates as carried out in each case by a progressing cavity pump, so that an adjustable ratio was supplied to the mixer. The phases were mixed at a rotation speed of 2,500 rpm and a volume flow rate of 2 l/min. The dispensing solution was placed in a container with a conical bottom using continued dispensing with a laminar mixer. The dispensing phase was passed through a bottom outlet via a 3-stage vibrating sieve device (sieve mesh dimensions: 500 μm, 100 μm and 10 μm), the eluate was introduced into a further collecting container with a conical bottom and the sieve residues were placed in separate containers. Samples of the eluate (100 ml each) were added in portions to aqueous solutions of increasing concentrations of citric acid, lactic acid, CaCl2and MgCl2individually and in combination, and the amount of condensate formed was determined by centrifugation after 15 minutes. The condensing agent solution or combination in which complete condensation of the dissolved organic compounds was possible with the lowest additional volume (test method according to Example 2) was selected for the further experimental procedure: for SPK 33% citric acid solution in a volume ratio of 2% by volume and 20% by weight % CaCl2solution in a volume ratio of 3.5% by volume; SM 15% lactic acid solution in a volume ratio of 4% by volume and a 20% by weight MgCl2solution in a volume ratio of 4% by volume. In each case, the solutions were mixed by a laminar mixing process followed by a settling time (service life) of 60 minutes. The container contents were pumped to a decanter (Baby 1, Piralisi, Germany) at a delivery rate of 200 l/h and a centrifugal acceleration of 3,000*g. In both experiments, a dimensionally stable mass was obtained in which the content of water, proteins and carbohydrates was determined. The clarified process water phase (PWP1) was sent to collecting tank 1. One liter of the clarified water phase was evaporated and the dry matter of the residue determined. Furthermore, the protein content of the dry residue was determined. Finally, the sieve residues were dewatered by means of a chamber filter press and the water phase obtained was filled into collection tank 1. The experiments were repeated twice, with the addition of water for the dispensing phase from the respective collection tank, which included the clarified process water phase of the previous experiment. Results: It could be shown that by using process parameters that have been determined in a test series, SPK and the SM could be unlocked so that the soluble components could be obtained and separated from the solid matter without leaving any residue. Only if the residues on the 100 μm sieve showed no adhesions of soluble organic constituents, particles were present which were microscopically indistinctly and unsharply bordered and were not separable from each other or there was a continuous coating present on the 10 micron sieve. Unless there was any evidence of build-up of soluble organic compounds on the solid matter residues that were present on the 100 μm sieve, there was no discernible residue on the 10 μm sieve. Upon obtainment of residues that are free from organic attachments, voluminous cotton-like tissue-like structures were usually present in the residues of the 100 μm sieve. Furthermore, residue-free particles which corresponded to complex carbohydrates in the chemical analysis were present only in the sieve residue of the 500 μm sieve, if the solid matter of the sieve residue in the 100 μm sieve was obtained without any soluble organic residue. With the chosen condensing agents a virtually complete removal of the dissolved proteins was achieved; in the clarified water phase <1% by weight of the amount of proteins contained in the starting material was present. The centrifugally separated masses had a protein content of 64% by weight for SBK and 72% by weight in SM. Carbohydrates were also present in a proportion of 34% by weight and 26% by weight. The residual moisture content of the masses was 72% by weight or 67% by weight. Upon repeating the investigations, in which the clarified water phase after protein separation was completely reused, there were no procedural differences in the process sequence compared to the initial process execution. The protein content in the resulting protein fraction tended to increase slightly. Example 4 Examination for Removal of Toxic and Bitter Agents of Plant Seed Components and Plant Grain Products In each case, 500 g of Jatropha (JKP) and soybean (SPK) press cakes and market-pea (MEM) and lupine (LM) flours with a mean grain size of 300 μm were investigated. Unlocking was carried out in JPK and SPK with an aqueous solution mixture of arginine 0.3 molar, lysine 0.2 molar and alanine 0.2 molar (pH 12.2) in a volume ratio of 1.5:1 and in MEM and LM with an aqueous solution mixture of arginine 0.2 molar, lysine 0.3 molar, phenylalanine 0.2 molar, benzyl-glutamate 0.1 molar in a volume ratio of 2.5:1. After complete mixing, a standing time of 6 hours was carried out, wherein one half of the batches were stored at 25° C. (t25) and the other half at 50° C. (t50) in a closed vessel. The dispensing phase was carried out with tap water in a volume ratio of 9:1 for JPK and SPK and 8:1 for MEM and LM. The mixing and separation of the aqueous protein solutions as well as the examination for the completeness of removal of dissolved compounds were carried out as described in Examples 2 and 3. The obtained protein masses were placed onto a filter pad (screen mesh size 80 μm) and dehydrated at a pressure of 100 kg/cm2and dehydrated. The residual moisture content before and after the dehydration was determined. The dehydrated protein fraction was sampled to determine the water retention. For this purpose, in each case 0.5 g of a sample was suspended in a 100 ml Erlenmeyer flask in 50 ml of distilled water. After agitation for 1 hour at 20° C., the free water phase was separated using a G3 glass frit; afterwards, the sample material along with the glass frit was centrifuged at 2,000*g for 15 min. The water retention value (WRR) was calculated on the basis of the amount of centrifuged liquid and the sample weight (for formula see Methods). The dehydrated protein preparations were tasted by 3 experts. The following were evaluated: taste neutrality, presence of astringents/bitter substances, oral solubility. Samples of the starting material and of the protein mass obtained were taken to analyze the protein concentration and the toxins/bitter substances and from this the reduction achieved was calculated. Results: The unlocking procedures allowed fiber-free protein solutions to be obtained in which complete condensation and separation of the proteins was achieved. The protein content was between 62 and 81% by weight. Mechanical extraction allowed dehydration of the resulting pulpy protein masses to be achieved. The proportion of water was reduced from 150 to 280% by weight to 50 to 80% by weight so that the condensed protein fractions had a consistency that was dimensionally stable. There were WRR values between 51 and 75% for the resulting dehydrated proteins, which could be resuspended very well in a water phase. In the sensory evaluation, none of the samples had a typical (intrinsic) taste, the preparations were completely or almost taste-neutral. Also, no bitter substances were noticeable and there was no astringent effect. All dehydrated protein preparations dissolved quickly in the mouth, leaving a pleasant mouthfeel. In the chemical analysis, a reduction of the toxic or undesirable compounds could be shown for the dehydrated protein fractions obtained as compared to the starting material, e.g. there was a reduction of soybean agglutinins by 92% by weight and free fatty acids were reduced to values <0.1% by weight. Example 5 Investigation of the Separability of Complex Carbohydrates and Starch Granules and their Properties. 500 g each of the following starting materials (mean particle size/distribution range) mechanically disintegrated into a groats or a coarse flour were investigated: lenses (LG) (375/80-1,080 μm), peas (EG) (290/50-780 μm), soybean (SG) (350/120-2,300 μm) and corn (MG) (245/180-2,100 μm). An unlocking process was carried out according to Example 2 with 1) poly-arginine+lysine 0.3 molar; 2) histidine+poly-lysine+benzylglutamate 0.2 molar, which were dissolved in water. Initially, an investigation was carried out to determine the maximum swelling volume and the determination of the dispensing volume to obtain sufficient dispensing of the constituents according to Examples 1 to 3. In the preparations LG and SG unlocking was performed, in that have been treated according to the swelling method according to Example 1, which was followed by subsequent dispensing in a dispensing volume. For preparations EG and MG, unlocking was carried out by adding the preparations immediately to the total volume of aqueous phases determined in the pre-examination for the unlocking of the constituents. The suspension was filtered with a sieve (sieve mesh size 180 μm), which was overflowed by the suspension. The sieve residue was resuspended in water in a weight ratio of 1:3 and the suspension was filtered in 2 stages (sieves mesh sizes 500 and 150 μm). The filter residues were analyzed by reflected-light microscopy according to the evaluation criteria of Example 1 and an analysis of the size distribution of the particles was carried out by differential sieving (Analysette 3, Fritsch, Germany). The sieve residue of the 500 μm sieve (SR 1) was placed on a sieve and dried in a circulating air drying oven at 70° C. A sample of the filter residue of the fine sieve 150 μm/SR2) was also dried and the rest stored refrigerated. The dried SR 1 was again analyzed for size distribution of the particles. Thereafter, the dried residues were ground to an average particle size of 150 to 250 μm and then used for baking experiments. To this end, 50 g of the flour was mixed with 35 ml of water, 2 g baker's yeast and 0.2 g of salt and stored for 1 hour and then baked. The volumes of the baking samples after the initial preparation and after the storing phase were determined. For comparison, baking samples were prepared with commercial flours of the starting materials and with a flour obtained from the respective starting materials which was ground in order to obtain a comparable result concerning the particle size and in which the same preparation conditions were used. The baking results were evaluated sensory by 4 experts with regard to the volume and the air chamber distribution of the dough (s), the taste and the mouthfeel. Results: With both the swelling process and the process in which liquid volume corresponding to the sum volume required for maximum swelling and sufficient dispensing of constituents of the starting material is use immediately, it was possible to unlock and separate the soluble and insoluble constituents of the starting material. The filter residue which was obtained after separation of the soluble constituents of the starting material contained only a small amount of soluble constituents which could still be removed when redistributed in a water phase. By using a coarse filter (500 μm) it was possible to separate practically selectively complex carbohydrates, from the suspension of solid matter which are present in the form of intact starch granules and fragments of such granules which, as was evident in microscopy, were swollen. Adhesions of other components were not recognizable. In the sieve analysis, it was found that the drying resulted in a reduction in the particle size of the particles by 140 to 250%. The dried material was easily ground to a gritty granulate and ground to a fine flour. The flour had a carbohydrate content of >95%. The proportion of nitrogen-containing compounds was <1%, the proportion of fibers was <0.5% by weight. In the baking test, the volume of the baking samples made with the flours obtained from the unlocking process compared to that of samples made from the flour of the ground starting material was larger at an extent of between 150 and 220% by volume after pasting and between 270-300% after baking, and in comparison to comparative products this difference was between 60 to 110 vol % after pasting and between 120 to 180 vol % after baking. The air chamber distribution of the baking samples prepared with flour from the unlocking process was finer compared to a preparation with a comparative preparation and was much more finely dispersed than when a flour of the starting material was used. The sensory evaluation gave a very good taste and mouthfeel for baked samples made with a flour of the complex carbohydrates obtainable by the unlocking process which were comparable or better to that of baked samples made with a commercial product. The baked samples made with a flour from the starting materials had a negative rating of taste and mouthfeel. Example 6 Investigation of the Unlocking and Separation of Lignin-Rich Shell Fragments and Cellulose-Based Fibers. The chamber filter residue after unlocking of the Jatropha (JPK) and the rapeseed press cake (RPK) from Example 2, which had a residual moisture after pressing of 35 or 45% by weight, were used for the following experiment. Each 100 g of the crumbly residues were dispensed in 2 liters of tap water (LW) with a shear mixer for 60 seconds. After passage of the agitated suspension through a preliminary sieve with a mesh size of 500 μm, the filtrate was introduced into a hydrocyclon (Akavortex, AKW, Germany) by means of a pump at a pressure difference of 1 bar. The drain from the lower outlet was collected and mixed with tap water in a 1:5 ratio and recycled to the hydrocyclone. The drain from the upper outlet of both separation processes was freed of suspended matter by a vibrating sieve with a sieve mesh size of 200 μm to obtain sieve residue 1 (SR 1). The underflow was separated from the free water phase and minute particles by a 200 μm vibrating screen to give screen residue 2 (SR 2). The masses of lignin-rich shells (SR2) as well as a sample of the cellulose-based fibers (SR1) were spread on a fine screen and dried with warm air. The remaining mass of cellulosic-based fiber was pressed to remove bound water and stored under cooled conditions until further use. Samples were then taken for microscopic and chemical analysis. The dried SR2 was then milled. Samples were taken for reflecting-light microscopic and chemical analysis of the composition of the particles. To test the water binding capacity, 100 g of each was added to a narrow-base beaker, which had a lateral discharge in the bottom area. Water was added dropwise to the shell material from the top until water emerged from the outlet. The volume ratio between the dry matter amount and the bound water was calculated. The same experiment was carried out with a lamp oil instead of water and the oil binding capacity was calculated. A sample of the SR1 was suspended in deionized water in a volume ratio of 1:10 for 3 minutes by stirring, and then the dimensions of the cellulosic based fibers herein were determined with a FiberLab FS 300 (Valmet). The entire experiment was repeated using the same volume of clarified process water phase (PWP 1) from Example 3 instead of fresh water (LW). The process water phases of the repeat experiment obtained after the separation process were combined and stored as PWP 2 under refrigeration. Results: The solid matter which was contained in the filter cake, and made obtainable following the unlocking process could easily be resuspended and hydrated upon redispensing in water, which was evidenced by rapid spontaneous separation of the lignin-rich shell portions from the cellulose-based fibers which settled rapidly, while the cellulose-based fibers had only a low sedimentation rate. By means of a hydrocyclone, a separation efficiency between cellulose-based fibers and liginin-rich shell fractions of about 80% for the fraction from the upper drain and about 70% for the fraction from the lower drain could be estimated during the first separation. After the 2nd separation of the individual solid phases, the separation result for both fractions was >95% in both fractions. Microscopically, no deposits of organic constituents were recognizable on the resulting solid preparations. The water binding capacity of the dried lignin-rich shells was between 250 and 300 wt % and the oil binding capacity between 280 and 320 wt %. For the dried cellulose-based fibers, values of the water-binding capacity of 290 to 340% by weight and for the oil-binding capacity of 220 to 310% by weight were determined. The chemical analysis of the lignin-rich shell constituents revealed a lignin content of between 52 and 73% by weight. When using clarified process water phase PWP1, which was obtained following condensation and separation of the soluble compounds from the reaction mixture, for the hydration of cellulose-based fibers and lignin-rich shell portions which have previously largely freed from binding water, it was found that the cellulose-based fibers had a lower sedimentation rate after hydration compared to the use of fresh water. Furthermore, the process water phase obtained at the end after the separation of the solid matter was significantly more turbid than the comparable process water phases when using a fresh water phase. There was also a difference in the products obtained when using PWP1 compared to fresh water. In an analysis of the volume dimensions of cellulose-based fibers, which were resuspended upon receipt from this separation process, it was found that significantly larger volumes (+158 to +340 vol %) were present in cellulose-based fibers, which had been dispensed and solvated with the PWP 1 than those obtained from the same process but using a fresh water phase. Furthermore, a larger water (WBK) and oil-binding capacity (OBK) was achieved for lignin-rich shell fractions and cellulose-based fibers when PWP 1 was used for dispensing and rinsing: lignin-rich shell fractions: WBK+80 to +120%, OBK+40 to +110%; cellulose-based fibers: WBK+180 to 240%, OBK+30 to +130%. Furthermore, in the first separation cycle with the hydrocyclone there was a better selectivity for cellulose-based fibers (>90%) and lignin-rich shell fragments (>80%) than was the case when the dispensing and rinsing process was carried out with fresh water. The chemical analysis showed that the nitrogen content present in the cellulose-based fibers and in the lignin-rich shell fractions was 40 to 55% lower when the dispensing of the press residue was carried out with PWP 1. Example 7 Investigation of the Thermal Disintegration of Plant Starting Materials. For the investigations, 3 kg of each of the following raw materials in uncomminuted and untreated form were carried out with the specified constituents: Soybeans (SB): proteins 35% by weight, carbohydrates 19% by weight, fibers 25% by weight, oil 18% by weight, other 3% by weight; Kidney beans (KB): proteins 38% by weight, carbohydrates 20% by weight, fibers 32% by weight, oil 8% by weight, other 2% by weight; Hazelnuts (HK): proteins 29% by weight, carbohydrates 22% by weight, fibers 28% by weight, oil 18% by weight, other 3% by weight; Peas (E): proteins 40% by weight, carbohydrates 32% by weight, fibers 22% by weight, oil 4% by weight, other 2% by weight; Lentils (L): proteins 33% by weight, carbohydrates 33% by weight, fibers 25% by weight, oil 6% by weight, other 3% by weight. Aqueous unlocking solutions were prepared with the following compounds which were completely dissolved in the water (city water): 1) arginine 0.3 mol/L+glutamic acid 0.1 mol/L; 2) lysine 0.3 mol/l+histidine 0.2 mol/l. In the test series A), the starting materials SB, KB and HK were each added to an unlocking solution in a weight ratio of 1:2 in a container which was placed in an autoclave and treated at a temperature of 120° C. and a pressure of 1 bar for 4 to 10 minutes. In test series B), the starting materials E and L were each added to an unlocking solution in a weight ratio of 1:3 and the process mixture was heated to 80° C. for 20 minutes with thorough mixing. Afterwards, the completeness of the disintegration was checked and recognized by the easy crushability of the disintegrated starting materials. If this was not achieved, the experiment was repeated using a longer heating period. On the basis of a sample, the determination of the required dispensing volume was carried out according to Example 3. For the dispensing, the obtained disintegrated masses that still kept the shape of the starting materials were divided, whereby dispensing was performed with the determined dispensing volume, which was fresh water in the test series 1 of and the process water phase 2 of Example 6 in the test series 2. Dispensing was carried out with a rotor-stator mixer (LDF, Fluko, Germany) for 10 minutes. Subsequently, the suspensions were kept at a temperature of 70° C. for 15 minutes during which they were not agitated; afterwards the oil phase that separated was completely removed. A separation of the solid matter according to Example 3 was performed after or during a thorough mixing of the reaction mixture. The separated solids were freed from bound water by a screw press device and a sample was taken for a microscopic analysis according to Example 1, which was based on the analysis of the sieve residue after resuspension in water; the remaining solid was separated according to Example 6 in the separable solids fractions, wherein the clarified process water phase present at the end of the main process phase was used for resuspension of the solid mixture. The products separated from this side-stream process were dewatered by using a chamber filter press and stored under refrigeration until further use, and the process water phases obtained were combined (PWP2). Samples from the obtained turbid eluate phases were taken for the determination of particulate solids and the content of proteins, soluble carbohydrates and neutral fats. A study on the condensability of the dissolved constituents of the starting material was conducted according to Example 3. As a result, a 30% citric acid solution in which lactic acid was dissolved at 10% by weight for the condensation of SB and KB and a solution containing 10% by weight of aluminum chloride and 20% by weight of ascorbic acid for condensing the dissolved constituents in HK, E and L were prepared and added in the determined volume amount with mixing. After a standing phase of 15 to 60 minutes, the phases were separated using a decanter (MD80, Lemitec, Germany). Samples were taken for analysis from the compressed condensate masses obtained and from the clarified process water phases. Results: In the uncrushed seeds, beans and kernels investigated, a disintegration and disconnection/detachment of the constituents of the starting material could be achieved by thermal treatment, whereby a complete separability of the constituents could be obtained by the unlocking process according to the invention. Thus, it was found that the solid matter of the sieve residue had no or almost no adhesions of organic matter and was easily separable with the absence of aggregates of the particles. On the other hand, the aqueous process solution was free of particles >3 μm. Furthermore, there was a spontaneous separation of neutral fats, which accumulated in phase floating on the aqueous phases and which could be easily and completely separated in this form. The analysis of the aqueous solutions with dissolved compounds showed that, converted to the dry weight, the content of proteins was between 70 and 82 wt %, the content of dissolved carbohydrates was between 10 and 24% by weight and that of neutral fats was between 6 and 13 wt %. The addition of condensing agents resulted in nearly complete condensation of the dissolved proteins, which were separable as creamy to stable masses. During condensation, the neutral fats still present in the aqueous solution were not included or only to a minimal extent in the forming condensate phase. The analysis of the constituents of the protein fractions obtained revealed a protein concentration of between 78 and 92% by weight, a content of soluble carbohydrates between 7 and 22% by weight and of neutral fats of less than 1% by weight. A less dense lipid phase was observed on the clarified water phases. The lipid phases of all fractions were combined and a phase separation carried out by means of a decanter. A slightly turbid triglyceride phase was obtained. Toxic compounds and hazardous substances, such as kidney bean hemagglutinins, were reduced by 88 to 96% by weight compared to the initial content. Example 8 Investigation on De-Oiling of Starting Materials. The investigations were carried out with 3 kg of each of the following starting materials with the stated constituents: Soybean meal (SS): proteins 38% by weight, carbohydrates 22% by weight, fibers 27% by weight, oil 12% by weight, other 1% by weight; Peanut flour (EM): proteins 30% by weight, carbohydrates 28% by weight, fibers 32% by weight, oil 8% by weight, other 2% by weight; Ground hazelnuts (HK): proteins 29% by weight, carbohydrates 22% by weight, fibers 28% by weight, oil 18% by weight, other 3% by weight. An aqueous unlocking solution (city water) with dissolved arginine 0.4 mol/l was prepared. Using a sample of the starting material, the volume for complete swelling with the unlocking solution was established using the method in Example 2 (test to determine volume required to achieve complete swelling). The starting materials were placed in a mixing drum; the contents were then sprayed with the unlocking solution which was taken from a reservoir. The degree of impregnation/wetting was evaluated every 2 minutes based on the degree of permeation of the aqueous medium that was visually recognized by the change of color of the divided material. Upon detection of complete impregnation/wetting of the starting material, the addition of the unlocking solution was stopped. After 4 hours, one sample was taken from each of the mixtures and the required water volume for the dispensing process was determined according to the method described in Example 3. The unlocking mixture was dispensed in the determined volume of the process water phase 2, which had been obtained in the side-stream process of Example 6, and mixed intensively as in Example 7, for 10 minutes. Subsequently, the solid matter was separated using a 3-stage sieving procedure (500 μm, 150 μm, 10 μm) by means of a vibrating screening device and dehydrated in a chamber filter press. The filtrate was examined for the presence of particles >3 μm. The filtrate was subdivided for the further course according to procedures 1 and 2 (V1, or V2), which differed in that after a standing period of 30 minutes, the condensing agent selected in accordance with example 3 (investigation of the condensability of dissolved constituents) was admixed in the required amount of the addition volume at solution temperature of 30° C. (V1) or temperature of the solution was 60° C. (V2). After admixing, no further heating of the mixtures was undertaken during a residence time of 60 minutes while these mixtures cooled down. Each of the upper fractions of the clarified water phases was completely discharged into a separating funnel. In these, a further unification of a floating lipid phase took place. The lower portion of the reaction mixture containing the condensate phase was dehydrated with a decanter (MD80, Lemitic, Germany). Samples were taken for analysis from the obtained protein fractions. Results: By means of an impregnating/wetting process, complete unlocking of the constituents of the starting material could be achieved, with 35% or 40%, respectively of the volume of the solution being sufficient for complete swelling or of the volume of the solution being sufficient for maximum swelling. The reuse of the process water phase from a side-stream process was easily possible. In the course of a standing time after dispensing of the constituents in the aqueous dispensing mixture, a lipid phase separated which was easy to remove. The solid matter obtained from the dispensing phase had no apparent adherences of soluble organic compounds. A particle-free phase with dissolved constituents was obtained. Further separation of neutral fats was then observed following initiation of condensation of the dissolved organic constituents, whereas formation of a separate lipid phase tended to occur more rapid when condensate formation took place in a heated medium. The resulting dehydrated cream-colored protein masses contained, based on the dry matter, the following constituents: SS: protein content 88% by weight, carbohydrates 11% by weight, other 1% by weight; EM: protein content 86% by weight, carbohydrates 22% by weight, other 2% by weight; HK: proteins 79% by weight, carbohydrates 20% by weight, other 1% by weight. The proportion of neutral fats was <1% by weight for all samples. Example 9 Investigation for the Purification of Process Water Phases. The investigations were carried out with process water phases from the main process step 5) (PWP HP) and the side-stream process method 3-I (PWP NSP), which had been carried out with one of the amino acid and/or peptide solutions according to the invention in experiments 4, 5 and 7 and were obtained in each case after separation of the condensates or solid matter as well as the water phases that accumulated during the drainage of the condensates and solids which were fed to the corresponding process water phases. In addition, the corresponding process water phases were used for repeat tests of these studies, which had already been carried out with these process water phases. The process water phases were subjected to a purification in 3 different purification arrangements whose main function can be classified as A) removal of toxic/hazardous substances, B) removal of organic compounds, C) sterilization/preservation of the process water phases. For this purpose, an appropriate reaction container, which had the following features, was used: A) a conical bottom outlet for receiving filter media, such as activated carbon or silica gels, located between 2 fine sieves, a stirring device, measuring instruments, for measuring, for example, pH and temperature, different filling devices, some were connected to titration devices. The reaction container is made of stainless steel, can be heated or cooled and complies with the ATEX protection regulations. It can be connected either to an electrodialysis unit (EDE) or to a vacuum distillation unit (VDE). B) The reaction vessel is equipped with a stirring device, instruments, for measuring, for example, pH, temperature, ion concentrations, conductivity and has various filling devices, some of which are connected to titration devices. The reaction container is made of stainless steel and can be heated or cooled. It has a floor drain which is optionally connected with a filtration unit for ultra-fine filtration/ultrafiltration (FFE/UFE) or with a separator (S) or decanter (D). C) The reaction container is equipped with a stirring device, measuring instruments, for measuring, for example, pH and temperature, different filling devices, some of which are connected to titration devices. The reaction container is made of stainless steel, can be heated or cooled and pressurized (DB). It can be connected to either a pipe irradiation unit (RBE) or an ultrafiltration unit (UFE). In the study series 1 (U1), the following main process water phases (example number/starting material) are cleaned according to the following treatment steps and process conditions:U1a) Example 4/JPK: A) Titration with HCl to pH 3/process temperature 90° C. for 1 h+mixing/neutralization with NaOH/discharge via EDE; B) Addition of calcium carbonate/stirring 15 min/discharge via FFE into V5a.U1b) Example 4/SPK: A) Introduction of ethanol/titration with NH3 to pH13/mixing 1 h/discharge via VDE into V5aU1c) Example 5/EG/1: B) Introduction of AlCl3/mixing 15 min., discharge via S; C) Temperature 60° C. 45 min/discharge into V5a.U1d) Example 7/HK: B) Introduction of kieselguhr/mixing 1 h/discharge via D; C) Titration to pH 12 with NaOH/mixing 15 min/discharge via UFE into V5a.U1d) Example 5/LE/2: C) Temp 80° C. at BD 1.5 bar 15 min/discharge via UFE into V5a.U1e) Example 7/KB: A) Titration with HCl to pH 5/mixing 15 min/discharge via silica gel bed; C) Titration with NaOH to pH 8/mixing 10 min/discharge via RBE into V5a. In the test series 2 (U2), the side-stream process steps are purified (data as in U1):U2a) Example 6/JPK/PWP2: A) Titration with HCl to pH 3/process temperature 90° C. for 1 h+mixing/neutralization with NaOH/discharge via EDE into V5b.U2b) Example 6/RPK/PWP2: B) Introduction of calcium carbonate/stirring 15 min/discharge via FFE into V5b.U2c) Example 7/SB/2/PWP2: A) Introduction of ethanol/titration with NH3 to pH13/mixing 1 h/discharge via VDE; C) Titration with HCl to pH 8/removal via UFE into V5b.U2d) Example 7/E/1/PWP2: B) Introduction AlCl3/mixing 15 min. Discharge via 5; C) Temperature 60° C. 45 min/discharge into V5b. E) Example 7/L/1/PWP2: C) Temperature 60° C. 45 min/discharge via RBE into V5b. From the PWP, samples were taken for analysis (including, but not limited to, HPLC of amino acids/peptides, toxins such as phorbol esters, TOC, microbiology) prior to initiation and discharge of the purification. Results: Compared to the levels of amino acids used and/or peptides present in the PWP HP, the levels in the PWP NSP were higher by 8 to 18% by weight. At the same time, the contents of the condensing agents used in the PWP NSP were 25 to 45 wt % lower than in the PWP HP. Purification step A) resulted in a reduction of 89 and 92% of the toxins contained in the PWP, such as in U1a) and U2a), and of 95% and 100% of lectins in U1b) and U2c) or phytate in U2C of 98% and other hazardous substances such as insecticides or fungicides are removed or inactivated by >90% from the process water phases. With the purification step B), among others, a reduction of organic compounds from the process water phases of between 55 and 95% has been achieved, e.g. TOC were reduced in U1c), U1d) and U2b and U2d) by 65, 72, 68 and 89%, respectively, in particular increased concentrations of dissolved carbohydrates could be reduced, as in U1c) and U1b) by 76% and 88%. In purification step C), a reduction in the number of germs or viable spores could be achieved by 98% to 100% of the treated PWP. Example 10 Investigation of the Process Control with Reuse of Process Water Phases. In process step 1) 100 kg rapeseed press residue obtained by a screw press to separate the oil fraction was used, containing the following main constituents: protein 45%, carbohydrates 32%, fiber material 12%, shell-fractions 8%, fats 2% and were placed in reactor container (R1). In process step 2a), 150 l of an aqueous solution was prepared in which the following amino acids were dissolved in receiving tank 1 (V1): arginine 0.3 molar, lysine 0.2 molar, alanine 0.2 molar. The solution was added to R1 and mixed. A homogeneous mixture was prepared with a kneading stirrer in R1. After a standing time of 5 hours at 20° C., in each case 10 kg of the moist mass was conveyed to another reactor (R1a) in process step 2b). For the first dispensing phase, 100 l of city water, which was present in storage tank V2, was added to reactor container R1a) and the reaction mass was suspended with a propeller stirrer. Using a pump, the suspension was passed through a colloid mill, resulting in intensive mixing and dispensing. Subsequently, the suspension was passed through a 3-fold vibrating sieve unit (Mod. 450LS18S33, Sweko, Germany) comprised of a 450 μm, 100 μm and a 20 μm sieve in process step 3. The filtrate was fed into reactor container R2. The filter residues from the various filters were combined and dewatered in a chamber filter press. The press liquid was fed to the reaction container R2. The pressed filter residue was filled into reaction container R3 in the side-stream process step 3-Ia and in the first run of the process mixed with city water in a ratio of 10:1 until complete suspension. In subsequent process sequences the addition of this water volume was taken from the storage tank V5a. In side-stream process step 3-Ib the suspension was passed through a vibrating sieve (sieve mesh size 500 μm) and the resulting suspension was then pumped into a hydrocyclone (Akavortex, AKW, Germany) at a pressure of 1.5 bar in side-stream process step 3-Ic. The differential pressure was 1 bar. The phases of the lower and the upper drain are each fed to a 2-fold vibrating screen (125 μm and 20 μm or 200 μm and 20 μm). The two filtrates (PWP 2) are combined and fed into storage tank V5b. The filter residues are subjected separately to a chamber filter press and then filled into product containers P2 to P4. The filtrate of the filter press was also introduced into storage tank V5b). In process step 4), the aqueous solution of condensing agents (citric acid 30% by weight) was introduced through a metering unit into reaction container R2 and mixed using a stirring device. The process progress is monitored visually and by means of continuous pH measurement. The pH of the reaction mixture should not fall below 6.6. After a standing time of 1 hour, sedimentation of organic condensates was completed and the suspension was fed into process step 5 through the conical bottom outlet of the reaction container to a decanter (Pirallisi, Baby II/2800 g). The condensed and dehydrated protein mass was filled into product container P1. The separated process liquid was led into storage tank 5a. The process water phase 2 obtained from the side-stream process in storage tank V5b was fed to reaction container R4, which in this application had the equipment feature B) according to Example 9. After discharge, the purified process water was forwarded to storage tank V5c and stored until reuse. In further batches, the unlocking mixture from reactor 1 was treated as described, wherein the process control was changed as follows for the purpose of reusing the process liquids: In the subsequent process steps V2a, the water required for dissolving the selected unlocking compounds was taken from storage tank V5c and forwarded to storage tank V2. The process water contained in the storage tank V5b is fed into storage tank V3 and, if necessary, city water is added to obtain the required dispensing volume for the process step to be carried out. Furthermore, introduction of the process water phase, which is stored in the storage tank V5a, to reaction container R3 in the secondary flow process step 3-Ia is performed. The protein fractions of consecutive process runs contained in product container P1 were analyzed for composition and dry matter. The solids fractions which were present in product containers 2 to 4 were examined microscopically (according to Example 1) over the further course. The protein mass of product container P1 was diluted 1:1 with tap water and pumped into a vacuum spray dryer. A pale yellowish powder was obtained. The shell fraction of product container P3 was dewatered with a decanter and then dried with a belt dryer. The fiber fractions of product container P2 were fed to a belt dryer and dried. Results: After the initial addition of fresh water to carry out the main process steps V2 and V3, the used water phases that have been obtained after the respective separations of the solution or suspension were recovered were used again in the process. Thus a complete recycling of the water phases used can be achieved. The fractions obtained were not different in their nature and compositions during the course of the investigations. The protein fraction had a protein content of 68% by weight (first separation) and 67% by weight (9th and last separation). The residual moisture and the dry weight of the protein fraction did not change during the course of the subsequent extraction. Neither the shell-fractions nor the cellulose-based fibers showed any attachment of proteins or carbohydrates. Example 11 Cleaning/Conditioning and Functionalization of Process Products. The following products (example number/starting material/product number) from the examples given above, which have been prepared by using one of the amino acid and/or peptide solutions according to the invention, have been used for carrying out the side-stream process steps (NSV) 3-I and 4-1 with the specified process steps (a)-c)):1.) Example 4/SPK/P3+P4: NSV3-Ia and -Ib: Material added to a 5% by weight DMSO solution2.) Example 6/JPK/P3+P4: NSV3-Ia: Passage of an ethanolic vapor phase through the product3.) Ex. 7/KB/P2+P3: NSV3-Ib and Ic): rinsing with a nano-emulsion of arginine and oleic acid4.) Example 7/E/P1: NSV 4-Ib: Passage of a water vapor of 125° C.5.) Ex. 8/SS/P1: NSV 4-Ia: Passage of a 30% by weight ethanol solution6.) Ex. 8/EM/P1: NSV4-Ic: Mixture with calcium carbonate (5% by weight) The products were in a filter chamber during treatment (2.)-5.)) or were dispensed or mixed in a reaction container (1) or 6.)). The final processing was carried out using a belt dryer (2.), 3.), 4.), 6.)) whereas in 3.) the product was first dewatered with a press. In 1.) the free water phase was drained through a sieve and the wet mass was used to prepare a protein powder (P3) and an animal food granulate (P4). In 6.) the product was spray-dried. Results: With the methods for the purification and/or surface modification and/or introduction of compounds, products P1-P4 obtained from the main and the side-stream process methods could be treated. In this case, water-insoluble compounds, such as colorants, as well as toxins, such as phorbol esters, could be removed/reduced by 62 to 98%. Furthermore, surfaces of the products in which hydrophobic or hydrophilic or anti-static surface functionality had been established could be obtained. Furthermore, compounds could be added to or combined with the products, resulting in better formulatability. Due to the process techniques, there were virtually no product losses. Example 12 Investigation of Physical Properties of Protein Fractions. The following products (example number/starting material/product/unlocking solution) were used for the investigations: 1.) Example 2/SPK/P1/a; 2) Example 2/HM/P1/b; 3.) Example 2/LM/P1/c; 4.) Example 2/SPK/P1/e; 5.) Example 2/HM/P1/f; 6) Ex. 2/LM/P1/d; 7.) commercial soy protein concentrate, 8.) commercial milk protein concentrate. As a reference (ref.) fresh egg white was used. The protein preparations were suspended in tap water so that 10% by weight (in terms of dry matter) suspensions were obtained. After 6 hours, the foaming capacity (SBK) and the foam stability (SSt) of the protein solutions were investigated (pH 7), which were whipped for 10 minutes at 20° C. with an electric stirrer. The relative volume increase of the generated foam in relation to the initial volume was determined. For the determination of the foam stability, the ratio of the foam volume was calculated after 60 minutes to that after the foam production. The strength of the foams was determined by the penetration rate (Pen) of a measuring body for the penetration to a distance of 4 cm. To test the emulsion stability, 5% by weight protein solutions (pH 7) of refined soybean oil were mixed (Ultrathurrax, Germany, 10,000 rpm for 20 seconds) and stored for 4 days at 20° C. (LS20°) and 30° C. (LS 30°). Subsequently, the liquid phase was discharged through a sieve and the ratio between the amount by weight and the initial weight of the emulsion was calculated. The surface hydrophobicity (HI) of the air-dried proteins was assayed with 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulphonate (ANS, Sigma, Germany) reagent according to the method of Kato & Nakai (1983). The ANS binding was determined by using phosphate buffer (pH 7) with different concentrations by means of fluorescence spectroscopy (Perkin Elmer LS-50, Germany). As a reference value, the slope of the fluorescence graph was used in the determination of dried egg white. The water binding capacity (WBK) was determined by freeing the hydrated proteins from free water with a filter (screen size 10 μm) in a suction filter unit and weighing the no longer flowable residue and drying in a drying oven and then determining the dry weight. From the weight difference in relation to the dry weight, the water binding capacity was calculated. For the determination of fat binding capacity (FBK), dried protein preparations in powdered form were used. In each case 10 g in a narrow, calibrated glass tube, which was sealed at the bottom with a cellulose filter paper was dropwise fed with a refined rapeseed oil. Once oil was observed on the filter paper, the addition was stopped and the ratio between the amount of oil addition to the powder that retained the oil drop-free and the amount of protein used was calculated. Results: (Numerical Results See Table 1) The protein products (1-6) prepared according to the invention had excellent emulsifying properties, which were characterized by a high foaming capacity and foam stabilizing ability, which corresponded to the reference product (HE) and was considerably better than those achieved with protein fractions not obtained using the inventive unlocking process These properties were also significantly better than those that could be achieved with protein concentrates from the prior art. This was also manifested in a greater cohesiveness of such protein foams, as can be seen, in a significantly lower penetrability of these foams, which was significantly lower than in the foams prepared with the protein preparations of the prior art. In the case of the proteins produced according to the invention, there is a considerably lower surface hydrophobicity than is the case with proteins of the same type in which no dispensing process according to the invention has been carried out. Furthermore, there is a much greater uptake/retention capacity for fats than with protein fractions that were not prepared according to the invention or is the case with prior art protein concentrates. This property is also responsible for the significantly greater emulsion stability found which the protein fractions form with an oil when produced according to the invention. The oil-in-water emulsions obtained with the protein fractions produced according to the invention had significantly greater stability over the course of 4 days than the emulsions with proteins that had not been produced according to the invention or with proteins from the prior art. With the latter, there was a rapid change in the appearance of the emulsion, from milky-white to oily-yellow, due to an increase in the formation of oil droplets. Example 13 Investigation of Sensory and Functional Properties of Protein Fractions. For the investigations 2 kg of oatmeal (HF), pea flour (EM) and maize flour (MM) were used. The protein fraction contained herein was obtained by treating the respective starting material in an aqueous solution containing arginine 0.2% by weight, histidine 0.1% by weight and alanine 0.5% by weight in a weight ratio of 0.8 to 1.5 (solution/solid) which were left standing for 4-6 hours (method according to Example 1). Subsequently, tap water was used to dispense the sample in a volume ratio of 8:1 to 10:1 (determination of the volume according to Example 3) by mixing with a hand blender. Thereafter, the suspension was introduced into a chamber filter press. The respective filtrate was divided into 3 fractions to which the following solutions with condensing agents were admixed (dose determination and procedure according to Example 3): 1. Citric acid in a concentration of 10% by weight in a volume ratio of 5 to 10%, 2) lactic acid in a concentration of 15% by weight in a volume ratio of 8 to 12% and CaCl2) (10% by weight) were admixed. After a residence time of 2 hours, separation was carried out with a decanter (MD80, Lemitec, Germany). The resulting mass was mixed with tap water in a volume ratio of 1:1 and then dehydrated with the decanter. Samples for analysis (TM, protein content) were taken from the obtained semi-solid protein mass. Based on the dry weight, the protein masses were suspended in tap water to give a protein concentration (10% by weight). From these, samples were subjected to spray drying. For comparative purposes, the investigations were also carried out with 2 commercially available protein concentrates (protein contents about 60 and 80% by weight) of soybean (SP1 and SP2) and milk (MP1 and MP2) and (as a reference for the emulsifying capacity) chicken egg white (HE) with which corresponding suspensions were made. The suspensions were examined for emulsifying properties and the emulsifying activity index [EAI] according to Pearce and Kinessla was determined (for the procedure see examination methods). The water solubility (WL) was investigated by agitating 10 g of powder in 100 ml of deionized water with a magnetic stirrer at 400 rpm in a beaker, whereby a 2 ml aliquot was removed from the medium every 60 seconds, in which the particle size was determined with a laser light backscatter analyzer (Zetasizer, Malvern, Germany). Complete solubility was considered to be achieved when <10% of the analyzed particles were >10 μm. The time needed for complete dissolution was determined (WL/sec). Further, the water retention capacity (WRR) was determined by suspending 0.5 g of the protein powder in 50 ml of distilled water in a 100 ml Erlenmeyer flask and agitating it for 1 hour at 20° C. The free water phase was removed by filtering on a G3 glass frit, and the sample material was centrifuged with the glass frit at 2,000*g for 15 min. The amount of centrifuged liquid and the sample weight are determined. The WRR is calculated according to the formula given in the methods section. Furthermore, liquid preparations of the protein preparations were made with an ion-poor water, so that a liquid (Z1) (dry matter 10 wt %) and a semi-solid mass (Z2) (TG 50 wt %) were prepared and tasted by 4 experts. Evaluated were the chewability (ZB) (not for Z1), the fineness of the (chewed) material (FH) and the mouthfeel (MG) on a scale from 1 (very low/very bad) to 10 (very high/very good). Results: (Numerical Results are Shown in Table 2). Protein fractions with a protein content of 68 to 86% by weight could be separated from the starting materials. Spray drying could be performed on all preparations. The powdered proteins obtained showed very good and rapid water solubility (95-98%) and very high water retention capacity, which was greater than that of the comparison products. Furthermore, there was a superior emulsifying ability which was equivalent to that of egg white. The sensory evaluations of the liquid and chewable preparations prepared with water were markedly better than those of the comparative products. There was an absence of any kind of typical (intrinsic) smell or taste in all the products according to the invention; furthermore, no off-flavors were found. Example 14 Investigation of Use of Lignin-Based Plant Shells for Oil Binding. The lignin-rich shell fractions obtained from experiments 6 (jatropha (JS), oilseed rape (RS)), 3 (sunflower (SS)) and from an unlocking process of apple seeds (AS) as product 3 of one or more unlocking methods, performed with the amino acid and/or peptide solutions according to the invention and a lignin-rich shell fractions of jatropha and rapeseed, digested with NaOH (NO), were obtained and prepared, and finally air-dried and separated. The mean particle size distribution and the volumetric weight were determined. The dried shell material was filled to a height of 20 cm into a 10 mm diameter glass tube having a conical tip, which was closed by an open pore PP fabric. The weight of the filled shell mass was determined. For comparison, commercial oil sorbents (ÖAM1: Clean Sorb, BTW, Germany, ÖAM2: PEA SORB, Zorbit, Germany) were also filled into according glass tubes. The filled glass tubes were mounted vertically in a holder, so that each of the tips was immersed in a bath of sunflower oil and in another experiment of oleic acid. Every 5 minutes the height of the oil front, which was clearly visible by a change in color or the reflection, was registered. The experiments were stopped after 2 h and the height of the oil rise (O-StH 1) and the difference in volume of oil of the bath present initially and at the end (ads. Oil 1) were determined. Subsequently, the entire content of each of the riser pipes was carefully blown into a beaker and weighed. Thereafter, 100 ml of ethanol was added to each sample. The suspensions were agitated under exclusion of air and heated to 60° C. with a magnetic stirrer for 30 minutes. After the liquid phase was removed with a suction filter, the sieve residues of the shell mass were rinsed twice (ethanol/H2O) and then the residues were dried at 60° C. for 12 h. Then the weight and the consistency of the dried masses were determined/calculated (Gew-Diff). Subsequently, the experiment was repeated with the obtained dried mass fractions and the oil height (Ö-StH 2) and the volume of adsorbed oil (ads. Oil 2) were determined again. Results (Numerical Results in Table 3) Lignin-rich plant-based shell fractions which have been obtained and produced with the unlocking solutions according to the invention exhibited, in contrast to lignin-rich shell fractions prepared by other methods, a very rapid and high absorption capacity for oils, which was also better than that of comparable commercial oil adsorption material. This concerned both the power for up-take against gravity and the total volume adsorbed. Purification of the adsorbed oils by a solvent was largely completely possible with the plant-based lignin-rich shells obtained with the unlocking solutions according to the invention, whereas in the case of lignin-rich shell fractions not obtained according to the invention, the adsorbed oil could only be removed incompletely. Even with the commercial products, the extraction of adsorbed oil was incomplete. In a renewed cycle with the previously purified adsorbents, in the lignin-rich shell fractions prepared with the unlocking solutions of the present invention, the rate and amount of oil uptake was comparable to that of the previously conducted experiment, while the oil adsorption performance was significantly behind the first one-cycle cycle with the other purified and recycled preparations. Example 15 Investigation into the Use of Lignin-Rich Plant Shells for Oil Separation from Oily Aerosols. Lignin-rich plant shells of Jaropha (JKP) from example 4 prepared with the unlocking solutions a) arginine 0.2 molar (JKPa) and d) NH3 0.2 molar (JKPd), were distributed between 2 sieve plates of 10×10 cm with a filling height by 2 cm and then the sieves were locked in a frame. The sieve frame was inserted into a ventilation shaft to which it was connected laterally in an air-tight manner. A compressed air source ensured a constant air flow (70° C.) through the filter with a flow rate of 50 m3/h. An ultrasonic nebulizer was placed in the air stream which vaporized an oil-water emulsion at a constant rate. The pressure that build up below the filter was monitored. Above the screen, the air outlet is setup with an oil mist separator (contec), which ensures retention of 99.5% of oil from an air mixture. For comparison, conventional air filters (LF), steel mesh filters (SGF), activated carbon filters (AKF), membrane filters (MF) were mounted in the air shaft in further experiments. The experiments were completed after 30 minutes, while an oil volume of 20 ml was vaporized. Subsequently, the membrane filter was removed and the difference in weight to the initial value was determined. The lignin-rich shell fractions were removed from the filter housing and suspended in acetone in a beaker in order to extracted bound oil. The separated acetone phases were evaporated and the residue weighed. The oil separation rate was calculated from the weight difference of the oil adsorption material and the vaporized oil. Results: When using a membrane and an activated carbon filter, there was an increase in pressure in the supply shaft (maximum pressure difference 35 or 52 mbar) due to an increase in the airflow resistance. When using JKPd) there was initially a higher pressure than in experiments with lignin-rich shell fractions, which were obtained with the unlocking solutions according to the invention (JKPa). In the course of the experiment, there was also no pressure increase in the supply shaft, while the pressure in using preparation JKPd) increased slightly. The oil separation rate in the conventional air filters was between 48 and 62% by weight. Lignin-rich shell fractions not prepared according to the invention had an oil separation rate of 55% by weight, while the lignin-rich shell fraction which had been prepared with the unlocking solutions according to the invention had an oil separation rate of 98% by weight. From this fraction, 18.4 g of oil could be recovered by extraction, while in the preparation JKPd) only 5.2 g could be recovered. Example 16 Investigation of the Use of Cellulose-Based Plant Fibers and Protein Fractions for Food Preparations. The following cellulose-based fibers from the examples given were used: Jatropha from example 11 (test number 2) (JF), pea from example 7 (unlocking solution 1) (EF), kidney beans from example 7 (unlocking solution 2) (KBF) and soy from example 7 (unlocking solution 1) (SF). Deep-frozen stored preparations with a residual moisture content of between 40 and 60% by weight (GFP) and dried and disc-ground powdered preparations (GTP) of the cellulose-based fibers were used. After thawing, the GFPs were resuspended in water with a hand blender and then pressed in a filter cloth to a residual moisture content of between 70 and 80% by weight. As comparison preparations cellulose fiber preparations were used, which consisted of a milling of husks or stem mass of wheat (WF) and bamboo (BF) and which were present as a powder with fiber lengths <30 μm. One part was suspended in deionized water followed by pressing so that the required residual moisture content was obtained. Further, the following protein products (Example No./unlocking solution No.) were selected: Oats (HP) (Ex. 2/a)), sunflowers (Ex. 3/a)) (SP), lupins (Example 4/-) (LP) and Ex. 11/Experiment No. 5). The preparations were fresh with a residual moisture content of 70 to 80% by weight (FP) or were present as powder (TP) obtained by spray-drying. As comparison preparations, a soybean (SPK) and a pea protein concentrate (EPK) were used, which were available as a powder and which were partially suspended for the experiments with a deionized water and pressed to the required residual moisture. The combination of the preparations and the comparator preparations for the production of combination preparations (KP) from insoluble fiber materials and proteins was carried out by various modalities: M1: GFP+TP; M2: GTP+FP; M3: GTP+TP. The preparations were kneaded together in M1 and M2 and mixed in M3, in a ratio (TM) of cellulose-based fibers to proteins of 1:5. An evaluation of the sensory properties according to Example 5 was carried out with the KP obtained. The following food preparations were also prepared/carried out: A) Patty: broth and spices dissolved in water were added in an amount to the powdered preparations (80 g per serving) required to produce a homogeneous, soft, non-sticky and mouldable mass when blended together; B) Cheesecake: 300 g of the powdered preparations plus 200 g of sugar and flavors and lemon juice were mixed by means of an agitator with a quantity of water which allowed for an easily stirrable homogeneous dough mass. Beaten egg whites were folded into the obtained dough mass and the dough mass was filled into a short crust pastry; C) Foam cream: to 50 g of the powdered preparations, water with dissolved sugar, vanilla sugar, and vanilla flavoring was admixed until a readily flowable homogeneous mass was formed, followed by homogenization with a hand blender until a light, creamy/foamy mass had formed. Thereafter, steam was let to pass through the mass until a stable foam mass was present. The preparations A) and B) were cooked under standardized conditions, preparation A) was tasted in the heated state, preparation B) in the cooled state after 6 hours and preparation C) was tasted immediately after receipt by 4 experts and, among others, the following properties were rated on a scale ranging from 1 (very poor/low) to 10 (very good/much): for A): product cohesion (PZ), chewability (Z); for B) product cohesion (PZ), stickiness (K); for C) creaminess (S), fattening sensation (M), furthermore the presence of sensory defects, such as fibrousness/graininess (FK) and mouthfeel (MG) were evaluated for all. Samples of 100 g of the powdered KP were stored under exclusion of air for 6 and 12 months and then examined for microbial colonization, physical properties (e.g. consistency, flowability) and water absorbency, and compared to those documented for KP immediately after production. Furthermore, the preparation experiments were repeated with the stored samples. Results (numerical results of the sensory evaluation are presented in extracts in Table 4): Mixtures of the protein and fiber products, which still contained a residual moisture content or were dried, were prepared with different modalities, either non-dusting fine-grained and non-sticky homogeneous mass or powdery mixtures that could be easily processed by adding water to a homogeneous non-sticky mass. When using comparable preparations, the recoverable mixtures were by part not homogeneous and/or were sticky. It was possible to produce KP with a protein content of between 52 and 75% by weight. The dried KP showed no change in their physical properties during storage for 12 months. There was no microbial load in the preparations. The qualitative and sensory properties of identical preparations prepared with the stored KP corresponded to the results given here. In the analysis of the powdered KP obtained, the following fractions were further determined: insoluble carbohydrates 22 to 46% by weight, soluble carbohydrates 0.1 to 2.5% by weight, fats <0.01 to 0.9% by weight. In the microscopic analysis of the KP, it was found that, in the preparation modalities 1 and 2, proteins were enclosed in the cellulose-based fibers as well as agglomerated with them. There were only a few particles of proteins that were not bound to cellulose-based fibers or were contiguous. In contrast, the proteins were predominantly present in agglomerated form when using cellulose fibers derived from husks or stem mass, so that the aggregated proteins constituted the perimeter of the agglomerates. Furthermore, partial detachments of the protein coating from individual fibers or aggregates existed here. In preparation A), the raw masses obtained when using cellulose fibers originating from husks or stem material were sticky, whereas this was not the case when using cellulose-based fibers. Patties made with cellulose-based fibers exhibited the best cohesion and best chewability, while patties made with cellulose fibers from husk and stem material, especially when made together with the comparative protein concentrates, broke apart during the cooking process under formation of hard aggregates, which led to a negative evaluation during taste testing. In the preparation of preparation B), the folding in of beaten egg whites was significantly better possible in the doughs that were made with cellulose-based fibers, resulting in a more uniform distribution of air bubbles compared to doughs that were produced with cellulose fibers from husk or stem material. Preparations prepared with KP from cellulose-based fibers and proteins produced according to the invention resulted in a significantly greater cohesion of the dough and a lower stickiness after cooking than was the case with preparations in which cellulose fibers originating from husk or stem material and when the comparative protein concentrates had been used. In the preparation of preparation C), cellulose fibers made from husks or stem pulp did not stabilize the foam made by steam treatment, whereas preparations prepared with cellulose-based fibers resulted in a very good stabilization of the foam. On the other hand, there was less foam stability and decreased sensory rating when cellulose-based fibers and commercial protein concentrates were combined in preparations. In the sensory evaluation, the preparations using cellulose-based fibers were judged to be significantly creamier with less rigidity than formulations made with cellulose fibers from husk or stem mass or with comparable protein concentrates. Example 17 Investigation on the formulability of food by preparing with the obtained products. The possibility to formula protein fractions with cellulose-based fibers was investigated. For this purpose, the following undried protein fractions and dried (tr) or undried (Ntr) cellulose-based fiber fractions (CBF) from the abovementioned examples were used: Soy protein (SP) from Example 11 Experiment No. 5, Oat protein (HP) from Example 13, Pea protein (EP) from example 7 unlocking solution no. 1, furthermore cellulose-based fiber fractions of jatropha (JF) from example 6, rape seed (RF) from example 6, kidney beans (KBF) from example 2—unlocking solution 2 and soybean (SF) from example 11—test number 1. The tr-CBFs were ground with a disk mill to a particle size of <100 μm, the remaining fiber material were used, as they were obtained from the manufacturing process. Furthermore, commercially available protein concentrates of peas (VP1) and soybean (VP2) as well as cellulose fibers of oats (VF1) and wheat (VF2) (CFF, Germany) with a fiber length of 90 μm were used for comparison. The protein concentrates were dissolved with water so that the same water content was the same as other protein fractions. In each case 100 g of the protein fractions in the test series V-1 were admixed to 50 g of the fibers and in the test series V-2 as much of the respective fiber fraction was added until a crumb-forming mixture, which was no longer coherent, was obtained. The resulting mixtures were rolled or spread on baking sheets and dried at 60°. Subsequently, the dried mixtures were ground with a cone mill to a particle size of 200 μm. The resulting powders were evaluated microscopically (dark field and reflected light microscopy) for size, surface texture and agglomeration. Further series of tests to coat/load up cellulose-based fibers were carried out: V-3. The still wet fiber mass is rinsed twice with a 10% citric acid solution for 30 minutes, the water is removed with a filter press, and then the fiber mass is added to a solution of the protein fractions (DW 15% by weight) in an amount until a non-sticky, fine crumbly mass is obtained. After air drying, the coating process is repeated 3 times. V-4. Cellulose-based fibers which had been dried by hot air were separated using a granulator and stirred into a highly viscous protein suspension. Subsequently, the suspension was placed on fleece and hot air dried. V. 5 The cellulose-based fibers prepared as in V-4 were coated in a rotating drum under continuous air flow with protein suspensions that had been vaporized at a pressure of 20 bar. This process was carried out until a dry matter ratio of 10:1 of the proteins and cellulose-based fibers was obtained. Then 10 g each of the resulting powders were dissolved in 10 ml of water (25° C.) under continuous stirring (100 rpm). Every 10 seconds, the agitation was stopped and the dissolution progress was inspected until complete dissolution was achieved, with a maximum observation period of 10 minutes. The dried fractions obtained were crushed with an impact mill to a particle size of 200 to 300 μm. With 50 g each of the powders obtained, the emulsification properties in the preparation of a sauce and the sensory effects were investigated by first suspending a curry-based spice mixture in 100 ml of water at 70° C. and then adding the powders under continuous stirring. The stirring was continued for 10 minutes at 90° C., then the sauces were allowed to stand and then the sensory characteristics were evaluated twice at a temperature of 60° C. by 4 blinded experts. In the sensory examination (sensory result 1) the following were evaluated: the mouthfeel, the fullness of the taste, off-taste (for evaluation ratings see Table 5). The sauces were tested at a temperature of 25° C. for the following properties (properties 1): consistency, settling, flow properties, skin formation (for evaluation ratings see Table 5). With 200 g each of the powdered preparations, a baking test was carried out for the production of muffins. For this, 3 eggs were beaten until frothy with the addition of 160 g sugar and 50 g butter, as well as flavors and 0.5 g salt. Thereafter, 150 ml of water and the preparations and 2 g of sodium bicarbonate were stirred in. Reference baking samples were produced under otherwise identical conditions using milk instead of water and wheat meal in the same amount instead of the preparations. The baked samples then underwent a sensory examination (sensory result 2), which was performed by 4 experts according to the evaluation criteria: mouthfeel, fullness of taste, chewing properties (for evaluation ratings, see Table 5). Furthermore, the following properties (properties 2) were investigated: the volume of the baking results (values given refer to the relation of the volume compared to that of the reference sample), the uniformity of the air spaces in the dough and the compressibility of a cube of 1 cc which was compressed by a weight, here the weight needed to compress the sample by 5 mm was determined. Thereafter, the percentage that the compressed sample expanded again after 10 minutes was determined (for evaluation ratings, see Table 5). Results (Numerical Results See Table 5): In the preparation of the mixtures of fiber materials and the moist protein masses, a much better possibility to uniformly bring in/contact the cellulose-based fiber materials with the protein preparations was found compared with the cellulose preparations. Furthermore, virtually no lumps were formed, while there was a higher absorption capacity of the cellulose-based fibers compared to the cellulose preparations. In the microscopic examination, the protein mass was completely enclosed in the cellulose-based fiber mass and predominantly present as isolated, relatively spherical particles. The cellulose preparations were only partially covered by a protein layer with some visible scattering, and many protein agglomerates were present. In the solution experiments, the cellulose-based fibers which had been coated with the proteins obtained according to the invention got hydrated much more rapidly in water than was the case with cellulose-based fibers which had been coated with commercial protein preparations. Even significantly slower was the solution of preparations in which cellulose fibers from husks or stem mass had been coated with comparable protein preparations. Cellulose-based fibers absorbed a significantly larger volume of dissolved proteins until crumb formation occurred than was the case with cellulose preparations. In comparison with the commercial protein preparations, a greater amount of dry matter could be bound to the cellulose-based fibers or incorporated therein using the protein products produced according to the invention. In the baking experiment, the doughs, where the cellulose-based fibers coated with protein fractions obtained according to the invention have been used, exhibited both a more homogeneous dough and a better baking result, in which there was a greater volume of baked goods, with a finer distribution of air chambers, than were the baking test results with commercial cellulose fibers coated with protein preparations. The sensory results of the baking test products which had been combined with cellulose-based fibers produced according to the invention and with protein preparations prepared according to the invention were also clearly superior to those of baked goods which had been produced with cellulose fibers. In the case of the cellulose preparations which had been coated with the commercially available protein concentrates, an intrinsic taste of the respectively related protein source still existed in some cases. The sensory quality of the protein-coated cellulose-based fibers was markedly better than that of protein-coated cellulose. After the sauces had cooled, a skin formed on the sauces made with protein-coated cellulose. Furthermore, there was a settling of finest particles in these sauces and an inhomogeneous flow behavior (thin at the top and viscous at the bottom), which was not the case with sauces which were prepared with protein-coated cellulose-based fiber produced according to the invention. Example 18 Investigation of the Use of Process Water Phases for the Production of Cellulose-Based Fibers. For the study, the process water phase (PW1), which was obtained after filtration of the aggregated organic compounds in Examples 2 (JPK) and 3 (SPK) (pH 6.2), and a fresh water phase (FW) with the same volume, for the removal of dissolved soluble compounds obtained in product phase 2 of Examples 2 HM/c) and 3 SS/c) were used. These masses of cellulose-based fibers had a residual moisture of 75 to 85% by weight and had a protein content between 1.8 and 2.3% by weight as determined by determination of the nitrogen content. Then 100 g of each mass of the cellulose-based fibers was suspended in 500 ml of PW1 or FW and singulated with a hand-held blender. After 10 minutes, cellulose-based fibers were separated from the suspensions by means of a filter cloth and squeezed out to a water content identical to the initial water content. Samples were taken to determine the protein content. The fiber masses obtained before and after the cleaning step were rolled as to give a film of a thickness of 2 mm and dried at 100° C., followed by grinding, and then the water absorption capacity of the obtained powder was determined. There was a sensory examination of the powder 15 minutes after insertion into water. Results: The protein content of cellulose-based fibers, which were obtained from the unlocking process as product phase 2, could be reduced by 82 to 90% by weight by separating and rinsing of the fiber mass with process water phase 1. Using a fresh water phase, a reduction of 43 to 62% by weight was achieved. The powder of the dried masses which had not been post-treated had only a small water-holding capacity, and the water-holding capacity of the powder subjected to a post-treatment with a fresh water phase was only slightly higher. The water absorption capacity after treatment of the fiber mass with the process water phase 1 was high, with a swelling volume that corresponded to >80 vol % of the initial swelling. These differences were reflected in the results of sensory testing, such as a hard and dull mouthfeel in cellulose-based fiber powders that had not been treated or treated with fresh water and a soft and creamy mouthfeel was present when using process water phase 1 for post-treatment of the fiber mass. Example 19 Investigation of the Separability of Soluble Compounds and the Influence of Proteins and Other Soluble Organic Compounds on the Product Quality of the Obtained Organic Matter. Soya (SS) and rapeseed meal (RS) were used for the investigations. Samples of 100 g each were placed in 300 ml of the following solutions for 3 hours: 1. tap water with a pH of 6.8; 2. sodium hydroxide solution with a pH between 8 and 12.5; 3. HCl solution with a pH range between 4 and 6.5; 4. aspartic acid with a pH between 5.5 and 7.5; 5. histidine with a pH between 7.5 and 9; 6. lysine with a pH between 8 and 11.5; 7. aspartic acid and arginine with a pH between 7 and 12.5. The buffering to achieve the pH ranges was carried out as needed with NaOH or HCl. Subsequently, in each case the amount of free water phase present was determined by pouring the suspension into a filter. The filtrate phases were divided and filled in each case into vessels with 250 ml of tap water. In the subsequent dispensing process step, the solids fractions were dispensed using a water phase, A) by means of a handheld blender and B) with an intensive mixer (Silverson L5M-A with a fine dispersion tool/10,000 rpm), in each case over 3 minutes. Subsequently, the solids were filtered off with a filter cloth and dewatered by means of a press to a residual moisture content of 70% by weight. Samples were taken for the determination of protein content and soluble carbohydrates. The obtained solid phases of RS were suspended in 500 ml of tap water and fed to a cyclone separation method (hydrocyclone) to separate the solid fractions of different densities. The separated solid fractions as well as the solid fraction of SS were thinly rolled onto a film and dried at 100° C. for 60 minutes. This was followed by grinding of the fractions with cellulose-based fibers and distribution and singling of the dried lignin-rich shells. In the case of the cellulose-based fiber powders, the water absorption capacity (tap water) and the swelling behavior were investigated 15 minutes after immersion in water. The swollen fiber masses underwent sensory evaluations to determine taste neutrality and the absence of hard or pointed particles by 3 investigators. For the lignin-rich shell fractions, the oil-binding capacity was investigated. Results (Numerical Results in Tables 6-9): Treatment with water or an acidic solution resulted in only slight swelling of the insoluble but swellable solids. In this case, the content of proteins and soluble carbohydrates contained herein could be discharged only to a small extent by a mechanical dispensing procedure. Alkali lye increased the swellability of the solids, but the protein content of the solids was only slightly reduced during the dispensing procedure. The acidic and neutral pH amino acid solution improved swellability and protein dischargeability, but the effect was significantly enhanced by adding a cationic amino acid in a basic solution. It was found that cellulose-based fibers regularly have a pleasant and creamy mouthfeel provided the protein content was less than 1.5% by weight. Such cellulose-based fibers were then tasteless. By using an intensive mixing process, the swelling and thus the water binding capacity of the cellulose-based fibers compared to a mixture with a hand mixer could be significantly improved, which also led to a reduced content of proteins and soluble carbohydrates in the solid matter and to a sensory improvement of the cellulose-based fibers at a lower pH of the unlocking solutions. The microscopic analysis showed that the solids recovered after an intensive mixing process in all of the investigations Nos. 5-7 were absolutely free of adhesions with soluble organic compounds, whereas individual adhesions were still detectable when a hand mixer was used herein. The oil binding capacity was also dependent on the residual protein and carbohydrate content in the lignin-rich shells. The highest values for the oil binding capacity were achieved when a protein content of <2 wt % of the fibrous solids was achieved using an amino acid solution. Dried cellulose-based fibers that have been obtained after treatment with tap water or an acid solution, did virtually not swell, regardless of whether intensive mixing had been performed. Also, the solids fractions placed in NaOH had insufficient swellability and had a very strong discoloration. The cellulose-based fibers swollen in test number 4, however, did exhibited hard particles in the sensory examination. This was not the case with the cellulose-based fiber products of investigation Nos. 5-7: the powders were completely swollen within 10 minutes and gave a soft and creamy mouthfeel. The separation of cellulose-based fibers and lignin-rich shells was only incompletely possible in investigations Nos. 1 to 4. In the investigations Nos. 5-7 separation accuracy was of >95% by weight, provided the pH was >7.5 in the preparation. Such lignin-rich shells had a high oil-binding capacity, whereas the oil-binding capacity of the otherwise obtained lignin-rich shells (which, however, were complexed with cellulose-based fibers) was less than 50%. Example 20 Investigation of the Re-Solubility and Physical Properties of Produced Protein Fractions. In the way of example, the influence of different amino acids on the dissolution and separation of soluble organic compounds in organic starting materials was investigated as well as their influence on a later usability of obtainable products. For this purpose, amino acids were selected that were nonpolar: leucine and methionine, or polar: cysteine and glutamine, or acidic: glutamic acid or cationic: arginine, histidine and lysine for the investigation. The amino acids were dissolved to 0.1 molar solutions and the pH adjusted to 8 by addition of a cationic amino acid. Soybean meal was treated as in Example 3 using an intensive mixer. In the filtrate phases, which were obtained after separation of the swollen solid phase, an aggregation was initiated according to Example 3. The condensed proteins were separated by means of a PP filter (80 μm) from the free water phase. The subsequently dehydrated protein phases were rolled out thinly, dried at 90° C., and then finely ground. The resulting powders were subjected to a sensory examination (4 examiners) in which the texture, odor, taste and solubility in the mouth were evaluated. Further, samples were dissolved in warm water over 15 minutes, followed by intensive mixing for 1 minute. Thereafter, the foaming power and the completeness of the dissolution of the powder in the water phase were evaluated. Furthermore, a determination of the protein content of the dehydrated solid phase was carried out. Results: Aqueous solutions with amino acid combinations and a pH of the solution of >7.5 are suitable to solvate (hydrate) soluble organic compounds in plant-based starting materials, whereby they become separable in a dispensing volume. It was found that this effect was significantly less by using amino acids containing one or more sulfur groups. Swellability of the dried protein phase as well as the foam stability and the completeness of the solubility in water were inferior when sulfur-containing amino acids have been used. When using acidic or apolar amino acids in conjunction with one of the cationic amino acids there were very good sensory properties of the dried protein powders which exhibited very good foaming properties as well as complete solubility. Example 21 Investigation of the Separation of Dissolved Soluble Compounds from Plant-Based Starting Materials. In experiment a) pea flour (EM) in a weight ratio of 1:3 with a 0.1 molar solution containing glutamine and arginine and in experiment b) a flour made from kidney beans (KBM) in the same weight ratio with a 0.1 molar solution included threonine and lysine were wetted/impregnated for 3 hours. Subsequently, the water phases were completely absorbed. The masses were divided equally and in the experimental series 1. dewatered by means of a filter press to a residual moisture content of 50% by weight or suspended in tap water in a weight ratio of 1:5 (experiments a)1 and b)1) and in the experimental series 2. dispensed with a mixer, and in the test series 3. dispensed with a rotor-stator shear mixer (Silverson L5M-A with a fine dispersing tool/10,000 rpm) for 2 minutes each. The suspensions obtained from test series 2 and 3 were divided equally and, in one case, dehydrated as in experiment 1 (experiments a) 2-1, b) 2-1 and a) 3-1, b) 3-1) and in the other case, the solids were separated by centrifugation (3,000 g) for 5 minutes (experiments a) 2-2, b) 2-2 and a) 3-2, b) 3-2). Subsequently, protein and starch contents were determined in the resulting solid phases. The solids fractions were dried, ground and evaluated for sensory investigation and solubility as in Example 20. Results The protein content at starting was 33% and 45% by weight for flours from EM and from KBM, respectively. The solid material of experiment a)1 had a protein content of 25 wt % and b)1 had a protein content of 31 wt %, respectively. The protein contents of the solid matter of experiments a) 2-1, b) 2-1 and a) 3-1, b) 3-1 were 5.1 wt % and 4.8 wt % and 1.1 and 0.8 wt %, respectively, and that in the experiments a) 2-2, b) 2-2 and a) 3-2, b) 3-2) were 7.5 wt % and 6.9 wt % and 3.5 and 2.8, respectively. The starch content correlated with the protein content. The swellability of the powders of Experiments 1 was greatly reduced, those of the powders of Experiments 2 showed moderate swellability, and the powders which had been treated in the experimental series 3 with an intensive mixer had optimum and complete swellability when separation was performed with a filter and then were dehydrated. The sensory evaluation correlated inversely with the protein content and the swellability, whereas the preparations which had a proportion of proteins of >1.5% by weight had an unpleasant taste and did not have a creamy and soft character after swelling. Example 22 Investigation of Separability of Dissolved Soluble Compounds and Production of Products. Sunflower seed flour was impregnated with an aqueous solution contained 0.2 molar lysine, 0.1 molar asparagine and 0.5 molar isoleucine (solution A) and an aqueous solution containing 0.1 molar arginine, 0.5 molar serine and 0.05 molar alanine (Lsg. B) in a weight ratio of 3:1 for 1 hour. Subsequently, no free liquid was present, and the sample for control of completeness of the moisture penetration throughout the starting material according to Example 1 was positive. Half of the thoroughly impregnated/wetted material was dewatered in a filter press to a residual moisture content of 45% by weight to obtain filtrate phase 1 and eluate phase 1. The respective filtrate phase 1 and the other impregnated starting materials were each suspended in a weight ratio of 1:5 with tap water and dispensed by an intensive mixer procedure (Silverson L5M-A with a fine dispersing device/10,000 rpm) for 2 minutes each. Subsequently, the solid matter was filtered by means of a 100 μm vibration sieve and respective filtrate phase 2 and respective eluate phase 2 were obtained. A portion of the eluate phases 1 and 2 were combined together in a volume ratio of 1:3 (E1-2). For each 200 ml of the filtrate phases, one of the following solutions (in each case 10% by weight) was introduced dropwise into test series 1) with slight agitation: 1. HCl, 2.H2SO4, 3.H3PO4, 4. acetic acid, 5. lactic acid, 6. citric acid, 7. ascorbic acid. The pH of the solution was continuously recorded. In each case, separate approaches were performed as to reach a final pH of 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. After the solutions were allowed to stand for 3 hours, they were filtered through a 80 μm polypropylene screen. The respective eluates were collected and centrifuged (4,000 rpm/10 minutes). From the available protein phases, samples were taken to determine the protein and carbohydrate concentrations. The obtained protein phases were dehydrated to a residual moisture content of 60% by weight and sensory evaluations were performed by 4 experts for the criteria: a) creaminess, b) off-flavors, c) astringent properties. Protein phases which were present as aggregate masses were spread thin on a film and dried at 70° C. Subsequently, the dried platelets were ground and the powder was dissolved in warm water. Results: The resulting aqueous eluates were light brown and turbid, the pH was between 7.5 and 8.4. The addition of the various acids resulted in a milk-like turbidity when the pH of the process solution was below 7. In the case of acids 5, 6 and 7, further additions resulted in development of aggregates which were easily recognizable to the naked eye; identification was improved by the simultaneous clarification the water phase. In the samples in which a pH<5 was achieved by the further addition of these acids, the aggregates dissolved and there was a milk-like suspension. In the case of the acids 1 and 2, aggregates were not recognizable at any time, milky suspensions formed. In acids 3 and 4, fine-grained aggregates were present in a pH range of 5.5 to 6, which dissolved as the pH of the process solution was lowered. Filtration of aggregated protein complexes was only possible for acids 5-7 in a pH range between 5 and 7. The eluates were absolutely clear (pH 5.5-6.5) or slightly turbid. In all other filtration experiments, no or only minimal amounts of a whitish liquid phase remained on the filter. Centrifugation allowed the dissolved protein phase to be concentrated in a centrifuge tube as a “heavy phase”. These phases were soft to liquid and difficult to separate from each other. In the eluates of the batches, in which the protein fraction could be recovered by filtration, virtually no solid was separated by centrifugation. Protein samples in which acids 1. to 5. have been used were present only in liquid or thin-liquid form and could not be tasted due to the strong acid taste at pH values <5. Even at higher pH values, the protein fractions obtained by these acids were not edible. A mild acidic taste was present in the protein fractions obtained by acids 5-7 at pH levels between 5.5 and 6; protein fractions with a pH of > or equal to 6 were rated as neutral in taste, had a good creaminess, astringents were not perceived. The powders recovered from the obtained protein aggregate phases (acids 5-7, in each case pH was >5.5) after drying and grinding had very good solubility in water, a complete solubilization to a milk-like suspension was achieved without residual solids (complete passage of the suspension through a filter with a screen mesh size of 10 μm). Using a shear mixer a stable foam could be produced with these preparation. The protein content determined in the dry matter was between 92 and 96% by weight. It could be shown that particularly large aggregates formed when the eluate phases 1 and 2 (E1-2) were treated together, such aggregates sedimented very rapidly and exhibited the fastest dewatering on a filter. Example 23 Investigation on the use of sulfur-containing amino acids for an aqueous unlocking process. For the investigations, a soybean meal was used. Solutions (0.1 molar) with the following amino acids were prepared: 1. leucine/lysine; 2. methionine/histitin; 3. cysteine/lysine; 4. glutamine/arginine; 5. glutamic acid/arginine. The solutions were added to the flour in a weight ratio of 2:1. After 3 hours, the impregnated mass was dispensed in 250 ml aqueous solution by means of an intensive mixer procedure, then dewatered with a filter cloth to obtain a residual moisture content of the solid of 50% by weight. The aqueous filtrate was collected and used later. The dewatered mass was thinly rolled onto a film, dried at 100° C. and then finely ground. The protein content of the fiber mass was determined. The protein-containing aqueous filtrate was added with citric acid until obtaining a pH of 6, and the sediment that had been formed after 3 hours was drained and filtered, followed by dehydration to a residual moisture content of 60% by weight. The protein paste and the powders of the dried cellulose-based fibers swollen in water for 15 minutes underwent sensory evaluations as described before. Results (Numerical Results in Table 10). The use of sulfur-containing amino acids resulted in a reduced dissolution and detachability of proteins from the impregnated starting material. The protein remaining in the cellulose-based fibers resulted in poorer swellability and a worse sensory evaluation of the swollen powder of the cellulose-based fibers. Furthermore, the protein obtained using solutions containing sulfur-containing amino acids had an unpleasant taste and showed reduced solubility and foam stability when resuspended in water. Further embodiments of the invention are:1. A method for disconnection/detachment of the constituents of a biogenic starting material by means of aqueous solutions which is characterized by the method steps:1) providing biogenic starting materials,2a) adding the starting material of step 1) with an aqueous solution containing dissolved amino acids and/or peptides for disconnection/detachment of the constituents of the starting material,2b) providing an aqueous dispensing volume and dispensing of the disconnected/detached constituents of the mixture from step 2a),3) separation of solid matter from the dispensing mixture of step 2b) to obtain a fiber-free aqueous solution of dissolved constituents of the starting material,4) condensation/aggregation/complexation of the dissolved constituents of the aqueous solution of step 3) to obtain an aqueous phase containing condensed soluble constituents of the starting material,5) separation and dehydration of the condensed soluble constituents of the starting material of step 4) and obtaining a dehydrated condensate of step 4) and a clarified process water phase,6) use of the clarified process water phase of step 5) for one or more of the optional process steps:6.1) providing a process water phase for a side-stream process;6.2) return of the process water phase of step 6.1) available from a side-stream method procedure and providing the used process water phase from a side-stream method procedure6.3) purification of the process water phase obtainable from process steps 5) and/or 6.2)6.4) provision of a clarified and purified process water phase,7) reuse of the clarified and/or clarified and purified process water phase.2. The aforementioned method according to item 1, wherein the starting material is plant-based starting material.3. The aforementioned method according to item 1-2, wherein in the step 2ba impregnation/wetting of the plant-based starting material is carried out with an aqueous solution containing dissolved amino acids and/or peptides.4. The above-mentioned method according to items 1-3, wherein in step 2a) and/or 2b) a disintegration of the starting material is accomplished by means of an aqueous solution containing dissolved amino acids and/or peptides, whereby the constituents of the starting material are obtained in pure form.5. The aforementioned method according to items 1-4, in which the solubility of toxins and hazardous substances in the aqueous protein solution is maintained or increased in step 3) and/or 4).6. The aforementioned method according to items 1-5, wherein in step 2b) and/or 3) and/or 4) a separation of lipophilic constituents of the starting material takes place by one or more lipophilic compound (s) which are added to the reaction mixture in the process steps 2a) and/or 2b) and mixed with it and/or de-oiling of plant proteins is performed at room temperature and/or elevated temperature.7. The aforementioned method according to items 1-6, wherein in step 3) protein-free complex carbohydrates and/or starch granules are separable in pure form.8. The aforementioned method according to items 1-7, wherein in step 3) cellulose-based fibers, lignin-rich shell fractions, and/or complex/complexed carbohydrates can be separated and used in pure form.9. The aforementioned method according to items 1-8, in which in step 3) the solid matter and the dissolved proteins are completely or almost completely separated from one another by means of filtration separation techniques.10. The aforementioned method according to items 1-9, wherein an aqueous solution is obtained in step 3) with proteins dissolved and hydrated therein which are free from solid matter.11. The aforementioned method according to items 1-10, wherein the solubility minimum of dissolved proteins is shifted to a pH range being between 6 and 8.12. The aforementioned method according to items 1-11, in which in step 4) dissolved carbohydrates and/or phospholipids and/or glycoglycerolipids are condensed/agglomerated/complexed together with dissolved proteins, whereby protein condensates/agglomerates/complexes containing carbohydrates and/or phospholipids and/or glycoglycerolipids are obtained.13. The aforementioned method according to items 1-12, wherein in step 4a) one or more compound (s) are added to the aqueous process solution in order to bind and/or incorporate them to/into dissolved and/or condensing/aggregating/complexing proteins, and/or condensed/aggregated/complexed proteins, before, during or after initiation of the condensation/aggregation/complexation of the proteins.14. The aforementioned method according to items 1-13, wherein in step 4b) compounds which are dissolved in the aqueous process solution are bound to the dissolved proteins by condensing/aggregating/complexing these compounds with the dissolved proteins.15. The aforementioned process according to items 1 to 14, in which in step 5) dehydrated proteins are obtained which are completely or almost completely odorless and/or tasteless and dissolve very rapidly in water and convey no or virtually no colorant agents into the aqueous medium.16. The aforementioned process according to items 1-15, in which in step 2b) and/or 3) and/or 4) odor and/or flavoring and/or anti-nutritive compounds and/or endogenous or exogenous toxins are dissolved from the constituents and separated.17. The aforementioned method according to items 1-16, wherein in step 5) a clarified process water phase is obtained, which is used in a side-stream-process method for rinsing/cleaning and then is purified and then reused in one of the main process steps.18. Lignin-rich shell fraction and/or cellulose-based fibers, with an oil and/or fat binding capacity of >200% by weight, obtainable by one of the inventive methods of items 1-17.19. Low-odor and low-flavor and/or low-toxin and low-hazardous agent protein fractions, obtainable by one of the processes according to the invention of items 1 to 17.20. Cellulose-based fiber materials, lignin-rich shell fractions and/or complex/complexed carbohydrates, obtainable by one of the methods according to the invention of items 1-17. Tables TABLE 1LSLSWBKFBK20° C.30° C.SBKSStPenNo.A-M(g · g)(%)HI(%)(%)(%)(%)(mm s−1)Ref.H-En.a.n.d.16860452980.11SPK5.2205127263432960.32HM4.9195157061411970.43LM5175216859130700.54SPK2.68047322016068425HM1.86053351812070386LM2.36050301219860377SP-Kom2.89064454028768158MP-Kom3.11008842382996110A-M = starting material;H-E = Egg white protein;WBK = water binding capacity;FBK = fat binding capacity;HI = hydrophobicity index;LS 20° = storage stability at 20° C.;LS 30° = storage stability at 30° C.;SBK = foaming capacity;SSt = foam stability, Pen = penetration rate.n.a. = Not applicable, as completely soluble.n.d. = not done TABLE 2EAIWLWWRMaterialKM[m2g−1](Sek)(%)FH Z1MG Z1ZB Z2FH Z2MG Z2HF131.2101258101099229.31211099999330.891329101019EM130.211145898109229.61011891010810328.791209109910MM126.4913081010910227.6111269891010326.99118999109SP-1—19.1456745444SP-2—16.3657244554MP1—21.2389066465MP2—15.1426644344HE—30.2n. a.n. a.n.a.n.a.n.a.n.a.n.a.KM: condensing agent;EAI = emulsifying activity index;ZK = chewability (not for Z1), FH = fineness of the material;MG = mouthfeel;Z1 = preparation 1;Z2 = preparation 2;WRR = water retention value;n.a. = not applicable TABLE 3O-StH 1O-StH 2(cm)Oil 1 (ml)WD (g)(cm)Oil 2 (ml)JS6.43.13.16.43.1RS5.82.92.85.72.8SS5.22.82.75.22.7AS52.62.65.22.6JS-NO2.31.10.50.80.4RS-NO1.20.90.40.50.2ÖAM13.21.91.12.20.8ÖAM23.62.21.62.61.2O-StH1 = height of the oil front in the riser tube 1st cycle; ads.Oil1 = amount of adsorbed oil 1st cycle;Weight Diff. = weight difference of adsorbents before/after solvent extraction;O-StH2 = height of the oil front in the riser tube 2nd cycle; ads.Oi12 = amount of adsorbed oil 2nd cycle; TABLE 4ZBModTMPKPZZKSMFKMGA)1SFLP1092n.a.n.a.110A)2SFLP9101n.a.n.a.110A)3EFLP891n.a.n.a.19A)1JFSP892n.a.n.a.110A)2JFSP1092n.a.n.a.19A)3JFSP991n.a.n.a.19A)1KFHP9102n.a.n.a.110A)2KFSP10101n.a.n.a.19A)3KFSP992n.a.n.a.19A)1WFHP654n.a.n.a.45A)2WFSP554n.a.n.a.44A)3BFSP544n.a.n.a.55A)1BFSPK325n.a.n.a.62A)2BFEPK315n.a.n.a.72A)3WFSPK116n.a.n.a.61B)1SFHP9n.a.184110B)2SFHP10n.a.294110B)3EFHP10n.a.27319B)1JFSP9n.a.173110B)2JFSP9n.a.284110B)3JFSP10n.a.273110B)1KFLP10n.a.28319B)2KFLP10n.a.18419B)3KFLP9n.a.27319B)1WFSP5n.a.54654B)2WFHP4n.a.53753B)3WFSPK3n.a.73673B)1BFSPK4n.a.74663B)2BFEPK3n.a.73662B)3BFEPK3n.a.62672C)1SFHPn.a.n.a.193110C)2SFHPn.a.n.a.19319C)3SFHPn.a.n.a.18219C)1EFSPn.a.n.a.1104110C)2EFSPn.a.n.a.293110C)3EFLPn.a.n.a.29319C)1KFSPn.a.n.a.184110C)2KFSPKn.a.n.a.66664C)3KFHPn.a.n.a.28429C)1WFHPn.a.n.a.45664C)2WFSPn.a.n.a.45753C)2BFSPn.a.n.a.65654C)1BFEPKn.a.n.a.62653C)3BFEPKn.a.n.a.62663ZB = Preparation;Mod = Modality of preparation: Modality 1 = GFP + TP; Modality 2: GTP + FP; Modality 3: GTP + TP;sensory evaluation: PZ = product cohesion, Z = chewability, K = stickiness, S = creamynes, M = fattening sensation, FK = fibrousness/graininess, MG = mouthfeel;ranging from 1 (very poor/low) to 10 (very good/much).N.a. = not applicable. TABLE 5SCFSPTSOBDsolubilitySR 1Properties 1SR 2Properties 2JFSPV-13301/1/1/11/0/1/01/1/1/195/1/75/80JFVP1V-115503/2/1/22/1/2/12/2/1/260/2/140/40JFHPV-43601/1/1/11/0/1/01/1/1/1110/1/60/90JFVP1V-425302/2/2/22/2/2/22/2/1/250/2/150/35JFEPV-33401/1/1/11/0/1/01/1/1/190/1/70/70JFVP2V-314503/3/1/22/1/2/32/3/1/260/2/130/40RFSPV-23301/1/1/11/0/1/01/1/1/190/1/80/75RFVP1V-214403/2/1/22/2/2/23/2/1/150/2/150/35RFHPV-33501/1/1/11/0/1/01/1/1/1115/1/65/85RFVP2V-325603/3/1/22/1/2/13/2/1/160/2/130/40RFEPV-53601/1/1/11/0/1/01/1/1/1105/1/70/80RFVP2V-516303/3/1/22/1/3/33/2/1/250/2/140/40KBFSPV-13401/1/1/11/0/1/01/1/1/195/1/80/70KBFVP1V-116503/2/1/32/1/2/13/3/1/240/2/130/30KBFHPV-33501/1/1/11/0/1/01/1/1/1110/1/60/90KBFVP1V-325703/2/1/32/2/3/13/2/1/240/2/140/35KBFEPV-23601/1/1/11/0/1/01/1/1/190/1/85/70KBFVP2V-216203/3/1/22/2/2/34/3/1/250/2/150/40LDFSPV-33301/1/1/11/0/1/01/1/1/195/1/70/70LDFVP1V-325402/2/1/22/1/3/22/2/1/240/2/130/40LDFHPV-43501/1/1/11/0/1/01/1/1/1115/1/65/90LDFVP1V-415803/2/2/22/1/2/13/3/2/350/2/140/30LDFEPV-23601/1/1/11/0/1/01/1/1/190/1/75/70LDFVP2V-216203/3/2/32/2/3/23/3/2/340/2/150/30VF1SPV-121502/2/2/22/1/1/02/2/2/225/2/250/10VF1VP1V-117203/2/2/32/2/2/23/2/2/320/3/200/0VF1HPV-222102/2/2/22/1/1/02/2/2/240/2/180/10VF1VP1V-218303/3/2/32/1/2/14/3/2/320/3/200/0VF1EPV-421902/2/2/22/1/1/02/2/2/245/2/190/10VF1VP2V-416703/2/2/32/1/2/13/2/2/320/3/230/0VF2SPV-222002/2/1/22/1/1/02/2/1/240/2/210/0VF2VP1V-217603/3/2/32/2/2/23/3/2/325/3/200/10VF2HPV-321802/2/1/22/1/1/02/2/1/230/2/180/15VF2VP1V-316903/3/2/32/1/2/13/3/2/330/3/190/10VF2EPV-421602/2/1/22/1/1/02/2/1/230/2/200/15VF2VP2V-417303/3/2/32/2/2/24/3/2/320/3/220/0SCF = Sorce (starting material) of cellulose-based Fiber; SP = Source of Protein; TS = series of tests to coat/load up cellulose-based fibers; OBD = Proportion of surface coverage: 1 = 30% or more of the Fibermaterial surfaces are uncovered, 2 = no covering is present in 0-30%, 3 = complete coverage by protein, a free surface of fiber material is not apparent.Solubility: Duration to complete solid solution (seconds)SR1 = Sensory result 1: Sensory testing of the sauces according to: mouthfeel/fullness of taste: 1 = very good, 2 = good, 3 = satisfactory, 4 = poor; off-taste/graininess: 1 = none, 2 = slight, 3 = distinct, 4 strongProperties 1: Evaluation of the sauces at 25° C. for consistency: 1 = homogeneous, 2 = inhomogeneous;/segregations: 0 = none, 1 = low, 2 = distinct;/Flow properties: 1 = easy- flowing, 2 = aqueous, 3 = viscous;/Skin formation: 0 = none, 1 = slight, 2 = distinct.SR 2 = Sensory result 2: Sensory examination of the baking sample according to: mouthfeel/fullness of taste: 1 = very good, 2 = good, 3 = satisfactory, 4 = poor;/Chewing properties: 1 = easy to chew and swallow, 2 = tough or bad to swallow, 3 = sticky/graininess: 1 = none, 2 = easy, 3 = distinct, 4 = pronounced.Properties 2: Volume ratio to the reference sample (%)/uniformity of the air spaces in the dough: 1 = homogeneous, 2 = slightly inhomogeneous, 3 = strongly inhomogeneous;/Weight to achieve compression (g);/relative regain of volume (%). TABLE 6Soy coarse mealfreeCarbon-water-ProteinhydrateInvestigationphasecontentcontentmouthnumberpH(vol %)(wt %)(wt %)tastefeelA) 16.86515.44.323A) 2 a85512.22.12 + 33A) 2 b8.5551322 + 33A) 2 c95311.822 + 33A) 2 d9.55410.51.82 + 33A) 2 e10529.81.62 + 33A) 2 f10.5508.81.42 + 33A) 2 g11519.41.52 + 33A) 2 h11.54891.32 + 33A) 2 i12488.61.22 + 33A) 2 j12.5458.81.22 + 33A) 3a47416.16.32 + 34A) 3b4.57516.46.42 + 34A) 3c57015.96.32 + 34A) 3d5.57215.46.22 + 34A) 3e67214.162 + 34A) 3f6.57014.86.12 + 34A) 4a5.56611.33.623A) 4b665113.123A) 4c6.5659.52.923A) 4d7586.32.523A) 4e7.5525.9222A) 5a7.5421.91.322A) 5b8401.5112A) 5c8.5350.90.711A) 5d9320.70.311A) 6a8380.90.311A) 6b8.5350.70.311A) 6c9320.70.111A) 6d9.5300.50.211A) 6e10300.50.111A) 6f10.5280.4<0.111A) 6g11280.3<0.111A) 7a7352.10.911A) 7b7.5301.10.511A) 7c8280.80.211A) 7d8.5260.60.111A) 7e9240.60.111A) 7f9.5240.5<0.111A) 7g10220.4<0.111A) 7h10.5230.3<0.111A) 7i11200.4<0.111A) 7j11.5200.3<0.111A) 7k12180.2<0.111A) 7l12.5180.2<0.111Taste: 1 = neutral, 2 = intrinsic (plant-typical) taste, 3 = artificial (technical) tasteMouth feel: 1 = soft and creamy, 2 = soft without sensorially perceptible particular matter, 3 = soft with sensorially perceptible particular matter, 4 = mainly sensorially perceptible particular matter TABLE 7Soy coarse mealfreeCarbonwaterProteinhydrateInvestigationphasecontentcontentmouthnumberpH(vol %)(wt %)(wt %)tastefeelB) 16.85112.43.123B) 2 a84811.31.62 + 33B) 2 b8.54811.41.22 + 33B) 2 c94610.81.22 + 33B) 2 d9.5449.512 + 33B) 2 e10409.10.82 + 33B) 2 f10.5368.20.92 + 33B) 2 g11387.50.82 + 33B) 2 h11.5366.50.72 + 33B) 2 i12346.10.62 + 33B) 2 j12.5305.80.62 + 33B) 3a46814.35.92 + 34B) 3b4.5661462 + 34B) 3c56814.15.92 + 34B) 3d5.56413.85.92 + 34B) 3e66213.65.62 + 34B) 3f6.55813.65.42 + 34B) 4a5.5589.82.823B) 4b6569.12.223B) 4c6.5528.5223B) 4d7505.81.823B) 4e7.5485.11.622B) 5a7.5481.11.221B) 5b8400.80.811B) 5c8.5340.70.611B) 5d9280.50.411B) 6a8240.40.311B) 6b8.5220.40.111B) 6c9180.30.111B) 6d9.5160.3<0.111B) 6e10120.3<0.111B) 6f10.580.4<0.111B) 6g1180.2<0.111B) 7a7221.10.611B) 7b7.5200.80.311B) 7c8160.40.111B) 7d8.5160.3<0.111B) 7e9120.2<0.111B) 7f9.58<0.2<0.111B) 7g108<0.2<0.111B) 7h10.54<0.2<0.111B) 7i118<0.2<0.111B) 7j11.54<0.2<0.111B) 7k124<0.2<0.111B) 7l12.54<0.2<0.111Taste: 1 = neutral, 2 = intrinsic (plant) taste, 3 = artificial (technical) tasteMouth feel: 1 = soft and creamy, 2 = soft without sensorially perceptible particular matter, 3 = soft with sensorially perceptible particular matter, 4 = mainly sensorially perceptible particular matter TABLE 8Rape seed coarse mealfreeCarbonwaterProteinhydrateInvestigationphasecontentcontentmouthnumberpH(vol %)(wt %)(wt %)tastefeelA) 16.87017.35.823A) 2 a86214.53.52 + 33A) 2 b8.560153.32 + 33A) 2 c95812.93.22 + 33A) 2 d9.55811.12.92 + 33A) 2 e105910.52.62 + 33A) 2 f10.5559.22.42 + 33A) 2 g11549.52.52 + 33A) 2 h11.5529.42.42 + 33A) 2 i125092.22 + 33A) 2 j12.5488.92.22 + 33A) 3a47617.27.32 + 34A) 3b4.573177.32 + 34A) 3c57217.27.22 + 34A) 3d5.57016.37.12 + 34A) 3e67115.86.82 + 34A) 3f6.57014.96.62 + 34A) 4a5.56812.63.423A) 4b66612.43.123A) 4c6.56610.82.923A) 4d7607.32.623A) 4e7.55462.422A) 5a7.5441.81.622A) 5b8411.51.312A) 5c8.5361.20.711A) 5d93310.411A) 6a8330.80.411A) 6b8.5320.70.311A) 6c9300.80.311A) 6d9.5300.50.211A) 6e10280.40.111A) 6f10.5260.4<0.111A) 6g11260.3<0.111A) 7a7282.30.811A) 7b7.5301.50.711A) 7c8301.10.611A) 7d8.5280.80.411A) 7e9260.60.211A) 7f9.5260.60.111A) 7g10240.5<0.111A) 7h10.5220.3<0.111A) 7i11200.4<0.111A) 7j11.5200.3<0.111A) 7k12180.2<0.111A) 7l12.5180.2<0.111Taste: 1 = neutral, 2 = intrinsic (plant) taste, 3 = artificial (technical) tasteMouth feel: 1 = soft and creamy, 2 = soft without sensorially perceptible particular matter, 3 = soft with sensorially perceptible particular matter, 4 = mainly sensorially perceptible particular matter TABLE 9Rape seed coarse mealfreecarbon-water-Protein-hydrate-Investigation-phasecontentcontentmouth-numberpH(vol %)(wt %)(wt %)tastefeelB) 16.85213.53.623B) 2 a84412.32.52 + 33B) 2 b8.546122.52 + 33B) 2 c94411.42.22 + 33B) 2 d9.54211.12.32 + 33B) 2 e10408.82.12 + 33B) 2 f10.5407.91.92 + 33B) 2 g11426.31.92 + 33B) 2 h11.5406.61.72 + 33B) 2 i123871.82 + 33B) 2 j12.5367.11.62 + 33B) 3a47014.26.92 + 34B) 3b4.57013.872 + 34B) 3c57212.16.92 + 34B) 3d5.57011.66-.72 + 34B) 3e67012.36.52 + 34B) 3f6.568116.42 + 34B) 4a5.56812.32.123B) 4b6669.61.922B) 4c6.5648.21.722B) 4d7606.91.822B) 4e7.5526.11.622B) 5a7.5361.11.621B) 5b8321.21.111B) 5c8.5300.90.611B) 5d9300.70.411B) 6a8280.50.311B) 6b8.5260.50.311B) 6c9240.6<0.111B) 6d9.5240.4<0.111B) 6e10240.2<0.111B) 6f10.5220.2<0.111B) 6g11220.2<0.111B) 7a7241.10.411B) 7b7.5200.90.411B) 7c8180.60.211B) 7d8.5180.4<0.111B) 7e9140.4<0.111B) 7f9.5160.2<0.111B) 7g10140.2<0.111B) 7h10.5120.2<0.111B) 7i11120.2<0.111B) 7j11.5120.2<0.111B) 7k12140.2<0.111B) 7l12.5100.2<0.111Taste: 1 = neutral, 2 = intrinsic (plant) taste, 3 = artificial (technical) tasteMouth feel: 1 = soft and creamy, 2 = soft without sensorially perceptible particular matter, 3 = soft with sensorially perceptible particular matter, 4 = mainly sensorially perceptible particular matter TABLE 10ProteinSensorycontentratingswellabilityfoamabilitysolubilityLeucine/Lysine1.21/0211Methionine/2.31/1100HistidineCysteine/Lysine2.51/1100Glutamine/0.80/0222ArginineGlutamicacid/Arginine0.70/0222Sensory rating: Particle hardness: 0 = soft/1 = hard/2 = very hard; taste: 0 = neutral/1 = slight intrinsic (plant) taste/2 = marked intrinsic (plant) taste.Swellability: 0 = not swellable, 1 = modarately swellable within 15 minutes, 2 = intensely swellable within < 15 minutes.Foamability: 0 = defoams within 1 minute, 1 = moderate foamability, remains stable for 5 minutes, 2 = intense foamability, stable for 5 minutes.Solubility: 0 = sedimentation of a large number of solid particles, 1 = sedimentation of a small number of solid particles, 2 = no sedimentation of solid particles.

11856969

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Definitions As used herein, the term “fermented liquid” and grammatical variation thereof means any liquid product produced by metabolism of carbohydrates by microorganisms in anaerobic conditions to produce lactic acid as a byproduct. Fermented liquids, as used herein, include those made by fermentation to produce lactic acid in the presence of ammonia. In some embodiments, the fermented liquid is a fermented ammoniated condensed whey (FACW) as defined in 21 C.F.R. § 573.450. In some embodiments, the fermented liquid is produced by fermenting a dairy product, dairy byproduct and/or a plant based source using a lactic acid producing microorganism in the presence of ammonia (e.g., in the form of NH4(OH)). The microorganisms used to produce the fermented liquid may include, but are not limited to,Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus delbruekiisubsp.bulgaricus, andLactobacillus acidophilus. As used herein, the term “source of calcium” and grammatical variation thereof means any form of calcium in cation or salt form. Sources of calcium may include, but are not limited to, calcium hydroxide, calcium chloride, calcium chloride dihydrate, calcium lactate, calcium carbonate, calcium citrate, calcium glubionate, calcium gluconate, calcium acetate, and calcium sulfate. As used herein, the term “crystal solids” and grammatical variation thereof means any solid that crystallizes or precipitates from solution, including but not limited to a pure crystalline polymorph, an impure crystalline polymorph, or amorphous solid. As used herein, the term “thicken” and grammatical variation thereof means any increase in the viscosity of a fluid. As used herein, the term “solidify” and grammatical variation thereof means a transition from a liquid state to a substantially solid, hard state. The term “solid form” is often used to refer to a class or type of solid-state material. One kind of solid form is a “polymorph” which refers to two or more compounds having the same chemical formula but differing in solid-state structure. Salts may be polymorphic. When polymorphs are elements, they are termed allotropes. Carbon, for example, possesses the well-known allotropes of graphite, diamond, and buckminsterfullerene. Polymorphs of molecular compounds, are often prepared and studied in order to identify compounds meeting scientific or commercial needs including, but not limited to, improved solubility, dissolution rate, hygroscopicity, stability, and processability. Other solid forms include solvates and hydrates of compounds including salts. A solvate is a compound wherein a solvent molecule is present in the crystal structure together with another compound. When the solvent is water, the solvent is termed a hydrate. Solvates and hydrates may be stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric. A monohydrate is the term used when there is one water molecule, stoichiometrically, with respect to, for example, in the unit cell. In order to identify the presence of a particular solid form, one of ordinary skill typically uses a suitable analytical technique to collect data on the form for analysis. For example, chemical identity of solid forms can often be determined with solution-state techniques such as13C-NMR or1H-NMR spectroscopy and such techniques may also be valuable in determining the stoichiometry and presence of “guests” such as water or solvent in a hydrate or solvate, respectively. These spectroscopic techniques may also be used to distinguish, for example, solid forms without water or solvent in the unit cell (often referred to as “anhydrates”), from hydrates or solvates. Solution-state analytical techniques do not provide information about the solid state as a substance and thus, for example, solid-state techniques may be used to distinguish among solid forms such as anhydrates. Examples of solid-state techniques which may be used to analyze and characterize solid forms, including anhydrates and hydrates, include single crystal X-ray diffraction, X-ray powder diffraction (“XRPD”), solid-state13C-NMR, Infrared (“IR”) spectroscopy, including Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and thermal techniques such as Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), melting point, and hot stage microscopy. Polymorphs are a subset of crystalline forms that share the same chemical structure but differ in how the molecules are packed in a solid. When attempting to distinguish polymorphs based on analytical data, one looks for data which characterize the form. For example, when there are two polymorphs of a compound (e.g., Form I and Form II), one can use X-ray powder diffraction peaks to characterize the forms when one finds a peak in a Form I pattern at angles where no such peak is present in the Form II pattern. In such a case, that single peak for Form I distinguishes it from Form II and may further act to characterize Form I. When more forms are present, then the same analysis is also done for the other polymorphs. Thus, to characterize Form I against the other polymorphs, one would look for peaks in Form I at angles where such peaks are not present in the X-ray powder diffraction patterns of the other polymorphs. The collection of peaks, or indeed a single peak, which distinguishes Form I from the other known polymorphs is a collection of peaks which may be used to characterize Form I. If, for example, two peaks characterize a polymorph then those two peaks can be used to identify the presence of that polymorph and hence characterize the polymorph. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that there are often multiple ways, including multiple ways using the same analytical technique, to characterize polymorphic polymorphs. For example, one may find that three X-ray powder diffraction peaks characterize a polymorph. Additional peaks could also be used, but are not necessary, to characterize the polymorph up to and including an entire diffraction pattern. Although all the peaks within an entire diffractogram may be used to characterize a crystalline form, one may instead, use a subset of that data to characterize such a crystalline form depending on the circumstances. For example, as used herein, “characteristic peaks” are a subset of observed peaks and are used to differentiate one crystalline polymorph from another crystalline polymorph. Characteristic peaks are determined by evaluating which observed peaks, if any, are present in one crystalline polymorph of a compound against all other known crystalline polymorphs of that compound to within +/−0.2° 2θ. When analyzing data to distinguish an anhydrate from a hydrate, for example, one can rely on the fact that the two solid forms have different chemical structures—one having water in the unit cell and the other not. Thus, this feature alone may be used to distinguish the forms of the compound and it may not be necessary to identify peaks in the anhydrate, for example, which are not present in the hydrate or vice versa. X-ray powder diffraction pattern is one of the most common solid-state analytical techniques used to characterize solid forms. An X-ray powder diffraction pattern is an x-y graph with the diffraction angle, 2θ (°), on the x-axis and intensity on the y-axis. The peaks within this plot may be used to characterize a crystalline solid form. The data is often represented by the position of the peaks on the x-axis rather than the intensity of peaks on the y-axis because peak intensity can be particularly sensitive to sample orientation. Thus, intensity is not typically used by those skilled in the art to characterize solid forms. As with any data measurement, there is variability in X-ray powder diffraction data. In addition to the variability in peak intensity, there is also variability in the position of peaks on the x-axis. This variability can, however, typically be accounted for when reporting the positions of peaks for purposes of characterization. Such variability in the position of peaks along the x-axis derives from several sources. One comes from sample preparation. Samples of the same crystalline material, prepared under different conditions may yield slightly different diffractograms. Factors such as particle size, moisture content, solvent content, and orientation may all affect how a sample diffracts X-rays. Another source of variability comes from instrument parameters. Different X-ray instruments operate using different parameters and these may lead to slightly different diffraction patterns from the same crystalline solid form. Likewise, different software packages process X-ray data differently and this also leads to variability. These and other sources of variability are known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Due to such sources of variability, it is common to recite X-ray diffraction peaks using the word “about” prior to the peak value in degrees (2θ (sometimes expressed herein as “20-reflections (°)”), which presents the data to within 0.1 or 0.2° (2θ) of the stated peak value depending on the circumstances. The X-ray powder diffraction data corresponding to the solid forms of the present invention were collected on instruments which were routinely calibrated and operated by skilled scientists. In the present disclosure, XRPD values are preferably obtained using Cu Kα X-ray radiation according to the method described in Example 7. Accordingly, the variability associated with these data would be expected to be closer to +/−0.10 (2θ) than to +/−0.2° (2θ) and indeed likely less than 0.1 with the instruments used herein. However, to take into account that instruments used elsewhere by those of ordinary skill in the art may not be so maintained, for example, all X-ray powder diffraction peaks cited herein have been reported with a variability on the order of +/−0.2° (2θ) and are intended to be reported with such a variability whenever disclosed herein and are reported in the specification to one significant figure after the decimal even though analytical output may suggest higher precision on its face. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction provides three-dimensional structural information about the positions of atoms and bonds in a crystal. It is not always possible or feasible, however, to obtain such a structure from a crystal, due to, for example, insufficient crystal size or difficulty in preparing crystals of sufficient quality for single-crystal X-ray diffraction. X-ray powder diffraction data may also be used, in some circumstances, to determine the crystallographic unit cell of the crystalline structure. The method by which this is done is called “indexing.” Indexing is the process of determining the size and shape of the crystallographic unit cell consistent with the peak positions in a suitable X-ray powder diffraction pattern. Indexing provides solutions for the three unit cell lengths (a, b, c), three unit cell angles (α, β, γ), and three Miller index labels (h, k, l) for each peak. The lengths are typically reported in Angstrom units and the angles in degree units. The Miller index labels are unitless integers. Successful indexing indicates that the sample is composed of one crystalline phase and is therefore not a mixture of crystalline phases. IR spectroscopy, particularly FT-IR, is another technique that may be used to characterize solid forms together with or separately from X-ray powder diffraction. In an IR spectrum, absorbed light is plotted on the x-axis of a graph in the units of “wavenumber” (cm−1), with intensity on the y-axis. Variation in the position of IR peaks also exists and may be due to sample conditions as well as data collection and processing. The typical variability in IR spectra reported herein is on the order of plus or minus 2.0 cm−1. Thus, the use of the word “about” when referencing IR peaks is meant to include this variability and all IR peaks disclosed herein are intended to be reported with such variability. According to some aspects, the present disclosure provides a method of making a fermented product comprising the steps of: (i) providing a fermented liquid that has a pH of 5.5 to 6.7 (e.g., after being infused with NH4(OH)) and has a temperature greater than 150° F.; (ii) adding to the fermented liquid of step (i) a first source of calcium; and (iii) cooling the fermented liquid having the first source of calcium from step (ii) to about 110-115° F. or less to form crystal solids, wherein the first source of calcium is effective to increase the amount of crystal solid formation by greater than 50%, for example, by 200-300%, during cooling. In some embodiments, the method further comprises the steps of: (iv) separating the fermented liquid from the crystal solids of step (iii); and (v) adding to the separated fermented liquid a second source of calcium that is effective to thicken and solidify the separated fermented liquid. In some embodiments, the method further comprises the steps of: (iv) adding to the cooled fermented liquid having crystal solid of step (iii) a second source of calcium that is effective to thicken and solidify the fermented liquid having crystal solid. In some embodiments, the fermented liquid is fermented ammoniated condensed whey (FACW). In some embodiments, the first source of calcium is CaOH. In some embodiments, the second source of calcium is calcium chloride dihydrate. In some embodiments, the calcium chloride dihydrate is added with continuous mixing to achieve a final calcium concentration of about 5%. In some embodiments, the first source of calcium is a powder of CaOH or slurry of CaOH in water added to a final calcium concentration of about 0.9-4% (w/w). In some embodiments, the fermented liquid solidifies after about 1 to 30 minutes. In some embodiments with inclusion of heat while mixing, the fermented liquid solidifies into a friable form in about 24 hrs. In some embodiments, the fermented liquid of step (i) is obtained by fermentation of a dairy product, dairy byproduct, and/or a plant based source. In some embodiments, the dairy product is selected from the group consisting of skim milk, whole milk or other dairy products containing lactose. In some embodiments, the dairy byproduct is selected from the group consisting of whey, permeate, or buttermilk. In some embodiments, the plant based source is selected from the group consisting of sugarcane, corn, grain, or sugar beets. In some embodiments, the method further comprises the step of pouring the fermented liquid of (v) into forms, on a sheet, on a conveyor, into a thin layer on a belt, or dispersing into droplets at ambient or chilled temperature for solidification. According to some aspects, the present disclosure provides a method of making a solidified fermented product comprising the steps of: (i) providing a fermented liquid that has a pH 5.5 to 6.7 (e.g., after being infused with NH4(OH)) and a has temperature greater than 150° F.; (ii) cooling the fermented liquid from step (i) to about 110-120° F. or less to form crystal solids and optionally separating the fermented liquid from the crystal solids; and (iii) adding to the fermented liquid of step (ii) a source of calcium that is effective to thicken and solidify the separated fermented liquid. In some embodiments, the fermented liquid is fermented ammoniated condensed whey (FACW). In some embodiments, the source of calcium is calcium chloride dihydrate. In some embodiments, the calcium chloride dihydrate is added with continuous mixing to achieve a final calcium concentration of about 5%. In some embodiments, the fermented liquid solidifies after about 1-30 minutes. In embodiments with heating while mixing, the fermented liquid solidifies into a friable product within about 24 hours. In some embodiments, the fermented liquid of step (i) is obtained by fermentation of a dairy product, dairy byproduct, and/or a plant based source. In some embodiments, the dairy byproduct is selected from the group consisting of whey, permeate, or buttermilk. In some embodiments, the plant based source is selected from the group consisting of sugarcane, corn, grain, or sugar beets. In some embodiments, the method further comprises the step of pouring the fermented liquid of step (iii) into forms, on a sheet, on a conveyor, into a thin layer on a belt, or dispersing into droplets at ambient or chilled temperature for solidification. According to some aspects, the present disclosure provides a solid animal feed produced by any of the methods disclosed herein, and which feed is effective to mitigate negative energy balance in an animal. In some embodiments, the animal is a ruminant animal. In some embodiments, the animal is selected from the group consisting of cows, sheep, goats, and pigs. In some embodiments, a solid animal feed prepared by the process of any preceding claim is effective for supplying energy, reducing subclinical ketosis (SCK), and providing protein to an animal. Fermented Liquid According to some aspects, the present disclosure provides a method of making a solid fermented product comprising the first steps of providing a fermented liquid. In some embodiments, the fermented liquid is obtained by fermentation of a dairy product, dairy byproduct, and/or a plant based source. In some embodiments, the milk product is selected from skim milk and whole milk. In some embodiments, the dairy byproduct is selected from the group consisting of whey, whey permeate, or buttermilk. In some embodiments, the plant based source is selected from the group consisting of sugarcane, corn, grain, or sugar beets. In some embodiments, the fermented liquid is fermented ammoniated condensed whey (FACW). In some embodiments, whey permeate, concentrated permeate, and/or ultrafiltration permeate (pasteurized or not pasteurized) is fermented with Lactic acid bacteria for 20 to 30 hours at 100-130° F. with injection of NH4(OH) to maintain pH at 5.5 to 5.6 during fermentation. Agents that can be used to adjust and/or maintain a desired pH include, but are not limited to NH4(OH), Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Potassium hydroxide (KOH), Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3), Calcium Hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) and Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3). In some embodiments, the fermented liquid is condensed by mechanical vapor recompression (MVR). After being condensed, in some embodiments, the fermented liquid has a solids content of about 50%-65% and/or a crude protein content in the range of 30% to 55%. In some embodiments, the MVR condensed fermented liquid has a temperature of greater than 150° F. In some embodiments, the fermented liquid is sent to a chiller plate heat exchanger (PHE) to cool the fermented liquid prior to transfer to a crystallizer tank. In some embodiments, the provided fermented liquid (e.g., FACW) can be infused with an agent to adjust pH (if necessary) such as NH4(OH), NaOH, KOH, NaHCO3, Ca(OH)2, and CaCO3, to achieve the target pH range of 5.5-6.7. Crystallization In some embodiments, the fermented liquid (e.g., FACW) is transferred to a crystallization tank to precipitate crystal solids from the liquid. In some embodiments, crystal solids are formed by cooling the hot fermented liquid to about 110-120° F. or less, which is sufficient to cause solid formation. In some embodiments, the fermented liquid is agitated in the crystallizer tank. In some embodiments, the fermented liquid is allowed to cool in the crystallizer tank until the temperature reaches less than 150° F., less than 140° F., less than 130° F., less than 120° F., less than 115° F., or less than 110° F. In some embodiments, the fermented liquid is allowed to cool in the crystallizer tank until the temperature reaches about 90-150° F. In some embodiments, a source of calcium is added to the fermented liquid (e.g., FACW) to increase crystal solid formation in the crystallizer tank during cooling of the fermented liquid. In some embodiments, the source of calcium is calcium hydroxide (referred to herein as CaOH or Ca(OH)2). In some embodiments, CaOH is added to the fermented liquid to achieve a final calcium concentration (w/w) of about 0.5-8%. In some embodiments, the source of calcium (e.g., CaOH) is added as a powder of CaOH or slurry in water and is thoroughly mixed during addition. In some embodiments, the addition of the source of calcium (e.g., CaOH) is effective to increase the amount of crystal solid formation by at least 50%, at least 100%, at least 150%, or at least 200% relative the crystal solid formation without the addition of the source of calcium during cooling of the fermented liquid. Optional Separation of Crystal Solids In some embodiments, after crystal solids are formed during cooling of the fermented liquid, the crystal solids are separated from the fermented liquid. Such crystal solids are suitable for animal feed. In some embodiments, the crystal solids are removed from the fermented liquid by decanting. In some embodiments, the decanting is achieved with a decanter centrifuge. In some embodiments, the crystal solids are separated from the fermented liquid after it has cooled to less than 150° F., less than 140° F., less than 130° F., less than 115° F., or less than 110° F. In some embodiments, the crystal solids are separated from the fermented liquid after it has cooled to about 90-150° F. Hardening Processes In some embodiments, the fermented liquid (with or without crystal solids present) is hardened by the addition of a source of calcium. In some embodiments, the source of calcium is calcium chloride dihydrate. In some embodiments, the calcium chloride dihydrate is added to the fermented liquid to achieve a final concentration of about 0.5%-8% (w/w) calcium. In some embodiments, the source of calcium is added to the fermented liquid with continuous mixing. In some embodiments, the addition of calcium chloride dihydrate will cause the fermented liquid to thicken and solidify in about 1-30 minutes. In some embodiments, after the calcium chloride dihydrate causes the fermented liquid to thicken, the fermented liquid is poured into forms, poured in a thin layer on a belt, or poured/dispersed in droplets to solidify. In some embodiments, a high final concentration of calcium (for example, up to 8%, up to 6%, up to 5%, up to 4%, up to 3%, or up to 2%) is added to the fermented liquid and is effective to increase the rate of thickening and solidification. In some embodiments, the fermented liquid with calcium chloride dihydrate is exposed to temperature below 75° F. to increase the rate of thickening and/or solidification of the fermented liquid. In some embodiments, the hardness of a fermented product may be quantified by hardness scale. To quantify degree of hardness (i.e., ability to resist compression and/or deformation) the solidified fermented product is tested by manual (i.e., by hand) indentation and ranked on a 0 to 4 scale. Hardness ScaleDescription0Watery1Soft-rubbery2Rubbery3Hard-rubbery4Hard In some embodiments, the solidified fermented liquid at ambient temperature (74° F.) achieves a hardness score of 1.5 after 10 minutes or less, 2.0 after 20 minutes or less, 2.5 after 30 minutes or less, 3.0 after 40 minutes or less, 3.5 after 50 minutes or less, or 4.0 after 60 minutes or less. In some embodiments, the rate of hardening may be increased by increasing the pH of the fermented liquid with a pH adjusting agent, for example, NH4(OH). In some embodiments the rate of hardening is increased by increasing the pH of the fermented liquid to at least 5.82, at least 6.0, at least 6.1, at least 6.2, at least 6.3, or at least 6.32, or at least 6.7. In some embodiments, solidified product comprises a crystalline solid form of fermented dairy product comprising calcium lactate, wherein the crystalline form has an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern comprising characteristic peaks at about 7.3, 9, 10, 15.1, 21.3, 22, 23, 27.4, 28, and/or 32.9° (2θ). In some embodiments, solidified product comprises a crystalline solid form of fermented dairy product comprising calcium lactate, wherein the crystalline form has an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern comprising characteristic peaks at about 7.3, 9, 10, 10.6, 11, 15.1, 15.9, 18.1, 18.8, 19.6, 20.3, 21.3, 22, 22.5, 23, 24.9, 25.4, 27.4, 28, and/or 32.9° (2θ). See, e.g.,FIGS.7and9. In some embodiments, the solidified product comprises a crystalline solid form of fermented dairy product comprising calcium lactate having an IR spectra according toFIG.14orFIG.16. Optional Heating Process In some embodiments, the fermented liquid is heated during or after addition of a source of calcium to produce a friable product (having the consistency of a “brownie”). In some embodiments, the fermented liquid (with or without crystal solids present) is solidified by the addition of a source of calcium. In some embodiments, the source of calcium is calcium chloride dihydrate. In some embodiments, the calcium chloride dihydrate is added to the fermented liquid to achieve a final concentration of about 2%-5% (w/w) calcium. In some embodiments, the source of calcium is added to the fermented liquid with continuous mixing. In some embodiments, supplemental heating (e.g., to 140-165° F.) is applied during mixing (e.g., for about 45-90 minutes) and then cooled/solidified (e.g., for about 24 hours) to form friable product. In some embodiments, supplemental heating of at least 80, 90, 100, 120, 130, 140, 150, or 160° F. is applied. In some embodiments, after the calcium chloride dihydrate causes the fermented liquid to thicken, the fermented liquid is poured into forms, poured in a thin layer on a belt, or poured/dispersed in droplets to solidify. In some embodiments, a high final concentration of calcium (for example, up to 8%, up to 6%, up to 5%, up to 4%, up to 3%, or up to 2%) is added to the fermented liquid and is effective to increase the rate of thickening and solidification. In some embodiments, the fermented liquid with calcium chloride dihydrate is exposed to temperature below 75° F. to increase the rate of thickening and/or solidification of the fermented liquid. In some embodiments, the mixing during heating is at a rate of 0-200 rpm, 5-100 rpm, 10-50 rpm, or 20-40 rpm. In some embodiments, the mixing during heating is at a rate of about 30 rpm. In some embodiments, the mixing during heating is at a circulation rate of 0-120 gpm, 5-100 gpm, 10-50 gpm, or 20-40 gpm. In some embodiment, the mixing during heating is at a circulation rate of about 30 gpm. In some embodiment, the duration of the heating is about 20-200 mins, 30-100 mins, 45-90 mins, or 60-80 mins. In some embodiment, the duration of the heating is about 75 mins. In some embodiments, the friable solidified product comprises a crystalline solid form of calcium lactate having an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern comprising characteristic peaks at about 7.3, 9, 11, 15.1, 22, 23, 27.4, 28, and 32.9° (2θ). In some embodiments, the friable solidified product comprises a crystalline solid form of calcium lactate having an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern comprising characteristic peaks at about 7.3, 9, 11, 15.1, 18.8, 19.6, 20.3, 22, 22.5, 23, 27.4, 28, 32.9, 35.1, and 370 (2θ). See, e.g.,FIGS.6and8. In some embodiments, the friable solidified product comprises a crystalline solid form of calcium lactate having an IR spectra according toFIG.13or15. In some embodiments, the friability of the solid form of the fermented product is increased by heat treatment such that the peak load strength is decreased by at least 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, or 99% relative to non-heat treated solid form. In some embodiments, the peak load strength of the heat treated solid form is less than 1000, 500, 200, 100, 50, or 20 lbf. In some embodiments, the friability of the solid form of the fermented product is increased by heat treatment such that the compressive strength is decreased by at least 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, or 99% relative to non-heat treated solid form. In some embodiments, the compressive strength of the heat treated solid form is less than 300, 200, 100, 50, 35, 10, or 5 psi. Methods of Treatment According to some aspects, the present disclosure provides a method of treating sub-clinical ketosis or ketosis in a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the subject may be a mammal. In some embodiments, the mammal is a livestock animal, such as a cow. As used herein, the terms “treat,” “treating,” “treatment” and grammatical variations thereof mean applying to a subject to a protocol, regimen, process or remedy, in which it is desired to obtain a physiologic response or outcome in that subject, e.g., a livestock animal. In particular, the methods and compositions of the present invention may be used to slow the development of disease symptoms or delay the onset of the disease or condition, or halt the progression of disease development. However, because every treated subject may not respond to a particular treatment protocol, regimen, process or remedy, treating does not require that the desired physiologic response or outcome be achieved in each and every subject or subject population. Accordingly, a given subject or subject population, e.g., livestock animal population may fail to respond or respond inadequately to treatment. As used herein, an “effective amount” or a “therapeutically effective amount” of one or more of the solid forms of the present disclosure, including the pharmaceutical compositions containing same, is an amount of such solid form or composition that is sufficient to effect beneficial or desired results. Effective dosage forms, modes of administration, and dosage amounts may be determined empirically, and making such determinations is within the skill of the art. It is understood by those skilled in the art that the dosage amount will vary with the route of administration, the rate of excretion, the duration of the treatment, the age, size, and species of subject, and like factors well known in the arts of medicine and veterinary medicine. In general, a suitable dose of one or more of the solid forms of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition according to the invention will be that amount of the solid form or pharmaceutical composition, which is the lowest dose effective to produce the desired effect. The effective dose of a solid form or pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may be administered as two, three, four, five, six or more sub-doses, administered separately at appropriate intervals throughout the day. In some embodiments, a dosage of a solid form (by dry weight) of the present disclosure is between 50 mg/kg per day to 5,000 mg/kg per day, between 100 mg/kg per day to 1,000 mg/kg per day, or between 300 mg/kg per day to 700 mg/kg per day. A suitable, non-limiting example of a dosage of a solid form of the present disclosure is about 580 mg/kg per day. The compositions of the present disclosure may, optionally, contain additional ingredients and/or materials commonly used in pharmaceutical compositions. These ingredients and materials are well known in the art and include (1) fillers or extenders, such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid; (2) binders, such as carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, sucrose and acacia; (3) humectants, such as glycerol; (4) disintegrating agents, such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, sodium starch glycolate, cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and sodium carbonate; (5) solution retarding agents, such as paraffin; (6) absorption accelerators, such as quaternary ammonium compounds; (7) wetting agents, such as cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate; (8) absorbents, such as kaolin and bentonite clay; (9) lubricants, such as talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, and sodium lauryl sulfate; (10) suspending agents, such as ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth; (11) buffering agents; (12) excipients, such as lactose, milk sugars, polyethylene glycols, animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, cocoa butter, starches, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycol, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc, salicylate, zinc oxide, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicates, and polyamide powder; (13) inert diluents, such as water or other solvents; (14) preservatives; (15) surface-active agents; (16) dispersing agents; (17) control-release or absorption-delaying agents, such as hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, other polymer matrices, biodegradable polymers, liposomes, microspheres, aluminum monostearate, gelatin, and waxes; (18) opacifying agents; (19) adjuvants; (2θ) wetting agents; (21) emulsifying and suspending agents; (22), solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan; (23) propellants, such as chlorofluorohydrocarbons and volatile unsubstituted hydrocarbons, such as butane and propane; (24) antioxidants; (25) agents which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient, such as sugars and sodium chloride; (26) thickening agents; (27) coating materials, such as lecithin; and (28) sweetening, flavoring, coloring, perfuming and preservative agents. Each such ingredient or material must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not injurious to the subject. Ingredients and materials suitable for a selected dosage form and intended route of administration are well known in the art, and acceptable ingredients and materials for a chosen dosage form and method of administration may be determined using ordinary skill in the art. The compositions of the present disclosure may also, optionally, contain pro- or pre-biotics, such as Lactic-acid bacteria strains such asLactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Saccharomyces, Enterococcus, Streptococcus bovis, Megasphaella elsdeniiorPropionibacterium, carbohydrate substrates, such as oligosaccharides (Oligosaccharides such as Mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) or fructooligosaccharides (FOS), Galactosyl-lactose (GL)) or dietary fiber, and/or minerals, such as chromium, cobalt, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, zinc salt. The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The following examples are provided to further illustrate the methods of the present invention. These examples are illustrative only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way. Example 1 Fermentation/Concentration In some embodiments, whey permeate, concentrated permeate, and/or ultrafiltration permeate is pasteurized and then fermented with Lactic acid bacteria for 20 to 30 hours at 10-130° F. with injection of NH4(OH) to maintain pH at 5.5 to 5.6 during fermentation. The resulting fermented liquid is concentrated by mechanical vapor recompression (MVR) to achieve a solids content of about 58%-64%. The concentrated fermented liquid is then sent to a pH balance tank where it is injected with NH4(OH) to achieve a pH of about 6.5 to 6.7. Crystallization The concentrated fermented liquid is then sent to a plate heat exchanger (PHE) to bring the temperature of the liquid to about 130° F. The concentrated fermented liquid is then sent to a crystallization tank where the concentrated fermented liquid is agitated and allowed to cool to about 110° F. to 115° F., during which crystal formation occurs. In some embodiments, once the temperature of the concentrated fermented liquid reaches about 90° F. to 115° F. the concentrated fermented liquid is sent to a decanter centrifuge to separate the solid crystals from the liquid. Across 12 fermentation batches from production, the average yield of solid crystals was 1,744 lb. Across multiple processing trials the following crystal yields were achieved: Ratio (finishedFinishedFinishedFinishedcrystal/finishedStartingLiquidLiquidCrystalcrystal +AmountAmountAmountAmountfinishedTrial(gallons)(gallons)(pounds)(pounds)liquid)Standardn.a.47814828824454.8%fermentation,no seedingStandardn.a.57405797421403.6%fermentation,no seedingStandardn.a.47384785424484.9%fermentation,no seedingStandardn.a.36533689522185.7%fermentation,no seedingStandardn.a.66746740734704.9%fermentation,no seedingStandardn.a.27162743211314.0%fermentation,no seeding Example 2 Fermentation/Concentration In some embodiments, whey permeate, concentrated permeate, and/or ultrafiltration permeate is pasteurized and then fermented with Lactic acid bacteria for 20 to 30 hours at 100-120° F. with injection of NH4(OH) to maintain pH at 5.5 to 5.6. The resulting fermented liquid is concentrated by mechanical vapor recompression (MVR) to achieve a solids content of about 61%-64%. Crystallization The concentrated fermented liquid is then sent directly to a crystallizer tank with continuous agitation. In this example, the liquid is not sent to pH balance tank or chiller plate heat exchanger. To achieve higher crystal yield, a 3000 (w/w) CaOH slurry is added to the concentrated fermented liquid in the crystallization tank to achieve a calcium concentration of 0.9-2.0% (w/w) in the combined mixture. The CaOH slurry is added to the concentrated fermented liquid in the crystallizer tank slowly to allow thorough mixing. The mixture is then allowed to stand in the crystallization tank for 6 to 18 hours, during which time the temperature is allowed to cool to about 90 to 115° F. and crystals are formed. Once the temperature of the concentrated fermented liquid reaches about 90 to 115° F. the concentrated fermented liquid is sent to a decanter to separate the solid crystals from the liquid. Across multiple processing trials the following crystal yields were achieved with a calcium concentration of 3.33% (non-seeded data from Example 1 is included for comparison): Ratio (finishedFinishedFinishedFinishedcrystal/finishedStartingLiquidLiquidCrystalcrystal +AmountAmountAmountAmountfinishedTrial(gallons)(gallons)(pounds)(pounds)liquid)Seeded3000202620463755527.0%w/1,000 lbsCalciumhydroxideSeeded3000225022725952629.5%w/1,000 lbsCalciumhydroxideSeeded30003293332591061324.2%w/1,000 lbsCalciumhydroxideSeeded3000202120412506619.9%w/1,000 lbsCalciumhydroxideSeeded30002805283311323731.8%w/1,000 lbsCalciumhydroxideSeeded2000198320028532521.0%w/1,000 lbsCalciumhydroxideStandardn.a.47814828824454.8%fermentation,no seedingStandardn.a.57405797421403.6%fermentation,no seedingStandardn.a.47384785424484.9%fermentation,no seedingStandardn.a.36533689522185.7%fermentation,no seedingStandardn.a.66746740734704.9%fermentation,no seedingStandardn.a.27162743211314.0%fermentation,no seeding Example 3 Hardening of Fermented Liquid Whey permeate that had been previously fermented and concentrated to form FACW was used to evaluate the impact on hardening time of adjusting pH with NH4(OH) and NaOH. The original pH of the FACW was 5.57 and 60% solids. Two pH levels were evaluated, pH 5.82 and 6.32, and they were set by using either NH4(OH) and NaOH to increase the pH of the FACW (4 treatments). For each of the four FACW treatments, 320 g was placed in a mixing bowl and mixing was initiated. Then 80 g of calcium chloride was slowly added over a total mixing time of 20 minutes. Subsequently, the mixture was poured into foil-lined trays and held at ambient temperature (74° F.). The mixtures were evaluated every 10 minutes for hardness. FACW which had pH adjusted to 5.82 and 6.32 reached a hard state by 90 and 60 minutes, respectively. In contrast, FACW that had pH adjusted with NaOH did not reach hardness. Results are presented inFIG.1. Example 4 Whey permeate that had been previously fermented and concentrated to form FACW was used to evaluate the impact of temperature on hardening time. The FACW solids was 60%. The effect of temperature was evaluated by holding samples at either ambient temperature (i.e. 74° F.) or at a cooled temperature (i.e. 38° F.) during the period where samples were left to harden. Firstly, 320 g was placed in a mixing bowl and mixing was initiated. Then 80 g of calcium chloride was slowly added over a total mixing time of 20 minutes. Subsequently, the mixture was poured into foil-lined trays and held at either at ambient or cooled temperature. The mixtures were evaluated every 10 minutes for hardness. FACW that was held at the cooled temperature reached a hard state at 40 minutes. In contrast, FACW held at the ambient temperature reached a hard state at 70 minutes. Results are presented inFIG.2. Example 5 Whey permeate that had been previously fermented and concentrated to form FACW was used to evaluate the impact on hardening time when adjusting to different pH with NH4(OH). The original pH of the FACW was 5.57 and solids of 60%. Two additional pH levels 5.82 and 6.32 were set by using NH4(OH) and evaluated. For each of the three pH levels, 320 g of FACW was placed in a mixing bowl and mixing was initiated. Then 80 g of calcium chloride was slowly added over a total mixing time of 20 minutes. Subsequently, the mixture was poured into foil-lined trays and held at cooled temperature (38° F.). The mixtures were evaluated every 10 minutes for hardness. FACW which had pH adjusted to 5.57, 5.82 and 6.32 reached a hard state by 60, 40 and 20 minutes, respectively. Results are presented inFIG.3. Example 6—Sample Production for XRPD/IR Samples 2 and 3: Crystals (Dry) and Crystals (Wet) A mixture of whey permeate, concentrated permeate, and/or ultrafiltration permeate having a solids content of about 13.5% (range 8-20)% (not pasteurized) is fermented with Lactic acid bacteria for 20 to 30 hours at 110-120° F. with injection of NH4(OH) to maintain pH of 5.3-5.7. The resulting fermented liquid is concentrated by mechanical vapor recompression (MVR) to achieve a solids content of about 55-56%. The concentrated fermented liquid is then sent directly to a crystallizer tank with continuous agitation and allowed to stand in the crystallization tank for 12 to 18 hours, during which time the temperature is allowed to cool to less than 120° F. and crystals are formed and separated from the liquid. “Dry” crystals have the appearance of brown sugar and “wet” crystals have the appearance of peanut butter This product was used as Sample 2 (dry) and Sample (3) and is used in the product known by the tradename “GLUCOBOOST®” (Fermented Nutrition). The combination of product temperature, rate of cooling and/or agitation that impacts heat dissipation, solid content, and quality of separation in the decanting process result in dry or wet crystals. Sample 5: Post-Decanter FACW (Heat) A mixture of whey permeate, concentrated permeate, and/or ultrafiltration permeate having a solids content of about 13.5% (range 8-20)% (not pasteurized) is fermented with Lactic acid bacteria for 20 to 30 hours at 110-120° F. with injection of NH4(OH) to maintain pH of 5.3-5.7. The resulting fermented liquid is concentrated by mechanical vapor recompression (MVR) to achieve a solids content of about 55-56%. The concentrated fermented liquid is then sent directly to a crystallizer tank with continuous agitation and then allowed to stand in the crystallization tank for 12 to 18 hours, during which time the temperature is allowed to cool to less than 110-120° F. and crystals are formed. The concentrated fermented liquid is sent to a decanter to separate the solid crystals from the liquid. The post-decanted concentrated fermented liquid then has added to it a solution of 20% calcium chloride dihydrate to achieve a final calcium concentration of about 6.6% (w/w) while continuously mixing in a jacketed mixing vessel that is heated above 80° F. The post-decanted concentrated fermented liquid jacketed vessel is then heated to maintain a temperature of 150° F. and mixed for about 75 minutes at a mixing speed of 30 rpm and 30 gpm recirculation. The post-decanted concentrated fermented liquid is then poured into a form in a thin layer for final curing. After approximately 24 hours at ambient temperature. The product cures and hardens with a characteristic “brownie” consistency that can be broken up with a low-speed breaker to form a granular material. This final product was used for Sample 5. Sample 6: Post-Decanter FACW (No Heat) A mixture of whey permeate, concentrated permeate, and/or ultrafiltration permeate having a solids content of about 13.5% (range 8-20)% (not pasteurized) is fermented with Lactic acid bacteria for 20 to 30 hours at 110-120° F. with injection of NH4(OH) to maintain pH of 5.3-5.7. The resulting fermented liquid is concentrated by mechanical vapor recompression (MVR) to achieve a solids content of about 55-56%. The concentrated fermented liquid is sent directly to a crystallizer tank with continuous agitation and then allowed to stand in the crystallization tank for 12 to 18 hours, during which time the temperature is allowed to cool to less than 110-120° F. and crystals are formed. The concentrated fermented liquid is then sent to a decanter to separate the solid crystals from the liquid. The post-decanted concentrated fermented liquid then has added to it a solution of 20% calcium chloride dihydrate to achieve a final calcium concentration of about 5.03% (w/w) while continuously mixing. After approximately 5-30 minutes the post-decanted concentrated fermented liquid turns to a thick slurry and is poured into a form in a thin layer. This final product was used for Sample 6. Sample 7: Post-MVR FACW (Heat) A mixture of whey permeate, concentrated permeate, and/or ultrafiltration permeate having a solids content of about 13.5% (range 8-20)% (not pasteurized) is fermented with Lactic acid bacteria for 20 to 30 hours at 110-120° F. with injection of NH4(OH) to maintain pH of 5.3-5.7. The resulting fermented liquid is concentrated by mechanical vapor recompression (MVR) to achieve a solids content of about 55-56%. The concentrated fermented liquid is then sent directly to a crystallizer tank with continuous agitation and then allowed to stand in the crystallization tank for 12 to 18 hours, during which time the temperature is allowed to cool to less than 110-120° F. and crystals are formed. The concentrated fermented liquid (with crystal solids) has added to it a solution of 20% calcium chloride dihydrate to achieve a final calcium concentration of about 6.69% (w/w) while continuously mixing in a jacketed mixing vessel that is heated above 80° F. The concentrated fermented liquid jacketed vessel is then heated to maintain a temperature of 150° F. and mixed for 75 minutes at mixing speed of 30 rpm and 30 gpm recirculation. The post-decanted concentrated fermented liquid is then poured into a form in a thin layer for final curing. After approximately 24 hours at ambient temperature. The product cures and hardens with a characteristic “brownie” consistency that can be broken up with a low-speed breaker to form a granular material. This final product was used for Sample 7. Sample 8: Post-MVR FACW (No Heat) A mixture of whey permeate, concentrated permeate, and/or ultrafiltration permeate having a solids content of about 13.5% (range 8-20)% (not pasteurized) is fermented with Lactic acid bacteria for 20 to 30 hours at 110-120° F. with injection of NH4(OH) to maintain pH of 5.3-5.7. The resulting fermented liquid is concentrated by mechanical vapor recompression (MVR) to achieve a solids content of about 55-56%. The concentrated fermented liquid is then sent directly to a crystallizer tank with continuous agitation and then allowed to stand in the crystallization tank for 12 to 18 hours, during which time the temperature is allowed to cool to less than 110-120° F. and crystals are formed. The concentrated fermented liquid (with crystal solids) then has added to it a solution of 20% calcium chloride dihydrate to achieve a final calcium concentration of about 5.03% (w/w) while continuously mixing. After approximately 5-30 minutes the post-decanted concentrated fermented liquid turns to a thick slurry and is poured into a form in a thin layer. This final product was used for Sample 8. Sample 11: Crystals (with Ca(OH)2) A mixture of whey permeate, concentrated permeate, and/or ultrafiltration permeate having a solids content of about 13.5% (range 8-20)% (not pasteurized) is fermented with Lactic acid bacteria for 20 to 30 hours at 110-120° F. with injection of NH4(OH) to maintain pH of 5.3-5.7. The resulting fermented liquid is concentrated by mechanical vapor recompression (MVR) to achieve a solids content of about 55-56%. The concentrated fermented liquid is then sent directly to a crystallizer tank with continuous agitation. Ca(OH)2slurry is added to the concentrated fermented liquid in the crystallization tank to achieve a calcium concentration of 6.06% (w/w) in the combined mixture (i.e, (40 g per mol Ca/74.1 g per mol Ca(OH)2)=53.98×1000 lb=539.8 lb Ca). The CaH slurry is added to the concentrated fermented liquid in the crystallizer tank slowly with agitation to allow thorough mixing. The mixture is then allowed to stand in the crystallization tank for 12 to 18 hours, during which time the temperature is allowed to cool to less than 120° F. and crystals are formed. The resulting crystals were used for Sample 11. Example 7—XRPD/IR Analysis The following samples were subjected to XRPD and JR analysis: Sample NumberSample Description2Crystals (dry)3Crystals (wet)5Post Decanter FACW (heat)6Post Decanter FACW (no heat)7Post MVR FACW (heat)8Post MVR FACW (no heat)11Crystals (with Ca(OH)2) XRPD Methods The Rigaku Smart-Lab diffraction system used was configured for Bragg-Brentano reflection geometry using a line source X-ray beam. The Bragg-Brentano geometry was controlled by passive divergence and receiving slits with the sample itself acting as the focusing component for the optics. Data acquisition parameters are as follows: ParameterValueGeometryReflectionTube AnodeCu KaTube TypeLong Fine FocusTube Voltage (kV)40Tube Current (mA)44DetectorD/teX Ultra position-sensitive detector (PSD)MonochromatizationKB FilterIncident Slit (°)1/3Receiving Slit 1 (mm)18Receiving Slit 2 (mm)openStart Angle (°2θ)2End Angle (°2θ)40Step Size (°2θ)0.02Scan Speed (°2θ/min)6Spinning (rpm)11Sample HolderLow-background Si IR Spectroscopy Methods IR spectra were acquired using a Thermo Scientific model iS50 Fourier-transform (FT) IR spectrophotometer equipped with a deuterated triglycine sulfate (DTGS) detector, a potassium bromide (KBr) beamsplitter, and a Polaris™ long-life IR source. A diamond attenuated total reflectance (ATR) sampling accessory with a spectral range of 4000 cm−1to 400 cm−1was used. Each spectrum was the result of 128 co-added scans acquired at 2 cm−1resolution. A single beam background scan of air was acquired before the sample scan, allowing presentation of the spectra in log 1/R units. Wavelength calibration was performed using polystyrene. OMNIC v9.11 software package (Thermo-Nicolet) was used to acquire, process, and evaluate the spectral data. Analysis Evaluation of the data for the seven samples shows that they are divided into three groups. The first group (Group I) contains samples 2, 3, and 11 and a stack plot of the XRPD data for these samples is presented inFIG.18. Samples 5 and 7 comprise the second group (Group II) and an overlay of the patterns from these samples is shown inFIG.19. The third group (Group III) contains samples 6 and 8, and an overlay of the patterns for these samples is displayed inFIG.20. A table presenting XRPD peaks for each Group is presented below in Table 1. TABLE 1Group I XRPDGroup II XRPDGroup III XRPDPeaks ° (2θ)Peaks ° (2θ)Peaks ° (2θ)9.2 ± 0.27.3 ± 0.27.3 ± 0.210 ± 0.29 ± 0.29 ± 0.210.6 ± 0.211 ± 0.210 ± 0.213.8 ± 0.215.1 ± 0.210.6 ± 0.215.1 ± 0.218.8 ± 0.211 ± 0.215.9 ± 0.219.6 ± 0.215.1 ± 0.218 ± 0.220.3 ± 0.215.9 ± 0.220.3 ± 0.222 ± 0.218.1 ± 0.220.6 ± 0.222.5 ± 0.218.8 ± 0.221.3 ± 0.223 ± 0.219.6 ± 0.223.6 ± 0.227.4 ± 0.220.3 ± 0.225.4 ± 0.228 ± 0.221.3 ± 0.227.4 ± 0.232.9 ± 0.222 ± 0.230.5 ± 0.235.1 ± 0.222.5 ± 0.230.9 ± 0.237 ± 0.223 ± 0.232 ± 0.224.9 ± 0.233.5 ± 0.225.4 ± 0.237.5 ± 0.227.4 ± 0.228 ± 0.232.9 ± 0.2 Comparison of a representative pattern from each of the three groups, specifically those of samples 2, 5, and 6 (FIG.21), shows that the Group I samples contain component(s) that are different from Group II. The data for Group III show that these samples contain a mixture of the peaks in the Group I and II samples. These observations are confirmed by comparing samples 7 and 8 to sample 2 inFIG.22. See, also, individual XRPD data for each sample inFIGS.4-10. To identify components in the samples, a database search was performed for the XRPD patterns. The primary phases in the Group I data could not be identified, suggesting the lack of a literature crystal structure for the material(s) in these samples. For Group II, the primary component was identified as some form of calcium lactate. The samples in Group III contain the unidentified component(s) of Group I samples and crystal form of calcium lactate in Group II. In order to evaluate the effect of heat on the samples from the decanter and MVR, the heat and no heat patterns for these materials are overlaid inFIGS.23and24, respectively. While heat and no heat patterns for the post decanter samples contain a large number of peaks at similar °2θ positions, the no heat sample also has additional peaks suggesting that it contains another solid phase not present in the heated sample. The same is true for the post MVR samples where the no heat sample shows additional peaks not found in the data for the heated sample. The data for the Group II and Group III patterns are compared to the pattern for sample 2 inFIGS.25and26, respectively. As described above, the Group II samples are very different when compared to sample 2, which is a member of Group I. The Group III samples show the presence of the component(s) in sample 2 as well as numerous additional peaks which were found to be associated with calcium lactate based on the phase identification analysis performed. In order to evaluate these results using an independent orthogonal technique, IR data were also collected. A spectral library search was performed for representative spectra from each of the three groups. Again, the primary phase in the Group I samples did not match a library spectra. For Groups II and III calcium lactate was identified in the data for both groups (FIGS.27and28). See, also, separate IR spectra for each sample inFIGS.11-17. Example 8—Friability Analysis Solid form samples 2, 5, and 7 (described above) were tested for friability using the ASTM C365/C365M-16 Standard Test Method for Flatwise Compressive Properties of Sandwich Cores. Failure patterns were analyzed as described in ASTM C39/39M-21FIG.2. Each of ASTM C365/C365M-16 and ASTM C39/39M-21 are incorporated by reference as if recited in full herein. Briefly, the test equipment used was a United, SFM-20 with a Touchstone built-aluminum fixture and a Wyoming Test Fixtures Spherical upper platen. Each tested sample was an approximately 2″×2″ molded solid cube aged for about 24 hours. Testing parameters were as follows: Test Temperature 73.5° F.; Test Humidity 50.600 RH; Test Speed 0.035 in/min; Specimen Total: 15 (5 specimens per solid form tested); Other Parameters—No Caps were used due to material type. The results of compression testing and failure types are illustrated in the following tables andFIGS.29-31. For type 1 failures, reasonably well-formed cones on both ends were present with less than 1 inch of cracking through ends. For type 4 failures, diagonal fractures were present with no cracking through ends. Compression material #1—Post Decanter FACW—No Heat (Sample 2)PeakCompressiveSpecimenClientHeightThicknessWidthAreaLoadStrength#ID(in)(in)(in)(in2)(lbf)(psi)11-11.96701.98571.99683.96501445364.521-21.94602.01002.00934.03871488368.531-31.97302.00031.97983.96021533387.241-41.99602.00821.99274.00171451362.551-51.97252.03171.99724.05771445356.1Mean1.97092.00721.99524.00471473367.8Std. Dev.0.01780.01670.01060.043438.611.8% COV0.900.830.531.082.623.20 Specimen#Comment1Test ran at ASTM C365 recommendedspeed of 0.020 in/min but did not exhibitfailure within recommended time frame.Subsequent specimens of Batch 1 ranwith a test speed of 0.035 in/min. Failure Type 12Failure Type 13Failure Type 14Failure Type 15Failure Type 1 Compression material #2—PostMVR FACW Heat (Sample 7)PeakCompressiveSpecimenClientHeightThicknessWidthAreaLoadStrength#ID(in)(in)(in)(in2)(lbf)(psi)12-12.32052.29032.27255.204716.723.2122-22.16852.21852.23374.955513.022.6332-32.10152.34022.30035.383215.532.8842-42.06202.29372.33425.353918.933.5452-51.97052.27232.26825.154026.145.07Mean2.12462.28302.28185.210318.073.47Std. Dev.0.13090.04390.03770.17224.990.96% COV6.161.921.653.3127.6327.7 Specimen#Comment1Type 4 Failure; Specimen exhibited defectson top surface—Uneven and crumbled2Type 4 Failure; Specimen exhibited defectson top surface—Uneven and crumbled3Type 4 Failure; Specimen exhibited defectson top surface—Uneven and crumbled4Type 4 Failure; Specimen exhibited defectson top surface—Uneven andcrumbled5Type 4 Failure; Specimen exhibited defectson top surface—Uneven and crumbled Compression material #3—Post Decanter FACW Heat (Sample 5)PeakCompressiveSpecimenClientHeightThicknessWidthAreaLoadStrength#ID(in)(in)(in)(in2)(lbf)(psi)13-12.12952.33002.34425.4620140.725.823-21.98602.25732.20574.9789178.235.833-32.04552.25972.21585.0070187.837.543-42.03402.26602.28725.1828170.933.053-52.09452.16332.28324.9392179.836.4Mean2.05792.25532.26725.1140171.533.7Std. Dev.0.05560.05950.05700.215718.34.74% COV2.702.642.524.2210.614.1 Specimen#Comment1Type 1 Failure; Specimen exhibited defectson sides and top surface—Very Uneven2Type 1 Failure; Specimen exhibited defectson sides and top surface—Slightly Uneven3Type 1 Failure; Specimen exhibited defectson sides and top surface—Slightly Uneven4Type 1 Failure; Specimen exhibited defectson sides and top surface—Slightly Uneven5Type 1 Failure; Specimen exhibited defectson sides and top surface—Slightly Uneven Compression data for Sample 5 is also shown inFIG.31. As shown above, it was surprisingly discovered that the heat treated samples 5 and 7 both had an average peak load strength and average compressive strength that was significantly lower than sample 2 without heat treatment. The lower peak load strength and compressive strength make processing of samples (e.g., grinding into granular form) easier. Example 9 —Composition Analysis Solid form samples 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 11 were subject to further composition analysis according to the following standard protocols. The results of the composition analysis are shown inFIGS.32-37. (n.d.=not detected) AOAC 990.03—Analysis follows MWL FD 070 which is based on AOAC 990.03. The sample is placed in a combustion instrument and the amount of nitrogen is obtained. The nitrogen value is multiplied by a factor of 6.25 and that value reported as crude protein. Acid Hydrolysis Fat—Analysis follows FD 027 which is based on AOAC 954.02. A sample is treated with ethanol and hydrochloric acid to help release fat in the sample. Separate treatments of ethyl ether and petroleum ether is used to extract the fat and the ethers collected in a pre-weighed beaker. The ether is evaporated and dried at 70 degrees C. to remove remaining ether and moisture and the material remaining in the beaker is reported as “fat”. NDF—Analysis follows MWL FD 022 which is based on Ankom Technology method. The sample is sealed in a small bag and the bag immersed in a solution that dissolves certain materials. The bag is washed and dried and re-weighed. The material remaining in the bag is reported as neutral detergent fiber. ICP analysis of Feeds—Analysis follows MWL ME 029 which is based on AOAC 985.01. Samples have been prepared using MWL ME 069 which is a wet ash procedure that requires mineral acids and heat. Sample analysis involves moving the sample extract into the ICP where it is nebulized and introduced into the high temperature plasma which energizes the electrons of the dissolved minerals/metals. As the energized electrons of the minerals/metals return to ground state, energy is released as light. The emitted wavelength(s) and light intensities are used to identify and quantitate the minerals/metals in the sample. Chloride—Analysis follows MWL FD 010 which is based on Soil Science and Plant Analyses. Samples are digested in a weak nitric acid solution and titrated with silver nitrate to a certain millivolt reading on a pH probe. pH—Analysis follows MWL FD 069 which is based on AOAC 994.18. Samples are made into a slurry and read by a pH meter. Volatile Organic Acids—The analysis of organic acids follows MWL HPLC PROC 001 which is based on AOAC 986.13 (modified). Samples are extracted with a weak solution of sulfuric acid and the extract clarified. The extract is injected into a HPLC (high pressure/performance liquid chromatograph) connected to a refractive index (RI) detector—HPLC/RI. A series of organic acid standards is also injected to establish a standard curve and also to denote retention times. The response for the samples is compared to the response from the standard curve. Moisture (KF)—A sample is weighed (by difference) into a sample vial, sealed, and loaded onto the Stromboli autosampler. The Stromboli oven drives all moisture out of the sample and forced nitrogen transports it to the methanol. Karl Fischer reagent containing iodine is then added mechanically to the methanol. The water and iodine are consumed in a 1:1 ratio as the methanol reacts with the sulfur dioxide in the reagent. Water is quantified on the basis of the volume of Karl Fischer reagent consumed. Protein (Crude)—Analysis follows MWL FD 070 which is based on AOAC 990.03. The sample is placed in a combustion instrument and the amount of nitrogen is obtained. The nitrogen value is multiplied by a factor of 6.25 and that value reported as crude protein. Crude Fat—Analysis follows MWL FD 026 which is based on AOAC 2003.05. The sample is extracted with drip immersion of the sample in petroleum (pet) ether. The pet ether is poured into a pre-weighed container and then evaporated. The container is re-weighed and the increase in weight is reported as crude fat. The embodiments described in this disclosure can be combined in various ways. Any aspect or feature that is described for one embodiment can be incorporated into any other embodiment mentioned in this disclosure. While various novel features of the inventive principles have been shown, described and pointed out as applied to particular embodiments thereof, it should be understood that various omissions and substitutions and changes may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of this disclosure. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the inventive principles can be practiced in other than the described embodiments, which are presented for purposes of illustration and not limitation.

11856970

DEPOSIT AND EXPERT SOLUTION TheBacillus subtilisstrain DSM 19489 has been deposited at DSMZ (Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, Inhoffenstrasse 7B, D-38124 Braunschweig) on Jun. 27, 2007 by Chr. Hansen A/S, Denmark. The deposit has been made under the conditions of the Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure. TheBacillus subtilisstrain DSM 32685 has been deposited at DSMZ (Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, Inhoffenstrasse 7B, D-38124 Braunschweig) on Nov. 15, 2017 by Chr. Hansen A/S, Denmark. The deposit has been made under the conditions of the Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure. TheBacillus subtilisstrain DSM 32686 has been deposited at DSMZ (Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, Inhoffenstrasse 7B, D-38124 Braunschweig) on Nov. 15, 2017 by Chr. Hansen A/S, Denmark. The deposit has been made under the conditions of the Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure. For all of the above-identified deposited microorganisms, the following additional indications apply: As regards the respective Patent Offices of the respective designated states, the applicants request that a sample of the deposited microorganisms stated above only be made available to an expert nominated by the requester until the date on which the patent is granted or the date on which the application has been refused or withdrawn or is deemed to be withdrawn. EXAMPLES Example 1 Pathogen Inhibition Materials Veal Infusion Broth (VIB) (BD, Franklin lakes, NJ USA; Difco catalogue number 234420) Brain heart infusion broth (BHI) (Thermo Fischer, Waltham, MA, USA; Oxoid catalogue number CM1135) Luria-bertani agar (LB) (Per liter: 10 g peptone, 5 g yeast extract, 5 g sodium chloride) Maximum recovery diluent (MRD) (Thermo Fischer, Waltham, MA, USA; Oxoid catalogue number TV5016D) Tryptone soya agar+5% Sheep blood (TSA+SB) (Thermo Fischer, Waltham, MA, USA; Oxoid catalogue number PB5012A) Omni tray/single well plates N 242811) (Thermo Fischer, Waltham, MA, USA)/NUNC Denmark Immuno TSP sterile plates (VWR, Radnor, PA, USA) catalogue number 735-0022 Syringe filters 0.2 μm Pathogen Strains: Streptococcus canisDTU837 (Technical University of Denmark) Staphylococcuspseudintermedius DTU4438 (Technical University of Denmark) Staphylococcuspseudintermedius KU ID30243 (University of Copenhagen, Denmark) Staphylococcuspseudintermedius KU ID30618 (University of Copenhagen, Denmark) Staphylococcuspseudintermedius KU ID30377 (University of Copenhagen, Denmark) The pathogen strains were maintained in BHI with 20% glycerol at −80° C. Bacillus subtilisStrains: TheBacillus subtilisstrain DSM 32685 was isolated from feces from a dog born and raised in Denmark and theBacillus subtilisstrain DSM 32686 was isolated from feces from a cat born and raised in Denmark. DSM 19489 and aBacillus subtilisstrain isolated from the product Calsporin® brought on the market by Asahi Calpis Co., Ltd. Japan, in the following termed “Calsporin®” were used as reference strains. TheBacillus subtilisstrains were maintained in VIB with 20% glycerol at −80° C. DSM 32685 and DSM 32686 were screened for antibiotic susceptibility according to “Guidance on the assessment of bacterial susceptibility to inhibitorys of human and veterinary importance.” EFSA Journal 2012; 10(6):2740 and found to be susceptible to all antibiotics and that growth was below the EFSA cut-off values in all cases. Screening for biogenic amine production and cytotoxicity was also done with negative results. Screening for Inhibition ofStaphylococcusPseudintermedius The fourStaphylococcuspseudintermedius strains were suspended in MRD until McFarland 0.5 was obtained and 60 μL of the pathogen suspension was diluted in approximately 100 ml melted LB agar (max. 42° C.). The inoculated agar was poured into Omni Tray Single-well plates, Immuno TSP plates were attached. After drying the immune TSP plates were removed and the wells were inoculated with 5 μL overnight culture (triplicates) ofBacillustest strains. The plates were incubated aerobically at 30° C., n=2 for 48 hours. For each of the pathogens two replicate plates were used with the following positioning of theBacillus subtilisstrains: Well B2, B4, B6: DSM 32685 Well B8, B10, B12: DSM 19489 Well F2, F4, F6: DSM 32686 Well F8, F10, F12: Calsporin® The concentration ofStaphylococcuspseudintermedius was determined to be 1×108CFU/ml, based on the McFarland 0.5 suspension by serial dilution and plating on TSA+SB agar with 24 hour incubation at 37° C. The concentration ofStaphylococcuspseudintermedius in the inoculated agar was therefore estimated to be 1×108CFU/ml/(100 ml/0.06 ml)=6×104CFU/ml. Screening for Inhibition ofStreptococcus canis BHI broth (20 ml) was inoculated withStreptococcus canis(aiming for 5×101CFU/ml broth) and test samples were added (2 ml sterile filtered culture). The samples were incubated at 37° C. under aerobic conditions for up to 48 hours. Samples for CFU counts were collected at T0(immediately after the pathogen and test sample was added) and after 24 h and 48 h of incubation, (n=3). TSA+SB agar plates were used for enumeration ofStreptococcus canis. Plates were incubated aerobically at 37° C. for 1-2 days. Results TABLE 1Inhibition ofStaphylococcus pseudintermediusbyBacillus subtilisstrains (n = 6)Staphylococcsus pseudintermedius(radii of clearing zone) (mm)StrainDSM #DTU4438KU ID30243KU ID30618KU ID30377B. subtilis326853333B. subtilis194890000B. subtilis326860000B. subtilisCalsporin ®0000 The results in Table 1 show thatBacillus subtilisDSM 32685 inhibited the growth ofStaphylococcuspseudintermedius. No inhibition was observed with the three otherBacillus subtilisstrains tested. A representative example of the inhibition zones is shown inFIG.1and shows a clear difference between inhibition and no inhibition. TABLE 2Inhibition ofStreptococcus canisDTU837Log10 CFULog10 CFULog10 growth(T0)(T24)(T24− T0)DSM 326851.85.13.3DSM 326861.88.56.7DSM 194891.79.27.5Calsporin ®1.88.66.8Control tube1.78.46.7 The results in table 2 show thatBacillus subtilisstrains DSM 19489 and Calsporin® had comparable or higher number ofStreptococcus canisDTU837 than the control tube after 24 hours of incubation. In the presence ofBacillus subtilisstrain DSM 32685 supernatantStreptococcus canisDTU837 grew 1000 fold less than the control tube, clearly demonstrating an inhibitory effect. Example 2 Measurement of Amount of Reducing Sugars in Feed Incubated with aBacillusComposition The objective of this experiment was to examine the ability of differentBacillus subtilisstrains to degrade NSP in commercial dog feed and increase the available sugar amount. Materials Sodium phosphate buffer 100 mM pH=6.7 (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany; catalogue number: 1.06586) Pierce® BCA protein Assay Kit (Thermo Fischer, Waltham, MA, USA, catalogue number: PIE-23225) Dog feed (Carrier Chicken and Rice) composition: Chicken 26%, rice 20%, maize, barley, fat of animal and vegetable origin, linseed, beet fibre, dryed egg components, yeast, fructo-oligosaccarides (FOS), glucoseamine, rosemary and minerals (Svenska Hundfoder, Stenstorp, Sweden) Method The dog feed was autoclaved at 121° C. for 15 min for sterilization. Then triplicate feed samples were diluted 20 fold with sodium phosphate buffer to ensure a pH at about 6-6.5 throughout the whole experiment.Bacillus subtilisinoculation was done by adding 2% overnight culture of theBacillus subtilisstrains, grown in VIB. A sample was taken for analysis for reducing sugar (DNS) (T=0). After incubation at 37° C. for 24 hours the samples were centrifuged and the supernatant used for determining DNS. Reducing sugar was analyzed by 3.5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) assay as follows: Na-acetate buffer (100 mM, pH 6) was mixed with sterile filteredBacillus subtilissupernatant and incubated at 40° C. for 10 min. DNS reagent was added to the test tube, mixed and incubated in a boiling water bath for 5 min. After cooling, absorbance was measured at 540 nm in a spectrophotometer. A standard curve was established with a glucose stock solution for presenting results in reducing sugar or enzyme units (amount of enzyme needed to release 1 μmol reducing glucose equivalent in 1 ml per time unit). The experiment was repeated twice and results are reported as an average. Results TABLE 3Reducing sugar increase over control in presenceof threeBacillus subtilisstrains (n = 2)ΔKj/KgStandardfeeddeviationDog feed + DSM 3268568527Dog feed + DSM 1948943837Dog feed + Calsporin ®1179 The results in table 3 show thatBacillus subtilisDSM 32685 was superior to the 2 other strains tested in releasing sugar from dog feed based on the DNS method. Example 3 Pathogen Inhibition Pathogen Strains: Escherichia coliO147:K89 F4 H19 (Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark) Escherichia coliO149:k91, k88a, c:h10 NCTC10650 (National Collection of Type Cultures, England) Salmonella entericaserovar Heidelberg, found in DK 2011, from imported chicken meat from Brazil (Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby) Salmonella entericaserovarInfantis(S. inf. 1; SGSC2483 received from St. Hycinth, Canada;SalmonellaGenetic Stock Centre, Department of Biological Sciences 2500 University Dr. N.W., Calgary, Alberta, Canada) Salmonella entericaserovar Enteritidis (IMASDE, Madrid, Spain) Salmonella entericaserovar Schwarzengrund (S. sch. 1; received from St. Hycinth, Canada;SalmonellaGenetic Stock Centre, Department of Biological Sciences 2500 University Dr. N.W., Calgary, Alberta, Canada) Salmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium (I 4,5,12:i:1,2), ATCC14028 The pathogen strains were maintained in BHI with 20% glycerol at −80° C. Screening for Inhibition ofE. coliandSalmonellaSpp.: The seven pathogenicE. coliandSalmonellaspp. strains were each suspended in MRD until McFarland 0.5 was obtained and 10 μL of each pathogen suspension was diluted in approximately 35 ml melted LB agar (max. 42° C.). The inoculated agar was poured into Omni Tray Single-well plates, Immuno TSP plates were attached. After drying the immune TSP plates were removed and the wells were inoculated with 5 μL overnight culture (triplicates) ofBacillustest strains. The plates were incubated aerobically at 30° C. for 48 hours. For theE. coliplates, two replicate plates were used (n=2); for the 10Salmonellaspp. plates, one replicate plate was used (n=1). The following positioning of theBacillus subtilisstrains on the plates containing the pathogens was used: Well B2, B4, B6: DSM 32685 Well B8, B10, B12: DSM 19489 Well E2, E4, E6: DSM 32686 Well E8, E10, E12: Calsporin® The concentration ofE. coliandSalmonellaspp. in the inoculated agar was estimated to be 2.9×104CFU/ml. Results TABLE 4Inhibition ofE. coliO147,E. coli0149,Salmonella Heidelberg,S. Infantis,S. Enteritidis,S. Schwarzengrund, &S. TyphimuriumbyBacillus subtilisstrains.Radii of clearing zone (mm)E. coliE. coliS.S.S.S.S.StrainDSM #O147O149HeidelbergInfantisEnteritidisSchwarzengrundTyphimuriumB. subtilis326852222222B. subtilis194890000000B. subtilis326860000000B. subtilisCalsporin ®0000000 The results in Table 4 show thatBacillus subtilisDSM 32685 inhibited the growth ofE. coliO147,E. coliO149,Salmonella Heidelberg, S. infantis, S. Enteritidis, S. Schwarzengrund, & S. Typhimurium. No inhibition was observed with the three otherBacillus subtilisstrains tested. A representative example of the inhibition zones is shown inFIG.2and shows a clear difference between inhibition and no inhibition.

11856971

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The term “cocoa rind” refers to a shell left after cocoa beans are drawn out from a cocoa pod. Specifically, the cocoa beans drawing out from the cocoa pod can be applied to manufacture chocolate after fermentation, solarization and roasting; and therefore, the cocoa rind is usually thought as a waste of manufacturing chocolate. The shrimp according to the present invention indicates farmed shrimp, including, but not limited to Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), giant tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon), Kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus), Chinese white shrimp (Fenneropenaeu schinensis), Indian prawn (Fenneropenaeus indicus), greasyback shrimp (Metapenaeus ensis barbata), redtail shrimp (Penaeus penicillatus) and giant river prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). An extract of cocoa rind according to an embodiment of the present invention can refer to a product obtained by extracting a sample of cocoa rind by an aqueous ethanol solution used as an extractant. As an example, a worker can mix the aqueous ethanol solution (2,000-3,000 mL, with the concentration of ethanol being 90-98%) with the sample of cocoa rind (100 grams). After extracting by the extractant at 4° C. for 16-24 hours, a floc is obtained. The floc is then washed and dried to obtain the extract of cocoa rind. Specifically, before the extraction process, the worker can first dried the sample of cocoa rind to obtain a dried sample of cocoa rind with a water content of 2-5%. (Before drying, the water content of the sample of cocoa rind, that is, a fresh sample of cocoa, is about 80-90%). Thus, active gradients in the fresh sample of cocoa rind can polymerize to form the active gradients with a better effect on improving immunity. In this embodiment, the fresh sample of cocoa rind is oven-dried at 50° C. for 7 days to obtain the dried sample of cocoa rind with the water content of about 2.4%. Besides, the sample of cocoa rind can also be milled to particles with particle size ranging from 0.17 to 0.25 mm in advance as well. With such performance, the contacting surface area of the sample of cocoa rind with water is increased, and therefore, the efficiency of the extraction is also increased. Moreover, before the extraction process, the worker can mix the dried sample of cocoa rind and water, followed by heating at 90-100° C. for 10-20 minutes to release the active ingredients from the dried sample of cocoa rind. A supernatant can be obtained by centrifugation, and the extraction process is carried out to obtain the extract of cocoa rind. In this embodiment, 30 grams of the dried sample of cocoa rind is mixed with 400 mL of water, followed by heating at 95° C. for 15 minutes. After centrifugation, 300 mL of the supernatant is obtained, and 900 mL of the aqueous ethanol solution with the concentration of ethanol being 95% is used to carry out the extraction process. Finally, about 3.2 grams of the extract of cocoa rind is obtained. The extract of cocoa rind can increase the phagocytic activity of hemocytes, and can help to clear the pathogens from the haemolymph. The extract of cocoa rind can also moderate pathogen-induced mortality as well as cold mortality. Therefore, the extract of cocoa rind can be administered to the shrimp body in an effective dosage for improving immunity in shrimps. As an example, the extract of cocoa rind can be administered to the shrimp body by injection, preferably by injection into the ventral sinus of the cephalothorax. The ventral sinus near the heart is the centrostigma of haemolymph in shrimps, such that the extract of cocoa rind can flow towards tissues along haemolymph. In the first embodiment, the shrimp body with weight of 8-12 grams is used, and the effective dosage is 0.6 μg/g. Also, the extract of cocoa rind can be orally administered to the shrimp body. For example, a mixture formed by mixing the extract of cocoa rind and a feed can be added in the water. Thus, the shrimp can freely take the extract of cocoa rind. In the second embodiment, the shrimp body with weight of 8-12 grams is also used. 1 kilogram of feed is mixed with 1-6 grams of the extract of cocoa rind to form the mixture. The mixture is added in the water for 7-28 days, and the effective dosage is 120 μg/g daily. As an example, the formula of the feed can be shown in TABLE 1. The fermented soybean meal can be the fermented soybean meal (DaBomb-P) purchased from DaBomb Protein Corp., Taiwan. The pre-mix includes vitamins and minerals. TABLE 1FormulagramsFish Meal470α-Starch130Squid Cream50Shrimp Meal50Gluten30Fermented Soybean Meal140Flour100Pre-mix30 To evaluate the extract of cocoa rind shows effect on improving immunity in shrimps, the dried sample of cocoa rind (water content: 4.2%) obtained by drying 100 grams of the fresh sample of cocoa rind is mixed with 400 mL of water, followed by heating at 95° C. for 15 minutes. The supernatant (300 mL) obtained by centrifugation is mixed with 3-fold volume of the 95% aqueous ethanol solution. After the extraction process at 4° C. overnight, the floc is obtained by centrifugation. The floc is then washed and dried to form the extract of cocoa rind according to the present invention (about 3.2 grams). In addition, 100 grams of the fresh sample of cocoa rind (water content: 85%) is mixed with 333.3 mL of water, followed by heating at 95° C. for 15 minutes. The supernatant (250 mL) obtained by centrifugation is mixed with 3-fold volume of the 95% aqueous ethanol solution. After the extraction process at 4° C. overnight, the floc is obtained by centrifugation. The floc is then washed and dried to form the control extract of cocoa rind (about 1.6 grams). White shrimps,Litopenaeus vannamei, are obtained from a commercial farm in Pingtung, Taiwan. The white shrimps are acclimated in the laboratory (freshwater; salinity 20 ppt; temperature 27±1° C.; pH value 8.2-8.7) for 2 weeks before experimentation. Trial (A). With reference to TABLE 2, the extract of cocoa rind according to the present invention, or the control extract of cocoa rind is administered to the white shrimp by injection. After 1 day, the white shrimp is challenged byVibro algonilyticus(2×107CFU/shrimp) by injection. 1.5-hours later, hymolymph is withdrawn from the ventral sinus of each white shrimp. The phagocytic activity and the clearance efficiency of the white shrimp of groups A1-0, A1-1, A1-2, A1-3, A2-0, A2-1, A2-2 or A2-3 are measured. TABLE 2Dosage of theextract of cocoarind accordingDosage ofto the presentcontrol extractinventionof cocoa rindGroup(μg/μL)Group(μg/μL)A1-00A2-00A1-10.075A2-10.15A1-20.15A2-20.3A1-30.3A2-30.6 Referring toFIGS.1a&1b, the white shrimp of group A1-3 which is administered by the extract of cocoa rind according to the present invention has an improved phagocytic activity, and the improved phagocytic activity lasts up to 7 days. Although the white shrimp of group A2-3 which is administered by the control extract of cocoa rind has a slightly improved phagocytic activity, the improved phagocytic activity merely lasts 3 days. That is, the extract of cocoa rind according to the present invention has a preferable effect on improving the phagocytic activity. Referring toFIGS.2a&2b, the white shrimp of group A1-3 which is administered by the extract of cocoa rind according to the present invention has an improved clearance efficiency, and the improved clearance efficiency also lasts up to 7 days. Moreover, the improved clearance efficiency cannot be seen in the white shrimp which is administered by the control extract of cocoa rind (groups A2-1, A2-2 and A3-3), suggesting the extract of cocoa rind according to the present invention has a preferable effect on improving the clearance efficiency. Accordingly, compared to the administration of the control extract of cocoa rind, the administration of the extract of cocoa rind according to the present invention can help the clearance ofV. algonilyticusfrom hymolymph. Trial (B). With reference to TABLE 3, the extract of cocoa rind according to the present invention, or the control extract of cocoa rind is administered to the white shrimp. After 1 day, the white shrimp is challenged byV. algonilyticus(dosage: 2×105CFU/shrimp) by injection. The cumulative mortality of the white shrimp within 144 hours post challenge is recorded. TABLE 3GroupV. algonilyticusThe extract of cocoa rindB1-0XXB1-1◯XB1-2◯The extract of cocoa rindaccording to the presentinvention (0.3 μg/μL)B2-0XXB2-1◯XB2-2◯The control extract of cocoarind (0.6 μg/μL) Referring toFIGS.3a&3b, compared to the white shrimp of group B1-1 which is administered by neither the extract of cocoa rind according to the present invention nor the control extract of cocoa rind, the white shrimp of group B1-2 which is administered by the extract of cocoa rind according to the present invention has a lower cumulative mortality at 48-144 hours post challenge. The cumulative mortality at 144 hours post challenge decreases by about 23.3%. The cumulative mortality of the white shrimp of group B2-2 which is administered by the control extract of cocoa rind decreases at the time point of 24 hours post challenge, suggesting the extract of cocoa rind according to the present invention can be used to effectively prevent from the infection ofV. algonilyticus, and to effectively decrease the mortality of the white shrimp due to the infection ofV. algonilyticus. Trial (C). With reference to TABLE 4, different dosage of the extract of cocoa rind according to the present invention, and different dosage of the control extract of cocoa rind is administered to the white shrimp, respectively. After 1 day, the white shrimp is transferred to water at 14° C. The cumulative mortality of the white shrimp within 96 hours post shock is recorded. TABLE 4Water temperatureGroup(° C.)The extract of cocoa rindC1-028XC1-114XC1-214The extract of cocoa rindaccording to the presentinvention (0.3 μg/μL)C2-028XC2-114XC2-214The control extract of cocoarind (0.6 μg/μL) Referring toFIGS.4a&4b, compared to the white shrimp of group C1-1 which is administered by neither the extract of cocoa rind according to the present invention nor the control extract of cocoa rind, the white shrimp of group C1-2 which is administered by the extract of cocoa rind according to the present invention has a significantly lower cumulative mortality at 48-96 hours post shock. The cumulative mortality at 96 hours post shock decreases by about 23.3%. The cumulative mortality of the white shrimp of group C2-2 which is administered by the control extract of cocoa rind at 96 hours post shock merely decreases by about 16.7%, suggesting the extract of cocoa rind according to the present invention can be used to effectively prevent the white shrimp from decreasing of the health status and from the risk of mortality due to low temperature. Trial (D). With reference to TABLE 5, the feed with different dosage of the extract of cocoa rind according to the present invention is added in the water for freely taking by the white shrimp. After freely taking for 7 days, 15 days or 28 days, the white shrimp is challenged byV. algonilyticus.1.5-hours later, hymolymph is withdrawn from the ventral sinus of each shrimp. The phagocytic activity and the clearance efficiency of the white shrimp are measured. TABLE 5GroupThe extract of cocoa rind (μg/g)D1-00D1-120D1-260D1-3120 Referring toFIG.5a, after freely taking the feed including the extract of cocoa rind according to the present invention for 14 days, the white shrimp of group D1-3 has an improved phagocytic activity, and the improved phagocytic activity lasts up to 28 days. The white shrimp of group D1-2 which freely takes the feed including the extract of cocoa rind according to the present invention merely has an improved phagocytic on 28 days post challenge. Referring toFIG.5b, after freely taking the feed including the extract of cocoa rind according to the present invention for 14 days, the white shrimp of group D1-3 has an improved clearance efficiency, and the improved clearance efficiency lasts up to 28 days. The white shrimp of group D1-2 which freely takes the feed including the extract of cocoa rind according to the present invention merely has an improved clearance efficiency on 28 days post challenge. With reference to TABLE 6, the feed with different dosage of the extract of cocoa rind according to the present invention is added in the water for freely taking by the white shrimp. After freely taking for 7 days, 14 days or 28 days, the white shrimp is challenged by V algonilyticus. The cumulative mortality of the white shrimp within 144 hours post challenge is recorded. TABLE 6GroupV. algonilyticusThe extract of cocoa rindD2-0XXD2-1◯XD2-2◯The extract of cocoa rindaccording to the presentinvention (120 μg/g) Referring toFIG.5c, compared to the white shrimp of group D2-1 which is administered by neither the extract of cocoa rind according to the present invention nor the control extract of cocoa rind, the white shrimp of group D2-2 which is administered by the extract of cocoa rind according to the present invention has a lower cumulative mortality at 24-144 hours post challenge. The cumulative mortality at 144 hours post challenge decrease by about 30%. That is, the extract of cocoa rind according to the present invention can be used to effectively prevent from the infection ofV. algonilyticus, and to effectively decrease the mortality of the white shrimp due to the infection ofV. algonilyticus. Accordingly, by administering the extract of cocoa rind to the shrimp body, phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency are increased, and mortality caused by attack of pathogens is decreased. With such performance, farmers can decrease the usage of antibiotics. Moreover, the extract of cocoa rind can be used to applied for improving immunity in shrimps. As such, the cocoa rind, which is usually thought as the waste of manufacturing chocolate, has a new economic output. Although the invention has been described in detail with reference to its presently preferable embodiment, it will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and the scope of the invention, as set forth in the appended claims.

11856972

DETAILED DESCRIPTION The present invention relates to a process for preparing compositions comprising steviol glycosides fromStevia rebaudianabiomass. The present invention also relates to the use of compositions comprising steviol glycosides as a sweetener and/or flavor enhancer. The present invention provides new cultivars ofStevia rebaudianaplant, comprising at least one of the steviol glycosides selected from the group including Rebaudioside E, Rebaudioside D, Rebaudioside M, Rebaudioside N, Rebaudioside O, or combinations thereof, wherein the at least one of the steviol glycosides selected from the group including RebE, RebD, RebM, RebN, RebO, is present in a relative concentration higher than the relative concentration occurring in known varieties and untreated aqueous extracts ofStevia rebaudianaplant. In a particular embodiment the new cultivars are the cultivars namedStevia rebaudiana814011, 807086, 817096, which are obtained by selective breeding ofStevia rebaudianaBertoni plant. Generation ofSteviaplants with the desirable characteristics described herein can be accomplished by growing from the callus culture deposited at China General Microbiological Culture Center (CGMCC, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; Tel.: 86-10-64807355, Fax: 86-10-64807288), and assigned deposit No. 9701 forStevia rebaudianacultivar 814011, No. 9702 forStevia rebaudianacultivar 807086, and No. 9703 forStevia rebaudianacultivar 817096. It is also possible to generate varieties and lines ofSteviausing at least one of the deposited lines by either conventional cross breeding techniques or molecular techniques to transfer one or more genetic elements (genes, promoters, protein coding sequences, and the like) to otherSteviaplants. Alternatively, it is possible to generate newSteviaplants through either classical selection and cross breeding alone, or in combination with chemical or radiation induced mutation using at least oneStevia rebaudianacultivar selected from group including 814011, 807086, 817096 and/or seeds thereof. In one embodiment, new cultivars ofStevia rebaudianaplants are F1, F2, F3, or subsequent progeny of at least oneStevia rebaudianacultivar selected from group including 814011, 807086, 817096. In another embodiment, high rebD plants are the first generation or subsequent progeny of at least oneStevia rebaudianacultivar selected from group including 814011, 807086, 817096 whose seeds were subjected to chemical or radiation mutagenesis. In another embodiment, a method of cross breeding new high RebM cultivars ofStevia rebaudianais disclosed. In said cross breeding method one parent plant is a cultivar having low rebM, high RebE and high RebD content (e.g. 817096) and the other parent is a cultivar having high rebM content (e.g. 814011). In one embodiment, new high RebM cultivars ofStevia rebaudianaplants are F1, F2, F3, or subsequent progeny ofStevia rebaudianacultivars 814011 and 817096. In a particular embodiment the relative concentration of RebE in dried leaves of newStevia rebaudianacultivar is at least 1.0%. In a particular embodiment the relative concentration of RebM in dried leaves of newStevia rebaudianacultivar is at least 1.4%. In a particular embodiment the relative concentration of RebD in dried leaves of newStevia rebaudianacultivar is at least 2.4%. In a particular embodiment the relative concentration of RebN in dried leaves of newStevia rebaudianacultivar is at least 1.6%. In a particular embodiment the relative concentration of RebO in dried leaves of newStevia rebaudianacultivar is at least 0.8%. In a particular embodiment the relative concentration of at least on compound selected from the group including RebD2, RebG, RebH, RebI, RebJ, RebK, RebL, RebM2, RebP, RebQ RebR, RebS, RebT, RebU, RebV, RebW, RebX, RebY, RebZ, and other glycoside of steviol in dried leaves of newStevia rebaudianacultivar is at least 0.1%. In one embodiment the dried leaves of at least oneStevia rebaudianacultivar selected from group 814011, 807086, 817096 are subjected to aqueous extraction (e.g. according to procedure described in U.S. Ser. No. 13/122,232) to prepare stevia compositions called “HSG-Extracts”. Any other extraction method can be used as well. The present invention provides stevia compositions called “HSG-Extracts” comprising at least one steviol glycoside selected from the group consisting of RebE, RebM, RebD, RebN, and RebO, wherein the steviol glycoside is present above common relative concentration occurring in known varieties and untreated aqueous extracts ofStevia rebaudianaplant, and wherein for RebE this common relative concentration is 1.0%, for RebM 1.4%, for RebD 2.4%, for RebN 1.6%, and for RebO 0.8%. In a particular embodiment the relative concentration of RebE in “HSG-Extract”, produced by aqueous extraction of dried leaves of newStevia rebaudianacultivar is at least 1.0%. In a particular embodiment the relative concentration of RebM in “HSG-Extract”, produced by aqueous extraction of dried leaves of newStevia rebaudianacultivar is at least 1.4%. In a particular embodiment the relative concentration of RebD in “HSG-Extract”, produced by aqueous extraction of dried leaves of newStevia rebaudianacultivar is at least 2.4%. In a particular embodiment the relative concentration of RebN in “HSG-Extract”, produced by aqueous extraction of dried leaves of newStevia rebaudianacultivar is at least 1.6%. In a particular embodiment the relative concentration of RebO in “HSG-Extract”, produced by aqueous extraction of dried leaves of newStevia rebaudianacultivar is at least 0.8%. In a particular embodiment the relative concentration of at least on compound selected from the group including RebD2, RebG, RebH, RebI, RebJ, RebK, RebL, RebM2, RebP, RebQ RebR, RebS, RebT, RebU, RebV, RebW, RebX, RebY, RebZ, and other glycoside of steviol in “HSG-Extract”, produced by aqueous extraction of dried leaves of newStevia rebaudianacultivar is at least 0.1%. Optionally, the method of the present invention further comprises purifying RebE, RebM, RebD, RebN, and RebO from the HSG-Extract. Any suitable purification method can be used, such as, for example, crystallization, separation by membranes, centrifugation, extraction (liquid or solid phase), chromatographic separation, HPLC (preparative or analytical) or a combination of such methods. In one embodiment, the HSG-Extract is provided as part of a mixture. In a particular embodiment, the mixture is selected from the group consisting of a mixture of steviol glycosides, aSteviaextract, by-products of other steviol glycosides' isolation and purification processes, or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the mixture contains HSG-Extract in an amount that ranges from about 10% to about 99% by weight on a dry basis, such as, for example, from about 20% to about 99%, from about 30% to about 99%, from about 40% to about 99%, from about 50% to about 99%, from about 60% to about 99%, from about 70% to about 99%, from about 80% to about 99% and from about 90% to about 99%. In a particular embodiment, the mixture contains HSG-Extract in an amount greater than about 90% by weight on a dry basis, for example, greater than about 91%, greater than about 92%, greater than about 93%, greater than about 94%, greater than about 95%, greater than about 96%, greater than about 97%, greater than about 98% and greater than about 99%. In one embodiment the HSG-extract contains one or more additional steviol glycosides including, but not limited to, naturally occurring steviol glycosides, e.g. steviolmonoside, steviolbioside, rubusoside, dulcoside B, dulcoside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside G, stevioside, rebaudioside C, rebaudioside F, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside I, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside H, rebaudioside L, rebaudioside K, rebaudioside J, rebaudioside M, rebaudioside M2, rebaudioside D, rebaudioside D2, rebaudioside N, rebaudioside O, synthetic steviol glycosides, e.g. enzymatically glucosylated steviol glycosides and combinations thereof. HSG-Extract can be present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration from about 1 ppm to about 10,000 ppm when the composition is added to a consumable, such as, for example, from about 1 ppm to about 4,000 ppm, from about 1 ppm to about 3,000 ppm, from about 1 ppm to about 2,000 ppm, from about 1 ppm to about 1,000 ppm. In another embodiment, a HSG-Extract is present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration from about 10 ppm to about 1,000 ppm when the composition is added to a consumable, such as, for example, from about 10 ppm to about 800 ppm, from about 50 ppm to about 800 ppm, from about 50 ppm to about 600 ppm or from about 200 ppm to about 250 ppm. In a particular embodiment, HSG-Extract is present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration from about 300 ppm to about 600 ppm when the composition is added to a consumable. Sweetener Compositions In one embodiment, the present invention is a sweetener composition comprising HSG-Extract. “Sweetener composition,” as used herein, refers to a composition useful to sweeten a sweetenable composition (i.e. a composition that can be sweetened) that contains at least one sweet component in combination with at least one other substance. In one embodiment, HSG-Extract is the sole sweetener in the sweetener composition, i.e. HSG-Extract is the only compound present in the sweetener composition that provides a detectable sweetness. In another embodiment, the sweetener composition includes a compound of HSG-Extract in combination with one or more sweetener compounds. The amount of HSG-Extract in the sweetener composition may vary. In one embodiment, HSG-Extract is present in a sweetener composition in any amount to impart the desired sweetness when the sweetener composition is added to a sweetenable composition or sweetenable consumable. The sweetness of a non-sucrose sweetener can also be measured against a sucrose reference by determining the non-sucrose sweetener's sucrose equivalence. Typically, taste panelists are trained to detect sweetness of reference sucrose solutions containing between 1-15% sucrose (w/v). Other non-sucrose sweeteners are then tasted at a series of dilutions to determine the concentration of the non-sucrose sweetener that is as sweet as a given percent sucrose reference. For example, if a 1% solution of a sweetener is as sweet as a 10% sucrose solution, then the sweetener is said to be 10 times as potent as sucrose. In one embodiment, HSG-Extract is present in the sweetener composition in an amount effective to provide a sucrose equivalence of greater than about 10% (w/v) when the sweetener composition is added to a sweetenable composition or sweetenable consumable, such as, for example, greater than about 11%, greater than about 12%, greater than about 13% or greater than about 14%. The amount of sucrose, and thus another measure of sweetness, in a reference solution may be described in degrees Brix (° Bx). One degree Brix is 1 gram of sucrose in 100 grams of solution and represents the strength of the solution as percentage by weight (% w/w) (strictly speaking, by mass). In one embodiment, a sweetener composition comprises HSG-Extract in an amount effective to provide sweetness equivalent from about 0.50 to 14 degrees Brix of sugar when present in a sweetened composition, such as, for example, from about 5 to about 11 degrees Brix, from about 4 to about 7 degrees Brix, or about 5 degrees Brix. In yet another embodiment a composition comprising HSG-Extract is present with at least one other sweetener in an amount effective to provide any one of the sweetness equivalents listed above. In one embodiment, HSG-Extract is present in the sweetener composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration from about 1 ppm to about 10,000 ppm when the sweetener composition is added to a consumable (e.g., a beverage), such as, for example, from about 1 ppm to about 4,000 ppm, from about 1 ppm to about 3,000 ppm, from about 1 ppm to about 2,000 ppm, from about 1 ppm to about 1,000 ppm. In another embodiment, HSG-Extract is present in the sweetener composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration from about 10 ppm to about 1,000 ppm when the composition is added to a consumable, such as, for example, from about 10 ppm to about 800 ppm, from about 50 ppm to about 800 ppm, from about 50 ppm to about 600 ppm or from about 200 ppm to about 250 ppm. In a particular embodiment, HSG-Extract is present in the sweetener composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration from about 300 ppm to about 600 ppm when the sweetener composition is added to the consumable. In some embodiments, HSG-Extract is present in the sweetener composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration of the compound that is above, at or below its threshold sweetener recognition level when the sweetener composition is added to a consumable (e.g., a beverage). Flavor Enhancing Compositions In one aspect, the present invention is a flavor enhancing composition comprising HSG-Extract. “Flavor enhancer compositions,” as used herein, refers to a composition capable of enhancing or intensifying the perception of a particular flavor in a consumable. The terms “flavor enhancing compositions” or “flavor enhancer” are synonymous with the terms “flavor potentiator,” “flavor amplifier,” and “flavor intensifier.” Generally, the flavor enhancing composition provided herein may enhance or potentiate the taste of flavor ingredients, i.e. any substance that provides sweetness, sourness, saltiness, savoriness, bitterness, metallic taste, astringency, sweet lingering aftertaste, sweetness onset, etc. Without being bound by any theory, the flavor enhancing composition likely does not contribute any noticeable taste to the consumable to which it is added because HSG-Extract is present in the consumable in a concentration at or below its flavor recognition threshold concentration. “Flavor recognition threshold concentration,” as used herein, refers to the lowest concentration at which the particular flavor or off-taste of a component (e.g., a compound) is perceptible in a consumable. The flavor recognition threshold concentration varies for different compounds, and may be varied with respect to the individual perceiving the flavor or the particular consumable. In one embodiment, the flavor enhancing composition comprises HSG-Extract in an amount effective to provide a concentration that is at or below the threshold flavor recognition concentration of HSG-Extract when the flavor enhancing composition is added to a consumable. In a particular embodiment, HSG-Extract is present in the flavor-enhancing composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration that is below the threshold flavor recognition concentration of HSG-Extract when the flavor enhancing composition is added to a consumable. In certain embodiment, HSG-Extract is present in the flavor enhancing composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration that is at least about 1%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45% or at least about 50% or more below the threshold flavor recognition concentration when the flavor enhancing composition is added to a consumable. In some embodiments, HSG-Extract is present in the flavor enhancing composition in an amount that, when added to the consumable, will provide a concentration of ranging from about 0.5 ppm to about 1000 ppm. For example, HSG-Extract is present in the composition in an amount that, when added to the consumable, will provide a concentration ranging from about 1 ppm to about 300 ppm, from about 0.1 ppm to about 75 ppm, or from about 500 ppm to about 3,000 ppm. A person of skill in the art will be able to select the concentration of HSG-Extract in the flavor enhancing composition so that it may impart an enhanced flavor to a consumable comprising at least one flavor ingredient. For example, a skilled artisan may select a concentration for HSG-Extract in the flavor enhancing composition so that the flavor enhancing composition and/or the HSG-Extract does not impart any perceptible flavor to a consumable when the flavor enhancing composition is added thereto. In one embodiment, addition of the flavor enhancing composition increases the detected flavor of the at least one flavor ingredient in the consumable compared to the detected flavor of the same ingredient in the consumable in the absence of the flavor enhancer. Suitable flavor ingredients include, but are not limited to, vanillin, vanilla extract, mango extract, cinnamon, citrus, coconut, ginger, viridiflorol, almond, menthol (including menthol without mint), grape skin extract, and grape seed extract. “Flavorant” and “flavoring ingredient” are synonymous and can include natural or synthetic substances or combinations thereof. Flavorants also include any other substance which imparts flavor and may include natural or non-natural (synthetic) substances which are safe for human or animals when used in a generally accepted range. Non-limiting examples of proprietary flavorants include Döhler™ Natural Flavoring Sweetness Enhancer K14323 (Döhler™, Darmstadt, Germany), Symrise™ Natural Flavor Mask for Sweeteners 161453 and 164126 (Symrise™, Holzminden, Germany), Natural Advantage™ Bitterness Blockers 1, 2, 9 and 10 (Natural Advantage™, Freehold, N.J., U.S.A.), and Sucramask™ (Creative Research Management, Stockton, Calif., U.S.A.). In another embodiment, the flavor enhancer composition comprising HSG-Extract enhances flavors (either individual flavors or the overall flavor) when added to the consumable. Alternatively, HSG-Extract may be added directly to the consumable, i.e., not provided in the form of a composition, to enhance flavor. In this embodiment, HSG-Extract is a flavor enhancer and it is added to the consumable at a concentration at or below its threshold flavor recognition concentration. In a particular embodiment, the flavor enhancing composition is a sweetness enhancing composition. “Sweetness enhancing composition,” as used herein, refers to a composition capable of enhancing or intensifying the perception of sweet taste of a consumable, such as a beverage. The term “sweetness enhancer” is synonymous with the terms “sweet taste potentiator,” “sweetness potentiator,” “sweetness amplifier,” and “sweetness intensifier.” “Sweetness recognition threshold concentration,” as used herein, is the lowest known concentration of a sweet compound that is perceivable by the human sense of taste. Generally, the sweetness enhancing composition of the present invention may enhance or potentiate the sweet taste of a consumable without providing any noticeable sweet taste itself because the concentration of HSG-Extract in the sweetness enhancing composition is at or below its sweetness recognition threshold concentration, either in the sweetness enhancing compositions, the consumable after the sweetness enhancing composition has been added, or both. The sweetness recognition threshold concentration is specific for a particular compound, and can vary based on temperature, matrix, ingredients and/or flavor system. In one embodiment, a sweetness enhancing composition comprises HSG-Extract in an amount effective to provide a concentration that is at or below the threshold sweetness recognition concentration of HSG-Extract when the sweetness enhancing composition is added to a consumable. In a particular embodiment, a sweetness enhancing composition comprises HSG-Extract in an amount effective to provide a concentration that is below the threshold sweetness recognition concentration of HSG-Extract when the sweetness enhancing composition is added to a consumable. In certain embodiments, HSG-Extract is present in the sweetness enhancing composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration that is at least about 1%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45% or at least about 50% or more below the threshold sweetness recognition concentration of HSG-Extract when the sweetness enhancing composition is added to a consumable. In some embodiments, HSG-Extract is present in the sweetness enhancing composition in an amount that, when added to the consumable, will provide a concentration of the compound of HSG-Extract ranging from about 0.5 ppm to about 1000 ppm. For example, HSG-Extract is present in the composition in an amount that, when added to the consumable, will provide a concentration ranging from about 1 ppm to about 300 ppm, from about 0.1 ppm to about 75 ppm, or from about 500 ppm to about 3,000 ppm. Alternatively, HSG-Extract may be added directly to the consumable, i.e., not provided in the form of a composition, to enhance sweetness. In this embodiment, HSG-Extract is a sweetness enhancer and it is added to the consumable at a concentration at or below its sweetness recognition threshold concentration. The sweetness of a given composition is typically measured with reference to a solution of sucrose. See generally “A Systematic Study of Concentration-Response Relationships of Sweeteners,” G. E. DuBois, D. E. Walters, S. S. Schiffman, Z. S. Warwick, B. J. Booth, S. D. Pecore, K. Gibes, B. T. Carr, and L. M. Brands, inSweeteners: Discovery, Molecular Design and Chemoreception, D. E. Walters, F. T. Orthoefer, and G. E. DuBois, Eds., American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. (1991), pp 261-276. It is contemplated that the sweetness enhancing composition can include one or more sweetness enhancers in addition to HSG-Extract. In one embodiment, the sweetness enhancing composition can include one additional sweetness enhancer. In other embodiments, the sweetness enhancing composition can include two or more additional sweetness enhancers. In embodiments where two or more sweetness enhancers are utilized, each sweetness enhancer should be present below its respective sweetness recognition threshold concentration. Suitable sweetness enhancers include, but are not limited to, the group consisting of 2-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid, 3-aminobenzoic acid, 4-aminobenzoic acid, FEMA GRAS enhancer 4469, FEMA GRAS enhancer 4701, FEMA GRAS enhancer 4720, FEMA GRAS enhancer 4774, FEMA GRAS enhancer 4708, FEMA GRAS enhancer 4728, FEMA GRAS enhancer 4601 and combinations thereof. Suitable sweeteners include, but are not limited to, sucrose, glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone, erythrose, threose, erythrulose, arabinose, lyxose, ribose, xylose, ribulose, xylulose, allose, altrose, galactose, glucose, gulose, idose, mannose, talose, fructose, psicose, sorbose, tagatose, mannoheptulose, sedoheltulose, octolose, fucose, rhamnose, arabinose, turanose, sialose, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C, rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside F, rebaudioside H, rebaudioside L, rebaudioside K, rebaudioside J, rebaudioside N, rebaudioside O, dulcoside A, dulcoside B, rubusoside, stevia, stevioside, mogroside IV, mogroside V, Luo han guo, siamenoside, monatin and its salts (monatin SS, RR, RS, SR), curculin, glycyrrhizic acid and its salts, thaumatin, monellin, mabinlin, brazzein, hernandulcin, phyllodulcin, glycyphyllin, phloridzin, trilobatin, baiyunoside, osladin, polypodoside A, pterocaryoside A, pterocaryoside B, mukurozioside, phlomisoside I, periandrin I, abrusoside A, steviolbioside and cyclocarioside I, sugar alcohols such as erythritol, sucralose, potassium acesulfame, acesulfame acid and salts thereof, aspartame, alitame, saccharin and salts thereof, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, cyclamate, cyclamic acid and salts thereof, neotame, advantame, glucosylated steviol glycosides (GSGs) and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the sweetener is a caloric sweetener or mixture of caloric sweeteners. In another embodiment, the caloric sweetener is selected from sucrose, fructose, glucose, high fructose corn/starch syrup, a beet sugar, a cane sugar, and combinations thereof. In another embodiment, the sweetener is a rare sugar selected from D-psicose, D-allose, L-ribose, D-tagatose, L-glucose, L-fucose, L-arbinose, turanose and combinations thereof. In yet another embodiment, the sweetener is a non-caloric sweetener or mixture of non-caloric sweeteners. In one example, the non-caloric sweetener is a natural high-potency sweetener. As used herein, the phrase “natural high potency sweetener” refers to any composition which is not found naturally in nature and characteristically has a sweetness potency greater than sucrose, fructose, or glucose, yet has less calories. The natural high potency sweetener can be provided as a pure compound or, alternatively, as part of an extract. In yet another example, the non-caloric sweetener is a synthetic high-potency sweetener. As used herein, the phrase “synthetic sweetener” refers to any composition which is not found naturally in nature and characteristically has a sweetness potency greater than sucrose, fructose, or glucose, yet has less calories. In one embodiment, addition of the sweetness enhancer increases the detected sucrose equivalence of the at least one sweetener in a consumable compared to the sucrose equivalence of the same consumable in the absence of the sweetness enhancer. In a particular embodiment, the consumable is a beverage. The beverage comprises HSG-Extract and at least one sweetener, wherein HSG-Extract is present in a concentration at or below its sweetness recognition threshold. The HSG-Extract and at least one sweetener can each be provided separately, or provided in the form of a sweetness enhancing composition. In a particular embodiment, the detected sucrose equivalence is increased from, for example, about 0.2% to about 5.0%, such as, for example, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4% or about 5%. The sweetener can be any natural or synthetic sweetener provided herein. In a particular embodiment, the sweetener is a calorie-providing carbohydrate sweetener. Accordingly, incorporation of the sweetness enhancer thereby reduces the quantity of the calorie-providing carbohydrate sweetener that must be used in a given consumable, thereby allowing the preparation of reduced-calorie consumables. The compositions can be customized to provide the desired calorie content. For example, compositions can be “full-calorie”, such that they impart the desired sweetness when added to a consumable (such as, for example, a beverage) and have about 120 calories per 8 oz serving. Alternatively, compositions can be “mid-calorie”, such that they impart the desired sweetness when added to a consumable (such as, for example, as beverage) and have less than about 60 calories per 8 oz serving. In other embodiments, compositions can be “low-calorie”, such that they impart the desired sweetness when added to a consumable (such as, for example, as beverage) and have less than 40 calories per 8 oz serving. In still other embodiments, the compositions can be “zero-calorie”, such that they impart the desired sweetness when added to a consumable (such as, for example, a beverage) and have less than 5 calories per 8 oz. serving. Additives The compositions, e.g. sweetener compositions and flavor enhanced compositions may comprise, in addition to HSG-Extract, one or more additives, detailed herein below. In some embodiments, the composition contains additives including, but not limited to, carbohydrates, polyols, amino acids and their corresponding salts, poly-amino acids and their corresponding salts, sugar acids and their corresponding salts, nucleotides, organic acids, inorganic acids, organic salts including organic acid salts and organic base salts, inorganic salts, bitter compounds, flavorants and flavoring ingredients, astringent compounds, proteins or protein hydrolysates, surfactants, emulsifiers, weighing agents, gums, antioxidants, colorants, flavonoids, alcohols, polymers and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the additives act to improve the temporal and flavor profile of the sweetener to provide a sweetener composition with a taste similar to sucrose. In one embodiment, the compositions further comprise contain one or more polyols. The term “polyol”, as used herein, refers to a molecule that contains more than one hydroxyl group. A polyol may be a diol, triol, or a tetraol which contains 2, 3, and 4 hydroxyl groups respectively. A polyol also may contain more than 4 hydroxyl groups, such as a pentaol, hexaol, heptaol, or the like, which contain 5, 6, or 7 hydroxyl groups, respectively. Additionally, a polyol also may be a sugar alcohol, polyhydric alcohol, or polyalcohol which is a reduced form of carbohydrate, wherein the carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketone, reducing sugar) has been reduced to a primary or secondary hydroxyl group. Non-limiting examples of polyols in some embodiments include erythritol, maltitol, mannitol, sorbitol, lactitol, xylitol, isomalt, propylene glycol, glycerol (glycerin), threitol, galactitol, palatinose, reduced isomalto-oligosaccharides, reduced xylo-oligosaccharides, reduced gentio-oligosaccharides, reduced maltose syrup, reduced glucose syrup, and sugar alcohols or any other carbohydrates capable of being reduced which do not adversely affect the taste of the compositions. In certain embodiments, the polyol is present in the compositions in an amount effective to provide a concentration from about 100 ppm to about 250,000 ppm when present in a consumable, such as, for example, a beverage. In other embodiments, the polyol is present in the compositions in an amount effective to provide a concentration from about 400 ppm to about 80,000 ppm when present in a consumable, such as, for example, from about 5,000 ppm to about 40,000 ppm. In other embodiments, HSG-Extract is present in the composition with the polyol in a weight ratio from about 1:1 to about 1:800, such as, for example, from about 1:4 to about 1:800, from about 1:20 to about 1:600, from about 1:50 to about 1:300 or from about 1:75 to about 1:150. Suitable amino acid additives include, but are not limited to, aspartic acid, arginine, glycine, glutamic acid, proline, threonine, theanine, cysteine, cystine, alanine, valine, tyrosine, leucine, arabinose, trans-4-hydroxyproline, isoleucine, asparagine, serine, lysine, histidine, ornithine, methionine, carnitine, aminobutyric acid (α-, β-, and/or δ-isomers), glutamine, hydroxyproline, taurine, norvaline, sarcosine, and their salt forms such as sodium or potassium salts or acid salts. The amino acid additives also may be in the D- or L-configuration and in the mono-, di-, or tri-form of the same or different amino acids. Additionally, the amino acids may be α-, β-, γ- and/or δ-isomers if appropriate. Combinations of the foregoing amino acids and their corresponding salts (e.g., sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium salts or other alkali or alkaline earth metal salts thereof, or acid salts) also are suitable additives in some embodiments. The amino acids may be natural or synthetic. The amino acids also may be modified. Modified amino acids refers to any amino acid wherein at least one atom has been added, removed, substituted, or combinations thereof (e.g., N-alkyl amino acid, N-acyl amino acid, or N-methyl amino acid). Non-limiting examples of modified amino acids include amino acid derivatives such as trimethyl glycine, N-methyl-glycine, and N-methyl-alanine. As used herein, modified amino acids encompass both modified and unmodified amino acids. As used herein, amino acids also encompass both peptides and polypeptides (e.g., dipeptides, tripeptides, tetrapeptides, and pentapeptides) such as glutathione and L-alanyl-L-glutamine. Suitable polyamino acid additives include poly-L-aspartic acid, poly-L-lysine (e.g., poly-L-α-lysine or poly-L-ε-lysine), poly-L-ornithine (e.g., poly-L-□α-ornithine or poly-L-□ε-ornithine), poly-L-arginine, other polymeric forms of amino acids, and salt forms thereof (e.g., calcium, potassium, sodium, or magnesium salts such as L-glutamic acid mono sodium salt). The poly-amino acid additives also may be in the D- or L-configuration. Additionally, the poly-amino acids may be α-, β-, γ-, δ-, and ε-isomers if appropriate. Combinations of the foregoing poly-amino acids and their corresponding salts (e.g., sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium salts or other alkali or alkaline earth metal salts thereof or acid salts) also are suitable additives in some embodiments. The poly-amino acids described herein also may comprise co-polymers of different amino acids. The poly-amino acids may be natural or synthetic. The poly-amino acids also may be modified, such that at least one atom has been added, removed, substituted, or combinations thereof (e.g., N-alkyl poly-amino acid or N-acyl poly-amino acid). As used herein, poly-amino acids encompass both modified and unmodified poly-amino acids. For example, modified poly-amino acids include, but are not limited to, poly-amino acids of various molecular weights (MW), such as poly-L-α-lysine with a MW of 1,500, MW of 6,000, MW of 25,200, MW of 63,000, MW of 83,000, or MW of 300,000. In particular embodiments, the amino acid is present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration from about 10 ppm to about 50,000 ppm when present in a consumable, such as, for example, a beverage. In another embodiment, the amino acid is present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration from about 1,000 ppm to about 10,000 ppm when present in a consumable, such as, for example, from about 2,500 ppm to about 5,000 ppm or from about 250 ppm to about 7,500 ppm. Suitable sugar acid additives include, but are not limited to, aldonic, uronic, aldaric, alginic, gluconic, glucuronic, glucaric, galactaric, galacturonic, and salts thereof (e.g., sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium salts or other physiologically acceptable salts), and combinations thereof. Suitable nucleotide additives include, but are not limited to, inosine monophosphate (“IMP”), guanosine monophosphate (“GMP”), adenosine monophosphate (“AMP”), cytosine monophosphate (CMP), uracil monophosphate (UMP), inosine diphosphate, guanosine diphosphate, adenosine diphosphate, cytosine diphosphate, uracil diphosphate, inosine triphosphate, guanosine triphosphate, adenosine triphosphate, cytosine triphosphate, uracil triphosphate, alkali or alkaline earth metal salts thereof, and combinations thereof. The nucleotides described herein also may comprise nucleotide-related additives, such as nucleosides or nucleic acid bases (e.g., guanine, cytosine, adenine, thymine, uracil). The nucleotide is present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration from about 5 ppm to about 1,000 ppm when present in consumable, such as, for example, a beverage. Suitable organic acid additives include any compound which comprises a —COOH moiety, such as, for example, C2-C30 carboxylic acids, substituted hydroxyl C2-C30 carboxylic acids, butyric acid (ethyl esters), substituted butyric acid (ethyl esters), benzoic acid, substituted benzoic acids (e.g., 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid), substituted cinnamic acids, hydroxyacids, substituted hydroxybenzoic acids, anisic acid substituted cyclohexyl carboxylic acids, tannic acid, aconitic acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, isocitric acid, gluconic acid, glucoheptonic acids, adipic acid, hydroxycitric acid, malic acid, fruitaric acid (a blend of malic, fumaric, and tartaric acids), fumaric acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, chlorogenic acid, salicylic acid, creatine, caffeic acid, bile acids, acetic acid, ascorbic acid, alginic acid, erythorbic acid, polyglutamic acid, glucono delta lactone, and their alkali or alkaline earth metal salt derivatives thereof. In addition, the organic acid additives also may be in either the D- or L-configuration. Suitable organic acid additive salts include, but are not limited to, sodium, calcium, potassium, and magnesium salts of all organic acids, such as salts of citric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, fumaric acid, lactic acid (e.g., sodium lactate), alginic acid (e.g., sodium alginate), ascorbic acid (e.g., sodium ascorbate), benzoic acid (e.g., sodium benzoate or potassium benzoate), sorbic acid and adipic acid. The examples of the organic acid additives described optionally may be substituted with at least one group chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halo, haloalkyl, carboxyl, acyl, acyloxy, amino, amido, carboxyl derivatives, alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, alkoxy, aryloxy, nitro, cyano, sulfo, thiol, imine, sulfonyl, sulfenyl, sulfinyl, sulfamyl, carboxalkoxy, carboxamido, phosphonyl, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, phosphino, thioester, thioether, anhydride, oximino, hydrazino, carbamyl, phosphor or phosphonato. In particular embodiments, the organic acid additive is present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration from about 10 ppm to about 5,000 ppm when present in a consumable, such as, for example, a beverage. Suitable inorganic acid additives include, but are not limited to, phosphoric acid, phosphorous acid, polyphosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, carbonic acid, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, and alkali or alkaline earth metal salts thereof (e.g., inositol hexaphosphate Mg/Ca). The inorganic acid additive is present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration from about 25 ppm to about 25,000 ppm when present in a consumable, such as, for example, a beverage. Suitable bitter compound additives include, but are not limited to, caffeine, quinine, urea, bitter orange oil, naringin, quassia, and salts thereof. The bitter compound is present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration from about 25 ppm to about 25,000 ppm when present in a consumable, such as, for example, a beverage. Suitable flavorants and flavoring ingredient additives include, but are not limited to, vanillin, vanilla extract, mango extract, cinnamon, citrus, coconut, ginger, viridiflorol, almond, menthol (including menthol without mint), grape skin extract, and grape seed extract. “Flavorant” and “flavoring ingredient” are synonymous and can include natural or synthetic substances or combinations thereof. Flavorants also include any other substance which imparts flavor and may include natural or non-natural (synthetic) substances which are safe for human or animals when used in a generally accepted range. Non-limiting examples of proprietary flavorants include Döhler™ Natural Flavoring Sweetness Enhancer K14323 (Döhler™, Darmstadt, Germany), Symrise™ Natural Flavor Mask for Sweeteners 161453 and 164126 (Symrise™, Holzminden, Germany), Natural Advantage™ Bitterness Blockers 1, 2, 9 and 10 (Natural Advantage™, Freehold, N.J., U.S.A.), and Sucramask™ (Creative Research Management, Stockton, Calif., U.S.A.). The flavorant is present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration from about 0.1 ppm to about 4,000 ppm when present in a consumable, such as, for example, a beverage. Suitable polymer additives include, but are not limited to, chitosan, pectin, pectic, pectinic, polyuronic, polygalacturonic acid, starch, food hydrocolloid or crude extracts thereof (e.g., gum acacia senegal (Fibergum™), gum acacia seyal, carageenan), poly-L-lysine (e.g., poly-L-α-lysine or poly-L-ε-lysine), poly-L-ornithine (e.g., poly-L-α-ornithine or poly-L-ε-ornithine), polypropylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, poly(ethylene glycol methyl ether), polyarginine, polyaspartic acid, polyglutamic acid, polyethylene imine, alginic acid, sodium alginate, propylene glycol alginate, and sodium polyethyleneglycolalginate, sodium hexametaphosphate and its salts, and other cationic polymers and anionic polymers. The polymer is present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration from about 30 ppm to about 2,000 ppm when present in a consumable, such as, for example, a beverage. Suitable protein or protein hydrolysate additives include, but are not limited to, bovine serum albumin (BSA), whey protein (including fractions or concentrates thereof such as 90% instant whey protein isolate, 34% whey protein, 50% hydrolyzed whey protein, and 80% whey protein concentrate), soluble rice protein, soy protein, protein isolates, protein hydrolysates, reaction products of protein hydrolysates, glycoproteins, and/or proteoglycans containing amino acids (e.g., glycine, alanine, serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine, arginine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, norvaline, methionine, proline, tyrosine, hydroxyproline, and the like), collagen (e.g., gelatin), partially hydrolyzed collagen (e.g., hydrolyzed fish collagen), and collagen hydrolysates (e.g., porcine collagen hydrolysate). The protein hydrolysate is present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration from about 200 ppm to about 50,000 ppm when present in a consumable, such as, for example, a beverage. Suitable surfactant additives include, but are not limited to, polysorbates (e.g., polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (polysorbate 80), polysorbate 20, polysorbate 60), sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, dioctyl sulfosuccinate or dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium, sodium dodecyl sulfate, cetylpyridinium chloride (hexadecylpyridinium chloride), hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, sodium cholate, carbamoyl, choline chloride, sodium glycocholate, sodium taurodeoxycholate, lauric arginate, sodium stearoyl lactylate, sodium taurocholate, lecithins, sucrose oleate esters, sucrose stearate esters, sucrose palmitate esters, sucrose laurate esters, and other emulsifiers, and the like. The surfactant additive is present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration from about 30 ppm to about 2,000 ppm when present in a consumable, such as, for example, a beverage. Suitable flavonoid additives are classified as flavonols, flavones, flavanones, flavan-3-ols, isoflavones, or anthocyanidins. Non-limiting examples of flavonoid additives include, but are not limited to, catechins (e.g., green tea extracts such as Polyphenon™ 60, Polyphenon™ 30, and Polyphenon™ 25 (Mitsui Norm Co., Ltd., Japan), polyphenols, rutins (e.g., enzyme modified rutin Sanmelin™ AO (San-fi Gen F.F.I., Inc., Osaka, Japan)), neohesperidin, naringin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, and the like. The flavonoid additive is present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration from about 0.1 ppm to about 1,000 ppm when present in a consumable, such as, for example, a beverage. Suitable alcohol additives include, but are not limited to, ethanol. In particular embodiments, the alcohol additive is present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration from about 625 ppm to about 10,000 ppm when present in a consumable, such as, for example, a beverage. Suitable astringent compound additives include, but are not limited to, tannic acid, europium chloride (EuCl3), gadolinium chloride (GdCl3), terbium chloride (TbCl3), alum, tannic acid, and polyphenols (e.g., tea polyphenols). The astringent additive is present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration from about 10 ppm to about 5,000 ppm when present in a consumable, such as, for example, a beverage. Functional Ingredients The compositions provided herein can also contain one or more functional ingredients, which provide a real or perceived heath benefit to the composition. Functional ingredients include, but are not limited to, saponins, antioxidants, dietary fiber sources, fatty acids, vitamins, glucosamine, minerals, preservatives, hydration agents, probiotics, prebiotics, weight management agents, osteoporosis management agents, phytoestrogens, long chain primary aliphatic saturated alcohols, phytosterols and combinations thereof. Saponin In certain embodiments, the functional ingredient is at least one saponin. As used herein, the at least one saponin may comprise a single saponin or a plurality of saponins as a functional ingredient for the composition provided herein. Generally, according to particular embodiments of this invention, the at least one saponin is present in the composition in an amount sufficient to promote health and wellness. Saponins are glycosidic natural plant products comprising an aglycone ring structure and one or more sugar moieties. The combination of the nonpolar aglycone and the water soluble sugar moiety gives saponins surfactant properties, which allow them to form a foam when shaken in an aqueous solution. The saponins are grouped together based on several common properties. In particular, saponins are surfactants which display hemolytic activity and form complexes with cholesterol. Although saponins share these properties, they are structurally diverse. The types of aglycone ring structures forming the ring structure in saponins can vary greatly. Non-limiting examples of the types of aglycone ring structures in saponin for use in particular embodiments of the invention include steroids, triterpenoids, and steroidal alkaloids. Non-limiting examples of specific aglycone ring structures for use in particular embodiments of the invention include soyasapogenol A, soyasapogenol B and soyasopogenol E. The number and type of sugar moieties attached to the aglycone ring structure can also vary greatly. Non-limiting examples of sugar moieties for use in particular embodiments of the invention include glucose, galactose, glucuronic acid, xylose, rhamnose, and methylpentose moieties. Non-limiting examples of specific saponins for use in particular embodiments of the invention include group A acetyl saponin, group B acetyl saponin, and group E acetyl saponin. Saponins can be found in a large variety of plants and plant products, and are especially prevalent in plant skins and barks where they form a waxy protective coating. Several common sources of saponins include soybeans, which have approximately 5% saponin content by dry weight, soapwort plants (Saponaria), the root of which was used historically as soap, as well as alfalfa, aloe, asparagus, grapes, chickpeas, yucca, and various other beans and weeds. Saponins may be obtained from these sources by using extraction techniques well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. A description of conventional extraction techniques can be found in U.S. Pat. Appl. No. 2005/0123662, the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated by reference. Antioxidant In certain embodiments, the functional ingredient is at least one antioxidant. As used herein, the at least one antioxidant may comprise a single antioxidant or a plurality of antioxidants as a functional ingredient for the compositions provided herein. Generally, according to particular embodiments of this invention, the at least one antioxidant is present in the composition in an amount sufficient to promote health and wellness. As used herein “antioxidant” refers to any substance which inhibits, suppresses, or reduces oxidative damage to cells and biomolecules. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that antioxidants inhibit, suppress, or reduce oxidative damage to cells or biomolecules by stabilizing free radicals before they can cause harmful reactions. As such, antioxidants may prevent or postpone the onset of some degenerative diseases. Examples of suitable antioxidants for embodiments of this invention include, but are not limited to, vitamins, vitamin cofactors, minerals, hormones, carotenoids, carotenoid terpenoids, non-carotenoid terpenoids, flavonoids, flavonoid polyphenolics (e.g., bioflavonoids), flavonols, flavones, phenols, polyphenols, esters of phenols, esters of polyphenols, nonflavonoid phenolics, isothiocyanates, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the antioxidant is vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, ubiquinone, mineral selenium, manganese, melatonin, α-carotene, β-carotene, lycopene, lutein, zeanthin, crypoxanthin, reservatol, eugenol, quercetin, catechin, gossypol, hesperetin, curcumin, ferulic acid, thymol, hydroxytyrosol, tumeric, thyme, olive oil, lipoic acid, glutathinone, gutamine, oxalic acid, tocopherol-derived compounds, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), tert-butylhydroquinone, acetic acid, pectin, tocotrienol, tocopherol, coenzyme Q10, zeaxanthin, astaxanthin, canthaxantin, saponins, limonoids, kaempfedrol, myricetin, isorhamnetin, proanthocyanidins, quercetin, rutin, luteolin, apigenin, tangeritin, hesperetin, naringenin, erodictyol, flavan-3-ols (e.g., anthocyanidins), gallocatechins, epicatechin and its gallate forms, epigallocatechin and its gallate forms (ECGC) theaflavin and its gallate forms, thearubigins, isoflavone phytoestrogens, genistein, daidzein, glycitein, anythocyanins, cyaniding, delphinidin, malvidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, petunidin, ellagic acid, gallic acid, salicylic acid, rosmarinic acid, cinnamic acid and its derivatives (e.g., ferulic acid), chlorogenic acid, chicoric acid, gallotannins, ellagitannins, anthoxanthins, betacyanins and other plant pigments, silymarin, citric acid, lignan, antinutrients, bilirubin, uric acid, R-α-lipoic acid, N-acetylcysteine, emblicanin, apple extract, apple skin extract (applephenon), rooibos extract red, rooibos extract, green, hawthorn berry extract, red raspberry extract, green coffee antioxidant (GCA), aronia extract 20%, grape seed extract (VinOseed), cocoa extract, hops extract, mangosteen extract, mangosteen hull extract, cranberry extract, pomegranate extract, pomegranate hull extract, pomegranate seed extract, hawthorn berry extract, pomella pomegranate extract, cinnamon bark extract, grape skin extract, bilberry extract, pine bark extract, pycnogenol, elderberry extract, mulberry root extract, wolfberry (gogi) extract, blackberry extract, blueberry extract, blueberry leaf extract, raspberry extract, turmeric extract, citrus bioflavonoids, black currant, ginger, acai powder, green coffee bean extract, green tea extract, and phytic acid, or combinations thereof. In alternate embodiments, the antioxidant is a synthetic antioxidant such as butylated hydroxytolune or butylated hydroxyanisole, for example. Other sources of suitable antioxidants for embodiments of this invention include, but are not limited to, fruits, vegetables, tea, cocoa, chocolate, spices, herbs, rice, organ meats from livestock, yeast, whole grains, or cereal grains. Particular antioxidants belong to the class of phytonutrients called polyphenols (also known as “polyphenolics”), which are a group of chemical substances found in plants, characterized by the presence of more than one phenol group per molecule. A variety of health benefits may be derived from polyphenols, including prevention of cancer, heart disease, and chronic inflammatory disease and improved mental strength and physical strength, for example. Suitable polyphenols for embodiments of this invention include catechins, proanthocyanidins, procyanidins, anthocyanins, quercerin, rutin, reservatrol, isoflavones, curcumin, punicalagin, ellagitannin, hesperidin, naringin, citrus flavonoids, chlorogenic acid, other similar materials, and combinations thereof. In particular embodiments, the antioxidant is a catechin such as, for example, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Suitable sources of catechins for embodiments of this invention include, but are not limited to, green tea, white tea, black tea, oolong tea, chocolate, cocoa, red wine, grape seed, red grape skin, purple grape skin, red grape juice, purple grape juice, berries, pycnogenol, and red apple peel. In some embodiments, the antioxidant is chosen from proanthocyanidins, procyanidins or combinations thereof. Suitable sources of proanthocyanidins and procyanidins for embodiments of this invention include, but are not limited to, red grapes, purple grapes, cocoa, chocolate, grape seeds, red wine, cacao beans, cranberry, apple peel, plum, blueberry, black currants, choke berry, green tea, sorghum, cinnamon, barley, red kidney bean, pinto bean, hops, almonds, hazelnuts, pecans, pistachio, pycnogenol, and colorful berries. In particular embodiments, the antioxidant is an anthocyanin. Suitable sources of anthocyanins for embodiments of this invention include, but are not limited to, red berries, blueberries, bilberry, cranberry, raspberry, cherry, pomegranate, strawberry, elderberry, choke berry, red grape skin, purple grape skin, grape seed, red wine, black currant, red currant, cocoa, plum, apple peel, peach, red pear, red cabbage, red onion, red orange, and blackberries. In some embodiments, the antioxidant is chosen from quercetin, rutin or combinations thereof. Suitable sources of quercetin and rutin for embodiments of this invention include, but are not limited to, red apples, onions, kale, bog whortleberry, lingonberrys, chokeberry, cranberry, blackberry, blueberry, strawberry, raspberry, black currant, green tea, black tea, plum, apricot, parsley, leek, broccoli, chili pepper, berry wine, and ginkgo. In some embodiments, the antioxidant is reservatrol. Suitable sources of reservatrol for embodiments of this invention include, but are not limited to, red grapes, peanuts, cranberry, blueberry, bilberry, mulberry, Japanese Itadori tea, and red wine. In particular embodiments, the antioxidant is an isoflavone. Suitable sources of isoflavones for embodiments of this invention include, but are not limited to, soy beans, soy products, legumes, alfalfa sprouts, chickpeas, peanuts, and red clover. In some embodiments, the antioxidant is curcumin. Suitable sources of curcumin for embodiments of this invention include, but are not limited to, turmeric and mustard. In particular embodiments, the antioxidant is chosen from punicalagin, ellagitannin or combinations thereof. Suitable sources of punicalagin and ellagitannin for embodiments of this invention include, but are not limited to, pomegranate, raspberry, strawberry, walnut, and oak-aged red wine. In some embodiments, the antioxidant is a citrus flavonoid, such as hesperidin or naringin. Suitable sources of citrus flavonoids, such as hesperidin or naringin, for embodiments of this invention include, but are not limited to, oranges, grapefruits, and citrus juices. In particular embodiments, the antioxidant is chlorogenic acid. Suitable sources of chlorogenic acid for embodiments of this invention include, but are not limited to, green coffee, yerba mate, red wine, grape seed, red grape skin, purple grape skin, red grape juice, purple grape juice, apple juice, cranberry, pomegranate, blueberry, strawberry, sunflower, Echinacea, pycnogenol, and apple peel. Dietary Fiber In certain embodiments, the functional ingredient is at least one dietary fiber source. As used herein, the at least one dietary fiber source may comprise a single dietary fiber source or a plurality of dietary fiber sources as a functional ingredient for the compositions provided herein. Generally, according to particular embodiments of this invention, the at least one dietary fiber source is present in the composition in an amount sufficient to promote health and wellness. Numerous polymeric carbohydrates having significantly different structures in both composition and linkages fall within the definition of dietary fiber. Such compounds are well known to those skilled in the art, non-limiting examples of which include non-starch polysaccharides, lignin, cellulose, methylcellulose, the hemicelluloses, β-glucans, pectins, gums, mucilage, waxes, inulins, oligosaccharides, fructooligosaccharides, cyclodextrins, chitins, and combinations thereof. Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates composed of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages. Non-starch polysaccharides are bonded with β-linkages, which humans are unable to digest due to a lack of an enzyme to break the β-linkages. Conversely, digestible starch polysaccharides generally comprise α(1-4) linkages. Lignin is a large, highly branched and cross-linked polymer based on oxygenated phenylpropane units. Cellulose is a linear polymer of glucose molecules joined by a β(1-4) linkage, which mammalian amylases are unable to hydrolyze. Methylcellulose is a methyl ester of cellulose that is often used in foodstuffs as a thickener, and emulsifier. It is commercially available (e.g., Citrucel by GlaxoSmithKline, Celevac by Shire Pharmaceuticals). Hemicelluloses are highly branched polymers consisting mainly of glucurono- and 4-O-methylglucuroxylans. β-Glucans are mixed-linkage (1-3), (1-4) β-D-glucose polymers found primarily in cereals, such as oats and barley. Pectins, such as beta pectin, are a group of polysaccharides composed primarily of D-galacturonic acid, which is methoxylated to variable degrees. Gums and mucilages represent a broad array of different branched structures. Guar gum, derived from the ground endosperm of the guar seed, is a galactomannan. Guar gum is commercially available (e.g., Benefiber by Novartis A G). Other gums, such as gum arabic and pectins, have still different structures. Still other gums include xanthan gum, gellan gum, tara gum, psylium seed husk gum, and locust been gum. Waxes are esters of ethylene glycol and two fatty acids, generally occurring as a hydrophobic liquid that is insoluble in water. Inulins comprise naturally occurring oligosaccharides belonging to a class of carbohydrates known as fructans. They generally are comprised of fructose units joined by β(2-1) glycosidic linkages with a terminal glucose unit. Oligosaccharides are saccharide polymers containing typically three to six component sugars. They are generally found either O- or N-linked to compatible amino acid side chains in proteins or to lipid molecules. Fructooligosaccharides are oligosaccharides consisting of short chains of fructose molecules. Food sources of dietary fiber include, but are not limited to, grains, legumes, fruits, and vegetables. Grains providing dietary fiber include, but are not limited to, oats, rye, barley, wheat. Legumes providing fiber include, but are not limited to, peas and beans such as soybeans. Fruits and vegetables providing a source of fiber include, but are not limited to, apples, oranges, pears, bananas, berries, tomatoes, green beans, broccoli, cauliflower, carrots, potatoes, celery. Plant foods such as bran, nuts, and seeds (such as flax seeds) are also sources of dietary fiber. Parts of plants providing dietary fiber include, but are not limited to, the stems, roots, leaves, seeds, pulp, and skin. Although dietary fiber generally is derived from plant sources, indigestible animal products such as chitins are also classified as dietary fiber. Chitin is a polysaccharide composed of units of acetylglucosamine joined by β(1-4) linkages, similar to the linkages of cellulose. Sources of dietary fiber often are divided into categories of soluble and insoluble fiber based on their solubility in water. Both soluble and insoluble fibers are found in plant foods to varying degrees depending upon the characteristics of the plant. Although insoluble in water, insoluble fiber has passive hydrophilic properties that help increase bulk, soften stools, and shorten transit time of fecal solids through the intestinal tract. Unlike insoluble fiber, soluble fiber readily dissolves in water. Soluble fiber undergoes active metabolic processing via fermentation in the colon, increasing the colonic microflora and thereby increasing the mass of fecal solids. Fermentation of fibers by colonic bacteria also yields end-products with significant health benefits. For example, fermentation of the food masses produces gases and short-chain fatty acids. Acids produced during fermentation include butyric, acetic, propionic, and valeric acids that have various beneficial properties such as stabilizing blood glucose levels by acting on pancreatic insulin release and providing liver control by glycogen breakdown. In addition, fiber fermentation may reduce atherosclerosis by lowering cholesterol synthesis by the liver and reducing blood levels of LDL and triglycerides. The acids produced during fermentation lower colonic pH, thereby protecting the colon lining from cancer polyp formation. The lower colonic pH also increases mineral absorption, improves the barrier properties of the colonic mucosal layer, and inhibits inflammatory and adhesion irritants. Fermentation of fibers also may benefit the immune system by stimulating production of T-helper cells, antibodies, leukocytes, splenocytes, cytokinins and lymphocytes. Fatty Acid In certain embodiments, the functional ingredient is at least one fatty acid. As used herein, the at least one fatty acid may be single fatty acid or a plurality of fatty acids as a functional ingredient for the compositions provided herein. Generally, according to particular embodiments of this invention, the at least one fatty acid is present in the composition in an amount sufficient to promote health and wellness. As used herein, “fatty acid” refers to any straight chain monocarboxylic acid and includes saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, long chain fatty acids, medium chain fatty acids, short chain fatty acids, fatty acid precursors (including omega-9 fatty acid precursors), and esterified fatty acids. As used herein, “long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid” refers to any polyunsaturated carboxylic acid or organic acid with a long aliphatic tail. As used herein, “omega-3 fatty acid” refers to any polyunsaturated fatty acid having a first double bond as the third carbon-carbon bond from the terminal methyl end of its carbon chain. In particular embodiments, the omega-3 fatty acid may comprise a long chain omega-3 fatty acid. As used herein, “omega-6 fatty acid” any polyunsaturated fatty acid having a first double bond as the sixth carbon-carbon bond from the terminal methyl end of its carbon chain. Suitable omega-3 fatty acids for use in embodiments of the present invention can be derived from algae, fish, animals, plants, or combinations thereof, for example. Examples of suitable omega-3 fatty acids include, but are not limited to, linolenic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, stearidonic acid, eicosatetraenoic acid and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, suitable omega-3 fatty acids can be provided in fish oils, (e.g., menhaden oil, tuna oil, salmon oil, bonito oil, and cod oil), microalgae omega-3 oils or combinations thereof. In particular embodiments, suitable omega-3 fatty acids may be derived from commercially available omega-3 fatty acid oils such as Microalgae DHA oil (from Martek, Columbia, Md.), OmegaPure (from Omega Protein, Houston, Tex.), Marinol C-38 (from Lipid Nutrition, Channahon, Ill.), Bonito oil and MEG-3 (from Ocean Nutrition, Dartmouth, NS), Evogel (from Symrise, Holzminden, Germany), Marine Oil, from tuna or salmon (from Arista Wilton, CT), OmegaSource 2000, Marine Oil, from menhaden and Marine Oil, from cod (from OmegaSource, RTP, NC). Suitable omega-6 fatty acids include, but are not limited to, linoleic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, dihommo-gamma-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosadienoic acid, docosadienoic acid, adrenic acid, docosapentaenoic acid and combinations thereof. Suitable esterified fatty acids for embodiments of the present invention may include, but are not limited to, monoacylgycerols containing omega-3 and/or omega-6 fatty acids, diacylgycerols containing omega-3 and/or omega-6 fatty acids, or triacylgycerols containing omega-3 and/or omega-6 fatty acids and combinations thereof. Vitamin In certain embodiments, the functional ingredient is at least one vitamin. As used herein, the at least one vitamin may be single vitamin or a plurality of vitamins as a functional ingredient for the compositions provided herein. Generally, according to particular embodiments of this invention, the at least one vitamin is present in the composition in an amount sufficient to promote health and wellness. Vitamins are organic compounds that the human body needs in small quantities for normal functioning. The body uses vitamins without breaking them down, unlike other nutrients such as carbohydrates and proteins. To date, thirteen vitamins have been recognized, and one or more can be used in the compositions herein. Suitable vitamins include, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B3, vitamin B5, vitamin B6, vitamin B7, vitamin B9, vitamin B12, and vitamin C. Many of vitamins also have alternative chemical names, non-limiting examples of which are provided below. VitaminAlternative namesVitamin ARetinolRetinaldehydeRetinoic acidRetinoidsRetinalRetinoic esterVitamin DCalciferol(vitamins D1-D5)CholecalciferolLumisterolErgocalciferolDihydrotachysterol7-dehydrocholesterolVitamin ETocopherolTocotrienolVitamin KPhylloquinoneNaphthoquinoneVitamin B1ThiaminVitamin B2RiboflavinVitamin GVitamin B3NiacinNicotinic acidVitamin PPVitamin B5Pantothenic acidVitamin B6PyridoxinePyridoxalPyridoxamineVitamin B7BiotinVitamin HVitamin B9Folic acidFolateFolacinVitamin MPteroyl-L-glutamic acidVitamin B12CobalaminCyanocobalaminVitamin CAscorbic acid Various other compounds have been classified as vitamins by some authorities. These compounds may be termed pseudo-vitamins and include, but are not limited to, compounds such as ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10), pangamic acid, dimethylglycine, taestrile, amygdaline, flavanoids, para-aminobenzoic acid, adenine, adenylic acid, and s-methylmethionine. As used herein, the term vitamin includes pseudo-vitamins. In some embodiments, the vitamin is a fat-soluble vitamin chosen from vitamin A, D, E, K and combinations thereof. In other embodiments, the vitamin is a water-soluble vitamin chosen from vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B3, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folic acid, biotin, pantothenic acid, vitamin C and combinations thereof. Glucosamine In certain embodiments, the functional ingredient is glucosamine. Generally, according to particular embodiments of this invention, glucosamine is present in the compositions in an amount sufficient to promote health and wellness. Glucosamine, also called chitosamine, is an amino sugar that is believed to be an important precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids. D-glucosamine occurs naturally in the cartilage in the form of glucosamine-6-phosphate, which is synthesized from fructose-6-phosphate and glutamine. However, glucosamine also is available in other forms, non-limiting examples of which include glucosamine hydrochloride, glucosamine sulfate, N-acetyl-glucosamine, or any other salt forms or combinations thereof. Glucosamine may be obtained by acid hydrolysis of the shells of lobsters, crabs, shrimps, or prawns using methods well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. In a particular embodiment, glucosamine may be derived from fungal biomass containing chitin, as described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2006/0172392. The compositions can further comprise chondroitin sulfate. Mineral In certain embodiments, the functional ingredient is at least one mineral. As used herein, the at least one mineral may be single mineral or a plurality of minerals as a functional ingredient for the compositions provided herein. Generally, according to particular embodiments of this invention, the at least one mineral is present in the composition in an amount sufficient to promote health and wellness. Minerals, in accordance with the teachings of this invention, comprise inorganic chemical elements required by living organisms. Minerals are comprised of a broad range of compositions (e.g., elements, simple salts, and complex silicates) and also vary broadly in crystalline structure. They may naturally occur in foods and beverages, may be added as a supplement, or may be consumed or administered separately from foods or beverages. Minerals may be categorized as either bulk minerals, which are required in relatively large amounts, or trace minerals, which are required in relatively small amounts. Bulk minerals generally are required in amounts greater than or equal to about 100 mg per day and trace minerals are those that are required in amounts less than about 100 mg per day. In particular embodiments of this invention, the mineral is chosen from bulk minerals, trace minerals or combinations thereof. Non-limiting examples of bulk minerals include calcium, chlorine, magnesium, phosphorous, potassium, sodium, and sulfur. Non-limiting examples of trace minerals include chromium, cobalt, copper, fluorine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, zinc, and iodine. Although iodine generally is classified as a trace mineral, it is required in larger quantities than other trace minerals and often is categorized as a bulk mineral. In other particular embodiments of this invention, the mineral is a trace mineral, believed to be necessary for human nutrition, non-limiting examples of which include bismuth, boron, lithium, nickel, rubidium, silicon, strontium, tellurium, tin, titanium, tungsten, and vanadium. The minerals embodied herein may be in any form known to those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, in a particular embodiment the minerals may be in their ionic form, having either a positive or negative charge. In another particular embodiment the minerals may be in their molecular form. For example, sulfur and phosphorous often are found naturally as sulfates, sulfides, and phosphates. Preservative In certain embodiments, the functional ingredient is at least one preservative. As used herein, the at least one preservative may be single preservative or a plurality of preservatives as a functional ingredient for the compositions provided herein. Generally, according to particular embodiments of this invention, the at least one preservative is present in the composition in an amount sufficient to promote health and wellness. In particular embodiments of this invention, the preservative is chosen from antimicrobials, antioxidants, antienzymatics or combinations thereof. Non-limiting examples of antimicrobials include sulfites, propionates, benzoates, sorbates, nitrates, nitrites, bacteriocins, salts, sugars, acetic acid, dimethyl dicarbonate (DMDC), ethanol, and ozone. According to a particular embodiment, the preservative is a sulfite. Sulfites include, but are not limited to, sulfur dioxide, sodium bisulfite, and potassium hydrogen sulfite. According to another particular embodiment, the preservative is a propionate. Propionates include, but are not limited to, propionic acid, calcium propionate, and sodium propionate. According to yet another particular embodiment, the preservative is a benzoate. Benzoates include, but are not limited to, sodium benzoate and benzoic acid. In another particular embodiment, the preservative is a sorbate. Sorbates include, but are not limited to, potassium sorbate, sodium sorbate, calcium sorbate, and sorbic acid. In still another particular embodiment, the preservative is a nitrate and/or a nitrite. Nitrates and nitrites include, but are not limited to, sodium nitrate and sodium nitrite. In yet another particular embodiment, the at least one preservative is a bacteriocin, such as, for example, nisin. In another particular embodiment, the preservative is ethanol. In still another particular embodiment, the preservative is ozone. Non-limiting examples of antienzymatics suitable for use as preservatives in particular embodiments of the invention include ascorbic acid, citric acid, and metal chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Hydration Agent In certain embodiments, the functional ingredient is at least one hydration agent. As used herein, the at least one hydration agent may be single hydration agent or a plurality of hydration agents as a functional ingredient for the compositions provided herein. Generally, according to particular embodiments of this invention, the at least one hydration agent is present in the composition in an amount sufficient to promote health and wellness. Hydration products help the body to replace fluids that are lost through excretion. For example, fluid is lost as sweat in order to regulate body temperature, as urine in order to excrete waste substances, and as water vapor in order to exchange gases in the lungs. Fluid loss can also occur due to a wide range of external causes, non-limiting examples of which include physical activity, exposure to dry air, diarrhea, vomiting, hyperthermia, shock, blood loss, and hypotension. Diseases causing fluid loss include diabetes, cholera, gastroenteritis, shigellosis, and yellow fever. Forms of malnutrition that cause fluid loss include the excessive consumption of alcohol, electrolyte imbalance, fasting, and rapid weight loss. In a particular embodiment, the hydration product is a composition that helps the body replace fluids that are lost during exercise. Accordingly, in a particular embodiment, the hydration product is an electrolyte, non-limiting examples of which include sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, phosphate, bicarbonate, and combinations thereof. Suitable electrolytes for use in particular embodiments of this invention are also described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,681,569, the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference. In particular embodiments, the electrolytes are obtained from their corresponding water-soluble salts. Non-limiting examples of salts for use in particular embodiments include chlorides, carbonates, sulfates, acetates, bicarbonates, citrates, phosphates, hydrogen phosphates, tartrates, sorbates, citrates, benzoates, or combinations thereof. In other embodiments, the electrolytes are provided by juice, fruit extracts, vegetable extracts, tea, or teas extracts. In particular embodiments of this invention, the hydration product is a carbohydrate to supplement energy stores burned by muscles. Suitable carbohydrates for use in particular embodiments of this invention are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,312,856, 4,853,237, 5,681,569, and 6,989,171, the disclosures of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference. Non-limiting examples of suitable carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, complex polysaccharides or combinations thereof. Non-limiting examples of suitable types of monosaccharides for use in particular embodiments include trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses, heptoses, octoses, and nonoses. Non-limiting examples of specific types of suitable monosaccharides include glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone, erythrose, threose, erythrulose, arabinose, lyxose, ribose, xylose, ribulose, xylulose, allose, altrose, galactose, glucose, gulose, idose, mannose, talose, fructose, psicose, sorbose, tagatose, mannoheptulose, sedoheltulose, octolose, and sialose. Non-limiting examples of suitable disaccharides include sucrose, lactose, and maltose. Non-limiting examples of suitable oligosaccharides include saccharose, maltotriose, and maltodextrin. In other particular embodiments, the carbohydrates are provided by a corn syrup, a beet sugar, a cane sugar, a juice, or a tea. In another particular embodiment, the hydration is a flavanol that provides cellular rehydration. Flavanols are a class of natural substances present in plants, and generally comprise a 2-phenylbenzopyrone molecular skeleton attached to one or more chemical moieties. Non-limiting examples of suitable flavanols for use in particular embodiments of this invention include catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin 3-gallate, theaflavin, theaflavin 3-gallate, theaflavin 3′-gallate, theaflavin 3,3′ gallate, thearubigin or combinations thereof. Several common sources of flavanols include tea plants, fruits, vegetables, and flowers. In preferred embodiments, the flavanol is extracted from green tea. In a particular embodiment, the hydration product is a glycerol solution to enhance exercise endurance. The ingestion of a glycerol containing solution has been shown to provide beneficial physiological effects, such as expanded blood volume, lower heart rate, and lower rectal temperature. Probiotics/Prebiotics In certain embodiments, the functional ingredient is chosen from at least one probiotic, prebiotic and combination thereof. As used herein, the at least one probiotic or prebiotic may be single probiotic or prebiotic or a plurality of probiotics or prebiotics as a functional ingredient for the compositions provided herein. Generally, according to particular embodiments of this invention, the at least one probiotic, prebiotic or combination thereof is present in the composition in an amount sufficient to promote health and wellness. Probiotics, in accordance with the teachings of this invention, comprise microorganisms that benefit health when consumed in an effective amount. Desirably, probiotics beneficially affect the human body's naturally-occurring gastrointestinal microflora and impart health benefits apart from nutrition. Probiotics may include, without limitation, bacteria, yeasts, and fungi. Prebiotics, in accordance with the teachings of this invention, are compositions that promote the growth of beneficial bacteria in the intestines. Prebiotic substances can be consumed by a relevant probiotic, or otherwise assist in keeping the relevant probiotic alive or stimulate its growth. When consumed in an effective amount, prebiotics also beneficially affect the human body's naturally-occurring gastrointestinal microflora and thereby impart health benefits apart from just nutrition. Prebiotic foods enter the colon and serve as substrate for the endogenous bacteria, thereby indirectly providing the host with energy, metabolic substrates, and essential micronutrients. The body's digestion and absorption of prebiotic foods is dependent upon bacterial metabolic activity, which salvages energy for the host from nutrients that escaped digestion and absorption in the small intestine. According to particular embodiments, the probiotic is a beneficial microorganism that beneficially affects the human body's naturally-occurring gastrointestinal microflora and imparts health benefits apart from nutrition. Examples of probiotics include, but are not limited to, bacteria of the genus Lactobacilli, Bifidobacteria, Streptococci, or combinations thereof, that confer beneficial effects to humans. In particular embodiments of the invention, the at least one probiotic is chosen from the genus Lactobacilli. Lactobacilli (i.e., bacteria of the genusLactobacillus, hereinafter “L.”) have been used for several hundred years as a food preservative and for promoting human health. Non-limiting examples of species of Lactobacilli found in the human intestinal tract includeL. acidophilus, L. casei, L. fermentum, L. saliva roes, L. brevis, L. leichmannii, L. plantarum, L. cellobiosus, L. reuteri, L. rhamnosus, L. GG,L. bulgaricus, andL. thermophilus. According to other particular embodiments of this invention, the probiotic is chosen from the genus Bifidobacteria. Bifidobacteria also are known to exert a beneficial influence on human health by producing short chain fatty acids (e.g., acetic, propionic, and butyric acids), lactic, and formic acids as a result of carbohydrate metabolism. Non-limiting species of Bifidobacteria found in the human gastrointestinal tract includeB. angulatum, B. animalis, B. asteroides, B. bifidum, B. boum, B. breve, B. catenulatum, B. choerinum, B. coryneforme, B. cuniculi, B. dentium, B. gallicum, B. gallinarum, B indicum, B. longum, B. magnum, B. merycicum, B. minimum, B. pseudocatenulatum, B. pseudolongum, B. psychraerophilum, B. pullorum, B. ruminantium, B. saeculare, B. scardovii, B. simiae, B. subtile, B. thermacidophilum, B. thermophilum, B. urinalis, and B. sp. According to other particular embodiments of this invention, the probiotic is chosen from the genusStreptococcus. Streptococcus thermophilusis a gram-positive facultative anaerobe. It is classified as a lactic acid bacteria and commonly is found in milk and milk products, and is used in the production of yogurt. Other non-limiting probiotic species of this bacteria includeStreptococcus salivarusandStreptococcus cremoris. Probiotics that may be used in accordance with this invention are well-known to those of skill in the art. Non-limiting examples of foodstuffs comprising probiotics include yogurt, sauerkraut, kefir, kimchi, fermented vegetables, and other foodstuffs containing a microbial element that beneficially affects the host animal by improving the intestinal microbalance. Prebiotics, in accordance with the embodiments of this invention, include, without limitation, mucopolysaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, amino acids, vitamins, nutrient precursors, proteins and combinations thereof. According to a particular embodiment of this invention, the prebiotic is chosen from dietary fibers, including, without limitation, polysaccharides and oligosaccharides. These compounds have the ability to increase the number of probiotics, which leads to the benefits conferred by the probiotics. Non-limiting examples of oligosaccharides that are categorized as prebiotics in accordance with particular embodiments of this invention include fructooligosaccharides, inulins, isomalto-oligosaccharides, lactilol, lactosucrose, lactulose, pyrodextrins, soy oligosaccharides, transgalacto-oligosaccharides, and xylo-oligosaccharides. According to other particular embodiments of the invention, the prebiotic is an amino acid. Although a number of known prebiotics break down to provide carbohydrates for probiotics, some probiotics also require amino acids for nourishment. Prebiotics are found naturally in a variety of foods including, without limitation, bananas, berries, asparagus, garlic, wheat, oats, barley (and other whole grains), flaxseed, tomatoes, Jerusalem artichoke, onions and chicory, greens (e.g., dandelion greens, spinach, collard greens, chard, kale, mustard greens, turnip greens), and legumes (e.g., lentils, kidney beans, chickpeas, navy beans, white beans, black beans). Weight Management Agent In certain embodiments, the functional ingredient is at least one weight management agent. As used herein, the at least one weight management agent may be single weight management agent or a plurality of weight management agents as a functional ingredient for the compositions provided herein. Generally, according to particular embodiments of this invention, the at least one weight management agent is present in the composition in an amount sufficient to promote health and wellness. As used herein, “a weight management agent” includes an appetite suppressant and/or a thermogenesis agent. As used herein, the phrases “appetite suppressant”, “appetite satiation compositions”, “satiety agents”, and “satiety ingredients” are synonymous. The phrase “appetite suppressant” describes macronutrients, herbal extracts, exogenous hormones, anorectics, anorexigenics, pharmaceutical drugs, and combinations thereof, that when delivered in an effective amount, suppress, inhibit, reduce, or otherwise curtail a person's appetite. The phrase “thermogenesis agent” describes macronutrients, herbal extracts, exogenous hormones, anorectics, anorexigenics, pharmaceutical drugs, and combinations thereof, that when delivered in an effective amount, activate or otherwise enhance a person's thermogenesis or metabolism. Suitable weight management agents include macronutrient selected from the group consisting of proteins, carbohydrates, dietary fats, and combinations thereof. Consumption of proteins, carbohydrates, and dietary fats stimulates the release of peptides with appetite-suppressing effects. For example, consumption of proteins and dietary fats stimulates the release of the gut hormone cholecytokinin (CCK), while consumption of carbohydrates and dietary fats stimulates release of Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Suitable macronutrient weight management agents also include carbohydrates. Carbohydrates generally comprise sugars, starches, cellulose and gums that the body converts into glucose for energy. Carbohydrates often are classified into two categories, digestible carbohydrates (e.g., monosaccharides, disaccharides, and starch) and non-digestible carbohydrates (e.g., dietary fiber). Studies have shown that non-digestible carbohydrates and complex polymeric carbohydrates having reduced absorption and digestibility in the small intestine stimulate physiologic responses that inhibit food intake. Accordingly, the carbohydrates embodied herein desirably comprise non-digestible carbohydrates or carbohydrates with reduced digestibility. Non-limiting examples of such carbohydrates include polydextrose; inulin; monosaccharide-derived polyols such as erythritol, mannitol, xylitol, and sorbitol; disaccharide-derived alcohols such as isomalt, lactitol, and maltitol; and hydrogenated starch hydrolysates. Carbohydrates are described in more detail herein below. In another particular embodiment weight management agent is a dietary fat. Dietary fats are lipids comprising combinations of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Polyunsaturated fatty acids have been shown to have a greater satiating power than mono-unsaturated fatty acids. Accordingly, the dietary fats embodied herein desirably comprise poly-unsaturated fatty acids, non-limiting examples of which include triacylglycerols. In a particular embodiment, the weight management agents is an herbal extract. Extracts from numerous types of plants have been identified as possessing appetite suppressant properties. Non-limiting examples of plants whose extracts have appetite suppressant properties include plants of the genusHoodia, Trichocaulon, Caralluma, Stapelia, Orbea, Asclepias, andCamelia. Other embodiments include extracts derived from Gymnema Sylvestre, Kola Nut, Citrus Auran tium, Yerba Mate, Griffonia Simplicifolia, Guarana, myrrh, guggul Lipid, and black current seed oil. The herbal extracts may be prepared from any type of plant material or plant biomass. Non-limiting examples of plant material and biomass include the stems, roots, leaves, dried powder obtained from the plant material, and sap or dried sap. The herbal extracts generally are prepared by extracting sap from the plant and then spray-drying the sap. Alternatively, solvent extraction procedures may be employed. Following the initial extraction, it may be desirable to further fractionate the initial extract (e.g., by column chromatography) in order to obtain an herbal extract with enhanced activity. Such techniques are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. In a particular embodiment, the herbal extract is derived from a plant of the genusHoodia, species of which includeH. alstonii, H. currorii, H. dregei, H. flava, H. gordonii, H. jutatae, H. mossamedensis, H. officinalis, H. parviflorai, H. pedicellata, H. pilifera, H. ruschii, andH. triebneri. Hoodiaplants are stem succulents native to southern Africa. A sterol glycoside ofHoodia, known as P57, is believed to be responsible for the appetite-suppressant effect of theHoodiaspecies. In another particular embodiment, the herbal extract is derived from a plant of the genusCaralluma, species of which includeC. indica, C. fimbriata, C. attenuate, C. tuberculata, C. edulis, C. adscendens, C. stalagmifera, C. umbellate, C. penicillata, C. russeliana, C. retrospicens, C. arabica, andC. lasiantha. Carallumaplants belong to the same Subfamily asHoodia, Asclepiadaceae.Carallumaare small, erect and fleshy plants native to India having medicinal properties, such as appetite suppression, that generally are attributed to glycosides belonging to the pregnane group of glycosides, non-limiting examples of which include caratuberside A, caratuberside B, bouceroside I, bouceroside II, bouceroside III, bouceroside IV, bouceroside V, bouceroside VI, bouceroside VII, bouceroside VIII, bouceroside IX, and bouceroside X. In another particular embodiment, the at least one herbal extract is derived from a plant of the genusTrichocaulon. Trichocaulonplants are succulents that generally are native to southern Africa, similar toHoodia, and include the speciesT. piliferumandT. officinale. In another particular embodiment, the herbal extract is derived from a plant of the genusStapeliaorOrbea, species of which includeS. giganteanandO. variegate, respectively. BothStapeliaandOrbeaplants belong to the same Subfamily asHoodia, Asclepiadaceae. Not wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that the compounds exhibiting appetite suppressant activity are saponins, such as pregnane glycosides, which include stavarosides A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, and K. In another particular embodiment, the herbal extract is derived from a plant of the genusAsclepias. Asclepiasplants also belong to the Asclepiadaceae family of plants. Non-limiting examples ofAsclepiasplants includeA. incarnate, A. curassayica, A. syriaca, andA. tuberose. Not wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that the extracts comprise steroidal compounds, such as pregnane glycosides and pregnane aglycone, having appetite suppressant effects. In a particular embodiment, the weight management agent is an exogenous hormone having a weight management effect. Non-limiting examples of such hormones include CCK, peptide YY, ghrelin, bombesin and gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), enterostatin, apolipoprotein A-IV, GLP-1, amylin, somastatin, and leptin. In another embodiment, the weight management agent is a pharmaceutical drug. Non-limiting examples include phentenime, diethylpropion, phendimetrazine, sibutramine, rimonabant, oxyntomodulin, floxetine hydrochloride, ephedrine, phenethylamine, or other stimulants. Osteoporosis Management Agent In certain embodiments, the functional ingredient is at least one osteoporosis management agent. As used herein, the at least one osteoporosis management agent may be single osteoporosis management agent or a plurality of osteoporosis management agent as a functional ingredient for the compositions provided herein. Generally, according to particular embodiments of this invention, the at least one osteoporosis management agent is present in the composition in an amount sufficient to promote health and wellness. Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder of compromised bone strength, resulting in an increased risk of bone fracture. Generally, osteoporosis is characterized by reduction of the bone mineral density (BMD), disruption of bone micro-architecture, and changes to the amount and variety of non-collagenous proteins in the bone. In certain embodiments, the osteoporosis management agent is at least one calcium source. According to a particular embodiment, the calcium source is any compound containing calcium, including salt complexes, solubilized species, and other forms of calcium. Non-limiting examples of calcium sources include amino acid chelated calcium, calcium carbonate, calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, calcium sulfate, calcium chloride, calcium phosphate, calcium hydrogen phosphate, calcium dihydrogen phosphate, calcium citrate, calcium malate, calcium citrate malate, calcium gluconate, calcium tartrate, calcium lactate, solubilized species thereof, and combinations thereof. According to a particular embodiment, the osteoporosis management agent is a magnesium source. The magnesium source is any compound containing magnesium, including salt complexes, solubilized species, and other forms of magnesium. Non-limiting examples of magnesium sources include magnesium chloride, magnesium citrate, magnesium gluceptate, magnesium gluconate, magnesium lactate, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium picolate, magnesium sulfate, solubilized species thereof, and mixtures thereof. In another particular embodiment, the magnesium source comprises an amino acid chelated or creatine chelated magnesium. In other embodiments, the osteoporosis agent is chosen from vitamins D, C, K, their precursors and/or beta-carotene and combinations thereof. Numerous plants and plant extracts also have been identified as being effective in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Not wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that the plants and plant extracts stimulates bone morphogenic proteins and/or inhibits bone resorption, thereby stimulating bone regeneration and strength. Non-limiting examples of suitable plants and plant extracts as osteoporosis management agents include species of the genusTaraxacumandAmelanchier, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2005/0106215, and species of the genusLindera, Artemisia, Acorus, Carthamus, Carum, Cnidium, Curcuma, Cyperus, Juniperus, Prunus, Iris, Cichorium, Dodonaea, Epimedium, Erigonoum, Soya, Mentha, Ocimum, thymus, Tanacetum, Plantago, Spearmint, Bixa, Vitis, Rosemarinus, Rhus, andAnethum, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2005/0079232. Phytoestrogen In certain embodiments, the functional ingredient is at least one phytoestrogen. As used herein, the at least one phytoestrogen may be single phytoestrogen or a plurality of phytoestrogens as a functional ingredient for the compositions provided herein. Generally, according to particular embodiments of this invention, the at least one phytoestrogen is present in the composition in an amount sufficient to promote health and wellness. Phytoestrogens are compounds found in plants which can typically be delivered into human bodies by ingestion of the plants or the plant parts having the phytoestrogens. As used herein, “phytoestrogen” refers to any substance which, when introduced into a body causes an estrogen-like effect of any degree. For example, a phytoestrogen may bind to estrogen receptors within the body and have a small estrogen-like effect. Examples of suitable phytoestrogens for embodiments of this invention include, but are not limited to, isoflavones, stilbenes, lignans, resorcyclic acid lactones, coumestans, coumestroI, equol, and combinations thereof. Sources of suitable phytoestrogens include, but are not limited to, whole grains, cereals, fibers, fruits, vegetables, black cohosh, agave root, black currant, black haw, chasteberries, cramp bark, dong quai root, devil's club root, false unicorn root, ginseng root, groundsel herb, licorice, liferoot herb, motherwort herb, peony root, raspberry leaves, rose family plants, sage leaves, sarsaparilla root, saw palmetto berried, wild yam root, yarrow blossoms, legumes, soybeans, soy products (e.g., miso, soy flour, soymilk, soy nuts, soy protein isolate, tempen, or tofu) chick peas, nuts, lentils, seeds, clover, red clover, dandelion leaves, dandelion roots, fenugreek seeds, green tea, hops, red wine, flaxseed, garlic, onions, linseed, borage, butterfly weed, caraway, chaste tree, vitex, dates, dill, fennel seed, gotu kola, milk thistle, pennyroyal, pomegranates, southernwood, soya flour, tansy, and root of the kudzu vine (pueraria root) and the like, and combinations thereof. Isoflavones belong to the group of phytonutrients called polyphenols. In general, polyphenols (also known as “polyphenolics”), are a group of chemical substances found in plants, characterized by the presence of more than one phenol group per molecule. Suitable phytoestrogen isoflavones in accordance with embodiments of this invention include genistein, daidzein, glycitein, biochanin A, formononetin, their respective naturally occurring glycosides and glycoside conjugates, matairesinol, secoisolariciresinol, enterolactone, enterodiol, textured vegetable protein, and combinations thereof. Suitable sources of isoflavones for embodiments of this invention include, but are not limited to, soy beans, soy products, legumes, alfalfa sprouts, chickpeas, peanuts, and red clover. Long-Chain Primary Aliphatic Saturated Alcohol In certain embodiments, the functional ingredient is at least one long chain primary aliphatic saturated alcohol. As used herein, the at least one long chain primary aliphatic saturated alcohol may be single long chain primary aliphatic saturated alcohol or a plurality of long chain primary aliphatic saturated alcohols as a functional ingredient for the compositions provided herein. Generally, according to particular embodiments of this invention, the at least one long chain primary aliphatic saturated alcohol is present in the composition in an amount sufficient to promote health and wellness. Long-chain primary aliphatic saturated alcohols are a diverse group of organic compounds. The term alcohol refers to the fact these compounds feature a hydroxyl group (—OH) bound to a carbon atom. The term primary refers to the fact that in these compounds the carbon atom which is bound to the hydroxyl group is bound to only one other carbon atom. The term saturated refers to the fact that these compounds feature no carbon to carbon pi bonds. The term aliphatic refers to the fact that the carbon atoms in these compounds are joined together in straight or branched chains rather than in rings. The term long-chain refers to the fact that the number of carbon atoms in these compounds is at least 8 carbons). Non-limiting examples of particular long-chain primary aliphatic saturated alcohols for use in particular embodiments of the invention include the 8 carbon atom 1-octanol, the 9 carbon 1-nonanol, the 10 carbon atom 1-decanol, the 12 carbon atom 1-dodecanol, the 14 carbon atom 1-tetradecanol, the 16 carbon atom 1-hexadecanol, the 18 carbon atom 1-octadecanol, the 20 carbon atom 1-eicosanol, the 22 carbon 1-docosanol, the 24 carbon 1-tetracosanol, the 26 carbon 1-hexacosanol, the 27 carbon 1-heptacosanol, the 28 carbon 1-octanosol, the 29 carbon 1-nonacosanol, the 30 carbon 1-triacontanol, the 32 carbon 1-dotriacontanol, and the 34 carbon 1-tetracontanol. In a particularly desirable embodiment of the invention, the long-chain primary aliphatic saturated alcohols are policosanol. Policosanol is the term for a mixture of long-chain primary aliphatic saturated alcohols composed primarily of 28 carbon 1-octanosol and 30 carbon 1-triacontanol, as well as other alcohols in lower concentrations such as 22 carbon 1-docosanol, 24 carbon 1-tetracosanol, 26 carbon 1-hexacosanol, 27 carbon 1-heptacosanol, 29 carbon 1-nonacosanol, 32 carbon 1-dotriacontanol, and 34 carbon 1-tetracontanol. Long-chain primary aliphatic saturated alcohols are derived from natural fats and oils. They may be obtained from these sources by using extraction techniques well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Policosanols can be isolated from a variety of plants and materials including sugar cane (Saccharum officinarium), yams (e.g.Dioscorea opposite), bran from rice (e.g.Oryza sativa), and beeswax. Policosanols may be obtained from these sources by using extraction techniques well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. A description of such extraction techniques can be found in U.S. Pat. Appl. No. 2005/0220868, the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated by reference. Phytosterols In certain embodiments, the functional ingredient is at least one phytosterol, phytostanol or combination thereof. Generally, according to particular embodiments of this invention, the at least one phytosterol, phytostanol or combination thereof is present in the composition in an amount sufficient to promote health and wellness. As used herein, the phrases “stanol”, “plant stanol” and “phytostanol” are synonymous. Plant sterols and stanols are present naturally in small quantities in many fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, cereals, legumes, vegetable oils, bark of the trees and other plant sources. Although people normally consume plant sterols and stanols every day, the amounts consumed are insufficient to have significant cholesterol-lowering effects or other health benefits. Accordingly, it would be desirable to supplement food and beverages with plant sterols and stanols. Sterols are a subgroup of steroids with a hydroxyl group at C-3. Generally, phytosterols have a double bond within the steroid nucleus, like cholesterol; however, phytosterols also may comprise a substituted sidechain (R) at C-24, such as an ethyl or methyl group, or an additional double bond. The structures of phytosterols are well known to those of skill in the art. At least 44 naturally-occurring phytosterols have been discovered, and generally are derived from plants, such as corn, soy, wheat, and wood oils; however, they also may be produced synthetically to form compositions identical to those in nature or having properties similar to those of naturally-occurring phytosterols. According to particular embodiments of this invention, non-limiting examples of phytosterols well known to those or ordinary skill in the art include 4-desmethylsterols (e.g., β-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, brassicasterol, 22-dehydrobrassicasterol, and Δ5-avenasterol), 4-monomethyl sterols, and 4,4-dimethyl sterols (triterpene alcohols) (e.g., cycloartenol, 24-methylenecycloartanol, and cyclobranol). As used herein, the phrases “stanol”, “plant stanol” and “phytostanol” are synonymous. Phytostanols are saturated sterol alcohols present in only trace amounts in nature and also may be synthetically produced, such as by hydrogenation of phytosterols. According to particular embodiments of this invention, non-limiting examples of phytostanols include β-sitostanol, campestanol, cycloartanol, and saturated forms of other triterpene alcohols. Both phytosterols and phytostanols, as used herein, include the various isomers such as the a and β isomers (e.g., α-sitosterol and β-sitostanol, which comprise one of the most effective phytosterols and phytostanols, respectively, for lowering serum cholesterol in mammals). The phytosterols and phytostanols of the present invention also may be in their ester form. Suitable methods for deriving the esters of phytosterols and phytostanols are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art, and are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,589,588, 6,635,774, 6,800,317, and U.S. Patent Publication Number 2003/0045473, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Non-limiting examples of suitable phytosterol and phytostanol esters include sitosterol acetate, sitosterol oleate, stigmasterol oleate, and their corresponding phytostanol esters. The phytosterols and phytostanols of the present invention also may include their derivatives. Generally, the amount of functional ingredient in the composition varies widely depending on the particular composition and the desired functional ingredient. Those of ordinary skill in the art will readily ascertain the appropriate amount of functional ingredient for each composition. In one embodiment, a method for preparing a composition comprises combining HSG-Extract and at least one sweetener and/or additive and/or functional ingredient. Consumables In one embodiment, the composition of the present invention is a consumable comprising HSG-Extract, or a consumable comprising a composition comprising HSG-Extract. HSG-Extract, or a composition comprising the same, can be incorporated in any known edible or oral composition (referred to herein as a “consumable”), such as, for example, pharmaceutical compositions, edible gel mixes and compositions, dental compositions, foodstuffs (confections, condiments, chewing gum, cereal compositions baked goods dairy products, and tabletop sweetener compositions) beverages and beverage products. Consumables, as used herein, mean substances which are contacted with the mouth of man or animal, including substances which are taken into and subsequently ejected from the mouth and substances which are drunk, eaten, swallowed or otherwise ingested, and are safe for human or animal consumption when used in a generally acceptable range. For example, a beverage is a consumable. The beverage may be sweetened or unsweetened. HSG-Extract, or a composition comprising a HSG-Extract, may be added to a beverage or beverage matrix to sweeten the beverage or enhance its existing sweetness or flavor. In one embodiment, the present invention is a consumable comprising HSG-Extract. The concentration of HSG-Extract in the consumable may be above, at or below its threshold sweetness concentration. In a particular embodiment, the present invention is a consumable comprising HSG-Extract. The concentration of HSG-Extract in the beverage may be above, at or below its threshold sweetness concentration. The consumable can optionally include additives, additional sweeteners, functional ingredients and combinations thereof, as described herein. Any of the additive, additional sweetener and functional ingredients described above can be present in the consumable. Pharmaceutical Compositions In one embodiment, the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition that comprises a pharmaceutically active substance and HSG-Extract. In another embodiment, the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition that comprises a pharmaceutically active substance and a composition comprising HSG-Extract. HSG-Extract or composition comprising HSG-Extract can be present as an excipient material in the pharmaceutical composition, which can mask a bitter or otherwise undesirable taste of a pharmaceutically active substance or another excipient material. The pharmaceutical composition may be in the form of a tablet, a capsule, a liquid, an aerosol, a powder, an effervescent tablet or powder, a syrup, an emulsion, a suspension, a solution, or any other form for providing the pharmaceutical composition to a patient. In particular embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition may be in a form for oral administration, buccal administration, sublingual administration, or any other route of administration as known in the art. As referred to herein, “pharmaceutically active substance” means any drug, drug formulation, medication, prophylactic agent, therapeutic agent, or other substance having biological activity. As referred to herein, “excipient material” refers to any inactive substance used as a vehicle for an active ingredient, such as any material to facilitate handling, stability, dispersibility, wettability, and/or release kinetics of a pharmaceutically active substance. Suitable pharmaceutically active substances include, but are not limited to, medications for the gastrointestinal tract or digestive system, for the cardiovascular system, for the central nervous system, for pain or consciousness, for musculo-skeletal disorders, for the eye, for the ear, nose and oropharynx, for the respiratory system, for endocrine problems, for the reproductive system or urinary system, for contraception, for obstetrics and gynecology, for the skin, for infections and infestations, for immunology, for allergic disorders, for nutrition, for neoplastic disorders, for diagnostics, for euthanasia, or other biological functions or disorders. Examples of suitable pharmaceutically active substances for embodiments of the present invention include, but are not limited to, antacids, reflux suppressants, antiflatulents, antidopaminergics, proton pump inhibitors, cytoprotectants, prostaglandin analogues, laxatives, antispasmodics, antidiarrhoeals, bile acid sequestrants, opioids, beta-receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, cardiac glycosides, antiarrhythmics, nitrates, antianginals, vasoconstrictors, vasodilators, peripheral activators, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, alpha blockers, anticoagulants, heparin, antiplatelet drugs, fibrinolytics, anti-hemophilic factors, haemostatic drugs, hypolipidaemic agents, statins, hynoptics, anaesthetics, antipsychotics, antidepressants, anti-emetics, anticonvulsants, antiepileptics, anxiolytics, barbiturates, movement disorder drugs, stimulants, benzodiazepines, cyclopyrrolones, dopamine antagonists, antihistamines, cholinergics, anticholinergics, emetics, cannabinoids, analgesics, muscle relaxants, antibiotics, aminoglycosides, anti-virals, anti-fungals, anti-inflammatories, anti-gluacoma drugs, sympathomimetics, steroids, ceruminolytics, bronchodilators, NSAIDS, antitussive, mucolytics, decongestants, corticosteroids, androgens, antiandrogens, gonadotropins, growth hormones, insulin, antidiabetics, thyroid hormones, calcitonin, diphosponates, vasopressin analogues, alkalizing agents, quinolones, anticholinesterase, sildenafil, oral contraceptives, Hormone Replacement Therapies, bone regulators, follicle stimulating hormones, luteinizings hormones, gamolenic acid, progestogen, dopamine agonist, oestrogen, prostaglandin, gonadorelin, clomiphene, tamoxifen, diethylstilbestrol, antileprotics, antituberculous drugs, antimalarials, anthelmintics, antiprotozoal, antiserums, vaccines, interferons, tonics, vitamins, cytotoxic drugs, sex hormones, aromatase inhibitors, somatostatin inhibitors, or similar type substances, or combinations thereof. Such components generally are recognized as safe (GRAS) and/or are U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved. The pharmaceutically active substance is present in the pharmaceutical composition in widely ranging amounts depending on the particular pharmaceutically active agent being used and its intended applications. An effective dose of any of the herein described pharmaceutically active substances can be readily determined by the use of conventional techniques and by observing results obtained under analogous circumstances. In determining the effective dose, a number of factors are considered including, but not limited to: the species of the patient; its size, age, and general health; the specific disease involved; the degree of involvement or the severity of the disease; the response of the individual patient; the particular pharmaceutically active agent administered; the mode of administration; the bioavailability characteristic of the preparation administered; the dose regimen selected; and the use of concomitant medication. The pharmaceutically active substance is included in the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient in an amount sufficient to deliver to a patient a therapeutic amount of the pharmaceutically active substance in vivo in the absence of serious toxic effects when used in generally acceptable amounts. Thus, suitable amounts can be readily discerned by those skilled in the art. According to particular embodiments of the present invention, the concentration of pharmaceutically active substance in the pharmaceutical composition will depend on absorption, inactivation, and excretion rates of the drug as well as other factors known to those of skill in the art. It is to be noted that dosage values will also vary with the severity of the condition to be alleviated. It is to be further understood that for any particular subject, specific dosage regimes should be adjusted over time according to the individual need and the professional judgment of the person administering or supervising the administration of the pharmaceutical compositions, and that the dosage ranges set forth herein are exemplary only and are not intended to limit the scope or practice of the claimed composition. The pharmaceutically active substance may be administered at once, or may be divided into a number of smaller doses to be administered at varying intervals of time. The pharmaceutical composition also may comprise other pharmaceutically acceptable excipient materials. Examples of suitable excipient materials for embodiments of this invention include, but are not limited to, antiadherents, binders (e.g., microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth, or gelatin), coatings, disintegrants, fillers, diluents, softeners, emulsifiers, flavoring agents, coloring agents, adjuvants, lubricants, functional agents (e.g., nutrients), viscosity modifiers, bulking agents, glidiants (e.g., colloidal silicon dioxide) surface active agents, osmotic agents, diluents, or any other non-active ingredient, or combinations thereof. For example, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may include excipient materials selected from the group consisting of calcium carbonate, coloring agents, whiteners, preservatives, and flavors, triacetin, magnesium stearate, sterotes, natural or artificial flavors, essential oils, plant extracts, fruit essences, gelatins, or combinations thereof. The excipient material of the pharmaceutical composition may optionally include other artificial or natural sweeteners, bulk sweeteners, or combinations thereof. Bulk sweeteners include both caloric and non-caloric compounds. In a particular embodiment, the additive functions as the bulk sweetener. Non-limiting examples of bulk sweeteners include sucrose, dextrose, maltose, dextrin, dried invert sugar, fructose, high fructose corn syrup, levulose, galactose, corn syrup solids, tagatose, polyols (e.g., sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, lactitol, erythritol, and maltitol), hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, isomalt, trehalose, and mixtures thereof. In particular embodiments, the bulk sweetener is present in the pharmaceutical composition in widely ranging amounts depending on the degree of sweetness desired. Suitable amounts of both sweeteners would be readily discernible to those skilled in the art. Edible Gel Mixes and Edible Gel Compositions In one embodiment, the present invention is an edible gel or edible gel mix that comprises HSG-Extract. In another embodiment, the present invention is an edible gel or edible gel mix that comprises a composition comprising HSG-Extract. Edible gels are gels that can be eaten. A gel is a colloidal system in which a network of particles spans the volume of a liquid medium. Although gels mainly are composed of liquids, and thus exhibit densities similar to liquids, gels have the structural coherence of solids due to the network of particles that spans the liquid medium. For this reason, gels generally appear to be solid, jelly-like materials. Gels can be used in a number of applications. For example, gels can be used in foods, paints, and adhesives. Non-limiting examples of edible gel compositions for use in particular embodiments include gel desserts, puddings, jellies, pastes, trifles, aspics, marshmallows, gummy candies, or the like. Edible gel mixes generally are powdered or granular solids to which a fluid may be added to form an edible gel composition. Non-limiting examples of fluids for use in particular embodiments include water, dairy fluids, dairy analogue fluids, juices, alcohol, alcoholic beverages, and combinations thereof. Non-limiting examples of dairy fluids which may be used in particular embodiments include milk, cultured milk, cream, fluid whey, and mixtures thereof. Non-limiting examples of dairy analogue fluids which may be used in particular embodiments include, for example, soy milk and non-dairy coffee whitener. Because edible gel products found in the marketplace typically are sweetened with sucrose, it is desirable to sweeten edible gels with an alternative sweetener in order provide a low-calorie or non-calorie alternative. As used herein, the term “gelling ingredient” denotes any material that can form a colloidal system within a liquid medium. Non-limiting examples of gelling ingredients for use in particular embodiments include gelatin, alginate, carageenan, gum, pectin, konjac, agar, food acid, rennet, starch, starch derivatives, and combinations thereof. It is well known to those having ordinary skill in the art that the amount of gelling ingredient used in an edible gel mix or an edible gel composition varies considerably depending on a number of factors, such as the particular gelling ingredient used, the particular fluid base used, and the desired properties of the gel. Edible gel mixes and edible gels may be prepared using ingredients including food acids, a salt of a food acid, a buffering system, a bulking agent, a sequestrant, a cross-linking agent, one or more flavors, one or more colors, and combinations thereof. Non-limiting examples of food acids for use in particular embodiments include citric acid, adipic acid, fumaric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, and combinations thereof. Non-limiting examples of salts of food acids for use in particular embodiments include sodium salts of food acids, potassium salts of food acids, and combinations thereof. Non-limiting examples of bulking agents for use in particular embodiments include raftilose, isomalt, sorbitol, polydextrose, maltodextrin, and combinations thereof. Non-limiting examples of sequestrants for use in particular embodiments include calcium disodium ethylene tetra-acetate, glucono delta-lactone, sodium gluconate, potassium gluconate, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and combinations thereof. Non-limiting examples of cross-linking agents for use in particular embodiments include calcium ions, magnesium ions, sodium ions, and combinations thereof. Dental Compositions In one embodiment, the present invention is a dental composition that comprises HSG-Extract. In another embodiment, the present invention is a dental composition that comprises a composition comprising HSG-Extract. Dental compositions generally comprise an active dental substance and a base material. HSG-Extract or a composition comprising HSG-Extract can be used as the base material to sweeten the dental composition. The dental composition may be in the form of any oral composition used in the oral cavity such as mouth freshening agents, gargling agents, mouth rinsing agents, toothpaste, tooth polish, dentifrices, mouth sprays, teeth-whitening agent, dental floss, and the like, for example. As referred to herein, “active dental substance” means any composition which can be used to improve the aesthetic appearance and/or health of teeth or gums or prevent dental caries. As referred to herein, “base material” refers to any inactive substance used as a vehicle for an active dental substance, such as any material to facilitate handling, stability, dispersibility, wettability, foaming, and/or release kinetics of an active dental substance. Suitable active dental substances for embodiments of this invention include, but are not limited to, substances which remove dental plaque, remove food from teeth, aid in the elimination and/or masking of halitosis, prevent tooth decay, and prevent gum disease (i.e., Gingiva). Examples of suitable active dental substances for embodiments of the present invention include, but are not limited to, anticaries drugs, fluoride, sodium fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate, stannos fluoride, hydrogen peroxide, carbamide peroxide (i.e., urea peroxide), antibacterial agents, plaque removing agents, stain removers, anticalculus agents, abrasives, baking soda, percarbonates, perborates of alkali and alkaline earth metals, or similar type substances, or combinations thereof. Such components generally are recognized as safe (GRAS) and/or are U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved. According to particular embodiments of the invention, the active dental substance is present in the dental composition in an amount ranging from about 50 ppm to about 3000 ppm of the dental composition. Generally, the active dental substance is present in the dental composition in an amount effective to at least improve the aesthetic appearance and/or health of teeth or gums marginally or prevent dental caries. For example, a dental composition comprising a toothpaste may include an active dental substance comprising fluoride in an amount of about 850 to 1,150 ppm. The dental composition also may comprise base materials in addition to HSG-Extract or composition comprising HSG-Extract. Examples of suitable base materials for embodiments of this invention include, but are not limited to, water, sodium lauryl sulfate or other sulfates, humectants, enzymes, vitamins, herbs, calcium, flavorings (e.g., mint, bubblegum, cinnamon, lemon, or orange), surface-active agents, binders, preservatives, gelling agents, pH modifiers, peroxide activators, stabilizers, coloring agents, or similar type materials, and combinations thereof. The base material of the dental composition may optionally include other artificial or natural sweeteners, bulk sweeteners, or combinations thereof. Bulk sweeteners include both caloric and non-caloric compounds. Non-limiting examples of bulk sweeteners include sucrose, dextrose, maltose, dextrin, dried invert sugar, fructose, high fructose corn syrup, levulose, galactose, corn syrup solids, tagatose, polyols (e.g., sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, lactitol, erythritol, and maltitol), hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, isomalt, trehalose, and mixtures thereof. Generally, the amount of bulk sweetener present in the dental composition ranges widely depending on the particular embodiment of the dental composition and the desired degree of sweetness. Those of ordinary skill in the art will readily ascertain the appropriate amount of bulk sweetener. In particular embodiments, the bulk sweetener is present in the dental composition in an amount in the range of about 0.1 to about 5 weight percent of the dental composition. According to particular embodiments of the invention, the base material is present in the dental composition in an amount ranging from about 20 to about 99 percent by weight of the dental composition. Generally, the base material is present in an amount effective to provide a vehicle for an active dental substance. In a particular embodiment, a dental composition comprises HSG-Extract and an active dental substance. In another particular embodiment, a dental composition comprises a composition comprising HSG-Extract and an active dental substance. Generally, the amount of the sweetener varies widely depending on the nature of the particular dental composition and the desired degree of sweetness. Foodstuffs include, but are not limited to, confections, condiments, chewing gum, cereal, baked goods, and dairy products. Confections In one embodiment, the present invention is a confection that comprises HSG-Extract. In another embodiment, the present invention is a confection that comprises a composition comprising HSG-Extract. As referred to herein, “confection” can mean a sweet, a lollie, a confectionery, or similar term. The confection generally contains a base composition component and a sweetener component. HSG-Extract or a composition comprising HSG-Extract can serve as the sweetener component. The confection may be in the form of any food that is typically perceived to be rich in sugar or is typically sweet. According to particular embodiments of the present invention, the confections may be bakery products such as pastries; desserts such as yogurt, jellies, drinkable jellies, puddings, Bavarian cream, blancmange, cakes, brownies, mousse and the like, sweetened food products eaten at tea time or following meals; frozen foods; cold confections, e. g. types of ice cream such as ice cream, ice milk, lacto-ice and the like (food products in which sweeteners and various other types of raw materials are added to milk products, and the resulting mixture is agitated and frozen), and ice confections such as sherbets, dessert ices and the like (food products in which various other types of raw materials are added to a sugary liquid, and the resulting mixture is agitated and frozen); general confections, e. g., baked confections or steamed confections such as crackers, biscuits, buns with bean-jam filling, halvah, alfajor, and the like; rice cakes and snacks; table top products; general sugar confections such as chewing gum (e.g. including compositions which comprise a substantially water-insoluble, chewable gum base, such as chicle or substitutes thereof, including jetulong, guttakay rubber or certain comestible natural synthetic resins or waxes), hard candy, soft candy, mints, nougat candy, jelly beans, fudge, toffee, taffy, Swiss milk tablet, licorice candy, chocolates, gelatin candies, marshmallow, marzipan, divinity, cotton candy, and the like; sauces including fruit flavored sauces, chocolate sauces and the like; edible gels; crèmes including butter crèmes, flour pastes, whipped cream and the like; jams including strawberry jam, marmalade and the like; and breads including sweet breads and the like or other starch products, and combinations thereof. As referred to herein, “base composition” means any composition which can be a food item and provides a matrix for carrying the sweetener component. Suitable base compositions for embodiments of this invention may include flour, yeast, water, salt, butter, eggs, milk, milk powder, liquor, gelatin, nuts, chocolate, citric acid, tartaric acid, fumaric acid, natural flavors, artificial flavors, colorings, polyols, sorbitol, isomalt, maltitol, lactitol, malic acid, magnesium stearate, lecithin, hydrogenated glucose syrup, glycerine, natural or synthetic gum, starch, and the like, and combinations thereof. Such components generally are recognized as safe (GRAS) and/or are U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved. According to particular embodiments of the invention, the base composition is present in the confection in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 99 weight percent of the confection. Generally, the base composition is present in the confection in an amount to provide a food product. The base composition of the confection may optionally include other artificial or natural sweeteners, bulk sweeteners, or combinations thereof. Bulk sweeteners include both caloric and non-caloric compounds. Non-limiting examples of bulk sweeteners include sucrose, dextrose, maltose, dextrin, dried invert sugar, fructose, high fructose corn syrup, levulose, galactose, corn syrup solids, tagatose, polyols (e.g., sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, lactitol, erythritol, and maltitol), hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, isomalt, trehalose, and mixtures thereof. Generally, the amount of bulk sweetener present in the confection ranges widely depending on the particular embodiment of the confection and the desired degree of sweetness. Those of ordinary skill in the art will readily ascertain the appropriate amount of bulk sweetener. In a particular embodiment, a confection comprises HSG-Extract or a composition comprising HSG-Extract and a base composition. Generally, the amount of HSG-Extract in the confection ranges widely depending on the particular embodiment of the confection and the desired degree of sweetness. Those of ordinary skill in the art will readily ascertain the appropriate amount. In a particular embodiment, HSG-Extract is present in the confection in an amount in the range of about 30 ppm to about 6000 ppm of the confection. In another embodiment, HSG-Extract is present in the confection in an amount in the range of about 1 ppm to about 10,000 ppm of the confection. In embodiments where the confection comprises hard candy, HSG-Extract is present in an amount in the range of about 150 ppm to about 2250 ppm of the hard candy. Condiment Compositions In one embodiment, the present invention is a condiment that comprises HSG-Extract. In another embodiment the present invention is a condiment that comprises a composition comprising HSG-Extract. Condiments, as used herein, are compositions used to enhance or improve the flavor of a food or beverage. Non-limiting examples of condiments include ketchup (catsup); mustard; barbecue sauce; butter; chili sauce; chutney; cocktail sauce; curry; dips; fish sauce; horseradish; hot sauce; jellies, jams, marmalades, or preserves; mayonnaise; peanut butter; relish; remoulade; salad dressings (e.g., oil and vinegar, Caesar, French, ranch, bleu cheese, Russian, Thousand Island, Italian, and balsamic vinaigrette), salsa; sauerkraut; soy sauce; steak sauce; syrups; tartar sauce; and Worcestershire sauce. Condiment bases generally comprise a mixture of different ingredients, non-limiting examples of which include vehicles (e.g., water and vinegar); spices or seasonings (e.g., salt, pepper, garlic, mustard seed, onion, paprika, turmeric, and combinations thereof); fruits, vegetables, or their products (e.g., tomatoes or tomato-based products (paste, puree), fruit juices, fruit juice peels, and combinations thereof); oils or oil emulsions, particularly vegetable oils; thickeners (e.g., xanthan gum, food starch, other hydrocolloids, and combinations thereof); and emulsifying agents (e.g., egg yolk solids, protein, gum arabic, carob bean gum, guar gum, gum karaya, gum tragacanth, carageenan, pectin, propylene glycol esters of alginic acid, sodium carboxymethyl-cellulose, polysorbates, and combinations thereof). Recipes for condiment bases and methods of making condiment bases are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Generally, condiments also comprise caloric sweeteners, such as sucrose, high fructose corn syrup, molasses, honey, or brown sugar. In exemplary embodiments of the condiments provided herein, HSG-Extract or a composition comprising HSG-Extract is used instead of traditional caloric sweeteners. Accordingly, a condiment composition desirably comprises HSG-Extract or a composition comprising HSG-Extract and a condiment base. The condiment composition optionally may include other natural and/or synthetic high-potency sweeteners, bulk sweeteners, pH modifying agents (e.g., lactic acid, citric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, and combinations thereof), fillers, functional agents (e.g., pharmaceutical agents, nutrients, or components of a food or plant), flavorings, colorings, or combinations thereof. Chewing Gum Compositions In one embodiment, the present invention is a chewing gum composition that comprises HSG-Extract. In another embodiment, the present invention is a chewing gum composition that comprises a composition comprising HSG-Extract. Chewing gum compositions generally comprise a water-soluble portion and a water-insoluble chewable gum base portion. The water soluble portion, which typically includes the composition of the present invention, dissipates with a portion of the flavoring agent over a period of time during chewing while the insoluble gum base portion is retained in the mouth. The insoluble gum base generally determines whether a gum is considered chewing gum, bubble gum, or a functional gum. The insoluble gum base, which is generally present in the chewing gum composition in an amount in the range of about 15 to about 35 weight percent of the chewing gum composition, generally comprises combinations of elastomers, softeners (plasticizers), emulsifiers, resins, and fillers. Such components generally are considered food grade, recognized as safe (GRA), and/or are U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved. Elastomers, the primary component of the gum base, provide the rubbery, cohesive nature to gums and can include one or more natural rubbers (e.g., smoked latex, liquid latex, or guayule); natural gums (e.g., jelutong, perillo, sorva, massaranduba balata, massaranduba chocolate, nispero, rosindinha, chicle, and gutta hang kang); or synthetic elastomers (e.g., butadiene-styrene copolymers, isobutylene-isoprene copolymers, polybutadiene, polyisobutylene, and vinyl polymeric elastomers). In a particular embodiment, the elastomer is present in the gum base in an amount in the range of about 3 to about 50 weight percent of the gum base. Resins are used to vary the firmness of the gum base and aid in softening the elastomer component of the gum base. Non-limiting examples of suitable resins include a rosin ester, a terpene resin (e.g., a terpene resin from α-pinene, β-pinene and/or d-limonene), polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, ethylene vinyl acetate, and vinyl acetate-vinyl laurate copolymers. Non-limiting examples of rosin esters include a glycerol ester of a partially hydrogenated rosin, a glycerol ester of a polymerized rosin, a glycerol ester of a partially dimerized rosin, a glycerol ester of rosin, a pentaerythritol ester of a partially hydrogenated rosin, a methyl ester of rosin, or a methyl ester of a partially hydrogenated rosin. In a particular embodiment, the resin is present in the gum base in an amount in the range of about 5 to about 75 weight percent of the gum base. Softeners, which also are known as plasticizers, are used to modify the ease of chewing and/or mouthfeel of the chewing gum composition. Generally, softeners comprise oils, fats, waxes, and emulsifiers. Non-limiting examples of oils and fats include tallow, hydrogenated tallow, large, hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated vegetable oils (e.g., soybean, canola, cottonseed, sunflower, palm, coconut, corn, safflower, or palm kernel oils), cocoa butter, glycerol monostearate, glycerol triacetate, glycerol abietate, leithin, monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides acetylated monoglycerides, and free fatty acids. Non-limiting examples of waxes include polypropylene/polyethylene/Fisher-Tropsch waxes, paraffin, and microcrystalline and natural waxes (e.g., candelilla, beeswax and carnauba). Microcrystalline waxes, especially those with a high degree of crystallinity and a high melting point, also may be considered as bodying agents or textural modifiers. In a particular embodiment, the softeners are present in the gum base in an amount in the range of about 0.5 to about 25 weight percent of the gum base. Emulsifiers are used to form a uniform dispersion of the insoluble and soluble phases of the chewing gum composition and also have plasticizing properties. Suitable emulsifiers include glycerol monostearate (GMS), lecithin (Phosphatidyl choline), polyglycerol polyricinoleic acid (PPGR), mono and diglycerides of fatty acids, glycerol distearate, tracetin, acetylated monoglyceride, glycerol triactetate, and magnesium stearate. In a particular embodiment, the emulsifiers are present in the gum base in an amount in the range of about 2 to about 30 weight percent of the gum base. The chewing gum composition also may comprise adjuvants or fillers in either the gum base and/or the soluble portion of the chewing gum composition. Suitable adjuvants and fillers include lecithin, inulin, polydextrin, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, magnesium silicate, ground limestome, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum silicate, talc, clay, alumina, titanium dioxide, and calcium phosphate. In particular embodiments, lecithin can be used as an inert filler to decrease the stickiness of the chewing gum composition. In other particular embodiments, lactic acid copolymers, proteins (e.g., gluten and/or zein) and/or guar can be used to create a gum that is more readily biodegradable. The adjuvants or fillers are generally present in the gum base in an amount up to about 20 weight percent of the gum base. Other optional ingredients include coloring agents, whiteners, preservatives, and flavors. In particular embodiments of the chewing gum composition, the gum base comprises about 5 to about 95 weight percent of the chewing gum composition, more desirably about 15 to about 50 weight percent of the chewing gum composition, and even more desirably from about 20 to about 30 weight percent of the chewing gum composition. The soluble portion of the chewing gum composition may optionally include other artificial or natural sweeteners, bulk sweeteners, softeners, emulsifiers, flavoring agents, coloring agents, adjuvants, fillers, functional agents (e.g., pharmaceutical agents or nutrients), or combinations thereof. Suitable examples of softeners and emulsifiers are described above. Bulk sweeteners include both caloric and non-caloric compounds. Non-limiting examples of bulk sweeteners include sucrose, dextrose, maltose, dextrin, dried invert sugar, fructose, high fructose corn syrup, levulose, galactose, corn syrup solids, tagatose, polyols (e.g., sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, lactitol, erythritol, and maltitol), hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, isomalt, trehalose, and mixtures thereof. In particular embodiments, the bulk sweetener is present in the chewing gum composition in an amount in the range of about 1 to about 75 weight percent of the chewing gum composition. Flavoring agents may be used in either the insoluble gum base or soluble portion of the chewing gum composition. Such flavoring agents may be natural or artificial flavors. In a particular embodiment, the flavoring agent comprises an essential oil, such as an oil derived from a plant or a fruit, peppermint oil, spearmint oil, other mint oils, clove oil, cinnamon oil, oil of wintergreen, bay, thyme, cedar leaf, nutmeg, allspice, sage, mace, and almonds. In another particular embodiment, the flavoring agent comprises a plant extract or a fruit essence such as apple, banana, watermelon, pear, peach, grape, strawberry, raspberry, cherry, plum, pineapple, apricot, and mixtures thereof. In still another particular embodiment, the flavoring agent comprises a citrus flavor, such as an extract, essence, or oil of lemon, lime, orange, tangerine, grapefruit, citron, or kumquat. In a particular embodiment, a chewing gum composition comprises HSG-Extract or a composition comprising HSG-Extract and a gum base. In a particular embodiment, HSG-Extract is present in the chewing gum composition in an amount in the range of about 1 ppm to about 10,000 ppm of the chewing gum composition. Cereal Compositions In one embodiment, the present invention is a cereal composition that comprises HSG-Extract. In another embodiment, the present invention is a cereal composition that comprises a composition comprising HSG-Extract. Cereal compositions typically are eaten either as staple foods or as snacks. Non-limiting examples of cereal compositions for use in particular embodiments include ready-to-eat cereals as well as hot cereals. Ready-to-eat cereals are cereals which may be eaten without further processing (i.e. cooking) by the consumer. Examples of ready-to-eat cereals include breakfast cereals and snack bars. Breakfast cereals typically are processed to produce a shredded, flaky, puffy, or extruded form. Breakfast cereals generally are eaten cold and are often mixed with milk and/or fruit. Snack bars include, for example, energy bars, rice cakes, granola bars, and nutritional bars. Hot cereals generally are cooked, usually in either milk or water, before being eaten. Non-limiting examples of hot cereals include grits, porridge, polenta, rice, and rolled oats. Cereal compositions generally comprise at least one cereal ingredient. As used herein, the term “cereal ingredient” denotes materials such as whole or part grains, whole or part seeds, and whole or part grass. Non-limiting examples of cereal ingredients for use in particular embodiments include maize, wheat, rice, barley, bran, bran endosperm, bulgur, soghums, millets, oats, rye, triticale, buckwheat, fonio, quinoa, bean, soybean, amaranth, teff, spelt, and kaniwa. In a particular embodiment, the cereal composition comprises HSG-Extract or a composition comprising HSG-Extract and at least one cereal ingredient. HSG-Extract or the composition comprising HSG-Extract may be added to the cereal composition in a variety of ways, such as, for example, as a coating, as a frosting, as a glaze, or as a matrix blend (i.e. added as an ingredient to the cereal formulation prior to the preparation of the final cereal product). Accordingly, in a particular embodiment, HSG-Extract or a composition comprising HSG-Extract is added to the cereal composition as a matrix blend. In one embodiment, HSG-Extract or a composition comprising HSG-Extract is blended with a hot cereal prior to cooking to provide a sweetened hot cereal product. In another embodiment, HSG-Extract or a composition comprising HSG-Extract is blended with the cereal matrix before the cereal is extruded. In another particular embodiment, HSG-Extract or a composition comprising a HSG-Extract is added to the cereal composition as a coating, such as, for example, by combining HSG-Extract or a comprising HSG-Extract with a food grade oil and applying the mixture onto the cereal. In a different embodiment, HSG-Extract or a composition comprising HSG-Extract and the food grade oil may be applied to the cereal separately, by applying either the oil or the sweetener first. Non-limiting examples of food grade oils for use in particular embodiments include vegetable oils such as corn oil, soybean oil, cottonseed oil, peanut oil, coconut oil, canola oil, olive oil, sesame seed oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, and mixtures thereof. In yet another embodiment, food grade fats may be used in place of the oils, provided that the fat is melted prior to applying the fat onto the cereal. In another embodiment, HSG-Extract or a composition comprising HSG-Extract is added to the cereal composition as a glaze. Non-limiting examples of glazing agents for use in particular embodiments include corn syrup, honey syrups and honey syrup solids, maple syrups and maple syrup solids, sucrose, isomalt, polydextrose, polyols, hydrogenated starch hydrolysate, aqueous solutions thereof, and mixtures thereof. In another such embodiment, HSG-Extract or a composition comprising HSG-Extract is added as a glaze by combining with a glazing agent and a food grade oil or fat and applying the mixture to the cereal. In yet another embodiment, a gum system, such as, for example, gum acacia, carboxymethyl cellulose, or algin, may be added to the glaze to provide structural support. In addition, the glaze also may include a coloring agent, and also may include a flavor. In another embodiment, HSG-Extract or a composition comprising HSG-Extract is added to the cereal composition as a frosting. In one such embodiment, HSG-Extract or a composition comprising HSG-Extract is combined with water and a frosting agent and then applied to the cereal. Non-limiting examples of frosting agents for use in particular embodiments include maltodextrin, sucrose, starch, polyols, and mixtures thereof. The frosting also may include a food grade oil, a food grade fat, a coloring agent, and/or a flavor. Generally, the amount of HSG-Extract in a cereal composition varies widely depending on the particular type of cereal composition and its desired sweetness. Those of ordinary skill in the art can readily discern the appropriate amount of sweetener to put in the cereal composition. In a particular embodiment, HSG-Extract is present in the cereal composition in an amount in the range of about 0.02 to about 1.5 weight percent of the cereal composition and the at least one additive is present in the cereal composition in an amount in the range of about 1 to about 5 weight percent of the cereal composition. Baked Goods In one embodiment, the present invention is a baked good that comprises HSG-Extract. In another embodiment, the present invention is a baked good that comprises a composition comprising HSG-Extract. Baked goods, as used herein, include ready to eat and all ready to bake products, flours, and mixes requiring preparation before serving. Non-limiting examples of baked goods include cakes, crackers, cookies, brownies, muffins, rolls, bagels, donuts, strudels, pastries, croissants, biscuits, bread, bread products, and buns. Preferred baked goods in accordance with embodiments of this invention can be classified into three groups: bread-type doughs (e.g., white breads, variety breads, soft buns, hard rolls, bagels, pizza dough, and flour tortillas), sweet doughs (e.g., danishes, croissants, crackers, puff pastry, pie crust, biscuits, and cookies), and batters (e.g., cakes such as sponge, pound, devil's food, cheesecake, and layer cake, donuts or other yeast raised cakes, brownies, and muffins). Doughs generally are characterized as being flour-based, whereas batters are more water-based. Baked goods in accordance with particular embodiments of this invention generally comprise a combination of sweetener, water, and fat. Baked goods made in accordance with many embodiments of this invention also contain flour in order to make a dough or a batter. The term “dough” as used herein is a mixture of flour and other ingredients stiff enough to knead or roll. The term “batter” as used herein consists of flour, liquids such as milk or water, and other ingredients, and is thin enough to pour or drop from a spoon. Desirably, in accordance with particular embodiments of the invention, the flour is present in the baked goods in an amount in the range of about 15 to about 60% on a dry weight basis, more desirably from about 23 to about 48% on a dry weight basis. The type of flour may be selected based on the desired product. Generally, the flour comprises an edible non-toxic flour that is conventionally utilized in baked goods. According to particular embodiments, the flour may be a bleached bake flour, general purpose flour, or unbleached flour. In other particular embodiments, flours also may be used that have been treated in other manners. For example, in particular embodiments flour may be enriched with additional vitamins, minerals, or proteins. Non-limiting examples of flours suitable for use in particular embodiments of the invention include wheat, corn meal, whole grain, fractions of whole grains (wheat, bran, and oatmeal), and combinations thereof. Starches or farinaceous material also may be used as the flour in particular embodiments. Common food starches generally are derived from potato, corn, wheat, barley, oat, tapioca, arrow root, and sago. Modified starches and pregelatinized starches also may be used in particular embodiments of the invention. The type of fat or oil used in particular embodiments of the invention may comprise any edible fat, oil, or combination thereof that is suitable for baking. Non-limiting examples of fats suitable for use in particular embodiments of the invention include vegetable oils, tallow, lard, marine oils, and combinations thereof. According to particular embodiments, the fats may be fractionated, partially hydrogenated, and/or intensified. In another particular embodiment, the fat desirably comprises reduced, low calorie, or non-digestible fats, fat substitutes, or synthetic fats. In yet another particular embodiment, shortenings, fats, or mixtures of hard and soft fats also may be used. In particular embodiments, shortenings may be derived principally from triglycerides derived from vegetable sources (e.g., cotton seed oil, soybean oil, peanut oil, linseed oil, sesame oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, rapeseed oil, safflower oil, coconut oil, corn oil, sunflower seed oil, and mixtures thereof). Synthetic or natural triglycerides of fatty acids having chain lengths from 8 to 24 carbon atoms also may be used in particular embodiments. Desirably, in accordance with particular embodiments of this invention, the fat is present in the baked good in an amount in the range of about 2 to about 35% by weight on a dry basis, more desirably from about 3 to about 29% by weight on a dry basis. Baked goods in accordance with particular embodiments of this invention also comprise water in amounts sufficient to provide the desired consistency, enabling proper forming, machining and cutting of the baked good prior or subsequent to cooking. The total moisture content of the baked good includes any water added directly to the baked good as well as water present in separately added ingredients (e.g., flour, which generally includes about 12 to about 14% by weight moisture). Desirably, in accordance with particular embodiments of this invention, the water is present in the baked good in an amount up to about 25% by weight of the baked good. Baked goods in accordance with particular embodiments of this invention also may comprise a number of additional conventional ingredients such as leavening agents, flavors, colors, milk, milk by-products, egg, egg by-products, cocoa, vanilla or other flavoring, as well as inclusions such as nuts, raisins, cherries, apples, apricots, peaches, other fruits, citrus peel, preservative, coconuts, flavored chips such a chocolate chips, butterscotch chips, and caramel chips, and combinations thereof. In particular embodiments, the baked goods may also comprise emulsifiers, such as lecithin and monoglycerides. According to particular embodiments of this invention, leavening agents may comprise chemical leavening agents or yeast leavening agents. Non-limiting examples of chemical leavening agents suitable for use in particular embodiments of this invention include baking soda (e.g., sodium, potassium, or aluminum bicarbonate), baking acid (e.g., sodium aluminum phosphate, monocalcium phosphate, or dicalcium phosphate), and combinations thereof. In accordance with another particular embodiment of this invention, cocoa may comprise natural or “Dutched” chocolate from which a substantial portion of the fat or cocoa butter has been expressed or removed by solvent extraction, pressing, or other means. In a particular embodiment, it may be necessary to reduce the amount of fat in a baked good comprising chocolate because of the additional fat present in cocoa butter. In particular embodiments, it may be necessary to add larger amounts of chocolate as compared to cocoa in order to provide an equivalent amount of flavoring and coloring. Baked goods generally also comprise caloric sweeteners, such as sucrose, high fructose corn syrup, erythritol, molasses, honey, or brown sugar. In exemplary embodiments of the baked goods provided herein, the caloric sweetener is replaced partially or totally with HSG-Extract or a composition comprising HSG-Extract. Accordingly, in one embodiment a baked good comprises HSG-Extract or a composition comprising HSG-Extract in combination with a fat, water, and optionally flour. In a particular embodiment, the baked good optionally may include other natural and/or synthetic high-potency sweeteners and/or bulk sweeteners. Dairy Products In one embodiment, the consumable of the present invention is a dairy product that comprises HSG-Extract. In another embodiment, the consumable of the present invention is a dairy product that comprises a composition comprising HSG-Extract. Dairy products and processes for making dairy products suitable for use in this invention are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Dairy products, as used herein, comprise milk or foodstuffs produced from milk. Non-limiting examples of dairy products suitable for use in embodiments of this invention include milk, milk cream, sour cream, crème fraiche, buttermilk, cultured buttermilk, milk powder, condensed milk, evaporated milk, butter, cheese, cottage cheese, cream cheese, yogurt, ice cream, frozen custard, frozen yogurt, gelato, vla, piima, filmjölk, kajmak, kephir, viili, kumiss, airag, ice milk, casein, ayran, lassi, khoa, or combinations thereof. Milk is a fluid secreted by the mammary glands of female mammals for the nourishment of their young. The female ability to produce milk is one of the defining characteristics of mammals and provides the primary source of nutrition for newborns before they are able to digest more diverse foods. In particular embodiments of this invention, the dairy products are derived from the raw milk of cows, goats, sheep, horses, donkeys, camels, water buffalo, yaks, reindeer, moose, or humans. In particular embodiments of this invention, the processing of the dairy product from raw milk generally comprises the steps of pasteurizing, creaming, and homogenizing. Although raw milk may be consumed without pasteurization, it usually is pasteurized to destroy harmful microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa, molds, and yeasts. Pasteurizing generally comprises heating the milk to a high temperature for a short period of time to substantially reduce the number of microorganisms, thereby reducing the risk of disease. Creaming traditionally follows pasteurization step, and involves the separation of milk into a higher-fat cream layer and a lower-fat milk layer. Milk will separate into milk and cream layers upon standing for twelve to twenty-four hours. The cream rises to the top of the milk layer and may be skimmed and used as a separate dairy product. Alternatively, centrifuges may be used to separate the cream from the milk. The remaining milk is classified according to the fat content of the milk, non-limiting examples of which include whole, 2%, 1%, and skim milk. After removing the desired amount of fat from the milk by creaming, milk is often homogenized. Homogenization prevents cream from separating from the milk and generally involves pumping the milk at high pressures through narrow tubes in order to break up fat globules in the milk. Pasteurization, creaming, and homogenization of milk are common but are not required to produce consumable dairy products. Accordingly, suitable dairy products for use in embodiments of this invention may undergo no processing steps, a single processing step, or combinations of the processing steps described herein. Suitable dairy products for use in embodiments of this invention may also undergo processing steps in addition to or apart from the processing steps described herein. Particular embodiments of this invention comprise dairy products produced from milk by additional processing steps. As described above, cream may be skimmed from the top of milk or separated from the milk using machine-centrifuges. In a particular embodiment, the dairy product comprises sour cream, a dairy product rich in fats that is obtained by fermenting cream using a bacterial culture. The bacteria produce lactic acid during fermentation, which sours and thickens the cream. In another particular embodiment, the dairy product comprises crème fraiche, a heavy cream slightly soured with bacterial culture in a similar manner to sour cream. Crème fraiche ordinarily is not as thick or as sour as sour cream. In yet another particular embodiment, the dairy product comprises cultured buttermilk. Cultured buttermilk is obtained by adding bacteria to milk. The resulting fermentation, in which the bacterial culture turns lactose into lactic acid, gives cultured buttermilk a sour taste. Although it is produced in a different manner, cultured buttermilk generally is similar to traditional buttermilk, which is a by-product of butter manufacture. According to other particular embodiments of this invention, the dairy products comprise milk powder, condensed milk, evaporated milk, or combinations thereof. Milk powder, condensed milk, and evaporated milk generally are produced by removing water from milk. In a particular embodiment, the dairy product comprises a milk powder comprising dried milk solids with a low moisture content. In another particular embodiment, the dairy product comprises condensed milk. Condensed milk generally comprises milk with a reduced water content and added sweetener, yielding a thick, sweet product with a long shelf-life. In yet another particular embodiment, the dairy product comprises evaporated milk. Evaporated milk generally comprises fresh, homogenized milk from which about 60% of the water has been removed, that has been chilled, fortified with additives such as vitamins and stabilizers, packaged, and finally sterilized. According to another particular embodiment of this invention, the dairy product comprises a dry creamer and HSG-Extract or a composition comprising HSG-Extract. In another particular embodiment, the dairy product provided herein comprises butter. Butter generally is made by churning fresh or fermented cream or milk. Butter generally comprises butterfat surrounding small droplets comprising mostly water and milk proteins. The churning process damages the membranes surrounding the microscopic globules of butterfat, allowing the milk fats to conjoin and to separate from the other parts of the cream. In yet another particular embodiment, the dairy product comprises buttermilk, which is the sour-tasting liquid remaining after producing butter from full-cream milk by the churning process. In still another particular embodiment, the dairy product comprises cheese, a solid foodstuff produced by curdling milk using a combination of rennet or rennet substitutes and acidification. Rennet, a natural complex of enzymes produced in mammalian stomachs to digest milk, is used in cheese-making to curdle the milk, causing it to separate into solids known as curds and liquids known as whey. Generally, rennet is obtained from the stomachs of young ruminants, such as calves; however, alternative sources of rennet include some plants, microbial organisms, and genetically modified bacteria, fungus, or yeast. In addition, milk may be coagulated by adding acid, such as citric acid. Generally, a combination of rennet and/or acidification is used to curdle the milk. After separating the milk into curds and whey, some cheeses are made by simply draining, salting, and packaging the curds. For most cheeses, however, more processing is needed. Many different methods may be used to produce the hundreds of available varieties of cheese. Processing methods include heating the cheese, cutting it into small cubes to drain, salting, stretching, cheddaring, washing, molding, aging, and ripening. Some cheeses, such as the blue cheeses, have additional bacteria or molds introduced to them before or during aging, imparting flavor and aroma to the finished product. Cottage cheese is a cheese curd product with a mild flavor that is drained but not pressed so that some whey remains. The curd is usually washed to remove acidity. Cream cheese is a soft, mild-tasting, white cheese with a high fat content that is produced by adding cream to milk and then curdling to form a rich curd. Alternatively, cream cheese can be made from skim milk with cream added to the curd. It should be understood that cheese, as used herein, comprises all solid foodstuff produced by the curdling milk. In another particular embodiment of this invention, the dairy product comprises yogurt. Yogurt generally is produced by the bacterial fermentation of milk. The fermentation of lactose produces lactic acid, which acts on proteins in milk to give the yogurt a gel-like texture and tartness. In particularly desirable embodiments, the yogurt may be sweetened with a sweetener and/or flavored. Non-limiting examples of flavorings include, but are not limited to, fruits (e.g., peach, strawberry, banana), vanilla, and chocolate. Yogurt, as used herein, also includes yogurt varieties with different consistencies and viscosities, such as dahi, dadih or dadiah, labneh or labaneh, bulgarian, kefir, and matsoni. In another particular embodiment, the dairy product comprises a yogurt-based beverage, also known as drinkable yogurt or a yogurt smoothie. In particularly desirable embodiments, the yogurt-based beverage may comprise sweeteners, flavorings, other ingredients, or combinations thereof. Other dairy products beyond those described herein may be used in particular embodiments of this invention. Such dairy products are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art, non-limiting examples of which include milk, milk and juice, coffee, tea, vla, piima, filmjolk, kajmak, kephir, viili, kumiss, airag, ice milk, casein, ayran, lassi, and khoa. According to particular embodiments of this invention, the dairy compositions also may comprise other additives. Non-limiting examples of suitable additives include sweeteners and flavorants such as chocolate, strawberry, and banana. Particular embodiments of the dairy compositions provided herein also may comprise additional nutritional supplements such as vitamins (e.g., vitamin D) and minerals (e.g., calcium) to improve the nutritional composition of the milk. In a particularly desirable embodiment, the dairy composition comprises HSG-Extract or a composition comprising HSG-Extract in combination with a dairy product. In a particular embodiment, HSG-Extract is present in the dairy composition in an amount in the range of about 200 to about 20,000 weight percent of the dairy composition. HSG-Extract or compositions comprising HSG-Extract is also suitable for use in processed agricultural products, livestock products or seafood; processed meat products such as sausage and the like; retort food products, pickles, preserves boiled in soy sauce, delicacies, side dishes; soups; snacks such as potato chips, cookies, or the like; as shredded filler, leaf, stem, stalk, homogenized leaf cured and animal feed. Tabletop Sweetener Compositions In one embodiment, the present invention is a tabletop sweetener comprising HSG-Extract. The tabletop composition can further include at least one bulking agent, additive, anti-caking agent, functional ingredient or combination thereof. Suitable “bulking agents” include, but are not limited to, maltodextrin (10 DE, 18 DE, or 5 DE), corn syrup solids (20 or 36 DE), sucrose, fructose, glucose, invert sugar, sorbitol, xylose, ribulose, mannose, xylitol, mannitol, galactitol, erythritol, maltitol, lactitol, isomalt, maltose, tagatose, lactose, inulin, glycerol, propylene glycol, polyols, polydextrose, fructooligosaccharides, cellulose and cellulose derivatives, and the like, and mixtures thereof. Additionally, in accordance with still other embodiments of the invention, granulated sugar (sucrose) or other caloric sweeteners such as crystalline fructose, other carbohydrates, or sugar alcohol can be used as a bulking agent due to their provision of good content uniformity without the addition of significant calories. As used herein, the phrase “anti-caking agent” and “flow agent” refer to any composition which assists in content uniformity and uniform dissolution. In accordance with particular embodiments, non-limiting examples of anti-caking agents include cream of tartar, calcium silicate, silicon dioxide, microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel, FMC BioPolymer, Philadelphia, Pa.), and tricalcium phosphate. In one embodiment, the anti-caking agents are present in the tabletop sweetener composition in an amount from about 0.001 to about 3% by weight of the tabletop sweetener composition. The tabletop sweetener compositions can be packaged in any form known in the art. Non-limiting forms include, but are not limited to, powder form, granular form, packets, tablets, sachets, pellets, cubes, solids, and liquids. In one embodiment, the tabletop sweetener composition is a single-serving (portion control) packet comprising a dry-blend. Dry-blend formulations generally may comprise powder or granules. Although the tabletop sweetener composition may be in a packet of any size, an illustrative non-limiting example of conventional portion control tabletop sweetener packets are approximately 2.5 by 1.5 inches and hold approximately 1 gram of a sweetener composition having a sweetness equivalent to 2 teaspoons of granulated sugar (˜8 g). The amount of HSG-Extract in a dry-blend tabletop sweetener formulation can vary. In a particular embodiment, a dry-blend tabletop sweetener formulation may contain HSG-Extract in an amount from about 1% (w/w) to about 10% (w/w) of the tabletop sweetener composition. Solid tabletop sweetener embodiments include cubes and tablets. A non-limiting example of conventional cubes are equivalent in size to a standard cube of granulated sugar, which is approximately 2.2×2.2×2.2 cm3and weigh approximately 8 g. In one embodiment, a solid tabletop sweetener is in the form of a tablet or any other form known to those skilled in the art. A tabletop sweetener composition also may be embodied in the form of a liquid, wherein HSG-Extract is combined with a liquid carrier. Suitable non-limiting examples of carrier agents for liquid tabletop sweeteners include water, alcohol, polyol, glycerin base or citric acid base dissolved in water, and mixtures thereof. The sweetness equivalent of a tabletop sweetener composition for any of the forms described herein or known in the art may be varied to obtain a desired sweetness profile. For example, a tabletop sweetener composition may comprise a sweetness comparable to that of an equivalent amount of standard sugar. In another embodiment, the tabletop sweetener composition may comprise a sweetness of up to 100 times that of an equivalent amount of sugar. In another embodiment, the tabletop sweetener composition may comprise a sweetness of up to 90 times, 80 times, 70 times, 60 times, 50 times, 40 times, 30 times, 20 times, 10 times, 9 times, 8 times, 7 times, 6 times, 5 times, 4 times, 3 times, and 2 times that of an equivalent amount of sugar. Beverage and Beverage Products In one embodiment, the present invention is a beverage or beverage product comprising HSG-Extract. In another embodiment, the present invention is a beverage or beverage comprising a composition that comprises HSG-Extract. As used herein a “beverage product” is a ready-to-drink beverage, a beverage concentrate, a beverage syrup, or a powdered beverage. Suitable ready-to-drink beverages include carbonated and non-carbonated beverages. Carbonated beverages include, but are not limited to, enhanced sparkling beverages, cola, lemon-lime flavored sparkling beverage, orange flavored sparkling beverage, grape flavored sparkling beverage, strawberry flavored sparkling beverage, pineapple flavored sparkling beverage, ginger-ale, soft drinks and root beer. Non-carbonated beverages include, but are not limited to fruit juice, fruit-flavored juice, juice drinks, nectars, vegetable juice, vegetable-flavored juice, sports drinks, energy drinks, enhanced water drinks, enhanced water with vitamins, near water drinks (e.g., water with natural or synthetic flavorants), coconut water, tea type drinks (e.g. black tea, green tea, red tea, oolong tea), coffee, cocoa drink, beverage containing milk components (e.g. milk beverages, coffee containing milk components, café au lait, milk tea, fruit milk beverages), beverages containing cereal extracts, smoothies and combinations thereof. Beverage concentrates and beverage syrups are prepared with an initial volume of liquid matrix (e.g. water) and the desired beverage ingredients. Full strength beverages are then prepared by adding further volumes of water. Powdered beverages are prepared by dry-mixing all of the beverage ingredients in the absence of a liquid matrix. Full strength beverages are then prepared by adding the full volume of water. Beverages comprise a liquid matrix, i.e. the basic ingredient in which the ingredients—including the compositions of the present invention—are dissolved. In one embodiment, a beverage comprises water of beverage quality as the liquid matrix, such as, for example deionized water, distilled water, reverse osmosis water, carbon-treated water, purified water, demineralized water and combinations thereof, can be used. Additional suitable liquid matrices include, but are not limited to phosphoric acid, phosphate buffer, citric acid, citrate buffer and carbon-treated water. In one embodiment, the consumable of the present invention is a beverage that comprises a HSG-Extract. In another embodiment, a beverage contains a composition comprising HSG-Extract. In a further embodiment, the present invention is a beverage product comprising HSG-Extract. In another embodiment, the present invention is a beverage product that contains a composition comprising HSG-Extract. The concentration of HSG-Extract in the beverage may be above, at or below its threshold sweetness or recognition concentration. In a particular embodiment, the concentration of HSG-Extract in the beverage is above its threshold sweetness or flavor recognition concentration. In one embodiment, the concentration of HSG-Extract is at least about 1%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, about least about 35%, at least about 40%, about least about 45%, at least about 50% or more above its threshold sweetness or flavor recognition concentration. In another particular embodiment, the concentration of HSG-Extract in the beverage is at or approximately the threshold sweetness or flavor recognition concentration of HSG-Extract. In yet another particular embodiment, the concentration of HSG-Extract in the beverage is below the threshold sweetness or flavor recognition concentration of HSG-Extract. In one embodiment, the concentration of HSG-Extract is at least about 1%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, about least about 35%, at least about 40%, about least about 45%, at least about 50% or more below its threshold sweetness or flavor recognition concentration. In one embodiment, the present invention is a beverage or beverage product that contains HSG-Extract in an amount ranging from about 1 ppm to about 10,000 ppm, such as, for example, from about 25 ppm to about 800 ppm. In another embodiment, HSG-Extract is present in a beverage in an amount ranging from about 100 ppm to about 600 ppm. In yet other embodiments, HSG-Extract is present in a beverage in an amount ranging from about 100 to about 200 ppm, from about 100 ppm to about 300 ppm, from about 100 ppm to about 400 ppm, or from about 100 ppm to about 500 ppm. In still another embodiment, HSG-Extract is present in the beverage or beverage product in an amount ranging from about 300 to about 700 ppm, such as, for example, from about 400 ppm to about 600 ppm. In a particular embodiment, HSG-Extract is present in a beverage an amount of about 500 ppm. The beverage can further include at least one additional sweetener. Any of the sweeteners detailed herein can be used, including natural, non-natural, or synthetic sweeteners. These may be added to the beverage either before, contemporaneously with or after HSG-Extract. In one embodiment, the beverage contains a carbohydrate sweetener in a concentration from about 100 ppm to about 140,000 ppm. Synthetic sweeteners may be present in the beverage in a concentration from about 0.3 ppm to about 3,500 ppm. Natural high potency sweeteners may be present in the beverage in a concentration from about 0.1 ppm to about 3,000 ppm. The beverage can further comprise additives including, but not limited to, carbohydrates, polyols, amino acids and their corresponding salts, poly-amino acids and their corresponding salts, sugar acids and their corresponding salts, nucleotides, organic acids, inorganic acids, organic salts including organic acid salts and organic base salts, inorganic salts, bitter compounds, caffeine, flavorants and flavoring ingredients, astringent compounds, proteins or protein hydrolysates, surfactants, emulsifiers, weighing agents, juice, dairy, cereal and other plant extracts, flavonoids, alcohols, polymers and combinations thereof. Any suitable additive described herein can be used. In one embodiment, the polyol can be present in the beverage in a concentration from about 100 ppm to about 250,000 ppm, such as, for example, from about 5,000 ppm to about 40,000 ppm. In another embodiment, the amino acid can be present in the beverage in a concentration from about 10 ppm to about 50,000 ppm, such as, for example, from about 1,000 ppm to about 10,000 ppm, from about 2,500 ppm to about 5,000 ppm or from about 250 ppm to about 7,500 ppm. In still another embodiment, the nucleotide can be present in the beverage in a concentration from about 5 ppm to about 1,000 ppm. In yet another embodiment, the organic acid additive can be present in the beverage in a concentration from about 10 ppm to about 5,000 ppm. In yet another embodiment, the inorganic acid additive can be present in the beverage in a concentration from about 25 ppm to about 25,000 ppm. In still another embodiment, the bitter compound can be present in the beverage in a concentration from about 25 ppm to about 25,000 ppm. In yet another embodiment, the flavorant can be present in the beverage a concentration from about 0.1 ppm to about 4,000 ppm. In a still further embodiment, the polymer can be present in the beverage in a concentration from about 30 ppm to about 2,000 ppm. In another embodiment, the protein hydrolysate can be present in the beverage in a concentration from about 200 ppm to about 50,000. In yet another embodiment, the surfactant additive can be present in the beverage in a concentration from about 30 ppm to about 2,000 ppm. In still another embodiment, the flavonoid additive can be present in the beverage a concentration from about 0.1 ppm to about 1,000 ppm. In yet another embodiment, the alcohol additive can be present in the beverage in a concentration from about 625 ppm to about 10,000 ppm. In a still further embodiment, the astringent additive can be present in the beverage in a concentration from about 10 ppm to about 5,000 ppm. The beverage can further contain one or more functional ingredients, detailed above. Functional ingredients include, but are not limited to, vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, preservatives, glucosamine, polyphenols and combinations thereof. Any suitable functional ingredient described herein can be used. It is contemplated that the pH of the consumable, such as, for example, a beverage, does not materially or adversely affect the taste of the sweetener. A non-limiting example of the pH range of the beverage may be from about 1.8 to about 10. A further example includes a pH range from about 2 to about 5. In a particular embodiment, the pH of beverage can be from about 2.5 to about 4.2. One of skill in the art will understand that the pH of the beverage can vary based on the type of beverage. Dairy beverages, for example, can have pH greater than 4.2. The titratable acidity of a beverage comprising HSG-Extract may, for example, range from about 0.01 to about 1.0% by weight of beverage. In one embodiment, the sparkling beverage product has an acidity from about 0.01 to about 1.0% by weight of the beverage, such as, for example, from about 0.05% to about 0.25% by weight of beverage. The carbonation of a sparkling beverage product has 0 to about 2% (w/w) of carbon dioxide or its equivalent, for example, from about 0.1 to about 1.0% (w/w). The temperature of a beverage may, for example, range from about 4° C. to about 100° C., such as, for example, from about 4° C. to about 25° C. The beverage can be a full-calorie beverage that has up to about 120 calories per 8 oz serving. The beverage can be a mid-calorie beverage that has up to about 60 calories per 8 oz serving. The beverage can be a low-calorie beverage that has up to about 40 calories per 8 oz serving. The beverage can be a zero-calorie that has less than about 5 calories per 8 oz. serving. Methods of Use The compounds and compositions of the present invention can be used to impart sweetness or to enhance the flavor or sweetness of consumables or other compositions. In another aspect, the present invention is a method of preparing a consumable comprising (i) providing a consumable matrix and (ii) adding HSG-Extract to the consumable matrix to provide a consumable. In a particular embodiment, the present invention is a method of preparing a beverage comprising (i) providing a liquid or beverage matrix and (ii) adding HSG-Extract to the consumable matrix to provide a beverage. In another aspect, the present invention is a method of preparing a sweetened consumable comprising (i) providing a sweetenable consumable and (ii) adding HSG-Extract to the sweetenable consumable to provide a sweetened consumable. In a particular embodiment, the present invention is a method of preparing a sweetened beverage comprising (i) providing a sweetenable beverage and (ii) adding HSG-Extract to the sweetenable beverage to provide a sweetened beverage. In the above methods, HSG-Extract may be provided as such, or in form of a composition. When the HSG-Extract is provided as a composition, the amount of the composition is effective to provide a concentration of HSG-Extract that is above, at or below its threshold flavor or sweetness recognition concentration when the composition is added to the consumable (e.g., the beverage). When HSG-Extract is not provided as a composition, it may be added to the consumable at a concentration that is above, at or below its threshold flavor or sweetness recognition concentration. In one embodiment, the present invention is a method for enhancing the sweetness of a consumable comprising (i) providing a consumable comprising one or more sweet ingredients and (ii) adding HSG-Extract (1) to the consumable to provide a consumable with enhanced sweetness, wherein HSG-Extract is added to the consumable at a concentration at or below its threshold sweetness recognition concentration. In a particular embodiment, HSG-Extract is added to the consumable at a concentration below its threshold sweetness recognition concentration. In another embodiment, the present invention is a method for enhancing the sweetness of a consumable comprising (i) providing a consumable comprising one or more sweet ingredients and (ii) adding a composition comprising HSG-Extract to the consumable to provide a consumable with enhanced sweetness, wherein HSG-Extract is present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration of HSG-Extract at or below its threshold sweetness recognition concentration when the composition is added to the consumable. In a particular embodiment, HSG-Extract is present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration of HSG-Extract below its threshold sweetness recognition concentration. In a particular embodiment, the present invention is a method for enhancing the sweetness of a beverage comprising (i) providing a beverage comprising at least one sweet ingredient and (ii) adding HSG-Extract to the beverage to provide a beverage with enhanced sweetness, wherein HSG-Extract is added to the beverage in an amount effective to provide a concentration at or below its threshold sweetness recognition concentration. In a particular embodiment, HSG-Extract is added to the consumable in an amount effective to provide a concentration below its threshold sweetness recognition concentration. In another particular embodiment, the present invention is a method for enhancing the sweetness of a beverage comprising (i) providing a beverage comprising one or more sweet ingredients and (ii) adding a composition comprising HSG-Extract to the consumable to provide a beverage with enhanced sweetness, wherein HSG-Extract is present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration of HSG-Extract at or below its threshold sweetness recognition concentration when the composition is added to the beverage. In a particular embodiment, HSG-Extract is present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration of HSG-Extract below its threshold sweetness recognition concentration when the composition is added to the beverage. In another embodiment, the present invention is method for enhancing the flavor of a consumable, comprising (i) providing a consumable comprising at least one flavor ingredient and (ii) adding HSG-Extract to the consumable to provide a consumable with enhanced flavor, wherein HSG-Extract is added to the consumable at a concentration at or below its threshold flavor recognition concentration. In a particular embodiment, HSG-Extract is added to the consumable at a concentration below its threshold flavor recognition concentration. In another embodiment, the present invention is a method for enhancing the flavor of a consumable comprising (i) providing a consumable comprising at least one flavor ingredient and (ii) adding a composition HSG-Extract to the consumable to provide a consumable with enhanced flavor, wherein HSG-Extract is present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration of HSG-Extract at or below its threshold flavor recognition concentration when the composition is added to the consumable. In a particular embodiment, HSG-Extract is present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration of HSG-Extract below its threshold flavor recognition concentration when the composition is added to the consumable. In a particular embodiment, the present invention is a method for enhancing the flavor of a beverage comprising (i) providing a beverage comprising at least one flavor ingredient and (ii) adding HSG-Extract to the beverage to provide a beverage with enhanced flavor, wherein HSG-Extract is added to the beverage at a concentration at or below its threshold flavor recognition concentration. In a particular embodiment, HSG-Extract is added to the consumable at a concentration below its threshold flavor recognition concentration. In a particular embodiment, the present invention is a method for enhancing the flavor of a beverage comprising (i) providing a beverage comprising at least one flavor ingredient and (ii) adding a composition comprising HSG-Extract to the beverage to provide a beverage with enhanced flavor wherein HSG-Extract is present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration of HSG-Extract at or below its threshold flavor recognition concentration when the composition is added to the beverage. In a particular embodiment, HSG-Extract is present in the composition in an amount effective to provide a concentration of HSG-Extract below its threshold flavor recognition concentration when the composition is added to the consumable. The present invention also includes methods of preparing sweetened compositions (e.g., sweetened consumables) and flavor enhanced compositions (e.g., flavored enhanced consumables) by adding HSG-Extract or compositions comprising HSG-Extract to such compositions/consumables. The following examples illustrate preferred embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that the invention is not limited to the materials, proportions, conditions and procedures set forth in the examples, which are only illustrative. Example 1 Preparation ofSteviaExtracts The extraction ofStevia rebaudianadried leaves was carried out according to method described in U.S. Ser. No. 13/122,232 (Morita et al.). 100 g of dry leaves obtained fromStevia rebaudianavarieties, was extracted several times with 20 times amount of water by weight until the sweetness cannot be tasted. The extract was passed through a column filled up with 300 mL of macroporous absorption resin (Diaion HP-20) wherein the steviol glycosides of the aqueous extract were absorbed to the resin and the majority of other impurities pass through the column without adsorbing to the resin. The resin was sufficiently washed with water to remove the impurities, and the adsorbed steviol glycosides were eluted with 900 mL of methanol. The eluate was passed through a column filled up with 200 mL of ion exchange resin (Diaion WA-30); 10 g of activated carbon was added to the eluate and stirred. The mixture was filtered, the filtrate was concentrated and the residue was dried to giveSteviaextract comprising all the steviol glycosides originally present in the dried leaves of respectiveStevia rebaudianavariety. The obtained untreated aqueous extracts were used in various applications without any further purification, crystallization, separation, isolation of individual steviol glycosides. Example 2 HPLC Assay Any HPLC method or combination of HPLC methods capable of separating each steviol glycoside described herein can be used. The HPLC assay procedures described by Morita et al., 2011, and Ohta et al., 2010 were unable to separate properly the glycosides such as RebE, RebM, and RebD. Hence a HPLC methodology was developed to reliably determine and quantitate the steviol glycosides RebE, RebD, RebM, RebN, RebO, RebA, Stev, RebF, RebC, DulA, Rub, RebB, and Sbio. Each sample was analyzed by 2 HPLC methods. Method 1 was used for analysis of RebE, RebD, RebM, RebN, and RebO, while the Method 2 was used to analyze RebA, Stev, RebF, RebC, DulA, Rub, RebB, and Sbio. The reference standards for RebE, RebD, RebM, RebN, RebO and other steviol glycosides were purchased from ChromaDex Inc. (USA). Agilent 1200 HPLC system equipped with binary pump, autosampler, DAD detector interfaced with “Chemstation B” software was used. Alternatively any other equivalent HPLC system may be used as well. Method 1 Instrument Conditions Column: Agilent Poroshell 120 SB-C182.7 m, 4.6×150 mm Column Temperature: 40° C. Mobile Phase: Solvent A 10 mM Monosodium dihydrogen Phosphate pH2.6: Acetonitrile, 75%:25% (v/v) Solvent B Water: Acetonitrile, 50%:50% (v/v) Gradient program % v/v: Time (min)A (%)B (%)0.0100014.0100014.5010025.00100 Flow rate: 0.5 m/min Injection: 5 μL Detection: UV at 210 nm Runtime: 25 min Post time: 10 min Autosampler temperature: Ambient Method 2 Instrument Conditions Column: Agilent Poroshell 120 SB-C182.7 m, 4.6×150 mm. Column Temperature: 40° C. Mobile phase: Isocratic 10 mM Monosodium dihydrogen Phosphate pH2.6: Acetonitrile, 68%:32% (v/v) Flow rate: 1.0 m/min Injection: 5 μL Detection: UV at 210 nm Runtime: 20 min Autosampler temperature: Ambient The Table 1 summarizes the concentrations of steviol glycosides (% wt/wt, dry basis) in various extracts and leaves. The varieties 805082 (high RebA) and 803066 (high Stevioside) are provided as controls. It can be seen that in extracts derived from commonStevia rebaudianathe highest concentration of rebE, rebM, rebD, rebN and rebO are 0.9%, 1.33%, 2.10%, 1.4% and 0.6% respectively. Meanwhile in the extracts derived from theStevia rebaudianacultivars of present invention the concentration of rebE, rebM, RebD, rebN and rebO can reach up to 17.49%, 7.64%, 23.04%, 4.87% and 5.85% respectively. TABLE 1Concentrations (% wt/wt, dry basis) of steviol glycosides in leaves and untreated aqueousextracts of leaves of commonStevia rebaudianavarieties (Morita et al. 2011, Ohta et al., 2010)and the varieties of the present inventionSteviarebaudianavarietySbioRubDulARebBStevRebCRebFRebARebERebMRebDRebNRebOTSGMorita0.771.520.920.6940.719.951.9040.190.09*0.75**—**0.230.0597.77Variety AMorita0.400.480.52ND26.219.181.6354.940.26*0.88**—**0.270.0994.85Variety BMoritaND***0.570.152.107.127.691.6376.430.071.33**—**0.540.3097.93Variety CMorita4.871.622.300.7555.926.301.2821.820.50*0.38**—**0.06ND95.81Variety STOhta et al.,1.000.800.302.509.207.501.9061.600.301.002.101.400.6090.20Morita leafextractOhta et al.,5.00ND2.602.0049.806.801.4021.500.90ND0.400.10ND90.50Bertoni leafextract814011NDNDNDND3.734.521.5261.55ND7.648.921.685.8595.41Extract807086NDNDNDND6.204.331.8149.290.857.4416.583.585.7895.86Extract817096NDNDNDND22.863.580.9716.1017.493.8723.044.873.2596.03Extract8050820.130.100.140.554.785.601.1480.250.080.481.270.040.5495.10Extract8030660.550.167.71ND84.360.240.192.24ND0.070.08NDND95.60Extract814011 dryNDNDNDND0.460.550.187.41ND0.931.060.200.7011.49leaves807086 dryNDNDNDND0.440.320.133.550.060.531.200.260.416.90leaves817096 dryNDNDNDND2.310.350.101.611.750.382.320.480.329.62leaves805082 dry0.020.020.020.070.650.760.1510.780.010.070.180.050.0712.85leaves803066 dry0.070.020.93ND10.030.030.020.26ND0.010.01NDND11.38leaves*in Morita et al., 2011 the Variety A RebE peak is labeled as “III + Rebau E”; Varieties B and ST RebE peaks are labeled as “Rebau E + III + IV”**in Morita et al., 2011 the Varieties A, B, C, and ST RebM peaks are labeled as “Rebaud D + VIII”***ND—Not Detected (the concentration is below detection limit) Table 2 summarizes the relative concentrations of steviol glycosides (%) in various extracts and leaves. It can be seen that in extracts derived from commonStevia rebaudianathe highest relative concentration of rebE, rebM, RebD, rebN and rebO are 0.99%, 1.36%, 2.33%, 1.55% and 0.67% respectively. Meanwhile in the extracts derived from theStevia rebaudianacultivars of present invention the relative concentration of rebE, rebM, RebD, rebN and rebO can reach up to 18.21%, 8.01%, 23.99%, 5.07% and 6.13% respectively. TABLE 2Relative Concentrations (%) of steviol glycosides in leaves and untreated aqueousextracts of leaves of commonStevia rebaudianavarieties (Morita et al. 2011, Ohta et al., 2010)and the varieties of the present inventionSteviarebaudianavarietySbioRubDulARebBStevRebCRebFRebARebERebMRebDRebNRebOVariety A0.791.560.940.7141.6410.181.9441.110.09*0.76**—**0.230.05ExtractVariety B0.420.500.55ND27.639.681.7257.920.27*0.93**—**0.280.09ExtractVariety CND0.580.152.147.277.851.6678.050.071.36**—**0.550.31ExtractVariety ST5.081.692.400.7858.376.581.3422.780.52*0.40**—**0.06NDExtractOhta et al.,1.110.890.332.7710.208.312.1168.290.331.112.331.550.67Morita leafextractOhta et al.,5.52ND2.872.2155.037.511.5523.760.99ND0.440.11NDBertoni leafextract814011NDNDNDND3.914.741.5964.51ND8.019.351.766.13Extract807086NDNDNDND6.474.521.8951.420.897.7617.303.736.03Extract817096NDNDNDND23.813.731.0116.7718.214.0323.995.073.38Extract8050820.140.110.150.585.035.891.2084.390.080.501.340.040.57Extract8030660.580.178.06ND88.240.250.202.34ND0.070.08NDNDExtract814011 dryNDNDNDND4.004.791.5764.49ND8.099.231.746.09leaves807086 dryNDNDNDND6.384.641.8851.450.877.6817.393.775.94leaves817096 dryNDNDNDND24.013.641.0416.7418.193.9524.124.993.33leaves805082 dry0.160.160.160.545.065.911.1783.890.080.541.400.390.54leaves803066 dry0.620.188.17ND88.140.260.182.28ND0.090.09NDNDleaves*in Morita et al., 2011 the Variety A RebE peak is labeled as “III + Rebau E”; Varieties B and ST RebE peaks are labeled as “Rebau E + III + IV”**in Morita et al., 2011 the Varieties A, B, C, and ST RebM peaks are labeled as “Rebaud D + VIII”***ND—Not Detected (the concentration is below detection limit) Example 3 Low-Caloric Orange Juice Drink Orange concentrate (35%), citric acid (0.35%), ascorbic acid (0.05%), orange red color (0.01%), orange flavor (0.20%), Rebaudioside A (0.003%) and different steviol glycosides compositions (0.03%) were blended and dissolved completely in water (up to 100%) and pasteurized. HSG-extracts and regular extracts were used as steviol glycoside compositions. HSG-extracts were represented by untreated aqueous extracts ofStevia rebaudiana814011, 807086, 817096 while common extracts were represented by untreated aqueous extracts ofStevia rebaudiana805082, 803066, obtained according to EXAMPLE 1. The sensory evaluations of the samples are summarized in Table 3. The data show that the best results can be obtained by using the HSG extracts. Particularly the drinks prepared with HSG-Extracts exhibited a rounded and complete flavor profile and mouthfeel. TABLE 3Evaluation of orange juice drink samplesExtractCommentsSampleFlavorAftertasteMouthfeel814011High quality sweetness,Clean, no bitternessFullpleasant taste similar toand no aftertastesucrose, rounded andbalanced flavor807086High quality sweetness,Clean, no bitternessFullpleasant taste similar toand no aftertastesucrose, rounded andbalanced flavor817096High quality sweetness,Clean, almost noFullpleasant taste similar tobitterness,sucrose, rounded andno aftertastebalanced flavor805082Sweet, licorice notesModerate bitternessNotand aftertasteacceptable803066Sweet, licorice notesSignificant bitternessNotand aftertasteacceptable The same method can be used to prepare juices and juice drinks from other fruits, such as apples, lemons, apricots, cherries, pineapples, mangoes, etc. Example 4 Low-Calorie Carbonated Beverage A carbonated beverage according to formula presented below was prepared. IngredientsQuantity, %Sucrose5.5Cola flavor0.340ortho-Phosphoric acid0.100Sodium citrate0.310Sodium benzoate0.018Citric acid0.018Steviol glycosides composition0.053Carbonated waterto 100 HSG-extracts and regular extracts were used as steviol glycoside compositions. HSG-extracts were represented by untreated aqueous extracts ofStevia rebaudiana814011, 807086, 817096 while common extracts were represented by untreated aqueous extracts ofStevia rebaudiana805082, 803066, obtained according to EXAMPLE 1. The sensory properties were evaluated by 20 panelists. The results are summarized in Table 4. TABLE 4Evaluation of low-calorie carbonated beverage samplesTasteNumber of panelists detected the attributeattribute814011807086817096805082803066Bitter taste0001517Astringent0101416tasteAftertaste2231418CommentsQuality ofCleanCleanCleanCleanCleansweet taste(20 of 20)(20 of 20)(20 of 20)(2 of 20)(0 of 20)OverallSatisfactorySatisfactorySatisfactorySatisfactorySatisfactoryevaluation(20 of 20)(20 of 20)(20 of 20)(2 of 20)(0 of 20) The above results show that the beverage prepared using HSG-Extracts possessed the best organoleptic characteristics. Example 5 Diet Cookies Flour (50.0%), margarine (30.0%) fructose (10.0%), maltitol (8.0%), whole milk (1.0%), salt (0.2%), baking powder (0.15%), vanillin (0.1%) and different steviol glycoside compositions (0.03%) were kneaded well in dough-mixing machine. The obtained dough was molded and baked in oven at 200° C. for 15 minutes. HSG-extracts and regular extracts were used as steviol glycoside compositions. HSG-extracts were represented by untreated aqueous extracts ofStevia rebaudiana814011, 807086, 817096 while common extracts were represented by untreated aqueous extracts ofStevia rebaudiana805082, 803066, obtained according to EXAMPLE 1. The sensory properties were evaluated by 20 panelists. The best results were obtained in samples prepared by HSG-Extracts. The panelists noted rounded and complete flavor profile and mouthfeel in cookies prepared with HSG-Extracts. Example 6 Yoghurt Different steviol glycoside compositions (0.03%) and sucrose (4%) were dissolved in low fat milk. HSG-extracts and regular extracts were used as steviol glycoside compositions. HSG-extracts were represented by untreated aqueous extracts ofStevia rebaudiana814011, 807086, 817096 while common extracts were represented by untreated aqueous extracts ofStevia rebaudiana805082, 803066, obtained according to EXAMPLE 1. After pasteurizing at 82° C. for 20 minutes, the milk was cooled to 37° C. A starter culture (3%) was added and the mixture was incubated at 37° C. for 6 hours then at 5° C. for 12 hours. The sensory properties were evaluated by 20 panelists. The best results were obtained in samples prepared by HSG-extracts. The panelists noted rounded and complete flavor profile and mouthfeel in sample prepared with HSG-extracts. It is to be understood that the foregoing descriptions and specific embodiments shown herein are merely illustrative of the best mode of the invention and the principles thereof, and that modifications and additions may be easily made by those skilled in the art without departing for the spirit and scope of the invention, which is therefore understood to be limited only by the scope of the appended claims.

11856973

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS (Ingredients of Instant Soup Stock Solid Seasoning (A)) The instant soup stock solid seasoning (A) in the present embodiment contains edible meat (B) as a main ingredient and soup stock (C) having a higher mass percent concentration of inosinic acid (5′-inosinic acid) than the edible meat (B). The instant soup stock solid seasoning (A) may also contain a vegetable(s) (D). Furthermore, other additives such as salt, dietary fibers, spices, or spice extracts may be also contained. The edible meat (B) is meat for human consumption, such as chicken, beef, mouton or pork. The part of the edible meat (B) is not specifically limited. In case of, e.g., chicken, it is possible to use meat, tender and thigh, etc. In this regard, however, chicken thigh generally contains a high proportion of fat, and the fat may be oxidized when dried. Since taste is likely to deteriorate due to oxidation of fat, it is preferable to use defatted meat in case of using chicken thigh. For example, it is possible to reduce the amount of fat located inside by boiling thigh once, followed by squeezing the juice out or centrifugation. The type of the edible meat (B) can be selected according to the intended use of the instant soup stock solid seasoning (A). For example, beef is used as the edible meat (B) when manufacturing the solid seasoning (A) as a base of beef consommé, and chicken is used as the edible meat (B) when manufacturing the solid seasoning (A) as a base of chicken consommé. Of those, chicken is preferable as the edible meat (B), and chicken breast with little fat is particularly preferable since its soup stock is suitable as the base of relatively any dishes. The soup stock (C) is soup stock extracted from edible meat, bones of the edible meat, or both and is preferably soup stock extracted from the edible meat (B) as a main ingredient of the instant soup stock solid seasoning (A), bones of the edible meat (B), or both. It is possible to extract the soup stock (C) with boiling water, stock, or tang (soup in Chinese cuisine). In addition, the soup stock (C) may be liquid soup stock as-extracted, or may be powder soup stock obtained through concentration and drying. The soup stock (C), which is added to the edible meat (B) to increase the inosinic acid concentration in the instant soup stock solid seasoning (A), has a higher mass percent concentration of the inosinic acid than the edible meat (B). The inosinic acid content in, e.g., 100 g of chicken, beef and pork, which can be used as the edible meat (B), is respectively about 76 mg, 107 mg and 122 mg. On the other hand, the inosinic acid content in 100 g of dried bonito fillet, as a representative source of soup stock from which soup stock with intense umami can be extracted, is not less than 400 mg. That is, the mass percent concentration of the inosinic acid in edible meat is not more than ⅓ of the mass percent concentration of the inosinic acid in dried bonito fillet, and only drying edible meat cannot provide the source of soup stock from which soup stock with intense umami comparative to dried bonito fillet can be extracted. For this reason, the soup stock (C) is added to the edible meat (B) to increase the inosinic acid concentration in the instant soup stock solid seasoning (A). Preferably, the soup stock (C) contains the inosinic acid at a concentration equivalent to or greater than (not less than 90°/o of) that in dried bonito fillet, e.g., not less than 360 mg of the inosinic acid per 100 g portion, so that the instant soup stock solid seasoning (A) can have an intensity of umami close to that of dried bonito fillet. The vegetables (D) are, e.g., celery, onion and carrot, etc., and are not specifically limited. In addition, the form of the vegetables (D) is also not specifically limited and is, e.g., raw vegetable, vegetable paste, vegetable juice or vegetable extract extracted from vegetable. The mass of water contained in the instant soup stock solid seasoning (A) is not more than 15% of the total mass of the instant soup stock solid seasoning (A). The form of the instant soup stock solid seasoning (A) is not specifically limited and may be a molded body or powder. In addition, the molded body may be cut into a predetermined shape (e.g., a cube shape), or the molded body may be shaved into the form of flakes. In case of, e.g., the molded body, it is possible to select the size and shape according to the intended use. Meanwhile, in case of the small and fine form such as powder or flakes, it may be contained in filter bags formed of a filter sheet. By using the microwave reduced-pressure drying method in a process of manufacturing the instant soup stock solid seasoning (A) as described later, it is possible to significantly reduce time required for the drying process. In general, drying efficiency by hot-air drying decreases with an increase in thickness of an object. Therefore, the effect of the microwave reduced-pressure drying method is more remarkable when the instant soup stock solid seasoning (A) is a molded body having a certain size, e.g., when a distance from the surface to an inner portion located farthest from the surface is not less than 5 cm. The instant soup stock solid seasoning (A) is rich in inosinic acid. Therefore, when molded into a shape which resembles dried bonito fillet containing a large amount of inosinic acid, it is possible to obtain a feeling similar to when using the dried bonito fillet. In case that the instant soup stock solid seasoning (A) is molded into a shape resembling the dried bonito fillet, for example, a distance from the surface to an inner portion located farthest from the surface is not less than 5 cm. According to the instant soup stock solid seasoning (A), anyone can obtain high-quality soup stock (bouillon) only by several ten seconds to several minutes of extraction in boiling water. In other words, quality substantially equal to that made by a professional cook based on the technique from his/her long experience in cooking and spending several hours to ten and several hours of extraction time can be obtained easily at home. In addition, the instant soup stock solid seasoning (A) is manufactured using only natural ingredients, smells natural, has umami and allows clear soup stock to be obtained. (Method for Manufacturing the Instant Soup Stock Solid Seasoning) A specific example of a method for manufacturing the instant soup stock solid seasoning (A) in the present embodiment will be described below. FIG.1is a flowchart showing a process of manufacturing the instant soup stock solid seasoning (A) in the present embodiment. Firstly, the raw edible meat (B) is shredded and is mixed and stirred with the soup stock (C) added thereto, thereby forming a mixture (E) in paste form (Step St). The amount of the soup stock (C) added at this stage is set according to the intensity of umami required for the instant soup stock solid seasoning (A), and is set in the range of, e.g., not less than 20 mass % and not more than 40 mass % of the edible meat (B). Optionally, the vegetables (D) may be added to the edible meat (B) and the soup stock (C) in Step S1. The amount of the vegetables (D) added is set in the range of, e.g., not less than 5 mass % and not more than 10 mass % of the edible meat (B). Other additives such as salt, dietary fibers, spices, or spice extracts may be further added. Next, the mixture (E) is molded into a predetermined shape (Step S2). The mixture (E) is molded by, e.g., a method such as filling a container (mold), filling a casing using a stuffer machine, or simply spreading with a uniform thickness. When manufacturing the instant soup stock solid seasoning (A) having, e.g., a dried bonito fillet shape, a dried bonito fillet-shaped container is used. When the mixture (E) is not molded, Step S2is omitted. Next, the mixture (E) is heated (Step S3). It is possible to sterilize and solidify the mixture (E) by applying heat. However, when there is no concern of contamination with germs and its multiplication, it is not necessary to perform the heating step. In this case, Step S3is omitted. In addition, when there is no concern of contamination with germs and its multiplication, an aging step may be employed in placed of the heating step. Next, the mixture (E) is dried and the instant soup stock solid seasoning (A) is thereby obtained (Step S4). This drying is performed until the mass of water contained in the instant soup stock solid seasoning (A) becomes not more than 15% of the total mass of the instant soup stock solid seasoning (A). The mixture (E) is dried by, e.g., a through-circulation drying method, a freeze-drying method, or a vacuum drying method. When using, e.g., the through-circulation drying method, the mixture (E) can be efficiently dried by, after hot-air drying, repeatedly cooling or standing at room temperature and further drying with hot air. If dried at high temperature without stopping, the surface of the mixture (E) may become solid and this may result in that water inside is less likely to evaporate. Furthermore, it is preferable to use the microwave reduced-pressure drying method in the drying step to reduce time required for drying. By combining, e.g., the microwave reduced-pressure drying method with the hot-air drying, it is possible to significantly reduce time required for drying the mixture (E). In detail, after performing a first drying step using the microwave reduced-pressure drying method, a second drying step using the hot-air drying can be performed. After the hot-air drying, it is generally cooled down, or stood at room temperature. It is also possible to repeat hot-air drying and cooling or standing at room temperature. It is preferable that the process be switched from the first drying step using the microwave reduced-pressure drying method to the second drying step using the hot-air drying when the evaporated amount of water contained in the mixture (E) (the mass of the evaporated water) reaches a range of not less than 15% and not more than 25% of the total mass of the undried mixture (E) in the first drying step. When the evaporated amount of water contained in the mixture (E) is more than 25% of the total mass of the mixture (E), significant deformation and burst occur due to excessive drying, causing a decrease in commercial value. On the other hand, when the evaporated amount of water contained in the mixture (E) is less than 15% of the total mass of the mixture (E), the microwave reduced-pressure drying method is less efficient at drying and this may increase time required for the entire drying step. As an example, when the mixture (E) molded into a dried bonito fillet shape and steam-heated is dried by the microwave reduced-pressure drying method, the evaporated amount of water contained in the mixture (E) can reach about 20% of the total mass of the mixture (E) in about 2 hours. In case of using the hot-air drying method in place of the microwave reduced-pressure drying method, about 4 hours are required until the evaporated amount of water contained in the mixture (E) becomes about 20% of the total mass of the mixture (E). After that, the instant soup stock solid seasoning (A) obtained through the process involving the above-described Steps S1to S4may be pulverized into powder, cut or shaved, if required. In order to obtain the instant soup stock solid seasoning (A) processed into powder, etc., the mixture (E) may be pulverized, cut or shaved before drying or during drying in the drying step (Step S4). In addition, spices or spice extracts may be added, if required, to the instant soup stock solid seasoning (A) in the form of powder. (Method for Manufacturing the Soup Stock) Next, a manufacturing method will be described as an example in which a nucleic-acid rich chicken extract with a high inosinic acid content is manufactured as an example of the soup stock (C) in the present embodiment. Firstly, 20 kg of water is added to 10 kg of a whole chicken and soup stock is extracted in boiled water of about 95° C. for 2 hours. Then, the removal of misto (mixture) and the oil/liquid separation in the soup stock are conducted, and the liquid separated from the oil is concentrated to Brix of 32%, thereby obtaining chicken extract. Brix of 32% here means that the Brix value expressing the level of soluble solids content in a solution is 32%. When the obtained chicken extract is processed into powder, for example, heat sterilization is performed at 95° C. for 30 minutes and spray drying is then performed at an ambient temperature of 180° C. and an exhaust air temperature of 80° C., thereby obtaining powder chicken extract. Effects of the Embodiment According to the embodiment, by adding soup stock which is rich in inosinic acid, it is possible to provide an instant soup stock solid seasoning from which a soup stock with intense umami can be extracted even though edible meat is used as a main ingredient. In addition, time required for manufacturing the instant soup stock solid seasoning in the embodiment is very short as compared to dried bonito fillet for which firing, smoking and water absorption by mold are performed in the drying step. In addition, by using the microwave reduced-pressure drying method in the drying step, it is possible to further reduce the time required for the manufacturing process. For example, the instant soup stock solid seasoning, which has intense umami substantially equal to that of dried bonito fillet requiring about four months to manufacture, can be manufactured in about 10 days. Example 1 Amino acid components and nucleic acid components of a nucleic-acid rich chicken extract manufactured as the soup stock (C) by the above method in the embodiment were analyzed. Table 1 below is a table showing the amino acid components and nucleic acid components of the nucleic-acid rich chicken extract as the soup stock (C) in the embodiment and of a known chicken extract. The numerical values for the amino acid components and nucleic acid components are mass (mg) contained per 100 g of each extract having Brix of 32% TABLE 1Nucleic-acid richKnown chickenchicken extractextractAminoAspartic acid51.7342.17acidThreonine51.0331.70Serine81.5515.54Glutamic acid200.24133.56Proline36.1326.23Glycine96.5054.23Alanine121.9959.16Cysteine0.000.00Valine42.8724.84Methionine56.3615.78Isoleucine18.2313.23Leucine48.4626.34Tyrosine31.5517.87Phenylalanine35.5713.79Lysine80.8749.76Histidine28.6821.11Arginine48.5427.96Total1030.29573.27NucleicAdenosine monophosphate85.546.28acid5′-inosinic acid396.5810.845′-guanylic acid8.755.33Adenosine 5′-diphosphate2.922.25Adenosine 5′-triphosphate0.000.00Total493.7924.7 Table 1 shows that the nucleic-acid rich chicken extract as the soup stock (C) contains the same level of inosinic acid as that of dried bonito fillet (true dried fillet). Example 2 A specific example of the process of manufacturing the instant soup stock solid seasoning (A) in the embodiment will be described. Firstly, about 1000 g of chicken breast as the edible meat (B), together with about 240 g of nucleic-acid rich chicken extract as the soup stock (C), about 8 g of salt and about 40 g of dietary fibers added thereto, were sufficiently mixed by a food mixer, and the mixture (E) in paste form was thereby formed (Step S1). Next, about 600 g of the mixture (E) was placed to fill a dried bonito fillet-shaped container and was molded into a dried bonito fillet shape (Step S2). Next, the mixture (E) molded into a dried bonito fillet shape was steam-heated under the conditions of 90° C. for 20 minutes (Step S3). Next, the mixture (E) was taken out of the container and was then dried (Step S4). The first drying step was performed by the microwave reduced-pressure drying method and the mixture (E) was then left overnight under the temperature condition of 5° C. Following this, the second drying step was performed by the hot-air drying using a hot-air dryer under the conditions of 80° C. for 8 hours and the mixture (E) was then left overnight at room temperature. The second drying step and the leaving overnight at room temperature were repeated nine times. The microwave reduced-pressure drying in the first drying step was performed using a microwave and reduced-pressure dryer (model: FDU-202VD-02) from Fuji Electronic Industrial Co., Ltd. The process conditions were a setting temperature of 33 (a product temperature of about 35° C.), a vacuum level of 40 mmHg, a microwave output of 400 W and drying time of 2 hours. Although drying is performed under reduced pressure, deformation of the mixture (E) due to expansion is prevented as long as the process conditions are as described above. When the setting temperature, the vacuum level and the microwave output are out of the range defined between plus and minus 10% of the above-mentioned values of the process conditions, drying is accelerated rapidly and this may cause significant deformation and burst and a resulting decrease in commercial value, or in an opposite manner, drying does not proceed efficiently and the time required for the drying step may be increased. The process was switched from the first drying step to the second drying step at the stage where the mass of the mixture (E) was reduced from about 600 g to about 480 g in the first drying step, i.e., when the evaporated amount of water contained in the mixture (E) (the mass of the evaporated water) reached about 20% of the total mass of the undried mixture (E). 400 g of water was evaporated from 600 g of the mixture (E) by the above drying step, and 200 g of the dried bonito fillet-shaped instant soup stock solid seasoning (A) with a water content of not more than 15 mass % was obtained. Example 3 The amino acid components and nucleic acid components of the soup stock extracted from the instant soup stock solid seasoning (A) obtained in Example 2 were analyzed. Table 2 below is a table showing the amino acid components and nucleic acid components of soup stocks respectively extracted from the instant soup stock solid seasoning (A) obtained in Example 2, dried chicken breast and dried bonito fillet (true dried fillet). The numerical values for the amino acid components and nucleic acid components are mass (mg) contained per 100 g of soup stock extracted from each source of soup stock. The soup stock was extracted by adding 200 ml of boiled water to 10 g of flakes of each source of soup stock and leaving to stand for 1 minute. TABLE 2Instant soupDriedDriedstock solidchickenbonitoseasoning (A)breastfilletAminoAspartic acid4.700.380.13acidThreonine3.630.420.19Serine5.270.610.31Glutamic acid9.251.060.68Proline1.830.241.10Glycine6.240.590.54Alanine9.110.941.51Cysteine0.000.000.00Valine2.720.260.69Methionine1.320.180.12Isoleucine2.110.220.46Leucine3.570.450.90Tyrosine2.010.340.19Phenylalanine1.670.240.27Lysine4.170.361.93Histidine1.340.1434.68Arginine3.420.440.19Total62.366.8743.88NucleicAdenosine1.640.771.29acidmonophosphate5′-inosinic acid24.356.8123.575′-guanylic acid0.540.150.09Adenosine 5′-diphosphate0.000.220.24Adenosine 5′-triphosphate0.000.000.00Total26.537.9525.19 Table 2 shows that the inosinic acid content in the soup stock extracted from the instant soup stock solid seasoning (A) is equivalent to that in soup stock extracted from dried bonito fillet, and the glutamic acid content is not less than 10 times the soup stock extracted from dried bonito fillet. That is, it is shown that the soup stock extracted from the instant soup stock solid seasoning (A) has intense umami. Although the embodiment and Examples of the invention have been described, the invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiment and Examples, and the various kinds of modifications can be implemented without departing from the gist of the invention. In addition, the invention according to claims is not to be limited to the embodiment and Examples described above. Further, it should be noted that all combinations of the features described in the embodiment and Examples are not necessary to solve the problem of the invention. INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY Provided are an instant soup stock solid seasoning which is made using edible meat as a main ingredient, is rich in inosinic acid and can be manufactured in a relatively short time, and a manufacturing method thereof.

11856974

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION A process for the preparation of highly soluble Stevia sweetener, particularly Rebaudioside A, is described herein. Crystalline Rebaudioside A has an inherently very low solubility, ranging from about 1%-2%. As described above, Rebaudioside A exhibits polymorphism, resulting in a variety of forms with very different characteristics and handling properties. The hydrate form has very low solubility (less than 0.2%), and is therefore not commercially viable as a sweetener. The solvate form has a solubility typically greater than 30%, but this form has only of scientific interest and cannot be used for food or beverage applications because the level of residual alcohol (1-3%) makes it unfit for use in foods and beverages. The anhydrous form has a solubility reported in literature of a maximum of up to about 30% solubility. The amorphous form has as solubility generally greater than 30%, but for its preparation, the crystalline form has to be dissolved in the water at very high concentrations (approx. 50%) which is not achievable by common solubilization techniques. Typical spray drying techniques involve the use of a highly concentrated, and yet stable, starting solution to achieve the highest output possible. As noted above, crystalline Rebaudioside A has a very low solubility, so to create a stable solution (one which will not crystallize at room temperature), the solution has to be very dilute. Spray drying very dilute solutions is not economically efficient as the output of the spray dried powder will be very low. The need exists, therefore, for a process in which a high solubility Rebaudioside A is obtained by a process which does not require significantly diluted Rebaudioside A solution in order for the solution to be stable at room temperature. In one embodiment of the present invention, an initial material, comprising sweet glycoside(s) of theStevia rebaudianaBertoni plant extract, which includes Stevioside, Rebaudioside A, Rebaudioside B, Rebaudioside C, Rebaudioside D, Rebaudioside E, Rebaudioside F, Steviolbioside, Dulcoside A, Rubusoside or other glycoside of steviol and combinations thereof, was combined with water at a ratio of about 1:1 (w/w). The obtained mixture was further subjected to a gradient heat treatment which resulted in high stability and high concentration solution. The gradient of about 1° C. per minute was used in heating the mixture. The mixture was heated to the temperature of about 110-140° C., preferably about 118-125° C. and was held at maximum temperature for about 0-120 min, preferably about 50-70 min. After the heat treatment the solution was cooled down to room temperature at gradient of about 1° C. per minute. 24-hour incubation of this high stability and high concentration solution did not show any crystallization. The solution was spray dried by a laboratory spray drier operating at about 175° C. inlet temperature and about 100° C. outlet temperature. A highly soluble amorphous form of rebaudioside A was obtained with greater than about 30% solubility in water at room temperature. The following examples illustrate preferred embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that the invention is not limited to the materials, proportions, conditions and procedures set forth in the examples, which are only illustrative. EXAMPLE 1 Preparation of Rebaudioside A Concentrated Solution 100 g of rebaudioside A containing Stevioside 0.2%, Rebaudioside C 0.3%, Rebaudioside F 0.3%, Rebaudioside A 97.7%, Rebaudioside D 1.0%, and Rebaudioside B 0.3%, all percentages being on a percent dry weight basis, and having water solubility of 0.6% was mixed with 100 g of water and boiled on a laboratory heater until complete dissolution. Upon complete dissolution, the solution was cooled to room temperature to make Solution #1. EXAMPLE 2 Preparation of Rebaudioside A Concentrated Solution 100 g of rebaudioside A containing Stevioside 0.2%, Rebaudioside C 0.3%, Rebaudioside F 0.3%, Rebaudioside A 97.7%, Rebaudioside D 1.0%, Rebaudioside B 0.3%, all percentages being on a percent dry weight basis, and having water solubility of 0.6% was mixed with 100 g of water and incubated in autoclave (AMA 270, Astell Scientific, UK), at 121° C. for 1 hour. Upon completion of incubation period the obtained clear solution was cooled to room temperature to make Solution #2. EXAMPLE 3 Preparation of Rebaudioside A Concentrated Solution 100 g of rebaudioside A containing Stevioside 0.2%, Rebaudioside C 0.3%, Rebaudioside F 0.3%, Rebaudioside A 97.7%, Rebaudioside D 1.0%, Rebaudioside B 0.3%, all percentages being on a percent dry weight basis, and having water solubility of 0.6% was mixed with 100 g of water and incubated in thermostatted oil bath. The temperature was increased at 1° C. per minute to 121° C. The mixture was maintained at 121° C. for 1 hour and then the temperature was decreased to room temperature (25° C.) at 1° C. per minute to make Solution #3. EXAMPLE 4 Rebaudioside A Concentrated Solution Stability Rebaudioside A Solution #1, Solution #2 and Solution #3 prepared according to EXAMPLE 1, EXAMPLE 2 and EXAMPLE 3, respectively, were assessed in terms of their stability at room temperature (25° C.). The results are summarized in Table 2. TABLE 2Rebaudioside A concentrated solution stability (50% total solids, 25° C.)Time,ObservationhrsSolution #1Solution #2Solution #30.5Clear solutionClear solutionClear solution1IntensiveCloudy solution, precipitateClear solutioncrystallizationon the bottom2Viscous slurryIntensive crystallizationClear solutionof crystals4SolidifiedViscous slurry of crystalsClear solutioncrystallinemixture24SolidifiedSolidified crystalline mixtureClear solutioncrystallinemixture It can be seen that the solution prepared by temperature gradient method shows greater stability against crystallization. EXAMPLE 5 Preparation of Highly Soluble Rebaudioside A Rebaudioside A Solution #1, Solution #2 and Solution #3 prepared according to EXAMPLE 1, EXAMPLE 2 and EXAMPLE 3, respectively, were dried using YC-015 laboratory spray drier (Shanghai Pilotech Instrument & Equipment Co. Ltd., China) operating at 175° C. inlet and 100° C. outlet temperature. Solution #1 and Solution #2 had to be maintained at 80° C. to prevent premature crystallization whereas Solution #3 was maintained at room temperature. The Solution #1 yielded Sample #1, Solution #2 yielded Sample #2 and Solution #3 yielded Sample #3. The obtained amorphous powder samples were compared for solubility (Table 3). TABLE 3Highly soluble Rebaudioside ASolubility,Observation%Sample #1Sample #2Sample #35Clear solutionClear solutionClear solution10Slightly cloudyClear solutionClear solutionsolution20Cloudy solutionSlightly cloudyClear solutionsolution30Undissolved matterCloudy solutionClear solutionon the bottom40Significant amount ofSignificantSlightly cloudyundissolved matteramount ofsolutionundissolved matter The process of the present invention resulted in a Rebaudioside A polymorph which demonstrated high degree of solubility in water. Although the foregoing embodiments describe the use of Rebaudioside A, it is to be understood that any Stevia-based sweetener may be used and prepared in accordance with this invention, and all Stevia-based sweeteners are contemplated to be within the scope of the present invention. Although the invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Moreover, the scope of the application is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments of the invention described in the specification. As one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate from the disclosure of the invention, the compositions, processes, methods, and steps, presently existing or later to be developed that perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same result as the corresponding embodiments described herein may be utilized according to the invention.

11856975

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Before the present methods and systems are disclosed and described, it is to be understood that the methods and systems are not limited to specific synthetic methods, specific components, or to particular compositions. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Ranges may be expressed herein as from “about” one particular value, and/or to “about” another particular value. When such a range is expressed, another embodiment includes¬from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent “about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms another embodiment. It will be further understood that the endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint. “Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where said event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not. Throughout the description and claims of this specification, the word “comprise” and variations of the word, such as “comprising” and “comprises,” means “including but not limited to,” and is not intended to exclude, for example, other additives, components, integers or steps. “Exemplary” means “an example of” and is not intended to convey an indication of a preferred or ideal embodiment. “Such as” is not used in a restrictive sense, but for explanatory purposes. Disclosed are components that can be used to perform the disclosed methods and systems. These and other components are disclosed herein, and it is understood that when combinations, subsets, interactions, groups, etc. of these components are disclosed that while specific reference of each various individual and collective combinations and permutation of these may not be explicitly disclosed, each is specifically contemplated and described herein, for all methods and systems. This applies to all aspects of this application including, but not limited to, steps in disclosed methods. Thus, if there are a variety of additional steps that can be performed it is understood that each of these additional steps can be performed with any specific embodiment or combination of embodiments of the disclosed methods. The term “alkyl” as used herein is a branched or unbranched hydrocarbon group such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, dodecyl, and the like. The alkyl group can also be substituted or unsubstituted. Unless stated otherwise, the term “alkyl” contemplates both substituted and unsubstituted alkyl groups. The alkyl group can be substituted with one or more groups including, but not limited to, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aldehyde, amino, carboxylic acid, ester, ether, halide, hydroxy, ketone, nitro, silyl, sulfo-oxo, or thiol. An alkyl group which contains no double or triple carbon-carbon bonds is designated a saturated alkyl group, whereas an alkyl group having one or more such bonds is designated an unsaturated alkyl group. Unsaturated alkyl groups having a double bond can be designated alkenyl groups, and unsaturated alkyl groups having a triple bond can be designated alkynyl groups. Unless specified to the contrary, the term alkyl embraces both saturated and unsaturated groups. The term “cycloalkyl” as used herein is a non-aromatic carbon-based ring composed of at least three carbon atoms. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, etc. The term “heterocycloalkyl” is a cycloalkyl group as defined above where at least one of the carbon atoms of the ring is replaced with a heteroatom such as, but not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium or phosphorus. The cycloalkyl group and heterocycloalkyl group can be substituted or unsubstituted. Unless stated otherwise, the terms “cycloalkyl” and “heterocycloalkyl” contemplate both substituted and unsubstituted cyloalkyl and heterocycloalkyl groups. The cycloalkyl group and heterocycloalkyl group can be substituted with one or more groups including, but not limited to, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aldehyde, amino, carboxylic acid, ester, ether, halide, hydroxy, ketone, nitro, silyl, sulfo-oxo, or thiol. A cycloalkyl group which contains no double or triple carbon-carbon bonds is designated a saturated cycloalkyl group, whereas an cycloalkyl group having one or more such bonds (yet is still not aromatic) is designated an unsaturated cycloalkyl group. Unless specified to the contrary, the term cycloalkyl embraces both saturated and unsaturated, non-aromatic, ring systems. The term “aryl” as used herein is an aromatic ring composed of carbon atoms. Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl and naphthyl, etc. The term “heteroaryl” is an aryl group as defined above where at least one of the carbon atoms of the ring is replaced with a heteroatom such as, but not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium or phosphorus. The aryl group and heteroaryl group can be substituted or unsubstituted. Unless stated otherwise, the terms “aryl” and “heteroaryl” contemplate both substituted and unsubstituted aryl and heteroaryl groups. The aryl group and heteroaryl group can be substituted with one or more groups including, but not limited to, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aldehyde, amino, carboxylic acid, ester, ether, halide, hydroxy, ketone, nitro, silyl, sulfo-oxo, or thiol. Exemplary heteroaryl and heterocyclyl rings include: benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzoxazolinyl, benzthiazolyl, benztriazolyl, benztetrazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzimidazolinyl, carbazolyl, 4aH carbazolyl, carbolinyl, chromanyl, chromenyL cirrnolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, 2H,6H˜1,5,2-dithiazinyl, dihydrofuro[2,3 b]tetrahydrofuran, furanyl, furazanyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolyl, 1H-indazolyl, indolenyl, indolinyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, 3H-indolyl, isatinoyl, isobenzofuranyl, isochromanyl, isoindazolyl, isoindolinyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolinyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, morpholinyl, naphthyridinyl, octahydroisoquinolinyl, oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, oxazolidinyl, oxazolyl, oxindolyl, pyrimidinyl, phenanthridinyl, phenanthrolinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxathinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, piperidonyl, 4-piperidonyl, piperonyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridooxazole, pyridoimidazole, pyridothiazole, pyridinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinuclidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrazolyl, 6H-1,2,5-thiadiazinyl, 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,5-thiadiazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, thianthrenyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, thienothiazolyl, thienooxazolyl, thienoimidazolyl, thiophenyl, and xanthenyl. The terms “alkoxy,” “cycloalkoxy,” “heterocycloalkoxy,” “cycloalkoxy,” “aryloxy,” and “heteroaryloxy” have the aforementioned meanings for alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, further providing said group is connected via an oxygen atom. As used herein, the term “substituted” is contemplated to include all permissible substituents of organic compounds. In a broad aspect, the permissible substituents include acyclic and cyclic, branched and unbranched, carbocyclic and heterocyclic, and aromatic and nonaromatic substituents of organic compounds. Illustrative substituents include, for example, those described below. The permissible substituents can be one or more and the same or different for appropriate organic compounds. For purposes of this disclosure, the heteroatoms, such as nitrogen, can have hydrogen substituents and/or any permissible substituents of organic compounds described herein which satisfy the valencies of the heteroatoms. This disclosure is not intended to be limited in any manner by the permissible substituents of organic compounds. Also, the terms “substitution” or “substituted with” include the implicit proviso that such substitution is in accordance with permitted valence of the substituted atom and the substituent, and that the substitution results in a stable compound, e.g., a compound that does not spontaneously undergo transformation such as by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, etc. Unless specifically stated, a substituent that is said to be “substituted” is meant that the substituent can be substituted with one or more of the following: alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aldehyde, amino, carboxylic acid, ester, ether, halide, hydroxy, ketone, nitro, silyl, sulfo-oxo, or thiol. In a specific example, groups that are said to be substituted are substituted with a protic group, which is a group that can be protonated or deprotonated, depending on the pH. Acceptable salts are salts that retain the desired flavor enhancing activity of the parent compound and do not impart undesirable toxicological effects. Examples of such salts are acid addition salts formed with inorganic acids, for example, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, phosphoric, and nitric acids and the like; salts formed with organic acids such as acetic, oxalic, tartaric, succinic, maleic, fumaric, gluconic, citric, malic, methanesulfonic, p-toluenesulfonic, napthalenesulfonic, and polygalacturonic acids, and the like; salts formed from elemental anions such as chloride, bromide, and iodide; salts formed from metal hydroxides, for example, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, and magnesium hydroxide; salts formed from metal carbonates, for example, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, calcium carbonate, and magnesium carbonate; salts formed from metal bicarbonates, for example, sodium bicarbonate and potassium bicarbonate; salts formed from metal sulfates, for example, sodium sulfate and potassium sulfate; and salts formed from metal nitrates, for example, sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate. Pharmaceutically acceptable and non-pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be prepared using procedures well known in the art, for example, by reacting a sufficiently basic compound such as an amine with a suitable acid comprising a physiologically acceptable anion. Alkali metal (for example, sodium, potassium, or lithium) or alkaline earth metal (for example, calcium) salts of carboxylic acids can also be made. Unless stated to the contrary, a formula with chemical bonds shown only as solid lines and not as wedges or dashed lines contemplates each possible isomer, e.g., each enantiomer and diastereomer, and a mixture of isomers, such as a racemic or scalemic mixture. Compounds described herein can contain one or more asymmetric centers and, thus, potentially give rise to diastereomers and optical isomers. Unless stated to the contrary, the present invention includes all such possible diastereomers as well as their racemic mixtures, their substantially pure resolved enantiomers, and all possible geometric isomers. The perceived quality of a cup of coffee is impacted both by the specific flavors in the coffee, as well as the aroma of the coffee. Differences in aroma are perceived by the olfactory system. Differences in flavor are perceived in the gustation system, in which compounds interact with taste bud pores in the alimentary system. Differences in flavor are perceived by the somatosensory system, which can occur anywhere in the body, relating to or denoting sensations such as pressure, pain, or temperature. Chemesthesis is the direct activation of somatosensory nerves by chemical stimuli. The combination of these senses contribute to the overall perceived quality of the coffee. The quality of a particular cup of coffee can be assessed using the Cup Score system, established by the Specialty Coffee Association (“SCA”), and determined by one or more certified industrial Q graders. The maximum cup score is 100. Coffee can be broken in to two general categories based on cup score of ‘sub-specialty’ (less then 80) and ‘specialty coffee’ (equal to or greater than 80); within the specialty coffee, further categories are designated with increasing cup score, such as very good specialty (80-84.99), excellent specialty (85-89.99), and outstanding specialty (90-100) according to SCA cupping method; generally commercial samples in North America range in cup score between 75-90. Three quality groups based on cup score were assigned: high quality coffee has a cup score greater than 85, medium quality coffee has a cup score between 80-84.99, and low quality coffee has a cup score less than 80. In certain embodiments, the compounds disclosed herein may be added to an already brewed cup of coffee to enhance its quality. For instance, a low quality coffee may be converted to a medium or high quality coffee, a medium quality coffee may be converted to a high quality coffee, and a high quality coffee may be further enhanced to have an even high cup score. In certain embodiments, the compounds disclosed herein may be added in order to enhance the cup score by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, and least 20%, or at least 25%, relative to the cup score of the starting coffee. In further embodiments, the compounds disclosed herein may be added to give a final coffee having a cup score from 80-100, from 85-100, from 87.5-100, from 90-100, from 92.5-100, from 95-100, or from 97.5-100. In some embodiments, the compounds disclosed herein may be added to coffee beans, fermented coffee bean, roasted coffee beans, or ground coffee beans in order to enhance the quality of a coffee cup obtained from said beans. For instance, a low quality coffee bean may be converted to a medium or high quality coffee bean, a medium quality coffee bean may be converted to a high quality coffee bean, and a high quality coffee bean may be further enhanced to provide an even high cup score. In certain embodiments, the compounds disclosed herein may be added to the beans in order to enhance the cup score of a coffee cup obtained therefrom by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, and least 20%, or at least 25%, relative to the cup score of the coffee. In further embodiments, the compounds disclosed herein may be added to give a final coffee having a cup score from 80-100, from 85-100, from 87.5-100, from 90-100, from 92.5-100, from 95-100, or from 97.5-100. The flavor enhancing compounds may be added to coffee beans or grounds to increase the concentration of the compounds relative to unadulterated coffee beans or grounds. For instance, the disclosed compounds may be added, for instance in an amount of at least 5 mg/kg, at least 10 mg/kg, at least 20 mg/kg, at least 30 mg/kg, at least 40 mg/kg, at least 50 mg/kg, at least 60 mg/kg, at least 70 mg/kg, at least 80 mg/kg, at least 90 mg/kg, at least 100 mg/kg, at least 200 mg/kg, at least 300 mg/kg, at least 400 mg/kg, or at least 500 mg/kg relative to the total weight of the coffee beans or grounds. In some embodiments, the disclosed compounds can be added to soluble (i.e., instant) coffee compositions in similar amounts. In other embodiments, the disclosed compounds may be added in an amount from 5-50 mg/kg, from 50-100 mg/kg, from 100-200 mg/kg, from 100-500 mg/kg, from 100-1,000 mg/kg, from 250-500 mg/kg, from 250-750 mg/kg, from 250-1,000 mg/kg, or from 500-1,000 mg/kg. The compounds may be added to coffee beans, grinds and/or soluble (i.e., instant) coffee compositions in a variety of different manners. In some instances, the compounds may be directly admixed with dry beans, grinds and/or soluble coffee compositions in the concentrations described above. In other embodiments, the compounds may be dissolved or dispersed in a solvent, either water or organic solvent, and then combined with the beans or grinds for a time sufficient to impart the desired concentration of compounds in the beans or grinds. The compounds may be combined with coffee during various stages of its processing. For instance, the compounds may be added prior to roasting, during roasting, after roasting, prior to fermentation, during fermentation, after fermentation, prior to grinding, during grinding, after grinding, prior to brewing, during brewing, after brewing, or after brewing and drying. Coffee beans, e.g., green coffee beans, can be fermented with any of Gram-negative bacteria, bacilli, yeasts and filamentous fungi, acetic acid bacteria and lactic acid bacteria in the presence of the compounds disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the compounds can be directly added to the fermentation broth. The disclosed compounds may be added to an already brewed beverage such that the final concentration of the compound is from 0.01-100 mg/L, from 0.1-100 mg/L, from 0.5-50 mg/L, from 0.5/25 mg/L, from 0.5-15 mg/L, from 1-15 mg/L, from 5-15 mg/L, or from 5-10 mg/L. In yet further embodiments, the compounds disclosed herein may be used as molecular targets for breeding programs to obtain coffee beans enriched with the compounds. The breeding programs can encompass natural processes such as cross-breeding and selective environmental pressure, as well as recombinant techniques. The compounds disclosed herein may be used as markers for coffee producers to improve their processes for harvesting, roasting, and processing in order to increase the concentration of the compounds in the coffee. The compounds may further be used to screen and develop fermentation cultures for enhancing production of the compounds. In certain embodiments, the compounds can be a caffeic ester having the formula: wherein R is C1-8alkyl, C2-8alkenyl, C2-8alkynyl, aryl, C1-8heteroaryl, C3-8cycloalkyl, or C1-8heterocyclyl. In certain preferred embodiments, R can be a C3-8cycloalkyl or aryl group having the formula: wherein one of R2, R3, R4, R5, or R6represents a bond to the cinnamoyl group, h independently represents a single or double bond, as permitted by valence, and the remaining five groups are selected from hydrogen, OH, C(O)OH, O—C1-8alkyl, C(O)O—C1-8alkyl, C1-8alkyl, CH2OH, and CH2OC1-8alkyl. In some embodiments, R can be a cyclitol group. As used herein, a cyclitol group is a cycloalkyl group, preferably a C6cycloalkyl group having at least two hydroxyl groups. For instance, R can be a bornesitol group connected to the cinnamoyl group at the 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 hydroxyl position; R can be a conduritol group connected to the cinnamoyl group at the 1, 2, 3, or 4 hydroxyl position; R can be a inositol group connected to the cinnamoyl group at the 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 hydroxyl position; R can be a pinitol group connected to the cinnamoyl group at the 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 hydroxyl position; R can be a pinpollitol group connected to the cinnamoyl group at the 1, 2, 4, or 5 hydroxyl position; R can be a quebrachitol group connected to the cinnamoyl group at the 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 hydroxyl position; R can be a quinic acid group connected to the cinnamoyl group at the 1, 3, 4, or 5 hydroxyl position; R can be a shikimic acid group connected to the cinnamoyl group at the 3, 4, or 5 hydroxyl position; R can be a valienol group connected to the cinnamoyl group at the 1, 2, 3, or 4 hydroxyl position; or R can be a viscumitol group connected to the cinnamoyl group at the 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 hydroxyl position. When R is quinic acid or shikimic acid, the carboxylic acid group may be further esterified, such as with a C1-8alkyl group. In some embodiments, the flavor enhancing compounds can have the structure: wherein one of R1, R2, R3, or R4is a caffeic acid derivative having the formula: wherein Ra, Rb, Re, Rd, and Reare independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, nitro, R, OR, N(R)2, SO2R, SO2N(R)2, C(O)R; C(O)OR, OC(O)R; C(O)N(R)2, N(R)C(O)R, OC(O)N(R1b′)2, N(R)C(O)N(R)2, wherein R is in each case independently selected from hydrogen, C1-8alkyl, C2-8alkenyl, C2-8alkynyl, aryl, C1-8heteroaryl, C3-8cycloalkyl, or C1-8heterocyclyl; the remaining R1, R2, R3, and R4are independently selected from hydrogen, C(O)R; C(O)OR, and C(O)N(R)2, wherein R is in each case independently selected from hydrogen, C1-8alkyl, C2-8alkenyl, C2-8alkynyl, aryl, C1-8heteroaryl, C3-8cycloalkyl, or C1-8heterocyclyl; R5is selected from OR or NR2, wherein R is independently selected from hydrogen, C1-8alkyl, C2-8alkenyl, C2-8alkynyl, aryl, C1-8heteroaryl, C3-8cycloalkyl, or C1-8heterocyclyl; or wherein R5may form a bond with any of R2, R3, or R4. In some instances, it is preferred that R5is a group having the formula —O—C1-6alkyl. Exemplary C1-6alkyl include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, and t-butyl. It can also be preferred that each of the R1, R2, R3, or R4that is not the caffeic acid derivative will be hydrogen. For instance, R4can be the caffeic acid derivative and each of R2, R3, and R5are hydrogen. In other instances, R3can be the caffeic acid derivative and each of R1, R2, R4, and R5are hydrogen. In further embodiments, R2can be the caffeic acid derivative and each of R1, R3, R4, and R5are hydrogen. In other embodiments, R4is C(O)R, wherein R is C1-6alkyl. Exemplary C1-6alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, and t-butyl, and isobutyl is often preferred. In other embodiments, R3is C(O)R, wherein R is C1-6alkyl. Exemplary C1-6alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, and t-butyl, and isobutyl is often preferred. In further embodiments, R3can be C(O)R as defined above, R4is hydrogen, and R2is a caffeic acid derivative. In preferred embodiments, the caffeic acid derivative is the compound wherein Rband Rcare each hydroxyl, and Ra, Rd, and Reare each hydrogen. In some embodiments, R4and R5will together form a bond, yielding a lactone compound having the formula: wherein R1, R2, and R3have the meanings given above. In other embodiments, R5and R4can form a bond, R5and R3can form a bond, or R5and R1can form a bond. It is believed the above described lactone compounds do not occur in significant amounts in natural coffee, but instead arise from dehydrative cyclization during the roasting sequence. In some instances therefore, compounds that do not include the lactone functionality, e.g., none of R1, R2, R3, or R4form a bond with R5, can be added to coffee beans or grinds prior to roasting in order to increase the concentration of the lactone compounds post-roasting. In some instances, the flavor enhancing compounds will have the formula: wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5are as defined above. The above compound may be present as a racemic mixture or an enantioenriched compounds, for instance, having an enantiomeric excess ee of at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97.5%, 99%, or 99.5%. In preferred embodiments of the above compound, R3is C(O)R, wherein R is C1-6alkyl. Exemplary C1-6alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, and t-butyl, and isobutyl is often preferred. In further embodiments, R3can be C(O)R as defined above, R4is hydrogen, and R2is a caffeic acid derivative. In preferred embodiments, the caffeic acid derivative is the compound wherein Rband Rcare each hydroxyl, and Ra, Rd, and Reare each hydrogen. In certain embodiments, the flavor enhancing compounds will include reduced amounts of, or not include any, ent-kaurane type diterpenoids. Such compounds are known to the those with skill in the art, and typically include a rearranged D-ring structure relative to normal steroid skeletons: wherein any carbon atom may be substituted with one or more oxygen or alkyl groups, and wherein a single bond may be replaced with a double bond, as permitted by valence. EXAMPLES Green coffee beans form the crop year 2015 to 2016 were sourced from importing companies in the United States from multiple origins around the world that included Ethiopia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Kenya, Guatemala, Honduras, Sumatra, Rwanda, Uganda, and Vietnam. Green coffee beans were roasted to the SCA standard for optimal roasting conditions (SCA 2009). Freshly roasted beans were then allowed to degas for two days and then stored in glass bottles closed with PTFE lids after nitrogen flushing at −80° C. Coffee brew (5% ground/water) was prepared from freshly ground coffee beans using a drip-coffee maker (Moccamaster KBT741, Technivorm, Italy). Two biological replicates were prepared for each coffee sample. Sample clean-up was performed on Oasis HLB prime 96-well plate cartridge, 10 mg bed (Waters, Milford, Mass., USA). In brief, one ml of coffee brew (60%) was loaded on the cartridge, 500 μl of 5% methanol/water was used to wash the highly polar compounds off the cartridge. In a separate collection plate, 100 μl of 95% acetonitrile/water was then used to elute compounds retained on the cartridge and was further diluted 1:4 with water prior to UPLC/MS analysis. Untargeted chemical profiling was performed using Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with a Mass Spectrometer-Ion Mobility-Time of Flight UPLCMS-IM-QToF (Acquity H-Class quaternary flow solvent manager with Synapt G2-S, Waters, Mass., USA). Samples were run on a Cortecs UPLC C18+column (2.1×100 mm, 2.7 μm) kept at 40° C. in a Waters column manager. A flow rate of 0.5 mL/min was used with a tertiary solvent mobile phase consisting of (A) nanopure water, (B) acetonitrile, (C) 5% formic acid. The gradient was as follows: 0-0.5 min, B 5%; 0.5-11 min, B 5-50%; 11-12.5 min, B 50-95%; 12.5-14 min, B 95%; 14-15 min, B 95-5%, 9-10, B 5%; C was constant at 2%. Electrospray ionization (ESI) was run in negative mode with source temperature of 120° C., desolvation temperature of 400° C., capillary voltage was set to 2.5 kV, cone sample 40 V, Tof scan range was 50-1200 m/z and scan time was 0.3 sec for continuum data. Internal reference compound Leucine-enkephalin (m/z 556.2771) was infused by a lock spray during data acquisition for mass correction. Each SPE replicate was injected 2 times in randomized order. Injection volume was with a column standard injected every 10thrun to check retention time shifts and mass spectrometer performance throughout experiment sequence. The selected chemical features 4.13_193, 7.00_437, 8.25_671 and 8.52_419 (RT_m/z) were isolated from coffee brew. A total volume of 800 ml of coffee brew was loaded on to four Oasis HLB prime (Waters) 6 g bed cartridges. An initial washing step was performed using 200 ml of 5% methanol/water. Elution was performed in 4 steps using 50 mL of different ratios of methanol/water (40, 60, and 90%) and collected separately. SPE fraction 60% contained features 4.13_193 and 7.00_437 and fraction 90% contained features 8.25_671 and 8.52_419. The fractions were freed from solvent (Rocket Synergy Purge, Genevac, UK) and lyophilized. SPE fraction 60% and fraction 90% methanol isolate were reconstituted in 30%, and 50% methanol/water with 0.1% formic acid, respectively and further isolated by Prep-LCMS fractionation (Waters 2767 fraction collector and MS-TQD) using a 50 mm×50 mm Xbridge Prep C18, 5 μm particle size column (Waters). Solvent gradient was optimized for each SPE fraction. Acquisition was performed in single ion monitoring (SIR) and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) under negative ESI mode. After isolation, the 1st-dimension fractions were pooled, removed of solvent (Rocket Synergy Purge, Genevac, UK) and lyophilized. Further 2nd- and 3rd-dimension LC purification was performed using a 50×100 mm Xbridge prep 5 μm Shield RP18 column (Waters) and a 10×250 mm Xselect CSH prep 5 μm Phenyl-Hexyl column (Waters), respectively. LC solvent gradient was optimized to obtain the best separation for each feature. Each fraction isolated was injected on to the UPLCMS-IM-QToF Synapt G2-S(Waters) to ensure accurate peak collection. The resultant isolates for each feature was confirmed at >90% purity on the basis of total ion chromatogram peak area determined in MS scan mode in positive and negative ESI. LC/MS-QTof accurate mass analysis were carried out using a G6545B LC-QTof (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, Calif.). A reverse phase Eclipse Plus C18 (2.1×50 mm, 1.8 Agilent) was kept at 40° C. in a 671767B Multisampler (Agilent). A flow rate of 0.5 mL/min with a binary gradient mobile phase consisting of solvent (A) nanopure water with 0.1% formic acid and (B) acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid was used. The gradient was as follows: 0-1 min, B 5%; 1-8 min, B 5-95%; 8-9 min, B 95%; 9-10, B 5%. Electrospray ionization was run in negative mode with desolvation gas at 350° C. and sheath gas at 375° C. Capillary voltage was 4.5 kV and nozzle voltage was 500 V. Collision energy of 30, 30, and 40V was used for compound features 7.00_437, 8.52_419 and 8.25_671 (RT_m/z), respectively. Isolated standards of features 4.13_193, 7.00_437, 8.25_671 and 8.52_419 (RT_m/z) were used to quantify each compound in the brew of the three coffees ranged in cup score of different representative coffee classes (below specialty, very good specialty, and excellent specialty). Quantification was carried out using 5-point external calibration curves for each compound in water and adjusted for the compound extraction recovery from coffee as determined by standard addition (in triplicate). Analyses were carried out using an Acquity H-Class UPLC system coupled to a Xevo-TQ-S Mass Spectrometer (Waters). A reverse phase BEH C18 (2.1×50 mm, 1.6 μm, Waters) was kept at 40° C. in a Waters column manager. A flow rate of 0.5 mL/min with a binary gradient mobile phase consisting of solvent (A) nanopure water with 0.1% formic acid and (B) acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid. The gradient was as follows: 0-0.5 min, B 5%; 0.5-6 min, B 5-50%; 6-7 min, B 50%; 7-8 min, B 50-95%; 8-8.5 min, B 95%; 8.5-9 min, B 95-5%, 9-10, B 5%. Electrospray ionization was run in negative mode with a source temperature of 120° C., desolvation temperature of 550° C., capillary 2.3 kV, and sample cone 20 V. Optimized MRM condition of each compound are presented in Table 1. Methylparaben (internal standard) was monitored in ESI negative mode using the transition 153→93 m/z. The relative concentrations of all four compounds for each feature 4.13_193, 7.00_437, 8.25_671 and 8.52_419 (RT_m/z) were determined in the green and roasted coffee beans. Five grams of green and roasted coffee beans were cryogenically ground with liquid nitrogen for 20 seconds into fine powder. Ground samples (0.25 g) were accurately weighed intro 2 ml Eppendorf tubes, and 1.5 ml of a tri-solvent mixture consisting of acetonitrile:methanol:water (2:2:1 v/v) and 25 μl of methyl paraben in methanol was added, internal standard (final concentration of 20 mg/L). Each tube was mixed to ensure homogeneity then shaken at 200 rpm for 1 hour (MaxQ 416 HP Benchtop shaker, Thermo Scientific Dubuque, Iowa). The tubes were subsequently centrifuged for 15 mins at 10,000 rpm and the supernatant liquid (250 μl) was diluted with 1.75 ml of water then subjected to sample clean-up was performed on a SPE 96-well plate Oasis HLB prime cartridge, 30 mg. One ml of the diluted bean extract was loaded on the cartridge and 500 μl of 5% methanol/water in water was used to wash the cartridge. In a separate collection plate, 200 μl of 95% acetonitrile/water was then used to elute the compounds retained on the column. The collected retentate was diluted to 1 ml with water for UPLC/MS/MS analysis. GreenRoastedBeanBeanExtractExtractH2OAverageAverageCuppingSamples/Sourcecontent(std)(std)scoreExcellentEthiopia/Sweet9.614.90 (1.53)4.57 (0.64)87.79MariaKenya/Sweet Maria9.913.18 (2.16)4.57 (0.95)86.42Colombia/10.89.82 (2.03)3.33 (0.43)86Sweet MariaRawanda/Sweet10.211.87 (1.33)4.88 (1.26)85.4MariaVery goodGuatemalan/11.16.68 (0.37)2.54 (0.63)84.33Sweet Maria2450 Sumatra/10.39.01 (.76)2.43 (0.14)83.65Keurig2122 FT109.15 (1.19)3.29 (0.41)83.48Colombian/Keurig2333 FT Kenyan//1015.73 (1.71)5.11 (0.66)83.43Keurig2042 Guatemala/8.79.04 (1.28)2.50 (0.25)82.95KeurigVietnam 2500/9.96.17 (0.99)2.93 (0.36)82.43KeurigCosta Rica 2020/9.86.65 (1.28)1.93 (0.41)81.13Keurig2127 Colombian/9.98.37 (1.00)2.22 (0.33)81.06KeurigBrazil 2001/Keurig9.86.19 (0.61)1.09 (0.12)79.98Below specialty qualityHonduras/Paragon10.17.36 (0.91)2.46 (0.40)79.87Colombia/Paragon9.89.89 (0.56)4.18 (0.19)79.6FT Brazil 2064/9.85.06 (0.66)1.30 (0.11)76.63KeurigBrazil/Paragon9.95.39 (1.16)2.08 (0.38)75.8Uganda 2021/10.215.00 (2.55)3.49 (0.27)72.5Keurig Example 2: Cup Score Evaluation The cup score was determined in coded samples using the official SCA cupping protocol (SCA, 2015), with five licensed Q-graders. Sensory recombination experiments were carried out to demonstrate causality/or validate relevance of compounds statistically correlated to high quality coffee. A coffee with a 78.7 cup score was selected as the control base coffee. Recombination models were prepared with the control coffee spiked with compounds for each feature 4.13_193, 7.00_437, 8.25_671 and 8.52_419 (RT_m/z) to mimic the concentrations of an excellent specialty coffee. The recombination models were prepared with each individual compound and a combination of all 4 compounds (totaling in 5 recombination models) which were evaluated with two control samples. All samples were blind coded, presented in a randomized order and evaluated using the cupping protocol by five certified Q-graders. The purified compounds were also evaluated individually in water base at concentrations presented in Table 1 for, excellent specialty coffee, in both a buffer (0.025 M phosphate buffer adjusted to pH 5 with 0.1 M citric acid) and unbuffered (nanopure water) system. A consensus panel of four experienced sensory evaluators was used to assess the flavor attributes of the compounds. Sample concentration(mg/L) ± standarddeviationCupCupScore =CupChemicalScore =82.7Score =feature78.7(Very87.8(RT_ParentProduct(Belowgood(Excellentm/z)IonIonsspecialty)specialty)specialty)4.13_193193.0149.0,0.81 ±1.24 ±1.52 ±121.00.04c0.06b0.00ª7.00_437437.1173.1,1.38 ±1.99 ±3.21 ±275.10.05c0.13b0.07ª8.52_419419.1161.1,3.69 ±5.89 ±7.97 ±179.10.23b0.39ª0.12ª8.25_671671.3221.1,2.08 ±5.53 ±11.68 ±207.00.04c0.39b0.26ª NMR spectra were obtained using a Bruker Advance III HD Ascend spectrometer equipped with a 5 mm triple resonance observe TXO cryoprobe with z-gradients, operating at 700 MHz for the1H nucleus and 176 MHz for the13C nucleus. (Bruker BioSpin, Rheinstetten, Germany). Instruments were calibrated using the residual undeuterated solvent as an internal reference CD3OD1H NMR=3.31 ppm,13C NMR=49.0 ppm. For feature selection, peak intensity was evaluated by one-way ANOVA and when a significant effect was observed (α=0.05), post-hoc multiple comparison tests were performed. Cup scores of sensory recombination models were evaluated by two-way ANOVA and when significant effect was observed (α=0.05), Dunnett's test was performed compared to the control coffee. Statistical analyses were conducted with IMP® Pro 13 (SAS Institute Inc. Carry, N.C.). The overall goal of this study was to identify chemical compounds that positively impact the SCA cup score of coffee. Eighteen green coffee bean samples of various geographic origins were sourced and categorized by cup score and further into three quality classifications: below specialty (<80), very good specialty (80-85), and excellent specialty (85-90) according to SCA cupping method by certified Q-graders. The LC/MS profiles of coffee brews were collected, and a total of 2450 chemical features after preprocessing were extracted from the chromatographic data. Multivariate statistical analyses were then applied to establish the relationship between coffee brew chemistry and the cup scores. Unsupervised principle component analysis (PCA) was modeled with the 2450 features to determine samples outliers and confirmed good reproducibility of data. A supervised orthogonal partial least square (OPLS) model was then used to define predictive coffee compounds that corresponded to the SCA sensory coffee cup score (FIG.1a). Review of model quality metrics revealed high goodness of fit (R2Y=0.997) and high predictive ability (Q2=0.979). The root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP) was 0.98 and indicated that the model was able to predict coffee cup score with less than 1 cup score error. Additionally, permutation testing indicated the model was not over-fitting (permutated R2=0.6, Q2=−1.4). Review of the OPLS model showed differentiation of samples by quality class along the first principle component (PC1) from below specialty quality (left) and excellent specialty quality (right), indicating chemical differences observed by LC/MS profiling were able to distinguish the three coffee classes. The chemical features responsible for driving the differences in brew quality from class to class were reviewed based on their contribution and relevance to the model's predictive ability. Multiple criteria were used to the select potential features of cup score, including variables of importance (VIP), covariance or magnitude of intensity change (p[1]) and correlation to cup score (p(corr[1])), and ANOVA. VIP values and/or VIP rank have been successfully used for feature selection of flavor relevant information (Iwasa et al., 2015; Ronningen et al., 2018) A VIP value above 1 of a feature is typically used to indicate a significant contribution to the model (Galindo-Prieto, Eriksson, & Trygg, 2014). The use of correlation and magnitude/fold change is also a common practice for feature selection (Teegarden, Schwartz, & Cooperstone, 2019). However, there is no universal criteria for feature selection as the process is highly dependent on the model. A S-plot based on the covariance of each chemical feature between samples of coffee (p[1]) and the correlation of each feature to the Y-variable, cup score, (p(corr[1])) is shown inFIG.1b. In this study, among the top 25 VIP features, only those exhibiting a p(corr[1])>0.7 and a p[1]>0.075 were selected. Ultimately, this led to the selection of four features 4.13_193, 7.00_437, 8.25_671 and 8.52_419 (RT_m/z) that were highly predictive and positively correlated to cup score (see inFIG.1b). These four features were subsequently extracted in high purity (>90%) from coffee brew using multi-dimensional LC to provide standards for quantification, sensory analysis and structural identification. The concentrations for the four compounds in three coffees samples representative of below specialty, very good and excellent specialty class are shown in Table 1. All the compounds exhibited significant differences among quality classes (p<0.05) with the highest amounts found in excellent specialty brew. The concentration of chemical feature 4.13_193 ranged from 0.81 mg/L in the below specialty coffee to 1.5 mg/L in the excellent specialty coffee, corresponding to 2-fold change between extreme classes. A similar 2-fold change was observed for chemical features 7.00_437 and 8.52_419 exhibiting concentrations from 1.4 and 3.7 mg/L in the below specialty coffee to 3.2 and 7.9 mg/L in the excellent specialty coffee, respectively. Finally, the chemical feature 8.25_671 showed greater difference in concentration with about a 6-fold change between below specialty coffee (2 mg/L) and excellent specialty coffee at (11.7 mg/L, Table 1). The sensory impact of the four features 4.13_193, 7.00_437, 8.25_671 and 8.52_419 (RT_m/z) was investigated with recombination model analysis that were evaluated by five certified SCA Q-graders. Recombination models were prepared using a control coffee with below specialty cup score (78.7 points) and reconstituted to the levels of an excellent specialty coffee (see Table 1) with the purified compounds. Review of the duplicate blind control samples were not significantly different with a COV of approximately 2%, demonstrating the judge's high level of performance. Overall, the addition of 3 of the 4 compounds individually resulted in significant increases in cupping score (p<0.05) of the excellent specialty recombination models compared to the control sample (FIG.2). An additional model consisting of all four compounds combined also resulted in significant increases in cupping score. The addition of 1.8 mg/L (Table 1) the individual feature compound 7.00_437 to the control (below specialty) coffee sample reported the greatest change with an average increase of 5.2 points in cup score (Recombination B,FIG.19). Whereas, the addition of the feature compounds 8.52_419 (4.3 mg/L) and 8.25_671 (9.6 mg/L) to the control coffee sample increased the cup score by 3.2, and 1.8 points, respectively (Recombination C and D,FIG.19). Finally the addition of compound 4.13_193 (0.7 mg/L) had no significant difference (Recombination A,FIG.19). Notably, increasing the compound concentration of features 7.00_437, 8.52_419, and 8.25_671 significantly improved the cup score of the control coffee and confirmed the sensory activity of the selected features. Thus, the addition of these compounds improved the coffee score from a below specialty (<80 points) to a specialty grade coffee (>80 points). Further review of the recombination model consisting of all four compounds reported an average increase in cup score of 2.6 points (Recombination E), which was half of the 5.2-point increase observed for the addition of the recombination sample with the single compound 7.00_437 (Recombination B). Thus, no additive sensory effects among these compounds was observed on the cup score suggested some type of competitive interactions when added as a mixture. To further support a competitive interaction behavior was observed, the mathematical average score for each of the individual compound recombination (A, B, C and D) was calculated and determined to be 81.4 point, which was nearly identical to the score of the recombination sample that included all four compounds of 81.3 points (Recombination E,FIG.19). Subsequently the structures of sensory significant feature compounds 7.00_437, 8.25_671 and 8.52_419 (RT_m/z) were characterized using high resolution MS and NMR. Accurate mass analysis of feature 7.00_437 assigned the mass of m/z 437.14532 [M-H]−with an elemental composition of C21H25O10(Δ0.05 ppm) and further identified as the novel compound 3-O-caffeoyl-4-O-3-methylbutanoylquinic acid. The1H NMR spectroscopic data displayed the characteristic pattern of a 3,4-dihydroxy cinnamoyl conjugate with three aromatic protons at δH6.87 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 6.80 (dd, J=7.9, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 6.58 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H) and two trans-olefin protons at δH7.56 (d, J=15.7 Hz, 1H) and 6.12 (d, J=15.7 Hz, 1H). The1H NMR spectrum further exhibited signals characteristic of a quinic acid group with three downfield signals at δH5.70, δH5.02, and δH4.24 corresponding to methine protons attached to oxygenated carbons. Key HMBC correlation of H-3/C-9′ allowed for confirmation of the link between the cinnamoyl moiety and the quinic acid group located at C-3 and a key weak HMBC correlation of H-4/C-8 allowed for identification of the 3-methylbutanoic ester substituted at the 4-position of the quinic acid. Additionally, MS/MS spectra of 437 revealed fragments of 173 m/z which is characteristic of a 4-substituted chlorogenic acid (CGA) backbone (Clifford et al., 2003) thus further supporting the methylbutanoic acid ester linkage at the 4-position of the CGA backbone. Fragment 335 m/z to a neutral loss of 102 as well as product ion 101 m/z [M-H]−correspond to the methylbutanoic acid moiety. For feature 8.52_419 (RT_m/z), an elemental composition C21H23O9[M-H]−was assigned based on accurate MS analysis m/z 419.13476 (Δ0.38 ppm). MS/MS fragmentation of compound revealed fragment ions 101, 179 and 161 m/z. An elimination of water from the chlorogenic acid quinic moiety of structure 3-O-caffeoyl-4-O-3-methylbutanoylquinic acid was observed forming a lactone ring and finally identified the novel compound as 3-O-caffeoyl-4-O-3-methylbutanoyl-1,5-quinide using 1D and 2D NMR experiments. Key COSY correlations between methine proton at C10 and methyl protons of C11/C12 were observed to confirm the identification. Lactones of chlorogenic acid have been previously identified in roasted coffee (Schrader, Kiehne, Engelhardt, & Maier, 1996). Lactones are formed exclusively on chlorogenic acids free of substitution on C5 position and its formation is favored for 3-CQA over 4-CQA due to steric hindrance of the ester bond and the equatorial confirmation being more energetically stable on the former (Farah et al. 2005). A similar chlorogenic lactone, 3-O-caffeoyl-γ-quinide, has been identified as bitter-active in coffee using taste-guided fractionation (Frank et al., 2006). Finally, for the third feature 8.25_671 (RT_m/z), the NMR spectra was not conclusive however accurate MS analysis reported a 671.30730 m/z [M-H]−with an elemental composition C36H47O12. The MS fragmentation pattern indicated the structure consisted of ferulic acid (193 m/z), 3,4-dimethoxycinnamate (207 m/z) and a methylbutanoate moiety (101 m/z). The impact of each compound on the 10 individual attributes utilized to calculate the cup score was also further evaluated. Addition of compounds 3-O-caffeoyl-4-O-3-methylbutanoylquinic acid and 3-O-caffeoyl-4-O-3-methylbutanoyl-1,5-quinide significantly increased flavor, aroma, aftertaste, acidity, body, balance, and overall impression attribute scores which led to a significant increase in resultant cup score by 5.2 and 3.2 points, respectively. Increase in the overall impression attribute was the biggest contributor to the significant increase in total cupping score of the recombination models (p<0.05). This attribute increased by 1.1, 0.85, 0.7 points for recombination model B (3-O-caffeoyl-4-O-3-methylbutanoylquinic acid), C (3-O-caffeoyl-4-O-3-methylbutanoyl-1,5-quinide), and D (feature 8.25_671) respectively, compared to the control sample which was given 6.5 out of 10 points. Attributes uniformity, sweetness, and clean cup did not significantly change in the models compared to the control, for all recombination models. Recombi-Recombi-Recombi-Recombi-Recombi-AttributeControlnation Anation Bnation Cnation Dnation EFragrance/7.20 ± 0.217.15 ± 0.227.50 ± 0.18*7.45 ± 0.11*7.25 ± 0.187.40 ± 0.14AromaFlavor6.95 ± 0.277.15 ± 0.147.85 ± 0.14*7.50 ± 0.31*7.3 ± 0.217.40 ± 0.14*Aftertaste6.90 ± 0.387.15 ± 0.147.75 ± 0.25*7.35 ± 0.29*7.15 ± 0.147.30 ± 0.11*Acidity6.90 ± 0.387.10 ± 0.147.7 ± 0.18*7.35 ± 0.22*7.25 ± 0.25*7.35 ± 0.22*Body7.10 ± 0.147.10 ± 0.147.60 ± 0.29*7.40 ± 0.14*7.10 ± 0.147.35 ± 0.14*Uniformity10 ± 010 ± 010 ± 010 ± 010 ± 010 ± 0Balance7.10 ± 0.147.15 ± 0.147.75 ± 0.18*7.40 ± 0.22*7.15 ± 0.227.20 ± 0.21Clean cup10 ± 010 ± 010 ± 010 ± 010 ± 010 ± 0Sweetness10 ± 010 ± 010 ± 010 ± 010 ± 010 ± 0Overall6.50 ± 0.596.95 ± 0.6*7.60 ± 0.38*7.35 ± 0.34*7.20 ± 0.33*7.30 ± 0.21*impressionaControl coffee (cup score 78.7) and recombination samples [control + feature(s);A = 4.13_193,B = 7.00_437,C = 8.52_419 orD = 8.25_671 (RT_m/z),E = all 4 features];*Indicate significant difference from control according to Dunnett test (p < 0.05). In addition to reporting a Q-graders cup score, the certified SCA judges also documented generalized flavor descriptors for the samples evaluated. In general, the recombination samples B, C, D and E (FIG.19) were observed to modify the retronasal aroma, taste and somatosensory attributes. For example, the recombination models were described with citrus, caramel and lemon fruit notes whereas the control was woody, old and astringent. Flavor attributes such as woody, old, and astringent which are typically associated with undesirable prolong storage of coffee (Bucheli, Meyer, Pittet, Vuataz, & Viani, 1998). The flavor activity of the three compounds, 3-O-caffeoyl-4-O-3-methylbutanoylquinic acid, 3-O-caffeoyl-4-O-3-methylbutanoyl-1,5-quinide and feature 8.25_671, were also evaluated individually in a coffee model system (buffered water, pH 5.5) at concentrations reported in the excellent specialty coffee by four experienced sensory panelists. No flavor activity (aroma, taste or somatosensory) was reported for all three compounds by any of the judges and thus were deemed flavorless. This observation indicated these compounds were true flavor modulators or neutral-tasting compounds that modify flavor perception (Jelen, 2012). For example, cellotretraose, a tasteless cellooligosaccharride, was found to suppress bitterness of caffeine (Ley, 2008). Compounds in the family of homoeriodictyol, tasteless on their own, have been reported to suppress bitterness perception of caffeine, quinine, and paracetamol (Ley, Blings, Paetz, Krammer, & Bertram, 2006). Others have also reported tasteless compounds can suppress sweetness and bitterness reception (Kurtz and Fuller 1990). In the current study, two of the three compounds identified were chlorogenic acid derivatives with a 3-methylbutanoic ester moiety. Others have also reported the chlorogenic acid compounds modified taste attributes such as sweetness enhancement (Upadhyay and Rao 2013) and bitter inhibition (Riemer, 1993). The addition of 30 ppm of chlorogenic acid from an extract prepared from green coffee beans was found to reduce the metallic and bitter off-taste of an acidic beverage (Chieng et al., 2002). Chlorogenic acid's ability to increase water solubility of certain volatiles has also been demonstrated (King and Solms 1982). In addition to taste modulation, aroma perception has also been reported to be influence by tasteless compound. Dalton et al. (2000) demonstrated enhanced sensitivity to benzaldehyde and mixed with saccharin at levels below the taste threshold. In accordance with our findings, the changes in cup score and flavor of the recombination samples could be explained by taste modulation, or perceptual taste-aroma interaction. It is unlikely, given the coffee composition, that the addition of compounds at the levels added (low mg/L) in the current study would result in significant physico-chemical interactions between the non-volatile features and coffee volatile aroma compounds (King and Solms 1982). Along this line, Charles et al. (2015) demonstrated that the addition of sugar modified sensory perception of espresso coffee flavor but did not change its aroma release. Review of the structures of the three compounds identified, 3-O-caffeoyl-4-O-3-methylbutanoylquinic acid, 3-O-caffeoyl-4-O-3-methylbutanoyl-1,5-quinide and feature 8.25_671 indicated the presence of a common 3-methylbutanoic acid moiety. This specific chemical motif may example the observed compound activity to increase the coffee cup score. In its free form, compound 3-methylbutanoic acid has been identified as a potent odorant in roasted coffee, exhibiting odor qualities such as sweaty and fermented (Blank, Sen, & Grosch, 1991; Blank, Sen, & Grosch, 1992; Holscher, Vitzthum, & Steinhart, 1990) and was suggested to contribute to the sour flavor of heated canned coffee drinks (Kumazawa & Masuda, 2003). Approximately a 3-fold higher odor activity of 3-methylbutanoic acid (based on FD-factor) was reported in Arabica coffee compared to Robusta coffee (Blank et al., 1991). The prevalence of 3-methylbutanoic acid in disease-free green beans has been reported (Toci & Farah, 2008). Iwasa et al. (2015) reported two isomers of 3-methylbutanoyl glycosides in green coffee beans as possible precursors of 3-methylbutanoic acid in the coffee brew. The authors indicated 3-methylbutanoic acid enhanced the attribute ‘aftertaste’ in the SCA cup score when 0.0925 mg/L was spiked into coffee, however further reported no significant effect on the final cup score (based on a single Q-grader assessment). Bertrand et al. (2012) reported 3-methylbutanoic acid in green beans was associated with low brew quality and positively correlated with green and earthy notes typically associated with defects. In the current study, the release of 3-methylbutanoic acid during consumption was not expected to have played a role in the noted change in cupping scores. The three identified compounds were quantitatively monitored in green and roasted beans. Both 3-O-caffeoyl-4-O-3-methylbutanoylquinic acid and the phenolic acid derivative feature 8.25_671, were found to be endogenous to the green coffee beans. One possible route for the generation of compound 3-O-caffeoyl-4-O-3-methylbutanoylquinic acid could be arising from the condensation or esterification of chlorogenic acid with 3-methylbutanoic acid which could be generated during the coffee fermentation process or be a microbial product (Feng et al., 2013; Hau Yin Chung, Pui Kwan Fung, & Kim, 2005; Schieberle & Grosch, 1988). Additionally, 3-O-caffeoyl-4-O-3-methylbutanoylquinic acid could be a plant metabolite. The levels of compound 3-O-caffeoyl-4-O-3-methylbutanoylquinic acid in the green bean and corresponding roasted bean for the eighteen coffee samples were plotted and reported a significant positive Pearson correlation (r) of 0.76, p<0.0001 (shown inFIGS.17and18). Review of the data indicated 3-O-caffeoyl-4-O-3-methylbutanoylquinic acid was approximately 2- to 3-fold higher amount in the in the green coffee bean compared to the corresponding roasted bean extract. Interestingly two samples of the below specialty coffees (circled samples,FIG.18), showed similar levels in the green beans as excellent specialty coffee. Further review of cupper's flavor notes for these two samples revealed that these two samples had flavor defects including old, baggy (coffee jute), paper, vegetal, raw potato flavors, and moldy notes which most likely reduced the cup score, regardless of the concentration of 3-O-caffeoyl-4-O-3-methylbutanoylquinic acid. These two samples were removed from the sample data set and a correlation plot between the levels of 3-O-caffeoyl-4-O-3-methylbutanoylquinic acid in remaining 16 green coffee bean samples was plotted against resultant SCA coffee cup score, reporting a significant Pearson correlation (r)=0.71, p<0.0001. Based on the observed significant linear relationship between levels of 3-O-caffeoyl-4-O-3-methylbutanoylquinic acid in green coffee bean and cup score, this novel compound provided a new molecular marker to access green coffee bean quality. Further evaluation compound 3-O-caffeoyl-4-O-3-methylbutanoyl-1,5-quinide, the second most influential compound on cup score (FIG.19), was only detected in the roasted beans; no detectable amounts were found in the green beans. Based on the compound structure (FIG.3b) the origin of this compound was deduced to occur through cyclization and further dehydration of the quinic acid hydroxy group and carboxyl group on the quinide moiety of the 3-O-caffeoyl-4-O-3-methylbutanoylquinic acid during roasting. Finally, no significant correlation for the levels of feature 8.25_671 in green beans and roasted beans was observedAndujar-Ortiz, I., Peppard, T. L., & Reineccius, G. (2015). Flavoromics for determining markers of cooked and fermented flavor in strawberry juices. InACS Symposium Series(Vol. 1191, pp. 293-312).Bertrand, B., Boulanger, R., Dussert, S., Ribeyre, F., Berthiot, L., Descroix, F., & Joët, T. (2012). Climatic factors directly impact the volatile organic compound fingerprint in green Arabica coffee bean as well as coffee beverage quality.Food Chemistry,135(4), 2575-2583.Blank, I., Sen, A., & Grosch, W. (1991). Aroma impact compounds of arabica and robusta coffee. Qualitative and quantitative investigations.ASIC.14e Colloque,117-129.Blank, I., Sen, A., & Grosch, W. (1992). Potent odorants of the roasted powder and brew of Arabica coffee.Zeitschrift Für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung Und Forschung,195(3), 239-245.Bucheli, P., Meyer, I., Pittet, A., Vuataz, G., & Viani, R. (1998). Industrial storage of green Robusta coffee under tropical conditions and its impact on raw material quality and ochratoxin A content.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,46(11), 4507-4511.Buffo, R. A., & Cardelli-Freire, C. (2004). Coffee flavour: an overview.Flavour and Fragrance Journal,19(2), 99-104.Charles, M., Romano, A., Yener, S., Barnabà, M., Navarini, L., Mark, T. D., . . . Gasperi, F. (2015). Understanding flavour perception of espresso coffee by the combination of a dynamic sensory method and in-vivo nosespace analysis.Food Research International,69, 9-20.Charve, J., Chen, C., Hegeman, A. D., & Reineccius, G. A. (2011). Evaluation of instrumental methods for the untargeted analysis of chemical stimuli of orange juice flavour.Flavour and Fragrance Journal,26(6), 429-440.Chung, H. Y., Fung, P. K., & Kim, J. S. (2005). Aroma impact components in commercial plain sufu.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,53(5), 1684-1691.Clifford, M. N. (1985). Chemical and Physical Aspects of Green Coffee and Coffee Products. InCoffee(pp. 305-374). Boston, Mass.: Springer US.Clifford, M. N., Johnston, K. L., Knight, S., & Kuhnert, N. (2003). Hierarchical scheme for LC-MSnidentification of chlorogenic acids.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,51(10), 2900-2911.Craig, A. P., Botelho, B. G., Oliveira, L. S., & Franca, A. S. (2018). Mid infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics as tools for the classification of roasted coffees by cup quality.Food Chemistry,245, 1052-1061.Dalton, P., Doolittle, N., Nagata, H., & Breslin, P. A. S. (2000). The merging of the senses: integration of subthreshold taste and smell.Nature Neuroscience,3(5), 431-432.Dorfner, R., Ferge, T., Kettrup, A., Zimmermann, R., & Yeretzian, C. (2003). Real-time monitoring of 4-vinylguaiacol, guaiacol, and phenol during coffee roasting by resonant laser ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,51(19), 5768-5773.Farah, A., De Paulis, T., Trugo, L. C., & Martin, P. R. (2005). Effect of roasting on the formation of chlorogenic acid lactones in coffee.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,53(5), 1505-1513.Feng, Y., Cui, C., Zhao, H., Gao, X., Zhao, M., & Sun, W. (2013). Effect of koji fermentation on generation of volatile compounds in soy sauce production.International Journal of Food Science and Technology,48(3), 609-619.Feria-Morales, A. M. (2002). Examining the case of green coffee to illustrate the limitations of grading systems/expert tasters in sensory evaluation for quality control.Food Quality and Preference,13(6), 355-367.Frank, O., Zehentbauer, G., Hofmann, T., Frank, O., Hofmann, T., & Zehentbauer, G. (2006). Bioresponse-guided decomposition of roast coffee beverage and identification of key bitter taste compounds.Eur Food Res Technol,222, 492-508.Galindo-Prieto, B., Eriksson, L., & Trygg, J. (2014). Variable influence on projection (VIP) for orthogonal projections to latent structures (OPLS).Journal of Chemometrics,28(8), 623-632.Giacalone, D., Fosgaard, T. R., Steen, I., & Münchow, M. (2016). “Quality does not sell itself.”British Food Journal,118(10), 2462-2474.Holscher, W., Vitzthum, 0. G., & Steinhart, H. (1990). Identification and sensorial evaluation of aroma-impact-compounds in roasted colombian coffee.Caf, Cacao Th,34(3), 205-212.Iwasa, K., Setoyama, D., Shimizu, H., Seta, H., Fujimura, Y., Miura, D., . . . Nakahara, K. (2015). Identification of 3-Methylbutanoyl Glycosides in GreenCoffea arabicaBeans as Causative Determinants for the Quality of Coffee Flavors.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,63(14), 3742-3751.Jelen, H. (2012).Food flavors: chemical, sensory and technological properties. CRC Press.Kumazawa, K., & Masuda, H. (2003). Investigation of the change in the flavor of a coffee drink during heat processing.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,51(9), 2674-2678.Kurtz, Robert J., Fuller, W. D. (1990). U.S. Pat. No. 5,232,735.Kwon, D.-J., Jeong, H.-J., Moon, H., Kim, H.-N., Cho, J.-H., Lee, J.-E., . . . Hong, Y.-S. (2015). Assessment of green coffee bean metabolites dependent on coffee quality using a 1H NMR-based metabolomics approach.Food Research International,67, 175-182.Ley, J. P. (2008). Masking bitter taste by Molecules.Chemosensory Perception,1(1), 58-77.Ley, J. P., Blings, M., Paetz, S., Krammer, G. E., & Bertram, H. J. (2006). New bitter-masking compounds: Hydroxylated benzoic acid amides of aromatic amines as structural analogues of homoeriodictyol.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,54(22), 8574-8579.Minjien, Chieng, Alex, Hausler, Han, V. (2002). U.S. Pat. No. 8,197,875.Pereira, L. L., Cardoso, W. S., Guarconi, R. C., da Fonseca, A. F. A., Moreira, T. R., & Caten, C. S. ten. (2017). The consistency in the sensory analysis of coffees using Q-graders.European Food Research and Technology,243(9), 1545-1554.Piccino, S., Boulanger, R., Descroix, F., & Shum Cheong Sing, A. (2014). Aromatic composition and potent odorants of the “specialty coffee” brew “Bourbon Pointu” correlated to its three trade classifications.Food Research International,61, 264-271.Ribeiro, J. S., Ferreira, M. M. C., & Salva, T. J. G. (2011). Chemometric models for the quantitative descriptive sensory analysis of Arabica coffee beverages using near infrared spectroscopy.Talanta,83(5), Charles-Bernard M, Kraehenbuehl K, Rytz A, Roberts.Riemer, J. A. (1993). U.S. Pat. No. 5,336,513.Ronningen, I., Miller, M., Xia, Y., & Peterson, D. G. (2018). Identification and Validation of Sensory-Active Compounds from Data-Driven Research: A Flavoromics Approach.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,66(10), 2473-2479.Ronningen, I., & Peterson, D. G. (2018). Identification of Aging-Associated Food Quality Changes in Citrus Products Using Untargeted Chemical Profiling.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,66(3), 682-688.Samoggia, A., & Riedel, B. (2018, October 1). Coffee consumption and purchasing behavior review: Insights for further research.Appetite. Academic Press.SCA. (2018). Protocols & Best Practices-Specialty Coffee Association. Retrieved from https://sca.coffee/research/protocols-best-practices/Schieberle, P., & Grosch, W. (1988). Quantitative analysis of important volatile flavour compounds in fresh and stored lemon oil/citric acid emulsions.Lebensm.-Wiss.u.-Technol.,21, 158-162.Schrader, K., Kiehne, A., Engelhardt, U. H., & Maier, H. G. (1996). Determination of chlorogenic acids with lactones in roasted coffee.J Sci Food Agric,71(3), 392-398.Sunarharum, W. B., Williams, D. J., & Smyth, H. E. (2014). Complexity of coffee flavor: A compositional and sensory perspective.Food Research International,62, 315-325.Swillam, M. A., & Helmy, A. S. (2011). Characteristics and applications of rectangular waveguide in sensing, slow light and negative refraction. InProceedings of SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering(Vol. 7941, pp. 2880-2884).Teegarden, M. D., Schwartz, S. J., & Cooperstone, J. L. (2019). Profiling the impact of thermal processing on black raspberry phytochemicals using untargeted metabolomics.Food Chemistry,274, 782-788.Toci, A. T., & Farah, A. (2008). Volatile compounds as potential defective coffee beans' markers.Food Chemistry,108(3), 1133-1141.Tolessa, K., Rademaker, M., De Baets, B., & Boeckx, P. (2016). Prediction of specialty coffee cup quality based on near infrared spectra of green coffee beans.Talanta,150, 367-374.Upadhyay, R., & Mohan Rao, L. J. (2013). An Outlook on Chlorogenic Acids-Occurrence, Chemistry, Technology, and Biological Activities.Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition,53(9), 968-984. The compositions and methods of the appended claims are not limited in scope by the specific compositions and methods described herein, which are intended as illustrations of a few aspects of the claims and any compositions and methods that are functionally equivalent are intended to fall within the scope of the claims. Various modifications of the compositions and methods in addition to those shown and described herein are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. Further, while only certain representative compositions and method steps disclosed herein are specifically described, other combinations of the compositions and method steps also are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims, even if not specifically recited. Thus, a combination of steps, elements, components, or constituents may be explicitly mentioned herein or less, however, other combinations of steps, elements, components, and constituents are included, even though not explicitly stated. The term “comprising” and variations thereof as used herein is used synonymously with the term “including” and variations thereof and are open, non-limiting terms. Although the terms “comprising” and “including” have been used herein to describe various embodiments, the terms “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of” can be used in place of “comprising” and “including” to provide for more specific embodiments of the invention and are also disclosed. Other than in the examples, or where otherwise noted, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood at the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, to be construed in light of the number of significant digits and ordinary rounding approaches.

11856976

DETAILED DESCRIPTION In many commercial processes, it can be desirable to heat large numbers of individual packaged articles in a rapid and uniform manner. The present invention relates to systems and processes for such heating that use radio frequency (RF) energy to heat, or assist in heating, a variety of different articles. Examples of the types of articles that can be processed according to the present invention include, but are not limited to, packaged foodstuffs and beverages, as well as packaged pharmaceuticals, and packaged medical or veterinary fluids. The systems described herein may be configured for pasteurization, for sterilization, or for both pasteurization and sterilization. In general, pasteurization involves the rapid heating of an article or articles to a minimum temperature between about 60° C. and 100° C., or about 65° C. to about 100° C., about 70° C. and 100° C., while sterilization involves heating articles to a minimum temperature between 100° C. and 140° C., or between 110° C. and 135° C., or between 120° C. and 130° C. FIGS.1-3are overall diagrams of various embodiments of an RF heating system10configured according to the present invention. As shown inFIGS.1-3, articles introduced into the RF heating system10can pass from a loading zone12into a liquid contact zone14, wherein the articles may be contacted with at least one liquid medium while being heated to a temperature sufficient to pasteurize or sterilize the contents of the package. The liquid contact zone14is the section of the RF heating system10located between where the articles are initially contacted with a liquid medium, such as, for example, by spraying or submersion, and where the articles are finally removed from contact with a liquid medium. The articles may remain in contact with the liquid medium while passing through the liquid contact zone14. As shown inFIG.1, the liquid contact zone14may include an initial thermal regulation zone16, an RF heating zone18, and a subsequent thermal regulation zone20. Specific configurations of the liquid contact zone14are shown inFIG.2for an exemplary RF pasteurization system and inFIG.3for an exemplary RF sterilization system, details of which will be discussed in further detail below. Once pasteurized or sterilized and after being cooled to a suitable handling temperature, the articles may be unloaded from the liquid contact zone14via an unloading zone22. In some embodiments, each of the initial thermal regulation zone16, RF heating zone18, and subsequent thermal regulation zone20may be defined in a single vessel, while in other embodiments, at least one of these stages of the liquid contact zone14may be defined within one or more separate vessels. Additionally, one or more transition zones between individual processing stages or steps may also be defined in one or more separate vessels, or one or more of those transition zones may be defined within the same vessel as at least one preceding (e.g., upline) or subsequent (e.g., downline) stage or zone. In certain embodiments, the average residence time of each article in the liquid contact zone14, measured from the inlet to the initial thermal regulation zone16to the outlet of the subsequent thermal regulation zone20, can be at least about 10, at least about 15, at least about 20, at least about 25, at least about 30, at least about 35, at least about 40, at least about 45, at least about 50, at least about 55, or at least about 60 minutes and/or not more than about 240, not more than about 230, not more than about 220, not more than about 210, not more than about 200, not more than about 190, not more than about 180, not more than about 170, not more than about 160, not more than about 150, not more than about 140, not more than about 130, not more than about 120, not more than about 110, not more than about 100, not more than about 90, not more than about 80, or not more than about 70 minutes. When the articles are being pasteurized, each article can have a residence time in the liquid contact zone14in range of from about 10 minutes to about 120 minutes, or about 30 minutes to about 70 minutes. When being sterilized, the articles can have an average residence time in the liquid contact zone14in the range of from about 20 minutes to about 240 minutes, about 40 minutes to about 120 minutes, or about 60 minutes to about 100 minutes. The RF heating systems of the present invention may include at least one conveyance system for transporting the articles along a travel path through one or more of the processing zones as described above. The conveyance system may include a single convey line or it can include two or more convey lines arranged in parallel or in series. Unlike other types of heating systems, the articles passed through the RF heating systems described herein are not placed in multi-article carriers, but instead, travel through the system as individual sealed packages. Further, in certain embodiments, the articles passing through the initial thermal regulation zone16and the subsequent thermal regulation zone20may not be in contact with or supported by any type of article contact member during passage through these zones. One or more of the vessels defining the liquid contact zone14(e.g., the initial thermal regulation zone16, the RF heating zone18, and/or the subsequent thermal regulation zone20) may be configured to be at least partially liquid-filled. As used herein, the term “at least partially liquid-filled,” denotes a configuration in which at least 50 percent of the total internal volume of a vessel is filled with a specified liquid. In certain embodiments, at least about 60, at least about 70, at least about 80, at least about 90, at least about 95, or at least about 99 percent of the total internal volume of one or more vessels may be filled with a liquid medium. While being passed through a liquid-filled vessel, the articles may be at least partially, or completely, submerged in the liquid medium during the processing step. When two or more vessels are at least partially filled with a liquid medium, the liquid medium in one vessel may be the same as, or different than, the liquid medium in another adjacent vessel. Thus, articles that are at least partially submerged in one liquid during the processing step performed in one zone may be at least partially submerged in the same or in a different liquid during the processing step performed in a previous or subsequent zone. In certain embodiments, the initial thermal regulation zone16, the RF heating zone18, and the subsequent thermal regulation zone20are configured to maintain the articles in substantially continuous contact with a liquid medium. The liquid medium used in the vessel or vessels of the liquid contact zone14can be any suitable non-compressible fluid that exists in a liquid state at the operating conditions within the vessel. The liquid medium may have a dielectric constant greater than the dielectric constant of air. In some cases, the liquid medium may have a dielectric constant similar to the dielectric constant of the packaged substance being processed. For example, the dielectric constant of the liquid medium may be at least about 20, at least about 25, at least about 30, at least about 35, or at least about 40 and/or not more than about 120, not more than about 110, not more than about 100, not more than about 80, or not more than about 70, measured at a temperature of 80° C. and a frequency of 100 MHz. Water (or a liquid comprising water) may be particularly suitable for systems used to heat ingestible substances such as foodstuffs and medical or pharmaceutical fluids. Additives such as, for example, oils, alcohols, glycols, or salts, may be optionally be added to the liquid medium to alter or enhance its physical properties (e.g., boiling point) during processing, if needed. Several different types of articles may be heated using RF heating systems of the present invention. Typically, each article includes a sealed package surrounding at least one ingestible substance. Examples of ingestible substances can include, but are not limited to, food, beverages, medical, or pharmaceutical items suitable for human and/or animal consumption. A packaged article may include a single type of foodstuff (or other ingestible substance), or it may include two or more different ingestible substances, which may be in contact with each other or separated from one another within the package. The total volume of foodstuff (or other ingestible substance) within each sealed package can be at least about 4, at least about 6, at least about 8, at least about 10, at least about 15, at least about 20, at least about 25, at least about 50, at least about 75, at least about 100, at least about 150, at least about 200, or at least about 250 cubic inches and/or not more than about 500, not more than about 400, not more than about 300, not more than about 200, not more than about 100, not more than about 75, not more than about 50, not more than about 25, not more than about 24, not more than about 22, not more than about 18, or not more than about 16 cubic inches. In certain embodiments, the article, foodstuff, or other ingestible substance being heated may have a dielectric constant of at least about 20 and not more than about 150. Additionally, or in the alternative, the foodstuff or other ingestible substance may have a dielectric loss factor of at least about 10 and not more than about 1500. Unless otherwise noted, the dielectric constant and dielectric loss factors provided herein are measured at a frequency of 100 MHz and a temperature of 80° C. In other embodiments, the foodstuff or other ingestible substance can have a dielectric constant of at least about 25, at least about 30, at least about 35, or at least about 40 and/or not more than about 140, not more than about 130, not more than about 120, not more than about 110, not more than about 100, not more than about 90, not more than about 80, not more than about 70, or not more than about 60, or it can be in the range of from about 20 to about 150, about 30 to about 100, or about 40 to about 60. Additionally, the foodstuff or other ingestible substance can have a dielectric loss factor of at least about 10, at least about 25, at least about 50, at least about 100, at least about 150, or at least about 200 and/or not more than about 1500, not more than about 1250, not more than about 1000, or not more than about 800, or it can be in the range of from about 10 to about 1500, about 100 to about 1250, or about 200 to about 800. The packages used to hold the foodstuff or other ingestible substance may be of any size and/or shape. In some embodiments, each package can have a length (longest dimension) of at least about 2, at least about 4, at least about 6, at least about 8 inches and/or not more than about 30, not more than about 20, not more than about 18, not more than about 15, not more than about 12, not more than about 10, or not more than about 8 inches; a width (second longest dimension) of at least about 1 inch, at least about 2, or at least about 4 inches and/or not more than about 20, not more than about 15, not more than about 12, not more than about 10, or not more than about 8 inches; and a depth (shortest dimension) of at least about 0.5, at least about 1, or at least about 2 inches and/or not more than about 8, not more than about 6, or not more than about 4 inches. The packages may be formed of materials that include, but are not limited to, plastics, cellulosics, glass, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the packages are rigid or semi-rigid, but not flexible. In other embodiments, the packages can be flexible, or partially flexible. The RF heating systems of the present invention may be configured to maximize spatial efficiency, while still achieving desirable levels of production. For example, the convey line or lines may be configured such that each article may travel along a path between the inlet and outlet of the liquid contact zone14that is at least about 300, at least about 400, at least about 500, at least about 600, at least about 700, at least about 800, at least about 900, at least about 1000, at least about 1250, or at least about 1500 feet and/or not more than about 25,000, not more than about 22,500, not more than about 20,000, not more than about 17,500, not more than about 15,000, not more than about 12,500, not more than about 10,000, not more than about 7500, not more than about 6000, or not more than about 5000 feet, or the travel path of the article through the liquid contact zone14can be in the range of from about 500 feet to about 25,000 feet or from about 600 feet to about 6000 feet. It should be understood that the travel path through the liquid contact zone14is equal to the sum of the length of the travel paths in the initial thermal regulation zone16, the RF heating zone18, and the subsequent thermal regulation zone20, along with the travel paths through any transition zones therebetween. In some embodiments, the liquid contact zone14can be configured so that the travel path of the articles through the liquid contact zone14can be at least 2, at least about 5, at least about 8, at least about 10, at least about 12, at least about 15, at least about 18, at least about 20, at least about 22, or at least about 25 times greater than the linear distance between the inlet and outlet of the liquid contact zone14. In such cases, the article travel paths (or convey lines defining the travel paths) may be nonlinear. Examples of the liquid contact zones14that include such nonlinear travel paths60for articles100are shown inFIGS.4-6. InFIGS.4-6, the travel paths60are shown with solid lines, while the linear distance between the inlet62and outlet64of the liquid contact zones14are shown as dashed lines. When the liquid contact zone includes an initial thermal regulation zone, an RF heating zone, and a subsequent thermal regulation zone, the inlet62shown inFIGS.4-6can be the inlet to the initial thermal regulation zone, and the outlet64can be the outlet of the subsequent thermal regulation zone. In certain embodiments, the maximum linear distance between any two points on the article travel path through the liquid contact zone14can be not more than about 500, not more than about 450, not more than about 400, not more than about 350, not more than about 300, not more than about 250, not more than about 200, not more than about 150, not more than about 100, or not more than about 50 feet. As a result, the RF heating systems of the present invention may be configured to have a relatively small footprint such that, in certain embodiments, the entire liquid contact zone14of the RF heating system may be capable of fitting into a single cuboid having a total volume of not more than about 400,000, not more than about 350,000, not more than about 300,000, not more than about 250,000, not more than about 200,000, not more than about 150,000, not more than about 100,000, not more than about 75,000, or not more than about 50,000 cubic feet. At the same time, the RF heating systems as described herein may be configured to achieve an overall production rate of at least about 2, at least about 5, at least about 10, at least about 15, at least about 20, at least about 25, at least about 30, at least about 35, at least about 40, at least about 45, at least about 50 articles per minute (articles/min) and/or not more than about 500, not more than about 450, not more than about 400, not more than about 350, not more than about 300, not more than about 250, not more than about 200 articles/min. In other embodiments, the mass convey rate of the food (or other edible substance) passing through the RF heating system can be at least about 1, at least about 5, at least about 10, at least about 15, at least about 20, or at least about 25 pounds of food (or other edible substance) per minute (lb/min) and/or not more than about 500, not more than about 450, not more than about 400, not more than about 350, not more than about 300, not more than about 250, not more than about 200, not more than about 150 lb/min. Turning back toFIGS.1-3, the articles may be initially introduced into a loading zone12. The loading zone12may include any suitable device or system capable initially contacting one or more articles with a liquid medium. This contacting may include, for example, spraying the articles with or at least partially submerging the articles in the liquid medium. In certain embodiments, the articles introduced into the loading zone12may have an average temperature, measured at the geometric center of each article, of at least about 5, at least about 10, at least about 15, at least about 20, at least about 25, or at least about 30° C. and/or not more than about 70, not more than about 60, not more than about 50, not more than about 40, or not more than about 30° C. As used herein, the “geometric center” of an article is the common point of intersection of planes passing through the midpoints of the article's length, width, and height. The loading zone may be operated at approximately ambient temperature and/or pressure. As shown inFIGS.1-3, the articles may then be passed from a loading zone12into the initial thermal regulation zone16of the liquid contact zone14. When introduced into the initial thermal regulation zone16, the average temperature at the geometric center of the articles can be at least about 5, at least about 10, at least about 15, at least about 20, at least about 25, or at least about 30° C. and/or not more than about 90, not more than about 80, not more than about 70, not more than about 60, not more than about 50, or not more than about 40° C. For pasteurization systems, the temperature at the geometric center of the articles introduced into initial thermal regulation zone16may be in the range of from about 5° C. to about 70° C. or about 25° C. to about 40° C., while it may be in the range of from about 15° C. to about 90° C. or about 30° C. to about 60° C. for sterilization systems. In certain embodiments, the initial thermal regulation zone16may be configured to increase the temperature of each article, measured at its geometric center, by at least about 1, at least about 5, at least about 10, at least about 15, or at least about 20° C. and/or not more than about 60, not more than about 55, not more than about 50, not more than about 45, not more than about 40, not more than about 35, or not more than about 30° C., or it can be increased by an amount in the range of from about 1° C. to about 60° C. or about 10° C. to about 30° C. In certain embodiments, the average temperature at the geometric center of the articles exiting the initial thermal regulation zone16may be at least about 25, at least about 30, at least about 35, at least about 40, at least about 45, at least about 50, at least about 55, or at least about 60° C. and/or not more than about 90, not more than about 85, not more than about 80, not more than about 75, not more than about 70, or not more than about 65° C. During pasteurization, the average temperature at the geometric center of the articles exiting the initial thermal regulation zone16can be in the range of from about 25° C. to about 90° C. or about 40° C. to about 70° C., while it may be in the range of from about 40° C. to about 90° C., or about 60° C. to about 80° C. during sterilization. Additionally, the initial thermal regulation zone16may be configured to regulate the temperature of the articles passing therethrough to promote temperature uniformity amongst the articles. For example, in certain embodiments, the temperature of the articles may be regulated within the initial thermal regulation zone16so that the average value of the difference between the maximum temperature (i.e., hottest portion) and the minimum temperature (i.e., coldest portion) of each article exiting the initial thermal regulation zone16can be not more than about 20, not more than about 15, not more than about 10, more than about 5, not more than about 4, not more than about 2.5, not more than about 2, not more than about 1.5, not more than about 1, or not more than about 0.5° C. Similar differences can be achieved between the average of the temperatures of adjacent articles removed from the initial temperature regulation zone16, measured at the geometric center of each article. In certain embodiments, the articles can have an average residence time in the initial thermal regulation zone16of at least about 10, at least about 15, at least about 20, or at least about 25 minutes and/or not more than about 70, not more than about 65, not more than about 60, not more than about 55, not more than about 50, not more than about 45, or not more than about 40 minutes, or it can be in the range of from about 10 to about 70 minutes, or about 25 to about 40 minutes. This can correspond to, for example, at least about 10, at least about 15, at least about 20, at least about 25, or at least about 30 percent and/or not more than about 75, not more than about 70, not more than about 65, not more than about 60, not more than about 55, not more than about 50, not more than about 45 percent of the total residence time of the article within the entire liquid contact zone14. In certain embodiments, at least about 15, at least about 20, at least about 25, or at least about 30 percent and/or not more than about 75, not more than about 70, not more than about 65, not more than about 60, not more than about 55, or not more than about 50 percent of the total travel path along which the articles are transported through the RF heating system may be defined within the initial thermal regulation zone16. In some cases, the travel path of the articles through the initial thermal regulation zone16can correspond to 15 percent to 75 percent or 30 percent to 55 percent of the total travel path of the articles through the entire RF heating system. As shown inFIGS.2and3, whether the RF heating system is configured for pasteurization or sterilization, the initial thermal regulation zone16may include a thermal equilibration zone24followed by an optional pressure lock26. The thermal equilibration zone24may be configured to increase the temperature of the articles passing therethrough in order to promote temperature uniformity within each article and amongst the articles passing therethrough, as described previously. In certain embodiments, articles passing through the thermal equilibration zone24may be contacted with a liquid during at least a portion of the thermal equilibration step. The liquid may comprise or be water and can have a temperature within about 25, within about 20, within about 15, or within about 10° C. of the average temperature at the geometric center of the articles introduced into the thermal equilibration zone24. The contacting may be performed by any suitable method including, but not limited to, by spraying the articles with and/or by submerging, or partially submerging, the articles in the liquid medium. In some embodiments, the thermal equilibration zone24may further include one or more liquid jets for discharging streams of pressurized liquid toward the articles. Such pressurization may increase the Reynolds number of the liquid surrounding the article, thereby enhancing heat transfer. When present, the liquid jets may be positioned along or more walls of the vessel in which the thermal equilibration step is performed and may be used whether or not the articles are additionally submerged in a liquid medium. The articles may be passed through the thermal equilibration zone24via a conveyance system. Examples of suitable types of conveyance systems can include, but are not limited to, plastic or rubber belt conveyors, chain conveyors, roller conveyors, flexible or multi-flexing conveyors, wire mesh conveyors, bucket conveyors, pneumatic conveyors, trough conveyors, vibrating conveyors, and combinations thereof. The conveyance system may include a single convey line, or two or more convey lines arranged within the vessel or vessels defining the thermal equilibration zone. In certain embodiments, the thermal equilibration zone24may include at least one helical conveyor. One example of a helical conveyor suitable for use in the thermal equilibration zone24of an RF heating system configured according to embodiments of the present invention is shown inFIGS.7through10. Turning now toFIGS.7through10, a helical conveyor260configured according to embodiments of the present invention is shown. Helical conveyor260includes a track262configured to guide articles100along a convey pathway. At least a portion of the track262(FIGS.7and8) forms a substantially helical path248(FIG.10) that extends around a substantially vertical central axis263. The helical path formed by the track262shown inFIGS.7and8includes a plurality of vertically-spaced tiers264spaced apart from one another in a direction parallel to the vertical central axis263. In total, the portion of the track262forming the helical pathway248can include at least 3, at least 5, at least 8, at least 10, at least 12, at least 15, or 20 or more vertically-spaced tiers264and/or not more than 100, not more than 75, not more than 50, not more than 40, not more than 35, not more than 30, not more than 25, or not more than 18 vertically-spaced tiers264. As shown inFIGS.8and9, the helical conveyor260can have a plurality of article pusher members270for contacting the articles100so that each article100can be moved along the portion of the track262that defines the helical path. In some embodiments, one or more of the article pusher members270may be configured to rotate relative to the track262, while, in other embodiments, at least a portion of the track262may be configured to rotate relative to the article pusher members270on the central vertical axis263of the conveyor260. As particularly shown inFIGS.7and8, the portion of the track262that forms the helical pathway may comprise an outer section266and an inner section268spaced inwardly toward the central vertical axis263from the outer section266. In certain cases, a gap267can be formed between the outer section266and inner section268and the gap267may extend along a portion, or substantially all, of the helical path. In certain embodiments, the article pusher members270can extend through at least a portion of the gap267formed between the outer section266and inner section268of the track262. Each article pusher member270may include at least one vertical rod and, in some cases, may include a pair of vertical rods spaced radially spaced apart from one another, as shown inFIG.8. As shown inFIGS.8and9, each of the article pusher members270extends to a plurality of the vertically-spaced tiers264and can be configured to simultaneously contact two or more articles100located on different tiers264of the track262. Thus, two or more articles100located on different vertical tiers may be contacted with a common article pusher member270. When the article pusher members270are configured to move relative to the track, the helical conveyor260may further comprise an article pushing assembly280, as particularly shown inFIG.8. The article pushing assembly280may include a central drive shaft282, the article pusher members270, and a plurality of connectors284for connecting the article pusher members270to the central drive shaft282. In certain embodiments, the connectors284may include at least an upper connection wheel286and a lower connection wheel288as shown inFIG.9. The upper connection wheel286and/or the lower connection wheel288may include a hub272coupled to the central drive shaft282, a rim274coupled to the article pusher members270, and a plurality of radially-extending spokes276connecting the hub272to the rim274. As shown inFIG.9, the upper portions of each of the article pusher members270may be coupled to the rim274of the upper connection wheel286, while the lower portion of the article pusher members270may be coupled to the rim274of the lower connection wheel288. In some embodiments, the connectors284may further include a plurality of rollers290for supporting the lower connection wheel288permitting the lower connection wheel288to rotate as the central drive shaft282rotates about the central vertical axis263. As shown in the embodiment depicted inFIG.9, when the central drive shaft282does not extend to the lower portion of the article pushing assembly280, the lower connection wheel288may not include any spokes. As also shown inFIG.9, the helical conveyor260can include an actuator292coupled to the central drive shaft282and configured to cause the central drive shaft282to rotate on the central vertical axis263. In some embodiments, the actuator292may be located within the vessel250that houses the helical conveyor260, while, in other embodiments, actuator292may be positioned outside the vessel250as shown inFIG.9. In operation, the articles100may be pushed along the track262by intermittently rotating the article pushing assembly280using the actuator292. As the actuator292causes the central drive shaft282to rotate, the central drive shaft282causes the upper connection wheel286and/or the lower connection wheel288to rotate, which also causes the article pusher members270to rotate relative to the track262. As the article pusher members270move through the gap267between the outer section266and inner section268of the track262, the article pusher members270contact one or more articles100on the same and/or a different vertical tier and push the articles100along the helical path defined by the track262. In certain embodiments, the movement of the article pushing assembly280can be constant. In other embodiments, the movement of the article pushing assembly280may be intermittent, so that, for example, the articles100are passed along the track262in an intermittent manner. In such a way, the residence time of the articles100may be modified by, for example, adjusting the magnitude of the intermittent movement of the article pushing assembly280. In certain embodiments, the magnitude of the intermittent movement of the article pushing assembly280can be measured by the angular magnitude of the intermittent rotation. By increasing (or decreasing) the magnitude of the angular rotation of the article pushing assembly280without changing the rate at which the articles100are loaded onto or unloaded from the track262(e.g., the loading or unloading rates), the residence time of the articles100along the helical path can be adjusted in indirect proportion to the change in the magnitude of angular rotation. That is, larger changes in the angular magnitude of intermittent rotation results in shorter residence times, and vice versa. Additional details relating specific methods of adjusting the residence time of articles on an intermittent conveyor (including a helical conveyor) are discussed below. As particular shown inFIGS.8and10, the helical conveyor260may be received inside a pressure vessel250having an inlet252configured to receive articles100into the vessel250and an outlet254for discharging the articles100from the vessel250. The helical conveyor260shown inFIG.10is depicted schematically and primarily illustrates the helical path248along which the articles100travel when being passed along the track of the helical conveyor. As shown inFIG.10, the helical conveyor260may be operable to transport the articles100away from the inlet252toward the outlet254of the vessel250along the helical path248. Although shown as being configured to transport articles100upwardly from a lower inlet252to an upper outlet254, the conveyor260may be configured to transport articles100downwardly from an upper inlet to a lower outlet, or the inlet and outlet may be at approximately the same vertical elevation if, for example, two helical conveyors are arranged in series in a single vessel. As the articles100pass along the helical path248of the helical conveyor260, at least a portion of the articles100may be contacted with a liquid medium. The step of contacting the articles100with a liquid medium may include submerging the articles100in a liquid medium and/or spraying the liquid medium onto the articles100. The liquid medium may act as a liquid heat transfer medium for facilitating heating or cooling of the article100. When the helical conveyor260is utilized in the thermal equilibration zone24, the liquid heat transfer medium may be warmed liquid for increasing the temperature of the articles100being contacted. In other embodiments, one or more of the hold zone30, high-pressure cooling zone32, and low-pressure cooling zone34may also include at least one helical conveyor and the liquid medium, when present, in each of those zones may be heated or cooled in order to facilitate the desired transfer of heat to or from the article100. The thermal equilibration zone24(or any of the hold zone30, high-pressure cooling zone32, or low-pressure cooling zone34that include a helical conveyor) can further include a liquid heat transfer system for adjusting the temperature of the articles100in the vessel by contact with a liquid heat transfer medium. As particularly shown inFIG.10, the heat transfer system240includes a thermal regulator242to adjust the temperature of the heat transfer medium introduced into the vessel250and a circulation pump244for pumping the heat transfer liquid from a liquid outlet251of the vessel250, through the thermal regulator242, and back into the vessel250via a liquid inlet253. In certain embodiments, the liquid inlet253can be a single inlet for discharging liquid into a pool of liquid in which the articles100are submerged, as generally shown inFIG.10. In other embodiments, the liquid inlet can comprise a plurality of spray nozzles253for discharging streams of pressurized heat transfer medium toward the articles100moving along the helical path. In some cases, a plurality of spray nozzles253may be spaced apart from one another along one or more vertically-elongated manifolds255disposed proximate the outer section266and/or inner section268of the track262of the helical conveyor260. One example of a possible orientation of such manifolds255is shown inFIG.7. The specific type of thermal regulator242used in the liquid heat transfer system240may depend on whether the liquid heat transfer medium is used to heat or cool the articles100. In some embodiments, the thermal regulator242can be a heater configured to increase the temperature of the heat transfer medium withdrawn from the vessel250via the liquid outlet251prior to its reintroduction into the vessel via a liquid inlet253. In other embodiments, the thermal regulator242can be a cooler configured to reduce the temperature of the heat transfer medium flowing from the liquid outlet251of the vessel250into the liquid inlet253. In certain embodiments, the liquid heat transfer system240may include both a heater and a cooler. Any suitable type of heat exchanger may be used as a thermal regulator242including, but not limited to, a shell-and-tube heat exchangers, plate heat exchangers, plate and shell heat exchangers, plate fin heat exchangers, and combinations thereof. Turning back toFIGS.2and3, the articles exiting the thermal equilibration zone24can have an average temperature, measured at the geometric center of the articles, of at least about 25, at least about 30, at least about 35, at least about 40, at least about 45, at least about 50, at least about 55, or at least about 60° C. and/or not more than about 90, not more than about 85, not more than about 80, not more than about 75, not more than about 70, or not more than about 65° C. When the articles are being pasteurized, the average temperature at the geometric center of the articles exiting the thermal equilibration zone24can be in the range of from about 25° C. to about 90° C. or about 40° C. to about 70° C., while it may be in the range of from about 40° C. to about 90° C., or about 60° C. to about 80° C. when the articles are being sterilized. The heated articles may also have a substantially uniform temperature such that, for example, the temperature at the geometric center of adjacent articles exiting the thermal equilibration zone24can be within about 10, within about 8, within about 6, within about 4, within about 2, within about 1.5, within about 1, or within about 0.5° C. of one another. As shown inFIGS.2and3, after exiting the thermal equilibration zone24of the initial thermal regulation zone16, the articles may then be passed through a pressure lock26abefore entering the RF heating zone18. In general, a pressure lock can be any device suitable for transitioning the articles between two environments having different pressures. Pressure locks may transition the articles from a higher-pressure environment to a lower-pressure environment or from a lower-pressure environment to a higher-pressure environment. In certain embodiments, pressure lock26amay be configured to transition the articles from the lower-pressure thermal equilibration zone24to the higher-pressure RF heating zone18. In certain embodiments, the RF heating zone18can have a pressure that is at least about 2, at least about 5, at least about 10, or at least about 15 psig and/or not more than about 50, not more than about 40, not more than about 30, not more than about 20, or not more than about 10 psig higher than the pressure in the thermal equilibration zone24. Turning now toFIG.11, one embodiment of a pressure lock126suitable for use in RF heating systems of the present invention is shown. As depicted inFIG.11, the pressure lock126includes an outer cylinder120, an inner cylinder122, and a plurality of dividers124extending between the inner cylinder122and the outer cylinder120. The dividers124define a plurality of article-receiving spaces128, into which one or more articles100may be placed. As shown inFIG.11, one or more articles100may be loaded from an entrance convey line130into an article receiving space128of the pressure lock126. Once the article100is loaded into the article-receiving space128, the inner and outer cylinders120,122of the pressure lock126rotate, as shown by the arrows inFIG.11, so that the previously-loaded article-receiving space128moves away from the entrance convey line130located in a first pressure vessel140and toward an exit convey line132located in a second pressure vessel142having a different pressure than the first pressure vessel140. This permits another article100to be loaded into the adjacent open article-receiving space128, after which the pressure lock126again rotates to move the articles100away from the entrance convey line130and toward the exit convey line132. Once the article100in the article receiving space128reaches the exit convey line132, it may be unloaded from the pressure lock126onto exit convey line132and passed to the next processing zone (not shown). Another embodiment of a pressure lock226suitable for use in RF systems of the present invention is shown inFIG.12. The pressure lock226shown inFIG.12includes a loading area220, an unloading area222, and a transfer chamber224that extends between the loading area220and the unloading area222. A movable transport cylinder216is disposed in the transport chamber224. The transport cylinder216includes an opening227extending therethrough and configured to receive at least one article100from the loading area220and transport it to the unloading area222. The opening227in the transport cylinder216includes an inlet228and an outlet230. A plurality of sealing rings232can be coupled to outside of the transport cylinder216for fluidly isolating one side of the transport cylinder216from the other side, which permits the articles100to be transported in the opening227of the transport cylinder216from the lower-pressure loading zone220to the higher-pressure unloading zone222. In certain embodiments, the unloading zone222may be disposed within a pressure vessel, while the loading zone220may be located outside the pressure vessel250. In operation, one or more articles100may be loaded into the inlet228of the transport cylinder216using a loading device, such as a pusher arm234shown inFIG.12. Once loaded into the transport cylinder216, the article or articles100may be transported, while in the opening227of the transport cylinder216, from the loading area220to the unloading area222along a travel path236that can be substantially perpendicular to the direction of extension237of the vessel into which the articles100are introduced. Once in unloading zone222, an unloading device, shown as pusher arm238, may be used to unload the articles100via the outlet230of the transport cylinder216and onto another convey line240. Convey line240may subsequently pass the articles100onto the next downline processing zone (not shown inFIG.12). Although shown inFIG.12as having a single transport chamber224, pressure lock226may also include one or more additional transport chambers located on the same or opposite sides of the vessel. In some embodiments, the pressure lock226may further include another loading zone similar to the loading zone220shown inFIG.12, but located on the opposite side of the vessel250. In such cases, the transport cylinder216could be alternately movable between the two lower-pressure loading zones and the higher-pressure unloading zone in a similar manner as described above. Additionally, in some embodiments, each cylinder216could have more than one article-receiving opening227configured to receive at least one article100from the loading area220and transport it to the unloading area222. Referring again toFIGS.2and3, articles exiting the pressure lock26amay be introduced into the RF heating zone18defined within an RF applicator (not shown inFIG.2or3). In RF heating zone18, the articles may be rapidly heated via exposure to RF energy. As used herein, the term “RF energy” or “radio frequency energy” refers to electromagnetic energy having a frequency of greater than 300 kHz and less than 300 MHz. In certain embodiments, the RF heating zone18can utilize RF energy having a frequency of at least about 500 kHz, at least about 1 MHz, at least about 5 MHz, at least about 10 MHz, at least about 20 MHz, at least about 30 MHz, at least about 40 MHz, or at least about 50 MHz. Additionally, or in the alternative, the RF heating zone18may utilize RF energy having a frequency of not more than about 250 MHz, not more than about 200 MHz, or not more than about 150 MHz. The frequency of the RF energy utilized in the RF heating zone18can be in the range of from 50 to 150 MHz. In addition to RF energy, the RF heating zone18may optionally utilize one or more other types of heat sources such as, for example, conductive or convective heat sources, or other conventional heating methods or devices. However, at least about 35, at least about 45, at least about 55, at least about 65, at least about 75, at least about 85, at least about 95 percent, or substantially all, of the energy used to heat the articles within the RF heating zone18can be derived from an RF energy source. In some embodiments, not more than about 50, not more than about 40, not more than about 30, not more than about 20, not more than about 10, or not more than about 5 percent or substantially none of the energy used to heat the articles in the RF heating zone18may be provided by other heat sources, including non-RF electromagnetic radiation having a frequency greater than 300 MHz. The articles passing through the RF heating zone18may be at least partially submerged in a liquid medium while being heated with RF energy during at least a portion of the heating step. In some embodiments, the liquid medium may be the same liquid medium in which the articles were submerged while passing through the initial thermal regulation zone16. The RF heating zone18may be at least partially defined within a pressurized vessel so that the RF heating zone18is maintained at a pressure of at least about 2, at least about 5, at least about 10, or at least about 15 psig and/or not more than about 80, not more than about 75, not more than about 70, not more than about 65, not more than about 60, not more than about 55, not more than about 50, not more than about 45, not more than about 40, not more than about 35, not more than about 30, not more than about 25, not more than about 20 psig during the heating step. When the articles passing through the RF heating zone18are being pasteurized, the pressure in the RF heating zone18may be in the range of from about 1 psig to about 40 psig or about 2 psig to about 20 psig. When the articles passing through the RF heating zone18are being sterilized, the pressure in the RF heating zone18may be in the range of from about 5 psig to about 80 psig, or about 15 psig to about 40 psig. In certain embodiments, the RF heating zone18may be configured to heat the articles passing therethrough so that the temperature of the geometric center of the articles increases by at least about 10, at least about 15, at least about 20, at least about 25, at least about 30, at least about 35, at least about 40, or at least about 45° C. and/or not more than about 120, not more than about 110, not more than about 100, not more than about 90, not more than about 85, not more than about 80, not more than about 75, not more than about 70, not more than about 65, not more than about 60, not more than about 55, not more than about 50, not more than about 45, or not more than about 40° C. When the articles are being pasteurized, the RF heating zone18may be configured to increase the temperature of the geometric center of the articles by an amount in the range of from about 10° C. to about 60° C. or about 20° C. to about 40° C. When the articles are being sterilized, the RF heating zone may be configured to increase the temperature of the geometric center of the articles by an amount in the range of from about 20° C. to about 120° C. or about 35° C. to about 65° C. The temperature at the geometric center of the articles introduced into the RF heating zone18can be at least about 25, at least about 30, at least about 35, at least about 40, at least about 45, at least about 50, at least about 55, or at least about 60° C. and/or not more than about 110, not more than about 105, not more than about 100, not more than about 95, not more than about 90, not more than about 85, not more than about 80, not more than about 75, not more than about 70° C. When the articles are being pasteurized, the temperature at the geometric center of the articles introduced into the RF heating zone18can be in the range of from about 25° C. to about 90° C. or about 40° C. to about 70° C., while articles being sterilized may have a temperature at the geometric center of the articles in the range of from about 40° C. to about 110° C. or about 60° C. to about 90° C. when entering the RF heating zone18. The articles introduced into the RF heating zone18may be heated to the desired temperature in a relatively short period of time. In some cases, this may help minimize damage or degradation of the foodstuff or other ingestible substance being heated. In certain embodiments, the articles passed through RF heating zone18may have an average residence time in the RF heating zone18(also called an RF heating period) of at least about 0.1, at least about 0.25, at least about 0.5, at least about 0.75, at least about 1, at least about 1.25, or at least about 1.5 minutes and/or not more than about 6, not more than about 5.5, not more than about 5, not more than about 4.5, not more than about 4, not more than about 3.5, not more than about 3, not more than about 2.5, not more than about 2, not more than about 1.5, or not more than about 1 minute. When the articles are being pasteurized, the average residence time of each article in the RF heating zone18may be in the range of from about 0.1 minutes to 3 minutes, or 0.5 minutes to 1.5 minutes. When the articles are being sterilized, each article may have an average residence time in the range of from about 0.5 minutes to about 6 minutes, or about 1.5 minutes to about 3 minutes. FIG.13provides a graphical depiction of the change in temperature at the geometric center of the articles as the articles are passed through each stage of the liquid contact zone as a function of residence time. As shown inFIG.13, although the articles may pass through the RF heating zone18relatively quickly, the energy provided to the articles in the RF heating zone18is sufficient increase the temperature of the articles rapidly, thereby ensuring that pasteurization or sterilization occur with minimal degradation of the foodstuff or other ingestible substance. For example, in certain embodiments, the overall heating rate of the articles passing through the RF heating zone18can be at least about 5, at least about 10, at least about 15, or at least about 20° C./min and/or not more than about 90, not more than about 85, not more than about 80, not more than about 75, not more than about 70, not more than about 65, not more than about 60, not more than about 55, not more than about 50, not more than about 45, not more than about 40, not more than about 35, or not more than about 30° C./min, measured at the geometric center of the articles. In some embodiments, the overall heating rate measured at the geometric center of the articles passing through the RF heating zone18can be in the range of from about 5° C./min to about 80° C./min or about 10° C./min to about 30° C./min. As shown by comparing the relative residence time of the articles in each of processing zones shown inFIG.13, the residence time of the articles in the RF heating zone18is only a small percentage of the total residence time of the articles passing through liquid contact zone14. For example, in some embodiments, the average residence time of the articles in the RF heating zone18can be not more than about 10, not more than about 8, not more than about 6, not more than about 5, or not more than about 4 percent of the average residence time of the articles in the liquid contact zone14. Additionally, the average residence time of the articles in the RF heating zone18can be at least about 0.25, at least about 0.5, at least about 0.75, at least about 1, at least about 1.25, or at least about 1.5 percent of the average residence time of the articles in the liquid contact zone14, or it can be in the range of from about 0.25 percent to about 10 percent or about 1.5 percent to about 4 percent of the average residence time of the articles in the liquid contact zone14. In some cases, the length of the total travel path of the articles through the RF heating zone18can be not more than about 30, not more than about 25, not more than about 20, not more than about 15, not more than about 10, not more than about 5, or not more than about 3 feet. As also shown inFIG.13, the articles passing through liquid contact zone14may spend far less time in the RF heating zone18than in the initial thermal regulation zone16. For example, in certain embodiments, the average residence time of the articles passing through the RF heating zone18can be not more than about 30, not more than about 25, not more than about 20, not more than about 15, not more than about 10, not more than about 6, or not more than about 5 percent of the average residence time of the articles passing through the initial thermal regulation zone16. In some cases, the average residence time of the articles passing through the RF heating zone18can be at least about 0.50, at least about 1, at least about 1.5, at least about 2, at least about 2.5, at least about 3, at least about 3.5, at least about 4, at least about 4.5, or at least about 5 percent of the average residence time of the articles passing through the initial thermal regulation zone16. When the articles are being pasteurized, the average residence time of the articles passing through the RF heating zone18can be about 0.5 percent to about 20 percent or about 2 percent to about 6 percent of the average residence time of the articles passing through the initial thermal regulation zone16. Alternatively, when the articles are being sterilized, the average residence time of the articles passing through the RF heating zone18can be about 1 percent to about 30 percent, or about 4 percent to about 10 percent of the average residence time of the articles passing through the initial thermal regulation zone16. Further, as also shown inFIG.13, the average residence time of the articles in the RF heating zone18is significantly shorter than the residence time of the articles in any one portion of the subsequent thermal regulation zone20, as well as the overall residence time of the articles in the subsequent thermal regulation zone20. For example, in some embodiments, the average residence time of the articles passing through the RF heating zone18can be at least about 0.25, at least about 0.50, at least about 1, at least about 1.5, or at least about 2 percent and/or not more than about 20, not more than about 18, not more than about 15, not more than about 12, not more than about 10, not more than about 8, not more than about 6, not more than about 5, or not more than about 4 percent of the average overall residence time of the articles passing through the subsequent thermal regulation zone20. When the articles are being pasteurized, the average residence time of the articles passing through the RF heating zone18can be about 0.25 percent to about 15 percent, or about 1 percent to about 4 percent of the overall average residence time of the articles passing through subsequent thermal regulation zone20. When the articles are being sterilized, the average residence time of the articles passing through the RF heating zone18can be about 1 percent to about 20 percent, or about 2 percent to about 6 percent of the average residence time of the articles passing through the subsequent thermal regulation zone20. When the subsequent thermal regulation zone20includes a thermal hold zone30as shown inFIG.3, the average residence time of the articles in the thermal hold zone30can be longer than the average residence time of the articles in the RF heating zone18. For example, in certain embodiments, the average residence time of the articles in the RF heating zone18can be at least about 2, at least about 5, at least about 8, or at least about 10 percent and/or not more than about 50, not more than about 45, not more than about 40, not more than about 35, not more than about 30, or not more than about 25 percent of the average residence time of the articles in the thermal hold zone30, which will be discussed in further detail below. When a hold zone30is present, the average residence time of the articles in the RF heating zone18can be in the range of from about 5 percent to about 50 percent, about 8 percent to about 45 percent, or about 10 percent to about 40 percent of the average residence time of the articles in the hold zone30. Despite having the shortest residence time of all processing steps in liquid contact zone14, the RF heating zone may be configured to heat the articles passing therethrough in order to achieve the largest change in temperature, as compared to the other processing zones, as illustrated inFIG.13. In some embodiments, the temperature at the geometric center of the articles exiting the RF heating zone18can be at least about 60, at least about 65, at least about 70, at least about 75, at least about 80, at least about 85, at least about 90, at least about 95, at least about 100, at least about 105, or at least about 110° C. and/or not more than about 135, not more than about 130, not more than about 125, not more than about 120, not more than about 115, not more than about 110, or not more than about 105° C. When being pasteurized, the temperature at the geometric center of the articles exiting the RF heating zone18can be in the range of from about 65° C. to about 115° C. or about 80° C. to about 105° C. When being sterilized, the temperature at the geometric center of articles exiting the RF heating zone18can be in the range of from about 95° C. to about 135° C., or about 110° C. to about 125° C. In some cases, the average difference between the maximum temperature (hottest portion) and minimum temperature (coldest portion) within each of the articles exiting the RF heating zone18is not more than about 25, not more than about 20, not more than about 15, not more than about 10, not more than about 5, or not more than about 2° C. The average difference between the temperatures at the geometric centers of adjacent articles exiting the RF heating zone18can be not more than about 20, not more than about 15, not more than about 10, not more than about 5, not more than about 2, or not more than about 1° C. In certain embodiments, the articles withdrawn from the RF heating zone18can be uniformly heated so that, for example, the temperature of at least about 95, at least about 98, or at least about 99 percent of the total volume of the articles can be within an about 25, about 20, about 15, about 10, about 5, about 2.5, or about 2° C. temperature range. Achievement of desirable temperatures in the RF heating zone18may be due, at least in part, to the configuration of the RF heating zone18. In certain embodiments, the RF heating zone18can be configured to maximize the intensity and efficiency of the heating performed therein. For example, in certain embodiments, the RF heating zone18may be configured to maximize energy absorption by the foodstuff or other edible substance to achieve the desired level of sterilization or pasteurization while also minimizing thermal degradation. In certain embodiments, the articles heated in the RF heating zone18may absorb RF energy at an average lengthwise energy absorption rate of at least 2×105Joules per foot (J/ft). The average lengthwise energy absorption rate (RA) for a given article is determined by the following formula: RA=(cp⁢m⁢Tf-Ti)Lc, where cpis the specific heat of the foodstuff or other substance contained in the package, m is the mass of the foodstuff, Tfand Tiare the final and initial temperatures of the foodstuff (or other edible substance) measured at its geometric center, and Lcis the length of the RF heating zone18. In some embodiments, the average lengthwise energy absorption rate for articles passing through the RF heating zone18can be at least about 1×104, at least about 2×104, at least about 5×104, at least about 8×104, at least about 1×105, at least about 2×105, at least about at least about 5×105, or at least about at least about 1×106J/ft and/or not more than about 5×106, not more than about 2×106, not more than about 1×106, not more than about 8×105, not more than about 5×105, or not more than about 3×105J/ft, or it can be in the range of from about 1×104J/ft to about 1×106J/ft or in the range of from about 1×105J/ft to about 3×105J/ft. Additionally, in certain embodiments, the articles heated in RF heating zone18may have an average lengthwise center point heating rate of at least about 2° C./foot (° C./ft) and not more than about 100° C. per foot (° C./ft), measured at the geometric center of the article. The lengthwise center point heating rate (Rcp) is calculated according to the following formula: Rc⁢p=(Tc⁢p⁢f-Tc⁢p⁢i)Lc, where Tcpfis the final temperature of the geometric center of the article at the outlet of the RF heating zone18, Tcpiis the initial temperature of the geometric center of the article at the inlet of the RF heating zone18, and Lcis the length of the RF heating zone18. In some embodiments, the average lengthwise center point heating rate of articles heated in the RF heating zone18can be at least about 2, at least about 3, at least about 5, at least about 8, or at least about 10° C./ft and/or not more than about 100, not more than about 90, not more than about 80, not more than about 70, not more than about 60, not more than about 50, not more than about 40, or not more than about 30° C./ft, or it can be in the range of from about 2° C./ft to about 100° C./ft or about 10° C./ft to about 30° C./ft. In certain embodiments, the articles heated in the RF heating zone18may be exposed to RF energy at an average lengthwise power intensity of at least about 3 kW per foot (kW/ft). The average lengthwise power intensity (RI) for a given article is determined by the following formula: RI=PCLc, where PCis the total cumulative power (in kW) to which the articles have been exposed in the RF heating zone, and Lcis the length of the RF heating zone18(in feet). In some embodiments, the average lengthwise power intensity for articles passing through the RF heating zone18can be at least about 1, at least about 1.5, at least about 2, at least about 3, at least about 4, at least about 5, at least about 8, or at least about 10 kW per foot (kW/ft) and/or not more than about 30, not more than about 25, not more than about 20, not more than about 15, not more than about 10, not more than about 8, or not more than about 5 kW/ft. Turning now toFIGS.14through18, several views of the RF heating section of the heating system of the present invention are shown. The RF heating section may include an RF generator328, an RF energy transmission system330, and an RF applicator332, which can define the RF heating zone318. RF energy from the RF generator328may be passed by the RF energy transmission system330to the RF applicator332and discharged into the RF heating zone318, which is generally defined within the RF applicator332. Once in the RF heating zone318, the RF energy may be used to heat articles100passing therethrough along at least one convey line370. In some embodiments, the RF heating section may further include a pressure vessel350, in which the RF applicator332and the RF heating zone318may be disposed. The RF generator328may be any device suitable for producing RF energy. In certain embodiments, the RF generator328can generate power in an amount of at least about 10, at least about 20, at least about 25, at least about 30, at least about 35 kW and/or not more than about 500, not more than about 250, not more than about 200, not more than about 150, not more than about 100, or not more than about 50 kW. RF heating systems of the present invention may use a single RF generator, or two or more RF generators to provide sufficient energy to the RF heating zone318. The RF applicator332defines RF heating zone318and can be configured to act as a resonant cavity for the RF energy. In certain embodiments, the RF applicator332may be a split applicator having an upper applicator section360, a lower applicator section362spaced apart from the upper applicator section360, and at least one opening356defined between the upper section360and the lower section362. Embodiments of split RF applicators332are shown inFIGS.17and18. In some embodiments, as shown inFIG.17, the split RF applicator332may include a single opening356, while, in other embodiments, as shown inFIG.18, the split RF applicator332may include two openings356a,b. When the RF applicator332includes at least one opening356, at least one RF choke364may be located proximate to the opening356to inhibit, or prevent, RF energy from passing out of the opening356. As shown inFIG.18, when the split RF applicator332has two openings356a,b, each opening356a,bmay include a choke364a,bproximate to it for inhibiting or preventing RF energy from passing out of each respective opening356a,b. The RF energy transmission system330is configured to transport RF energy from the RF generator328and into the RF applicator332thereby creating the RF heating zone18in the RF applicator332. Several components of an RF energy transmission system330configured according to embodiments of the present invention are shown inFIGS.14-18. For example, as shown inFIGS.15and16, the RF energy transmission system330may include at least one coaxial conductor334, at least one waveguide336, and at least one coax-to-waveguide transition338. RF energy produced by the RF generator328may be transferred by the coaxial conductor334and into the waveguides336, which are located outside the RF heating zone18. The coax-to-waveguide transition338may be configured to transition the RF energy from the coaxial conductor334into the waveguide336, which guides the RF energy into the RF applicator332. In certain embodiments, the waveguide336may be at least partially filled with a liquid medium, such as, for example, water. When the waveguide336is at least partially filled with a liquid medium, the dimensions of the waveguide may be much smaller than if the waveguide were filled with air. For example, in certain embodiments, the waveguide336can have a generally rectangular cross-section with the dimension of the widest waveguide wall being in the range of from about 5 inches to about 40 inches or about 12 inches to about 20 inches, and the dimension of the narrowest waveguide wall being in the range of from about 2 inches to about 20 inches, about 4 inches to about 12 inches, or about 6 inches to about 10 inches. In addition, as shown inFIGS.14through18, the RF energy transmission system330may include at least one RF launcher340located between the waveguide336and the RF applicator332for emitting RF energy into the RF applicator332and the RF heating zone318. Each RF launcher340is configured to discharge energy from the waveguide336into the RF applicator332and may include, for example, a narrow end341and a broad end343. As shown inFIGS.14and16, the narrow end341can be coupled to the waveguide336, while the broad end343can be coupled to the RF applicator332. Although shown inFIGS.14through18as including an upper launcher340aand a lower RF launcher340bdisposed on generally opposite sides of the pressure vessel350, it should be understood that other configurations would also be suitable. For example, in some embodiments, the RF energy transmission system may include a single RF launcher, while, in other embodiments, it may include two or more RF launchers located on the same side of the vessel350and spaced apart from one another along the direction of extension of the vessel. In certain embodiments, the interior of the upper RF launcher340aand/or lower RF launcher340bcan be substantially empty. That is, there may be few or no additional structures located within the interior of the upper RF launcher340aand/or the lower RF launcher340b. Such structures which may be absent from the interior of the upper RF launcher340aand/or the lower RF launcher340binclude, for example, dividing septa and irises. As shown inFIGS.14through18, in some embodiments, at least one waveguide336may penetrate a wall352of the pressure vessel350so that the RF applicator332can be disposed within the interior of the vessel350. In some embodiments, the RF applicator332may be spaced inwardly from the wall352of the vessel350, as shown inFIGS.14through18, while, in other embodiments, the RF applicator332may be positioned proximate to or integrated with the wall352. The RF energy transmission system330may include a pair of waveguides, shown as upper waveguide336aand lower waveguide336b, that penetrate the sides of the vessel350at respective upper and lower locations. Each of the upper waveguide336aand lower waveguide336bmay be configured to provide RF energy to substantially opposite sides of the RF applicator332. In some embodiments as shown inFIGS.14to18, all or a portion of the RF launchers340may also be present within the interior of the pressure vessel350. When the RF energy transmission system330includes an upper waveguide336aand a lower waveguide336b, it may also include an upper coaxial conductor334aand a lower coaxial conductor334b, and an upper coax-to-waveguide transition338afor coupling the upper coaxial conductor334ato the upper waveguide336aand a lower coax-to-waveguide transition338bfor coupling the lower coaxial conductor334bto the lower waveguide336b. One such embodiment is generally depicted inFIGS.15and16. The upper and lower coaxial conductors334aand334bmay include an inner conductor and an outer conductor that extend coaxially from the RF energy generator328to the inlet of the upper and lower waveguides336aand336brespectively. As shown inFIG.16, the outer conductor of each of the upper coaxial conductor334aand the lower coaxial conductor334bmay terminate at the wall of respective upper and lower waveguides336aand336b. The inner conductor, however, may extend through one wall of each of the upper and lower waveguides336aand336band into the interior of the waveguides336aand336b, thereby forming respective upper and lower coax-to-waveguide transitions338aand338b. Optionally, the inner conductor of the upper or lower coax-to-waveguide transitions338aand338bmay extend through the opposite wall of the upper or lower waveguide336aor336b. A dielectric sleeve may surround the inner conductor where the inner conductor penetrates the wall or walls of the upper or lower waveguides336a,bin order to prevent fluid from flowing into respective upper or lower coaxial conductor334a,b. The dielectric sleeve may be formed from any material capable of being sealed with the waveguide and that is substantially transparent to RF energy. One example of a suitable material includes, but is not limited to, glass fiber filled polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). In certain embodiments, the RF applicator332, within which the RF heating zone318is defined, can be in open communication with the interior of the pressure vessel350and/or with the interior of at least one waveguide336. As used herein, the term “open communication” means that a fluid present in one of the RF applicator332and the interior of the pressure vessel350and/or the interior of the waveguide336may be permitted to flow therebetween with little or no restriction. Such open communication may be facilitated by, for example, use of a split RF applicator332that includes at least one opening356as discussed previously. With the use of one or more chokes at the opening of the RF applicator332, open fluid communication between the inside and the outside of the RF applicator332can be maintained, while substantially all of the RF energy remains contained within the RF applicator332. When the RF applicator332is in open communication with the interior of the pressure vessel350and/or the interior of the waveguide336(or upper and lower waveguides336a,b, when present), each can have a similar pressure. In some embodiments, the pressure within the RF applicator332and the interior of the pressure vessel350and/or the waveguide336can be at least about 5, at least about 10, at least about 15, at least about 20, or at least about 25 psig and/or not more than about 80, not more than about 70, not more than about 60, not more than about 50, not more than about 40, or not more than about 35 psig. When the articles100are being pasteurized, the pressure can be in the range of from about 1 psig to about 40 psig or about 2 psig to about 20 psig. When the articles100are being sterilized, the pressure can be in the range of from about 5 psig to about 80 psig, or about 15 psig to about 40 psig. The RF heating zone318and articles100passing therethrough may also be at or near a pressure within one or more of the above ranges. In certain embodiments, the interior of the RF applicator332, the interior of the pressure vessel350, and, optionally, the upper waveguide336aand lower waveguide336bmay be filled with a common liquid. The liquid can act as a transfer medium through which RF energy is passed as it is directed toward to the articles100passing through RF heating zone318. The RF heating zone318may also be filled with the liquid medium and the articles100being heated may be submerged in the liquid while passing through the RF heating zone318. The liquid medium can comprise, or be, any of the aforementioned types of liquid and, in some embodiments, may be pretreated in order to minimize its conductivity. For example, in some embodiments, the liquid may be treated so that it has a dielectric constant of not more than about 100, not more than about 90, not more than about 80, not more than about 70, not more than about 60, not more than about 50, not more than about 40, not more than about 30, not more than about 20, not more than about 10, not more than about 5, not more than about 1, or not more than about 0.5 mS/m. In some embodiments, the liquid can comprise or be deionized or distilled water. As the articles100pass through RF heating zone318, at least a portion of the RF energy discharged therein may be used to heat the articles100. The RF heating portion of the RF heating system may include at least one convey line for transporting the articles100through the RF heating zone and into and out of the pressure vessel. Any suitable type of conveyor can be used to form the convey line, including, for example, plastic or rubber belt conveyors, chain conveyors, roller conveyors, flexible or multi-flexing conveyors, wire mesh conveyors, bucket conveyors, pneumatic conveyors, trough conveyors, vibrating conveyors, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the convey line may include a single convey segment while, in other embodiments, the convey line may include two or more convey segments arranged in parallel or series. One example of a convey line370suitable for use in the RF heating section of the present invention is shown inFIG.19. As shown inFIG.19, the convey line370is disposed in the pressure vessel350and is configured to transport articles100in the direction of extension of the central axis of the pressure vessel351. In the embodiment shown inFIG.19, the convey line370includes an approach conveyor410, a take-away conveyor420, and an RF zone conveyor430. The approach conveyor410may be configured to transport the articles100through an entrance opening406in the pressure vessel350toward the RF heating zone318defined within RF applicator332, and the take-away conveyor420may be configured to transport the articles100through an exit opening408away from the RF heating zone318. The RF zone conveyor430can transport the articles100through the RF heating zone318while the articles are being heated with RF energy. The articles100are loaded onto the RF zone conveyor430in a loading zone412and unloaded from the RF zone conveyor430in an unloading zone414. The approach conveyor410, take-away conveyor420, and RF zone conveyor430may be operated so that the average velocity of the articles100passing through RF heating zone318may be at least about 0.05, at least about 0.10, at least about 0.15, or at least about 0.20 inches per second (in/s) and/or not more than about 10, not more than about 8, not more than about 6, not more than about 5, not more than about 4, not more than about 3, not more than about 2, or not more than about 1 in/s, or it can be in the range of from about 0.10 in/s to about 10 in/s, about 0.15 in/s to about 5 in/s, or about 0.2 to about 2 in/s. In some embodiments, the articles may pass through the RF heating zone at a rate of at least about 5, at least about 10, at least about 15, at least about 20, or at least about 25 articles per minute and/or not more than about 100, not more than about 75, not more than about 50, not more than about 30, or not more than about 25 articles per minute. Each of the approach conveyor410, the take-away conveyor420, and the RF zone conveyor430may be operated at similar speeds or one or more may be operated at different speeds. For example, in some embodiments, the approach conveyor410and the take-away conveyor420may be operated at velocities that are at least 1.25, at least about 1.5, at least about 1.75, at least about 2, at least about 2.5, or at least about 3 times faster than the velocity of the RF zone conveyor430. As such, the average centerpoint-to-centerpoint spacing of the articles100on the approach conveyor410and/or the take-away conveyor420can be at least about 1.25, at least about 1.5, at least about 1.75, or at least about 2 times greater than the spacing of articles100on the RF zone conveyor430. Such differences may depend, at least in part, on the particular configuration of each conveyor and can be used to ensure a consistent mass convey rate of the articles100through the pressure vessel. In certain embodiments, the total mass convey rate of the articles100passing through the RF heating zone318can be at least about 5, at least about 10, at least about 15, at least about 25, at least about 30, at least about 35, at least about 40, at least about 45, at least about 50, at least about 55, at least about 60, at least about 65, at least about 70, or at least about 75 pounds per minute (lb/min) and/or not more than about 1000, not more than about 900, not more than about 800, not more than about 700, not more than about 600, not more than about 500, not more than about 400, not more than about 300, not more than about 200, or not more than about 100 lb/min, or it can be in the range of from about 5 to about 1000 lb/min or about 75 to about 200 lb/min. Turning now toFIGS.20through23, several aspects of an RF heating section that includes an RF zone conveyor configured according to certain embodiments of the present invention are illustrated. The RF zone conveyor shown inFIGS.20through23is a swing arm conveyor that includes a plurality of spaced-apart article supporting members434for engaging, supporting, and moving the articles100through the RF heating zone318. The article supporting members434are coupled to a drive mechanism426that moves the article supporting members434from the loading zone412, through the RF heating zone318, and to an unloading zone414. The articles100passing through RF heating zone318may be held in article-receiving spaces436that are defined between adjacent article-supporting members434, as generally shown inFIGS.21and22. The drive mechanism426of the swing arm conveyor may be any device or system suitable for moving the article supporting members434through the RF heating zone318. In some embodiments, the drive mechanism426may be a continuous drive mechanism. In certain embodiments, as particularly illustrated inFIG.20, the drive mechanism426can include a belt or chain425, a pulley or sprocket427, and a motor429for rotating the sprocket or pulley427with the belt or chain425. Additionally, the belt or chain425can include a plurality of anchors431to which individual article-supporting members434may be coupled. All, or a portion, of the drive mechanism426may be located outside the RF heating zone318, but within the interior of the pressure vessel350, as shown inFIGS.20and21. When the pressure vessel350is filled with a liquid medium, the drive mechanism426may be configured to be at least partially, or completely, submerged in the liquid medium during operation. Turning now toFIGS.24through27, several views of an article supporting member434suitable for use with a swing arm conveyor according to various embodiments of the present invention are shown. The article supporting member434has a free end438, a connected end440, and a longitudinal axis435extending from the connected end440to the free end438. As shown inFIG.24, the connected end440is configured to be coupled to a belt or chain425, which is part of the drive mechanism426of the swing arm conveyor. In some embodiments, the connected end440may be rigidly connected to the belt or chain425of drive mechanism426, so that the article supporting member434remains in generally the same position as it moves along the entire travel path within the pressure vessel. In other embodiments, the connected end440may be rotatably coupled to the drive mechanism426so that, for example, the article supporting member434may pivot or otherwise rotate during at least a portion of its movement through the pressure vessel350. One example of an article supporting member434having a connected end440capable of being rotatably coupled to the drive mechanism426is shown inFIG.25. As shown inFIG.25, the connected end440of the article supporting member434presents a slot441into which an anchor431of the continuous drive mechanism426may be inserted. When the anchor431is inserted into the slot441, the holes in the anchor431and the connected end440align, and a pin443may be inserted into the holes. This not only secures the article supporting member434to the belt or chain425, but also permits the article supporting member434to pivot vertically so that it can be in different positions as it moves along the travel path. In some embodiments, the connected end440may include a releasable attachment mechanism for readily permitting removal and replacement of the article supporting member434from the drive mechanism426. For example, as shown inFIG.25, the pin443may be removable, so that another article supporting member having a different shape, but similarly configured connected end440, may be secured to the belt or chain425as described previously. In other embodiments, the article supporting member may be fixed and not removable from the continuous drive mechanism426without damaging the swing arm conveyor. As shown inFIGS.24through27, the article supporting member434comprises an elongated convey arm450and an article contact member452coupled to the elongated convey arm450and configured to contact and at least partially surround the article as it is passed through the RF heating zone. The elongated convey arm450may be formed from a generally rigid material and, in some embodiments, may not absorb energy. For example, in certain embodiments, the elongated convey arm450can have a dielectric loss factor of not more than about 10, not more than about 8, not more than about 6, not more than about 4, not more than about 2, or not more than about 1, measured as described herein. Additionally, or in the alternative, the elongated convey arm450may have a conductivity of at least about 1×106, at least about 2×106, at least about 5×106Siemens per meter (S/m). The elongated convey arm450may be formed from, for example, stainless steel or another metal. The article contact member452of the article supporting member434may include an energy-absorptive component454. The energy-absorptive component can be capable of absorbing energy and may, for example, have a dielectric constant of at least about 20, at least about 25, at least about 30, at least about 35, at least about 40, at least about 45, or at least about 50 and/or not more than about 150, not more than about 140, not more than about 130, not more than about 120, not more than about 110, not more than about 100, not more than about 90, not more than about 80, not more than about 70, or not more than about 60, or it can be in the range of from about 20 to about 150, about 30 to about 100, or about 40 to about 60. Alternatively, or in addition, the energy-absorptive component454can have a dielectric loss factor of at least about 10, at least about 20, at least about 30, at least about 40, at least about 50, at least about 100, at least about 150, or at least about 200 and/or not more than about 1500, not more than about 1250, not more than about 1000, or not more than about 800, or it can be in the range of from about 10 to about 1500, about 50 to about 1500, about 100 to about 1250, or about 200 to about 800. In some embodiments, it may be possible to form the article contact member452of the article supporting member434so that the dimensions and/or dielectric properties of the article contact member452are similar to those of the package holding the ingestible substance and/or the ingestible substance itself. For example, the article contact member452(or the energy-absorptive component454) may have a dielectric constant within about 50, within about 45, within about 40, within about 35, within about 30, within about 25, within about 20, within about 15, or within about 10 percent of the dielectric constant of the ingestible substance. Alternatively, or in addition, the article contact member452(or the energy-absorptive component454) can have a dielectric loss factor within about 50, within about 45, within about 40, within about 35, within about 30, within about 25, within about 20, within about 15, or within about 10 percent of the dielectric loss factor of the ingestible substance. In some embodiments, the dielectric constant and/or dielectric loss factor of the article contact member452can be controlled during the formation of the energy-absorptive component454. For example, changing the composition of the energy-absorptive component454may change the dielectric properties of the article contact member452. In some embodiments, the RF heating system may include two or more sets of article supporting members that each have different dimensional and/or dielectric characteristics. This permits the swing arm conveyor to be operated in at least two different configurations, each one employing a plurality of article supporting members configured to contact and support packaged articles having different dimensional and/or dielectric characteristics. For example, one set of article supporting members may be configured to hold a different number of packages, or may be configured to hold larger or smaller packages, or packages of a different shape than the other set. Additionally, or in the alternative, the energy-absorptive material used to form the article contact members on one set of the article supporting members may have a different dielectric constant and/or dielectric loss than the energy-absorptive material used with the other set. In such embodiments, each of the article supporting members434may include a releasable attachment so that the article supporting members of one set may be easily replaced with the article supporting members of another set so that the RF conveyor can be run in a different configuration. One example of a releasable attachment is the anchor431and pin443described previously with respect toFIG.25. The swing arm conveyor can include any suitable number of sets of article supporting members, each having dimensions and/or dielectric properties specifically configured to process certain types of articles. Turning again toFIGS.24-27, the energy-absorptive component454of each article contact member452may be formed from an energy-absorptive material that may be shaped to permit the contact member452to support and at least partially surround the article when the article supporting member434moves the article through the RF heating zone. The energy-absorptive material may be a homogeneous (single) material, or it may be a composite material formed from a mix or blend of two or more different materials. In certain embodiments, the energy-absorptive material can have a dielectric constant of at least about 20, at least about 25, at least about 30, at least about 35, at least about 40, at least about 45, or at least about 50 and/or not more than about 150, not more than about 140, not more than about 130, not more than about 120, not more than about 110, not more than about 100, not more than about 90, not more than about 80, not more than about 70, or not more than about 60, or it can be in the range of from about 20 to about 150, from about 30 to about 100, or about 40 to about 60. Alternatively, or in addition, the energy-absorptive material can have a dielectric loss factor of at least about 10, at least about 25, at least about 50, at least about 100, at least about 150, or at least about 200 and/or not more than about 1500, not more than about 1250, not more than about 1000, or not more than about 800, or it can be in the range of from about 10 to about 1500, about 100 to about 1250, or about 200 to about 800. In certain embodiments, the energy-absorptive material used to form the energy-absorptive component454may be a homogeneous material. As used herein, the term “homogeneous” refers to a single type of material having an overall purity of at least about 98 weight percent, based on the entire weight of the material or component. For example, in some cases, the homogeneous energy-absorptive material can include a single type of material in an amount of at least about 98.5, at least about 99, at least about 99.5, or at least about 99.9 weight percent. Conversely, a homogenous energy-absorptive material may also include not more than about 2, not more than about 1.5, not more than about 1, not more than about 0.5, or not more than about 0.1 weight percent of components other than the single type of energy-absorptive material. When formed from a homogenous material, the energy-absorptive component454can include one or more layers of the material stacked upon one another, or it may comprise a solid mass of the energy-absorptive material formed by, for example, melting, blending, or binding powders, pellets, or particles of the energy-absorptive material. In other embodiments, the energy-absorptive material may comprise a composite material having two or more different types of material blended, mixed, or otherwise combined with one another. The types and amounts of materials combined to form a composite energy-absorptive material may vary and may be selected in order to achieve one or more desirable properties in the final energy-absorptive component454. For example, in some embodiments, the composite material may comprise a blend of a polymeric material having a low dielectric loss and a solid electrolyte material having a higher loss. The type and amount of components in the composite material may be selected so that at least one of the dielectric loss, dielectric constant, and conductivity of the energy absorptive material (or final energy-absorptive component454) is within about 20, within about 15, within about 10, within about 5, or within about 2 percent of the dielectric loss, dielectric constant, or conductivity of the ingestible substance or article being heated. Suitable composite energy-absorptive materials can have a dielectric constant of at least about 20, at least about 25, at least about 30, at least about 35, at least about 40, at least about 45, or at least about 50 and/or not more than about 150, not more than about 140, not more than about 130, not more than about 120, not more than about 110, not more than about 100, not more than about 90, not more than about 80, not more than about 70, or not more than about 60, or it can be in the range of from about 20 to about 150, from about 30 to about 100, or about 40 to about 60. Alternatively, or in addition, composite material, when used, can have a dielectric loss factor of at least about 10, at least about 25, at least about 50, at least about 100, at least about 150, or at least about 200 and/or not more than about 1500, not more than about 1250, not more than about 1000, or not more than about 800, or it can be in the range of from about 10 to about 1500, about 100 to about 1250, or about 200 to about 800. The energy-absorptive material may also have a conductivity in the range of from about 0.01 to about 10 Siemens per meter (S/m), or at least about 0.01, at least about 0.05, at least about 0.075, at least about 0.1, at least about 0.25, at least about 0.3, at least about 0.5, at least about 1, at least about 1.5, at least about 2, at least about 2.5, at least about 3, at least about 3.5, at least about 4, at least about 4.5, or at least about 5 S/m and/or not more than about 10, not more than about 9.5, not more than about 9, not more than about 8.5, not more than about 8, not more than about 7.5, or not more than about 7 S/m, or it can be in the range of from about 0.2 to about 9 S/m, at least about 0.25 to about 8.5 S/m, or at least about 0.3 to about 8 S/m. Additionally, the solid electrolyte material, when present, may also have a conductivity within one or more of the above ranges, and may have a conductivity the same as or different than the energy-absorptive material. In some embodiments, the energy-absorptive material may comprise at least one solid electrolyte material. Examples of suitable solid electrolyte materials can include, but are not limited to, polymers including repeat units of perfluorosulfonic acid. In some embodiments, the solid electrolyte material can comprise copolymers of perfluorosulfonic acid and polytetrafluoroethylene (PFSA-PTFE), which may be chemically stabilized and/or in the acid form. One example of such a polymer is Nafion® PFSA commercially available from DuPont™. When used as the energy-absorptive material, the solid electrolyte can have a dielectric constant and/or dielectric loss factor within one or more of the above ranges. When used to form the energy-absorptive component454, the solid electrolyte material may be in any suitable form. In some cases, solid electrolyte materials may be used as a homogeneous energy-absorptive materials, while in others solid electrolytes may be part of a composite energy-absorptive material. For example, in some embodiments, the solid electrolyte material may be in the form of a film or membrane and may be stacked in layers to form the energy-absorptive component. When all of the layers are formed from the same solid electrolyte material, the resulting energy-absorptive material may be homogeneous, while alternating one or more layers with a different material may form a composite energy-absorptive material. In still other embodiments, the energy-absorptive component may be formed from a powder, pellets, or particles of solid electrolyte material, which may be blended, mixed, melted, or otherwise combined with one or more other components to form a composite solid electrolyte material. Examples of suitable components that may be combined with the solid electrolyte material include, but are not limited to, binders, polymers, rubbers, other solid electrolyte materials, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the energy-absorptive material may be a composite material comprising a polymeric binder and a plurality of solid particles dispersed in the polymeric binder. Such materials can have a dielectric constant and/or dielectric loss factor similar to, or the same as, the energy-absorptive component454, while, in other embodiments, the dielectric constant and/or dielectric loss factor of the composite polymeric material may be less than the dielectric constant and/or dielectric loss factor of the energy-absorptive component454. When the energy-absorptive material is a composite material including a polymeric binder and a plurality of solid particles dispersed in the polymeric binder, the polymeric binder may be present in the composite material in an amount in the range of from about 10 to about 99.5 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composite material. In some embodiments, the polymeric binder may be present in an amount of at least about 10, at least about 20, at least about 25, at least about 30, at least about 35, at least about 40, at least about 45, at least about 50, at least about 55, at least about 60, at least about 65, at least about 70 weight percent and/or not more than about 99.5, not more than about 99, not more than about 97, not more than about 95, not more than about 90, not more than about 85, not more than about 80, not more than about 75, not more than about 70, not more than about 65, not more than about 60, or not more than about 55 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composite material. The polymeric binder may be present in the composite material in an amount in the range of from about 10 weight percent to about 99.5 weight percent, about 20 weight percent to about 90 weight percent, or about 40 weight percent to about 60 weight percent. The polymeric binder can include any moldable polymeric material suitable for use in an RF heating zone. In certain embodiments, the polymeric binder can have a dielectric constant and/or dielectric loss factor of not more than about 10, not more than about 8, not more than about 6, not more than about 4, not more than about 2, or not more than about 1. In certain embodiments, the polymeric binder may comprise rubber. Examples of suitable rubbers include, but are not limited to, chloroprene (neoprene), ethylene-propylene-diene (EDPM), ethylene-propylene, nitrile-butadiene, polysiloxane (silicone), styrene-butadiene, isobutene-isoprene (butyl), isoprene, natural rubber, chloro-sulfonyl-polyethylene, polyethylene-adipate, poly(oxy-1,4-butylene)ether (urethane), hexafluoropropylene-vinylidene fluoride, fluorocarbon, hydrogenated acrylonitrile-butadiene, carboxylated nitrile, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the rubber may be silicone rubber. When used, the solid particles dispersed in the polymeric binder of the composite material may be present in an amount of at least about 0.5, at least about 1, at least about 5, at least about 10, or at least about 15 weight percent and/or not more than about 50, not more than about 45, not more than about 40, not more than about 35, or not more than about 30 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composite material. In certain embodiments, the solid particles may be present in an amount in the range of from about 0.5 weight percent to about 50 weight percent, about 1 weight percent to about 40 weight percent, or about 2 weight percent to about 20 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composite material. The weight ratio of solid particles to polymeric binder in the composite material can be at least about 1:100, at least about 1:75, or at least about 1:50 and/or not more than about 1:1, not more than about 1:1.5, or not more than about 1:2, or it can be in the range of from about 1:100 to about 1:1, about 1:75 to about 1:1.5, or about 1:50 to about 1:2. The solid particles dispersed in the polymeric binder of the composite material can be any solid particles that increase the dielectric constant and/or dielectric loss factor of the polymeric binder so that, for example, the dielectric constant and/or dielectric loss factor of the composite material is higher than it would be if the composite material were formed only from the polymeric binder. The solid particles may have an average particle size of at least about 5, at least about 10, at least about 15, at least about 20, at least about 25, at least about 30, at least about 35, at least about 40, at least about 45, or at least about 50 nanometers (nm) and/or not more than about 1000, not more than about 900, not more than about 800, not more than about 700, not more than about 600, not more than about 500, not more than about 400, not more than about 300, not more than about 200, or not more than about 100 nm, or it can be in the range of from about 5 nm to about 1000 nm, about 20 nm to about 500 nm, about 10 nm to about 250 nm, or about 50 to about 100 nm. In some embodiments, the solid particles may comprise a carbon black. In other embodiments, the solid particles may comprise solid electrolyte materials. The selection of the specific type and/or amount of solid particles in the polymeric binder in the composite material used to form the energy-absorptive component454(or article contact member452) may help control the final dielectric properties of the article contact member452. In certain embodiments, the energy-absorptive component454may further include a plurality of spaced-apart conductive elements456, as shown inFIG.25. Use of the conductive elements456, which can include, for example, metallic plates, may permit adjustment of the dielectric constant and/or dielectric loss factor of the energy control component454. For example, in some embodiments, the energy-absorptive material may have a dielectric constant and/or dielectric loss factor less than the dielectric constant and/or dielectric loss factor of the energy-absorptive component454, when the conductive elements456are present. When present, the conductive elements456may be configured so that the energy-absorptive material can be received between the conductive elements456to form the energy-absorptive component454. Conductive elements456may be formed from a conductive material and can have a conductivity of at least about 1×106, at least about 2×106, at least about 5×106Siemens per meter (S/m) and may comprise, for example, a plurality of metallic plates. Stainless steel is one example of a suitable metal for use in forming one or more of the conductive elements456. In some embodiments, the energy-absorptive component454does not include any conductive elements. Additionally, as shown particularly inFIGS.26and27, the article contact member452can include an insulating component458. The insulating component458of the article contact member452can be configured to contact and support one of the articles100when the article supporting member434is transporting the article through the RF heating zone. The insulating component458may cover all or a portion of the outer surface of the energy-absorptive component454, and may be positioned between the energy-absorptive component454and the package of the article when the article supporting member434is in contact with the article to prevent the overheating of the article that may occur if the package were in direct contact with the energy-absorptive component454. The insulating component458may be present on at least about 50, at least about 55, at least about 60, at least about 65, at least about 70, at least about 75, at least about 80, at least about 85, at least about 90, at least about 95, or all of the surface area of the energy-absorptive component454. The insulating component458may be formed of an energy insulating material having a dielectric constant and/or dielectric loss factor of not more than about 10, not more than about 8, not more than about 6, not more than about 4, not more than about 2, or not more than about 1. In some embodiments, as generally illustrated inFIG.26, the insulating component458may comprise a layer of the insulating material that covers at least a portion of the energy-absorptive component454. In other embodiments, as generally illustrated inFIG.27, the insulating component may include a plurality of protrusions formed from the insulating material and protruding from various portions of the surface of the energy-absorptive component454. The insulating element458may be present on at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, or 4 or more sides of the energy-absorptive component454. Turning again toFIGS.20through24, the drive mechanism426of the swing arm conveyor may be configured to transport a plurality of article support members434along a continuous travel path throughout the interior of vessel350. As shown inFIGS.22and23, the continuous travel path may include a heating path443for transporting articles100through the RF heating zone, a return path445for transporting the article supporting members434from the unloading zone414to the loading zone412, and two transition paths447aand447bfor transitioning the article supporting members between the heating path443and the return path445. When the article supporting members434are passed along at least a portion of the heating path443, the article supporting members434can be configured in a heating orientation as shown inFIGS.21and22. Article supporting members434athrough434cshown inFIG.23are also configured in a heating orientation. When configured in the heating orientation, the article supporting member may be oriented substantially horizontally so that, for example, the longitudinal axis435of the article supporting member434is within about 30° of the horizontal. In certain embodiments, an article supporting member configured in a heating orientation may be oriented so that its longitudinal axis is within about 25, within about 20, within about 15, within about 10, within about 5, within about 3, within about 2, or within about 1° of the horizontal, or it may be horizontal. In certain embodiments, when oriented in the heating orientation, the free end438of each article supporting member434can supported on an arm support member442. The arm support member442can be any device suitable for supporting the free end438of the article supporting member434such as, for example, a rail or other surface. As particularly shown inFIG.21, when the RF applicator332is a split applicator, the arm support member442may be located outside the RF heating zone318so that at least a portion of each of the article supporting members434(e.g., the free end438) can pass through the opening356defined between the upper applicator section360and the lower applicator section362of the split RF applicator332as the article supporting member434moves through the RF heating zone318. Additionally, as shown inFIG.21, the continuous drive426may also be positioned outside of the RF heating zone318, so that a portion of the connected end440of the article supporting member is positioned in or near the other opening defined by the upper applicator section360and the lower applicator section362. As the article supporting members434are moved along the heating path443, the article contact members452of the article supporting members434may support and hold articles100being transported through the RF heating zone318. As the article supporting members434pass through the RF heating zone318, the article contact member452(or energy-absorptive component454) may also be heated with RF energy. In some embodiments, the temperature of the surface of the article contact member452(or the energy-absorptive component454) may increase by at least about 5, at least about 10, at least about 15, at least about 20, at least about 25, or at least about 30° C. as the article supporting member434passes through the RF heating zone318. When an article supporting member434reaches the end of the heating path443, the article held in the article-receiving space436can be unloaded onto the take-away conveyor420, as generally shown inFIGS.20and22. When the article is unloaded from the swing arm conveyor, the article supporting member434in contact with the front of the article can be moved out of contact with the article as the article supporting member transitions from a heating orientation to a return orientation along transition path447a, as generally shown inFIG.22. At this point, the article-receiving space436defined between the article supporting member434that had been in contact with the front of the article and the adjacent article supporting member434still in contact with the back of the article is larger than it was while the article supporting members434were transporting the article through the RF heating zone318. In some cases, the maximum distance between adjacent article supporting members434in the unloading zone414can be at least about 1.5, at least about 2, at least about 2.5, or at least about 3 times larger than the maximum distance between adjacent article supporting members434in the RF heating zone. Turning now toFIG.28, a partial view of unloading zone414is shown. As shown inFIG.28, the article100being unloaded may be transitioned onto the take-away conveyor420, which includes a plurality of take-away pushing members462for sliding the articles100along a take-away track464. As the back of the article is contacted with one of the take-away pushing members462, the article100can be moved along the take-away track464and out of contact with the article supporting member434in contact with the back of the article100. The article100may then be moved by take-away conveyor420to the next processing zone (not shown). After the article100is unloaded from the swing arm conveyor, the article supporting member434may move along a transition path447aas it moves from the heating orientation to the return orientation, as generally shown inFIG.22. In certain embodiments, the movement of the article supporting member434along the transition path447amay include pivoting the article supporting member434downwardly through an angle of at least 45, at least about 50, at least about 55, at least about 60, at least about 65, at least about 70, at least about 75, at least about 80, at least about 85, or at least about 90° from the heating orientation to the return orientation. Such movement may be accomplished by permitting the article supporting member to move along an inclined surface, such as a ramp, or the article supporting member434may simply be permitted to drop downwardly. As the article supporting members434are passed along at least a portion of the return path445, the article supporting members434can be configured in a return orientation as shown inFIG.23. Article supporting members434eand434fshown inFIG.23are also configured in a return orientation. In certain embodiments, the article supporting member434in a return orientation does not support an article, and may be oriented substantially vertically so that, for example, its longitudinal axis is oriented within about 30° of the vertical. In certain embodiments, an article supporting member434in a return orientation can be oriented so that its longitudinal axis is oriented within about 25, within about 20, within about 15, within about 10, within about 5, within about 3, within about 2, or within about 1° of the vertical, or it may be vertical. When oriented in a return orientation the free ends438of the article supporting members434are not supported on the arm support member442. In other embodiments (not shown), the article supporting member in a return orientation may be oriented so that its longitudinal axis is within about 30° of the horizontal. In certain embodiments, passing the article supporting members434along the return path in a vertical return configuration may permit reduction in the overall size of the pressure vessel350. For example, when the pressure vessel350includes a cylindrical sidewall352, as shown inFIG.21, the diameter of the cylindrical sidewall can be not more than 2.5 times the length of one of the article supporting members434. In certain embodiments, the diameter of the cylindrical sidewall352can be not more than about 2.4, not more than about 2.3, not more than about 2.2, not more than about 2.1, not more than about 2.0, not more than about 1.9, or not more than about 1.8 times the length of one of the article supporting members434. Each article supporting member can have a total length of at least about 6, at least about 8, at least about 10, at least about 12, at least about 14, at least about 16, or at least about 18 inches and/or not more than about 60, not more than about 50, not more than about 40, not more than about 30, or not more than about 24 inches. When the pressurized vessel350is a liquid-filled vessel, the article supporting members434moving from the unloading zone414to the loading zone412along the return path445pass through a liquid medium. In certain embodiments, this may help facilitate heat transfer between the surface of the article contact members452(or energy-absorptive components454) which was heated during passage through the RF heating zone318in order to cool the surface by at least about 5, at least about 10, at least about 15, at least about 20, at least about 25, or at least about 30° C. As a result, the temperature of the surface of the article contact member452(or energy-absorptive component454) returned to the loading zone412can be within about 10, within about 8, within about 5, within about 3, within about 2, within about 1° C. or the same temperature as the surface of the article contact member452(or energy-absorptive component454) immediately prior contacting an article100being loaded onto the RF conveyor for passage through the RF heating zone318(e.g., the initial contact surface temperature). In certain embodiments, the article contact member452may include a plurality of heat transfer channels460extending through the article contact member452, as generally shown inFIGS.25and26. As the article supporting member434passes along the return path445shown inFIG.20and through the liquid medium, the liquid medium may pass through the heat transfer channels460to facilitate cooling of the article contact member452. The temperature of the liquid medium through which the article supporting members434pass along the return path445can be at least about 1, at least about 2, at least about 5, at least about 10, or at least about 15° C. cooler than the temperature of the surface of the article contact member452immediately after removing the article from contact with the article supporting member434in the unloading zone414(e.g., the final contact surface temperature). As shown inFIGS.20through22, at any given time during the operation of swing arm conveyor, a portion of the article supporting members434may be configured in the heating orientation and another portion of the article supporting members434may be configured in the return orientation. As particularly shown inFIG.23, article supporting members oriented in a return configuration (e.g., article supporting members434eand434f) may be configured so that the direction of extension of the longitudinal axes of these support members is skewed relative to the direction of extension of the longitudinal axes of the article supporting members that are oriented in a heating configuration (e.g., article supporting members434a-c). For example, in certain embodiments, the direction of extension of the longitudinal axis of an article supporting member in a return configuration can be skewed by at least about 45, at least about 50, at least about 55, at least about 60, at least about 65, at least about 70, at least about 75, at least about 80, at least about 85, or at least about 90° from the direction of extension of the longitudinal axis of a corresponding article supporting member in a heating configuration. When the article supporting member434reaches the end of the return path445, it may be moved along a second transition path447bas it moves from the return orientation to the heating orientation. In certain embodiments, the article supporting member434may be pivoted upwardly through an angle until it reaches the heating orientation. In some cases, it may pivot upwardly through an angle of at least about 45, at least about 50, at least about 55, at least about 60, at least about 65, at least about 70, at least about 75, at least about 80, at least about 85, or at least about 90° when moving from the return orientation to the heating orientation. Such movement of the article supporting members434may be achieved by, for example, permitting the article supporting member434to move along an inclined surface such as a ramp457shown inFIG.22. When the article supporting members434return to the loading zone412, articles100may be loaded into the receiving spaces between adjacent members. For example, as shown inFIG.29, an article100may be loaded onto the RF zone swing conveyor by using an approach conveyor410to push the front of the article100into contact with a first article supporting member434. The approach conveyor410may include a plurality of approach pushing members416configured to contact the article100and move it along an approach track418and into contact with an article supporting member434. Next, an adjacent article supporting member (not shown inFIG.29), which may be transitioning from the return orientation to the heating orientation, may move into contact with the back of the article100as the article supporting member434enters the heating orientation, thereby securing the article100into the article into the article receiving space436between the adjacent article supporting members434. As shown inFIG.22, the adjacent article supporting member434moves into the loading zone412, the article-receiving space436defined between the article supporting member434contacting the front of the article100and the adjacent article supporting member434transitioning from the return orientation to the heating orientation in the loading zone412is larger than it when the article supporting members434are in contact with the article100and moving it through the RF heating zone318. Returning again toFIG.1, the articles exiting the RF heating zone18may be introduced into a subsequent thermal regulation zone20, wherein, ultimately, the average temperature at the geometric center of the articles can be reduced by at least about 5, at least about 10, at least about 15, at least about 20, at least about 25, at least about 30, at least about 35, at least about 40, at least about 45, or at least about 50° C. within the subsequent thermal regulation zone20. Thus, the average temperature at the geometric center of the articles withdrawn from the last stage of the subsequent thermal regulation zone20can be at least about 5, at least about 10, at least about 15, at least about 20, at least about 25, at least about 30, at least about 35, at least about 40, at least about 45, or at least about 50° C. cooler than the average temperature at the geometric center of the articles introduced into the first stage of the subsequent thermal regulation zone20. The average temperature at the geometric center of the articles withdrawn from the last stage of the subsequent thermal regulation zone20can be not more than about 120, not more than about 110, not more than about 100, not more than about 90, not more than about 80, not more than about 70, not more than about 60, not more than about 50, not more than about 40° C. lower than the average temperature at the geometric center of the articles entering the subsequent thermal regulation zone20. When the articles are being pasteurized, the temperature of the articles passed through the subsequent thermal regulation zone20can be reduced by about 10° C. to about 60° C., or about 20° C. to about 40° C. When the articles are being sterilized, the average temperature at the geometric center of the articles passed through the subsequent thermal regulation zone20can be reduced by about 20° C. to about 120° C. or about 40° C. to about 60° C. In certain embodiments, the articles can have an average residence time in the subsequent thermal regulation zone20of at least about 5, at least about 10, at least about 15, at least about 20, at least about 25, at least about 30, at least about 35, at least about 40, at least about 45, or at least about 50 minutes and/or not more than about 120, not more than about 110, not more than about 100, not more than about 90, not more than about 80, not more than about 70, not more than about 60, not more than about 50, or not more than about 40 minutes. When the articles are being pasteurized, the average residence time of the articles in the subsequent thermal regulation zone20can be in the range of from about 5 minutes to about 60 minutes or about 25 minutes to about 40 minutes. When the articles are being sterilized, the average residence time of the articles in subsequent thermal regulation zone20can be in the range of from about 15 minutes to about 120 minutes, or about 50 minutes to about 80 minutes. In certain embodiments, as generally shown inFIG.13, the residence time of the articles in the subsequent thermal regulation zone20can correspond to, for example, at least about 15, at least about 20, at least about 25, at least about 30, at least about 35, at least about 40, or at least about 45 percent and/or not more than about 85, not more than about 80, not more than about 75, not more than about 70, not more than about 65, or not more than about 60 percent of the total residence time of the articles passing through the entirety of the liquid contact zone14. When the articles are being pasteurized, this can correspond to a residence time that is in the range of from 15 percent to 80 percent or 35 percent to 60 percent of the total residence time in liquid contact zone14, while, this can correspond to a residence time that is in the range of from 30 percent to 85 percent, or from 45 percent to 75 percent of the residence time of the articles in the liquid contact zone14when the articles are being sterilized. In certain embodiments, the percent of the total travel path of the articles defined in the subsequent thermal regulation zone20can be similar and within one or more of the ranges above such as, for example, at least about 15, at least about 20, at least about 25, or at least about 30 percent and/or not more than about 75, not more than about 70, not more than about 65, not more than about 60, not more than about 55, or not more than about 50 percent of the total travel path along which the articles are transported through the RF heating system may be defined within the initial thermal regulation zone16. In some cases, the travel path of the articles through the initial thermal regulation zone16can correspond to 15 percent to 75 percent or 30 percent to 55 percent of the total travel path of the articles through the entire RF heating system. Depending on whether the articles are being pasteurized or sterilized, the subsequent thermal regulation zone20may have a different configuration, as generally shown inFIGS.2and3. Turning again toFIG.2, when the articles passing through the RF heating system are being pasteurized, the subsequent thermal regulation zone20includes a high-pressure cooling zone32, a pressure lock26b, and a low-pressure cooling zone34. Articles being pasteurized are not passed through a hold zone (as shown inFIG.3), but are instead transitioned directly from the RF heating zone18into the high-pressure cooling zone32. In certain embodiments, the articles being pasteurized can have an average residence time in a hold zone of not more than about 10, not more than about 8, not more than about 6, not more than about 4, not more than about 2, or not more than about 1 minute. Additionally, or in the alternative, not more than about 15, not more than about 12, not more than about 10, not more than about 8, not more than about 5, not more than about 2, or not more than about 1 percent of the total travel path of the articles through the RF heating system may be defined in the hold zone when the articles are being pasteurized. Overall, the average temperature at the geometric center of the articles being pasteurized changes by not more than about 15, not more than about 10, not more than about 5, not more than about 2, or not more than about 1° C. as it passes through a hold zone. The temperature of at least about 95, at least about 98, or at least about 99 percent of the total volume of the articles being pasteurized withdrawn from the hold zone, if present, can be within a temperature range of about 2.5, about 2, about 1.5, about 1, about 0.75, about 0.50, or about 0.25° C. The high-pressure cooling zone34and the low-pressure cooling zone32will be discussed in further detail below. Turning now toFIG.3, when the articles passed through the RF heating system10are being sterilized, the subsequent thermal regulation zone20includes a thermal isolation zone28, a hold zone30, a high-pressure cooling zone32, a pressure lock26b, and a low-pressure cooling zone34. Articles exiting the RF heating zone18may be passed through a thermal isolation zone28before entering the hold zone30. In certain embodiments, the temperature of the fluid (e.g., liquid medium if liquid-filled) in the hold zone30may be at least about 2, at least about 5, at least about 8, at least about 10, at least about 12, at least about 15, at least about 18, or at least about 20° C. higher than the average temperature of the fluid (e.g., liquid medium if liquid-filled) in the RF heating zone18. The thermal isolation zone28may be configured to transition the articles from the RF heating zone18to the hold zone30while maintaining the difference in temperature between the two zones. Turning now toFIG.30, one embodiment of a thermal isolation zone530is shown as generally comprising a transport housing520and a movable article transport device522disposed within the transport housing520. As generally shown inFIG.30, articles100exiting RF heating zone may be moved toward the thermal isolation zone530using a convey line570disposed within a first vessel550. In some embodiments, the convey line570shown inFIG.30may be the take-away conveyor discussed previously. When the articles100reach the thermal isolation zone530, one or more of the articles100can be loaded into an inlet of the movable article transport device522. In some cases, the articles100may be loaded using the convey line570, or may be pushed into the movable article transport device522using a pusher (not shown). Once the articles100are loaded, the movable article transport device522may move within the transport housing520so that the movable article transport device522aligns with a second convey line572disposed within (or just upstream) of the hold zone in a second vessel552. At that point, a pusher arm574or other device may be used to unload the article or articles100from an outlet of the movable article transport device522and onto the second convey line572. Thereafter, the articles100may be transported into the hold zone for further processing, while the empty movable article transport device522is returned to the its original position proximate the first convey line570in vessel550. Although shown inFIG.30as moving downwardly from the first convey line570to the second convey line572, it should be understood that the transport housing530could be configured so that the movable article transport device522moves upwardly if, for example, the second vessel552was located at a higher vertical elevation than the first vessel550. Referring again toFIG.3, in the hold zone30, the heated articles are held so that the temperature of each article is maintained at or above a specified minimum temperature for a certain amount of time. In certain embodiments, the temperature at the geometric center of each article passing through the hold zone30can be maintained at a temperature at or above the average temperature at the geometric center of the articles exiting the RF heating zone18. As a result, the articles exiting the hold zone30may be sufficiently and uniformly sterilized. In certain embodiments, articles passing through hold zone30may be contacted with a liquid during at least a portion of the holding step. The liquid may comprise or be water and can have a temperature within about 25, within about 20, within about 15, or within about 10° C. of the average temperature at the geometric center of the articles introduced into the hold zone30. The step of contacting may include submerging the articles in a liquid medium and/or contacting at least a portion of the articles with a jet of liquid emitted from one or more spray nozzles within the hold zone30. Overall, the average temperature at the geometric center of the articles passing through the hold zone30may increase by at least about 2, at least about 4, at least about 5, at least about 8, at least about 10, or at least about 12° C. and/or not more than about 40, not more than about 35, not more than about 30, not more than about 25, or not more than about 20° C., or it may increase by about 4° C. to about 40° C., or about 10° C. to about 20° C. In certain embodiments, the articles withdrawn from the hold zone30can be uniformly heated so that, for example, the temperature of at least about 95, at least about 98, or at least about 99 percent of the total volume of the articles can be within a temperature range of about 2.5, about 2, about 1.5, about 1, about 0.75, about 0.50, or about 0.25° C. In certain embodiments, the average residence time of each article passed through the hold zone30(e.g., the hold time) can be at least about 1, at least about 2, at least about 5, at least about 6, or at least about 8 minutes and/or not more than about 40, not more than about 35, not more than about 30, not more than about 25, not more than about 20, not more than about 15, or not more than about 10 minutes, or it can be in the range of from 2 minutes to 40 minutes or 6 minutes to 20 minutes. Turning again toFIG.13, the average residence time of the articles passing through the hold zone30during sterilization can be at least about 2, at least about 5, at least about 8, or at least about 10 percent and/or not more than about 50, not more than about 45, not more than about 40, not more than about 35, not more than about 30, not more than about 25, or not more than about 20 percent of the overall residence time of the articles passing through liquid contact zone14. In some embodiments, the average residence time of the articles passing through the RF heating zone18can be at least about 2, at least about 5, at least about 8, or at least about 10 percent and/or not more than about 50, not more than about 45, not more than about 40, not more than about 35, or not more than about 30 percent of the average residence time of the articles in the hold zone30. At least about 5, at least about 8, at least about 10 percent and/or not more than about 50, not more than about 40, not more than about 30, or not more than about 20 percent of the total article travel path may be defined within the hold zone30. The articles passed through the hold zone30may be transported using one or more convey lines. Any suitable type of conveyor may be used to form the convey line through hold zone30including, for example, a helical conveyor as described previously with respect toFIGS.7through10. Other types of conveyors may also be used. In certain embodiments, the convey line used to move the articles through the hold zone30can comprise at least one indexing conveyor, which may permit the residence time of the articles passing through hold zone30to be adjusted. The ability to control and adjust the article residence time and/or processing rate within the hold zone30, or in other sections of the RF heating system, may provide additional operational flexibility not possible with other types of commercial heating systems. Turning now toFIGS.31and32, embodiments of one section of a multi-zone processing apparatus that has enhanced operational flexibility are shown. Such apparatuses can be used, for example, in the section of an RF heating system that includes the hold zone30. The apparatus shown inFIGS.31and32includes sequential first, second, and third processing zones that each including separate conveyors for transporting articles through that zone. In the embodiments depicted inFIGS.31and32, the first zone includes an initial continuous conveyor710, the second zone includes an indexing conveyor730, and the third zone includes a subsequent continuous conveyor720. In addition to the section of the RF heating system that includes the hold zone30, this arrangement of conveyors can also be used in other zones of the RF heating system, including, the thermal equilibration zone24, the RF heating zone18, the high-pressure cooling zone32, or the low-pressure cooling zone34. Such an arrangement may also be used in other types of systems for treating articles that include multiple processing zones. In operation, a plurality of discrete articles100can be transported through the first zone using the initial continuous conveyor710. In some embodiments, the first zone may be a process zone, such as the RF heating zone18or the loading zone12, while, in other embodiments, it may be a transition zone, such as the thermal isolation zone28disposed between the RF heating zone18and the hold zone30. At the end of the first zone, the articles100may be transitioned from the initial continuous conveyor710to the indexing conveyor730of the second zone. The indexing conveyor730generally includes a plurality of discrete article-receiving spaces732defined along the convey path of the indexing conveyor730for receiving and holding articles passing through the second zone. The articles are transitioned onto the indexing conveyor730from the initial continuous conveyor710by intermittently loading individual articles100from the initial continuous conveyor710into individual article-receiving spaces732of the indexing conveyor730. In certain embodiments, the indexing conveyor730may include N total article-receiving spaces732, wherein N is an integer between 4 and 500. In some embodiments, N can be in the range of from 5 to 250, 10 to 100, or 20 to 80. The indexing conveyor730can be any suitable type of conveyor, including, for example, a trough conveyor as shown inFIG.31or a helical conveyor as shown inFIG.32. Once loaded into the indexing conveyor730, the articles100may be transported through the second zone. The second zone may be a process zone, such as, for example the hold zone30, or it could be another a thermal regulation zone, such as the thermal equilibration zone24, the high-pressure cooling zone32, or the low-pressure cooling zone34. The second zone may also be the RF heating zone18. Articles100passed through the second zone may be intermittently moved along the convey path of the indexing conveyor730. The convey path can be substantially linear such as, for example, when the indexing conveyor730is a trough (or other similar) conveyor as shown inFIG.31, or it can be substantially helical such as, for example, when the indexing conveyor730is a helical conveyor, as generally shown inFIG.32. As shown inFIGS.31and32, the indexing conveyor730can include an article-guiding track734and a plurality of article pusher members736, adjacent ones of which form the article-receiving spaces732. As the articles100travel along the convey path of the indexing conveyor730, they may be moved along the article-guiding track734using the article pusher members736. When the conveyor is a trough conveyor as shown, for example, inFIG.31, the article pusher members736may comprise push tabs. When the conveyor is a helical conveyor as generally shown inFIG.32, the article pusher members736may be vertical push rods as described previously with respect toFIGS.7through10. When the indexing conveyor730is a helical conveyor, the article pusher members736may rotate on an axis of rotation that corresponds to the central axis of the helical convey path. After being transported along the convey path of the indexing conveyor730, the articles100may be transitioned from the indexing conveyor730to the subsequent continuous conveyor720by intermittently unloading individual articles100from each of the article-receiving spaces732of the indexing conveyor730. The subsequent continuous conveyor720may then transport the articles100through a third zone, which can be a process zone (such as the RF heating zone18or the high-pressure cooling zone32or the low-pressure cooling zone34), or a transition zone between two different process zones. In some embodiments, the average residence time of the articles100in the second zone may be adjusted by changing the average number of articles on the convey path of the indexing conveyor730. For example, in some embodiments, when the articles are being transitioned from the initial continuous conveyor710to the indexing conveyor730, one or more of the article-receiving spaces732of the indexing conveyor730may be skipped, so that one or more of the article-receiving spaces732remains empty as the articles pass through the second zone. As a result, the total number of articles on the convey path of the indexing conveyor is less than N, and the residence time of each article100in the second zone is less than it would be if N articles were present. In some cases, the rate of unloading from the initial continuous conveyor710to the indexing conveyor730and/or the rate of unloading from the indexing conveyor730to the subsequent continuous conveyor720may remain the same, or approximately the same, despite changes to the residence time of the articles100passed along the indexing conveyor730. In certain embodiments, the residence time of the articles in the first, second, and third zones can be controlled using a process control system. An example of the basic components of a process control system740shown inFIGS.31and32includes a computer750, a process controller752, and a plurality of drivers754,756, and758for controlling the movement of the initial continuous conveyor710, the indexing conveyor730, and the subsequent continuous conveyor720, respectively. The computer750can be configured to receive input from a user and, based on that input (or the results of calculations using that input), to generate and transmit an output signal751to the process controller752. Alternatively, the process controller752may be integral with the computer750as a single process control device. The process controller752converts the input signal751into one or more output signals, shown as signals753,755, and757inFIGS.31and32, which regulate the motion of the drivers754,756, and758, respectively. As a result, the speed and/or frequency of movement of one or more of the initial continuous conveyor710, the indexing conveyor730, and the subsequent continuous conveyor720can be automatically controlled by the process control system740. In operation, a user may input residence time and processing rate information into the computer750. In certain embodiments, that information can be used by the process control system740to calculate one or more operating parameters for the system. In certain embodiments, the operating parameter calculated by the computer750and/or process controller752of the process control system740can include a loading parameter that determines the number of the article receiving spaces732are skipped while the articles100are loaded from the initial continuous conveyor710onto the indexing conveyor730. The process control system740can then operate the first, second, and third zones by, for example, controlling the motion of the initial continuous conveyor710, the subsequent continuous conveyor720, and/or indexing conveyor730based on the calculated operating parameters as the articles are transported through each zone. Subsequently, a user may input different processing rate and different residence time information into the computer750of the process control system740so that the computer750and/or process controller752calculates a different loading parameter than was previously calculated. This can, for example, results in a new loading parameter that requires a different number of article receiving spaces732to be skipped during loading. As a result, when the process control system740operates the first, second, and third zones according to the new parameters, the frequency at which the article-receiving spaces732of the indexing conveyor730are skipped can be reduced or increased as dictated by the new loading parameter. As a result, the residence time of the articles in the second zone increases or decreases. In particular, reducing the frequency at which the article-receiving spaces732are skipped during loading can increase the average residence time of the articles100in the second zone, while increasing the frequency at which the article-receiving spaces732are skipped during loading decreases the average residence time of the articles100in the second zone. Thus, in certain embodiments, by entering different processing rate and residence time information into the process control system740, the user may change the residence time of the articles in the second process zone. By changing the frequency at which the article-receiving spaces are skipped, the process may transition from an initial operating mode to a subsequent operating mode. In transitioning from one mode to another, the residence time of the articles100in the second zone may be changed relative to the residence time of the articles100in the first and/or third zones. For example, in the initial operating mode, the articles may have an average residence time in the first, second, and third zones of T1i, T2i, and T3i, respectively, while the articles may have an average residence time in the first, second, and third zones of T1s, T2s, and T3s, when the process is operating in the subsequent mode. Actual values for each of T1i, T2i, T3i, T1s, T2s, and T3sdepend on the specific zone and can fall within one or more of the ranges provided herein. In some embodiments, the ratio of T2sto T1s(T2s/T1s) can be at least about 5, at least about 10, at least about 15, at least about 20, or at least about 25 percent different than the ratio of T2ito T1i(T2i/T1i). Alternatively, or in addition, the ratio of T2sto T3s(T2s/T3s) can be at least about 5, at least about 10, at least about 15, at least about 20, or at least about 25 percent different than the ratio of T2ito T3i(T2i/T3i). When the process is transitioned from the initial mode to the subsequent mode by increasing the frequency at which the article receiving spaces732are skipped, the total number of articles on the convey path on the indexing conveyor is reduced. As a result, the average residence time of each article100in the second zone decreases relative to the average residence time of the articles in the first and/or third zones. In certain embodiments, the result can be that the ratio of T2s/T1scan be at least about 5 percent less than T2i/T1iand/or the ratio of T2s/T3scan be at least about 5 percent less than the ratio of T2i/T3i. In certain embodiments, T2s/T1scan be at least about 10, at least about 15, at least about 20, or at least about 25 percent less than T2i/T1iand/or T2s/T3scan be at least about 10, at least about 15, at least about 20, or at least about 25 percent less than T2i/T3i. When the process is transitioned from the initial mode to the subsequent mode by decreasing the frequency at which the article receiving spaces732are skipped, the total number of articles on the convey path on the indexing conveyor is increased. As a result, the average residence time of each article in the second zone increases relative to the average residence time of the articles in the first and/or third zones. In certain embodiments, the result can be that the ratio of T2s/T1scan be at least about 5 percent greater than T2i/T1iand/or the ratio of T2s/T3scan be at least about 5 percent greater than the ratio of T2i/T3i. In certain embodiments, T2s/T1scan be at least about 10, at least about 15, at least about 20, or at least about 25 percent greater than T2i/T1iand/or T2s/T3scan be at least about 10, at least about 15, at least about 20, or at least about 25 percent greater than T2i/T3i. In some embodiments, when the average residence time of the articles in the second zone is adjusted relative to the average residence time of the articles in the first and/or third zones, the overall rate of articles passing through the first, second, and third zones may remain constant. For example, during the initial operating mode, the articles may pass through the first, second, and third zones at an initial average rate of Ri articles per minute. During the subsequent operating mode, the articles may pass through the first, second, and third zones at a subsequent average rate of Rs articles per minute. In certain embodiments, Ri is within about 25, within about 20, within about 15, within about 10, or within about 5 percent of Rs, or Ri can be equal to Rs. It should be understood that the process could be operated in any number of modes, and the terms “initial” and “subsequent” are used for reference, not necessarily to limit the processes or systems herein to two distinct modes of operation. Turning again toFIGS.2and3, articles being pasteurized that are removed from the RF heating zone18, and articles being sterilized removed from the hold zone30may be introduced into the high-pressure cooling zone32. In the high-pressure cooling zone32the average temperature at the geometric center of the articles can be reduced by at least about 5, at least about 10, at least about 15, or at least about 20° C. and/or not more than about 60, not more than about 55, not more than about 50, not more than about 45, not more than about 40, not more than about 35, or not more than about 30° C. When the articles are being pasteurized, the average temperature at the geometric center of the articles can be reduced by about 5° C. to about 40° C. or about 10° C. to about 30° C. When the articles are being sterilized, the average temperature at the geometric center of the articles can be reduced by about 10° C. to about 60° C., or about 20° C. to about 40° C. as the articles pass through the high-pressure cooling zone32. Articles introduced into the high-pressure cooling zone32can have an average temperature at the geometric center of at least about 80, at least about 85, at least about 90, at least about 95, at least about 100, at least about 105, at least about 110, at least about 115, or at least about 120° C. and/or not more than about 135, not more than about 130, not more than about 125, not more than about 120, not more than about 115, not more than about 110, or not more than about 105° C. When the articles are being pasteurized and are introduced into the high-pressure cooling zone32from the RF heating zone18, the average temperature at the geometric center of the articles can be in the range of from about 80° C. to about 115° C., or about 95° C. to about 105° C. When the articles are being sterilized and are introduced into the high-pressure cooling zone32from the hold zone30, the average temperature at the geometric center of the articles can be in the range of from about 110° C. to about 135° C. or about 120° C. to about 130° C. The average difference between the maximum temperature (i.e., hottest portion) and the minimum temperature (i.e., coldest portion) of each article exiting the RF heating zone18or hold zone30can be not more than about 5, not more than about 2.5, not more than about 2, not more than about 1.5, not more than about 1, or not more than about 0.5° C. In certain embodiments, the hold zone30can have a pressure of at least about 2, at least about 5, at least about 10, or at least about 15 psig and/or not more than about 80, not more than about 75, not more than about 70, not more than about 65, not more than about 60, not more than about 55, not more than about 50, not more than about 45, not more than about 40, not more than about 35, not more than about 30, not more than about 25, not more than about 20 psig. The average residence time of the articles passing through the high-pressure cooling zone32can be at least about 1, at least about 2, at least about 5, or at least about 10 minutes and/or not more than about 60, not more than about 55, not more than about 50, not more than about 45, not more than about 40, not more than about 35, not more than about 30, not more than about 25, not more than about 20, not more than about 15, or not more than about 10 minutes. When the articles passed through the high-pressure cooling zone32are being pasteurized, the average residence time of the articles in high-pressure cooling zone32can be in the range of from about 1 minute to about 30 minutes, or about 5 minutes to about 10 minutes. When the articles are being sterilized, the average residence time of the articles passing through the high-pressure cooling zone32can be in the range of from about 2 to about 60 minutes, or about 10 to about 20 minutes. Referring again toFIG.13, the average residence time of the articles passing through the high-pressure cooling zone32makes up a portion of the residence time of the articles passing through the liquid contact zone. For example, in some embodiments, the average residence time of the articles passing through the high-pressure cooling zone32can be at least about 4, at least about 5, at least about 8, or at least about 10 percent and/or not more than about 50, not more than about 45, not more than about 40, not more than about 35, not more than about 30, or not more than about 25 percent of the total residence time of the articles passing through liquid contact zone14. This can correspond to a travel path through the high-pressure cooling zone32that is at least about 4, at least about 5, at least about 8, or at least about 10 percent and/or not more than about 50, not more than about 40, not more than about 30, not more than about 25, or not more than about 20 percent of the total travel path of the articles moving through the RF heating system. The travel path of the articles through the high-pressure cooling zone32can be in the range of from about 4 to about 50 percent, or about 10 to about 25 percent of the total travel path the articles follow when moving through the RF heating system. When the articles heated in the RF heating system are being sterilized, the residence time of the articles in the hold zone30can be less than, similar to, or greater than the residence time of the articles in the high-pressure cooling zone32. For example, in certain embodiments, the average residence time of the articles passing through the hold zone30can be at least about 5, at least about 10, at least about 15, at least about 20, at least about 25, at least about 30, at least about 35, at least about 40, at least about 45, or at least about 50 percent and/or not more than about 400, not more than about 300, not more than about 200, not more than about 150 percent of the average residence time of the articles passing through the high-pressure cooling zone32. When the articles are being pasteurized (and are not passed through a hold zone), the residence time of articles passing through the hold zone can be not more than about 25, not more than about 20, not more than about 15, not more than about 10, or not more than about 5 percent of the residence time of the articles passing through the high-pressure cooling zone32. When the articles are being sterilized, the residence time of the articles passing through the hold zone30can be in the range of from about 25 percent to about 400 percent, or about 50 percent to about 150 percent of the average residence time of the articles passing through the high-pressure cooling zone32. Articles passing through the high-pressure cooling zone32may be contacted with a liquid during at least a portion of the cooling step. The liquid may comprise or be water and can have a temperature within about 25, within about 20, within about 15, or within about 10° C. of the average temperature at the geometric center of the articles withdrawn from the outlet of the high-pressure cooling zone32. The step of contacting may include submerging the articles in a liquid medium and/or contacting at least a portion of the articles with a jet of liquid emitted from one or more spray nozzles within the high-pressure cooling zone32. In certain embodiments, the articles may be passed through the high-pressure cooling zone32using at least one conveyor. Any suitable type of conveyor can be used and, in some embodiments, it may comprise at least one helical conveyor as described previously with respect toFIGS.7through10. In certain embodiments, when the articles being heated are sterilized, the convey line in the hold zone30and the high-pressure cooling zone32can each comprise helical conveyors, configured so that one of the conveyors transports the articles upwardly from the inlet to the outlet of the conveyor and the other of the conveyors transports the articles downwardly from the inlet to the outlet of the conveyor. One example of such a configuration is shown inFIG.33. As shown inFIG.33, the vessel620used in hold zone30houses a helical conveyor622for transporting articles100from a lower inlet624configured to receive articles into the vessel620to an upper outlet626configured to discharge articles from the vessel620, while the vessel630used in high-pressure cooling zone32includes another helical conveyor632disposed therein and configured to transport articles100from an upper inlet634configured to receive articles to a lower outlet636configured to discharge articles. Each conveyor620and630include respective helical tracks646and648that extend around respective central vertical axes653and655, which are horizontally offset from one another. It should be understood that helical conveyors622and632are shown schematically inFIG.33and would include a variety of other elements, such as article pushers and liquid heat transfer systems, as described previously with respect toFIGS.7through10. Further, although shown as being received in two separate vessels620and630, it should also be understood that both conveyors may be housed in a single vessel. In such an embodiment, the articles100passing along the conveyors620and630would be introduced into the vessel by inlet624and removed from the vessel by outlet636, both of which would be located at a similar, or substantially the same, vertical elevation. In certain embodiments, when the hold zone30and the high-pressure cooling zone32are at least partially liquid filled, the average temperature of the liquid in the hold zone30can be at least about 20, at least about 25, at least about 30, at least about 35, at least about 40, at least about 45, at least about 50, at least about 55, at least about 60, at least about 65, at least about 70, at least about 75, at least about 80, at least about 85, at least about 90, at least about 95, or at least about 100° C. and/or not more than about 200, not more than about 190, not more than about 180, not more than about 170, not more than about 160, not more than about 150, not more than about 140, not more than about 130, not more than about 120, not more than about 110, not more than about 100, or not more than about 90° C. higher than the average temperature of the liquid in the high-pressure cooling zone32. Additionally, or in the alternative, the pressures of the hold zone30and the high-pressure cooling zone32may be within about 10, within about 5, within about 2, or within about 1 psig of one another. As discussed previously, articles100traveling along the helical conveyor622in hold zone30and/or articles100traveling along the helical conveyor632in the high-pressure cooling zone32shown inFIG.33may be contacted with a liquid during at least a portion of the travel path. In certain embodiments, the contacting performed in one or both steps may include submerging the articles100in a liquid medium. Additionally, or in the alternative, the articles100may also be contacted with a spray of liquid discharged from one or more liquid jets (not shown) located within vessel620and/or vessel630. In other embodiments, a different type of conveyor may be used in one of hold zone30and/or high-pressure cooling zone32. As shown inFIGS.2and3, the articles exiting the high-pressure cooling zone32can be passed through another pressure lock26bbefore entering the low-pressure cooling zone34. Similarly to pressure lock26adescribed previously with respect toFIGS.11and12, the pressure lock26bcan be configured to transition the articles between two environments having different pressures. Pressure lock26ashown inFIGS.2and3may be configured to transition the articles from a higher-pressure environment to a lower-pressure environment, such as, for example, from the high-pressure cooling zone32to the low-pressure cooling zone34. In certain embodiments, the high-pressure cooling zone32can have a pressure that is at least about 2, at least about 5, at least about 10, or at least about 15 psig and/or not more than about 50, not more than about 40, not more than about 30, not more than about 20, or not more than about 10 psig higher than the pressure in high-pressure cooling zone32. Low-pressure cooling zone34may be configured to reduce the temperature at the geometric center of the articles by at least about 5, at least about 10, at least about 15, at least about 20, at least about 25, at least about 30, at least about 35, or at least about 40° C. and/or not more than about 100, not more than about 95, not more than about 90, not more than about 85, not more than about 80, not more than about 75, not more than about 70, not more than about 65, not more than about 60, or not more than about 55° C. When the articles are being pasteurized, the low-pressure cooling zone34may reduce the temperature at the geometric center of the articles passing therethrough by about 5° C. to about 100° C. or about 50° C. to about 80° C. When the articles are being sterilized, the low-pressure cooling zone34may reduce the temperature at the geometric center of the articles by about 10° C. to about 75° C. or about 40° C. to about 60° C. When removed from the low-pressure cooling zone34, the articles may be at a suitable handling temperature. For example, the temperature at the geometric center of the articles exiting the low-pressure cooling zone34can be at least about 50, at least about 55, at least about 60, at least about 65, at least about 70, at least about 75, or at least about 80° C. and/or not more than about 100, not more than about 97, not more than about 95, not more than about 90, or not more than about 85° C. When being pasteurized, the articles withdrawn from the low-pressure cooling zone34can have an average temperature at the geometric center in the range of from about 50° C. to about 97° C. or about 80° C. to about 95° C. When being sterilized, the average temperature at the geometric center of the articles exiting the low-pressure cooling zone34can be about 50° C. to about 100° C. or about 80° C. to about 97° C. The average difference between the maximum temperature (i.e., hottest portion) and the minimum temperature (i.e., coldest portion) of each article exiting the low-pressure cooling zone can be not more than about 5, not more than about 2.5, not more than about 2, not more than about 1.5, not more than about 1, or not more than about 0.5° C. The average residence time of the articles passing through the low-pressure cooling zone34can be at least about 1, at least about 2, at least about 5, at least about 8, at least about 10, at least about 12, or at least about 15 minutes and/or not more than about 80, not more than about 70, not more than about 60, not more than about 50, not more than about 40, not more than about 30, or not more than about 20 minutes. When the articles are being pasteurized, the average residence time of the articles in the low-pressure cooling zone34can be in the range of from about 1 minute to about 80 minutes, or about 5 minutes to about 20 minutes. When the articles are being sterilized, the average residence time of the articles in the low-pressure cooling zone34can be in the range of from about 2 minutes to about 80 minutes or about 15 minutes to about 40 minutes. This can correspond to at least about 5, at least about 10, at least about 15, or at least about 20 percent and/or not more than about 60, not more than about 55, not more than about 50, not more than about 40 percent of the total residence time of the articles in the liquid contact zone14, or the average residence time of the articles in low-pressure cooling zone34can be in the range of from about 5 percent to about 60 percent or about 20 percent to about 40 percent of the total residence time of the articles in the RF heating system. In certain embodiments, the travel path of the articles through the low-pressure cooling zone34can reflect similar percentages of the total travel path of the articles through the RF heating system. In certain embodiments, the average residence time of the articles in the high-pressure cooling zone32can be less than, similar to, or greater than the average residence time of the articles in the low-pressure cooling zone34. For example, the average residence time of the articles in the high-pressure cooling zone32can be at least about 25, at least about 30, at least about 35, or at least about 40 percent and/or not more than about 400, not more than about 350, not more than about 300, not more than about 250, not more than about 200, not more than about 150, or not more than about 120 percent of the average residence time of the articles in the low-pressure cooling zone34. The average residence time of the articles in the high-pressure cooling zone32can be in the range of from about 25 percent to about 400 percent, or about 40 percent to about 120 percent of the average residence time of the articles in the low-pressure cooling zone34. In certain embodiments, the articles may be passed through the low-pressure cooling zone34using at least one conveyor. Any suitable type of conveyor can be used and, in some embodiments, it may comprise at least one helical conveyor as described previously with respect toFIGS.7through10. Alternatively, one or more other types of conveyors may be used according to other embodiments of the present invention. In some cases, at least one, at least two, or all of the hold zone30(when present), the high-pressure cooling zone32, and the low-pressure cooling zone34may include at least one helical conveyor. As shown inFIG.1, the cooled articles exiting the low-pressure cooling zone34may be removed from the RF heating system10via an unloading zone22. Any suitable method or device may be used to remove the articles from contact with liquid in unloading zone22. The temperature at the geometric center of the articles removed from the unloading zone22can be at least about 25, at least about 30, at least about 35, at least about 40, at least about 45, or at least about 50° C. and/or not more than about 80, not more than about 75, not more than about 70, not more than about 65, or not more than about 60° C. The unloading zone may be operated at approximately ambient temperature and/or pressure. Once removed from the unloading zone22, the articles may be transported for further processing, storage, shipment, or use. Definitions As used herein, the terms “comprising,” “comprises,” and “comprise” are open-ended transition terms used to transition from a subject recited before the term to one or more elements recited after the term, where the element or elements listed after the transition term are not necessarily the only elements that make up the subject. As used herein, the terms “including,” “includes,” and “include” have the same open-ended meaning as “comprising,” “comprises,” and “comprise.” As used herein, the terms “having,” “has,” and “have” have the same open-ended meaning as “comprising,” “comprises,” and “comprise.” As used herein, the terms “containing,” “contains,” and “contain” have the same open-ended meaning as “comprising,” “comprises,” and “comprise.” As used herein, the terms “a,” “an,” “the,” and “said” mean one or more. As used herein, the term “and/or,” when used in a list of two or more items, means that any one of the listed items can be employed by itself or any combination of two or more of the listed items can be employed. For example, if a composition is described as containing components A, B, and/or C, the composition can contain A alone; B alone; C alone; A and B in combination; A and C in combination; B and C in combination; or A, B, and C in combination. The preferred forms of the invention described above are to be used as illustration only, and should not be used in a limiting sense to interpret the scope of the present invention. Obvious modifications to the exemplary embodiments, set forth above, could be readily made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention. The inventor hereby states his intention to rely on the Doctrine of Equivalents to determine and assess the reasonably fair scope of the present invention as pertains to any method or apparatus departing from but not outside the literal scope of the invention as set forth in the following claims.

11856977

DETAILED DESCRIPTION An embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference toFIGS.1to6. Note that, in the description of the drawings, the same elements are denoted by the same reference numerals, and redundant description is omitted. There might be a case where the dimensional ratios in the drawings are exaggerated for convenience of explanation, and differ from actual ratios. The present embodiment will describe an exemplary case of noodles used for fried noodles, as an example of food. FIG.1is a schematic view illustrating a noodle cooking apparatus1according to the present embodiment.FIG.2is a schematic view illustrating a mixing apparatus8of the noodle cooking apparatus1according to the present embodiment.FIG.3is a schematic view illustrating a state where a hopper30rotates and noodles fall, viewed from the left side ofFIG.2.FIG.4is a schematic view illustrating a state where hopper groups30A and30C in first and third lines of the mixing apparatus8rotate and noodles have been input to hopper groups30B and30D in second and fourth lines.FIG.5is a schematic view illustrating a state where hopper groups30B and30D in second and fourth lines of the mixing apparatus8rotate and noodles have been input to hopper groups30A and30C in first and third lines.FIG.6is a schematic view illustrating a supply device60. First, a schematic configuration of the noodle cooking apparatus1will be described with reference toFIG.1. As illustrated inFIG.1, the noodle cooking apparatus1includes: a mixer2that mixes water and flour; a rolling device3that rolls a mixture of water and flour to form a noodle strip; an aging device4that ages the noodle strip at a predetermined temperature and humidity; a cutting device5that cuts the noodle strip into a desired weight; a boiling device6that boils the noodles cut by the cutting device5; a cooling tank7that tightens the boiled noodles with cold water; a mixing apparatus8that mixes a sauce (additive) with the noodles; a receiving tray9that receives the noodles mixed with the sauce; and a freezer10that freezes the noodles input to the receiving tray9. In the present embodiment, a plurality of noodles cut by the cutting device5is gathered into a bundle (hereinafter sometimes referred to as a noodle bundle) and bundles are divided such that six sets are distributed in the left-right direction ofFIG.1(width direction orthogonal to the falling direction). The six sets of noodle bundles each cut into a desired amount by the cutting device5goes, in the divided states, through the boiling device6, the cooling tank7, and the mixing apparatus8, so as to be input to the receiving tray9. Hereinafter, a configuration of the mixing apparatus8will be described in detail with reference toFIGS.2to6. As illustrated inFIG.2, the mixing apparatus8includes: a box20, a hopper30provided inside the box20; a shaft40that pivotally supports the hopper30; an actuator50that rotates the shaft40; a supply device60that supplies a sauce to the noodles in the hopper30, and a controller70that controls the driving of the actuator50and the supply device60. As illustrated inFIG.2, the box20internally includes the hopper30and sprayers64e,64f,64g, and64hof the supply device60. The actuator50is mounted on a left wall20aof the box20. The hopper30is open at the top in an initial state and houses noodles falling from above. As illustrated inFIG.3, the hopper30is provided to be rotatable about an axis of a shaft40described below. Noodles N fall downward by the rotation of the hopper30. As illustrated inFIG.2, six hoppers30are provided in the width direction (left-right direction inFIG.2), and hoppers are provided in four lines in the falling direction (up-down direction inFIG.2). That is, in the present embodiment, 24 hoppers30are provided. Hereinafter, the six hoppers30provided in the first line from the top are denoted as the first hopper group30A, and the six hoppers30provided in the second line from the top are denoted as the second hopper group30B, the six hoppers30provided in the third line from the top are denoted as the third hopper group30C, and the six hoppers30provided in the fourth line from the top are denoted as the fourth hopper group30D. As illustrated inFIG.2, the shaft40includes, in order from the top, a first shaft41, a second shaft42, a third shaft43, and a fourth shaft44. As illustrated inFIG.2, each of the first shaft41to the fourth shaft44is provided to extend in the width direction (left-right direction inFIG.2). The first shaft41pivotally supports the first hopper group30A. The second shaft42pivotally supports the second hopper group30B. The third shaft43pivotally supports the third hopper group30C. The fourth shaft44pivotally supports the fourth hopper group30D. As illustrated inFIG.2, the actuator50includes, in order from the top, a first actuator51, a second actuator52, a third actuator53, and a fourth actuator54. The first actuator51is connected to the first shaft41and rotates the first shaft41about the axis. The second actuator52is connected to the second shaft42and rotates the second shaft42about the axis. The third actuator53is connected to the third shaft43, and rotates the third shaft43around the axis. The fourth actuator54is connected to the fourth shaft44, and rotates the fourth shaft44about the axis. The angle at which the actuator50rotates the shaft40is not particularly limited, but the angle is to be in the range of 160° to 180°. In the present embodiment, as illustrated inFIG.3, the direction in which the actuator50rotates the shaft40is clockwise as viewed from the left side ofFIG.2. It should be noted that the invention is not limited to the above and the direction in which the actuator50rotates the shaft40may be counterclockwise as viewed from the left side ofFIG.2. As illustrated inFIG.4, the first actuator51and the third actuator53are controlled by the controller70so as to rotate the first shaft41and the third shaft43at the same timing. Furthermore, as illustrated inFIG.5, the second actuator52and the fourth actuator54are controlled by the controller70so as to rotate the second shaft42and the fourth shaft44at the same timing. As illustrated inFIG.6, the supply device60includes a main tank61, a first tank62, a second tank63, a spray device64, a first switching valve65, a second switching valve66, a third switching valve67, a fourth switching valve68, and a pressurizing unit69. The main tank61stores a sauce. The sauce in the main tank61is preferably stirred by a stirring bar61A. The main tank61is connected with a drain pipe61B. Unnecessary sauce is discarded to the outside through the drain pipe61B. The first tank62and the second tank63are connected to the main tank61. Between the main tank61and the first tank62, a first pipe P1and a second pipe P2are arranged. Between the main tank61and the second tank63, the first pipe P1and a third pipe P3are arranged. The first pipe P1is branched into the second pipe P2and the third pipe P3at a branch part J1. The first pipe P1includes a switching valve V1that switches on/off of the outflow of the sauce from the main tank61. In addition, a pump P that delivers a sauce from the main tank61to the first tank62or the second tank63is disposed in the first pipe P1. The first switching valve65is disposed on the second pipe P2. The first switching valve65switches on/off of the supply of the sauce stored in the main tank61to the first tank62. The second switching valve66is disposed on the third pipe P3. The second switching valve66switches on/off of the supply of the sauce stored in the main tank61to the second tank63. As illustrated inFIG.6, the spray device64includes a first spray device64a, a second spray device64b, a third spray device64c, and a fourth spray device64d. The spray device64preferably supplies the sauce to the noodles while the noodles are falling toward the hopper30. The first spray device64asprays the sauce on the noodles housed in the first hopper group30A (refer toFIG.2). As illustrated inFIG.6, the first spray device64aincludes six sprayers64e. The second spray device64bsprays the sauce on the noodles housed in the second hopper group30B (refer toFIG.2). The second spray device64bincludes six sprayers64fas illustrated inFIG.6. The third spray device64csprays the sauce onto the noodles housed in the third hopper group30C (refer toFIG.2). As illustrated inFIG.6, the third spray device64cincludes six sprayers64g. The fourth spray device64dsprays the sauce onto the noodles housed in the fourth hopper group30D (refer toFIG.2). As illustrated inFIG.6, the fourth spray device64dincludes six sprayers64h. The spray device64is connected to the first tank62and the second tank63as illustrated inFIG.6. Between the spray device64and the first tank62, a fourth pipe P4and a sixth pipe P6are arranged. Between the spray device64and the second tank63, a fifth pipe P5and the sixth pipe P6are arranged. The fourth pipe P4and the fifth pipe P5join the sixth pipe P6at a junction J2. The sixth pipe P6branches into four so as to be connected to each of the first spray device64a, the second spray device64b, the third spray device64c, and the fourth spray device64d. The third switching valve67is disposed on the fourth pipe P4. The third switching valve67switches on/off of the supply of the sauce stored in the first tank62to the spray device64. The fourth switching valve68is disposed on the fifth pipe P5. The fourth switching valve68switches on/off of the supply of the sauce stored in the second tank63to the spray device64. The pressurizing unit69includes a first pressurizing unit69A that applies pressure to the first tank62, and a second pressurizing unit69B that applies pressure to the second tank63. The first pressurizing unit69A increases the pressure inside the first tank62and transfers the sauce in the first tank62to the spray device64. The first pressurizing unit69A is a pump, for example. The second pressurizing unit69B raises the pressure inside the second tank63and pumps the sauce in the second tank63to the spray device64. The second pressurizing unit69B is a pump, for example. Hereinafter, a method for using the supply device60will be described. First, the main tank61, the first tank62, and the second tank63are filled with a sauce. Next, the pressure inside the first tank62is increased by the first pressurizing unit69A, and the sauce in the first tank62is pumped to the spray device64. At this time, the first switching valve65, the second switching valve66, and the fourth switching valve68are to be closed so as to prevent the movement of the sauce. In contrast, the third switching valve67is left open so that the sauce moves. When the sauce in the first tank62is depleted, the pressure in the second tank63is increased by the second pressurizing unit69B, and the sauce in the second tank63is pumped to the spray device64. At this time, the second switching valve66and the third switching valve67are to be closed so as to prevent the movement of the sauce. In contrast, the fourth switching valve68is left open so that the sauce moves. Furthermore, the pressurization of the first pressurizing unit69A is stopped to set the inside of the first tank62to the atmospheric pressure. Subsequently, the sauce is supplied from the main tank61into the first tank62by the pump P. At this time, the switching valve V1and the first switching valve65are left open. With this configuration, the sauce can be filled into the first tank62while the sauce is supplied from the second tank63to the spray device64. Moreover, when the sauce in the second tank63is depleted, the pressure in the first tank62is increased by the first pressurizing unit69A, and the sauce in the first tank62is pumped to the spray device64. At this time, the first switching valve65and the fourth switching valve68are to be closed so as to prevent the movement of the sauce. In contrast, the third switching valve67is left open so that the sauce moves. Furthermore, the pressurization of the second pressurizing unit69B is stopped to set the inside of the second tank63to the atmospheric pressure. Subsequently, the sauce is supplied from the main tank61into the second tank63by the pump P. At this time, the switching valve V1and the second switching valve66are left open. With this configuration, the sauce can be filled into the second tank63while the sauce is supplied from the first tank62to the spray device64. According to the supply device60configured as described above, it is possible to supply the sauce to the spray device64without interruption, and thus, productivity will be improved. The controller70controls driving of the actuator50and the supply device60. The controller70is a CPU, for example. The controller70applies air pressure to the sauce supplied to the spray device64at a desired timing so as to spray the sauce into the hopper30. Next, a method for using the noodle cooking apparatus1according to the present embodiment will be described. First, water and flour are mixed by the mixer2. Subsequently, the rolling device3rolls the mixture of water and flour to form a noodle strip. Subsequently, the aging device4ages the noodle strip. Subsequently, the noodle strip is cut by the cutting device5so as to have a desired weight. At this time, the noodle strips, in the form of noodle bundles, are divided into six sets in the left-right direction inFIG.1. Next, the six sets of noodle bundles are individually boiled by the boiling device6. The six sets of noodle bundles are individually cooled by the cooling tank7and tightened. The six sets of noodle bundles are individually coated with the sauce by the mixing apparatus8. Subsequently, the six sets of noodle bundles coated with the sauce fall individually on the receiving tray9and are frozen by the freezer10. Next, movement of the noodles in the mixing apparatus8will be described in detail. As illustrated inFIG.1, the noodles tightened with cold water in the cooling tank7fall from the cooling tank7and then fall into the first hopper group30A (state ofFIG.5). At this time, the first spray device64asprays the sauce on the noodles while the noodles are falling toward the first hopper group30A. At this time, the sauce is sprayed on each of the six sets of noodle bundles. The noodles sprayed with the sauce are housed in the first hopper group30A. Subsequently, as the first hopper group30A rotates around the axial direction of the first shaft41as illustrated inFIG.3, the noodle bundle housed in the first hopper group30A is substantially inverted upside down, and then, falls into the second hopper group30B (state illustrated inFIG.4). At this time, the second spray device64bsprays the sauce on the noodles while the noodles are falling toward the second hopper group30B. Since the sauce is sprayed on the noodles after the noodles are substantially inverted upside down in this manner, the sauce is sprayed on the side of the noodle bundle that is relatively not in touch with the sauce. Therefore, the noodles can be suitably coated with the sauce. The noodles sprayed with the sauce are housed in the second hopper group30B. Subsequently, as the second hopper group30B rotates around the axial direction of the second shaft42as illustrated inFIG.3, the noodle bundle housed in the second hopper group30B is substantially inverted upside down, and then, falls into the third hopper group30C (state illustrated inFIG.5). At this time, the third spray device64csprays the sauce on the noodles while the noodles are falling toward the third hopper group30C. The noodles sprayed with the sauce are housed in the third hopper group30C. Subsequently, as the third hopper group30C rotates around the axial direction of the third shaft43as illustrated inFIG.3, the noodle bundle housed in the third hopper group30C is substantially inverted upside down, and then, falls into the fourth hopper group30D (state illustrated inFIG.4). At this time, the fourth spray device64dsprays the sauce on the noodles while the noodles are falling toward the fourth hopper group30D. The noodles sprayed with the sauce are housed in the fourth hopper group30D. As described above, according to the mixing apparatus8of the present embodiment, the noodles cut to have a desired weight by the cutting device5are coated with the sauce in the hopper30. After the noodles are coated with the sauce, the noodles fall into the receiving tray9, and thus, a desired amount of noodles is input, as it is, to the receiving tray9. In comparison, for example, with a manufacturing method in which the noodles are collectively input to a cooking pot, an additive is added, the noodles are coated with the additive, and thereafter the noodles are manually input to the receiving tray so that the desired amount is obtained, there would be a need to perform weighing in order to confirm whether the noodles with the desired weight are input, deteriorating the productivity. In comparison, with the mixing apparatus8according to the present embodiment, the preliminarily weighed desired amount of noodles are coated with the sauce in the hopper30, and after being coated with the sauce, the noodles fall into the receiving tray9. Accordingly, this makes it possible to dispose the desired amount of noodles on the receiving tray9as it is. For this reason, there is no need to weigh after the noodles have been input to the receiving tray9, leading to improved productivity. As described above, the mixing apparatus8according to the present embodiment is a mixing apparatus8that mixes the sauce with the noodles while the noodles are falling onto the receiving tray9. The mixing apparatus8includes: the hopper30that houses the falling noodles and that allows noodles to fall while rotating; and the supply device60that supplies the sauce to the noodles in the hopper30. The hoppers30are provided in four lines along the noodle falling direction. According to the mixing apparatus8configured in this manner, the sauce is automatically supplied to the noodles in the hopper30, and then, the noodles fall by the rotation of the hopper30. Therefore, it is possible to efficiently input the noodles coated with the sauce into the receiving tray9. Furthermore, the preliminarily weighed desired amount of noodles are coated with the sauce in the hopper30, and after being coated with the sauce, the noodles fall into the receiving tray9, making it possible to arrange the desired amount of noodles on the receiving tray9as it is. For this reason, there is no need to weigh after the noodles are input into the receiving tray9. As described above, it is possible to provide a mixing apparatus8capable of efficiently inputting the noodles coated with the sauce to the receiving tray9, without the need to weigh after the noodles are input to the receiving tray9. Moreover, six hoppers30are provided in the width direction (left-right direction inFIG.2) orthogonal to the falling direction. The six hoppers30disposed in the width direction are rotatable on the shaft40extending in the width direction. According to the mixing apparatus8configured in this manner, it is possible to simultaneously coat six sets of noodle bundles with the sauce, leading to improvement of productivity. Furthermore, it is possible to allow the noodles to fall downward with a simple configuration as compared to a rack-and-pinion type configuration of a first modification described below. Furthermore, the maintenance of the apparatus can be simplified as compared with the rack and pinion type configuration. Moreover, the supply device60supplies the sauce to the noodles while the noodles are falling toward the hopper30. With the mixing apparatus8configured in this manner, it is possible to increase the area of the noodles, in which the sauce is sprayed. This makes it possible to more suitably coat the noodles with the sauce. Moreover, the supply device60includes the main tank61in which the sauce is stored; the first tank62connected to the main tank61; the second tank63connected to the main tank61; the spray device64to which the sauce is supplied from the first tank62or the second tank63and that sprays the sauce onto the noodles; the first switching valve65that switches on/off of the supply of the sauce stored in the main tank61to the first tank62; the second switching valve66that switches on/off of the supply of the sauce stored in the main tank61to the second tank63; the third switching valve67that switches on/off of the supply of the sauce stored in the first tank62to the spray device64; the fourth switching valve68that switches on/off of the supply of the sauce stored in the second tank63to the spray device64; and the pressurizing unit69that applies pressure to the first tank62or the second tank63and that pumps the sauce from the first tank62or the second tank63to the spray device64. According to the mixing apparatus8configured in this manner, for example, when the sauce of the first tank62is depleted, it is possible, by switching to the second tank63, to pump the sauce from the second tank63to the spray device64. Conversely, when the sauce of the second tank63is depleted, it is possible, by switching to the first tank62, to pump the sauce from the first tank62to the spray device64. Accordingly, since the sauce can be supplied to the spray device64without interruption, productivity is improved. <First Modification> Next, with reference toFIG.7, a configuration of a mixing apparatus108according to a first modification will be described.FIG.7is a schematic view illustrating the mixing apparatus108according to the first modification. As illustrated inFIG.7, the mixing apparatus108according to the first modification includes: the box20; the hopper30; a pinion80that pivotally supports the hopper30; a rack140that rotates the pinion80; an actuator50that moves the rack140in the left-right direction ofFIG.7; the supply device60; and the controller70. Since the configuration of the box20, the hopper30, the supply device60, and the controller70is the same as in the above-described embodiment, the description thereof will be omitted. In the mixing apparatus108according to the first modification, the pinion80is rotated by moving the rack140in the left-right direction inFIG.7by the actuator150. The hopper30rotates clockwise inFIG.7together with the clockwise rotation of the pinion80, thereby allowing the noodles in the hopper30to fall downward. According to the mixing apparatus108configured in this manner, it is possible to allow the noodles to fall downward while coating the noodles with the sauce. Furthermore, with the mixing apparatus108according to the first modification, it is possible to simultaneously coat six sets of noodle bundles with the sauce, leading to improvement of productivity. The present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and various modifications and alterations can be made within the scope of the claims. For example, in the above-described embodiment, six hoppers30are provided in the width direction and four lines are provided in the falling direction. However, the number of hoppers30provided in the width direction is not limited, and it is sufficient as long as at least two lines are provided in the falling direction. In the above-described embodiment, the supply device60supplies the sauce to the noodles while the noodles are falling toward the hopper30. However, it is allowable to spray the sauce to the noodles after the noodles land on the hopper30. Moreover, the above embodiment has described a process of supplying a liquid sauce to the noodles to manufacture the fried noodles. However, the powdered sauce may be supplied to the noodles to manufacture the fried noodles. Furthermore, the object to be manufactured is not limited to fried noodles. The technology can also be applied to, for example, spaghetti, “Udon (thick noodles)”, and cold wheat noodles such as “Hiyamugi” and “Somen”. Moreover, the above embodiment has described an exemplary case of noodles used for fried noodles, as an example of food. However, the food is not particularly limited as long as the additive is mixed in the food. For example, the food may be seaweed, cut vegetables, “Tokoroten (seaweed jelly)”, rice, or “Natto”. The above embodiment has described an exemplary case of using sauce, as an example of the additive. However, the additive is not particularly limited as long as it is mixed with food. For example, the additive may include: vegetable oils such as rapeseed oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, sunflower oil, olive oil, safflower oil, soybean oil, palm oil; animal/vegetable oils such as fish oil, egg yolk oil, or refined oils from these; various seasonings such as soy sauce, sugar, salt, vinegar, citrus juice, ketchup; milk such as cow milk, skim milk powder, whole milk powder, whey protein; and eggs such as egg yolk, egg white, whole eggs; spices, fragrances, pigments, those containing or a mixture of these. REFERENCE SIGNS LIST 1Noodle cooking apparatus8,108Mixing apparatus9Receiving tray30Hopper40Shaft60Supply device61Main tank62First tank63Second tank64Spray device65First switching valve66Second switching valve67Third switching valve68Fourth switching valve69Pressurizing unit

11856978

BEST MODE According to one or more embodiments, an aerosol-generating article comprises agar, glycerin, and water, maintains the shape of a bead by itself at room temperature, and generates aerosol when heated by an electric heater included in an aerosol-generating device. Mode of Disclosure With respect to the terms in the various embodiments of the present disclosure, the general terms which are currently and widely used are selected in consideration of functions of structural elements in the various embodiments of the present disclosure. However, meanings of the terms may be changed according to intention, a judicial precedent, appearance of a new technology, and the like. In addition, in certain cases, there is also a term arbitrarily selected by the applicant, in which case the meaning will be described in detail in the description of one or more embodiments. Therefore, the terms used in one or more embodiments should be defined based on the meanings of the terms and the general contents of one or more embodiments, rather than simply the names of the terms. Hereinafter, exemplary embodiments of one or more embodiments will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. One or more embodiments may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Hereinafter, an aerosol-generating article may be in the form of a bead. For example, the aerosol-generating article may be fabricated in the form of a sphere having a predetermined diameter. Alternatively, the aerosol-generating article may be fabricated in an oval shape, a droplet shape, etc. Also, the aerosol-generating article may be fabricated in various sizes. The aerosol-generating article retains the shape of a bead at the room temperature by itself. In detail, the aerosol-generating article retains the shape of a bead until being liquefied or vaporized by a heater, which will be described below. In other words, the aerosol-generating article does not include a separate outer membrane (outer shell) to retain the shape of a bead and naturally has the shape of the bead as materials to be described below are mixed and dried. Therefore, no residue remains after the aerosol-generating article is liquefied or vaporized. Hereinafter, the aerosol-generating article will be referred to as a ‘bead’. For example, a bead may be fabricated by using agar, glycerin, and water. For example, a bead may be fabricated by combining 1 wt % to 3 wt % of agar, 10 wt % to 80 wt % of glycerin, and 25 wt % to 90 wt % of water with respect to the total weight of the bead. However, the ratio of agar, glycerin, and water is not limited to the above-stated one, and various composition ratios may be applied thereto. For example, a bead may be fabricated by combining 1.0 wt % to 2.5 wt % of agar, 70 wt % of glycerin, and 27.5 wt % to 20 wt % of water with respect to the total weight of the bead. In particular, when a bead was fabricated by combining 2.0 wt % to 2.5 wt % of agar, 70 wt % of glycerin, and 27.5 wt % to 28.0 wt % of water, the bead exhibited excellent moldability. Also, a bead may be fabricated by combining 2.5 wt % of agar, 60 wt % to 90 wt % of glycerin, and 7.5 wt % to 37.5 wt % of water with respect to the total weight of the bead. In particular, when a bead was fabricated by combining 2.5 wt % of agar, 60 wt % to 80 wt % of glycerin, and 17.5 wt % to 37.5 wt % of water, the bead exhibited excellent moldability. In another example, a bead may be fabricated by using agar, glycerin, water, and alginate. For example, a bead may be fabricated by combining 2.5 wt % of agar, 60 wt % of glycerin, 0.05 wt % to 0.15 wt % of alginate, and 37.35 wt % to 37.45 wt % of water with respect to the total weight of the bead. In particular, when a bead was fabricated by combining 2.5 wt % of agar, 60 wt % of glycerin, 0.05 wt % to 0.10 wt % of alginate, and 37.40 wt % to 37.45 wt % of water, the bead exhibited excellent moldability. Also, a bead may be fabricated by combining 2.5 wt % of agar, 70 wt % of glycerin, 0.05 wt % to 0.15 wt % of alginate, and 27.35 wt % to 27.45 wt % of water with respect to the total weight of the bead. In particular, when a bead was fabricated by combining 2.5 wt % of agar, 70 wt % of glycerin, 0.05 wt % to 0.10 wt % of alginate, and about 27.40 wt % to about 27.45 wt % of water, the bead exhibited excellent moldability. Also, instead of agar described above, pectin, sodium alginate, carrageenan, gelatin or a gum like guar gum may be used. Also, the components of a bead are not limited to agar, glycerin, water, and alginate described above. For example, a bead may further include propylene glycol, nicotine, a flavoring agent, etc. For example, a bead may further include 1.0 wt % of nicotine. When nicotine is further included in a bead, the phenomenon of unnecessary leakage from an aerosol-generating device as the bead is heated by a heater may be prevented. Meanwhile, the components of a bead are not limited to the above-described substances, and various other substances constituting a cigarette may also be included. The surface of a bead may be coated with a predetermined material. For example, to prevent loss of moisture and the like included in a bead, the surface of the bead may be coated with a predetermined material. For example, the surface of a bead may be coated with tobacco powder, but one or more embodiments are not limited thereto. In addition, a drying operation may be included in operations for fabricating a bead. For example, during fabrication of a bead, a molded bead may be dried by being exposed to hot air, and the hardness of the bead may be improved as the bead is dried. For example, the hardness of a dried bead may be within the range of 2.0 to 7.0. Here, the hardness refers to the degree of resistance against crushing (that is, deformation of the appearance) of the bead due to external force applied to the bead. The hardness is a relative value. The larger the number of the hardness is, the stronger the hardness becomes (that is, more external force is needed to deform a bead). The hardness of beads was derived through evaluations with 100 people, and the degrees of maintaining the appearance when beads were pressed by hand were quantified in steps from 0 to 10. For example, a bead formed with the composition ratio of 2.5 wt % of agar, 60 wt % of glycerin, 0 wt % to 0.10 wt % of alginate, and 37.40 wt % to 37.50 wt % of water may exhibit hardness from about 2.0 to about 6.5 after being dried. Also, a bead formed with the composition ratio of 2.5 wt % of agar, 70 wt % of glycerin, 0 wt % to 0.10 wt % of alginate, and 27.40 wt % to 27.50 wt % of alginate may exhibit hardness from about 1.7 to about 6.3 as being dried. A bead may be included in a cigarette and/or accommodated in a cartridge. For example, a cigarette or a cartridge including a bead may be heated by an electric heater to generate aerosol. Also, a bead may or may not include nicotine. Hereinafter, examples in which beads are used will be described with reference toFIGS.1to17. Even when omitted below, the descriptions given above in relation to beads may be applied to beads to be described below with reference toFIGS.1to17. FIG.1is a drawing showing an example of a cigarette including beads. Referring toFIG.1, a cigarette100includes a front-end plug110, a bead accommodating portion120, a tobacco accommodating portion130, and a filter140. Meanwhile, although not shown inFIG.1, the cigarette100may be packaged by at least one wrapper. The front-end plug110may include cellulose acetate. For example, the front-end plug100may be fabricated by molding a cellulose acetate tow by adding a plasticizer (e.g., triacetin, etc.) thereto. Alternatively, the front-end plug110may include other material such as cotton. Therefore, the front-end plug110may also serve as a wick that absorbs a liquid produced as a bead melts. The bead accommodating portion120includes at least one bead as described above. Here, the bead may not include nicotine, but is not limited thereto. When a plurality of beads are accommodated in the bead accommodating portion120, the plurality of beads may be arranged regularly or irregularly. The tobacco accommodating portion130includes an aerosol generating material. For example, the aerosol generating material may include at least one of glycerin, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, and oleyl alcohol. In addition, the tobacco accommodating portion130may include other additive materials like a flavoring agent, a wetting agent, and/or an organic acid. For example, the flavoring agent may include licorice, sucrose, fructose syrup, isosweet, cocoa, lavender, cinnamon, cardamom, celery, fenugreek, cascara, sandalwood, bergamot, geranium, honey essence, rose oil, vanilla, lemon oil, orange oil, mint oil, cinnamon, keragene, cognac, jasmine, chamomile, menthol, cinnamon, ylang, salvia, spearmint, ginger, coriander, coffee, etc. In addition, the wetting agent may include glycerin or propylene glycol. For example, the tobacco accommodating portion130may be filled with cut tobacco leaves. Here, cut tobacco leaves may be formed by fine-cutting a tobacco sheet. In another example, the tobacco accommodating portion130may be filled with a plurality of cigarette strands formed by fine-cutting a tobacco sheet. For example, the tobacco accommodating portion130may be formed by combining a plurality of tobacco strands in the same direction (parallel to one another) or randomly. In detail, the tobacco accommodating portion130may be formed by combining a plurality of tobacco strands, and a plurality of vertical channels through which aerosol may pass may be formed. At this time, depending on the sizes and arrangements of the tobacco strands, the vertical channels may be uniform or non-uniform. For example, tobacco strands may be formed through the following operations. First, a raw tobacco material is pulverized to form a slurry in which an aerosol generating material (e.g., glycerin, propylene glycol, etc.), a flavoring liquid, a binder (e.g., guar gum, xanthan gum, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), etc.), and water are mixed, and then a sheet is formed by using the slurry. When forming the slurry, natural pulp or cellulose may be added to modify the physical properties of tobacco strands, and one or more binders may be mixed and used. Next, after drying the sheet, tobacco strands may be formed by fold-cutting or fine-cutting the dried sheet. The raw tobacco material may be tobacco leaf fragments, tobacco stems, and/or fine tobacco powders formed during treatment of tobacco. The tobacco sheet may also include other additives like wood cellulose fibers. The slurry may contain 5% to 40% of aerosol generating material, and 2% to 35% of aerosol generating material may remain in completed tobacco strands. Preferably, 10% to 25% of the aerosol generating material may remain in the completed tobacco strands. Also, a flavoring agent such as menthol or a moisturizing agent may be added to the tobacco accommodating portion130. The filter140may include cellulose acetate. For example, the filter140may be fabricated as a recess filter, but is not limited thereto. The length of the filter140may be appropriately selected within the range of 4 mm to 20 mm. For example, the length of the filter140may be about 12 mm, but is not limited thereto. During a process of fabricating the filter140, the filter140may be fabricated to emit a flavor by spraying a flavoring solution to the filter140. Alternatively, separate fibers coated with a flavoring liquid may be inserted into the filter140. Aerosols generated by the bead accommodating portion120and tobacco accommodating portion130are delivered to a user through the filter140. Therefore, when a flavoring material is added to the filter140, the persistence of a flavor delivered to the user may be enhanced. Also, the filter140may include at least one capsule. Here, the capsule may have a structure in which a content liquid containing a flavoring material is wrapped with a film. For example, the capsule may have a spherical or cylindrical shape. The outer film (outer cover) of the capsule may be fabricated by using a material including agar, pectin, sodium alginate, carrageenan, gelatin, or a gum like guar gum. Furthermore, a hardening agent may be further used as a material for forming the film of the capsule324. Here, as the gelling agent, for example, a calcium chloride group may be used. Furthermore, a plasticizer may be further used as a material for forming the film of the capsule. As the plasticizer, glycerin and/or sorbitol may be used. Furthermore, a coloring agent may be further used as a material for forming the film of the capsule324. For example, as a flavoring material included in the content liquid of the capsule324, menthol, plant essential oil, and the like may be used. As a solvent of the flavoring material included in the content liquid, for example, a medium chain fatty acid triglyceride (MCT) may be used. Also, the content liquid may include other additives like a figment, an emulsifying agent, a thickening agent, etc. FIG.2is a drawing showing another example of a cigarette including beads. Referring toFIG.2, a cigarette200includes a front-end plug210, a bead accommodating portion220, and a filter230. Here, the front-end plug210and the filter230are the same as those described above with reference toFIG.1. Therefore, descriptions of the front-end plug210and the filter230will be omitted below. The bead accommodating portion220includes at least one bead as described above. Here, the bead may be a bead that includes nicotine, but is not limited thereto. When a plurality of beads are accommodated in the bead accommodating portion220, the plurality of beads may be arranged regularly or irregularly. FIG.3is a drawing showing another example of a cigarette including beads. Referring toFIG.3, a cigarette300includes a front-end plug310, a bead accommodating portion320, a tobacco accommodating portion330, and a filter340. Here, the front-end plug310, the tobacco accommodating portion330, and the filter340are the same as those described above with reference toFIG.1. Therefore, descriptions of the front-end plug310, the tobacco accommodating portion330, and the filter340will be omitted below. The bead accommodating portion330includes at least one bead as described above. Here, bead may be a bead that does not include nicotine, but is not limited thereto. The bead accommodating portion330may further include a carrier350. For example, the carrier350may be included in the bead accommodating portion330for the purpose of fixing beads or absorbing liquid discharged from the beads. However, the functions of the carrier350are not limited thereto. Meanwhile,FIG.3shows that the carrier350is rectangular, but the shape of the carrier350is not limited thereto. In other words, as long as the carrier350is capable of fixing the beads and/or absorbing liquid discharged from the beads, the shape (or structure) of the carrier350is not limited. For example, the carrier350may be formed in a matrix shape or a honeycomb shape. FIG.4is a drawing showing another example of a cigarette including beads. Referring toFIG.4, a cigarette400includes a front-end plug410, a bead accommodating portion420, and a filter430. Here, the front-end plug410and the filter430are the same as those described above with reference toFIG.1. Therefore, descriptions of the front-end plug410and the filter430will be omitted below. The bead accommodating portion420includes at least one bead as described above. Here, the bead may be a bead that includes nicotine, but is not limited thereto. The bead accommodating portion420may further include a carrier440. Here, the carrier440is the same as that described above with reference toFIG.3. Therefore, description of the carrier440will be omitted below. FIG.5is a drawing showing another example of a cigarette including beads. Referring toFIG.5, a cigarette500includes a front-end plug510, a bead accommodating portion520, a tobacco accommodating portion530, and a filter540. Here, the bead accommodating portion520, the tobacco accommodating portion530, and the filter540are the same as those described above with reference toFIG.1. Therefore, descriptions of the bead accommodating portion520, the tobacco accommodating portion530, and the filter540will be omitted below. The front-end plug510may include a porous ceramic material. Also, the front-end plug510may include cellulose acetate, as described above with reference toFIG.1. The front-end plug510may include a cavity511. For example, the front-end plug510may be fabricated in the form of a tube. Here, the cavity511may become a path through which a heater may be inserted into the cigarette500. The cross-sectional shape of the cavity511may vary. FIG.6is a drawing showing another example of a cigarette including beads. Referring toFIG.6, a cigarette600includes a tobacco accommodating portion610, a cavity structure620, and a filter640. Here, the tobacco accommodating portion610and the filter640are the same as those described above with reference toFIG.1. Therefore, descriptions of the tobacco accommodating portion610and the filter640will be omitted below. The cavity structure620may include cellulose acetate. For example, the cavity structure620may be fabricated by molding a cellulose acetate tow by adding a plasticizer (e.g., triacetin, etc.) thereto. Also, a cavity630included in the cavity structure620may be filled with at least one bead. FIG.7is a diagram showing an example of heating a cigarette including beads. A cigarette700ofFIG.7is the same as the cigarette100shown inFIG.1. Alternatively, the cigarette700may be any one of cigarettes200,300,400,500, and600shown inFIGS.2to6. A heater710may be arranged to heat an entire bead accommodating portion and an entire tobacco accommodating portion of the cigarette700. For example, the heater710may be a cylindrical heater surrounding the bead accommodating portion and the tobacco accommodating portion, but is not limited thereto. FIG.8is a diagram showing another example of heating a cigarette including beads. A cigarette800ofFIG.8is the same as the cigarette100shown inFIG.1. Alternatively, the cigarette800may be any one of cigarettes200,300,400,500, and600shown inFIGS.2to6. A heater810may be arranged to heat an entire bead accommodating portion and a portion of a tobacco accommodating portion of the cigarette800. For example, the heater810may be a cylindrical heater, but is not limited thereto. FIG.9is a diagram showing another example of heating a cigarette including beads. A cigarette900ofFIG.9is the same as the cigarette100shown inFIG.1. Alternatively, the cigarette900may be any one of cigarettes200,300,400,500, and600shown inFIGS.2to6. A heater910may be arranged to heat a bead accommodating portion of the cigarette900. For example, the heater910may be a cylindrical heater, but is not limited thereto. FIG.10is a diagram showing another example of heating a cigarette including beads. A cigarette1000ofFIG.10is the same as the cigarette100shown inFIG.1. Alternatively, the cigarette1000may be any one of cigarettes200,300,400,500, and600shown inFIGS.2to6. A first heater1010may be arranged to heat an entire bead accommodating portion and an entire tobacco accommodating portion of the cigarette1000. For example, the first heater1010may be a cylindrical heater, but is not limited thereto. Meanwhile, although not shown inFIG.10, the first heater1010may be arranged to heat the entire bead accommodating portion and a portion of the tobacco accommodating portion. Also, a second heater1020may be arranged to heat a front-end plug of the cigarette1000. At this time, the front-end plug may serve as a wick for liquids. The first heater1010and the second heater1020may be controlled to be heated to different temperatures, respectively. For example, at least one of the first heater1010and the second heater1020may sequentially melt beads included in the bead accommodating portion. Therefore, aerosol may be continuously generated during user's smoking. For example, aerosol generated from a bead may be moved in the direction indicated inFIG.10by the arrow and inhaled by a user. In another example, aerosol generated from a bead may be moved through a flow path formed along a side surface of the cigarette1000and inhaled by a user. FIG.11is a diagram showing another example of heating a cigarette including beads. A cigarette1100ofFIG.11is the same as the cigarette500shown inFIG.5. Alternatively, the cigarette1100may be any one of cigarettes100,200,300,400, and600shown inFIGS.1to4and6. A first heater1110may be arranged to heat a tobacco accommodating portion of the cigarette1100. For example, the first heater1110may be a cylindrical heater, but is not limited thereto. Also, a second heater1120may be arranged to heat a bead accommodating portion of the cigarette1100. For example, the second heater1120may be inserted into the bead accommodating portion through a front-end plug. Therefore, beads in the bead accommodating portion may be heated. The second heater1130may be fabricated in various shapes, e.g., a blade-like shape, a needle-like shape, etc. The first heater1110and the second heater1120may be controlled to be heated to different temperatures, respectively. For example, at least one of the first heater1110and the second heater1120may sequentially melt beads included in the bead accommodating portion. Therefore, aerosols may be continuously generated during user's smoking. For example, an aerosol generated from a bead may be moved in the direction indicated inFIG.11by the arrow and inhaled by a user. In another example, an aerosol generated from a bead may be moved through a flow path (not shown) formed along a side surface of the cigarette1100and inhaled by a user. FIG.12is a diagram showing another example of heating a cigarette including beads. A cigarette1200ofFIG.12is the same as the cigarette600shown inFIG.6. Alternatively, the cigarette1200may be any one of cigarettes100,200,300,400, and500shown inFIGS.1to5. A heater1210may be arranged to heat a tobacco accommodating portion of the cigarette1200. For example, the heater1210may be inserted into the tobacco accommodating portion. The heater1210may be fabricated in various shapes, e.g., a blade-like shape, a needle-like shape, etc. FIG.13is a diagram showing an example of heating a cartridge including beads. FIG.13shows an example of a cartridge1310including beads. A heater1320may be arranged to heat the exterior and/or the interior of the cartridge1310. For example, the heater1320may include a piercing element, and beads in the cartridge1310may be heated as the piercing element is inserted into the cartridge1310. FIG.14is a diagram showing another example of heating a cartridge including beads. Referring toFIG.14, a cartridge1400includes a bead accommodating portion1410and a heater1420. However, other components may be further included in the cartridge1400, and the heater1420may be provided as a device independent of the cartridge1400. For example, the bead accommodating portion1410of the cartridge1400may be replaceable. In detail, the bead accommodating portion1410may be attached to and detached from the cartridge1400or a device in which the cartridge1400is accommodated. Therefore, the bead accommodating portion1410may be replaced separately from the heater1420. Meanwhile, the heater1420may be fixed to the cartridge1400or the device in which the cartridge1400is accommodated. Also, both the bead accommodating portion1410and the heater1420may be fixed to the cartridge1400or the device in which the cartridge1400is accommodated. In this case, as needed, a user may directly supply at least one bead into the bead accommodating portion1410. The bead accommodating portion1410includes at least one bead as described above. Here, the bead may include nicotine, but is not limited thereto. When a plurality of beads are accommodated in the bead accommodating portion1410, the plurality of beads may be arranged regularly or irregularly. Also, a carrier may be further included in the bead accommodating portion1410. Here, the carrier is the same as that described above with reference toFIG.3. Therefore, detailed description of the carrier will be omitted below. The heater1420may include a coil for heating and a wick, but one or more embodiments are not limited thereto. For example, the heater1420may be a plate-like heater or a mesh-like heater, but is not limited thereto. For example, the wick may include cotton fiber, ceramic fiber, glass fiber, or porous ceramic, but is not limited thereto. Also, the heater1420may be a metal heating wire, a metal heating plate, or a ceramic heater, but is not limited thereto. Also, a heating element may include a conductive filament such as a nichrome wire. FIG.15is a diagram showing another example of heating a cartridge including beads. Referring toFIG.15, a cartridge1500includes a bead accommodating portion1510and a heater1520. However, other components may be further included in the cartridge1500, and the heater1520may be provided as a device independent of the cartridge1500. The bead accommodating portion1510is the same as the bead accommodating portion1410described above with reference toFIG.14. Therefore, description of the bead accommodating portion1510will be omitted below. The heater1520may be provided to heat the entirety or a portion of the bead accommodating portion1510. For example, the heater1520may be a cylindrical heater surrounding the entire or a portion of the bead accommodating portion, but is not limited thereto. Meanwhile, in addition to the examples shown inFIGS.14and15, other examples of heating a cartridge may be employed. Also, an aerosol may be generated by combining the examples shown inFIGS.14and15. For example, beads may be liquefied by the heater1520shown inFIG.15, and aerosol may be generated from a liquefied material by the heater1420shown inFIG.14. FIG.16is a diagram showing an example of a cartridge including beads and a cigarette. Referring toFIG.16, a device1600includes a cartridge1610and a cigarette1620. Here, the cartridge1610is the same as the cartridge1400described above with reference toFIG.14. Therefore, description of the cartridge1610will be omitted below. The aerosol generated from the cartridge1610is discharged to the outside through the cigarette1620, and a user may inhale the aerosol discharged to the outside. Here, the cigarette1620may be heated by a separate heater, but is not limited thereto. FIG.17is a diagram showing another example of a cartridge including beads and a cigarette. Referring toFIG.17, a device1700includes a cartridge1710and a cigarette1720. Here, the cartridge1710is the same as the cartridge1500described above with reference toFIG.15. Therefore, hereinafter, description of the cartridge1710is omitted. An aerosol generated from the cartridge1710is discharged to the outside through the cigarette1720, and a user may inhale the aerosol discharged to the outside. Here, the cigarette1720may be heated by a separate heater, but is not limited thereto. FIGS.18to20are diagrams showing examples in which a cigarette is inserted into an aerosol generating device. Referring toFIG.18, an aerosol generating device2000includes a battery2100, a controller2200and a heater2300. Referring toFIGS.19and20, an aerosol generating device2000further includes a cartridge2400. Also, a cigarette3000may be inserted into an inner space of the aerosol generating device2000. Here, the cigarette3000may be a cigarette described with reference toFIGS.1to12. FIGS.18to20only illustrate components of the aerosol generating device2000which are related to the present embodiment. However, it will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art related to the present embodiment that other general-purpose components may be further included in the aerosol generating device2000, in addition to the components illustrated inFIGS.18to20. Also,FIGS.19and20illustrate that the aerosol generating device2000includes the heater2300. However, as necessary, the heater2300may be omitted. FIG.18illustrates that the battery2100, the controller2200, and the heater2300are arranged in series.FIG.19illustrates that the battery2100, the controller2200, the cartridge2400, and the heater2300are arranged in series. Also,FIG.19illustrates that the cartridge2400and the heater2300are arranged in parallel. However, the internal structure of the aerosol generating device2000is not limited to the structures illustrated inFIGS.18to20. In other words, according to the design of the aerosol generating device2000, the battery2100, the controller2200, the cartridge2400, and the heater2300may be differently arranged. When the cigarette3000is inserted into the aerosol generating device2000, the aerosol generating device2000may operate the heater2300and/or the cartridge2400to generate aerosol. The aerosol generated by the heater2300and/or the cartridge2400is delivered to the user by passing through the cigarette3000. If necessary, even when the cigarette3000is not inserted into the aerosol generating device2000, the aerosol generating device2000may heat the heater2300. The battery2100may supply power to be used for the aerosol generating device2000to operate. For example, the battery2100may supply power to heat the heater2300or the cartridge2400and may supply power for operating the controller2200. Also, the battery2100may supply power for operations of a display, a sensor, a motor, etc. mounted in the aerosol generating device2000. The controller2200may control overall operations of the aerosol generating device2000. In detail, the controller2200may control not only operations of the battery2100, the heater2300, and the cartridge2400, but also operations of other components included in the aerosol generating device2000. Also, the controller2200may check a state of each of the components of the aerosol generating device2000to determine whether or not the aerosol generating device2000is able to operate. The controller2200may include at least one processor. A processor can be implemented as an array of a plurality of logic gates or can be implemented as a combination of a general-purpose microprocessor and a memory in which a program executable in the microprocessor is stored. It will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the processor can be implemented in other forms of hardware. The heater2300may be heated by the power supplied from the battery2100. For example, when the cigarette3000is inserted into the aerosol generating device2000, the heater2300may be located outside the cigarette3000. Thus, the heated heater2300may increase a temperature of at least one material including beads in the cigarette3000. The heater2300may include an electro-resistive heater. For example, the heater2300may include an electrically conductive track, and the heater2300may be heated when currents flow through the electrically conductive track. However, the heater2300is not limited to the example described above and may include any other heaters which may be heated to a desired temperature. Here, the desired temperature may be pre-set in the aerosol generating device2000or may be manually set by a user. As another example, the heater2300may include an induction heater. In detail, the heater2300may include an electrically conductive coil for heating a cigarette by an induction heating method, and the cigarette may include a susceptor which may be heated by the induction heater. For example, the heater2300may include a tube-type heating element, a plate-type heating element, a needle-type heating element, or a rod-type heating element, and may heat the inside or the outside of the cigarette3000, according to the shape of the heating element. Also, the aerosol generating device10000may include a plurality of heaters13000. Here, the plurality of heaters2300may be inserted into the cigarette3000or may be arranged outside the cigarette3000. Also, some of the plurality of heaters2300may be inserted into the cigarette3000, and the others may be arranged outside the cigarette3000. In addition, the shape of the heater2300is not limited to the shapes illustrated inFIGS.18to20and may include various shapes. The cartridge2400may generate aerosol by heating at least one bead and the generated aerosol may pass through the cigarette3000to be delivered to a user. In other words, the aerosol generated via the cartridge2400may move along an air flow passage of the aerosol generating device2000and the air flow passage may be configured such that the aerosol generated via the cartridge2400passes through the cigarette3000to be delivered to the user. Here, the cartridge2400is as described with reference toFIGS.13to17. The aerosol generating device2000may further include general-purpose components in addition to the battery2100, the controller2200, the heater2300, and the cartridge2400. For example, the aerosol generating device2000may include a display capable of outputting visual information and/or a motor for outputting haptic information. Also, the aerosol generating device2000may include at least one sensor (a puff detecting sensor, a temperature detecting sensor, a cigarette insertion detecting sensor, etc.). Also, the aerosol generating device2000may be formed as a structure where, even when the cigarette3000is inserted into the aerosol generating device2000, external air may be introduced or internal air may be discharged. Although not illustrated inFIGS.18to20, the aerosol generating device2000and an additional cradle may form together a system. For example, the cradle may be used to charge the battery2100of the aerosol generating device2000. Also, the heater2300may be heated when the cradle and the aerosol generating device2000are coupled to each other. The cigarette3000may be similar to a general combustive cigarette. For example, the cigarette3000may be divided into a first portion including at least one bead and a second portion including a filter, etc. Alternatively, the second portion of the cigarette3000may also include an aerosol generating material. The entire first portion may be inserted into the aerosol generating device2000, and the second portion may be exposed to the outside. Alternatively, only a portion of the first portion may be inserted into the aerosol generating device2000. Alternatively, a portion of the first portion and a portion of the second portion may be inserted into the aerosol generating device2000. The user may puff aerosol while holding the second portion by the mouth. In this case, the aerosol is generated by the external air passing through the first portion, and the generated aerosol passes through the second portion and is delivered to the user's mouth. For example, the external air may flow into at least one air passage formed in the aerosol generating device2000. For example, opening and closing of the air passage and/or a size of the air passage may be controlled by the user. Accordingly, the amount and smoothness of vapor may be adjusted by the user. As another example, the external air may flow into the cigarette3000through at least one hole formed in a surface of the cigarette3000. Those of ordinary skill in the art pertaining to the present embodiments can understand that various changes in form and details can be made therein without departing from the scope of the characteristics described above. The disclosed methods should be considered in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. The scope of the present disclosure is defined by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all differences within the scope of equivalents thereof should be construed as being included in the present disclosure.

11856979

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS Embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described by way of example only and with reference to the accompanying drawings. Referring initially toFIG.1, there is shown a first example of an aerosol generating article1for use with an aerosol generating device, an example of which will be described later in this specification. The aerosol generating article1is elongate and has a sheet-type form which, amongst other things, facilitates handling of the article1by a user and insertion of the article1into a heating compartment of an aerosol generating device. The aerosol generating article1comprises first and second aerosol generating sheets10,12each comprising aerosol generating material14. The aerosol generating material14is typically a solid or semi-solid material. Examples of suitable aerosol generating solids include powder, shreds, strands, porous material or foam material. The aerosol generating material typically comprises plant derived material and, in particular, comprises tobacco. The aerosol generating material14may alternatively comprise an aerosol generating liquid impregnated into or absorbed by a liquid absorbent material forming the aerosol generating sheets10,12. The aerosol generating article1comprises an inductively heatable susceptor16having a thickness which is preferably less than the thickness of the aerosol generating sheets10,12. The inductively heatable susceptor16is positioned between the first and second aerosol generating sheets10,12and is inductively heatable in the presence of a time varying electromagnetic field. In the illustrated first example, the inductively heatable susceptor16comprises a sheet of susceptor material18which separates, and is adhered to, the first and second aerosol generating sheets10,12by a substantially non-electrically conductive and non-magnetically permeable adhesive. When a time varying electromagnetic field is applied in the vicinity of the inductively heatable susceptor16during use of the article1in an aerosol generating device, heat is generated in the inductively heatable susceptor16due to eddy currents and magnetic hysteresis losses and the heat is transferred from the inductively heatable susceptor16to the adjacent first and second aerosol generating sheets10,12to heat the aerosol generating material14without burning it and to thereby generate an aerosol for inhalation by a user. The inductively heatable susceptor sheet18is in contact over its entire surfaces with the adjacent first and second aerosol generating sheets10,12, thus enabling heat to be transferred directly, and therefore efficiently, from the inductively heatable susceptor sheet18to the aerosol generating material14. The aerosol generating material14of the first and second aerosol generating sheets10,12comprises at least one aerosol-former such as glycerine or propylene glycol. Typically, the aerosol generating material14may comprise an aerosol-former content of between approximately 5% and approximately 50% on a dry weight basis. Upon heating due to heat transfer from the inductively heatable susceptor sheet18, the aerosol generating material14of both the first and second aerosol generating sheets10,12releases volatile compounds possibly including nicotine or flavour compounds such as tobacco flavouring. Each of the aerosol generating sheets10,12has an exposed surface10a,12athus ensuring that the generated aerosol can be easily released. Referring now toFIGS.2and3, there is shown a second example of an aerosol generating article2which is similar to the aerosol generating article1illustrated inFIG.1and in which corresponding elements are designated using the same reference numerals. The aerosol generating article2is identical to the aerosol generating article1illustrated inFIG.1in all respects and in addition comprises a further layer or sheet20,22covering each of the first and second aerosol generating sheets10,12. The further layer or sheet20,22comprises a material which differs from the aerosol generating material14and the material of the inductively heatable susceptor sheet18and is provided to facilitate handling of the aerosol generating article2by a user. The further layer or sheet20,22typically comprises a material which is non-electrically conductive and non-magnetically permeable so that it is not heated in the presence of a time-varying electromagnetic field during use of the article2in an aerosol generating device. In typical embodiments, the further layer or sheet20,22comprises paper. The further layer or sheet20,22is air-permeable to facilitate the release of generated aerosol from the first and second aerosol generating sheets10,12. As best seen inFIG.3, the further layer or sheet20,22comprises a plurality of openings24across its surface which expose the surfaces10a,10bof the aerosol generating sheets10,12and provide the further layer or sheet20,22with the desired level of air permeability. Referring now toFIG.4, there is shown a diagrammatic cross-sectional view of a third example of an aerosol generating article3which is similar to the aerosol generating article2illustrated inFIGS.2and3and in which corresponding elements are designated using the same reference numerals. The aerosol generating article3is identical to the aerosol generating article2illustrated inFIGS.2and3in all respects except that the inductively heatable susceptor16comprises a plurality of strips or particles of susceptor material26positioned in an adhesive layer28between the first and second aerosol generating sheets10,12. It will be seen inFIG.4that the adhesive layer28contacts the first and second aerosol generating sheets10,12and thereby securely adheres them to each other. Referring now toFIGS.5ato5c, there is shown an example of an aerosol generating device30for use with the aerosol generating articles1,2,3described above for generating an aerosol to be inhaled. The aerosol generating device30has a proximal end32and a distal end34and comprises a device body36which includes a power source38and a controller40which may be configured to operate at high frequency. The power source38typically comprises one or more batteries which could, for example, be inductively rechargeable. The aerosol generating device30comprises an aerosol generating space42, for example in the form of a heating compartment, accessible from the proximal end32of the aerosol generating device30. The aerosol generating space42has a rectangular cross-section as best seen inFIG.5band is arranged to receive a correspondingly shaped sheet-type aerosol generating article1,2,3as described above. The aerosol generating device30comprises a helical induction coil44which has a circular cross-section and which extends around the aerosol generating space42. The induction coil44can be energised by the power source38and controller40. The controller40includes, amongst other electronic components, an inverter which is arranged to convert a direct current from the power source38into an alternating high-frequency current for the induction coil44. The aerosol generating device30includes an air inlet46in the device body36which allows ambient air to flow into the aerosol generating space42. The aerosol generating device30also includes a mouthpiece48having an air outlet50. The mouthpiece48is removably mountable on the device body36at the proximal end32to allow access to the aerosol generating space42for the purposes of inserting or removing a sheet-type aerosol generating article1,2,3as described above. As will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, when the induction coil44is energised during use of the aerosol generating device30, an alternating and time-varying electromagnetic field is produced. This couples with the inductively heatable susceptor16of an aerosol generating article1,2,3positioned in the aerosol generating space42and generates eddy currents and/or magnetic hysteresis losses in the inductively heatable susceptor16causing it to heat up. The heat is then transferred from the inductively heatable susceptor16to the aerosol generating material14of the first and second aerosol generating sheets10,12, for example by conduction, radiation and convection, to heat the aerosol generating material14and thereby generate an aerosol. The aerosolisation of the aerosol generating material14is facilitated by the addition of air from the surrounding environment through the air inlet46. The aerosol generated by heating the aerosol generating material14in the first and second aerosol generating sheets10,12exits the aerosol generating space42through the air outlet50in the mouthpiece48where it can be inhaled by a user of the device30. The flow of air through the aerosol generating space42, i.e. from the air inlet46, through the aerosol generating space42and out of the air outlet50, can be aided by negative pressure created by a user drawing air from the air outlet50side of the device30. Examples of apparatus and methods for manufacturing aerosol generating articles in accordance with the present disclosure will now be described with reference toFIGS.6to10. Referring initially toFIG.6a, there is shown a diagrammatic illustration of an apparatus60and method for manufacturing the first example of the aerosol generating article1described above with reference toFIG.1. The apparatus60comprises first and second supply reels62,64each carrying first and second aerosol generating sheets10,12in continuous sheet form and a third supply reel66carrying an inductively heatable susceptor16in the form of a continuous sheet18. The apparatus60also comprises first and second adhesive applicators68,70, such as nozzles, and a cutter72. The first aerosol generating sheet10is supplied from the first supply reel62and a first adhesive layer74is applied to a surface of the first aerosol generating sheet10by the first adhesive applicator68. The continuous sheet18of inductively heatable susceptor16is supplied from the third supply reel66and is pressed into contact with the first adhesive layer74by a press roller78before a second adhesive layer76is applied to a surface of the continuous sheet18of inductively heatable susceptor16by the second adhesive applicator70. The second aerosol generating sheet12is then supplied from the second supply reel64and is pressed into contact with the second adhesive layer76by a press roller80to produce a continuous sheet-type article. Finally, the continuous sheet-type article is cut at appropriate positions by the cutter72into predetermined lengths to form multiple sheet-type aerosol generating articles1. It will be understood that this type of method is suitable for the mass production of aerosol generating articles1. FIGS.6band6cillustrate an example of the cutter72which comprises first and second cutting members130,132(note that the first and second adhesive layers74,76are omitted from these figures for clarity). The first and second cutting members130,132each have a sharp cutting edge134and concave curved portions136which extend away from the cutting edge134. In order to cut the continuous sheet-type article at appropriate positions into predetermined lengths to form multiple sheet-type aerosol generating articles1, the first and second cutting members130,132are moved towards each other to bring the cutting edges134into contact as shown inFIG.6c. During movement of the first and second cutting members130,132towards each other, it will be seen fromFIG.6cthat the edge regions of the aerosol generating sheets10,12are deformed, for example stretched, by the concave curved portions136of the first and second cutting members130,132to cover and enclose corresponding edge regions of the inductively heatable susceptor sheet18. The deformation of the edge regions of the aerosol generating sheets10,12is facilitated because the thickness of the aerosol generating sheets10,12is greater than the thickness of the inductively heatable susceptor sheet18. Referring now toFIG.7, there is shown a diagrammatic illustration of an apparatus90and method for manufacturing the third example of the aerosol generating article3described above with reference toFIG.4. The apparatus90comprises first and second supply reels62,64, a press roller80and a cutter72as described above. The apparatus90additionally comprises a mixer92for mixing together an inductively heatable susceptor16, for example comprising a plurality of particles of susceptor material26, and an adhesive28to form an adhesive/particulate mixture96which is stored in a hopper94. The first aerosol generating sheet10is supplied from the first supply reel62and the adhesive/particulate mixture96is applied to a surface of the first aerosol generating sheet10by an applicator associated with the hopper94. The second aerosol generating sheet12is then supplied from the second supply reel64and is pressed into contact with the adhesive/particulate mixture96by the press roller80to produce a continuous sheet-type article in which the first and second aerosol generating sheets10,12are secured together by the adhesive layer28. Finally, the continuous sheet-type article is cut at appropriate positions by the cutter72into predetermined lengths to form multiple sheet-type aerosol generating articles3. This type of method is suitable for the mass production of aerosol generating articles3and is particularly convenient if the particles of susceptor material26have relatively small dimensions. Referring now toFIG.8, there is shown a diagrammatic illustration of an alternative apparatus100and method for manufacturing the third example of the aerosol generating article3described above with reference toFIG.4. The apparatus100comprises first and second supply reels62,64, a press roller80and a cutter72as described above. The apparatus90additionally comprises an adhesive applicator102and a hopper104containing a supply of particles of susceptor material26. The first aerosol generating sheet10is supplied from the first supply reel62and an adhesive layer28is applied to a surface of the first aerosol generating sheet10by the adhesive applicator102. The particles of susceptor material26are then supplied from the hopper104onto the previously deposited adhesive layer28before the second aerosol generating sheet12is then supplied from the second supply reel64and is pressed into contact with the adhesive layer28containing the particles of susceptor material26by the press roller80to produce a continuous sheet-type article. Finally, the continuous sheet-type article is cut at appropriate positions by the cutter72into predetermined lengths to form multiple sheet-type aerosol generating articles3. It will again be understood that this type of method is suitable for the mass production of aerosol generating articles3and allows carefully controlled deposition of the particles of susceptor material26onto the previously deposited adhesive layer28, for example at predetermined positions or in a predetermined pattern. Referring now toFIG.9, there is shown a diagrammatic illustration of an apparatus110and method for manufacturing a fourth example of an aerosol generating article. The apparatus110comprises first and second supply reels62,64, a hopper104containing a supply of particles of susceptor material26, first and second cooperating nip rollers112,114and a cutter72. The first aerosol generating sheet10is supplied from the first supply reel62and particles of susceptor material26are then deposited from the hopper104onto a surface of the first aerosol generating sheet10. The second aerosol generating sheet12is then supplied from the second supply reel64and the first and second aerosol generating sheets10,12with the particles of susceptor material26positioned therebetween are pressed firmly together by the cooperating nip rollers112,114. The pressure applied by the nip rollers112,114is sufficient to bond the first and second aerosol generating sheets10,12together with the particles of induction heatable susceptor26positioned therebetween. Finally, the continuous sheet-type article is cut at appropriate positions by the cutter72into predetermined lengths to form multiple sheet-type aerosol generating articles. It will again be understood that this type of method is suitable for the mass production of aerosol generating articles and advantageously allows the articles to be manufactured without the use of an adhesive. Referring now toFIG.10, there is shown a diagrammatic illustration of an apparatus120and method for manufacturing a fifth example of an aerosol generating article which is similar to the first example of the aerosol generating article1illustrated inFIG.1. The apparatus120comprises first and second supply reels62,64each carrying first and second aerosol generating sheets10,12in continuous sheet form and a third supply reel66carrying an inductively heatable susceptor16in the form of a continuous sheet18. The apparatus120also comprises first and second cooperating nip rollers112,114, first and second cooperating perforating rollers122,124and a take up bobbin126. The first and second aerosol generating sheets10,12are supplied from the first and second supply reels62,64and are positioned on opposite sides of the inductively heatable susceptor sheet18supplied from the third supply reel66. The first and second aerosol generating sheets10,12with the inductively heatable susceptor sheet18positioned therebetween are then pressed firmly together as they are fed through the cooperating nip rollers112,114. The pressure applied by the nip rollers112,114is sufficient to secure together the first and second aerosol generating sheets10,12and the inductively heatable susceptor sheet18to form a sandwich of the sheets10,12,18. The nip rollers112,114can also be heated if desired so that the sheets10,12,18are pressed together at an elevated temperature. The continuous sandwich formed by the sheets10,12,18is then passed through the perforating rollers122,124. The perforating rollers122,124include formations which perforate the aerosol generating sheets10,12and the inductively heatable susceptor sheet18positioned therebetween so that the sandwich formed by the sheets10,12,18includes perforations which extend fully through the sheets10,12,18. The size and distribution of the perforations can be carefully controlled by appropriate design of the formations on the perforating rollers122,124to enable the air permeability of the sheets10,12,18, and of the resultant aerosol generating articles, to be likewise carefully controlled and optimised. The formations on the perforating rollers122,124can also be designed and configured so that when the continuous sandwich formed by the sheets10,12,18is passed through the perforating rollers122,124, the edge regions (including around each of the perforations) of the aerosol generating sheets10,12are deformed, for example stretched, to cover and enclose corresponding edge regions of the inductively heatable susceptor sheet18. The continuous sandwich formed by the perforated sheets10,12,18is finally wound onto the take up bobbin126. The bobbinized sandwich formed by the perforated sheets10,12,18can subjected to further processing operations if desired and cut at appropriate positions to form aerosol generating articles of a desired size. Although exemplary embodiments have been described in the preceding paragraphs, it should be understood that various modifications may be made to those embodiments without departing from the scope of the appended claims. Thus, the breadth and scope of the claims should not be limited to the above-described exemplary embodiments. Any combination of the above-described features in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the present disclosure unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout the description and the claims, the words “comprise”, “comprising”, and the like, are to be construed in an inclusive as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense; that is to say, in the sense of “including, but not limited to”.

11856980

Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding components throughout the several views of the drawings. Skilled artisans will appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale. Also, common but well-understood elements that are useful or necessary in a commercially feasible embodiment are often not depicted in order to facilitate a less obstructed view of these various embodiments. Additionally, the disclosed architecture is sufficiently configurable, such that it may be utilized in ways other than what is shown. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION In this Specification, which includes the figures, claims, and this detailed description, reference is made to particular and possible features of the embodiments of the invention, including method steps. These particular and possible features are intended to include all possible combinations of such features, without exclusivity. For instance, where a feature is disclosed in a specific embodiment or claim, that feature can also be used, to the extent possible, in combination with and/or in the context of other aspects and embodiments of the invention, and in the invention generally. Additionally, the disclosed architecture is sufficiently configurable, such that it may be utilized in ways other than what is shown. The purpose of the Abstract of this Specification is to enable the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and the public generally, and especially the scientists, engineers and practitioners of the art who are not familiar with patent or legal terms or phrasing, to determine quickly from a cursory inspection the nature and essence of the technical disclosure of the application. The Abstract is not intended to be limiting as to the scope of the invention in any way. In the following description, numerous specific details are given in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present embodiments. It will be apparent, however, to one having ordinary skill in the art, that the specific detail need not be employed to practice the present embodiments. On other instances, well-known materials or methods have not been described in detail in order to avoid obscuring the present embodiments. When limitations are intended in this Specification, they are made with expressly limiting or exhaustive language. Reference throughout this Specification to “one embodiment”, “an embodiment”, “one example” or “an example” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment of the present embodiments. Thus, appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment”, “according to an embodiment”, “in an embodiment”, “one example”, “for example”, “an example”, or the like, in various places throughout this Specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable combinations and/or sub-combinations in one or more embodiments or examples. The terms “comprises”, “comprising”, “includes”, “including”, “has”, “having”, “could”, “could have” or their grammatical equivalents, are used in this Specification to mean that other features, components, materials, steps, etc. are optionally present as a non-exclusive inclusion. For instance, a device “comprising” (or “which comprises”) components A, B, and C can contain only components A, B, and C, or can contain not only components A, B, and C but also one or more other components. For example, a method comprising two or more defined steps can be carried out in any order or simultaneously, unless the context excludes that possibility; and the method can include one or more other steps which are carried out before any of the defined steps, between two of the defined steps, or after all the defined steps, unless the context excludes that possibility. Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary, “or” refers to an inclusive or and not to an exclusive or. For example, An embodiment could have optional features A, B, or C, so the embodiment could be satisfied with A in one instance, with B in another instance, and with C in a third instance, and probably with AB, AC, BC, or ABC if the context of features does not exclude that possibility. Examples or illustrations given are not to be regarded in any way as restrictions on, limits to, or express definitions of any term or terms with which they are utilized. Instead, these examples or illustrations are to be regarded as being described with respect to one particular embodiment and as being illustrative only. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that any term or terms with which these example or illustrations are utilized will encompass other embodiments, which may or may not be given in this Specification, and all such embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of that term or terms. Language designating such nonlimiting examples and illustrations includes, but is not limited to “for example”, “for instance”, “etc.”, “or otherwise”, and “in one embodiment.” The phrase “at least” followed by a number is used to denote the start of a range beginning with that number, which may or may not be a range having an upper limit, depending on the variable defined. For instance, “at least 1” means 1 or more. In this specification. “a” and “an” and similar phrases are to be interpreted as “at least one” and “one or more.” In this specification, the term “may” or “can be” or “could be” is to be interpreted as “may, for example.” In other words, the term “may” is indicative that the phrase following the term “may” is an example of one of a multitude of suitable possibilities that may, or may not, be employed to one or more of the various embodiments. The phrase “a plurality of” followed by a feature, component, or structure is used to mean more than one, specifically including a great many, relative to the context of the component. It is the applicant's intent that only claims that include the express language “means for” or “step for” be interpreted under 35 U.S.C. § 112. Claims that do not expressly include the phrase “means for” or “step for” are not to be interpreted under 35 U.S.C. § 112. The disclosure of this patent document incorporates material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, for the limited purpose required by law, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. FIG.1is an example illustration of an embodiment of the fully assembled fluid chamber mold system material management transfer/storage700with the material management tool/scraper600on a tray900. The material management transfer/storage700is magnetically attached to the tray900which provides a stable surface to assemble the different parts included in the material transfer/storage700to form a fluid chamber mold system200. FIG.2is a top perspective exploded view of an embodiment of the fluid chamber mold system with material management transfer/storage700showing all different parts included the material management transfer/storage700on a tray900which can be used as a stable surface to assemble all the parts and form the fluid chamber mold system for a simple use. The parts of the material management transfer/storage include the compression tool500, which can either be a cylindrical compression tool520, or a magnetic compression tool530, or an automated compression tool540; different variations of suspension collars100; a syringe475; fluid mold tubing480, fluid mold connector481, fluid chamber molds400, which could either be an internal bore with infusion holes474, or a star or square shaped fluid chamber434; a material management tool/scraper600; material management transfer/storage700, smoking vessel210which could be a conical smoking paper262, with an open end240, and a filter tip220; and a tray900. FIG.3Ais an exploded view of an embodiment of the fluid chamber mold system200showing the manner in which the suspension collar100fits into the open end240of the smoking paper260, specifically a conical smoking paper262, with a fill line120, while the fluid chamber mold400with a pointed end450fits into the filter tip of the smoking vessel, through the filter tip220. FIG.3Bis an exploded view of an embodiment of the fluid chamber mold system showing the suspension collar100and fluid chamber mold400with a fluid mold stabilizer460to be fitted into the open end and filter tip of the smoking vessel210, respectively. FIG.4is a front perspective view of an embodiment of the smoking vessel210, which is a smoking paper260, specifically a conical smoking paper262, showing the suspension collar100which is inserted into the smoking vessel210from the open end, and the filter tip220, which is closed. FIG.5is a front perspective view of the cross section of an embodiment of the fluid chamber mold system200, showing the steps involved in assembly of the said system, starting with a smoking vessel, which is conical smoking paper262containing a suspension collar as it has already been inserted into the open end. This is followed by the insertion of the fluid chamber mold400from the filter tip through the anterior opening of the suspension collar, along the centerline of the smoking vessel420. FIG.6Ais a front perspective view of the cross section of an embodiment of the fluid chamber mold system showing the smoking vessel containing both the suspension collar and the fluid chamber mold, which was inserted along the centerline of the smoking vessel420. FIG.6Bis a front perspective view of the cross section of an embodiment of the fluid chamber mold system showing the smoking vessel with both the suspension collar and the fluid chamber mold with a fluid mold stabilizer460which is used to hold the fluid chamber mold in place, making it easy for the user to scoop the smokable materials without the worry of the fluid chamber mold system opening and dispersing its contents everywhere. FIG.7is an illustration showing the cross section of an embodiment of the fluid chamber mold system where the smoking vessel is filled ⅓rd (one-third) of the way with smokable material440by using the scoop130in the suspension collar100, and the fluid chamber mold400is inserted through the centerline of the smoking vessel420. FIG.8is a front perspective view of the cross section of an embodiment of the fluid chamber mold system showing the smoking vessel filled ⅓rd of the way with smokable material with the help of the scoop in the suspension collar and the fluid chamber mold, like inFIG.7. In this embodiment, the smokable material is being compressed by gently pushing the compression tool500in a downward motion, so that the smokable material fills the smoking vessel, without any gaps. FIG.9is a front perspective view of the cross section of an embodiment of the fluid chamber mold system showing the smoking vessel filled approximately ⅓rd of the way with smokable material with the help of the suspension collar, the scoop in the suspension collar, and the fluid chamber mold. In this embodiment, the smokable material was compressed by gently pressing it, with the compression tool, specifically a cylindrical compression tool520, so that the compressed smokable material442is packed without any voids. FIG.10is a front perspective view of the cross section of an embodiment of the fluid chamber mold system showing the break-away magnetic compression tool530being used to pack the smokable material440in the smoking vessel, to have compressed smokable material442, which elevates the user's smoking experience. When using this magnetic compression tool, the magnets start to break away at the points where the poles are joined when the smoking vessel attains the right amount of pack without rupturing the smoking vessel for an enhanced user experience. FIGS.11A,11B,11C,11Dare a front perspective view of an embodiment of the fluid chamber mold system, where the fluid chamber mold400, along the centerline of the smoking vessel is shaped like a star or a square434, channeled shape432, is round, or indented with a channel to allow for the passage of the infusion materials, if the user chooses to infuse the smoking vessel with organic plant-based concentrates. FIG.12is a cross section of an embodiment of the fluid chamber mold system showing the automated compression tool540, which is also a magnetic compression tool530, optimally compressing the smokable material in the smoking vessel to form compressed smokable material. FIG.13is a front perspective cross sectional view of an embodiment of the fluid chamber mold system, showing a smoking vessel, specifically the conical smoking paper262already filled with smoking material440, specifically, compressed smoking material442, until the fill line120, through the scoop130in the suspension collar100and the open end240of the conical smoking paper262, to the conical smoking paper's filter tip220. In this embodiment, the fluid chamber mold400is about to be removed from the conical smoking paper's262filter tip220. FIG.14is a front perspective cross sectional view of an embodiment of the fluid chamber mold system showing the process of sealing the hand rolled smoking device1100from the top. At this stage, the smoking vessel is already filled and packed with smokable material440and the suspension collar100has been removed from the open end of the smoking vessel. To begin sealing the filled and packed smoking vessel, the smoking paper on the open end is folded over and kneaded downwards as the remaining smoking paper on the top of the smoking vessel is tightly twisted. Any further excess paper can be carefully torn off at this point. Next, the fluid chamber mold should400removed from the bottom of the smoking vessel to achieve the desired fluid chamber of the smoking vessel. FIG.15is a cross sectional illustration of an embodiment of the fluid chamber mold system showing the fluid chamber mold400being removed from the filter tip of the smoking vessel filled and packed with smokable material440, exposing the fluid chamber430which is the void created along the centerline of the smoking vessel, when the fluid chamber mold is removed. Here, the top of the smoking vessel has been twisted and sealed to avoid any spillage of smokable materials, prior to the removal of the fluid chamber mold400. FIG.16is a cross sectional illustration of an embodiment of the smoking device showing the packed, twisted, and sealed end of the filled and compressed smoking vessel, where the excess smoking paper is hand trimmed to effectively compact and seal the smoking device at both its formerly open end and its enclosed filter tip. Here, the fluid chamber430which can also be used as an infusion transfer470which could also hold an internal bore with infusion holes472. FIG.17is a front perspective of an embodiment of the smoking device showing the outside of a sealed smoking vessel with a filter tip220, a fluid chamber430, which could be used during infusion transfer470and could hold an internal bore with infusion holes472. FIG.18is a front perspective illustration of the infusion transfer470embodiment of the fluid chamber mold system, containing a syringe475, which acts as an infusion tank478with infusion material, a fluid mold connector481, with fluid mold tubing480, a smoking vessel210, specifically a smoking paper260, and the fluid chamber mold400, which acts as an infusion channel472, with an interior bore with infusion holes474. Here, the syringe475acting as an infusion tank478on one side of the smoking vessel210, specifically a smoking paper260, is about to be connected to the fluid chamber mold400, which acts as an infusion channel472, with an interior bore with infusion holes474, on the other side of the said smoking vessel, by a fluid mold connector481, with a fluid mold tubing480, for infusion transfer470. FIG.19is an front perspective view of the fluid chamber mold system, showing infusion transfer mechanism470where the fluid mold pump482, which is the syringe475containing the infusion tank filled with infusion material476is connected to one end of the clear or tinted fluid mold connector481with fluid mold tubing480and is about to be connected to the infusion channel472in the smoking vessel, so that the infusion material476flows into the infusion channel472and infuses the smokable material within the smoking vessel. FIG.20is a front perspective view of the fluid chamber mold system, showing the fluid mold pump482containing the infusion material476and is about to be connected to the infusion channel in the smoking vessel. When the fluid mold pump482is engaged, it will release the infusion material476into the infusion channel surrounding the smokable material, in the smoking vessel, thereby infusing the smokable material. FIG.21is a cross section of an illustration showing the infusion transfer470where the smokable material/compressed smokable material440/442in the smoking vessel210is being infused with the infusion material476from an infusion tank478. The infusion material476passes through the infusion channel with an internal bore containing infusion holes474, in the fluid chamber mold400, to infuse the smokable material/compressed smokable material440/442. FIG.22is a cross section of an embodiment of the fluid chamber mold system showing an automated compression tool540with an on/off button/sensor light/alarm/light indicator548, and a storage hopper544containing smokable material, being used to fill the smoking vessel around the fluid chamber mold400. Here, the compression tool500with silicone end caps520is packing the smokable material in the smoking vessel. The automated compression tool540fits into the material management transfer/storage700.FIG.23is a cross section of an embodiment of the fluid chamber mold system showing an automated compression tool540with an on/off button/sensor light/alarm/light indicator548, and a storage hopper544containing smokable material, being used to fill the smoking vessel around the fluid chamber mold400. Here, the compression tool500with silicone end caps520is packing the smokable material in the smoking vessel. In this drawing, the smoking vessel is half filled and packed with the smokable material. FIG.24is a cross section of an embodiment of the fluid chamber mold system showing an automated compression tool540with an on/off button/sensor light/alarm/light indicator548, and a storage hopper544containing smokable material, being used to fill the smoking vessel around the fluid chamber mold400. Here, the compression tool500with silicone end caps520is packing the smokable material in the smoking vessel. In this drawing, the smoking vessel is almost all the way filled with the compressed smokable material. FIG.25is a one side perspective view of an embodiment of the fluid chamber mold system showing the automated/mass manufacturing/multi-fill800used to automate filling multiple smoking papers with smokable materials. In this process, the smokable vessels are lined up in a manner in which the filter tips point downward, whereas the open ends point upward. These open ends are ready to be filled with the smokable materials. It also shows a dashed line indicating the cross section ofFIG.26. FIG.26is a cross section of an embodiment of the fluid chamber mold system, showing the bottoms of the automated/mass manufacturing/multi-fill, where multiple smoking vessels210with fluid chamber molds400, are lined up and are ready to be filled with smokable materials. FIG.27is a cross sectional illustration of an embodiment of the fluid chamber mold system200, showing automated/mass manufacturing/multi-fill800, with a series of automated compression tools with on/off button/sensor light/alarm/light indicators548, and programmable pressure sensors546, being used to fill and compress multiple smoking vessels210, which are smoking papers260with filter tips220. These automated compression tools are filling the smoking papers260with smokable materials, around the fluid chambers430, in the fluid chamber molds400, along the centerline of the smoking vessels420have filter tips and fluid chamber mold with fluid chamber running through the center line of the smoking vessel. FIGS.28-32are similar toFIGS.22,23, and24, and it shows how a single fluid chamber mold system can be scaled up by joining with other single fluid chamber mold systems to form a manufacturing system that is larger than the single fluid chamber mold system and smaller than the automated/mass manufacturing/multi-full system. Hand-rolled smoking device1100is a smoking device made with smokable papers. The smoking materials in a hand-rolled smoking device are either filled, packed, stuffed, compressed, or assembled with either the assistance of a filling/rolling devices, tools, forms, machines, gravity fed, presses or free-hand. suspension collar100is removable tool designed to provide shape and structure to smokable papers during the assembly process, like a filling cone. Suspension collar is round or oval in shape, depending on the intended smoking vessel. The material can either be any man-made or synthetic materials that meets the design and application tolerances. The suspension collar creates a foundation, where a clamping force is applied by the hand, anchors, clamps, elastics, suction, friction, locks, expansion, contraction, or any other viable means to secure the paper in place while filling the smoking device. The suspension collar in concert with a griping force applied to the inserted smoking paper creates an anchor where the “span” of the bridge is anchored between the open end and the filter tip. fill line120is the line on the suspension collar marking the point up to which the smokable materials can ideally be filled in the smoking vessel. scoop130is the area at the top of the suspension collar used to urge smoking materials into the smoking device. fluid chamber mold system200is a system comprising a smoking vessel with a filter tip and an open end, a fluid chamber mold which can be placed in the centerline of the smoking vessel to create a fluid chamber, around which the smokable material can be packed in the smoking vessel. smoking vessel210is the material that provides structure and contains the smokable material; constructed from any material which is either consumed during thermodynamic reactions or remain integral during the chemical reactions which occur during decarboxylation of smokable material. Material and construction of the vessel includes smokable papers, rolling papers, cones, glass, wood, metals, organic plant based, synthetic, engineered derived plant based, stone and any other material not yet conceived at the time of application. Smoking vessel materials include: smokable papers, rolling papers, cones, wraps, cigarillo wrappers, preformed or in sheet pipes, vapes, rolled/fresh leaves, tobacco leave, tree leaves, hemp, rice, cellulose, cotton, wood pulp, cardboard. Smoking vessels are available in a range of shapes and sizes which are known and common place to a person of ordinary skill in the art. filter tip220is the tip of the smoking vessel made of: cotton, plant/tree fibers, fabric, cellulose, hemp, wool, foam, fiberglass, paper, cardboard, glass, steel, wood, silicone, or any suitable materials which meet the size and shape specifications to make with a pre-formed or hand-made smoking paper. A person of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that filter tips are available in a range of sizes and materials, and may be constructed of glass, wood, paper, cotton, linen, and cardboard, synthetic fibers, blended materials, metal, stone, and engineered materials, man-made, or naturally occurring materials which are known and common place to a person of ordinary skill in the art. open end240is the end of smoking vessel that is used to insert the suspension collar through which the smoking vessel can be filled with smokable materials. It is also the opposite end of the filter tip. smoking paper260is one type of smoking vessel which facilitates the organization and structure to the smoking materials for human consumption into a smoking device. Smoking papers can be constructed from any material derived, part or whole, from a plant, tree, of organic and inorganic in origin, constructed with materials and glues deemed safe for human consumption. Smoking papers are available in a range of specifications, as a person of ordinary skill in the art would understand. conical smoking paper262is a further delineation of a type of smoking paper that is conical in shape, preformed into a conical shape with a glued linear, spiral, patch-work, or horizontal seams. It is intended to provide organization and structure to the smoking materials for consumption. These are common and well-known to a person of ordinary skill in the art. fluid chamber mold400is a removable tool which builds an engineered internal fluid chamber, centerline of the smoking device, which is a void in the compressed smoking materials, leaving a precision fluid chamber after the tool is removed. The fluid chamber mold, when appropriated with an internal bore, located centerline of the tool, is a channel which can be in the shape of a circle, square, four point star, five point star, or an oval, will transport the infusion of organic plant-based concentrate down the through outer edges or channels, or precision micro holes along the length of the tool to the compressed organic smokable materials. The size, shape, dimensions and surface area specifications have been engineered to deliver different smoking experiences based on the variety of material and manufacturing limitations. Other prior art may have sticks, rods, toothpicks. But not a calibrated fluid mold to match the volume of the specified paper. No prior art has the fluid chamber, which is built/formed by compressing the material around an engineered fluid mold. In particular, the square or star shape embodiments create internal edges on the compressed smokable material that increase the structural stability of the fluid chamber after the fluid chamber mold is removed. The fluid mold may have a lock tip at the bottom to join/secure the fluid mold to filter tip section of the smoking paper. centerline of the smoking vessel420is the middle, center, longitudinal axis of the smoking vessel. fluid chamber430is a centerline void that is created when the fluid chamber mold is removed from the column of compressed organic smoking materials which were shaped around the fluid. The size, shape, and materials used in the manufacturing of the smoking vessel, fluid chamber mold, and the suspension collar affects the performance and thermodynamic efficiency and desired airflow of the overall smoking experience. channeled shape432is a long, indented channel or edge, on the fluid chamber mold, with an area to let the infusing material flow through the length of the fluid chamber mold and be delivered uniformly to the compressed smokable material. It also creates internal structural edges for increased fluid chamber stability. star or square shaped434is the shape of the fluid chamber mold from a lateral cross-section. The star shaped fluid chamber mold can either be a three, four, five, six, or more pointed star. smokable material440is often organic in nature, in hat, it derives from a carbon-based life form. This is common and well-known to a person of ordinary skill in the art. The material is assembled within a smoking vessel for consumption. Organic materials refer to materials which are intended for human consumption and are commercially available to consumers. The coarseness of smokable material is the required size of broken-down plant material to an acceptable size and shape tolerances for the intended smoking device vessel preferred methods. Smokable material coarseness can be approximated through mechanical separation using: hand separation, purpose-built hand grinders, electric grinders, spice and coffee grinders, blenders, or purpose built commercial grinders. Smokable material440is also being referred to as smoking material440in this application. Furthermore, the plural form of smokable materials440and smoking materials440is also used in this application to refer to this smoking material440. compressed smokable material442is the same smokable material as in440, but which has been packed into the smoking vessel with the help of a compression tool. pointed end (of the fluid chamber mold)450is the end of the fluid chamber mold that can be used when an embodiment of the invention involves inserting the fluid chamber mold through the filter tip of the smoking vessel. A pointed end makes it more efficient and usable. fluid mold stabilizer (of the fluid chamber mold)460is a cuff or cap on the fluid chamber mold, opposite of the inserted end that helps hold and stabilize the fluid chamber mold to stay in the centerline while smoking material is being added. infusion transfer470is an optional process and components to allow for infusion of the smokable material after packing into the smoking vessel, by way of adding oil or liquid concentrate through the fluid chamber mold. infusion channel472is similar to and another aspect of the channeled shape of the fluid chamber mold. internal bore with infusion holes474is a further limitation of the infusion channel where the channel is internal to the fluid chamber mold. syringe475is a simple reciprocating pump with a piston that could hold infusion materials in its chamber and could be used to manually infuse the infusion materials into the compressed smokable materials. infusion material476is an organic oil or liquid concentrate with specific viscosity that is suitable for transfer through the internal bore with infusion holes in the fluid chamber mold. infusion tank478is a reservoir of infusion material which is transferred through the fluid mold tubing and fluid mold vis-a-vis fluid mold connector. fluid mold tubing480consists of clear or tinted tubing that creates a flexible bridge between the infusion tank and the fluid chamber mold. This tubing is clear, flexible, food safe, and non-leaching. It may be linked, joined in series, or parallel to fill multiple smoking devices at a time. Connectors may join one or more tube, fluid mold and Infusion tank. fluid mold connector481is a cock-stop connection point for the infusion tank and the fluid chamber mold to join. A fluid mold connector is clear to visualize transfer of the infusion material. It connects to multiple infusion tanks, tubing ports, and fluid molds, if necessary. fluid mold pump482is a general pump like mechanism which is used to facilitate movement of the infusion material from the infusion tank to the fluid mold. The fluid mold pump can be: hand operated, motorized, hand cranked, battery, solar, electric (AC/DC), purge bulb, or a simple syringe. Any of the following means to facilitate movement of the infusion material from the infusion tank through the tubing into the fluid mold can be achieved through this fluid mold pump: compressed air, vacuum, suction, negative pressure, positive pressure, siphon, ballast, temperature actuators, or gravity feed. compression tool500is a fixed or removable tool that facilitates the mechanical advantage to form and compress the smoking materials within the smoking paper around the fluid chamber mold. There are three embodiments for the compression tool: essential, magnetic, and automated. In its most essential embodiment, the compression tool is a cylindrical rod specified to a length, diameter, inside diameter, outside diameter, wall thickness, materials, appropriate for the smoking vessel. It can also have silicone end caps for paper protection and cleanability. In its magnetic embodiment, the compression tool is comprised of rare earth magnetics with determined polarity to facilitate a break-away action when the compressed material has reach maximum compaction. In its automated embodiment, the compression tool is equipped with onboard sensors and metered material dispensing with a secure twist lock transfer connection and storage hopper to allow for safe and secure transfer between various stages. The automated compression tool also has programmable pressure sensors with haptic feedback signal when optimal material compression is achieved. The automated compression tool can be further equipped with an on/off button, a sensor light, an alarm or a light indicator. Such technology is known and understandable to a person of ordinary skill in the art. cylindrical compression tool520is the compression tool in its most basic, yet essential embodiment. It is a cylindrical rod specified to a length, diameter, inside diameter, outside diameter, wall thickness, materials to match the sizes of the smoking vessels. As previously stated, the sizes of the smoking vessels are generally known by the person of ordinary skill in the art. silicone end caps522are for protection and cleanability of the smoking vessels, specifically smoking papers. magnetic compression tool530is comprised of rare earth magnets with determined polarity to facilitate a break-away action when the compressed material has reach maximum compaction. automated compression tool540is a tool which facilitates the coalescence of smoking materials within the smoking paper without the need to manual urge materials or remove the compression tool while filling and compressing the organic smokable material. twist lock transfer connection542is a point which allows for safe and secure transfer of material from the automated compression tool to the smoking vessel. storage hopper544is a place where the smokable materials are held in the automated compression tool, prior to dispersion into the smokable vessel. programmable pressure sensors546with haptic feedback signal are included in the automated compression tool to indicate when optimal material compression has been achieved. On/Off Button/sensor light/alarm/light indicator548is included in the automated compression tool to alert the user when optimal material compression has been achieved. The embodiments of the present invention comprise a forming and filling device for assembling smoking papers with smoking materials that possesses a centerline fluid chamber mold, more specifically described below. The invention, through embodiments, is an alternative to the pack and twist assembly of smoking papers with smoking materials that may be encouraged or to coalesce in such a manner ultimately preventing an enjoyable experience. Variables exist in smoking materials and methods and the assembly of hand-made smoking devices can affect the flavor and performance. Hand rolling smoking devices is a well-known practice, though it may be much more accurate to characterize it as an art. Well-made hand-rolled smoking devices require a considerable degree of skill and dexterity. Most hand-rolled smoking devices rarely embody the elegant symmetry of mass manufactured smoking devices, and their appearance is not the only thing that suffers; the smoking experience itself can be compromised, particularly because smoking material may be compacted in varying degrees within the paper wrapper column along its length, thus creating an uneven density of the smoking materials, and thereby adversely affecting active and free combustion rates and temperatures. That, in turn, can adversely affect the smoke flavors and result in the generation of unwanted combustion byproducts during the material burn. Mass manufactured smoking devices, although visually appealing, suffer from variables in materials and assembly methods which results in unpredictable results, and waste. This can result in an un-smokable device, wasted money and time. Our system and filling methods mitigate human or process error over traditional filling devices. Burns slow, even, and user is in control. Material Dispenser combined with Compression Tool—A tool that facilitates transfer of smoking materials and assembly of a smoking device(s) from a tray, surface, table to a longer-term storage container. The tool can have micro motor(s) to facilitate and urge smoking materials into the smoking device vessel for the purposes of rapid dispensing of smoking materials, which increases usability. One embodiment locates a grinding mechanism in the dispenser reservoir. One embodiment positions a pressure sensor and haptic feedback to measure compression pressure exerted. Mass manufactured smoking devices, although visually appealing, suffer from variables in materials and assembly methods which results in unpredictable results, and waste. This can result in an un-smokable device, wasted money and time. Our system and filling methods mitigate human or process error over traditional filling devices. Burns slow, even, and the user is in control. One embodiment example is a suspension collar, including a fill line. A second embodiment example is the suspension collar of the previous example, further including a scoop. A third embodiment example is a fluid chamber mold system for use with a smoking vessel, comprising: the smoking vessel including a filter tip and an open end, a fluid chamber mold being placeable in the centerline of the smoking vessel in order to create a fluid chamber once packed with a smokable material. A fourth embodiment example is the fluid chamber mold system of the third embodiment, further comprising: the smoking vessel is a smoking paper. A fifth embodiment example is the fluid chamber mold system of the fourth embodiment, further comprising: the smoking vessel is a conical smoking paper. A sixth embodiment example is the fluid chamber mold system of the fifth embodiment, further comprising: the fluid chamber mold has a channeled shape. A seventh embodiment example is the fluid chamber mold system of the sixth embodiment, further comprising: the channeled shape of the fluid chamber mold is a star or square shape. An eighth embodiment example is the fluid chamber mold system of the seventh embodiment, further comprising: a suspension collar including a fill line and a scoop. A ninth embodiment example is the fluid chamber mold system of the fifth embodiment, further comprising: the fluid chamber mold includes a pointed end for inserting through the filter tip of the conical smoking paper. A tenth embodiment example is the fluid chamber mold system of the ninth embodiment, further comprising: the fluid chamber mold has a fluid mold stabilizer to hold the fluid chamber mold on the filter tip. An eleventh embodiment example is the fluid chamber mold system of the fourth embodiment, further comprising: the fluid chamber mold has an infusion transfer. A twelfth embodiment example is the fluid chamber mold system of the eleventh embodiment, further comprising: the infusion transfer has an infusion channel. A thirteenth embodiment example is the fluid chamber mold system of the twelfth embodiment, further comprising: the infusion channel is an internal bore with infusion holes. A fourteenth embodiment example is the fluid chamber mold system of the thirteenth embodiment, further comprising: the infusion holes are a smaller diameter at the filter tip side of the smoking vessel than at the open end of the smoking vessel. A fifteenth embodiment example is the fluid chamber mold system of the fourteenth embodiment, further comprising: the infusion transfer includes a fluid mold pump, the fluid mold pump includes an infusion tank containing an infusion material, a fluid mold tubing connecting the infusion tank to the fluid chamber mold by fluid mold connectors. A sixteenth embodiment example is the fluid chamber mold system of the fourth embodiment, further comprising: a compression tool that fits inside the diameter of the smoking vessel and around the fluid chamber mold in order to pack the smokable material. A seventeenth embodiment example is the fluid chamber mold system of the sixteenth embodiment, further comprising: the compression tool is a magnetic compression tool of cylindrical break-away magnets. An eighteenth embodiment example is the fluid chamber mold system of the sixteenth embodiment, further comprising: the compression tool is an automated compression tool. A nineteenth embodiment example is the fluid chamber mold system of the nineteenth embodiment, further comprising: the automated compression tool includes an automated insertion and removal action for the fluid chamber mold. A twentieth embodiment example is a method for using the fluid chamber mold system of the nineteenth embodiment, comprising the steps of: taking a plurality of smoking vessels and orienting them in a uniform plane such that the filter tips are oriented together and the open ends are oriented together in the uniform plane, inserting the fluid chamber molds on the centerline of the smoking vessels, inserting smokable materials into the smoking vessels, activating a plurality of automated compression tools to pack the smokable materials to a compressed smokable material to a predetermined tolerance, performing an optional infusion transfer step, and removing the fluid chamber molds to leave a fluid chamber in the centerline of the plurality of smoking vessels filled with compressed smokable material. The methods described represents this invention in its most essential form. The scalability from single fill to multi-fill/commercial is seamless. By example, a method for assembling a single-fill smoking vessel includes: removing the filling and material tools from the material management transfer/storage700, preparing smokable materials440to a coarseness that yields the required size of broken-down plant material to an acceptable size and shape tolerances for the intended smoking vessel based on preferred methods. Smoking materials coarseness can be approximated through mechanical separation using commercially available or cobbled means, such as: Hand separation, purpose-built hand grinders, graters, drills, crushers, pulverizes, mills, mortars, smashers, mashers, electric grinders, spice and coffee grinders, blenders, or purpose built commercial grinders. In a particular method embodiment of using the system, the user then picks up the smoking paper in either the left or right hand from the filter tip, and also picks up the suspension collar in the opposite hand. The user slides the suspension collar into the opening end of the smoking paper, and slides slide the paper around the outside diameter of the suspension collar, to the engineered line of demarcation on the suspension collar. The user then picks up the fluid chamber mold and with the other hand pick up the preformed paper by the filter tip and inserts the fluid chamber mold, from tapered end, through the center of the filter tip and slides the fluid chamber mold to the leading edge of the suspension collar and secure the fluid mold stabilizer around the bottom of the filter tip. Holding the paper against the suspension collar with two fingers, the user begins scooping and urging smoking materials into the smoking papers while continue to hold the paper and the suspension collar. The user fills the smoking vessel with smoking materials to an initial level of ⅓ (one third) of the total internal volume and each subsequent fill is in ⅓'s (one third's) increments and agitates the suspension collar with a snapping finger motion, as well as the filter tip as necessary to encourage coalescence of smoking materials of the internal void. The user then threads the compression tool over the fluid mold and securely holding the suspension collar and paper firmly while ensure fluid mold is centered. The user then begins compressing the material using a smooth, slow downward motion and ensure adequate compaction and manually void gaps in smoking materials, if any. The user repeats above filling and packing steps until the compacted smoking materials are at a desired level but no more than the bottom leading edge of the suspension collar. The user then removes the suspension collar, holds the completed smoking vessel by the filter tip and with the other hand slowly draws the fluid chamber mold down to just below the top level of compacted smoking materials while lightly pinching the smoking paper and folding over the excess paper. With the other hand, using two fingers, incorporate a twisting motion, and begin kneading the smoking materials, further compressing the materials and working out any imperfections. Once the column is fully compressed, remove the fluid chamber mold. Tap the finished filter tip on a surface to encourage evacuation of any loose materials. Trim excess paper whip at the top. Infusion options: Remove Infusion tools from the Material Transfer Tool. Connect the infusion fluid mold pump to the fluid mold tubing. Some embodiments eliminate the need for the fluid mold tubing and connect, the infusion fluid mold directly to the fluid mold pump. Some embodiments use a metered automatic pump. Some versions of the metered automatic pump may be constructed in a series or have multiple pump stations in order to infuse more than one smoking device at a time. Using a hand-or mechanical means infusion options: Encourage the transport of infusion material to flow from the fluid mold pump through the system to infiltrate the infusion fluid mold, diffusing out the fluid mold infusion port to impart the smokable materials with liquid concentrate. The total volume in ml/mg of concentrate to dispense per smoking device will depend on; the moisture content of smokable materials, the material coarseness, the vessel of choice, density of compressed smoking materials. Initial studies indicate a suitable range of 0.05 ml-1.0 mL. Disconnect the Fluid mold pump from the tubing and infusion fluid mold. Store all infusion tools back in the Material transfer tool. Assisted Material Compression Tool: an embodiment of the Material compression tool that promotes material coalescence and maximum compaction of smoking materials. Using the roller or motorized compression actuator to extend the assisted compression tool to the indicated demarcation on the tool. The initial extension length is dependent on specifications of the smoking paper and tool can be adjusted accordingly. Thread assisted material compression tool over the fluid mold. Depress the mechanical or electronic button to engage dispensing of material. Material will dispense in metered increments and automatically begin the coalesce motors. Allow gravity and the mass of the tool to engage the material for a specified period of time to prepare materials for compression. Then begin applying gentle pressure to the smoking materials, slowly increasing the pressure until the internal sensors indicate the ideal tolerances have been achieved. Retract the compression tool to the previous fill setting. Using the roller or motorized compression actuator. Retract the assisted compression tool to the indicated demarcation on the tool. Press the mechanical or electronic button to engage dispensing of material. Material will dispense in metered increments and automatically begin the coalesce motors. Allow gravity and the mass of the tool to engage the material for a specified period of time to prepare materials for compression. Then begin applying gentle pressure to the smoking materials, slowly increasing the pressure until the internal sensors indicate the ideal tolerances have been achieved. Repeat until the full column of compressed smoking materials to the indicated level. Remove the suspension collar. Hold the completed smoking device by the filter tip. With the other hand slowly draw the fluid mold down to just below the top level of compacted smoking materials. Lightly pinch the smoking paper and fold over the excess paper. With the other hand, using two fingers, incorporate a twisting motion, and begin kneading the smoking materials, further compressing the materials and working out any imperfections. Once the column is fully compressed remove the fluid chamber mold. Tap the finished filter tip on a surface to encourage evacuation of any loose materials. Trim excess paper whip at the top. Multi-Fill/Commercial variations: raise the fluid mold array platform using the mechanical or electronic actuator. Screw on the specified version and quantity of fluid molds (Regular, Infusion, specialty shapes). Thread the smoking papers over all of the fluid molds on the array base. Lower the fluid mold platform using the mechanical or electronic actuator allowing the conical wrappers to occupy the smoking paper cavity shells. Assemble the appropriate number of automatic material dispenser/compression tools. Open the material dispenser closures located at the top of the material dispenser/compression tool. Fill material management transfer/storage tool with smoking materials. Connect and fill material dispenser/compression tools with smoking materials, using the universal connection fitting from material management transfer/storage tool. Secure the material dispenser/compression tool closure. Fully retract the compression tool using the mechanical or electronic actuators. Snap each dispenser/compression tool onto the assembly array. By guiding the dispenser/compression array into the inside diameter of the smoking papers resting in the smoking paper cavities, ensure the papers are engaged to the suspension collar, securely against the smoking paper cavity shell. Ensure the cones are perpendicular and straight with no wrinkles, creases or rips. This process mimics the suspension bridge created in the hand process. Locate the dispensing actuator button on the material dispenser compression tool and press to dispense a metered amount of smoking materials into the conical smoking paper. Lower the compression tool using the mechanical or electronic actuators. The internal motors will begin the coalescence of smoking materials. The mass of the dispenser/compression array should be sufficient compression, inspect the compaction and address any visible issues. Once ideal compaction has occurred at each layer the motors will provide haptic feedback to signal when to proceed with the next compression layer. The process is repeated until the level of the compressed smoking materials reaches the indicated fill line. Remove dispenser/compression array, inspect filled smoking devices. Raise the fluid mold array platform using the mechanical or electronic actuator. Infusion Option for Multi-Fill/Commercial variations: Remove the automatic dispenser and compression tool set from the array. Gather needed Infusion tools from the Material Transfer Tool. Using the metered infusion pump, turn on to start warming, dial in the desired amount of infusion concentrate to dispense. Connect the pump to the infusion fluid mold. Either leave smoking devices on the array or unseat the fluid molds from the array platform. Do not remove the fluid mold from the filled smoking devices. Connect the infusion fluid mold pump to the fluid mold tubing. Some embodiments eliminate the need for the fluid mold tubing and connect, the infusion fluid mold directly to the fluid mold pump. Some embodiments use a metered automatic pump. Some versions of the metered automatic pump may be constructed in a series or have multiple pump stations in order to infuse more than one smoking device at a time. Press the infusion button on the metered infusion pump to initiate the transport of infusion materials. Once the pump stop, turn off. Remove pump from fluid mold. Remove completed smoking device from the fluid mold array if they are still attached. Finish off the smoking vessel by automated or mechanical means known to a person of ordinary skill in the art. Otherwise, hold the completed smoking device by the filter tip. With the other hand slowly draw the fluid mold down to just below the top level of compacted smoking materials. Lightly pinch the smoking paper and fold over the excess paper. With the other hand, using two fingers, incorporate a twisting motion, and begin kneading the smoking materials, further compressing the materials and working out any imperfections. Once the column is fully compressed remove the fluid chamber mold. Tap the finished filter tip on a surface to encourage evacuation of any loose materials. Trim excess paper whip at the top.